HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0012.004 2002-2004 National Institute on Drug Abuse
1991-1994 Final Report ~zc..t ~ ~
ICE and Other Methamphetamine Use: An Exploratory Study ~~me._..•__.____
(Entire report has been removed from the N.LD.A. website) Oaro__._~/~ By-'---
Coumy Coun~
cI~
Highlights of the effects of marijuana eradication on the 'ice' problem: - ,
"The use of ice in Honolulu had led to particularly serious physical and
psychological problems and significant social disruption in poor working
communities where it replaced marijuana which had become scarce and
expensive due to eradication policies." (From the summary of findings)
"There aze thought to be several influences on the tremendous growth of ice in
Honolulu after 1987. Residents were both pushed away from pakalolo, their
staple drug of choice, and pulled toward ice by awell-organized mazketing
campaign by Asian distributors. Also, the overwhelming smokable drug of
choice, marijuana or pakalolo, which has been grown and used throughout the
islands for many years, became the target of a government eradication campaign.
This drove up prices, drastically reduced availability and left locals without their
customary, and many would say relatively benign, smoke. Also very
importantly, many locals derived either part or all of their livelihood from
marijuana production. Robbed of this needed income many experienced
considerable economic hardship. Thus when a new, easy to use, smokable
product entered the market, one which at first felt non-threatening to youthful
novitiates -ice, it was readily accepted as a product to be used and sold. Initial
users were often likely to think of it as a substitute of sorts for pakalolo."
(Page 22)
"An important finding emerging from this study concerned the effect on
individuals and communities from the scazcity of marijuana due to the
eradication campaigns. Users often reported this was a major contribution to the
increase in the use of meth especially in Honolulu. In many communities it had
a devastating effect. As one respondent reported:
The ice use on the Waianae coast is greater than a lot of other places in the state.
This is like a central distribution center for ice. IYs a known fact among the drug
addicts and users on the island. IYs easier to get than weed. IYs not much more
expensive than weed either. The amount of people here that use ice is increasing
because people who couldn't find weed were starting to find ice easier. Plenty
guys I know use ice because they cari t get pot. I'd rather see them smoking
pakalolo cause they were mellow, nice people. On ice, they change into robbing
houses and carrying guns in less than one month. Things they never did on
weed." (Page 123)
"Moreover, successful periodic campaigns designed to eliminate this "evil" herb,
serve tp steer the user to more dangerous substances. Findings presented in
Chapter 7 on the social consequences of ice in Honolulu demonstrated that the
latest version of the American campaign against marijuana confinues to have the
same unfortunate consequences." (Page 163) Comm. No.
(SubPiITTr;L uY R_OGi~:R GHRISTIa) File N0. O
fief. To:,_"
Ref. Dtte_ LUUJ ,
Anti-pot
efforts - ~ 3 7~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o
.
boost _ ~ ~~~~3~~
aEES ~°°~~s'°3r
ice use : ~ ~ ~
W ~ ,
0 Marijuana prices ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ° ~
driven up; users ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~
turn to crystal meth
By CMIs koo. v ~ ~ e ~ x
rrt?7urb-F+arald ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~
; $ ~
Marijuana eradication- an - ? ~`•~t S E
Hawaii contributed to the
inaease is the use of the drug O ~ ~ ~ is ~ .
