HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0375.000 2002-2004 ~,a+.9S ~~w Dixie Kaetsu
Harry Kim ~o.•
Managing Director
Mayor ~1d~f~,
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COUNTY OF HAWAII 25 A(~ 9 17
25 Aupum Street, Roam 215 Hilq Hawaf~ 96720-4252 (ft08)9~61~~Q~~'.fax (89$1~.~i ]i,b553
KONA 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Sui~c 103 + Kailua-'~YV I~- ~~Pl 96'~if0 H~~f,~~~
(808)329-5226 o Fvx (808)326-5663
September 24, 2003
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Amendment to Change of Zone Ordinance No. 91-91 (REZ 694)
Applicant: Pua`anui Partnership
Tax Map Key: 7-6-8:portion of 5
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-015)
Applicant: James & Mihoko Malian
J Request: A-Sato FA-2a
Tax Map Key: 7-3-7:40 & 41
As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 6-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the
County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letters and enclosures
regarding the above-referenced requests.
Sincerely,
Harry Kim
Mayor
L091103may
Enclosures 75
cc: Planning Department Comm. NO. •7
Ref. To: ~
~ ~ ~ ~ 5 Ref. Date
YY M
Harry Kim `V'.
Mayor
r
~•N'Y
County of Hawaii
PLANNING COMMISSION
101 Pauahi Street, Sui[e 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043
SEP ~ 4 2~ (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 961-8742
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-015)
Applicant: James & Mihoko Malian
Request: A-Sa to FA-2a
Tax Map Key: 7-3-7:40 & 41
The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on September 11, 2003, voted to
recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification
for approximately 42.793 acres of land from an Agricultural 5-acre (A-Sa) to a Family
Agricultural 2-acre (FA-2a) zoned district. The property is located adjacent to and north of
the Kona Hills Estates Subdivision, approximately 1,900 feet west (makai) of Highway 190,
Ooma ls`, North Kona.
The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending
favorable consideration of the change of zone:
The applicant is requesting a Change of Zone from an Agricultural (A-Sa) to a
Family Agricultural (FA-2a) zoned district for approximately 42.793 acres of land to
subdivide the properties into eighteen (18) two-acre Family Agricultural lots with related
improvements.
From an overall land use perspective, the Planning Director can support the
rezoning of the property to allow its subdivision to two-acre lots rather than five-acre lots
as allowed by the present zoning. The most important factors in this analysis are as
follows:
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 2
1. The property is currently designated "Urban Expansion Area" on the General Plan
LUPAG map. In the current GP comprehensive review, the Director proposed an
amendment changing this area to "Low Density," because other developments had
already set a land use pattern of low density, predominantly single-family
development. The Planning Commission supported that amendment.
2. The overall development pattern is clearly that this immediate area is becoming an
area oflow-density homesites. Most of the area has already been zoned and
subdivided to low-density residential development. Immediately to the south of
this property is the Kona Hills Estate Subdivision, an area ofone-acre lots,
rezoned on August 28, 1972 and a parcel that is zoned A-Sa. Immediately to the
west is the Kona Acres Subdivision, another area ofone-acre lots. There is a
vacant property to the north that is zoned A-Sa, and beyond that is the Kona Acres
Subdivision comprised ofone-acre lots and the Kona Palisades Subdivision that is
comprised of smaller non-conforming lots. To the east is a vacant property zoned
A-Sa.
3. The conversion from five acre to two-acre lots will not sacrifice important
agricultural resources. Most of the property is classified as "D" or "Poor" by the
Land Study Bureau. There is a streak of "C" or "Fair" running through the middle
of the property and a small portion is classified as "E" or "Very Poor" in the
northwest corner. Rainfall is marginal. A primary objection to the rezoning of
agricultural land to smaller lot sizes is that it may fragment the land into parcels
too small to be farmed commercially. The applicants are gearing the lots to those
interested in doing some family-oriented or backyard agricultural pursuits in a
quasi-rural environment. The site may support ornamental plants and fruit trees.
4. The property can be supplied with drinking water, and concerns about road access
can be dealt with through conditions of rezoning.
5. The Zoning Code provides the following description and criteria for the
FA zone: "The FA (Family Agricultural) district provides for a blend of
small-scale agricultural operations associated with residential activities
and which maybe characterized by farm estates, small acreage farms, or
subsistence lots. The FA district is intended to be in areas designated as
being within the State land use agricultural district, where public services
and infrastructure are appropriate to support the very low density
residential needs of a rural community and where substantial number of
parcels are less than five acres in size, and where a mix of uses will not
conflict with or be detrimental to existing agricultural uses in the
surrounding area.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 3
In addition, this district is intended to be primarily comprised of
agricultural lands less than five acres in area, which are not classified as A
or B lands under the land study bureau's master productivity rating, or
classified as prime, unique, or other important agricultural lands. Provided,
that this district may include lands so classified if the lands are situated
within an urban expansion or other urban designation under the general
plan land use pattern allocation guide (LUPAG) map."
With respect to these criteria, the public services and infrastructure
in the immediate area can, with site-specific improvements to be required
of the applicant, be appropriate to support the very low density residential
needs of a rural community, as a substantial number of existing parcels in
the vicinity are less than five acres in size. Existing agricultural uses in
the surrounding azea appear minimal and are occurring in an area that
already has many one-acre lots, so the proposed rezoning should not be
detrimental to existing agricultural uses in the surrounding area.
The property does not have any A or B lands and is "unclassified"
under the ALISH system. The Zoning Code does not, however, make soil
types a criterion for FA zoning where the lands in question are in an urban
designation in the General Plan LUPAG maps, as this area is.
The most difficult issue was procedural, rather than an issue of the end result, and
has to do with the interplay between the state land use law and county zoning. H.R.S.
sec. 205-4.5(a)(4) provides that in areas with A and B soils, any dwelling in the
agricultural district must be a "farm dwelling." Although this law by its terms applies
only to A and B soils, the State Land Use Commission, acting within its authority under
sec. 205-5(b), enacted a rule limiting uses in C, D, and E soils to essentially the same as
allowed under A and B soils. Hence, for lots created after June 4, 1976, the effective date
of the "farm dwelling" law, all homes in the State Land Use Agricultural District must be
"farm dwellings." Under state law, a "farm dwelling" is defined as "a single-family
dwelling located on and used in connection with a farm, including clusters of single-
family farm dwellings permitted within agricultural parks developed by the state, or
where agricultural activity provides income to the family occupying the dwelling." If the
subject property were subdivided to five-acre lots under current zoning, the homes would
have to be farm dwellings, and if rezoned to two acres, the homes would also have to be
farm dwellings.
The purpose of the 1976 ?aw, according to the legislative committee reports, was
to prevent "urban type residential communities in the guise of agricultural subdivisions."
It is fairly clear that a "farm dwelling" is supposed to be accessory to some commercial
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 4
agricultural activity. A bill was vetoed in 1983, which would have allowed raising crops
for personal consumption to qualify as a "farm dwelling."
Under Rule 13 (Farm Dwellings) of the Rules of the Planning Director, the county
does not require any prior showing of agricultural use for a building permit for the first
home on a lot in the state land use ag district. The applicant is merely given a "Farm
Dwelling Notice," which informs the applicant that a residential use must be a "farm
dwelling," and recites the definition of a "farm dwelling." The notice is given only to
those applicants who are on lots created after June 4, 1976.
As a technical matter, the state land use law permits subdivision of lots as small as
one acre in the agricultural district, so to that extent, the proposed rezoning is permitted
by the law. It is fairly obvious, however, that given current market conditions, including
the probable cost of the finished lots, the rather poor quality of the land for agricultural
use, and the land uses on other parcels in the azea, the result of the current rezoning will
be a subdivision where residential use predominates; commercial agriculture is not likely
to be a significant motive for the purchase of the lots. This creates a problem in that the
expectations of the purchasers will run contrary to the "faun dwelling" law.
In this situation, where the landowner wants to make smaller residentially
oriented lots in the state land use agricultural district, and it is not credible that the homes
will be used in connection with commercial agriculture in any meaningful sense, the
Planning Director has been strongly recommending that applicants seek to reclassify the
property from the agricultural district to the rural or urban district, and obtain RA or RS
zoning. Homes in the rural and urban district do not have to be "farm dwellings." The
Planning Director has also adopted a policy of recommending against rezonings to
smaller lot sizes when it appears highly probable that the resulting dwellings will not be
"farm dwellings" in any meaningful way, and the applicant does not seek reclassification
to rural or urban, at least when the property is not designated for urban (or rural) uses in
the General Plan. The Director is also considering making this a policy regardless of the
LUPAG designation as a way of dealing with the "faun dwelling" issue in the context of
rezonings in the agricultural district that result in lots that are of an uneconomical size for
fanning. Ultimately, the Director decided to make a favorable recommendation, rather
than an unfavorable one, because of the existing five-acre zoning which would create
similar issues regarding faun dwellings, and because of the LUPAG classification and the
similar zoning in the immediate area.
In order to consider an azea for any type of zoning designation, the applicable
goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only
through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions
can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 5
General Plan and related planning documents. The implications of these evaluations and
decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similaz aeeas in the
County.
The Change of Zone request from Agricultural (A-Sa) to a Family Agricultural
(FA-2a) zoned district will conform to, among others, the Land Use element of the
General Plan:
• Rural-style residential-agricultural developments, such as new small-scale rural
communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in
appropriate locations.
• The County shall review and amend if necessary land use ordinances and codes to
include considerations for rural-style residential subdivisions in appropriate
locations. Standards and criteria for the establishment of these areas shall be
developed.
The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General
Plan is a representation of the document's goals and policies to guide the coordinated
growth and development of the County. It reflects a graphic depiction of the physical
relationship among the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic urban
and non-urban form for areas within the County. The subject area is designated Urban
Expansion Area. The Urban Expansion Area allows a mix of high density, medium
density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements
maybe desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet
been determined. The County is currently conducting a comprehensive review update of
the General Plan. One of the proposed amendments to the LUPAG Map involves the
subject area, which is proposed to be changed to Low Density Urban to reflect more
accurately the residential-agricultural character of the area.
The properties have been previously used for limited cattle grazing. The Federal
Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the
properties as Zone "X", an area determined to be outside of the 500-year flood plain. The
site slopes from east to west (mauka to makai) at a grade between 10 and 15 per cent.
Should this request be approved, the applicant may normally apply for an
additional fazm dwelling, allowing the construction of a second dwelling unit as a
sepazate unit on lots. Although the Planning Director supports this rezoning request to
allow a eighteen (18) lot subdivision for one home on each lot, the potential to allow
additional homes may contribute to a cumulative burden on the existing infrastructure.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 6
Therefore, a condition is included in the change of zone ordinance to prohibit a second
dwelling unit and a Condominium Property Regime on each lot. The condition will add
that restrictive covenants be included in the deeds of all the proposed lots for the
subdivision prohibiting second dwelling units to preserve the residential-agricultural
ambience of the area.
The access to the proposed subdivision will be via the extension of the County-
owned Kukuna Street, which has aright-of--way of 50 feet and a 20-foot wide pavement
and 4-foot wide shoulders. The Department of Public Works request that two (2)
connections to the northem boundary from Kukuna Street align with a future connection
with existing Lalei Street and a future connection with existing Ahiahi Street. They also
request two (2) connections to the southern boundary from Kukuna Street to align with
the existing street on TMK: 7-3-055: 037 Lot 40 and a connection to align with TMK: 7-
3-007: 039. DPW also request that the applicant construct all roadways within the
subdivision to County dedicable standards and open them to the public or dedicate them
to the County upon request at no cost to the County. A condition will be imposed to
provide at least one road connection to the southern boundary and one road connection to
the northern boundary.
The Police Department had no objections to the project, but recommend that in
future developments that serious consideration be given to having Kukuna Street intersect
with Mamalahoa Highway. The applicant has proposed this alignment and a condition
will be added to reflect this concern.
These road conditions will also address the issue of road connectivity in the area.
By extending Kukuna Street to the eastern portion of the property, it is allowing the
possibility of another east-west (mauka-makai) connector to Mamalahoa Highway. This
will eventually bring relief to Kona Acres' residents from having to exit the area through
Ka`iminani Drive. The conditions will further the possibility ofnorth-south connectivity
by aligning the road connection between the southern boundary and the northern
boundary of the property.
According to the applicant, water can be made available from the existing system
on Kukuna Street. As there is no municipal sewer system in the area, the applicant would
be required to dispose wastewater by individual wastewater systems meeting the
standards and requirements of the State Department of Health. According to the
applicant, utilities including telephone, cable, and electrical services are available to the
site. The nearest police station is located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles
from the properties. There is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road and the
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately six (6) miles from the site, and a volunteer
fire station about a mile away on Ka`iminani Drive. The closest public schools are
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 7
located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the properties.
The subject request is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes,
relating to Coastal Zone Management Area. The properties are not situated within the
Special Management Area. The site is located approximately 4 miles from the neazest
coastline and therefore, will not be impacted by coastal hazard and beach erosion. There
aze no identified recreational resources or public access to the shoreline or mountain
azeas, scenic and open space preserves, coastal ecosystems, marine resources or other
natural and environmental resources in the area. An archaeological inventory survey
identified 22 sites with an estimated 2,046 features. The identified sites were
predominately agricultural. Other sites and/or features included 6 permanent habitation
sites and 2 historic habitation sites. Other features included livestock control, storage,
animal pens, and a ranch wall. One burial site was located (23826) within the lower
portion of the site, makai of the Alanui Kauila (Government Road) road that bisects the
property. Of the 22 sites, the burial will be preserved in accordance with an approved
Burial Treatment Plan. Fourteen sites have been adequately documented and no further
work is required and data recovery and/or physical preservation will be done for the
remaining 7 sites in accordance with either an approved Preservation Plan or Data
Recovery Plan. A condition will be included to require the notification of the Department
of Land and Natural Resources-Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) should
any archaeological sites be encountered during the course of development.
Because the properties have been previously used for limited agricultural
purposes, it is not anticipated that endangered or threatened candidate species of flora or
fauna are located within the site, nor has the area been identified as a significant botanical
or biological habitat. Presently, there is no evidence of any traditional and customary
Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the site, nor existence of known valued
cultural, historical or native resources in the area. Thus, it is not anticipated that the
proposed request will have any adverse impact on cultural or historical resources in the
area.
Based on the above findings, the approval of the Change of Zone request from an
Agricultural (A-Sa) to a Family Agricultural (FA-2a) zoned district would result in an
appropriate land use pattern that will further benefit the public.
For your favorable consideration, an amendment to Section 25-8-3, the North Kona Zone Map,
of the County Zoning Code is transmitted.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 8
We are enclosing copies of the staff background and Planning Director's Recommendation for
your information.
Sincerely,
Fred Galdones, Chairman
Planning Commission
Lmalian02PC
Enclosures
cc: Mr. Sidney Fuke
James & Mihoko Malian
Department of Public Works
Department of Water Supply
Planning Department -Kona
Department of Land & Natural Resources-HPD/Kona
Rodney Haraga, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu
BMalianREZ03-015.jwd 08-19-03
COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT
BACKGROUND REPORT
JAMES AND MIHOKO MALIAN
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-0151
James and Mihoko Malian has submitted an application for a Change of Zone by
changing the district classification from Agricultural (A-Sa) to Family Agricultural (FA-2a) for
approximately 42.973 acres of land. The property is located makai or west of the Mamalahoa
Highway and adjacent to and mauka or east of the Kona Acres -Phase II Subdivision. The
subject site consists of 2 pazcels. The lazger pazcel (pazce140) consists of 24.525 acres and the
other pazcel (pazce141) consists of 18.268 acres. This is located at O`oma 1", North Kona,
Hawaii, TMK: 7-3-07: 40 and 41.
APPLICANT'S REQUEST
1. Request: The applicant is requesting a Change of Zone from Agricultural (A-Sa) to
Family Agricultural (FA-2a) to subdivide the properties into eighteen (18) two-acre
Family Agricuhural lots with related improvements. The lots would be geazed to those
interested in doing some family-oriented or backyard agricultural pursuits in a quasi-rural
enviromnent. Because of the site's location, the applicants believe that the site could
support ornamental plants and fruit trees as well as residential uses. If the change of zone
is approved, the applicants plan to subdivide by eazly or mid 2004. The estimated cost of
infrastructure improvements would be neazly one million dollars. The applicants, James
and Mihoko Malian aze also the landowners of both pazcels. (See Exhibit A -Change of
Zone Application)
STATE AND COUNTY PLANS
2. State Land Use Designation: Agricultural.
3. GP LUPAG Map: Urban Expansion Area (iJEA). Allows for a mix of high density,
medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in azeas where new
settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses
have not yet been determined. The County is currently conducting a comprehensive
review update to the General Plan. One of the proposed amendments to the LUPAG Map
involves the subject azea, which is proposed to be changed to Low Density Urban.
C- 3 7 S C t31 /I /bS~ P~
4. County Zoning: Agricultural (A-Sa).
5. Kona CD Plan: Res/A-2 to A-3.
6. Keahole to Kailua Development Plan: Residential Expansion.
7. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A: The entire State of Hawaii lies
within the Coastal Zone Management Area. The intent of the Coastal Zone Management
Program is to guide and regulate public and private uses in the coastal zone management
area with respect to recreational resowces, historic resources, public access to the
shoreline, scenic and open space resowces, coastal ecosystems, mazine resowces,
economic uses, coastal hazazds, managing development, public participation, and beach
protection. The properties are located approximately 4 miles from the neazest coastline
and therefore, will not be impacted by coastal hazard and beach erosion.
