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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0236.000 2002-2004 `oJM~v uo N, ~i Harry Kim Christo her J. Yuen P Moyur Direrror •f~•. r Cf~N~~ - i ' Roy R. Takemoto Deputy Direchn ~D1XYC~'1~f II~ ~Mf11MTT PLANNING DEPARTMENT f OI Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hi]q Hawaii 96720-3043 (808)961-8288 • Fas(808)961-3742 April 24, 2003 Mr. James Leonard, AICP Managing Director PBR Hawaii -Hilo 101 Aupuni Street, Suite 310 Hilo, HI 96720-4276 Dear Mr. Leonard: Change of Zone Ordinance No. 88-158 (REZ 609) Special Management Area Use Permit No. 273 Special Management Area Use Permit No. 311 Special Management Area Use Permit No. 336 Applicant: WB Kukio, LLC Subject: Tenth and Eleventh Quarterly during Construction Water Quality Monitoring Report TMK: 7-2-004: Portion of 5 and 6 Kukio. North Kona Hawaii We have received the submittal of the Tenth and Eleventh Quarterly During Construction Water Quality Monitoring Report as required by Conditions P(1) and Q of REZ 609, Condition 9 of SMA Use Permit No. 273, Conditions 17 of SMA Use Permit No. 311 and Condition 9 of SMA Llse Permit No. 336. The report will be forwarded to the Hawaii County Council and the Planning Commission for their reference. The report states that there have been statistically significant changes in water quality. We note that in response to these changes, WB Kukio Resorts, LLC has formed a response team, which includes on-site managers and maintenance personnel as well as specialists. We will be following up on the work of the response team. [n the future, we would appreciate if you would reference the conditions of the permits that the reports are being submitted for. This would help us greatly. Comm. No. 23f. Ref. To:--~~~" Ref. hate n Mr. James Leonard, AICP Managing Director PBR Hawaii -Hilo Page 2 April 24, 2003 If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Jeff Darrow at 961-8288. Sincerely, _ CHRISTOPHER J. y%LJEN Planning Director JWD:pak p upwfn60A~c(1AIeucrs~Lkukio WQ~I R I SMA273 doc ec w/report: ~ Hawaii County Council Planning Commission Planning Department -Kona )rv, i%ri 5~~19 il~ ~ $ ~~Ylitt ry1: k 1 t P N Is 1 ~ 6 tl E LANU PLANNING LAIJDSCAPE AIiCLU'PFt 4I fltE F.NVIR04MENTA] S'fIJOIFS ~ P ~~~'I ( ~ / ~ ~LN LJli f_ i / A~ ~ ~ MEMORANDUM VM. TRANk RRAM)T, N~ASLA CHAIRMAN 'IY-lomns s. wrrreN, ns1.n DATE: April Z, 2003 PRESIDENT u. s,~w n.rvonN, ns~a TO: Christopher Yuen, Director', County of Ito wail Plmining F.xecmrvE VlcE-f ResmErvT Chiyome Fukino, Director, State oJ7lawari Deparnnent 1~/7~eahh 2ossRl~ Y..i. ceoN~, nsrw Peter Young, Chairperson, State o/Hawaii Department of/and and Natural Fxecu~nvE V(CE-Yxesmuvr RHSOUYCP.S George Young, P.F,-, Chief, U. S- A~:'7ry C'oips of Engineers ]Arvu-s Ll:annao, AICP ~ MANn(;/,vc nl(z~/r/lR FROM: James M. Leonard, Princip,•al HILD OFFICE PBR HAWAII -Hilo Of~c VINCENT $I{I6 WKI1N1 SEH(oa~narroc(Are SUBJECT: 'TENTH AND ELEVE QUARTERLY DURINGCONSTRUCTION Genrvr Muxnxnnrtl, n)ce WATER QUALITY MONITORING REPORTS IN SUPPORT OF TILE aSSDC/ATE DEVELOPMENT AT KUHIO, NORTH KONA -JULY AND OCTOBER 2002 AND FOURTII AND FIFTH QUARTERLY BASELINE PERIOD WATER QUALITY MONITORING REPORT IN SUPPORT OF THE DEVELOPMENT AT MANINIOWAI,I, NORTH KONA-JULY AND OCTOBER 2002 Attached for your reference is the Tenth and Eleventh Queuterly During Constnlction Water Quality Monitoring Reports in Support of[hcDevclopment at Kukio, North Kona -July and October 2002 and the Fow-th and Fifth Quarterly Baseline Period Water Quality Monitoring Report in Support of the Development at Maniniowali, North Kona-July and October 2002. Horvo~uw Oax u:e: Both reports were prepared by Richard Brock, Ph.D. /~0/ 81.1'HOP $11fE6C pACIfIC Towers, SmTe 650 .NOLL16O, FL,wAr~v6sl3aaz9 Should ou have an c ucstions, lease feel free to contact cur office at 961-3333. ~rnl: Laos) sz/s631 Y Y 1 P Anx: (80$)523-1402 na: sysadmin@pbrhawaii com xc: M. Morinaga/W.B. Kukio B.J. Kobayashi/General Services Inc. Hn.o omnca S. Lim, Esq./Carlsmith Ball lot AuPI(NI sTa +rET 91.A000N CANTER $lll'Cli 3l0 Hao. HnwAIY 96720-4276 i'eu (808) 9673333 FAx: (808) 9614989 (:MAU.:p6rh0o@lava.net WAILU6n UFPiC'N p 2723 KAOHO $TAEEr d~~o, HAWAI'I 96793-2204 9~c: (R08)242-2878 PA%:(808)242-2902 '.-NlAlc pbrrneui@]ava.nct _ I' ~ r~ 1'I I. i _ I FOURTH AND FIFTH QUARTERLY BASELINE PERIOD _ WATER QUALITY MONITORING REPORT IN SUPPORT OF THE DEVELOPMENT AT MANINI'OWALI, NORTH KONA - NLY AND OCTOBER 2002 Prepared For: WB Kukio Resorts, LLC P.O. Box 5349 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 By: Richazd Brock, Ph.D. Environmental Assessment Co. 1820 Kihi Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96821 Mazch 2003 EAC Report No. 2003-07B EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Manitti'owali project site isjust south of the ongoing development at Kukio and extends for more than 1.1 miles south along the coast. Unlike the development at Kukio which occurs adjacent to the shoreline, the Manini'owali development is situated more than 1,000 feet inland of the shoreline. The lands between the Manini'owali project site and the shore are to become part of the Kona Coast State Park system which will svetch uninterrupted from Keahole Point on the south to Kukio on the north. The Manini'owali development is residenual and will not have a golf course. This study is being undertaken to insure that the development will not impact the quality of the ground, anchialine pool and neaz shore marine waters fronting the project site. This report pro~~des the fourth and fifth quarterly baseline data on the status of water qualiq- and anchialine resources in support of the Manini'owali development. There are two anchialine pools on the state park lands below the Manini'owali project site; one small 0.75 x 1 m recently discovered pool (containing water on high tides only) is located at Kakapa Bay. A second, well-known anchialine pool located more than 0.6 km south of Kakapa Hay is situated about 50 m inland of the sandy beach at Kua Bay. Alien fishes (guppies) have been released sometime in the past into the Kua Bay pool driving important anchialine species away from this pool On higher tides when water is present, [he small Kakapa Bay pond has the usual suite of anchialiae species present. Twenty three water samples were collected in the fourth and fifth quarter July and October 2002 baseline surveys. Two of these samples were from the two above anchialine pools and the remaining 21 samples were collected along three onshoreoiikhore transects established in the ocean to measure the concentration of pazameters entering the sea via subtevanean groundwater. These three onshore-offshore transects were established at the heads of three bays where the presence of groundwater would be most evident close to shore. These bays are: Kakapa Bay near the northern boundary of the project site, Kua Bay neaz the middle part of the project site and along the north edge of Kahoiawa Bay at the southern boundary of the project site. The Department of Health has instituted regional water quality standards for the Kona coast. These standards apply to marine samples and compliance is related to local salinity for some parameters. In the July 2002 survey five parameters (nitrate nivogen, total dissolved nivogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus and mrbidity) exceeded the regional water quality standards and in the October 2002 survey, only total dissolved nitrogen was out of compliance with the standards. In previous surveys these parameters (total dissolved nivogen, total dissolved phosphorus, ammonia nivogen and turbidity) have been out of compliance. This lack of compliance is not unexpected; prior to the development at Kukio (the adjacent parcel to the north of Manini'owali), a ten-year water quality baseline monitoring found