"ia," aocordia to a vem-. ~
went study. g ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~
An aide to Mayor Harry Kim' ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ a;
' is scheduled a meet coda wim i .g
~ prioeip.l invaaigaoot of me d ~ 3 ~i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
throe-year study fat me Natioo-
al h>s~e oa oruj•Abae. The Y
study gathered information = ~ ~ ~ ~
from 450 methamphetamine ~ ` ~ ~ E ~
users m Hoooltda, San Ptancir ~
co and son Diego. 4g
'7t'a the oral Study Cvet done ~ .ppp, ~ ~pp ~ " ~ y~
that ®ler~'Iewed USef1 In the ~ ~ 4 ~ O ~ 7r Q ~ q
couunmiry," said study leader . L t=j~7 ~
Patricia Morgan. ~ `s e v ° p~ ~ e ~ Y
`_M~yorg~an~, as.~aue professor at ~ ~ 3 e 3 0 ~
YR JaARJU1 V1 rYlnw. Health 8t YF ~ Y = Y ~ °p V ~ f~ q ~ V
University of California mBence- s ~ ~ : m i ~e 3 Y r }el ~ ~ e
ley, was vacationing in Kona ~ = w o ° E v < ~ 3 '0 23 ~k
whey she learned that Kim's
executive assistant, Billy Kenoi. ~ o u o q w
wanted to most with her to dis- /L~ ~ ~ ~ a ~E q l° m , E ~
cuss the report. Keooi is helping W 9' 3 u E g a 00 x c o
to organize a "meth summit" on ~ u ~ v m= ~ o ~ ~ u c e
the Big Lsland nett month. ~ : E ~ e m °u _em t ~ E -
Morgan's 1994 report. some O r~ ~ m~ v E 2~_ y a a E
200 pages long. found that the:. a v a ~ y'° u mo Q ~ u u
California mcthamphetamine ~ 3 g m a ~ E
users were more likely to snort • • e ~ e ~ c ~ e : s~' - n ^ =
or inject the drug. while 86 per- W W "e s a ~ B ~ a' $
ccnt of the Hawaii users a '°q u '9u r° e e v ~ a t C
smoked the crystal form. U o ` n °a E ~ ~ $ u E ? F' ~
"The use of ice in Honolulu ~ ~ ti E u : r c ~ s ~ U E
had led to particularly serious
physical and psychological
problems and significant social
distvpligq in poor working
communities where it replaced
See ICE,
~axa. v~X Page 8
y.
Jesus 'healed using cannabis'
Duncan Campbell in Los Angeles
Monday January 6, 2003
The Guardian
Jesus was almost certainly a cannabis user and an early proponent of the medicinal properties of the
drug, according to a study of scriptural texts published this month. The study suggests that Jesus and
his disciples used the drug to carry out miraculous healings.
The anointing oil used by Jesus and his disciples contained an ingredient called kaneh-bosem which has
since been identified as cannabis extract, according to an article by Chris Bennett in the drugs magazine,
High Times, entitled Was Jesus a Stoner? The incense used by Jesus in ceremonies also contained a
cannabis extract, suggests Mr Bennett, who quotes scholars to back his claims.
"There can be little doubt about a role for cannabis in Judaic religion," Carl Ruck, professor of classical
mythology at Boston University said.
Referring to the existence of cannabis in anointing oils used in ceremonies, he added: "Obviously the easy
availability and long-established tradition of cannabis in early Judaism.., would inevitaby have included it
in the [Christian] mixtures."
Mr Bennett suggests those anointed with the oils used by Jesus were "literally drenched in this potent
mixture... Although most modem people choose to smoke or eat pot, when Its active ingredients are
transferred into an oil-based carrier, it can also be absorbed through the skin".
Quoting the New Testament, Mr Bennett argues that Jesus anointed his disciples with the oil and
encouraged them to do the same with other followers. This could have been responsible for healing eye
and skin diseases referred to in the Gospels.
"If cannabis was one of the main ingredients of the ancient anointing oil... and receiving this oil is what
made Jesus the Christ and his followers Christians, then persecuting those who use cannabis could be
considered anti-Christ," Mr Bennett concludes.
Guardian Unlimited O Guardian Newspapers LJmfted 2003
tp;.;www.ouvdim.CO.uk/Pri"t10,3i3i,~37/726,00.6tm1 ~ ~
11: l:annebis and me i.nnsc: Jesus uaw rawilua~w ,~..1,.,,.......~w....~.~..,...........,...,..~...,,.,~,...~
. _ e e.
.
Cannabis and the ~hrist:.~esus used
1Vlarijuana
Part 4 of "When Smoke Gets in my I" a series on the history of cannabis and
human consciousness.
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t~~" ~ i
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Jesus used Marijuana ~
~k
As doubtful as the following hypothesis
might first seem to the reader, I might as ~ rc"~ 'i
well boldly state my case right from the ~ ~ ~ , ~i
1
start: either Jesus used marituana or he was
not the Christ. The very word "Christ"; by
_ the implication of its linguistic origins and "
` true meaning, gives us the most profound
evidence that .lesus did in fact use the same
herb as his ancient semitic ancestors, and
which is still used by people around the
world for its enlightening and healing
properties.
The-Greek title "Christ" is the translation
of the Hebrew word Messiah; which in
English becomes "The Anointed" U. The '
Messiah was recognized as such by his
being anointed with the holy anointing oil.
the use of which was restricted to the
instillation of Hebrew priests and kings (See CC#5). If Jesus was not initiated in this fashion
then he was not tha Christ, and had no official claim to the title.
15 2/4/01 9:35 AM
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Inc~~an I~em~
(Canrrabi_~ sa tica)
Family: Lannabinaceae Bmt_ge~ u~ En t/re quo>.