8. Special Management Area (SMA): The Special Management Area is a part of the
Coastal Zone Management Program and regulated by the County. The properties are not
located within the Special Management Area. There aze no identified recreational
resowces, historic resowces, public access to the shoreline or mountain azeas, scenic and
open space preserves, coastal ecosystems, mazine resowces or other natwal and
environmental resources in the area.
DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTIES AND SURROUNDING AREA
9. Subject Properties: The properties are presently vacant and has been used for cattle
grazing in the past. It is roughly rectangulaz in shape. The western portion of the
property abuts the Kona Acres Subdivision and a southern portion of the property abuts
the Kona Hills Estates Subdivision. Pazce140 is approximately 24.525 acres, and parcel
41 is approximately 18.268 acres in size. The site slopes from the east to the west (mauka
to makai) at a gradual 10 to 15 percent slope.
10. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses: The property immediately to the south is the Kona
Hills Estate subdivision, an azea of one-acre lots, rezoned on August 28, 1972, and a
pazcel that is zoned A-Sa Immediately to the west is the Kona Acres subdivision,
another azea of one-acre lots, rezoned on August 23, 1972. There is a vacant property to
the north that is zoned A-Sa, and beyond that is the Kona Acres Subdivision comprised of
one-acre lots and the Kona Palisades Subdivision that is comprised of smaller non-
confornvng lots. To the east is a vacant property zoned A-Sa.
-2-
11. ALISH: Unclassified.
12. Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System: Mostly "D" or "Poor"
with a portion of "C" or "Fair" n,nning through the middle of the property. There is a
small portion of "E" or "Very Poor" that is located in the northeast corner of the property.
13. U.S. Soil Survey: Punaluu soil series extremely rocky peat. This soil is characterized by
rapid permeability, slow runoff and slight erosion hazazd, and is typically used for
pasture.
14. FIRM: Zone "X", azea determined to be outside the 500-yeaz flood plain.
15. Flora/Fauna Resources: No professional surveys have been conducted of the floral or
faunal resources of the site. The applicants do not believe that rare or endangered floral
or faunal resources aze likely to be found within the subject site. Observed on the site aze
a few African Tulip trees, patches of latana, Christmas berry, koa haole, mango, guava,
and kiawe.
16. Archaeological/Historical Resources: An azchaeologica] inventory survey was
performed by Haun and Associates as part of this change of zone. The survey identified
22 sites with an estimated 2,046 features. The identified sites were predominately
agricultural. Other sites and/or features included 6 permanent habitation sites and 2
historic habitation sites. Other features included livestock control, storage, animal pens,
and a ranch wall. One burial site was located (23826) within the lower portion of the site,
makai of the Alanui I{auila (Government Road) road that bisects the property. Of the 22
sites, the burial will be preserved in accordance with an approved Burial Treatment Plan.
14 sites have been adequately documented and according to the report, no further work is
required and data recovery and/or physical preservation will be done for the remaining 7
sites in accordance with either an approved Preservation Plan or Data Recovery Plan. A
condition will be included to require the notification of the Department of Land and
Natural Resources-Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) should any
azchaeological sites be encountered during the course of development.
17. Cultural Resources: The subject site is not adjacent and/or proximate to the shoreline.
As such, gathering of mazine life and coastal access is not an issue. There is one burial
site located on the property that will be preserved and descendants will be allowed to
access the site. Also, in the unlikely event that legitimate gathering claims aze made by
-3-
native Hawaiians, the applicants intent to respect and honor such claims and provide the
needed access within the site.
18. Public Access: There is no record of a designated public access to the shoreline or
mountain azeas that traverses the properties.
PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES
19. Access: According to the applicant, access to the project will be via the extension of the
County-owned Kukuna Street, which has aright-of--way of 50 feet and a 20-foot wide
pavement and 4-foot wide shoulders. Sight distance along Kukuna Street is adequate, as
it is a relatively straight road. Kukuna Street intersects with Holoholo Street, which is
another County-owned roadway that eventually intersects with Ka`iminani Drive.
Kukuna Street will be extended to the subject property's eastern (mauka) most boundary.
The applicant is proposing to have a lateral connection from the Alanui Kauila
(Government Road) on the north boundary to connect with Lot 40 (roadway lot) in Kona
Hills Es[ates Subdivision on the south boundary.
20. Water. According to the applicant, water can be made available from the existing
system on Kukuna Street.
21. Wastewater. There is no municipal sewer system in the azea. Sewage will be disposed
of by individual wastewater systems meeting the standards and requirements of the State
Department of Health.
22. Drainage: No permanent or intermittent streams appeaz on maps of the pazcel. The
Flood Insurance Rate Maps for the area classify the entire pazcel and surrounding azeas as
Zone X, azeas determined to be outside of the 500 year flood plain.
23. Essential Utilities and Services: According to the applicant, utilities including
telephone, cable, and electrical services are available to the site. The neazest police
station is located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the properties. There
is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway,
approximately six (6) miles from the site, and a volunteer fire station about a mile away
on Ka`iminani Drive. The closest public schools aze located in Kealakehe, approximately
four (4) miles from the properties.
AGENCIES'/ASSOCIATION COMMENTS
24. Police Department (July 21, 2003 Memo):
-4-
"Our staff has reviewed the Change of Zone request by James & Mihoko Malian with the
following concerns. Ahhough we have no objections to the project, we recommend that
in future developments serious consideration be given to having Kukuna Street intersect
with Mamalahoa Highway."
25. Real Property Tax Office (June 3, 2003 Memo):
"There aze no comments at this time; real property taxes are paid through June 30, 2003
for both pazcels."
26. Department of Public Works: (See Exhibit B -August 6, 2003 Memo)
27. Department of Water Supply: (See Exhibit C -August 6, 2003 Memo)
28. Fire Department: (See Exhibit D -July 23, 2003 Memo)
AGENCIES - NO RESPONSES
29. Department of Land and Natural Resources -Land Division, Department of
Transportation, State Land Use Commission and Department of Agricukure.
AGENCIES - NO COMMENTS
30. Department of Environmental Management, Kona Soil and Water Conservation
District.
APPLICANT'S REPONSE
31. The applicant submitted a response letter to comments Police Department, Fire
Department, Department of Public Works and Department of Water Supply. (See
Exhibit E -Letters Dated July 28, 2003 and August 12, 2003)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
32. Three (3) replacement pages for the Archaeological Inventory Survey Report (Pages 1,
16 & 19): (See Exhibit F - Faa Dated August 14, 2003)
PUBLIC COMMENTS
33. A) Matthew D. Ha: (See Exhibit G -Letter Dated August 22, 2003)
-5-
~e~. 43--~~s
BILE COPY
~
APPLICATION
FOR
COUNTY REZONING
(A-Sa TO FA-2a)
JAMES & MIHOKO MALIAN
Ooma 1st, North Kona, Hawaii
TMK: (3) 7-3-07: 40 & 41
FILE COPY
~ Not Romow
Prepared For:
James and Mihoko Malian
Prepared By:
Sidney M. Fuke, Planning Consultant
EX~
June 2003
APPLICATION
FOR
COUNTY REZONING
(A-5a TO FA-2a)
JAMES & MIHOKO MALIAN
Ooma 1st, North Kona, Hawai i
TMK: (3) 7-3-07: 40 & 41
Prepared For:
James and Mihoko Malian
Prepared By:
Sidney M. Fuke, Planning Consultant
June 2003
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
COUNTY OF HAWA~3 ,tjijL ~ ,qf~ 11 08
PLANNING DEPARTMEN 1
(Type or legibly print the requested iq'f~i~na~ion) . `,_,~`NT
CL%lilyi I_~~I r/~~~
APPLICANT: James & Mi oko Ma ian
APPLICANT'S SIGNATU ~1y~S pt,(1(p~,~~~~7~,
~ ~ ~ ~~D~ATE: 6/30/03
ADDRESS: 1843 St. Andrews Drive
Moraga, CA 94556
LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER:
LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS:
PHONE:(Bus.) (Res.)~g951 ~gi _nt,i s (Fax) (925) 376-8456
LANDOWNER(S): James & M Koko Malian
LANDOWNER SIGNATURES • ~ l (tQ vl :[w 'E:
LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: Sa ebeas ~ above
REQUEST: A-5a TO FA-2a
(Existingmning) 7-3-07: 40 & 4h ~°posedZoning)
TAX MAP KEY:
STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY:
SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 42.793 acres
AGENT: Sidney M. Fuke
ADDRE$$; 100 Pan ahi Straat ~ R,,, to u9
Hilo, HI 96720
TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (808) 969-1522 (Res.l (RnAI g~i-~,4nca (Fax) ~una~ o~o_~o°c
Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent.
ORIGINAL: Sidney Fnka COPIES: James Malian
(See Instructions on Reverse Side)
ATTACHMENT
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Agricultural Rezoning
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
COUNTY OF HAWAII
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE
1. If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivide the subject
land in accordance with the approved change of zone? Yes
If }yes, please answer the rest of question 1 and then to question 3.
a. How many acres of the requested area do you intend to subdivide? All - 42+
b. Into what lot sizes? 2+ acres
k
c. If your request is approved, approximately how long after the
date of approval do you expect to submit your subdivision plans
to the Planning Department for preliminary approval? Immediately
d. Do you intend to build houses on the newly created lots? No
If des, please answer the following questions:
On how many of those lots?
At what approximate price range? House
Lot
Total
Approximately how long, after approval of the subdivision,
would the first house be available for occupancy?
If you intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary schematic
subdivision plan together with your change of zone application
form.
1 2. If you have no firm plans of subdividing the subject area, do you
II intend to:
a. Sell or lease the land to someone who has firm plans?
~ b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative plans?
c. Sell or lease the land to someone who has no plans?
d. Keep it?
e. Other (please state)
P.D. 2 5/84
f. If you intend to do either a, b, c, please elaborate on the kind
of plans the other party has. Please, also, include in your
answer approximately how soon after approval of your rezoning do
you expect to transfer [he subject land to another party.
3. Do you think that your request and your further plans far the land
will alleviate the local housing situation?
How?
By providing additional fee simple lots on the market, the
overall supply should help minimize unnecessary escalation of
lot prices, and in turn, encourage home building on the lots.
4. Are there any buildings on the subject area? N~
If so, what kind?
f
. What do you intend to do with those buildings if your request is
approved?
5. Is the subject land currently being used for any agricultural activity? No
If so, please list the kinds of products grown and on how many
square feet or acres of land per product.
6. Was your request to allow for the creation of smaller agricultural
lots? Yes
If so, did your plan include the following considerations?
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a a. Commodity to be produced?
What kinds of commodity?
b. Suitablility of the proposed lot-size for that commodity?
c. Sufficient farm size to allow reasonable chance of success in
commercial agriculture?
Please refer to planning and environmental report.
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d. Agricultural leases or other forms of assurance that potential
buyers or leases would put the subject area into some form of
agricultural use?
Please state the proposed type of arrangement.
Please submit your agricultural plans for the subject area and
present evidence of consideration of the above requirements together
with your request for a change of zone.
If you do not intend to subdivide the subject land for some sort of
agricultural purpose, please stale your other reasons.
The intent of this project was to make small-scale agricultural
lots available to the community.
7. To your knowledge, has there been any flooding and/or drainage problem
on the subject area? No
If so, please describe the problem.
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8. Do you think that the roads leading to the subject area needs
improvements? No
If so, what kind?
Although the project will add more movements to existing streets,
it should provide opportunity for additional hook ups to other
streets, when other intervening properties are developed.
{ Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic volume or load? Yes
9. What sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements do you feel will
be needed in the subject area when developed?
Yes No
a. Schools X
X
b. Roads
X
c. Sewer
d. Drainage X
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Yes No
e. Police Protection X
f. Fire Protection X
g. Recreational Facilities R
h. Public Utilities %
i. Other R
For those checked "yes," please elaborate what type or kinds of improvements
and/or assistance are needed.
~ / G~
Signature:
~ Address: 1843 St. Andrews Drive Moraga~ rA
(925) 631-0415 94556
Telephone:
Date: June 30, 2003
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COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
COUNTY REZONING REQUEST (A-5a to FA-2a)
JAMES AND MIHOKO MALIAN
OOMA 1°~, NORTH KONA, HAWAII
TAX MAP KEY: (3) 7-3-07: 40 & 41
1. INTRODUCTION
The applicants, James and Mihoko Malian, are requesting the rezoning of
42.793 acres from Agriculture (A-5a) to Family-Agriculture (FA-2) district in
Ooma 1g~, North Kona, Hawaii. (See Figure 1) The property is located
adjacent to and mauka or east side of the Kona Acres -Phase II
' Subdivision. The subject site consists of 2 parcels. The larger parcel (parcel
40) consists of 24.525 acres, while the other, (Parcel 41) covers 18268
j acres.
If approved, the applicants intend to subdivide the 42.793-acre site into
eighteen (18) 2+ acre lots. Access to this site would be through the
extension of Kukuna Street, which is one of the major roads wfthin the Kona
Acres -Phase II Subdivision. The applicants do not have any plans to do a
r house/lot package, instead choosing to sell lots only.
~ II. PROJECT LOCATION
The subject area is located makai of the Mamalahoa Highway, generally
south of the Kona Palisades Subdivision. More specifically, it is located
immediately mauka of the Kona Acres -Phase II Subdivision. The current
termination of Kukuna Street serves as the site's western most boundary.
• The area surrounding the subject site is dominated by residential uses,
primarily the Kona Palisades Subdivision to the north, as well as Phases I
and II of the Kona Acres Subdivision. The Phases I and II of the Kona Hills
Subdivision is located along the southern mauka portion of the project site
(See Figure 2)
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
IJ A. Project Concept and Components
1 The applicants would like to develop the subject site into eighteen (18)
2-acre lots geared to those interested in doing some family-oriented or
' backyard agricultural pursuits in a quasi-rural environment. (Figure 3)
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I. a St
The proposed 2+ acre lots would be somewhat larger than the lots
within the major subdivisions adjacent and/or proximate to the subject
site. These include the Kona Hills Subdivision (1+ acre), Kona Acres
Subdivision (1+ acre), and the Kona Palisades Subdivision (10,000+
square feet).
The proposed subdivision would result in the extension of Kukuna
Street to the top edge of the site, making it possible for an eventual
connection to the Mamalahoa Highway. A north-south road is also
being planned that would extend the width of the subject site. All of
the roads would be built to County dedicable standards.
Because of the site's location, the applicants believe that the site
could support ornamental plants and fruit trees. At the same time, its
proximity to residential subdivisions makes it suitable for residential
' uses.
To assure the retention of this agricultural/residential potential, the
applicants are prepared to have covenants that would restrict the
number of dwellings to one on each of the proposed lots.
The applicants understand that the subdivision plan submitted herein
may change prior to receipt of final subdivision approval to
accommodate County subdivision requirements and appropriate
conditions of zoning approval.
B. Project Timetable and Cost
The applicants hope to secure the necessary County rezoning
approval as soon as possible and begin the subdivision process
immediately thereafter. Tentatively, plans call for having the land
being subdivided by early to mid 2004.
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The estimated cost of infrastructure improvements would be nearly $1
million.
IV. INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. State Land Use
The subject area is designated Agriculture. Based on the size of the
requested area, no State Land Use Commission action is required.
The County of Hawaii can process the rezoning request.
2
B. Counri General Plan
The County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide
(LUPAG) map designates the most of the site Urban Expansion Area.
This designation "(A)llows for a mix of high density, medium density,
low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new
settlements maybe desirable, but where the specific settlement
pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. "The
underlying designation on the LUPAG map, however, is Extensive
Agriculture. This designation considers a land suitable for pasturage
and range lands.
The proposed revision to General Plan recommends that this area be
set aside for Low Density Urban. This designation suggests land
uses that are (S)ingle-family residential in character, ancillary
community and public uses, and convenience type commercial uses."
Based on the requested Family-Agriculture (FA-2a) designation, the
project would be consistent with the General Plan LUPAG
designation, and no amendments would be required.
j C. Draft Kona Regional Plan
~ This plan attempts to further define the General Plan and serves as a
guide for decision-makers. In 1984, it was adopted by the Planning
Commission. The County Council has not, however, adopted it.
The Land Use Concept map of this plan identifies the Res-2a
designation for this area. This designation suggests residential-
agricultural uses, with lots no smaller than 2 acres. The requested
FA-2a would be consistent with this designation.
~ D. Keahole to Kailua Development Plan
J
This plan, adopted by the County Council as a resolution in 1991, was
1 intended to "provide a framework for the future growth and
J development of the Keahole to Kailua area.
The plan recommended that the subject site be considered for
residential uses. The requested zoning, thus, is consistent with this
objective.
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E. Countv Zonins~
The County zoning of the subject property is Agriculture (A-5a).
Properties immediately to the west and south are zoned A-1a,
encompassing the Kona Acres Subdivision -Phase II and the Kona
Hills Subdivision - Phases I & II. The property immediately to the
north is zoned A-5a, while properties beyond that are part of the Kona
Palisades Subdivision, the zoning of which is A-5a. The 10,000
square foot sized lots within that subdivision are considered non-
conforming.
If approved, the site would be subdivided in a manner meeting with
both the Zoning and Subdivision Codes. Further, all uses and
' standards consistent with the requested FA-2a zone would be
adhered to.