ammonia nivogen, turbidity, nivate nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus and chlorophyll-a out of compliance. A statistical analysis of the means of pazameters by sample date noted that all parameters showed statistically sig~cant differences among the five sample dates. Despite statistical differences, the range insignificantly different means are small and not any different from those seen elsewhere on the Kona coast. The statistical differences underscore the fact that there is a natural range in measured water quality parameters which may vary enough to be statistically different even on undeveloped coastlines as the Manini'owali coastline is. The marine waters show little salinity depression along the shoreline fronting the Manini'owali parcel relative to many other Kona coast sites. The higher shoreline salinities suggests that groumdwater input is relatively low along this portion of the coast. This low flow suggests [hat there will be little opportunity for possible pollutants that could be generated by the Manini'owali development of reaching and/or being detected at the shoreline. Tn addition, [he broad buffer between the project site and the shoreline (minimum 1,000 fee[) should minimize the opportunity for materials of ever reaching the sea. The quality of the marine waters fronting Manini'owali from this baseline period aze typical of well-flushed, West Hawaii sites. The fact that some parameters are out of compliance with the standards is not unexpected in light of the lack of compliance noted at other undeveloped (Kealakekua Bay) and formerly undeveloped sites elsewhere (Hokuli'a and Kukio) along the Kona coast. INTRODUCTION The iVlanini'owali project site is just south of the ongoing development at Kulao in the North Kona District extending for more than I.1 miles along the coast. Unlike the development at Kukio wtrich occurs adjacent to the shoreline, the Manini'owali development is to be situated at distances well inland (more than 1,000 feet inland) of the shoreline. The lands between the Manini'owali project site and the shoreline are to become part of the Kona Coast State Park system which will stretch uninterrupted from Keahole Point on the south to Kukio on the north. Most West Hawaii coastal developments incorporate a golf course, as part of the project but the Manini'owali development will be of a residential nature. In granting the zoning for this development which formerly included a golf course, the State Land Use Commission imposed a condition that this project have a "water quality monitoring program." Despite the present development not having a golf course, the developer requested that a water quality monitoring program be implemented to insure that the integrity of the Bound .and near shore marine waters is not compromised. This document presents the results of the fourth (July 2002) and fifth (October 2002) quarterly baseline information on the condition and quality of those waters and anchialine pools along the coastline below the project site prior to commencement of construction. In the second quarterly survey, marine sediment samples were sampled for the presence of a number of pesticides commonly used in residentiaUgolfcnurse developments. Collectively, these data will be used to assess any changes that may occur in water quality or anchialine resources as the project moves forward through the construction process. METHODS Sample Site Locations The Department of Health recently enacted new regional water quality standazds for the West Hawaii coast. These standazds utilize a regression approach for marine sample sites where salinity is 32 parts per thousand (ppt) or less. This regession approach is used in determining the standard for nitrate+nitrite nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus. Standards for other parameters are based on the 95% confidence interval derived from regression calculations performed by the Department of Health using water quality data collected from "undisturbed sites" along the West Hawaii coast. There aze no standazds set for anchialine pools or coastal brackish welts (used for irrigation purposes), thus the water collected for Manini'owali may be considered in two goups: ocean samples where the regional standards apply and "other" samples that include all other sites sampled away from the ocean (here two anctualine pool sites). 1 The regional criteria require that sampling in the marine environment be conducted along an onshore to offshore "transect." These transects are to be established at point along the shoreline where there is greater likelihood of groundwater escaping into the sea. Along the Kona coast, these areas are usually found along the heads of bays rather than offshore of points (escaping groundwater follows the line of least resistence in its flow to the sea). Three small bays are found along the section of coast fronting the Manini'owali project; these are Kakapa Bay near the northern boundary of the project site, Kua Bay near the middle portion of the coast fronting the project site and along the northem edge ofKahoiawa Bay located at the southern extreme of the project site (Figure 1). Along each transect seven samples were collected. Six of the seven samples are collected at the surface (20 cm below the surface) and one sample is taken at depth. The surface samples aze collected at the shoreline, 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 300 m, and S00 m offshore. Below the sample collected at 50 m offshore, a second sample is collected at depth (approximately 1 m above the bottom). An inspection of the coastline was made in the area from the south boundary of the Kukio project site south to Kahoiawa Bay in search of anchialine pools. Maciolek and Brock (1974) noted one anchialine pool inland of Kua Bay but other than this, a review of other literature failed to note any other anchialine resources along this 1.1 mile section of coast. Our inspection of the coast did find a second small anchialine pool inland of Kakapa Bay. Water samples are collected from these two anchialine pools as part of the monitoring protocol. In the second quarterly baseline survey, four sediment samples were collected for possible presence of pesticides (herbicides and insecticides). This coastline is not developed and it is difficult to ascertain in advance what pesticides could be used in future hinterland development and make their way to the ocean. The approach used here was to make a search for elemental arsenic which is the active ingredient of many herbicides, glyphosate (the active ingredient of the herbicide Round Up) and a pesticide screen for chlorinated pesticides (26 different compounds). Sediments were collected from the nearshore waters of Kakapa Bay (3.5 m deep) and Kua Bay (4 m deep) fronting the project site, and from the anchialine pool at Kua Bay (1 m deep) as well as a marine control site from the waters fronting Makalawena (4.5 m deep) just south of the Manini'owali project site. Laboratory Methods Water quality constituents that are evaluated include the specific criteria as designated in Chapter 11-54, Section 06 State of Hawaii, Department of Health Water Quality Standazds which were amended in July 2000 for West Hawaii coastal waters. The criteria include ammonia nitrogen (NH,), nitrate + nitrite nitrogen (NOS + NOZ, hereafter referred to as nitrate or NO,), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), orthophosphorus (PO,), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), chlorophyll-a (chl-a), turbidity, as well as the nonspecific criteria of temperature, pH, and salinity. In addition, dissolved silica (Si) is measured due to its usefulness as a conservative groundwater tracer. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is calculated as the difference between total dissolved nitrogen from ammonia nitrogen plus nitrate nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is 2 calculated as the difference between orthophosphorus from total dissolved phosphorus. Water samples are collected by opening 500 ml polyethylene bottles at the desired depth. These bottles are all triple rinsed using the sample water prior to sample collection. Samples are held on ice until in the laboratory where further processing occurs. Subsamples for nutrient analyses are filtered through glass fiber filters to 125 ml acid-washed, triple-rinsed polyethylene bottles and stored chilled until analysis. Analyses for ammonia nitrogen, orthophosphate and nitrate are performed using a Technicon autoanalyzer following standard methods for seawater analysis (Strickland and Parsons 1972, Grasshoff 1983). Total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorus are similarly analyzed following digestion (Standard Methods 1985). Both TDN and TDP aze run on non-filtered samples handled in the same manner as those above. Turbidity samples are collected as unfiltered water and stored on ice in 125 ml polyethylene bottles until measurements are made (within 24 hours). Turbidity is measured on a Monitek Laboratory Nephalometer following the procedures as described in Standard Methods (1985). The instrument is calibrated as specified by the Environmental Protection Agency with standard formazin solutions prior to and after sample measurements. Prior to measurement, samples are throughly mixed to disperse particulate materials and measured in duplicate when all air bubbles disappear. Chlorophyll-a samples aze collected by filtering known volumes of sample water through glass microfiber filters; filters are frozen until laboratory analyses aze carried out. Laboratory procedures follow Standard Methods (1985) and pigments are extracted and determined fluorometricaliy. Salinity samples aze collected in 125 mi polyethylene bottles in the field, filled completely and capped tightly until measurement by AGE salinometer in the laboratory. In the field oxygen is measured using an YSI Model 58 meter, pH is determined using a Hanna millivolt meter and temperature is measured using a laboratory grade thermometer. Sediment samples for pesticide analyses were collected in one liter pre-cleaned amber glass jars with telfon-lined lids, held on ice and shipped within 12 hours to an EPA-approved laboratory for analyses. All analyses followed standazd EPA methods. Anchialine biota is quantitatively assessed in pools by use of sma110.1 m' quadrats which are placed in pools for use in making quantitative counts of motile species. In making these counts, only native species are enumerated; no attempt is made to census alien species such as fishes. All methods used in the Manini'owa(i monitoring program comply with and follow those as outlined in the "West Hawau Coastal Monitoring Program Monitoring Protocol Guidelines" as formulated and prepared by the West Hawaii Coastal Monitoring Task Force (May 1992, 30p.). Statistical and other data procedures are described where used in the text. In general to avoid assumptions of normality in the data, non-parametric methods are used (Siegel 1956, SAS Institute, Inc. 1985). 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There have been five quarterly baseline surveys tamed out to date. These were completed on 25 October, 10 December 2001, 28 March, 18 July and 25 October 2002. In total, 21 marine sites are sampled and two anchialine pools in all surveys. All marine samples are taken at the surface (20 cm below the air-water interface) except for a single sample collected 50 m offshore at depth on each of the three transects (sample numbers 42, 49 and 56). Two samples (numbers 61 - Kua Bay and 62 - Kakapa Bay) are collected in the anchialine pools. The water quality results for the 18 July and 25 October 2002 surveys are presented in Tables 1 and 2 and are discussed below. The results of the previous quarterly baseline surveys are given in Appendices 1 - 3 for comparative purposes. 1. Compliance with Department of Health Criteria The Hawaii State Department of Health (DOH) has developed specific criteria for different classes of water in the state (e.g., as for harbors, streams and marine waters). Up to July 2000, the waters fronting Manini'owali were classed as "Open Coastal Waters" and are to remain "...in their natural pristine state with an absolute minimum of pollution or alteration of water quality from any human-caused source or action" (Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-54-01). The most stringent standards have been set for open coastal waters. Since July 2000, new standards have been imposed for the West Hawaii coastline; these standazds utilize a regression approach for marine sample sites where salinity is 32 parts per thousand (ppt) or less. This regression approach is used in determining the standard for nitrate+nitrite nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus. As noted above, there are no standards set for anchialine pools or coastal brackish wells (used for irrigation purposes), thus the water collected at Manini'owali may be considered in two groups: ocean samples where the standards apply and "other" samples that include all other sites away from the ocean. The applicable standards to the July and October 2002 data aze summarized in Table 3. The DOH document establishing the West Hawaii regional criteria has broken the criteria down into three tiers as given in Table 3. The standards for parameters that do not display a distinct onshore-offshore gradients of concentration utilize a geometric mean "not to exceed" value. For the remaining parameters, two situations apply: if there is no substantial groundwater flow (as evidenced by a salutity depression near the shore), a geometric mean "not to exceed" value also applies (Table 3). Where groundwater flow is evident and depressing salinity to 32 ppt or less, astraight-line mixing relationship is specified and the water quality criterion is the slope of this regression line based on surface-collected samples taken at specific points along anonshore- offshore transect. Application of these criteria to marine samples requires that sample sites be located in a 4 "transect" commencing at the shoreline and sampling at various distances offshore. The regional standards as given in the DOH Administrative Rules require that only samples from the surface layer (i.e., within a meter of the surface) be used in making the analysis. Thus marine sample sites that do not conform to this sampling layout with measured salinities of 32 ppt or less at one of the sites and/or aze collected at depth cannot be included in this analysis. There are three transects established to monitor the waters fronting Manini'owali; inspection of the salinity data in Tables 1 and 2 shows that there were no surface sites where salinity was depressed below 32 ppt thus the regional water quality standards require that sample sites with no . appreciable salinity depression (or gradient) utilize single value "not to exceed" criteria as given in Table 3. Referring to the "not to exceed" criteria in Table 3, the geometric means as determined by combining all marine sites aze out of compliance for nitrate nitrogen total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus and turbidity were out of compliance in the July 2002 dataset (Table 1). In the 25 October 2002 survey (Table 2), we note that only total dissolved nitrogen was out of compliance with the regional standards. In the March 2002 survey the parameter, ammonia nitrogen, was out of compliance (Appendix 3). However, in December 2001 (Appendix 2), total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus and turbidity were out of compliance and in the October 2001 survey, the waters fronting the Manini'owali project site did not meet state standards for ammonia nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorus. It is not surprising that some parameters do not meet regional standards despite the fact that the adjacent Manini'owali lands are not developed. Water quality studies carried out the adjacent propertyjust to the north (Kukio) found over aten-year baseline period that the geometric means for marine waters were out of compliance for ammonia nitrogen, turbidity, nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus and chlorophyll-a). This lack of compliance spans the period from August 1990 -November 1999 (Brock 2000a) suggesting that the "baseline" noncompliance at Manini'owali is not to be unexpected. Indeed, many of the grand geometric means from the Kukio baseline period are greater than those calculated in the Manini'owali dataset (see Table 4). 