British co~onia~ de;euption u{ ce~e~~ra~t
tians]zrit name: ~'ijava _
usrn; Indian ~~emp or canna~ri:
Hindi name: Bhan.
1
onored by Indian= as one o{the ~~Precious Thin~s~~ recovered at the birth o{the universe from
the primeval sea, Indian hemp or cannabis, as this narcotic plant is more populady ]mown, was
,aben b,. the lzing of the hods to fain immortality. In ~anslu'it the plant is called ~ijaya or
~ onquest, because it is supposed to have .ranted victon~ to those gods a~ho used it.
In time, a cannabis potion lznown as bhang became the accepted pleasure drin]z of diva, Lord
~andexin~ .~cetics. Indeed, an affectionate folk name for ~ iva in this mode is Btian_geri Baba
.rr ~~blland-exhilarated Father.~~ During the medieval period, bhang entered the temple, taleen by
'~.emple celebrants as a ritual grin]; to reach religious eeetasv. l~s a ceremonial =_herliet it entered the
_~leasur-es oI the ~orrrt. Ground ~~er,~ fine, hemp was sifted thron,h muslin that had been refolded
ip to sty times. Then it was blended into tbiclzened mill: and seasoned witlr crushed almond=_, lotus
=reds, blacl: peppers, aromatic herbs, and cane evrvp.
Bhan_ mas also widely used b~~ the general populace during the sprink celebrations of the Holi
estival, which followed the winter harvest, when feuds and social classi{ications were joyfully
lissolved in uninhibited gaiety.
~t first a stimulant, exlrila rant, and aphrodisiac, thereafter a sedative, the active principle of
radian hemp lies in the plant resin. forty percent of this principle was used in the resinous hashish
molted br the v'a ndering sects of India; ~6 percent in the dried dower heads smolzed in the villages
India as "_anja'~; and only I n percent in the grom~d Breen leaves used for the preparation of the
rbanp drink.
~'wuryedic medicine used hemp for the alleviation of migraine headaches and stomach spawns.
Today it is still valued for iL beneficent effect on migraines and new'al gia. recognized analgesic,
~.remp is an antispasmodic and an anodyne or pain soother. It is also ]znoam to promote digestion
and to assist in the {low of urine.
The plant = widespread medical, religion=, and recreational use= in India were noted by a
ixt7eenth-centum Dutch botanist, Iohn van Lincschoten, in His Dicmurs of Vo~age~ into Ye Fa_atz
rrrd ll7estz Iratfizs (IJ9c4): "Thee have mane 12inds of Drogues, such as :~mfira or llpium,
~~amfora, Gangue, and Randall ~~ood."
SACRED PLA1~~T~
archaeological e«dence show=_ the earliest inhabitants o{ the Indian subcontinent
held plants in great reverence. But nature worship among primitive peoples i=_ not
unusual. Q~hat manes the Indian reverence {or plants unique is its unbrolzen continuity
~rom prehistory to the present day, when plants have long since ceased to be the major
source o{ human ~ood, clothing, and shelter.
Even Indian attitude coward plants, from prehistoric to modern times, is stir visible
in India today.
A each' as 3n~Q B.C. the prehistoric worship o~ actual plants was already Corning
into a reverence {or nature as a source o~ medicine. Seals found in India's earliest cities
o~ the Indus \ alley ci«lization show punts were regarded less as holy in themselves than
ae the home oI divine spirits with powers beneficial to manlZind.
By the times\yurveda became a serious science, these beneficial powers had long
been aclznowledged in the vast medicinal pharmacopoeia contained in plants. \\"hat
primitive peoples worshipped as a plants magical powers a•as now analyzed by the
.wuxvedic physicians for its physical pourers.
The scienti{ic approach may have dispelled superstition, but it certainly did not
diminish a plants sacredness in the eyes of the Ayurvedic physician to whom lZnowledge
was sacred, a=_ it was to all Indian thin)zers. Indeed, the great Indian philosophers
conducted their dialogues in the forest using plants again and again to illustrate
concepts o{ spiritual continuity to their students, because the ~orest represented the
endless sel~-regeneration of lie, or what we would cal) today an ecosystem, complete in
itsel~.
Even lZings yearned to be ~ree o{their material responsibilities to pursue the higher
enlightenment provided by plants, as shown in the seventh-century novel, written by
Banabhatta, Kao'am6ari:
He pave up his usual pleasures ~or the joys o~ the ~orest. Tree=_ were now his palaces;
creepers, his harem; fawns, his ~riends; bark garments his regal robes; prayer beads
now his weapons; and his treasury, prayer.