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' E. Relationship to SMA Objectives and Policies
The site is not located within the County Special Management Area
(SMA). As such, no SMA Use Permit would be required. However,
as the entire island falls within the State Coastal Zone Management
(CZM) Area, some discussion of the request's relationship to the CZM
Program follows.
~ The site is not adjacent to the ocean. It is more than 2 miles from the
shoreline. As such, the proposed action should not have any adverse
impacts on the area's coastal recreational and marine resources
nor have any impacts on beach protection.
The likelihood of this improvement having any impacts to the area's
historic resources is not likely. Although there are archaeological
features on the site, the burial will be preserved as is. Data recovery
pursuant to an approved plan will be performed for the 14 sites
a requiring such work.
~ Further, should there be any inadvertent finds during construction of
the project, work will stop until clearances are received from the
appropriate County and State agencies.
The proposed action will involve the construction of improvements in a
rural/urban setting. Accordingly, there is a potential visual impact to
the area's scenic and open space resources. However, the project
~ would involve the construction of a residential dwelling on each of the
respective lots. As the proposed lots are large (2+ acres), the visual
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obstruction, if any, should be minimal. At the same time, the site is
not readily visible from the Mamalahoa Highway and thus any visual
impact to the near or off shore waters as well as to slopes of Hualalai
Mountain would be minimal.
Relative to the Coastal Ecosystems, impacts should be negligible, if
at all, as the site is located well over 2 miles from the ocean.
Notwithstanding the distance, the nature of the project - residential-
agricuftural -and the construction of septic wastewater systems are
such that potential coastal ecosystem impacts would usually not be
found.
The proposed action will result in creating the potential for agricultural
farm lots in this area. This should thus provide additional
opportunities for farming. In so doing, the project could aid the
agricultural economy and the overall economic use of this site and
the area in general.
Because of its distance from the shoreline, the site should not be
subject to coastal hazards.
Relative to the managing development objective, this function is
more applicable to the "authority" or approving agencies. However, it
is noted that the request would operate and be constructed within the
scope of the Zoning Code. The subject site would be zoned FA-2a,
and the requested use and design/parameters (parking, height,
setback, etc.) would be consistent with said zoning. In that regard,
i the project would be consistent with this policy.
1 Finally, in terms of the public participation objective, this is generally
a public agency function. This is achieved through the Marine and
Coastal Zone Management Advisory Group (MACZMAG) and the
public hearing process required pursuant to the Planning
Commission's Rules and County Council's meetings on this
application. Notices of this application will be sent by the applicant to
I surrounding property owners of the submittal of the application, and
again, prior to the public hearing.
y Based on the foregoing, it is concluded that the requested
1 improvements would be consistent with the objectives, policies and
guidelines of the Coastal Zone Management Policies, as outlined in
~ Chapter 205-A-23, HRS and Planning Commission Rule No. 9 relating
to Special Management Area.
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F. Other Permitting Requirements
As noted earlier, other permits would still be required. These would
be of the "ministerial° variety, such as Subdivision Approval, possible
Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit, and the like.
V. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. General Description
The subject parcel is located on the southwestern slope of Hualalai,
approximately 2 miles from the ocean. The parcel is gently sloping,
ranging from an elevation of 980 feet to 1,280 feet above mean sea
' level.
The mean annual rainfall in this area ranges between 50 and 75
inches. The wetter months tend to occur between March through
September. The mean annual temperature is about seventy-five (75)
degrees Fahrenheit, with the warmer months during the summer.
Because the site is situated on the leeward side of the island, winds
tend to be light and variable. Slight easterly winds occur during the
day, while westerly or mountain winds are prevalent during the
evenings.
~l The subject site is generally rectangular in shape. It is approximately
2,845 long (mauka/makai or east/west) and ranges between 637 to
705 feet wide (north/west). There is a 20-foot wide government road
reserve called Alanui Kauila running north/south that bisects the
middle portion of the site. Although it may be realigned a bit, the
integrity of this road will be maintained. (See Figure 3).
The site is vacant of any structures. It was used for cattle grazing in
the past, but is presently overgrown with mid-level shrubbery,
including Christmas berry.
' B. Soils and Topography
The topography of the site slopes slightly in a mauka (east) to makai
j (west) direction. There is a gradual 10 to 15 percent slope running
mauka-makai.
The US Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Soit
Survey Resort classifies the soil to be of the Punaluu extremely rocky
peat (6-20% slopes). A thin organic deposit of dark peat typifies this
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type of soil over pahoehoe lava. It is rapidly permeable with slow
runoff potential and slight erosional hazard. It is suitable for
pasturage.
The Land Studv Bureau Overall Master Productivity Rating for the
subject area is essentially Class "D" or fair (D267). This suggests the
site has poor productivity potential for agricultural crops. It is of the
A'a with Honoaulu and Moaula soil series. This type of soil series has
limited soil material. The color is dark brown, and the parent material
is A'a and volcanic ash. It is very well drained and, because it is
rocky with frequent outcrops of pahoehoe, is not suited for machine
tillability.
i The State of Hawaii's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of
~ Hawaii (ALISH) maps do not have a classification of this area.
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~ C. Natural Hazards
1. Drainage
i The US Corps of Engineers' Flood Insurance Rate Maa (FIRM)
designates the project site to be located in Zone X, areas
outside the 500-year flood plain.
1 2. Tsunami Hazard
As the site is located over 2 miles from the ocean, it is located
outside of the Civil Defense's Tsunami Evacuation Zone.
3. Volcanic and Earthquake Hazards
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) classifies the
1 area as Lava Flow Hazard Zone 4, on a scale of ascending risk
f 9 to 1. The populated area of Kailua-Kona also falls in this
category, while the City of Hilo is classed Zone 3. There is
very little that can be done to mitigate this situation and reflects
an ongoing threat to all residents and businesses in these
areas.
~ The entire island of Hawaii falls within Earthquake Zone 4,
according to the County Building Code. As such, certain
structural requirements will be needed and taken during the
i building permit process to address this seismic hazard.
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D. Flora/Fauna
Although there were no professional surveys conducted of the floral or
faunal resources of the site, the applicants do not believe that rare or
endangered floral or faunal resources are likely to be found within the
subject site.
The site has already been used for cattle grazing in the past. A visual
inspection of the site confirmed the presence of a few African Tulip
(Spathodea campanulata) trees, patches of lantana (Lantana
camas), Christmas berry (Schinus terebeinthifolius), koa haole
(Leucaena leucocephalala), mango (Mangrifes indica), guava
(Psidium cattleianum), kiawe (Prosopis pallida), and a few other non-
' native plants. Also observed were the alahe'e (mock orange) and the
lama (ebony) tree. None of the identified plants are listed on either
considered endangered on either the National or State registers.
Thus, floral impacts should be minimal.
The site is not known to be a habitat for any rare or endangered
animal life. Given its elevation, however, it would be possible to find
the Hawaiian Hawk /'o) and the Hawaiian Owl (Pueo). Further, the
disturbed and quasi-urban nature of the surrounding areas would
make it less likely to find endangered animal I'rfe in the area.
E. Historic/Cultural/Archaeological Resources
An archaeological inventory survey of the subject site was performed
by Haun and Associates. (Appendix A). The survey documented a
total of 22 sites with an estimated 2,046 features. The identified sites
I and features were predominantly agricultural. Other sites and/or
~ features included 6 permanent habitation sites and 2 historic
habitation sites. Others features included livestock control, storage,
animal pens, and ranch wall. One burial located (Site 23826) within
the lower portion of the site, generally makai of the Alanui Kauila
(Government Road) road that bisects the properly. (See Appendix A,
~ Figure 8a).
' The recommendations of the consulting archaeologist, as may be
modified by the State DLNR-HPD, will be adhered to. Of the 22 sites,
the burial will be preserved in accordance with an approved Burial
Treatment Plan; 14 sites have been adequately documented and no
further work is required; and data recovery and/or physical
preservation will be done for the remaining 7 sites in accordance with
either an approved Preservation Plan or Data Recovery Plan.
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Furthermore, during the course of improving the site, should any
unanticipated archaeological features or sites be uncovered, work will
cease and the applicant will immediately nofrfy the Planning
Department.
G. Valued Cultural Resources
In view of the recent Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH"and "Ka
Pa'akai O Ka'Aina decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian
gathering and fishing rights must be addressed. Specifically, there
must be a discussion of the cultural, historical, and natural resources
and associated tradition and customary practices of this site.
In this situation, the subject site is not adjacent and/or proximate to
the shoreline. As such, gathering of marine life and coastal access is
not an issue.
The applicants neither recall seeing any native Hawaiians using the
subject or immediate surrounding area in the recent past for the
gathering of plants nor teaming of any information to that effect from
area residents. In the unlikely event that legitimate gathering claims
are made by native Hawaiians, the applicants intend to respect and
honor such claims and provide the needed access within the site.
The one burial on the site will be preserved and descendants will be
allowed access to this site.
Based on the above, it does not appear that the project would have
any potential adverse impact relative to the cultural and historical
resources of the area.
I H. Water and Coastal Resources
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The subject site is located well over 2 miles from the coastline. As
such, coastal impacts resulting from discharge of wastewater systems
from the site should not be significant. Further, being anon-coastal
property, no coastal access will be affected.
~ Wastewater from the project will be serviced by individual sewer
system meeting with the approval and requirements of the State
Department of Health. This will be a septic or related system.
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I. Noise. Air Quality, and Dust
Kukuna Street will serve as the main access to this project. The
existing ambient traffic level in this area is quite low. As such, the
corresponding noise level is quite low. With the completion of this
project, the noise level is not anticipated to increase significantly.
There may, however, be short-term noise impacts associated with the
construction of the on-site infrastructure (such as drainage, water and
road systems) for the proposed subdivision. Contractors will be
required to comply with appropriate noise and related mitigation
measures of the State Department of Health.
' The proposed development should not generate any direct air uali
impacts. The only discernible air quality impact could be associated
with the vehicular traffic to and from the site. While there will be an
' impact to the ambient air quality, the impact should not be significant,
as the project will increase the density by 18 units, and there will be
no ohana or 2nd dwelling allowed on each of the lots.
Further, with higher EPA standards for automobile air emissions, the
air quality impact should thus hopefully not be significant.
As such, with the exception of construction dust in the beginning, long
I term dust generated by the project should be minimal. Construction
dust, however, like construction noise will have to comply with the
State Department of Health's regulations.
J. Scenic and Visual Considerations
j In the Natural Beauty element of the General Plan, there are sites or
areas listed as being a scenic resource. The subject site is not listed
as a scenic site. However, there were a few examples cited in the
Kona area. The most notable is the backdrop of the Hualalai
Mountain.
The proposed development would not have any visual impacts on this
mountain and other listed scenic resources in the area. The site is
located more on the lower end of Hualalai Mountain, and the normal
residential height should not interfere with the view of Hualalai.
Then, too, aRhough the property is located makai of the Mamalahoa
Highway, it is more than 1,000 feet from the Highway. As such, views
of the ocean should not be affected.
10
VI. SOCIAL AND RELATED CONSIDERATIONS
A. Surroundins~ land Uses
The land use in this area is generally in transition from agricultural to
rural/urban. Although there are 1 acre lot subdivisions to the west
(Kona Acres -Phase II) and south (Kona Hills) of the project, there
are no active farms on these lots. They are used more for residential
purposes. There is a vacant property to the north, and beyond that is
the Kona Palisades Subdivision. With the exception of the non-
. conforming Kona Palisades Subdivision, the lots in this area conform
to the zoning (i.e., A-1a or A-5a).
' In a general way, the subject site is "sandwiched" between A-1a
~ zoning, and only the adjoining north property is zoned A-5a.
Given the existing and zoned conditions, the proposed development
would not be incongruous with the emerging rural-residential pattern
of this area.
B. Economic Impacts
y The requested zoning would have some measure of economic impact,
as it would enhance the potential for the subject site to be more
intensively utilized for some orchard or omamental faun. It is
currently not used agriculturally, with the exception of periodic cattle
grazing.
~ Further, there will be some small short-term construction activity
~ during the development of the subdivision. There will also be some
mid- to long-term construction activity resulting from the gradual
1 construction of homes on the respective lots.
As such, with the added tax revenues, the project could have some
positive influence on the island and area's economy.
C. A~triculturallmaacts
~ As noted earlier, the site has not been intensively used agriculturally
recently. It has been used more for limited cattle grazing. Given the
proposed lot sizes, however, the potential for small-scale orchard
and/or omamental farming activity exists. As such, having the land
subdivided into 2-acre sized lots would not diminish the site's
11
agricultural potential. It would actually enhance it. The site would be
more manageable from an area standpoint (2 versus 18-24 acres).
The applicant's proposal would thus help foster the family-agricultural
objectives by making available good-sized lots in this area.
VII. INFRASTRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS
A. Road
Access to the project would be via the extension of the County-owned
Kukuna Street, which has aright-of-way of 50 feet and a 20-foot wide
pavement and 4-foot wide shoulders. Sight distance along Kukuna
Street is adequate, as it is a relatively straight road.
Kukuna Street intersects with, among others, Holoholo Street, another
' County-owned roadway. Holoholo Street has aright-of-way of 50
feet, with a 20-foot wide pavement. It eventually intersects with
Ka'iminani Drive.
Kukuna Street would be extended to the subject site's mauka most
~ boundary. With the development of the mauka property, it would be
possible for Kukuna Street to link directly to Mamalahoa Highway.
B. Water
There is a County water line fronting Kukuna Street. This line should
be sufficient for the proposed 18-lot subdivision.
C. Wastewater
There is no County wastewater system in this area. As such, a septic
I system meeting with the approval of the Department of Health will be
I required. This will be done by the applicant and/or respective
landowner in conjunction with the issuance of a building permit for a
dwelling.
D. Solid Waste
~ Solid waste will be handled through commercial haulers or the
individual homeowners into authorized landfill sites or transfer
stations. With the requested FA-2a zoning, the potential for uses with
toxic or related chemical waste would be minimal, if at all. It should
be noted that the applicants intend to retain most of the vegetation on
12
the site during the construction phase and used for composting.
Thus, waste during the construction phase from this project would be
somewhat limited.
E. Other Government Services
As this area is already part of the North Kona urban area, it is already
being serviced. No extension of government services would be
required. The nearest fire station is located in Kailua, although there
is a volunteer station about a mile away on Ka' iminani Drive. Anew
station is also being planned at the Mamalahoa Highway, less than 2
miles from the site.
The Police Station is located at Kealakehe, approximately 4 miles
from the subject site
In this area, K-12 public schools are available at Kealakehe, which is
about 4 miles to the south. County parks are available in Kailua,
Keauhou, and Kealakehe.
As such, the project should not result in the extension of any
government services. Further, the required public facilities are
`I located reasonably proximate to the subject site.
F. Other Utilities
All other utilities such as telephone, cable, and electrical services are
available to the site.
~ VIII. IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE ANALYSIS
1
A. Relationshia Between Local Short-Term Uses of Environment
and Maintenance and Enhancement of Lons~-Term Productiviri
a
If the request were denied, the short-term use of the site would
probably continue in low level agriculture or lay fallow. The applicants
may eventually construct one dwelling on each of the site or sell one
of the existing lots.
Given the rural (A-1a) character of the areas makai and south of the
subject site as well as the 10,000 square foot lot Kona Palisades
Subdivision, there may be pressures for the subject property to be
similarly zoned. And from an agricultural perspective, an exclusively
I
13
residential and denser subdivision may not be the most feasible use
of the site.
From along-term productivity standpoint, then, the proposed 18-lot
subdivision would provide a heightened level of possibility in having
the land used for more intensive agricultural activity.
B. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources
The subject site is already partially disturbed. As such, the project
should not result in an irreversible commitment of natural or
archaeological resources. While there are some archaeological
resources on the site, appropriate mitigation (such as the preservation
of the burial) will be taken.
~ The soil on the parcel has been classified "D" or poor by the Land
Study Bureau, representing poor agricultural potential. This is
evidenced by the vegetation on the site. It is thus maintained that the
creation of the 18-lot subdivision, in spite of the soil classification,
could foster and enhance, instead of remove this land from its more
intensive future agricultural potential.
i
C. Mitigative Measures
The applicants intend to make improvements, if necessary, to be
consistent with the subdivision process. And during the construction
phase of this project, contractors will be obligated to comply with
appropriate State noise and air quality standards.
~ Should further unanticipated archaeological finds be discovered in
j conjunction with the development of the site, work will stop (as is
required by the State and County) and clearance secured before work
I is resumed.
There is no existing drainageway on the property. Any and all
I required grading or grubbing work will be done in conjunction with the
required permits and/or SCS Agricultural Plan. This is to assure that
the development of this site does not adversely affect the drainage of
the surrounding areas.
I
Finally, there will be no person or businesses to be dislocated by this
project.
14
D. Alternatives to the Proaosed Project
1. No Proiect
Under the status quo alternative, the site will continue to
remain in its fallow state or limited agricultural use. It could
also remain a fire hazard, during periods of drought.
The site could also be developed with 1 or 2 dwellings on each
of the lot.
Given the present mixture of land uses and lot sizes in this
area and proximity to urban areas, the site may not be utilized
to its fullest family-agricultural potential.
2. Alternative Density
Under this alternative, the applicants could seek a more
intensive zoning, such as FA-1a or RA-.5a zoning. All of these
zoning categories would arguably be consistent with the
adjoining A-1a zoning on the makai and south sides of the
subject site. They would also be consistent with the General
Plan and land use concept map of the Keahole to Kailua
Regional Plan.
e
9
Such an approach, however, may not be compatible with the
policy of trying to foster more family-oriented type of
agricuRural activities, such as truck crops, as well as to create a
variety of lot sizes in an urbanizing area.