2. Statistical Comparisons Five quarterly surveys have been completed covering changes in water quality fronting the Manini'owali project site. Has there been any statistically significant change in any of the parameters over these three survey periods? To address this question two non-pazametric tests were used; the Ktuskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) determined if significant differences did exist among the means of parameters comparing means by date and the Student-Newman- Kuels Test was used to separate which means differed significantly from others. Nonparametric statistical tests were used to avoid some of the assumptions that are requisite with use of parametric statistics (i.e., normality, homogeneity of variances, etc). The results of the nonpazametric tests are summarized in Table 5. The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA found statistical differences among the five sample dates for all parameters. The SNK 5 test also found significant differences among the five surveys for all pazameters. In all cases, the significant differences among the parameter means from different dates were all relatively small and within the ranges typically found on Kona coast reefs. The fact that there is statistically significant separation among means for most parameters along this section of undeveloped coast over time supports the contention that variability in these water quality parameters is the norm and this variability must be considered in any analysis of data, particularly during the construction phase of the project. 3. Observations of Anchialine Pool Biota There are two known anchialine pools along the coast fronting.the Manini'owali project site. Anchialine pools are land-locked bodies of water that may be characterized as not having surface connections to the sea, yet have measurable salinities and display damped tidal fluctuations. Naturally occurring anchialine pools are restricted to highly porous substrates such as recent lavas or limestone adjacent to the sea. These unique habitats have been described from a number of widely dispersed tropical localities; in Hawaii the greatest number aze found along the West Hawaii coastline and in recent years have been the focus of attention with respect to coastal development. Anchialine pools harbor a distinctive assemblage of organisms, some of which aze found nowhere else. Anchialine pond organisms fall into two classes, i.e., epigeal and hypogea] species. The epigeal fauna is composed of species that require the well-illuminated (sunlit) part of the anchialine system. Most of these species are found in other Hawaiian habitats albeit individual from anchialine systems frequently show ecotype (morphologic) vaziations. The hypogeal organisms occur not only in the illuminated part of the system but also in the interconnected watertable below. These species are pomazily decapod crustaceans, some of which are known only from the anchialine biotope. Species chazacteostic of Hawaiian anchialine pools include crustaceans (shomps and amphipods), fishes, mollusk, a hydroid, sponges, polychaetes, tunicates, aquatic insects, algae and aquatic macrophytes. Most stoking are a number ofred-pigmented caridean shomp species and the most abundant of these is the opae'ula (Halrcaridrna rubra). Two anchialine pools are known along the coast below the Manini'owali project site. The larger of the two is located at Kua Bay. Since the completion of Queen Kaahamanu Highway more than 20 years ago, there has been an unimproved access road from the highway to the sand beach at Kua Bay.- In 1972 Maciolek and Brock (1974) found the anchialine pool at Kua Bay to be biologically undisturbed with the usual complement of anchialine species present. Today, this pool has been colonized by non-native alien fishes (guppies) as ascertained in our Manini'owali surveys (Table 6) and many native anchialine species are not present. The Kua Bay anchialine pool is more than 50 m inland of the sea and behind a relatively large natural sand berm (site 61). It is surmised that the only way that these alien fishes colonized this pool is by intentional release 6 into the pond. This release probably occurred sometime after the development of vehicle access to the site. Once introduced to anchialine system, alien fish are able to complete their life cycle and become a permanent feature of the system (Brock 1985, Bailey-Brock and Brock 1993). Alien fishes often preclude the native opae'ula which is a keystone species in the maintenance of the anchialine system. With the elimination of key species, degradation of the anchialine system occurs. Recent studies by this author have determined that outside of the Waikoloa Anchialine Pond Preserve which is actively managed, only about 10 percent of the West Hawaii anchialine resource remains free of alien fishes; this translates into about 70 pools left in a natural state. Many of the anchialine pools that remain free of alien fishes are often just a single small pool in a complex of pools that has otherwise been overrun by alien fishes. Under these circumstances, physical isolation is usually the only reason why alien fishes have not yet colonized this last remaining pool. In these cases, the isolation may only be temporary for the next spring high tides may allow colonization to occur. The continued spread of alien species that apparently impact the ecological balance and succession in anchialine pools provides a bleak outlook for the perpetuation of this unique resource in Hawaii. The small anchialine pool at Kakapa Bay (site 62) is located about 40 m inland of the sea and contains water only during higher tides. At a maximum, this pool has a water surface azea of about 1 squaze meter and a maximum depth of 10 cm. When water is present native opae'ula (Halocaridina rubra) are found at densities ranging from -30 to about 250 shrimp/0.1 m2 (Table 6). Also present in the 2002 surveys has been the native alpheid shrimp, Metabetaeus lohena. This shrimp is a natural predator on the Halocaridina rubra and is now not very commonly seen in Kona coast anchialine pools. It should be noted that in the immediate azea surrounding the anchialine pool at Kakapa Bay are a number of ancient Hawaiian cultural features (house sites, petroglyphs, stone grinding areas, etc.) which, with the biological features, suggests that when the State of Hawaii develops this portion of the coastal park, the area should receive some level of protection. 4. Analysis of Sediments for Pesticides As previously reported (earlier reports), none of the four sediment samples collected in this survey for pesticide analysis noted the presence of these materials at the limits of detection used in this study (Table 7). These results are not surprising in that none of the adjacent lands surrounding the sample sites have undergone any development. However, most marine and anchialine pool sediments sampled by this author over the last fifteen years along the West Hawaii coast have had a low concentrations of arsenic which is naturally occurring in volcanic soils and sandy soils (Kabala-Pendais and Pendais 1984). Indeed the sediments in anchialine pools at Makalawena have been sampled annually for more than a decade and arsenic has always been present at low concentrations (Brock 2001). Despite its absence, further sampling of marine sediments in the same areas would probably note the presence of this material. 