In contempm arv India o{{erings le{t at the base o~ trees indicate that plants are still
worshipped a=_ they once were, especially by the tribal populations u~ho are the descen-
dants of India's oldest inhabitants, her ~orest dwellers.
The vast pantheon o{ Indian di~~nities are still o{~ered plants in rituals which hold
certain plants holy to certain god=_, as prescribed be Hinduism's earliest priests.
Indian philosophy continues to use nature's completeness as a philosophical meta-
phor, whether it is in the lotus sermon of the Buddha or the enlightenment to be
acquired brom meditating under a tree.
:end Awrvedic physician= continue to examine the scienti{ic basis {'or a plant's
reputation as holy, to see i~ new medicines can be found.
Sacramental cannanfs m u5 courts
by Pete Brady (30 Mar, 2001)
Cannabis Sanctuary Kit provides potent legal de/encel
Sarah Stevens is an American marijuana user recently , ,
arrested for having 29 grams of mari'uana. She was
charged with felony possession, an~ faced up to three
years in prison, along with loss of federal student
financial aid and her driver's license.
Steven's lawyer examined the arrest reports and
questioned Sarah. In his opinion, the arresting officers
didn't commit any constitutional violations that would
raise reasonable doubt or get the charges dismissed.
He advised Sarah to accept a misdemeanor plea
bargain that stipulated several thousand dollars in fines
and costs, as well as two years formal probation. During
probation, Sarah would be urine tested every week.
Sarah was left without any options other than surrender,
but 'rf she had been in contact with Reverend Roger i
Christie before her arrest, she would have had a fighting
chance of beating the charges - or not being arrested at
x111
Christie is a Hawaii cannabis minister and activist who . FAi°~"tl/i0pipiYtls
has been fighting for marijuana decriminalization for 15 years. Five years ago, Christie's
academic studies and personal growth led him to conclude that marijuana could be accurately
described as a religious sacrament and its use protected by the US constitution's guarantee of
religious freedom.
Christie studied theology, became an ordained minister and established the "The Hawaii
Cannabis Ministry." Christie is America's first, state-licensed "cannabis sacrament" minister.
His Ministry offers all marijuana users an opportunity to participate in the legal protections
offered by religious freedom guarantees. These protections can be activated when Christie
provides the user with his Cannabis Sanctuar Kit containing legal precedents, registration
cards, and public documents. is kit
aIH' so contains marijuana plats tags, which identify the plants
as religious instruments.
"Cannabis use is a Divine Right, even when we don't realize rt "Christie said. "Assertion of
religious protection has prevented several Ministry members from being arcested. And 'rf a
member is arrested, our program provides a potent defense that judges, prosecutors and juries
will respect."
Christie put me in contact with several Ministry members who have benefited from his kit. One of
them was an Arizona man arrested for having nearly a pound of marijuana at home.
"The police and judge are respecting my religious exemption, and are treating me real different
than they would'rf I was a regular guy with marjuana," the defendant said. "M lawyer told me that
if we didn't have Roger's help, we wouldn't have a leg to stand on. Because I had his
SANCTUARY sign on my wall, his registration card in my wallet, his'stash-tag' in with the herb,
and the info about marijuana religious freedom and the law, my lawyer says we are likely to win."
The defendant said that the presiding judge called him "Reverend," and reduced bail from
$25,0110 to zero, all because he asserted a religious defense to his marijuana charges.
Christie says that his religious protection kit was designed to work in x1150 states.
"Ministry participants explain that their cannabis use is for religious purposes, based in part on
the information 1 provide them," Christie said. "But the stereotypical definition of 'religious'
doesn't apply here. You don4 have to start going to church, or ay before you smoke. You do
have to be sincere, show respect for the herb and yourself, and ensure that your cultivation -
and/or possession of sacrament is a private mailer. Then show police, your attorney, and judicial
officials that you are registered with our Ministry, and you are protected."
Attorneys who have examined Christie's kit sayy it rovides legitimate protections that can be
invoked by pot people. They cite a 1996 ruling by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals that
overturned manluana convictions for three Rastafarians convicted of marijuana possession in
Montana.
"If you get arrested for marijuana, what can you do to defend yourself9, Christie asks. "My
Ministry gives you a powerful, victorious answer to that questwn."
Contact:
Roger Christie can be contacted via his website at www.thc-ministry or by email at
aV kalohaCgte.net.