J 3. Evaluation of Alternatives
j The project's impacts to the area's social and physical
l infrastructure would not appear to be pronounced. Certain
mitigative measures will be taken to address any possible
impacts associated by the development of this project. Further,
the project would be consistent with the land use objectives
sought to be accomplished by the County General Plan
LUPAG map.
In view of the aforementioned, it would appear that none of the
alternatives would be more prudent and beneficial than the
requested FA-2a alternative.
15
IX. REGULATORY ANALYSIS
A. General Plan LUPAG Maa
The General Plan provides for the long-range comprehensive
development of the island of Hawaii. It provides direction for
balanced growth in the County.
The County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide
(LUPAG) map designates the site Urban Expansion Area. This
designation "(A)llows for a mix of high density, medium density, low
density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new
settlements may be desirable, but where the speck settlement
pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. "The
underlying designation on the LUPAG map, however, is Extensive
' Agriculture. This designation considers a land suitable for pasturage
and range lands.
The proposed revision to General Plan recommends that this area be
set aside for Low Density Urban. This designation suggests land
uses that are (S)ingle-family residential in character, ancillary
community and public uses, and convenience type commercial uses.
4 Based on the requested Family-Agriculture (FA-2a) designation, the
project would be consistent with the General Plan LUPAG
designation, and no amendments would be required.
The LUPAG map designates the site Orchard. This designation
allows the requested FA-3a zoning without a General Plan
amendment.
l B. General Plan Polices
The requested zoning would be consistent with the goals, policies,
and standards of the General Plan document.
For one, it may provide limited short-term economic opportunities
largely through the construction of any improvements required for the
subdivision. More importantly, however, longer-term opportunities
would be created largely in the form of family-oriented ornamental or
orchard farms. In so doing, the resultant project should add revenues
to the County and State coffers.
16
The project intends to be energy conscious through the use and/or
encouragement of solar energy and design features to take
advantage of wind patterns.
Maintaining and improving the quality of the environment is important
to the success of this project. The General Plan identifies five (5)
areas of environmental concerns -air pollution, water quality, soil
pollution, solid waste disposal, and noise pollution. As proposed, the
project would not be violative of any of those objectives.
Aside from vehicular transmission, air pollution associated with the
project should be negligible. All wastewater systems would be
consistent with the requirement of the State Department of Health.
This should be sufficient to address any potential groundwater or
coastal water impacts.
If required, a solid waste management plan could be prepared and
implemented. The project will also not be a noisy one, except as may
be associated with a typical residence and the potential agricultural
operations. Any noise-generating facility -such as air conditioners -
would be carefully placed to minimize their noise impacts to adjoining
properties. Further, it is unlikely that this site would be used as a
coffee or any other type of processing plant, as it would be more
economical to send the products elsewhere.
i
The project area is outside of any floodway. Nonetheless, a drainage
system will be designed in a manner to protect the property as well as
to minimize the volume of surface runoff generated by this
development.
The site does have some archaeological sites. The burial will be
preserved, and other mitigative measures will be taken. Furthermore,
work will cease if unanticipated archaeological remains are discovered
while continuing its farming operations. Work will resume only after
proper clearances from the State and/or County have been received.
Being partially disturbed and within a quasi ruraUurban area, the
prospects of the site serving as a habitat for rare or endangered plant
or animal life appear remote.
As the FA-2a zoning would allow a residence, the project will indirectly
' fulfill the objectives of the housing element by creating an additional
lot.
17
The Plan also emphasizes that developments be mindful of an area's
natural beauty. In this situation, the project has been used in a
manner where it blends with the existing terrain.
As the project site is more than 2 miles from the ocean, the usual
coastal resources concern is not pronounced. There will be no
interference with shoreline access. Then, too, through the use of
septic system or other acceptable form of wastewater system, impacts
to the coastal water will be minimized.
There will be little impact to public facilities. The wastewater system
will be private. The water system will be developed in a manner
meeting with the requirements of the Department of Water Supply.
Road improvements within the site will be constructed by the
applicant. Schools and other public facilities are also located
proximate to the site, most of them being less than 5 miles away.
Finally, in terms of the Land Use and Agricultural elements, the
pertinent goals, policies, and standards of the General Plan note the
following:
• Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and
mix and in keeping with the social, cultural and physical
environments of the County
9
• Protect and encourage the intensive utilization of the County's
limited prime agricultural land
The County shall encourage the development and maintenance of
communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the
1 physical and social environment
? • Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan
i designation, district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District,
compatibility with adjacent zoned uses, availability of public
services and utilities, access, and public need
• The compatibility of agricultural and non-agricultural uses should
i be carefully reviewed and where appropriate, buffers required
• Rural-style residential-agricultural developments, such as new
small-scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural
communities, shall be encouraged in appropriate locations
18
• The county shall encourage the development and maintenance of
communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the
physical and social environment
• Agricultural land shall be used as one form of open space or
green belt.
In view of the foregoing goals and policies, it is noted that the
requested zoning would be consistent with the Extensive Agricuttu?e
and Alternate Urban Area of the LUPAG map. It would also be
generally compatible with the surrounding area. There are A-1a
zoned properties adjacent and proximate to the subject site. There is
' also a residential subdivision less than a mile north of the subject site.
Akhough the soil of the site is classified "D" or poor, k does have
some measure of agricultural potential, as evidenced by the existing
vegetation on the site. This request should thus encourage more
intensive agricultural activities on the site. This lot size would be
beneficial to not only the applicants but also to those who wish to do
some family-agricultural activities on the site.
J The property has no severe topographic or geologic problems that
would render the land unusable for the proposed subdivision and
activity.
C. Zoning and Subdivision
The designated zoning of the site is A-5a. Should the FA-2a zoning
be approved, the requirements of the zoning and subdivision codes
would be complied, including use and related development standards.
D. State Land Use Agricultural Standards
As the requested lots will be more than 1-acre, the request would not
1 in principle violate the minimum lot size standards of the State Land
J Use law. All of the applicable use guidelines of said law would be
adhered to.
i
19
Report 222.051403
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY
TMK: 7-3-7:40 and 41
LAND OF O'OMA 1, NORTH KONA DISTRICT
ISLAND OF HAWAII
I
Haun ~ Associates
Archaeological, Cultural, and Historical Resource Management Services
HCR 1 Box 4730, Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 982-7755 Fax: 982-6343
r
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY
TMK: 7-3-7:40 and 41
LAND OF O'OMA 1, NORTH KONA DISTRICT,
ISLAND OF HAWAII
By:
I
Alan E. Haun, Ph.D.
i and
~ Dave Henry, B.S.
~ Prepared for:
Mr. James R. Malian
c/o Mr. Sidney Fuke
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212
Hilo, HI 96720
June 2003
Haun ~ Associates
Archaeological, Cultural, and Historical Resource Management Services
HCR 1 Box 4730, Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 982-7755 Fax: 982-6343
SUMMARY
At the request of Mr. Sidney Fuke on behalf of his client Mr. James R. Malian, Haun & Associates
conducted an azchaeological inventory survey of TMK: 7-3-7-:40 and 41, a 41.3-acre parcel located in the
Land of O'oma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. The objective of the survey was to satisfy historic
preservation regulatory review inventory requirements of the Department of Land and Natural Resources-
Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD), as contained within Hawau Administrative Rules, Title 13,
DLNR, Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Rules.
The survey identified 22 sites with an estimated 2,046 features. The sites consist of two previously
recorded walls and 20 newly identified sites. Feature types include modified outcrop, mound, enclosure,
kua'iwi, platform, terrace, wall, cave and field boundary. Feature function includes agriculture, permanent
habitation, livestock control, historic habitation, temporary habitation, storage, and burial.
The identified sites and features conform to the traditional Hawaiian site/feature types expected in
the Upland Forest Zone based on previous archaeological work and historic documentary research. As ex-
pected, agricultural features, temporary and permanent habitation sites, and a burial were identified. Also,
as expected, historic remains consist of historic habitation features, animal pens, and ranch walls.
The temporary habitation sites exclusively consist of caves. Six permanent habitation sites and
two historic habitation sites were also identified. Agricultural features dominate the project area landscape.
The inland-seaward differences in the agricultural feature landscape are probably a result of rainfall. His-
toric maps dating to the 1800 show the project area straddling the seaward edge of the upland forest. This
"forest line" was likely the seawazd limit of the more intensive gazdening that occurred in the upland, better
watered part of the ahupua'a. This forest edge marked the transition from informal scattered agricultural
plots to formal walled fields based on the distribution of agricultural features in Ute project area. This
boundary appazently also marks a transition in habitation sites with seaward areas dominated by temporary
habitation and permanent habitations more frequent inland of the forest edge.
Al] twenty-two sites are assessed as significant for the site's information content. One site, a burial
platform, is additionally assessed as significant far its traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian peo-
ple. The mapping, written descriptions, photography, and test excavations at fourteen sites adequately
documents them and no further work or preservation is recommended. Seven sites retain the potential to
yield information important for understanding prehistoric to early historic land use. These sites are recom-
mended for data recovery if the sites aze not preserved. The plans for either preservation, or data recovery
would be detailed in a Preservation Plan, or Data Recovery Plan, as appropriate for DLNR-SHPD review
and approval. The burial site is recommended for preservation. The specific measures for preservation
would be detailed in a Burial Treatment Plan prepared for the Hawaii Island Burial Council review and
approval.
ii
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Scope of Work ~ 1
Project Area Description ~ 1
Field Methods 4
Archaeological and Historical Background • 5
Historical Documentary Research 5
Previous Archaeological Work ~ 8
Project Expectations • 13
Findings 15
Conclusion ~ 80
Discussion ~ 80
Significance Assessments ~ 85
Recommended Treatments 85
References 87
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Portion of USGS Kailua Quadrangle showing Project Area ~ 2
Figure 2. Dirt Road bisecting Project Area ~ 3
Figure 3. Project Area Vegetation 3
Figure 4. Ahupua'a Boundaries and Land Commission Awards 6
Figure 5. Portion of Emerson's Late 1800s Map of Kailua 9
Figure 6. Portion of Undated 1800s Map of Keopu to Ooma ~ 10
Figure 7. Previous Archaeological Work ~ 11
Figure 8a. Site Location Map -Seaward Portion of Project Area 16
Figure 8b. Site Location Map -Inland Portion of Project Area ~ 17
Figure 9. Site 22742 Wall ~ 20
Figure 10. Site 22743 Wall 20
Figure 11. Site 23820 Plan Map 21
Figure 12. Site 23821 Plan Map 21
Figure 13. Site 23822 Plan Map 23
Figure 14. Site 23823 Plan Map ~ 25
iii
ILLUSTRATIONS (cont.)
Figure 15. Site 23824 Plan Map 25
Figure 16. Site 23825 Plan Map and TU-10 North Face Profile 26
Figure 17. Site 23825, Feature B Enclosure ~ 28
Figure 18. Site 23826 Platform 28
Figure 19. Site 23826 Plan Map and TU-11 East Face Profile ~ 30
Figure 20. Distribution of Site 23827 Features ~ 31
Figure 21. Site 23827, Feature A Wall ~ 33
Figure 22. Site 23827, Feature B Wall 33
Figure 23. Site 23827, Feature D Plan Map ~ 34
Figure 24. Site 23827, Features E, F and G Plan Map 35
Figure 25. Site 23827, Features H and I Plan Map 37
Figure 26. Site 23827, Feature I, Terrace with Faced Pit 39
Figure 27. Site 23827, Feature J Enclosure 39
Figure 28. Site 23827, Features J, K and L Plan Map ~ 40
Figure 29. Site 23827, Features M and N Plan Map 42
~ Figure 30. Site 23828 Plan Map 43
Figure 31. Site 23829 Wall 45
Figure 32. Site 23830 Plan Map 45
Figure 33. Site 23831 Plan Map ~ 46
Figure 34. Site 23832 Ptan Map 49
Figure 35. Site 23833 Wall 51
Figure 36. Site 23834 Wall ~ 51
Figure 37. Site 23835 Plan Map and TUB and TU-7 Profiles ~ 53
Figure 38. Site 23836 Plan Map 56
Figure 39. Site 23837 Plan Map 58
Figure 40. Site 23837 Plan Map and TU13 West Face Profile ~ 60
Figure 41. Site 23839, Feature CT Modified Outcrop ~ 65
Figure 42. Site 23839, Feature AE Mound 65
Figure 43. Site 23839, Features CJ and CK Plan Map, TU-8 North Face Profile ~ 67
Figure 44. Site 23839, Feature CY Kua`iwi 70
Figure 45. Site 23839, Feature FO Kua9wi 70
Figure 46. Site 23839, Feature CZ Field Boundary 71
iv
ILLUSTRATIONS (cont.)
Figure 47. Site 23839, Feature BE Terrace 71
Figure 48. Site 23839, Feature BM Enclosure 72
Figure 49. Site 23839, Feature BN Enclosure 72
Figure 50. Site 23839, Feature BL Plan Map and TU-5 North Face Profile 74
Figure 51. Site 23839, Features BV, BW and BX Plan Map, TU-2 East Face Profile ~ 75
Figure 52. Site 23839, Features CF through CI Plan Map, TU-1 West Face Profile 76
Figure 53. Site 23839, Features FS through FY Plan Map, TU-3 North Face Profile ~ 78
Figure 54. Distribution of Temporary, Permanent and Historic Habitation Sites • 82
Figure 55. Distribution of Agricultural Fields ~ 84
I
TABLES
Table 1. Land Commission Awartl Claims in O'oma and Kalaoa 7
Table 2. Summary of Previous Archaeological Work ~ 12
Table 3. Summary of Identified Sites 18
Table 4. Estimated Number of Clearing Features 62
Table 5. Summary of Site 23839 Recorded Mounds and Mod'fiied Outcrops 63
Table 6. Summary of Site 23839 Kua'iwi and Field Boundaries 68
Table 7. Summary of Site 23839 Terraces ~ 69
Table 8. Summary of Site 23839 Enclosures ~ 69
Table 9. Summary of Site 23839 Platforms ~ 69
Table 10. Summary of Temporary Habitation Features ~ 81
Table 11. Summary of Permanent Habitation Features 81
Table 12. Summary of Agricultural Fields 83
Table 13. Site Significance and Recommended Treatment 86
v
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of an archaeological inventory survey of the 41.3-acre TMK: 7-3-
7: 40 and 41 located in the Land of O'oma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (Figure I). The objec-
tive of the survey was to satisfy current historic preservation regulatory review inventory requirements of
the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD), as
contained within Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, DLNR, Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation
Rules (DLNR 2002).
The survey fieldwork was conducted between February 1]-14 and 24-28, 2003 and on April 2,
2003 under the direction of Dr. Alan Haun. Approximately 30 labor days were required to complete the
field work portion of the project. The field personnel consisted of Dr. Alan Haun, Project Supervisors Dave
Henry, B.S., and Dianne Berrigan, M.A., and Field Archaeologists William Zukosky, M.A., Dianne Guer-
rero, B.A., and Jim Barton B.A. Described in this final report are the project scope of work, field methods,
background information, survey findings, and significance assessments of the sites with recommended firr-
ther treatments.
Scope of Work
Based on DLNR-SHPD rules for inventory surveys, the following specific tasks were determined
to constitute an appropriate scope of work for the project:
1. Conduct background review and research of existing archaeological and historical docu-
mentary literature relating to the project area and its immediate vicinity--including ex-
amination of Land Commission Awazds, ahupua'a records, historic maps, archival mate-
rials, archaeological reports, and other historical sources;
2. Conduct a high intensity, 100% pedestrian survey coverage of the project azea;
3. Conduct detailed recording of all potentially significant sites including scale plan draw-
ings, written descriptions, and photographs, as appropriate;
4. Conduct limited subsurface testing (manual excavation) at selected sites (a) to determine
the presence or absence of potentially significant buried cultural deposits or features, and
(b) to obtain suitable samples for radiocarbon age determination analyses;
5. Analyze background research and field data; and
6. Prepare and submit Final Report.
Project Area Description
The project azea consists of a c. 41.3 acre parcel bounded on all sides by stone walls. The parcel
ranges in elevation from c. 980 to 1,280 ft, with the ground surface sloping slightly to the west. The north-
ern end of Hane Street terminates along the southern project area boundary, and the inland end of Hi`olani
Street end at the western project azea boundary. A dirt road continues from the north end of Hane Street
and extends though the parcel in a north-south direction (Figure 2). A metal gate is located at the end of
Hane Street at the southern end of the dirt road. A second dirt road parallels the northern project area
boundary, in the inland half of the parcel, bordered by two stone walls.
The parcel is located on the southwestern slopes of Hualalai Volcano. The surface mantle in this
area is comprised of Pleistocene Era Hualalai series lava flows that date from 3,000 to 5,000 years in age
1
. ~ : 1 .
n,
~1 _ n,
' 1' -
_
_ ~ .
n a . L -
~ n ~ ~ tkp .
~„uMn
Project Area .S'
. .
' Kc,,i
~
N ~ .
1~.~~ ~M1 1. ti : 1.
0 ] 000 ~ ' _ . i
.
I . ~ . .
l,~ •
• .
. - • -
i.~
am ~ ~ f ` ~ •
••1 Palani
• Junction
Figure 1. Portion of USGS Kailua Quadrangle showing Project Area
J
1
z
a
-'s:.