7 5. Comments on the Quality of Ground and Near Shore Waters at Manini'owali The marine water samples collected in the five baseline surveys show little salinity depression in samples collected along the shoreline (sample nos. 40, 47 and 54) relative to many other Kona coast sites. The higher shoreline salinities suggests that groundwater input is relatively low along this portion of the coast. Both to the north (Kukio) and south (Makalawena) of Manini'owali, the groundwater efflux to the sea is greater. The relatively low groundwater flow suggests that there will be little opportunity for possible pollutants that could be generated by the Manini'owali development of reaching and/or being detected at the shoreline. The relatively broad buffer between the project site and the shoreline (minimum of 1,000 feet) should minimize the opportunity for materials of ever reaching the sea. It remains to be seen how the State of Hawaii will develop the coastal pazk in the buffer azea between the Manini'owali project and the shoreline. If the pazk development is done with appropriate design (i.e., non-leaching toilet facilities), grounds development requiring little or no irrigation, fertilization and pest control, coupled with good user management (i.e., policing), the park and its use should not have any impact to ground or near shore marine water chemistry. The quality of the marine waters fronting Manini'owali from these baseline survey results are typical ofwell-flushed, West Hawaii sites. The fact that some pazameters are out of compliance with the regional West Hawaii regional water quality standazds is not unexpected in light of the lack of compliance noted at many other undeveloped (Kealakekua Bay -Brock 2000b, 2001) and formerly undeveloped sites (Hokuli'a -Brock 1999, Kukio -Brock 2000a) along the Kona coast. LITERATURE CITED Bailey-Brock, J.H. and R.E. Brock. 1993. Feeding, reproduction, and sense of the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp Halocaridina rubra (Atyidae). Pacif. Sci. 47:338-355. Brock, R.E. 1985. An assessment of the conditions and future of the anchialine pond resources of the Hawaiian Islands. Appendix C. Pp.l-12. In: US Army Corps of Engineers. Final Environmental Impact Statement US Department of the Army Permit Application Waikoloa Beach Resort, Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. US Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District, September 1985. Brock, R.E. (Environmental Assessment Co.). 1999. A quantitative assessment of the marine communities and water quality in an area fronting the proposed Hokuli'a development: final preconstruction baseline report. Prepared for Oceanside 1250, 78-6831 Alii Drive, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740. EAC Rept No. 99-12. 76p+appendices. 8 Brock, R.E. (Environmental Assessment Co.). 2000a. A quantitative assessment of the marine communities and water quality in an area fronting the proposed development at Kukio, North Kona, Hawaii: final preconstruction baseline report. Prepared for WB Kukio Resorts, LLC, 1001 Bishop Street, Pauahi Tower, Suite 1570, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813. EAC Rept. No. 2000-01. 95p. Brock, R.E. (Environmental Assessment Co.). 2000b. A quantitative analysis of impact to water quality and marine communities fronting the Hokuli'a project site, South Kona, Hawaii following a heavy rainfall event. Prepazed for HokuG'a, 78-6831 Alii Drive, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740. EAC Rept No. 99-12. 76p+appendices. Brock, R.E. (Environmental Assessment Co.). 2001a. Summary of observations on the 5-6 September 2001 rainfall event on water quality, Hokuli'a project site, South Kona. Prepared for Hokuli'a, 78-6831 Alii Drive, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740. EAC Rept No. 2001-15. 37p. Brock, R.E. (Environmental Assessment Co.). 2001b. Annual review of the water quality monitoring program for Waikoloa - 2000. Prepared for Waikoloa Development Co., 150 Waikoloa Beach Drive, Waikoloa, Hawaii 96743. EAC Rept. No. 2001-08. 71p. Grasshoff, K. 1983. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim. 419p. Kabata-Pendais, A. and H. Pendais. 1984. Trace elements in soils and plants. Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 365p. Maciolek, J.A. and R.E. Brock. 1974. Aquatic survey of the Kona coast ponds, Hawaii Island. Univ. Hawaii Sea Grant Advisory Report AR-74-04. 73p. SAS Institute, Inc. 1985. SAS User's Guide: Basics, Version 5 Edition. Cary, N.C., SAS Institute, Inc., 1985, 1290p. Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. xvii+312p. Standard Methods. 1985. Standazd methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Sixteenth edition. American Health Assoc., Washington, D.C. Port City Press, Baltimore, Md. 1268p. Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Pazsons. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Second edition. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 167. 310p. West Hawaii Coastal Monitoring Task Force. 1992. West Hawaii coastal monitoring program monitoring protocol guidelines. Prepazed by the Task Force. Unpublished, 30p. 9 TABLE 1. Summary of the water quality parameters as measured at 23 sites for the Manini'owali project on I8 July 2002. Two samples are from anchialine pools and 21 from the adjacent ocean. For ocean samples the underlined geometric means exceed the regional Kona coast Department of Health water quality standards applied to nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and turbidity for surface samples. All values are in ug/1 unless otherwise indicated; ND =below limits of detection. Nitrate Ammonia Ortho Site No. N N TDN P TDP Si DON DOP Marine Samples 40 3.41 ND 213.64 4.80 13.02 239.41 210.23 8.22 41 11.16 0.30 147.98 4.92 13.64 340.11 136.52 8.72 42 2.06 ND 154.56 4.38 12.71 200.39 152.50 8.33 43 15.57 ND 201.88 4.62 13.64 391.04 188.31 9.02 44 2.04 ND 201.18 4.52 13.02 193.78 199.14 B.50 45 52.35 1.65 186.48 5.97 15.81 609.59 132.48 9.84 46 29.50 1.75 176.12 6.10 14.88 450.41 144.87 8.78 47 7.10 2.17 208.74 5.23 15.81 517.07 199.47 10.58 48 8.64 NO 212.38 5.80 15.19 514.32 203.74 9.39 49 3.09 0.17 232.98 5.37 13.64 204.78 229.70 8.27 50 5.52 ND 184.24 5.16 13.64 425.93 178.72 8.48 51 2.62 ND 218.82 4.73 13.64 192.51 216.20 8.91 52 3.28 ND 209.58 5.08 13.95 182.17 208.30 8.87 53 3.49 ND 190.68 4.54 13.33 174.72 187.19 8.79 54 4.14 ND 200.34 5.11 14.26 257.75 196.20 9.15 55 4.80 0.36 200.20 5.12 13.95 391.02 195.04 8.83 56 4.12 ND 208.78 7.02 15.81 169.47 202.66 8.79 57 4.78 ND 191.52 5.15 14.26 299.41 186.74 9.11 58 3.21 ND 207.90 4.84 13.64 168.80 204.75 8.80 59 2.98 ND 110.04 4.30 13.33 155.93 107.06 9.03 60 2.75 ND 225.96 4.64 13.64 154.24 223.21 9.00 Geometric Mean 5.23 0.70 192.01 5.08 14_01 268.29 182.53 8.91 Anchialine Pool Sample 61 47.04 25.82 1366.12 12.71 233.12 25867.24 1293.46 220.41 62 No Sample -Tide Too Low 10 TABLE 1. Continued. Turbidity Salinity Oxygen Temp. Site No. (NTU) Chl-a (°/oo) (°C) pH Marine Samples 40 0.11 0.205 34.837 100 27.3 8.00 41 0.25 0.154 34.699 100 27.5 8.07 42 0.10 0.170 34.880 100 27.1 8.06 43 0.13 0.173 34.636 101 27.2 8.04 44 0.11 0.181 34.869 100 26.9 8.07 45 0.14 0.196 34.400 101 27.2 7.98 46 0.17 0.140 34.545 101 27.1 8.00 47 0.28 0.310 34.515 100 27.0 8.01 48 0.16 0.102 34.545 99 26.7 8.04 49 0.13 0.149 34.844 100 26.5 8.07 50 0.11 0.179 34.637 100 26.6 8.08 51 0.21 0.145 34.858 101 26.7 8.09 52 0.15 0.183 