3
Figure 2. Dirt Road bisecting Project Area, view to north
1{ f . .
~-ti . ~ rs -
: . .
Y i
$s. 4,~ ~1' ~Z~, Vii. tv,~ , -;,s#~r
i ~ t
~
~q* i~} V. Svc Y T
4y4 S~~~'~~1V R~ti ;,t~
.Y Ems`,: ~ P v
Q II ~ F
4
~~1k~~~~~ i~ ~ i
Figure 3. Project Area Vegetation, view to west
(Wolfe and Moms 200]). These flows include both pahoehoe and a'a, consisting of predominately olivine
basalt (Macdonald, Abbott and Peterson 1983:364). The soil within the parcel consists of Punaluu ex-
tremely rocky peat (6-20% slopes). This soil series is classified as a thin organic deposit of dark peat over
pahoehce lava, with a tepid permeability, slow runoff potential and slight erosional hazard (Sato et al.
1973:48). This soil type is classified as suitable for pasttueland.
The vegetation within the parcel is comprised of alahe'e (Psydrax odorata [G. Forster] A.C.
Smith & S. Darwin), lama (Diospyros sandwicensrs), Christmas bent' (Schinas terebiorahifolitcr Raddi),
Lantana (Lantana camas L.), coffee (Cofj"ea arabica L.), kiawe (Prosopis pallida (Numb. & Bonpl. Ex
Willd.{HBK.]), koa haole (Leucaena leucocephalala ] de Witt), air plant (Bryaphyllum pinnatum
[Lam.] Kurz), mango (Mangijera indica L.), guava (Ps'diam cattleiamtm Sabine), and grasses and vines.
The project area vegetation is depicted in Figure 3.
Field Methods
The project area was subjected a 100% surface examination with surveyors spaced at 10 m inter-
vals. Transects were oriented in an inland-seawazd coon (east-west). Ground surface visibility was
good to excellent because of the relatively dense can y of trees and rocky terrain. The features were
flagged with pink and blue flagging tape and their loc ons plotted on a scaled project area map with the
aid of Garmin Global Positioning System (GPS) III+, a accurncy of the GPS device for a single point is
15 m. This accuracy is increased to less than a. 3-5 eters by taking multiple points including property
comers and overlying the plotted points on a scaled map using AutoCAD softwaze.
Hundreds of agricultural features, primarily mounds and modified outcrops, were identified
throughout the parcel during the initial survey trnnsects. A sample of these features was recorded in a ] 0 m
wide transect extending across the entire parcel from east to west. Agricultural features within the transect
were subjected to limited recording, consisting of recording length, width, height, and shape. Photographs
were taken of representative feature types. Feature density values from the ttansect were used to estimate
I the total number of mounds and modified outcrops in the project area. Non-agricultural sites were subjected
to detailed recording consisting of the preparation of scaled plan maps, the completion of standardized
site/feature forms, and photographic documentation. A metal site tag was placed at each site and the tag's
location was plotted on the site plan map.
Subsurface testing was undertaken at 11 features of six sites during the study. The tested features
consist of seven platforms, an enclosure, a modified outcrop, a terrace and a soil area. The test units were
dug in arbitrary levels within strntigrnphic layers and were terminated on either bedrock or on the identifi-
cation of human remains. Standardized excavation records were prepared after the completion of each
stratigrnphic layer. The soil removed during the excavations was screened through ''/l' mesh. Portable re-
mains collected were placed in paper bags labeled with the appropriate provenience information, Recov-
ered charcoal samples were carefiilly removed from either in situ locations or collected during the screen-
ing process. These samples were deposited in aluminum foil pouches and placed in properly labeled paper
bags. Following the excavation of the test units, a section drawing depicting the strntigrnphy was prepared,
post-excavation photogrnphs were taken, and the units were backfilled. Recovered cultural remains were
transported to Haun & Associates laborntory for analysis.
One excavation within a platform (Site 23826) yielded human remains. The excavation was termi-
nated on identification of these remains. A profile drawing depicting the location of the remains was pre-
pared then the structure was carefully reconstructed.
4
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Historical Documentary Research
O`oma is literally translated as "concave" (Pukui et al. 1976:171). O`oma lies within the lava-
covered land north of Kailua called Kekaha, which "describes a dry, sun-baked land" (Kelly 1971:2).
O`oma is divided into O`oma 1 to the north and O`oma 2 to the south (Figure 4).
There is little mention of O`oma in Hawaiian legendary and traditional history. Cordy (1985) and
Henry et al. (1993) summarize the limited references. O`oma is mentioned in legends of two mythical
brothers, Ka-Milo and Maka-`iole (I-Ienry et al. 1993). The legends were published by Hawaiian historians
J.W.H.I. Kihe and John Wise between 1914 and 1917 in the Hawaiian-language newspaper Ka Hoku o
Hawaii. According to Henry et al.:
Kapukalua, the brother of Kapaihilani, and uncle of Ka-Milo ma, was an expert fisher-
man and a priest in the Kohanaiki-O`oma area; his canoes were embraced in the sea-mist
of the ocean god Apoula. Because of his skills and status, Kapukalua secured Kau-
hionohua, the beautiful fatr-skinned chiefess of O`oma, as his wife.
The priest, Puhili, served under Pohaku-o-Kane, father of Ka-Milo and Maka-iole, and
officiated over certain rituals of Kohanaiki and O`oma The lands between Kohanaiki and
O`oma, where the priest dwelt, now bear his name (1993:27-28).
During Kamehameha I's return to Kailua-Kona in 1812, his ship passed the O`omas and fishing
canoes from O`oma approached the ship (Ii 1959). Kauikeaouli, who became Kamehameha III, was raised
in Ooma between 1814 and 1819 by relatives of the high chief Kaikioewa (Kamakau 1961).
Ellis (1963:31) reported the observations of the Reverends Thurston and Bishop during a walk
along the coast north from Kailua in 1823. They described houses along the coast built on lava and small
gazdens in the lava where sweet potatoes, watermelon, and tobacco were grown.
During the Mahele, Ooma 1 and 2, and the adjacent Kalaoa ahupua'a (1-5), became government
land (Indicies 1929: 31, 35). Cordy (1985) suggests that O`oma 1 and 2 were the personal holdings of
Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III), which he gave to the government, because the lands were not awarded to
other chiefs. The Waihona 'Aina (2000) Mahele Database; which is a compilation of data from the Indices
of Awazds (Indices 1929), Native Register (NR n.d.), Native Testimony (NT n.d.), Foreign Register (FR
n.d.) and Foreign Testimony (FT n.d.); lists only one Land Commission Award (i.CA) claim for Ooma 2,
LCA 9162, which was not awarded. Ten individuals claimed sixteen parcels in the Kalaoas, but only two
parcels in Kalaoa 5 were awarded (LCAs 7899 and 7937). Table 1 lists the claimed parcels and the loca-
tions of the awarded parcels are shown on Figure 4.
The limited data on parcel area ranges from 4.8 to 6.0 acres, excluding a 0.81 ac house lot. One
parcel was conveyed in 1841, one in 1843, and one in 1848. Two parcels were given by Kaainoa, and one
each was given by Kaluaonaona, Kapaa, and Kamehameha I. Five claimed parcels included houses, one of
which was partially enclosed. Thirty-two cultivated plots (kihapm) are listed for the parcels. Tazo and
sweet potatoes are the only crops mentioned. The two awarded pazcels are situated between 1,200 R and
1,400 ft elevation and it is probable that the other claims were also for upland parcels. LCA 10523 is de-
scribed as forest land.
Henry et al. (1993) quote an 1857 letter by Isaac Davis that documents his inspection of the
King's lands on the Island of Hawaii:
O`oma 1" & 2nd -The best part of these ]ands have been sold, then [there] remains to the
Govt. the first part, 2[00) or 300 Ac. And the seaward part some 1500 Ac., about 500 of
which is 3"'rate land, the balance rocks (1993:35).
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Soehren (1985) indicates that the Hawaiian Government began selling land in the vicinity of the
project area in 1852. The pazcels ranged from 0.5 to 515 acres with an average of 50 acres. Most of the land
bordering the alaloa inland, which later became the Mamalahoa Highway, at approximately 1,700 ft eleva-
tion, was sold by 1866. A road at approximately 1,100 ft elevation, Alanui Kauila provided access to the
seaward sides of the parcels bordering the alaloa inland. A lower branch of the Alanui Kauila was Alanui
Kama, which subsequently became Ahiahi Street.
Henry et al. (1993:36) cite a letter sent to the government land surveyor William D. Alexander in
1888 by thirty-three Hawaiians applying to acquire government lands from O`oma to Hamanamana. The
request indicated that the applicant's current land holdings were too small for grazing goats because of the
lack of soil. The additional land would enable the applicants to sustain themselves.
J.S. Emerson's 1888 field notes, prepared in conjunction with his survey of the Akahipu`u Section
of North Kona, Hawaii, were reviewed by Henry et al. (1993:37). The notes contain references to two sur-
vey stations in O`oma:
Station "Mahe-`ula`ula"
Land agent Wiltse set an ahu at the southwest comer of Grant 2972, awarded to Ka`apau
1 and Kama at this point. This is a point of dispute, as the natives say that the ahu is in
Kalaoa and not on the "iwi" [stone boundary alignment] between O`orna 1" and Kalaoao
5'" (pages 91 and 92).
~ Station "Ka-hoku-kaki"
Just north of this station is the site of a famous "ana kaua" (literally: war cave, perhaps a
place of refuge during battles). Situated in O`oma 1°, the cave has a vertical entrance and
extends for a long distance to the east and west (pages 137-138).
Figure 5 is a portion of Emerson's map, which depicts the lower forest edge between approxi-
mately 900 ft and 1,000 ft elevation. Figure 6 shows the lower forest edge in roughly the same location as
the Emerson map. Figure S also shows that much of the azea along the upper road consisted of a series of
land grants.
Kelly (1971:12) cites missionary and later census data that documents a decline in the population
of North Kona in the 1800s. Kelly (1971:13) also cites selections from Bowser's Hawaiian Kingdom Di-
rectory for 1880-188 i. Named individuals include coffee farmers and goat and sheep ranchers with opera-
tions in North Kona between Kaloko and Puuanahulu. A man named Hueu in Kalaoa is identified as a cof-
fee planter who cultivated three of the 200 acres he owved.
Henry et al. (1993:42) cite John W. H. I. Kihe's recollections about the Kekaha region between
1870 and the early 1920s. According to Kihe, there were many residents in O`oma in the 1870s, but by
1924 none were left. Coffee farming and cattle ranching continued area in the 1900s, followed by residen-
tial development beginning in the 1970s.
Previous Archaeological Research
More than 40 archaeological survey and excavation projects have been conducted in O`oma and
the adjacent ahupua'a of Kalaoa. Figure 7 shows the locations of the projects and Table 2 summarizes the
projects. Not included in the figure or table is the overview of O`oma and Kalaoa archaeology by Cordy
(1985), and the studies by Ching and Rosendahl (1968) and Rosendahl (1973) that were not available at the
time of this review.
The surveys in Table 2 cover nearly 7,000 acres identifying 478 sites with 4,913 features. To aid
in reconstructing settlement patterns, features were quantified by probable age and function, and the studies
are ordered by elevation. Traditional Hawaiian features were categorized as habitation, agricultural, burial
8
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12
categorized as miscellaneous/indeterminate. Traditional sites in this category include calms, saltpans, fish-
ponds, and pahoehoe excavations. Habitation sites are fiuther subdivided into temporary and permanent for
studies making this distinction.
Density per acre values aze given for sites, features, and habitation and agricultural features. Over-
all, the studies have identified 53 pemuwent habitation features, 379 temporary habitations, 3,736 agricul-
tural features, 25 burials, 17 ritual features, 34 trsil segments, 65 aha, and 18 petroglyphs. Two hundred
and twenty-one habitation features were not categorized by residential permanence. Historic features were
not segregated by fimction. The majority of the historic features are ranch walls.
Density values for surveys lazger than 50 acres do not show any consistent trends by elevatlon, ex-
cept for agricultural features, which aze rarely reported below 100 ft elevation. Overall feature density
ranges from 0.05 to 0.89 features per aae. Habitation feature density ranges from 0.01 to 3.33 features per
acre with an average of 1.02. Agicultural feature density ranges from 0.03 to 16.67 features per acre with
an average of 3.74. The highest agricultural feature density comes from the Barrera (1992) study between
1,775 ft and 1,880 ft elevation. Burial and ritual sites are present near the coast with a few reported for sur-
~ veys between 500 ft and 1,800 ft elevation.
~ Twemy-eight radiocarbon dates are reported in the studies by Hammatt and Folk (1980), Walker
and Rosendahl (1990b), Thompson and Goodfellow (1992), Walker and Rosendahl (1989), Head and
Rosendahl (1993), McGerty and Speaz (2000), and Haun and Henry (2001a). Nearly all of the age determi-
nation results produced multiple age ranges or long single age ranges between the 1600s and 1950. When
all potential age ran~es aze examined six ranges span the 1400s, eight include the 1500s, and twenty-two
each include the 15 through 19'h centuries. The results indicate initial use of the area in the 1400s fol-
lowed by a gradual increase during the 15th century. The most intensive use dates to the 1600s to eazly his-
toric period.
Davis (1977) and Cordy (1985) utilized three environmental zones to characterize settlement pat-
~ terns in O`oma and the Kalaoas: (a) the Coastal Zone from sea level to 20 ft elevation within 150 ft of the
shoreline, (b) the Barren or Transitional Zone from 20 R to 430 ft elevation, and (c) the Upland Forest Zone
from 430 ft to 3,400 ft elevation. Permanent and temporary habitation sites are present in the Coastal Zone
along with burials, holua slides, petroglyphs, saltpans, fishponds, refuge caves, and ritual sites including
heiau and shrines. Sites in the Barren Zone primarily consist of trails linking the coast to the inland agricul-
tural fields and temporary habitation sites. Upland Forest Zone sites include permanent and temporary habi-
tations and agricultural features, primarily modified outcrops, mounds, and excavated depressions. Refuge
caves are reported by Walker and Rosendahl (1990b), Head and Rosendahl (1993) and Haun and Henry
(2002a). Soehren (1982) identified a possible heiaa and Head and Rosendahl (1993) assigned a ceremonial
function to an enclosure in a lava tube. Petroglyphs and burials have also been identified at upland sites.
Cordy (1985) azgues that the prehistoric population of O`oma and the Kalaoas was never more
than about 100 people. He suggests that there were small fishing settlements along the coast, such as those
reported by Ellis (]963) and scattered residences and agricultural fields inland. By the ]800s, most settle-
ment was inland.
PROJECT EXPECTATIONS
The project area is situated in the Upland Forest Zone as defined by Davis (1977) and Cordy
(1985). Prehistoric use of the project area is potentially represented by scattered temporary and permanent
habitation sites associated with agricultural features. The agricultural features consist of informal fields
with scattered modified outcrops, mounds, and depressions. Refuge caves, burials, and ritual sites are also
potentially present. Chronologically, sites may have been used as early as the 1400s, with the most exten-
sive period of use occurring between the 1600s and early historic period.
In the early to mid-1800s, LCA claims indicate settlement and cultivation in the vicinity of the
project area between 1,100 and 1,300 ft elevation. Taro and sweet potatoes are the only crops specifically
mentioned in the LCA testimony. By the mid-1800s to eazly 1900s, sites associated with ranching and
13
commercial cultivation of coffee are expected. Ranching and agricultural activity would be evidenced by
stone walls, corrals, and scattered habitation sites.
14
FINDINGS
The survey identified 22 sites with an estimated 2,046 features (Figures 8a and 8b). The sites con-
sist of two previously recorded walls (Site 22742 and 22743) and 20 newly identified sites (Site 23820-
23839). The sites are comprised of ]4 single feature sites and eight complexes of features. The features
consist of an estimated 1,105 modified outcrops and 788 mounds, 41 enclosures, 36 kua'iwi, 29 platforms,
21 terraces, ten walls, nine caves and seven field boundaries. Functionally, the features consist of agricul-
ture (n=1,984), permanent habitation (n=32), livestock control (n=14), historic habitation (n=8), temporary
habitation (n=ti) storage (1), and burial (n=1). The sites aze summazized in Table 3 and aze described be-
low.
Subsurface testing was undertaken at 11 features of six sites during the study. The tested features
consist of four agicultazal platforms (Site 23839, Features BL, BX, CF and FS), an agricultural modified
outcrop (Site 23839, Feature CK), two permanent habitation platforms (Site 23835, Feature I and Site
23836, Feature C), a permanent habitation enclosure (Site 23825, Feature E), a permanent habitafion ter-
race (Site 23825, Feature C), a soil area within Site 23838, and a burial platform (Site 23826). The results
of these excavations are incorporated into the following site descriptions.
Seven small blister caves with no evidence of modification or use were also identified within the
project azea. The location of these non-cultural caves labeled NCC-1 through NCC-7, are also presented in
Figures 8a and 8b.
In the following site descriptions permanent habitation features aze defined as the primary dwell-
ing structures at a permanent habitation site. Permanent habitation features were defined based on a criteria
developed by Cordy (1981:66-82). In his model, Cordy presents the following attributes for permanent
habitation structures: (a) external area Beater than 16.0 to 19.0 sq m; (b) substantial construction (i.e. faced
walls, paving); (c) presence of special purpose structures (small structures for work and storage); and (d)
location (permanent housing clustered primarily along the shoreline or at the mouth of and on the sides of
valleys). Other attributes used in this study as evidence of substantial construction include architectural
features such as constructed doorways and steps and internal subdivision into rooms.
Special purpose structures, which are smaller in azea than Cordy's permanent habitation size crite-
ria, consist of structures present at permanent habitation sites, but which do not comprise the basic dwelling
structure. Their specific functions cannot usually be determined at the inventory level of investigation.
These structures may represent sleeping structures, cookhouses or storage areas. Special purpose structures
are typically smaller and less formally constructed than permanent habitation features.
For this study other features, which would not have supported roof structures, are classified as
permanent habitation ancillary features. These features consist of surface hearths, small platforms and ter-
races and pavements, and often functioned as site furniture such as tables, benches or drying racks. Large
enclosures surrounding permanent habitations sites are also termed ancillary features, functioning to define
the limits of enclosed yards.
As defined by Cordy (1981), temporary habitations are (a) less than 16 sq m in external area, (b)
insubstantial constructions, (c) contain numerous features of internal stratification (multiple fu~epits), and
(d) have few or no associated structures. These habitations are of short-term or recurrent duration.
Site 22742
Site 22742 is a stone wall that forms the western project area boundary at elevations ranging from
980 to 1,005 ft. The wall was initially identified by Haun and Hemy (2001a) during a survey of an adjacent
parcel to the north. The wall originates outside the project area to the north and enters the parcel at the in-
tersection with the Site 22743 wall (discussed below). Examination of this intersection indicates that the
Site 22742 wall pre-dates Site 22743, as the latter wall is built against the former.
15
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The wall extends 76.0 m to the south from this intersection to a point where it has been destroyed
by construction activity associated with a housing development to the west. The inland end of Hi`olani
Street terminates in this disturbed area. The destroyed portion of the wall extends 47.0 m to the south,
where a second intact wall section is present. This section continues to the south for 123.0 m where it ter-
minates against the northern side of the Site 23834 wall (discussed below). Examination of this intersection
indicates that wall site 22742 and 23834 were constmcted at the same time because the stones interlock at
the junction.
The intact portions of Site 22742 are constmcted of stacked subangulaz basalt cobbles and small
boulders with a narrow core-filled interior. It ranges in width from 0.7 to 1.1 m at the base, 0.55 to 0.70 m
wide at the top and ranges in height from 0.85 to 1.1 m (Figure 9). Site 22742 is interpreted as a livestock
control feature used to restrict the movement of cattle based on its method of construction and height. It is
altered and in poor to good condition.
Site 22743
Site 22743 is a stone wall that forms the northern project area boundary. Portions of the wall have
been previously documented by Haun and Henry (2001a and 2001b) during surveys of parcels that abut the
current project area to the north. The western end of the wall originates against the inland side of the Site
22743 wall at the ],005 elevation and extends 456.0 m upslope to the east-southeast, terminating in an area
that has been impacted by modem bulldozer disturbance from construction activity associated with the de-
velopment of the pazcel to the north. This disturbed azea extends 142.5 m to the east-southeast, where a
second intact section of wall is located. The wall continues on the inland side of the disturbed area for
270.0 m where it exits the project azea at the 1,290 ft elevation. The wall continues in this direction outside
of the parcel an undetermined distance.
The intact sections of the Site 22743 wall range in width from 0.7 to 1.0 m at the base and 0.55 to
0.75 m wide at the top (Figure 10). It is constructed of stacked subangulaz basalt cobbles and small boul-
ders with a narrow core-filled interior. The height ranges fmm 0.7 to 1.15 m. A dirt road parallels the
southern side of the wall in the inland portion of the project area. A second wall (Site 23829 discussed be-
low) parallels the southern side of the road, creating a walled roadway. The height and method of constrnc-
tion of the Site 22743 wall indicates that it likely functioned as an historic livestock control feature. It also
appears to have formed the northern boundary of the walled roadway, which may have been used to drive
livestock into and out of the area. Site 22743 is altered and in poor to good condition.
Site 23820
Site 23820 is a small cave located in the northwestern portion of the project area at c. 1,050 ft ele-
vation. The entrance to the cave consists of a horizontal opening on the western side of a low pahoehoe
outcrop. This opening is 1.1 m wide and 0.75 m in height (Figure 11). The main chamber of the cave is
roughly oval in shape and is 4.65 m long (northeast by southwest), 0.95 to 2.15 m wide and 0.85 m in
height. A small passage extends 1.8 m to the east from the northeastern end of the main chamber. This pas-
sage is 0.5 m wide and 0.4 m in height.
No cultural remains were present inside the cave, though the interior floor has been modified. This
modification consists of surface stones that have been cleazed from an area just inside the entrance that is
1.75 m long (northeast by southwest) and 1.2 m wide. The cleazed stones have been piled against the north
and south cave walls and to the northeast of the cleazed azea. The floor throughout the remainder of the
cave consists of bare lava. Site 23820 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter based on its formal
type and interior modification. It is unaltered and in good condition.
Site 23821
Site 23821 is a small cave located in the northwestern portion of the project area, 95.0 m southeast
of Site 23820, at c. 1,070 ft elevation. The entrance to the cave consists of a horizontal opening on the
southwestern side of a pahoehoe outcrop (Figure 12). The entrance is 1.4 m wide and 0.8 m in height. The
main chamber of the cave is roughly oval in shape and is 5.8 m long (east-west) and 2.7 to 3.0 m wide, with
19
i.: ~ Y
_ r
'I.j`, ~ _
R t t.~~'t '
~
~"t " l
-1 •1~
r ~y= ~ ~
j(~J(~yE
}
~•f 4~{
~ `r
1~ 1
' ~a
Utz •
Figure 9. Site 22742 Wall, view to southwest
.4 M1 ~ ~
~ ~
~i? ~ i t' 'fir ~ i _
Yy.
1. 7
!
`4 a "4' ~ ~ 0. ~ Y' ~ ~r #r trawl °
~ } ~yaq~ ~ ~ yf
I ~ ~+i
, ~ ~wi ~
~ ,'S/ t~~~w~ ~I ~~j '~t7 'k.. ~ 3y,i'~ 'tom t
t 1,,.'
JI
Figure 10. Site 22743 Wall, view to northeast
zo
® Interior limits of taut o Is n.a ass
r---..~~
p 03 1.0 ISm
. ~ ~ ~ Ihiplint
(0.85) =Height in meters
~ Slope direction
\ may'
Bare Ltva 1\ / /
\ (0.4) /
,JJ (o.gsl L.
Horizontal enhance ~ ~ ~
' on side of outcrop ~ ~
Datum
j / Area cleared of sconce
i
Figure 11. Site 23820 Plan Map
i ® Interior limits of cave
0 IS 3A {SE
Thin veil with BCaItCed ~ISm
~ Kulwi nut shells
T\~/ ~ Dnplme
y (0.8) =Height in meter
(0.4)
Waterworn coral /
i Hare lava
~/y ~ f (os /
~ )
/
o.a
( )
Roof fall
~
a
Horizontaleotrance Datt~~I::::::::::':;::~:~:~i=~:~~:~:~~;~::.
oasideofoutcrop ~:::::~::~::;~:~:.~:::t;:~:::::~::~::~::;:~;': BareLrva
iii'
Figure 12. Site 23821 Plan Map
21
interior ceiling heights that vary from 0.2 to 0.8 m. There is an azea of thin (>0.1 m deep) soil inside the
entrance that contains scattered kukui nut shells and a small fragment of waterworn coral. The remainder of
the cave floor consists of bare lava with no cultural remains present.
Two passages extend offthe main chamber; one to the east and one to the west. The eastem pas-
sage is situated at the southeastern end of the main chamber. It is 2.9 m long (east-west), 0.5 to 0.75 m wide
and 0.3 m in height. The western passage is 3.6 m long (west-northwest by east-southeast), 0.8 [0 1.3 m
wide and 0.4 m in height. The floor in both chambers consists of bare lava and no cultural remains were
observed. Site 2382] is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter based on its formal type and cultural
remains. It is unaltered and in good condition.
Site 23822
Site 23822 is a cave situated in the northwestern comer of the parcel, 135 m west of Site 23820 at
c. 1,005 ft elevation. The entrance to the cave consists of small collapsed, rubble-filled sinkhole that is 2.5
m long (northwest by southeast), 1.4 to 22 m wide and 0.75 m deep (Figure 73). The cave extends to the
northeast and southwest from the entrance, with sloping roof fall that angles down into the interior. The
passage to the northeast is 13.2 m long, 1.95 to 3.0 m wide, with ceiling height that 1.5 to 1.6 m. The floor
consists of bare lava. A tin coo was observed on the cave floor against the north wall, north of the entrance
and two flat pahcehoe slabs are situated in the center of the cave east of the roof fall area. These slabs may
have functioned as steppingstones.
There is an oval alignment of basalt cobbles located 4.25 meant-northeast of the slabs, against the
southern cave wall. The alignment is 0.80 m long (north-south) by 0.7 m wide and potentially functioned as
the support foundation for water catchment vessels.
Three passages extend away from the northeastern end of this chamber; one to the east, one to the
east-northeast and one to the northeast. The eastern passage is 2.9 m long, 0.6 to 0.75 m wide and 0.4 m in
height. The east-northeastern passage is 6.1 m long, 1.2 to 2.0 m wide and 0.5 m in height. The floor in this
passage slopes down to the west-southwest towards the main cave floor. The northeastern passage is 10.7
m long, 1.3 to 2.0 m wide and from 0.3 to 1.65 m in height. A large area of roof fall is located at the north-
eastern end of the passage. The floor throughout the majority of this passage consists of level, bare lava,
except for northeastern end, which slopes down to the southwest, towards the roof fall area. No cultural
remains were observed within any of the passages.
The portion of the cave to the southwest of the sinkhole entrance is divided into three passages.
The main passage consists of a roughly oval-shaped chamber that is 4.95 m long (northeast by southwest)
and 3.0 to 3.5 m wide. The floor throughout this chamber consists of roof fall that slopes down to the
southwest, with an average ceiling height of 1.05 m. No cultural remains are present. A narrow passage is
located to the north of the main chamber, separated from it by a floor to ceiling column. This passage origi-
nates 1.4 m north of the sinkhole and extends 4.4 m to the southwest, where it rejoins the main chamber. It
is 0.65 to 1.3 m wide and 0.6 m in height. The floor in this passage is baze with lava with no cultural re-
mains.
The thud passage is situated along the southern wall of the main chamber, 1.6 msouth-southwest
of the sinkhole entrance. It is 7.0 m long, and 0.4 to 0.8 m wide with ceiling height that vary from 0.3 to 0.5
m. The floor consists of bare ?ava. One kukui nut shell was observed in this portion of the cave.
The cave continues to the west at the western end of the main chamber and is divided by a floor to
ceiling bedrock column. This column is the approximate location of the western project area boundary,
delineated on the surface by the Site 22742 wall. The passage is 2.5 to 3.0 m wide and 0.8 m in height, with
a bare lava floor. Several kvkui nut shells were noted on the cave floor to the southwest of the column. The
cave continues to the west but was not mapped due to its location outside the present project area boundary.
Site 23822 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter based on its formal type, cultural re-
mains and internal modifications. It is unaltered and in good condition.
22
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a
a 9
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23
Site 23823
Site 23823 is a cave located 110 meant-northeast of Site 23821, at c. 1,115 ft elevation. The en-
trance to the cave consists of anoval-shaped, vertical hole in a surface outcrop that is 1.35 m long (east-
west), 0.45 to 0.65 m wide and 1.2 m in depth. The entrance opens onto anoval-shaped chamber that is 7.6
m long (east-west) and 5.1 m wide (Figure IQ). The floor in this chamber consists of bare lava, with ceiling
heights that vary from 0.4 to 1.1 m. Roof fall is scattered below the entrance and two kukui nut shells are
present in the southem portion. Three passages extend off the main chamber; one to the east, one to the
west and one to the northwest.
The eastern passage extends 3.6 m to the east, then angles 7.8 m to the northeast. At the northeast-
ern end, the passage angles to the east for 5.8 m where it terminates. This passage ranges in width from 1.6
to 2.65 m and in height from 0.5 to 1.0 m. The floor consists of bare lava with no cultural remains ob-
served.
There are two lower chambers located at the western end of the eastern passage, at the eastern end
of the main cave chamber. The entrance to these chambers is 0.4 to 0.45 m below the floor of the main
chamber. One of the lower passages extends to the north and the other to the west. The northern passage
~ extends 3.5 m in this direction, then angles to the west for 1.7 m where it terminates. This passage is 1.0 to
1.1 m wide and 0.5 to 0.6 m in height. The floor consists of baze lava and there is a concentration of pig
bones and kukui nut shells located at the southem end. The western lower passage is 9.3 m long (east-west),
1.0 to 1.75 m wide, and 0.4 to 0.5 m in height. The floor is bare lava and no cultural remains were noted.
The passage that extends to the west from the main cave chamber is 1.0 m long (east-west) and 0.9
m wide. This passage opens onto anoval-shaped chamber that is 6.0 m long (north-south), 3.5 m wide with
an average ceiling height of 0.7 m. The floor is bare lava and there is a concentration of kukui nut shells
j located in the approximate center of the chamber. The passage that extends to the northwest from the main
chamber is 7.1 m long (northwest by southeast), 1.25 to 1.8 m wide and from 0.4 to 0.5 m in height. The
floor is bare lava and no cultural remains were observed.
i Site 23823 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter. This is based on its formal type and the
presence of cultural remains. The site is unaltered and in good condition.
Site 23824
Site 23824 is a small cave located 20.0 m north of Site 23823. The entrance to the cave is situated
on the southern side of a low pahoehoe outcrop. This entrance is 1.4 m long (north-south) and 0.35 to 1.0 m
wide (Figure 1.57. The dripline height at the entrance is 0.6 m. Basalt cobbles have been piled within the
entrance and a modem glass beer bottle was observed to the north. The entrance opens onto a rougbly oval-
shaped chamber that is 4.95 m long (east-west), 0.5 to 2.5 m wide and from 0.3 to 0.7 m in height. The
floor consists of bare lava with scattered cobbles. No cultural remains were observed within the cave. Site
23824 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter based on its formal type and the modifications at the
entrance. It is unaltered and in good condition.
Site 23825
Site 23825 is a complex of five agricultural and habitation features located in a relatively level
azea 60.0 m south of Site 23823 at elevations ranging from 1,110-1,125 ft. The features are comprised of
three enclosures (Features A, B and D), a terrace (Feature C) and a kua'iwi (Feature E; Figure 16). The site
is unaltered and in fair to good condition.
Feature A is a lazge, roughly squaze-shaped enclosure that is 33.0 m long (east-northeast by west-
southwest) by 32.0 m wide. The walls of the enclosure aze built of piled cobbles and small boulders that
vary in width from 1.4 to 1.9 m and in height from 0.3 to 0.75 m. The interior of the enclosure consists of a
relatively level soil deposit with scattered cobbles, small boulders and low pahoehce outcrops. No entrance
24
Bate lava 0 3.0 6.0 9.Od ®In~ot of cave
(0.4) 0
1~0
20_~3.Om
(0.8) = Height in metes
Vertical entrsnro
(12 m deep)
Knlod mns (0~
Bare Lva
(0.4) ~~~Baoffall
(tr•~
n.p i
~KWmi mtt-a
t
i
Bue lava (1.0)
lower CLaIDber
P.llfADq! 10 Iower cLamben
BCC hl
pig hence BOd
Rvlori mrt B6e116
4~
(0~ Bce lave (0.4) (
Figure 14. Site 23823 Plan Map
Baro hwa with sc.tmed cobbles \
(o.~ ~
j (03)
\/i
j% (0'~ Modem bottle / /
l>atmo ~ ~/i
Lnuior limih of cave
Hole on side of omaop
Dtipline
Piled cobbles within entrance
(0.~ - Height in meters
Figure 15. Site 23824 Plan Map
2s
(o.a)
0 s.0 13.0 ISOG
0
2~..~~.°m (off (0~
(o.a) Feature E
Feature D ro~
rosy
Sceaeed cobbles
(o.~
Feature A (03)
Sml wim ecsaesM cobbles e°d bouhlus
sod low outesope
(0"~ (off
co•~
well Feature B (03)
\ (0.75) (/3~ (0.75)
0
(11 ~
~ E."•t - i
ao°° °oo-:~ ~'.';..':-,T, OAS) O O O O
aoaoooy ~ -..r. D o n o~
oaaoaoa „ E w! ~a! .
(O.S 0000000:::
N~ Faced aide a o ID
(O.a)
~ Feature C Ba°°p`
(0.7) ~ Height in melon o so®
co C-abble pevemm[ V7°i r~
~ ~ P~~s:
Level soil with ecaCaed cobbles ~'Q ° - 3096 br°av (IOYR 3!i) sdry Ic®wilh
pebble sod cobble mclouoos;
p!W W n>asms peuat
® Piled cobble and soap boulder wall Lyc ID -Yellowish hawo p°Yx 5/a) Nt
No tuluoal ~sim
Figure 16. Site 23825 Plan Map and TU-10 North Face Profile
26
into the enclosure was observed and no culnual remains were noted. The four remaining features of the
complex are built on or against the walls of the Feature A enclosure. Feature A is interpreted as an agricul-
tural enclosure that likely functioned to exclude grazing animals from the interior. This is based on its for-
mal type, lack of an entrance, and the insubstantial constmction of the enclosure walls.
Feature B is a U-shaped enclosure located in the southwestern portion of the Feature A enclosure.