34.831 101 26.9 8.08 53 0.10 0.154 34.835 100 26.9 8.09 54 0.18 0.307 34,760 101 26.5 6.08 55 0.25 0.133 34.615 100 26.8 8.05 56 0.22 0.168 34.859 100 26.7 6.09 57 0.13 0.158 34.702 100 26.7 8.07 58 0.18 0.210 34.834 100 26.8 8.07 59 0.16 0.214 34.839 101 26.8 8.09 60 0.10 0.201 34.849 101 26.8 8.11 Geometric Means 0.15 0.176 34.733 100 26.9 8.06 Anchialine Pool Samples 61 4.40 9.301 7,120 71 27.7 8.05 62 No Sample -Tide Too Low 11 TABLE 2. Summary of the water quality parameters as measured at 23 sites for the Manini'owali project on 25 October 2002. Two samples are from anchialine pools and 21 from the adjacent ocean. For ocean samples the underlined geometric means exceed the regional Kona coast Department of Health water quality standazds applied to nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and turbidity for surface samples. All values are in ug/l unless otherwise indicated. Nitrate Ammonia Ortho Site No. N N TDN P TDP Si DON DOP Marine Samples 40 0.67 1.47 182.28 3.36 9.30 209.56 180.13 5.94 41 0.69 0.89 218.12 3.24 10.23 235.80 216.54 6.99 42 1.16 1.29 155.40 3.46 9.30 207.23 152.95 5.64 43 0.29 1.02 196.56 3.22 9.30 191.85 195.25 6.08 44 0.31 1.00 206.08 3.10 9.61 215.85 204.77 6.51 45 0.34 2.43 145.04 2.86 9.61 169.88 142.26 6.75 46 0.27 0.72 206.08 3.09 10.54 198.05 205.09 7.45 47 0.58 4.08 191.38 3.77 9.61 209.08 186.74 5.84 46 0.40 1.15 168.98 3.30 8.99 176.31 167.43 5.69 49 0.56 4.19 150.64 3.06 8.99 191.52 145.89 5.93 50 0.44 2.16 122.22 2.82 9.92 169.70 119.62 7.10 51 0.23 0.64 175.70 3.05 9.92 174.01 174.83 6.87 52 0.22 0.53 186.90 3.04 10.54 164.83 186.15 7.50 53 0.15 1.34 177.66 3.03 8.99 187.42 176.17 5.96 54 0.46 2.31 90.30 3.49 9.92 189.07 87.53 6.43 55 0.26 2.91 78.26 4.29 10.54 167.35 75.09 6.25 56 0.56 7.96 138.18 3.01 11.47 184.63 129.65 8.46 57 0.14 3.19 174.86 3.81 14.88 435.53 171.52 11.07 58 0.16 0.55 78.76 3.34 10.54 162.92 77.55 7.20 59 0.19 1.62 96.60 1.94 10.23 169.36 94.59 8.29 60 1.09 1.65 117.74 1.47 11.16 184.43 115.00 9.69 Geometric Mean 0.36 1.59 148.34 3.07 10.11 194.60 145.64 6.93 Anchialine Pool Samples 61 1519.96 33.18 3950.24 46.81 176.70 24114.72 2397.08 129.89 62 3750.18 22.12 5891.90 44.33 154.07 25033.40 2119.60 109.74 12 TABLE 2. Continued. Turbidity Salinity Oxygen Temp. Site No. (NTLn Chl-a (°/oo) (°C) pH Marine Samples 40 0.06 0.202 34.924 100 26.7 8.13 41 0.07 0.273 34.922 100 26.8 8.13 42 0.05 0.187 34.927 100 26.5 8.14 43 0.07 0.172 34.927 99 26.7 8.14 44 0.06 0.183 34.925 100 26.8 8.13 45 0.06 0.183 34.935 101 26.5 8.10 46 0.05 0.180 34.931 100 27.3 8.13 47 0.10 0.344 34.927 100 27.0 8.11 48 0.07 0.197 34.925 99 26.5 8.12 49 0.08 0.139 34.932 99 26.2 8.13 50 0.04 0.188 34.927 100 26.3 8.13 51 0.05 0.204 34.926 100 26.3 8.14 52 0.07 0.086 34.928 101 26.4 8.14 53 0.04 0.041 34.933 101 25.8 8.13 54 0.06 0.267 34.918 98 26.4 8.12 55 0.06 0.205 34.926 100 26.3 8.12 56 0.19 0.194 34.931 99 26.4 8.12 57 0.06 0.229 34.932 100 25.8 8.13 SB 0.05 0.199 34.934 100 25.7 8.13 59 0.08 0.215 34.934 100 26.3 8.12 60 0.21 0.226 34.897 100 26.2 8.11 Geometric Means 0.07 0.182 34.927 100 26.4 8.13 Anchlaline Pool Samples 61 0.25 0.805 6.558 63 26.5 8.14 62 0.27 0.117 4.110 91 25.1 8.18 13 TABLE 3. Three tiers of water quality criteria developed by the Department of Health for the Kona or West Hawaii coast. Also included are the regional criteria for three parameters under all salinity regimes as well as those for sites with no significant groundwater discharge as was the case in the July and October 2002 surveys of the marine waters fronting Manini'owali. All Salinity Regimes: Single Value "Not To Exceed" Criterion For: Ammonia Nitrogen -Proposed Criterion = 2.5 ug/I Chlorophyll-a -Proposed Criterion = 0.3 ug/I Turbidity -Proposed Criterion = 0.1 N.T.U. No Salinity Gradient Observed: Single Value "Not To Exceed" Criterion For: Total Dissolved Nitrogen -Proposed Criterion = 100.0 ug/I Total Dissolved Phosphorus -Proposed Criterion = 12.5 ug/I Nitrate+Nitrite Nitrogen -Proposed Criterion = 4.5 ug/I Orthophosphorus -Proposed Criterion = 5.0 ug/I Salinity Gradient Observed: Regression Coefficient (Slope) Criterion For: Total Dissolved Nitrogen Total Dissolved Phosphorus Nitrate+Nitrtte Nitrogen Orthophosphorus 14 TABLE 4. Summary of the geometric means for water quality parameters (ug/I unless otherwise noted) as measured at marine stations fronting the Kukio development during the 111- month baseline study period (August 1990 through November 1999). Underlined values exceed the Department of Health regional standards. Site No. of Nitrate Ammonia Ortho No. Samples N N TDN P TDP Si DON DOP 3 17 31_13 9.08 147.99 7.77 16_31 592.05 70.02 7.42 4 17 9.98 3.67 92.D6 4.04 12.01 195.05 70.32 7.79 5 17 6.55 3.92 98.68 3.70 12.24 182.42 84.15 8.38 6 17 4.25 3.71 93.39 3.64 10.68 108.82 82.34 6.84 14 35 68.23 12.69 170.11 8.46 14.50 1214.79 84.76 5.67 15 34 19.27 7.36 114.40 5.61 12.09 395.32 77.50 6.02 16 20 8.05 5.53 101.32 4.11 11.23 211.43 77.80 6.48 17 17 3.86 3.69 86.75 3.31 10.70 127.38 78.15 8.98 18 17 236.11 25.49 399.33 15.47 22.57 3254.21 77.29 4.76 19 11 66.50 11.38 223.43 7.45 15.51 959.04 104.22 7.07 Grand Geometric Means 17_14 7.03 132.68 5.32 14_18 372.39 79.15 7.38 Site Turbidity Salinity Oxygen Temp. No. (NTU) Chl-a (°/oo) (°/a) (°C) pH 3 0.16 0.365 32.947 103 26.0 8.03 4 0.10 0.172 34.144 102 26.0 8.11 5 0.11 0.140 34.197 103 26.0 8.11 6 0.10 0.144 34.261 102 26.0 8.13 14 0.17 0.325 32.733 103 26.3 8.18 15 0.13 0.180 33.867 102 26.3 8.14 16 0.11 0.135 34.126 102 26.6 8.13 17 0.10 0.136 34.258 102 26.5 8.15 18 0.44 0.670 29.017 102 27.0 8.09 19 0.17 0.415 31.578 103 26.4 8.09 Grand Geometric Means 0.14 0.220 33.120 102 26.2 8.11 15 TABLE 5. Summary of statistical comparisons of parameters by date using the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) Test addressing the question "Has there been any statistically significant changes in parameters through tune at stations in the ocean fronting the Manini'owali project site?" In the body of the table are given the SNK results which include the sample date and arithematic mean for a given parameter on that date. Means are expressed in ug/l unless otherwise noted. In the SNK Test, letters with the same designation show means and sample dates that are related; changes in letter designation show where significant differences exist. Overlaps in letters indicate a lack of significant differences. In such cases, orily the extremes may be significantly different. 1. Nitrate Nitrogen (ICruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Ju12002 8.41 A Dec 2001 4.79 A Mar 2002 4.06 A B Oct 2001 0.83 B Oct 2002 0.44 B Interpretation: Mean nitrate at marine stations dttring the two October periods has been lower relative to the other survey dates for trrtknown reasons. No strong significant differences among the sample periods. 2. Ammonia Nitrogen (ICruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Maz 2002 3.70 A Oct 2002 2.06 B Oc[ 2001 1.38 B C Dec 2001 1.07 B C Ju12002 0.30 C Interpretation: Ammonia was significantly greater in the March 2002 strrvey over other sttrveys for unknown reason(s) but the means are similaz to [hose encountered on other Hawaiian reefs. 3. Total Dissolved Nitrogen (Kntskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Ju12002 194.38 A Oct 2001 172.49 A B Dec 2001 158.89 B Oct 2002 155. I1 B Mar 2002 95.19 C Interpretation: Total dissolved ttitrogen was significantly lower in March 2002 sturvey but none of the values to date are abnormal for Hawaiian coral reefs. 16 TABLE S. Continued. 4. Orthophosphorus (Kruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means 7u12002 5.11 A Mar 2002 4.56 B Dec 2001 3.76 C Oct 2001 3.73 C Oct 2002 3.13 D Interpretation: Despite statistically significant differences between surveys, the means encountered are typical of coral reefs and do not show any chronological order. 