The southern wall of the stmcture is built on top of the southern wall of Feature A, within the remaining
sides situated within the larger enclosure. The enclosure is open to the west-southwest and evidences over-
all dimensions of 3.45 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and 2.8 m wide (Figure 77). The walls
are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in width from 0.75 to ].0 m. The southern side of
the enclosure is 0.5 m in height above the Feature A enclosure wall, with the remaining sides ranging in
height from 0.75 to 1.35 m. The interior and exterior sides of the walls aze faced. The interior of the enclo-
sure consists of level soil with scattered cobbles. No cultural remains were present inside the feature though
a Cypraeidae shell was noted outside the enclosure to the west. Feature B is interpreted as a permanent
habitation, special purpose stmcture. Though the enclosure is smaller in area than typical permanent habita-
tions (9.6 sq m) as defined by Cordy (1981), its formal type, and substantial constmction (faced sides) sug-
gest that it may have served as the as the foundation for a permanent habitation special purpose strncture.
Feature C is a rectangulaz-shaped terrace built against the southern exterior wall of the Feature A
enclosure. The terrace is 8.4 to 9.7 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and 5.6 to 6.1 m wide. The
east, west and south sides are bordered by stacked cobble and small boulder retaining walls that range in
height from 0.4 to 0.55 m. The northern side abuts the Feature A enclosure. The surface of the terrace is
level with the eastern portion comprised of soil with scattered cobbles and the western portion consisting of
a level cobble pavement. No cultural remains were noted on the surface.
A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit (TU-]0) was excavated into the paved surface in the western portion of
the terrace. The excavation revealed a stone architectural layer (Layer n above two soil deposits (Layers II
and III; see Figure I Layer I consisted of 0.15 to 0.18 m of tightly packed subangular basalt cobbles and
pebbles. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of a single Cypraeidae shell (9.4 grams). The base of
Layer I intmdes into the Layer II soil deposit and no evidence was found to suggest that it had been built
during more than a single constmction episode.
Layer II was comprised of 0.21 to 0.24 m of a dazk brown (1 OYR 3/3) silty loam with 50% pebble
and cobble inclusions. Cultural remains from Layer II consisted of two fragments of fish bone (0.3 grams),
a fragment of burned kukui nut shell (1.1 grams), and 3.1 grams of charcoal. Layer III was comprised of
0.09 to 0.16 m of a culturally sterile yellowish brown (I OYR 5/4) silt, over bedrock.
Feature C is interpreted as the foundation for a permanent habitation stmcture. This is based on its
formal type, area (56.2 sq m) and substantial construction (paved surface). It is possible that the soil portion
of the terrace may have served as the actual foundation area for a pole and thatched roof stmcture, with the
western, paved area functioning as an associated lanai azea.
Feature D is a cmde enclosure situated within the northeastern portion of the Feature A enclosure.
The enclosure is built against the eastern interior wall of Feature A, and is 4.8 m long (north-south) and
3.05 m wide. The walls are built of piled cobbles and small boulders, ranging in width from 0.75 to 1.3 m
and in height from 0.4 to 0.6 m. The interior of the enclosure consists of scattered cobbles with no cultural
remains observed. Feature D is interpreted as an agricultural enclosure based on its informal constmction
and absence of habitation debris.
Feature E is a kua'iwi that extends 11.0 m to the east-northeast from the exterior eastern wall of
the Feature A enclosure. The feature consists of a linear beau of piled cobbles and small boulders that av-
erages ].6 m wide and 0.5 m in height. No cultural remains were found in association with Feature E. Fea-
ture E is interpreted as an agricultural field boundary based on its forma] type.
27
~ jir"~~~ ~R•L~it /~-,,,t{ ~4 d~{1 ~lF~~ ~F~+ ~ w!a ~ ~ ~~,r{ 1
i~rr i~=.i ei ~Cf., t . 4i 1~I~Rr ri
V ~ 1 { { ? 4~ I lb I a~
{ f _ ~f~ . _ J t.
`'f'~~' ~ ~ ~ r
i",!fir {
t M .h y~"
it ~ 't+~.~•~`t
~riD •
~j ~ , . ~ ~
A.
• ~
4
r
. " j ~ ~i' ~h~... _ iw
Figure 17. Site 23825, Feature B Enclosure, view to east
~ . -
,
~ r.
' +
/t ~ t.a ~
i
~yt 1,4 ~~o*~~S„ ~~w. gxb 4y tR,rci ~t~'1 iSt'i. _ \j~
e~'~1W'1 ?ry R- ~
.{tti ~ l ~ s P .L.~. ~r
F yy,~\~~ a7~ a ~ iY'~
1 }K
K
,
v. w; j. i i,'. ~
t ~ ~ ~KF.~
R~~. ~
Figure 18. Site 23826 Platform, view to southeast
Site 23826
Site 23826 is rectangular-shaped platform located 20.0 m south of Site 23825. The north, south
and eastern sides of the platform are intact, built of stacked and faced cobbles and small boulders (Figure
18), and the western side has collapsed outward (Figure 19). The overall extent of the platform is 6.7 m
long (east-west) and 4.45 m wide, with the intact portion measuring 4.65 m long (east-west) by 4.45 m
wide. The northern side of the structure abuts a ]ow pahoehoe outcrop and the northeast and southeastern
comers are slightly rounded. The intact sides of the structure range in height from 1.2 to 1.5 m.
The surface of the platform is walled, with a recessed interior space that is partially lined with
upright pahoehoe slabs. The wails are 1.1 to 2.1 m wide and aze paved with level cobbles and small boul-
ders on the surface. The recessed interior space is 2.85 m long (east-west) by 1.1 to 1.4 m wide. The surface
of the recessed area is 0.3 to 0.6 m below the top of the walls and consists of collapsed cobbles and small
boulders. No cultural remains were noted on or around the platform. A flat pahoehoe slab is present at the
eastern end of the recessed area.
A 1.2 m long by 1.0 m wide test unit was excavated within the recessed area at its western end,
positioned between upright slabs to the north and south (TU-11). This excavation revealed a stone architec-
tural layer (Layer I) over a soil deposit (Layer II; see Figure 19). Layer I was comprised of 0.79 to 0.97 m
of loosely packed subangular basalt cobbles and small boulders with no cultural remains. The upright pa-
hoehoe slabs that line the recessed azea extend into Layer I. Bedrock was encountered below Layer I in the
western half of the unit, with the Layer II soil deposit located at the base of Layer I in the eastern half. The
base of Layer I intrudes into the Layer II soil and no evidence was found to indicate that it had been built
during more than a single construction episode.
Layer II was comprised of a very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) silty loam with 50% cobble and
pebble inclusions. This deposit appears to be located within a collapsed blister in a pahoehoe flow, on
which the surface platform was constructed. Human remains were encountered 0.2 to 0.25 m into the
Layer II deposit, consisting a portion of a femur that extended out of the unit to the east, and several long
bone fragments. The remains have been heavily disturbed by root activity. Additional cultural remains pre-
sentwithin the Layer II soil consisted of 1.5 grams of charcoal and 15 whole kukui nut shells (59.1 gams).
The excavation of TU-1 ] was terminated on identification of the human remains. The unit was carefully
filled in and the structure rebuilt.
Site 23826 is interpreted as a burial platform based on the presence of human remains identified
within TU-11. The site is unaltered and in fair condition.
Site 23827
Site 23827 is a large historic habitation complex comprised of 14 features located in the inland
half of the project area, east of the dirt road that bisects the parcel. The site is situated at elevations that
range from 1,155 to 1,180 ft. The complex consists of three walls (Features A, B and C) that partially en-
close the complex, six enclosures (Features D, F, G, J, K, and M, and five terraces (Features E, H, I, L and
M). The northern side of the complex is bordered by the Site 23829 wall (discussed below). Numerous
agricultural features interpreted as elements of Site 23839 (discussed below) are present within the site;
however, only two kua'iw (Features BU and CM) and four clearing features (Features CL, CN-CP) were
recorded. The distribution of the Site 23827 features is illustrated in Figure 20. The site is altered and in If
fav to good condition.
Feature A is a stone wall that extends along the western side of the complex, 5.0 to 15.0 m east of
the dirt road that bisects the project area. The wall originates against the southern side of the Site 23829
wall and extends ] 50 m to the south. The examination of the intersection of these walls indicates that Fea-
ture Awas built against the Site 23829 wall and post-dates it. The wall forms the western wall of the Fea-
ture D enclosure (discussed below). Large sections of Feature A have collapsed, though intact sections aze
29
e
Fg ~ ~
~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ \ 8 s~
~ ~ ~ .
~ ~ ~ ~
6~~
~ ~
~ ~ y s~~
i ~ ~ ~ A
m
/ i - s~ a
/ i
i ~
~ j 6
~ -
\ y i ~J I
~ _
/ e. a~
~ \ o
~ v U ~ p.,
` v ~l ° m w
~ ~
~ ~ . ;
~ ~ b
~
i~ \
~ ~ ~ ~
o (V
0 0 ~l
W
30
Dirt Bond
23829
MCP Agriculuual Features of Site 23839
CL
A CO• CN CM •
B
F
G
D
E
C
tih
H - J
K -
_~y
[Sti
~J.M
MILS
- - L
N =ttiti~,-' M
Continues as Feature BU
of Site 23839 0 30 60 90ft
0 10 20 30m
Road
Figure 20. Distribution of Site 23827 Features
31
present, ranging in width at the base from 0.8 to 1.0 m, a[ the top from 0.55 to 0.7 m and in height from
0.65 to 0.9 m (Figure 21). The wall is built of stacked cobbles and small boulders with acore-filled cobble
interior. No cultural remains were found in association with Feature A. Feature A is interpreted as a com-
ponent of a large enclosure that likely functioned to prevent grazing animals from entering the habitation
area, based on the height and method of construction of the intact section. The feature is altered and in fair
condition.
Feature B is a stone wall that forms the eastern side of the complex. It also originates against the
southern side of Site 23829. Feature B is parallel to Feature A and is situated 58.0 m to the east. This wall
also appears to post-date Site 23829. Feature B is relatively intact, with only minor wall collapse noted. It is
1.0 to 1.2 m wide at the base, 0.6 to 0.8 m wide at the top and from 0.8 to 1.2 m in height (Figure 22). The
wall is built of stacked cobbles and small boulders with acore-filled interior of cobbles. No cultural re-
mains were noted. Feature B is also interpreted as a livestock control feature based on its height and
method of constmction. The feature is unaltered and in good condition.
Feature C is a stone wali that extends to the west-northwest from the southern end of the Feature
B wall. The wall is 38.7 m long, and is built of stacked cobbles and small boulders, with acore-filled inte-
rior of small cobbles. The wall is mostly intact with only minor wall collapse noted. It varies in width at the
base from 0.95 to 1.2 m, at the top from 0.6 to 0.9 m and in height from 0.75 to I.1 m. There is 1.5 m wide
faced opening located in the wall, 25.0 west of its eastern end (see Figure 25). This opening appeazs to
have allowed access between the habitation features to the north and south. Feature C is also interpreted as
a component of the large livestock control enclosure, based on the height and method of constmction of the
intact section. The feature is unaltered and in good condition.
Feature D is a rectangular enclosure that is built against the inland side of the Feature A wall. The
enclosure is 14.2 m long (north-south) and 9.5 m wide (Figure 23). Lazge sections of the enclosure walls
have collapsed though intact sections indicate that they originally measured 1.0 to 1.2 m wide and in height
from 0.7 to 0.9 m. The walls are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders, with acore-filled interior of
small cobbles. Facing was observed along the interior sections of all the walls, and along the exterior side
of the east, west and south sides. The examination of the intersections between Features A and D indicates
that the walls were built concurrently because the stones interlock in these locations.
There is a 4.3 m wide opening into the enclosure in the center of the eastern wall. Both sides of
this opening have collapsed and it is possible that this opening was originally narrower. The interior of the
enclosure consists of a level soil deposit with scattered surface stones. No cultural remains were noted. Fea-
ture D is interpreted as a possible historic anima] pen or corral based on its area (134.9 sq m), the height of
the walls, the absence of habitation debris and iu proximity to other historic features within the complex.
The feature is unaltered and in fair condition.
Feature E is a large terrace located 29.5 m east of the Feamre D enclosure and 6.5 m north of the
Feature C wall. The terrace is 23.5 m long (north-south) and 4.0 to 14.2 m wide (Figure 24). There is
stacked cobble and small boulder retaining wall located along the west, southwest and northwest sides of
the terrace, ranging in height from 0.55 to 1.0 m. The majority of the retaining wall is faced though a 4.5 m
long section in the center has collapsed outward.
The majority of the surface of the terrace consists of a level soil deposit with scattered surface
stones. There is a pavement of small cobbles and pebbles located in the southwestern portion of the feature
that is 11.25 m long (north-south) and 1.2 to 2.I m wide. The terrace abuts an exposed bedrock outcrop at
its southern end. Two concentrations of historic artifacts and a piled cobble mound are situated on the sur-
face of the outcrop. The mound is 5.5 m long (east-west) 1.05 to 1.2 m wide and 0.2 to 0.6 m in height. The
fast concentration of artifacts is located along the southern edge of the outcrop. It consists of a clear glass,
machine made bottle and fragments of bottle and window pane glass. The second concentration is located
1.4 m to the north and consists of window pane glass fragments, a white glazed ceramic plate and several
plate fragments, four glass bottles and a cleaz glass kerosene lamp top. The plate has "Vitreous -Edwin M.
Knowles China Co. - 18-2-2" inscribed on the bottom. The four bottles are all machine made and include
three with crown tops and one with a cork top.
32
\ . y~~•,-"'fnist ~-mow-
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r~ 'sf 1' 4 1~ ,
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V ~a TT
(~.ia ~ ~ 7" ~ •r a~,.t yyam,.. {~,j~.~yyi:~~v~~444^^^E-.
..~~ww^- ~ k ~dy7~y~~'~j~~ ~ .:may ~{j{•~j,,yY ~
~.t 4-t ~1L4; T Y i't t.L ~t ".'111'..+,_!~O'=~"'.t'Y
Figure 21. Site 22827, Feature A Wall, view to south-southeast
}
,.a.
.
,x b.YJ!`..:x
g ei
Figure 22. Site 22827, Feature B Wall, view to south
33
Feature AWall -Continues to north
(0.9) =Height in meters
( (0.35) ~ Wall collapse
C ( ~ n
n
n ^ ^ Faced side
C ~
f _ ( ~ Datum
( ~ (o.a) (o.a) ~
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Feature AWall -Continues to south
Figure 23. Site 23827, Feature D Plan Map
34
(0.75)
CoOapsed wau Level nil wiW emmM ernes
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p.t)
~
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(0.4) CC~` ~ (OS) ~~C ~Petellidae sbelk
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Cast itm Pot C Pnellidae she0 C C
(1.1) (12)
(0.73) ~ Can vm pot
~1 ) Maal Pam
Cmmeme+ cka.,~
(0.(r) (0.9) Mehl Pam
"Primo•hottle 6Jlmjug,
Level nil with antlered slmes avt
m f~ Mehll4oa
C( I "Dienippoa' Botl(e
(U.5) Level Boil with armraed araoee
~,h'
,v,'} Small wbbk sod pebble pavan®t
!Y h~~1
(U.5 ti
~ h Gland ceramic plae and .
w~,~, glav hottlea and window perm gkv
ti-
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8
(o.7)-HdgMkmeren o Ls S.o a.sm
LL Battle and wndow pme elau.Gm bottle
(o.~
Figure 24. Site 23827, Features E, F and G Plan Map
35
Feature E is interpreted as the foundation for one or more wooden structures. This is based on its
formal type, substantially constructed nature, its large azea (213.8 sq m) and the presence of window pane
glass and habitation debris. The feature is unaltered and in good condition.
Feature F is a roughly rectangular-shaped enclosure built against the northern end of the Feature
E terrace (see Figure 2~. The enclosure is 7.5 m long (north-south) and 6.0 m wide. The western side of
the enclosure consists of a low, collapsed cobble and small boulder wall that is 5.85 m long (north-south),
1.8 m wide and 0.3 to 0.4 m in height. The eastern side incorporates a natural soil slope at its southern end,
and a stacked and faced stone wall at its northern end. The sloping portion is 4.5 m long, with the stacked
wall measuring 2.7 m long, 0.9 m wide and from 0.5 to 1.1 m in height. This wall angles to the west at its
northern end for 1.4 m. The wall is built of stacked cobbles and small boulders.
There aze two openings into the enclosure; one at the northern end, and one in the southwestern
comer. The northern opening is 1.2 m wide and the southwestern is 1.4 m wide. The interior of the enclo-
sure consists of level soil with scattered cobbles. A large Patellidae shell was observed within the enclosure
at its southern end and a cast iron pot was noted outside the feature to the west. Feature F is interpreted as
the possible foundation for an historic roofed structure based on its formal type, area (45.0 sq m) and the
presence of habitation debris. The feature is unaltered and in fair condition.
' Feature G is a small enclosure located in an area of level soil, 7.2 meast-southeast of Featwe F
(see Figure 29J. The enclosure is roughly oval in shape and is 4.8 m long (east-northeast by west-
southwest) and 3.9 m wide. The walls of the feature are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that
vary in width from 0.85 to 1.05 m and in height from 0.75 to 1.2 m. Portions of the walls have collapsed to
the inside and outside of the enclosure though faced sections are present. There is a possible entrance into
the enclosure at its southwestern comer that is 1.2 m wide that is partially filled with collapsed wall rabble.