5. Total Dissolved Phosphorus (Kruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Ju12002 14.04 A Oct 2001 13.70 A Dec 2001 13.20 A Oct 2002 10.17 B Maz 2002 9.55 B Interpretation: Despite statistically significant lower means for March and October 2002 relative to other surveys, the means encountered aze typical of coral reefs. 6. Silica (Kruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Ju12002 296.80 A Oc[ 2002 199.64 B Oct 2001 150.41 B C Dec 2001 123.91 C Maz 2002 108.28 C Interpretation: Mean silica values for July 2002 are significantly greater than other sample date means, however these means are typical of Kona waters. 7, Turbidity (Kruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Ju12002 0.16 A Dec 2001 0.12 B Mar 2002 0.09 B C Oc[ 2001 0.09 C Oc[ 2002 0.07 C Interpretation: Turbidity is significantly greater in the July 2002 sttrvey relative to other stuvey periods for unknown reasons bu[ the means for these surveys aze normal for West Hawaii 17 TABLE 5. Continued. 8. Chlorophyll-a: (Krttskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significanq Date Means Dec 2001 0.229 A Mar 2002 0.219 A Oc[ 2002 0.195 A B Jul 2002 0.182 A B Oc[2001 0.162 H Interpretation: Despite significant differences with the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, the SNK Test did not note strong statistical separation among the means. Mean values are in the usual range for the Kona coast. 9. Salinity (ppt) (Kruslcal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Oct 2001 35.008 A Dec 2001 34.995 A Oct 2002 34.927 B Maz 2002 14.759 C Ju12002 34.733 C Interpretation: Despite the statistical separation with both tests, the range in salinity values encountered here are extremely close and have no real biological meaning. 10. Percent Dissolved Orygen (Kruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Dec 2001 101.95% A Oct 2001 101.90% B Maz 2002 100.67% B C Ju12002 100.33% C Oct 2002 99.86% D Interpretation: Despite statistical separation, all of the means are above or very close to sattuation (i.e., I00%), the differences are very small and the means aze typical of well-flushed Hawauan coastlines. 11. Temperature (°C) (Kruskal-Wallis P>0.0001, significant) Date Means Oct 2001 27.1 A Ju12002 26.9 B Oct 2002 26.4 C Dec 2001 24.4 D Mar 2002 23.7 E Ltterpretatioo: Means are significantly different for every survey but are related to seasonal changes and are in the normal range for West Hawaii waters. 18 TABLE 5. Continued. 12. pI3 (Units) (Kntskal-Wallis P>0.0001, sigtufican[) Date Means Mar 2002 8.22 A Dec 2001 8.18 B Oct 2001 8.13 C Oct 2002 8.13 C Ju12002 8.06 D Interpretation: Means are significantly different for many surveys but differences aze small, in the normal range and are biologically insignificant. 19 TABLE 6. Summary of the quadrat counts for native shrimp in anchialine pools located at Kua Bay (site 61) and Kakapa Bay (site 62) makai of the Manini'owali project site, North Kona, Hawaii. Note that pond numbers correspond to sample sites as given in Figure 1. Pond No. Species Oct01 Dec01 Mar02 Ju102 Oct02 61 Palemon debilis 6/m~ 5/m= 3lmZ 4/m2 2/m' Guppies Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant 62 H.rubra 3Z0.1mz 35/O.tm= 60/0.1m= No water 250/0.1mZ M. lohena 12/0.1 m' tide too low 3/O.tm' 20 TABLE. 7. Results of pesticide analyses of four marine sediment samples from Kakapa Bay (sample 1), Kua Bay (sample 2), the Kua Bay anchialine pool (sample 3) and a control site offshore of Makalawena just south of the Manini'owali project site. The marine sediments were collected from water depths ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 m; the sediment from the Kua Bay anchialine pool was from a water depth of 1 m. Note: ND =not detected, PQL is the practical quantitation limit. Table continued on next three pages. Sample Site Parameter Prep/Test Method Result Unit PQL Kakapa Bay Arsenic EPA 3050B/6010B ND mg/kg 1 Marine Glyphosate EPA 3050/547 ND mg/kg Sediment Alpha-BHC EPA3550B/8081A ND ug/kg 2 Beta-BHC ND ug/kg 2 Gamma-BHC ND ug/kg 2 Delta-BHC ND ug/kg 2 Heptachlor ND ug/kg 2 Heptachlor epoxide ND ug/kg 2 Aldrin ND ug/kg 2 Dieldrin ND ug/kg 4 Endrin ND ug/kg 3 Endosulfan I ND ug/kg 5 Endosulfan II ND ug/kg 5 Endosulfan sulfate ND ug/kg 5 Endrin aldehyde ND ug/kg 5 4,4'DDE ND ug/kg 5 4,4'-DDD ND ug/kg 5 4,4'-DDT ND ug/kg 5 Methoxychlor ND ug/kg 25 Toxaphene ND ug/kg 100 Chlordane ND ug/kg 30 Arochlor-1016 EPA3550B/8082 ND ug/kg 50 1221 ND ug/kg 50 1232 ND ug/kg 50 1242 ND ug/kg 50 1248 ND ug/kg 50 1254 ND ug/kg 50 1260 ND ug/kg 50 (Table continued on next page) 21 TABLE 7. Continued. Sample Site Parameter Prep/Test Method Result Unit pQL Kua Bay Arsenic EPA 3050B/6010B ND m Marine Glyphosate EPA 3050/547 8/~B 1 Sediment Alpha-BHC EPA3550B/8081A ~ mS~B Beta-BHC ND °~g 2 Gamma-BHC << ND uB~B 2 Delta-BHC ~ u8~8 2 Heptachlor ~ u8~8 2 Heptachlor epoxide ND uB~B 2 Aldrin ~ uB~B 2 Dieldrin ~ ~ u8~8 2 Endrin << ~ °~g 4 Endosulfan I << ND uB~B 3 Endosulfan II << ND u~B 5 Endosulfan sulfate IVD u~rB 5 Endrin aldehyde ~ °B~B 5 4,4'DDE ND uB~B 5 4,4'-DDD ~ uB~B 5 4,4'-DDT ~ uB~B 5 Methoxychlor ND °B~B 5 Toxaphene ~ u8~8 25 Chlordane ~ u8~8 100 Arochlor-1016 EPA3550B/8082 ND uS~B 30 1221 ~ u8~8 50 1232 ~ uB~B 50 1242 ND °8~B 50 1248 ND uB~B 50 1254 ND uB~B 50 1260 ND uB~B 50 ND uB~B 50 (Table continued on next page) 22 TABLE 7. Continued. Sample Site Parameter Prep/Test Method Result Unit PQL Kua Bay Arsenic EPA 3050B/6010B ND mg/kg 1 Pond Glyphosate EPA 3050/547 ND mg/kg Sediment Alpha-BHC EPA3550B/8081A ND ug/kg 2 Beta-BHC ND ug/kg 2 Gamma-BHC ND uB~B 2 Delta-BHC ND ug~g 2 Heptachlor ND ug/kg 2 Heptachlor epoxide ND ug/kg 2 Aldrin ND ug~B 2 Dieldrin ND ug/kg 4 Endrin ND ug/kg 3 Endosulfan I ND ug/kg 5 Endosulfan II ND ug/kg 5 Endosulfan sulfate ND ug/kg 5 Endrin aldehyde ND ug/kg 5 4,4'DDE ND ug/kg 5 4,4'-DDD ND ug/kg 5 4,4'-DDT ND ug/kg 5 Methoxychlor ND ug/kg 25 Toxaphene ND ug/kg 100 Chlordane ND ug/kg 30 Arochlor-1016 EPA3550B/8082 ND ug/kg 50 1221 ND ug/kg 50 1232 ND ug/kg 50 1242 ND ug/kg 50 1248 ND ug/kg 50 1254 ND ug/kg 50 1260 ND ug/kg 50 (Table continued on next page) 23 TABLE 7. Continued. Sample Site Parameter Prep/Test Method Result Unit PQL Makalawena Arsenic EPA 3050B/6010B ND mg/kg 1 Control Glyphosate EPA 3050/547 ND mg/kg Sediment Alpha-BHC EPA3550B/8081A ND ug/kg 2 Beta-BHC ND ug/kg 2 Gamma-BHC ND ug/kg 2 Delta-BHC ND ug/kg 2 Heptachlor ND ug/kg 2 Heptachlor epoxide ND ug/kg 2 Aldrin ND ug/kg 2 Dieldrin ND ug/kg 4 Endrin ND ug/kg 3 Endosulfan I ND ug/kg 5 Endosulfan II ND ug/kg 5 Endosulfan sulfate ND ug/kg 5 Endrin aldehyde ND ug/kg 5 4,4'DDE ND ug/kg 5 4,4'-DDD ND ug/kg 5 4,4'-DDT ND ug/kg 5 Methoxychlor ND ug/kg 25 Toxaphene ND ug/kg 100 Chlordane ND ug/kg 30 Arochlor-1016 EPA3550B/8082 ND ug/kg 50 1221 ND ug/kg 50 1232 ND ug/kg 50 1242 ND ug/kg 50 1248 ND ug/kg 50 1254 ND ug/kg 50 1260 1VD ug/kg 50 24 APPENDIX 1. Summary of the water quality parameters as measured at 23 sites for the Manini'owali project on 25 October 2001. Two samples are from anchialine pools and 21 from the adjacent ocean. For ocean samples the underlined geometric means exceed the regional Kona coast Department of Health water quality standards applied to nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and turbidity for surface samples. All values are in ug/I unless otherwise indicated. Nitrate Ammonia Ortho Site No. N N TDN P TDP Si DON DOP Marine Samples 40 4.31 3.31 136.36 3.70 9.61 228.21 128.75 5.91 41 2.30 1.54 106.96 4.01 10.23 158.30 103.12 6.22 42 2.81 1.12 131.74 3.69 10,85 158.07 127.81 7.16 43 0.30 0.41 105.00 3.SB 10.23 124.50 104.29 6.65 44 0.31 0.56 110.04 3.58 9.92 127.08 109.18 6.34 45 0.07 0.98 111.30 4.00 10.23 118.57 110.25 6.23 46 0.07 0.84 136.22 4.11 10.54 126.70 135.31 6.43 47 1.83 4.95 192.36 3.66 11.16 220.61 185.57 7.48 48 0.33 1.56 192.36 4.00 15.50 140.14 190.47 11,50 49 0.34 1.49 200.62 3.99 13.02 181.36 198.79 9.03 50 0.06 1.21 174.44 3.67 14.57 134.20 173.17 10.90 51 0.06 1.14 200.62 3.67 15.50 117.48 199.42 11.83 52 0.05 1.00 189.14 3.56 16.43 131.05 188.09 12.87 53 0.11 0.51 199.22 3.66 16.74 133.60 198.60 13.08 54 1.37 2.14 201.18 3.56 15.50 213.10 197.67 11.94 55 0.37 0.51 212.66 3.66 17.98 152.42 211.78 14.32 56 0.88 1.93 213.92 3.98 15.81 141.23 211.11 11.83 57 0.38 0.73 220.92 3.55 17.36 135.54 219.81 13.81 58 0.89 1.87 215.18 3.65 15.81 159.97 212.42 12.16 59 0.40 0.73 230.44 3.33 18.60 132.40 229.31 15.27 60 0.22 0.52 14168 3.65 12.09 124.01 140.93 8.44 Geometric Mean 0.37 1.11 166.88 3.72 13_37 147.35 164.55 9.48 Anchialine Pool Samples 61 170.10 80.08 1006.04 9.30 87.73 25457.32 755.86 78.43 62 2890.30 13.30 4604.88 33.48 129.58 24926.44 1701.28 96.10 25 APPENDIX 1. Continued. Turbidity Salinity Oxygen Temp. Site No. (NTU) Chl-a (°/oo) (°C) pH Marine Samples 40 0.06 0.195 34.910 101 27.2 8.18 41 0.08 0.143 35.003 100 27.3 8.15 42 0.10 0.153 35.016 100 26.9 8.15 43 0.10 0.096 35.008 101 27.1 8.16 44 0.07 0.113 35.031 101 26.8 8.16 45 0.06 0.173 35.031 102 27.0 8.16 46 0.06 0.132 35.004 101 27.0 8.16 47 0.19 0.200 34.926 101 27.0 8.08 48 0.05 0.203 35.029 100 27.0 8.09 49 0.07 0.188 35.027 100 27.2 8.10 50 0.06 0.162 35.035 101 27.2 8.16 51 0.09 0.144 35.036 100 27.5 8.11 52 0.06 0.122 35.026 101 27.4 8.12 53 0.06 0.144 35.004 102 27.3 8.12 54 0.08 0.149 34.954 101 27.2 8.14 55 0.11 0.180 35.020 100 27.3 8.13 56 0.10 0.164 35.018 100 27.3 8.13 57 0.14 0.235 35.026 102 27.0 8.13 58 0.08 0.191 35.016 101 27.1 8.13 59 0.09 0.170 35.015 102 27.3 8.14 60 0.13 0.139 35.030 102 26.8 8.15 Geometric Means 0.08 0.158 35.008 101 27.1 8.13 Anchialine Pool Samples 61 0.73 0.779 6.701 68 27.8 8.17 62 0.09 0.075 4.289 91 25.9 8.10 26 APPENDIX 2. Summary of the water quality parameters as measured at 23 sites for the Manini'owali project on 10 December 2001. Two samples are from anchialine pools and 21 from the adjacent ocean. For ocean samples the underlined geometric means exceed the regional Kona coast Department of Health water quality standards applied to nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and turbidity for surface samples. All values are in ug/1 unless otherwise indicated. Nitrate Ammonia Ortho Site No. N N TDN P TDP Si DON DOP Marine Samples 40 13.72 2.80 212.80 4.34 15.81 185.64 196.28 11.47 41 30.80 3.36 243.18 4.34 16.43 404.88 209.02 12.09 42 6.58 1.68 190.40 4.03 15.50 109.48 182.14 11.47 43 1.82 0.84 164.22 3.72 15.19 84.84 161.56 11.47 44 1.82 0:42 160.02 4.03 16.12 84.28 157.78 12.09 45 1.26 0.28 178.22 3.41 14.88 75.60 176.68 11.47 46 1.26 0.42 175.84 3.41 14.88 75.04 174.16 11.47 47 9.24 1.68 249.20 4.34 16.74 320.88 238.28 12.40 48 6.44 1.12 177.66 4.03 14.26 194.60 170.10 10.23 49 4.06 1.12 140.00 3.72 13.33 210.00 134.82 9.61 50 2.10 0.98 103.60 3.72 11.16 80.92 100.52 7.44 51 1.54 0.70 102.90 3.72 11.16 77.84 100.66 7.44 52 1.68 0.42 109.06 3.72 11.16 77.28 106.96 7.44 53 1.68 0.42 115.08 3.41 11.47 76.72 112.98 8.06 54 3.64 1.68 120.54 4.03 11.47 105.58 115.22 7.44 55 2.38 1.12 127.26 3.72 11.47 78.40 123.76 7.75 56 2.38 1.12 116.34 3.72 11.47 83.16 112.84 7.75 57 1,96 0.56 91.42 3.41 10.23 71.96 88.90 6.82 58 1.96 0.56 194.60 3.41 11.47 68.88 192.08 8.06 59 2.10 0.56 175.84 3.41 11.47 68.32 173.18 8.06 60 2.10 0.56 188.58 3.41 11.47 67.76 185.92 8.06 Geometric Mean 3.01 0.85 152.53 3.75 13_03 104.62 147.42 9.23 Anchialine Pool Samples 61 859.08 117.35 3633.42 42.92 438.65 23716.76 2857.00 394.73 62 3214.94 18.01 4828.88 57.30 193.13 24490.37 1597.93 135.83 27 APPENUL~ 2. Continued. Turbidity Salinity Oxygen Temp. Site No. (NTL~ Chl-a (°/oo) (°C) pH Marine Samples 40 0.17 0.235 34.905 101 24.1 8.15 41 0.25 0.225 34.651 102 24.3 8.11 42 0.18 0.182 35.019 101 24.3 8.16 43 0.15 0.226 35.036 102 24.4 8.18 44 0.10 0.241 35.041 101 24.6 8.19 45 0.15 0.238 35.051 102 24.6 8.20 46 0.09 0.229 35.045 103 24.7 8.20 47 0.20 0.310 34.771 102 24.2 8.13 48 0.09 0.219 34.929 102 24.4 8.18 49 0.12 0,217 34.996 101 24.4 8.18 50 0.10 0.200 35.040 102 24.6 8.18 51 0.06 0.228 35.044 101 24.6 8.19 52 0.10 0.274 35.038 103 24.6 8.20 53 0.06 0.247 35.048 103 24.5 8.19 54 0.11 0.218 35.011 103 24.5 8.16 55 0.10 0.210 35.038 102 24.3 8.19 56 0.07 0.221 35.043 101 24.3 8.19 57 0.14 0.225 35.043 103 24.6 8.20 58 0.06 0.227 35.050 100 24.5 8.18 59 0.08 0.227 35.049 103 24.5 8.20 60 0.05 0.218 35.053 103 24.3 8.20 Geometric Means 0.11 0.228 34.995 102 24.4 8.18 Anchialine Pool Samples 61 9.00 98.170 6.663 69 24.0 7.82 62 1.13 0.330 4.275 93 28.0 8.22 28 APPENDIX 3. Summary of the water quality parameters as measured at 23 sites for the Manini'owali project on 28 March 2002. Two samples aze from anchialine pools and 21 from the adjacent ocean. For ocean samples the underlined geometric means exceed the regional Kona coast Department of Health water quality standards applied to nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and turbidity for surface samples. All values are in ug/l unless otherwise indicated. Nitrate Ammonia Ortho Site No. N N TDN P TDP Si DON DOP Marine Samples 40 3.22 2.25 79.10 4.70 9.30 108.28 73.63 4.60 41 1.28 1.92 87.08 4.70 9.61 90.38 83.90 4.91 42 1.03 1.81 100.24 4.60 9.30 88.60 97.40 4.70 43 4.71 1.77 97.16 4.70 9.30 143.37 90.68 4.60 44 1.89 0.94 88.20 4.60 9.92 90.74 85.38 5.32 45 5.13 2.32 98.70 5.12 9.92 117.21 91.25 4.80 46 4.91 1.85 94.92 4.60 9.30 143.63 88.16 4.70 47 6.42 2.38 101.64 5.64 10.23 234.83 92.84 4.59 48 2.73 2.48 95.20 4.70 9.30 92.19 89.99 4.60 49 2.50 9.65 114.38 4.18 9.30 96.07 102.23 5.12 50 3.15 0.90 88.34 4.39 9.61 94.31 84.30 5.22 51 5.96 3.50 84.56 4.70 9.61 126.28 75.11 4.91 52 5.73 1.10 84.00 4.49 9.92 107.66 77.17 5.43 53 3.78 0.70 82.88 4.39 9.92 103.10 78.41 5.53 54 4.42 1.94 88.90 5.12 9.30 101.35 82.54 4.18 55 3.76 2.47 96.88 4.39 8.68 94.00 90.65 4.29 56 6.14 12.71 150.08 2.93 9.92 95.05 131.24 6.69 57 4.1 B 8.74 94.64 4.49 9.92 98.90 81.72 5.43 58 4.82 8.19 81.62 4.39 9.61 85.98 68.60 5.22 59 5.03 9.22 100.80 4.60 8.68 89.84 86.54 4.08 60 4.38 0.90 89.74 4.39 9.92 74.15 84.47 5.53 Geometric Mean 3.68 2.52 94.25 4.53 9.54 104.71 86.65 4.59 Anchlaline Pool Samples 61 1070.58 13.18 1863.12 40.30 148.18 25785.78 779.38 107.88 62 3846.84 31.50 4743.62 34.72 141.98 24663.68 865.48 107.26 29 APPENDIX 3. Continued. Turbidity Salinity Oxygen Temp. Site No. (NTU) Chl-a (°/oo) (°C) pH Marine Samples 40 0.09 0.183 34.759 101 23.8 8.25 41 0.06 0.228 34.771 101 23.7 8.27 42 0.14 0.241 34.992 101 23.7 8.26 43 0.07 0.386 34.703 101 23.8 8.25 44 0.05 0.538 34.771 101 23.7 8.25 45 0.07 0.208 34.735 100 23.6 8.25 46 0.11 0.169 34.698 101 23.7 8.25 47 0.14 0.179 34.643 101 23.5 8.16 48 0.11 0.193 34.758 100 23.6 7.95 49 0.09 0.140 34.760 100 23.7 8.13 50 0.07 0.119 34.768 101 24.0 8.19 51 0.08 0.168 34.723 10t 24.0 8.23 52 0.10 0.209 34.736 101 23.9 8.25 53 0.10 0.202 34.747 100 24.0 8.26 54 0.09 0.229 34,753 102 23.9 8.25 55 0.05 0.141 34.768 100 23.5 8.25 56 0.13 0.175 34.769 100 23.9 8.24 57 0.11 0.148 34.758 100 23.5 8.26 58 0.13 0.330 34.772 101 23.8 8.27 59 O.OB 0.144 34.765 101 23.8 8.22 60 0.07 0.267 34.783 100 23.6 8.25 Geometric Means 0.09 0.204 34.759 101 23.7 8.22 Anchialine Pool Samples 6t 0.24 0.064 6.815 72 23.8 8.28 62 0.27 4.215 90 22.8 8.35 30 FIGURE 1. Outline map of the coastal portion of the Manini'owaG project site showing the approximate locations of the 21 marine sample sites and the two anchialine pools located adjacent to the shoreline. Note that the makai boundary of the Manini'owali project site is situated at distances greater than 1,000 feet from the shoreline. Sample locations and boundaries shown as dashed lines aze approximate and the shoreline is stippled. Approximate scale: f inch _ 410 m. 31 ~ ~ Kukio • • _ . 48 45 Kakapa44 ~ Bay ~ ~ •r i,~' ~fi2 j ~ ~ i 5$2 51 49 ~ ~ a Kua~484 ~ / Bay . ' Park / 6 5 ~ X55 ' / Kahoiowa ~ Bay ~ ~ Manini'owali ~ , w ~ L •I \ .