A variety of cultural remains were noted on and adjacent to the enclosure. Two fragments of
' msted corrugated tin roofing material are situated on the enclosure at the southwestern end, and a clear
~ glass jar and the base from a brown glass "Primo" beer bottle were observed on top of the wall at the soutb-
eastern corner. The area surrounding the enclosure to the north, east and south contained corrugated tut
roofing, six metal cooking pans, an enamelware pot, a cast iron pot, a clear glass jaz, a clear glass one gal-
, lon jug, a brown glass "Dianippon" beer bottle and two large Patellidae shells.
Feature G is interpreted as the probable foundation for a wooden stmcture that may have func-
! boned as a cookhouse in conjunction with the historic habitation of the site. This is based on its formal
type, area Q8.7 sq m) and the abundance of cooking related artifacts. The feature is unaltered and in fair
condition.
Feature H is athree-tiered terrace located 3.8 m south of the Feature C wall, 6.4 m southwest of
the opening in the wall. The feature is built at the base of a slope that angles down to the west (Figure 25).
The terrace is 8.15 m long (north-south) and 4.9 to 7.5 m wide. The lower tier is situated along the north
and western side of the feature, ranging in width from 1.3 to 2.8 m. This tier ranges in height from 0.5 to
0.7 m above the surrounding Bound surface. The sides of the tier have mostly collapsed outward though a
stacked and faced cobble and small boulder section is present at the northwestern comer. The surface of the
tier is level but unpaved cobbles. The western side of the lower tier forms a possible ramp that angles down
to the south.
The middle tier is situated above the lower tier to the south and east. This portion of the feature
consists of stacked cobbles and small boulders, with an unpaved, slightly domed surface. A portion of the
northern wall is faced. It is 4.3 m long (east-west), 2.5 to 3.3 m wide and 0.5 to 0.8 m in height above the
lower tier. The southern side abuts the north side of the upper tier, and the eastern side abuts the side of the
slope.
The upper tier is 5.0 to 5.5 m long (east-west) and 3.4 to 3.5 m wide. The surface consists of level
but unpaved cobbles. It is 0.3 m in height above the middle tier and 0.65 m in height above the lower tier.
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37
A 0.4 m tall stacked retaining wall is located along the southern side of the tier and the eastern side abuts
the side of the slope.
No cultural remains were noted on the surface of Feature H, although a metal bucket was observed
on the ground surface to the north of the feature. Feature H is interpreted as the probable foundation for an
historic wooden stmcture based on its formal type, its substantially constructed nature and it close prox-
imity to other historic habitation features within the complex. The feature is unaltered and in good condi-
tion.
Feature I is a small terrace situated I.6 m to the east-northeast of Feature H (see Figure 25). The
north, east and west sides of the terrace aze bordered by stacked cobble and small boulder retaining walls
that range in height from 0.6 to 1.1 m. The southern side abuts the base of the slope. Portions of the north
and east sides of the structure are faced and the western side has collapsed outward. The terrace is 2.65 m
long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and 2.4 m wide with the surface comprised of level but unpaved
cobbles.
There is a rectangular pit situated in the center of the terrace surface that is 0.8 m long (north-
northwest by south-southeast), 0.55 m wide and 1.0 m deep (Figure 26). The sides of this pit are faced cob-
' bles. No cultural remains were noted at the feature. Feature I is interpreted as the possible foundation for an
historic privy or outhouse based on the presence of the pit and its close proximity to historic habitation fea-
t~res of the site. The feature is unaltered and in good condition.
Feature J is swell-built, oval-shaped enclosure located 10.0 m south of the intersection of the
Feature B and C walls. The enclosure is 3.45 m long (north-south) and 3.2 m wide and appears to have
been built within a natural Swale that slopes to the west. The interior of the enclosure consists of stacked
and faced cobbles and small boulders that range in height from 1.25 to 1.3 m (Figures 27 and 28). The
walls of the enclosure are 0.9 to ].2 m wide. The east, south and north exterior sides have collapsed out-
ward and the western side abuts the inland side of the Featwe K enclosure (discussed below). The interior
floor of Feature J consists of a level soil deposit with no cultural remains. There is no entrance into the
interior.
This unusual enclosure is interpreted as a possible animal pen used in conjunction with the historic
habitation of the area. This is based on the high, vertical interior walls of the feature, lack of entrance, and
its close proximity to other historic habitations of the site. Hammatt et al. (]997:199-205) interviewed in-
formants who confirmed that enclosures that lacked of an entrance and had better built interior wall faces
(compared to the exterior faces) were animal pens. The feature is unaltered and in good condition.
Feature K is a large rectangular enclosure that abuts Feature J to the west (see Figure 28). This
feature is also constructed within a natural Swale. The enclosure is ]4.2 m long (east-west) and 8.3 m wide.
The north, east and west sides of the stmcture are comprised of stacked cobble and small boulder walls that
range in width from 1.0 to 1.75 m wide and 0.5 to 1.6 m in height. Portions of these walls have collapsed
inward, but most are intact with faced sides observed on the interior. The southern side of the enclosure
consists of a vertical, stacked and faced cobble and small boulder retaining wall that forms the northern
side of the Feature L terrace (discussed below). This wall varies in height from 1.2 to 1.3 m. There is no
entrance into the interior of the enclosure.
The interior of the enclosure consists of a relatively level soil deposit with scattered surface stones.
There is the remnant of a metal fuel drum located in the northwestern comer. A small blister cave is located
in the interior northeast comer of the enclosure. This cave is 1.2 m long (north-south), 1.1 m wide and 0.25
m in height. Scattered cobbles and kukui nut shells were noted in the interior.
Feature K is interpreted as a possible animal pen used by the inhabitants of the site, based on its
formal type, better built interior wall faces, and lack of an entrance. The small blister cave may have func-
tioned as an associated storage area. The feature is unaltered and in good condition.
38
`s
e.~ ~jF~.a r r'"~~•(~..~ ~ r!~,Hi~ mac;
Il ~ + ,tea. ~ ~'~~M1C n1i .
~
~ ~ t -
~ ~ b ~
1 \ ~ ~
r ~ ' ~ v,
Figure 26. Site 22827, Feature I Terrace with Faced Pit, view to north
• qp}w
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(3 ~6.'LL .tom l~ x '
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4 r`
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tl"
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e '
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Figure 27. Site 22827, Feature J Enclosure, view to north-northeast
39
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Feature L is a roughly oval-shaped terrace that abuts the southem side of the Featwe K encloswe
(see Figure 28). The terrace is 12.5 m long (east-west) and 2.2 to 5.3 m wide. The north and west sides are
bordered by stacked cobble and small boulder retaining walls that range in height from 0.5 to 1.3 m. The
northern side is faced. The southem side abuts an azea of level soil and the eastern side abuts the base of a
gentle slope. The surface consists of a level soil deposit with scattered surface stones. A Patellidae shell
was noted on the swface of the terrace in the southwestern portion and a fragment of clear window pane
glass was observed near the eastem end. Featwe L is interpreted as the probable foundation for an historic
wooden structure. This is based on its formal type, the presence of the window pane glass and its close
proximity to other historic habitations within the site. The featwe is unaltered and in good condition.
Feature M is a roughly rectangular-shaped terrace located 5.0 m south of the Featwe L terrace.
The featwe is 8.0 m long (east-west) and 6.8 m wide (Figure 29). Stacked and faced cobble and small
boulder retaining walls extend along the western and northern sides of the terrace, with areas of level soil
located to the east and south. The retaining walls range in height from 0.25 to 1.0 m. A section of wall as-
sociated with the Feature N encloswe (discussed below) abuts the southwestern comer of Featwe M.
The swface of the terrace consists of a level pavement of cobbles, small boulders and flat pahoe-
hoe slabs, with scattered historic cultwal remains. These remains consist of a green glass bottle and frag-
' menu of white glazed ceramics. A concentration of brown glass bottles and glazed ceramic fragments is
located 2.8 m to the south of the terrace, and the base of a blue glass bottle, a brown glass bottle and a large
' Patellidae shell were noted to the structwe, within the Featwe N enclosure. Featwe M is interpreted as the
j probable remnant of an historic structwe based on its formal type and associated cultural remains. It is also
possible that the structwe may have existed in the level soil area inland of the terrace, with the paved ter-
, race surface functioning as a lanai area. The feature is unaltered and in good condition.
Feature N is anirregularly-shaped encloswe located adjacent [o Featwe M to the west (see Fig-
ure 29). The featwe is 17.8 m long (east-west) and 12.4 to 17.4 m wide. The walls along the south and west
i sides of the encloswe are built of piled cobbles and small boulders mixed with soil, that range in width
from ].55 to 2.3 m and in height from 0.4 to 0.8 m in height. The southern wall extends to the east, out of
the site, continuing as a low kua'iwr recorded as Featwe BU of the Site 23839 complex (discussed below).
~ There are two sections of stacked and faced wall present; one along the north side of the featwe,
~ and one in the southeast comer. The northern wall is 8.1 m long (northwest by southeast), 1.0 to 1.0 m wide
and 0.95 to 1.1 m in height. The southeast wall is 3.5 m long (north-south) 1.0 to 1.2 m wide and 0.95 to
].0 m in height. This wall extends between the southwestern comer of Feature M and the southem piled
~ wall of Featwe N.
i
The interior of the encloswe evidences two levels. The first is situated at the inland end of the fea-
twe, west of the Featwe M encloswe. The second consists of a level soil area with scattered surface stones
and the historic artifacts described for Featwe M above. The seaward portion of the encloswe slopes mod-
erately to the west and consists of soil with scattered stones. No cultural remains were present in this por-
i tion of the featwe.
Featwe N is interpreted as a possible yard associated with the Featwe M historic habitation ter-
race, based on its formal type and proximity. It appears that the Featwe BU kua'iwi of Site 23839 pre-dates
the enclosure and was modified to create the Featwe N encloswe. The featwe is unaltered and in good
condition.
Site 23828
Site 23828 is a terrace with adjoining encloswe located 8.0 m east of the Site 23827, Featwe B
wall at c. 1,185 ft elevation. The site is situated 2.8 m north of the Site 23829, Feature BD kua'iwi. The
terrace portion of the site abuts the northern side of a low pahoehoe outcrop. It is roughly L-shaped, meas-
wing 6.75 m long (north-south) by 5.8 m wide (Figure 30). The east, north and west sides of the strnctwe
are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that range in height from 0.5 to 0.75 m. The north and west
41
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42
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(0.7s)
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Feature BD of Site 23839
Figure 30. Site 23828 Plan Map
43
sides of the terrace aze faced and the surface consists of a level pavement of small cobbles. A fragment of a
green glass bottle is present on the terrace surface in the northern portion.
A rectangular-shaped enclosure extends to the south-southeast from the terrace portion of the site.
The enclosure is 4.75 m long (north-northwest by south-southeast) and 4.3 m wide, with openings at the
northeast (1.4 m wide) and south-southeastern end (1.75 m wide). The enclosure walls are built of stacked
cobbles and small boulders that vary in width from 1.1 to 1.4 m and in height from 0,4 to 0.5 m. The inte-
rior of the enclosure and the azea surrounding the site consists of level soil with scattered surface stones. No
cultural remains were noted in association with the enclosure.
Site 23828 is interpreted as the foundation for an historic structure. This is based on the site's for-
mal type, historic debris and its proximity to the Site 23827 complex. It is possible that the enclosure por-
tion of the site functioned as the actual foundatioq with the paved terrace serving as an associated lanai.
Site 23828 is unaltered and in good condition.
Site 23829
Site 23829 is a stone wall that borders the southern side of a dirt road that parallels a portion of the
northern project azea boundary. The seaward end of the wall has appazently been disturbed by the construc-
tion of the dirt road that bisects the project area in a north-south direction. The wall originates along the
inland side of the dirt road at c. 1,159 ft elevation and extends upslope to the east-southeast a distance of
~ 387.0 m where it exits the project area at c. 1,290 ft elevation. The wall continues along the south side of
the dirt road outside of the project area an undetermined distance.
The wall is primarily intact, though collapsed sections were observed. The intact portions of the
wall range in width at the base from 0.9 to 1.2 m, at the top from 0.65 to 0.9 m and in height from 0.9 to 1.3
m. It is built of stacked cobbles and small boulders with acore-filled interior of small cobbles (Figure 31
and see Figure 40). Site 23829 is interpreted as a livestock control feature based on iu height and method
i of construction. It also appears that this wall served as a boundary feature delineating the southern side of a
roadway. It is altered and in good condition.
Site 23830
Site 23830 is a small cave located in the inland portion of the project area at c. 1,195 ft elevation.
The entrance to the cave consists of annual-shaped sinkhole that is 3.1 m long (northeast by southwest)
1.75 m wide and 1.05 m deep below the surrounding, ground surface (Figure 32). The interior floor of the
sinkhole consists of uneven cobbles, and a stacked cobble and small boulder wall extends along the south
and eastern interior edge. This wall is 0.5 to 0.57 m wide, 0.65 m in height on the inside and level with the
surrounding Bound surface on the outside. No cultural remains were observed in the sinkhole.
~ The entrance to the cave is located on the northwestern side of the sinkhole. This opening is 0.52
m in height and opens onto anirregularly-shaped chamber that is 2.45 m long (northwest by southeast) and
0.67 to 2.6 m wide. The interior ceiling height averages 0.4 m and the floor consists of bare lava. Several
kukui nut shells were observed on the cave floor. Site 23830 is interpreted as possible storage feature based
on its formal type, low ceiling, and the modification within the sinkhole. It is unaltered and in good condi-
tion.
Site 23831
Site 2383 ] is a complex of seven habitation features located in the inland portion of the project
azea at elevations that range from c. 1,180 to 1,190 ft. The features are comprised of two enclosures (Fea-
tures Aand D), two terraces (Features C and G), two platforms (Features E and F), and a small cave (Fea-
ture B; Figure 33). The eastern wall of a lazge agricultural enclosure (Feature BT of Site 23839, discussed
below) terminates at the northeastern end of the Feature A enclosure, suggesting that this habitation com-
plex may be associated with the extensive agricultural activities within the project area. The site is unal-
tered and in fav to good condition.
44
f'~ ~~p Qy 4
' ~M1xat }ry
ry t
x .t..cT t.yj x..
y~} ~
K yx '3t"9 ~ q
t
`g. q d';
~t
yp, +4
,f -F»$ .
1+ a
~t.
? r `
fx.~
4~
r
,
i r - ~r~
I Figure 31. Site 23829 Wall, view to southwest
I ~ p 1S 3.0 4.Sft
I ~ Sumnad adble
I Bue l~vawiW raueed mbwm-----/~~
>j\ (00
uN Y¢Ils ~ ~ '
' qA9
~c~ ~oss~
' ,
® Imeiml®iu oFrns
' I)emm px9lme
(0.'p=Hei~tin mct¢s
<I.OS>=Depth v~melns
1
I Figure 32. Site 23830 Plan Map
a~
i
i ® ~~d
Iswl bt[ u~nad cobbler and smt0 boaldm Sme 27839. Femte B7
Fx]ome
Feaove A
Level othbk ttd pe66k prvmm (0.95) 1-.
~ ~ ) Dm®
)
I ~ .
) ~c 6~Hs.
FcaOUeB
I FeaaveE (°~"0 xnbble~^
~ ((C )
o.~> .~n ~a~~I ~ roA) LC ~
I ~ l
(o.~s) ~ ) sea.rim u-~
~)s> vamedeabbb ~ " ro~
~ ro
sea.m.mraed.a~ ~o'~ wwu, ~ C
Nab (a~ ) /
ro.~ /
' C
(l.q (l.t) (t.l) (0.1) ti~~tr~~
I ` ~ ~
Feab¢e G
Femve C
I - Ieve1 te0 and i oevaep -
IA /
( )
~ ..ro ^
(1.05)
c°.9)-mom
)~i
ai
~ mss' wtlleoWpe
sWetd eebbls ~
Ftoed tide
Feahrte D
....r...::::::: Edge ofphmbae omoep
I (0 ~ , / ~ Intsivl~ofene
0 6.0 12.0 18.OR j ~ She dvec°°°
I 0 2.0 4.0 6.Om
I Figure 33. Site 23831 Plan Map
46
Feature A is a large substantially constructed rectangular enclosure that is ] 5.4 m long (north-
northeast by west-southwest) and 10.8 to 13.1 m wide. The north, south and west walls of the enclosure are
constmcted of stacked cobbles and small boulders and vary in width from 1.1 to 1.6 m. Portions of these
walls have collapsed though intact, faced sections aze present, ranging in height from 0.65 to 1.0 m. The
northem portion of the eastern wall is a freestanding structure, though the southem portion consists of a
terrace wall that ranges in height from 0.75 to 0.95 m. This wall retains the western side of the Feature G
terrace discussed below.
A smaller U-shaped enclosure is incorporated into the eastem wall of the main enclosure. This en-
closure is open to the west and is 3.5 m long (north-south) and 2.3 m wide. The walls of this enclosure are
built of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in width from 0.65 to 0.9 m and in height from 0.6 to
0.95 m. The exterior sides of this enclosure have collapsed outwazd, though the majority of the interior is
intact, with faced sides.
The interior floor of Feature A consists of a relatively level soil deposit with scattered cobbles and
exposed bedrock outcrops. No cultural remains were noted. The Feature B cave is situated within the en-
closure and a low mound of cobbles is present, adjacent to the cave entrance to the west.
' Feature A is interpreted as a probable yazd for a permanent habitation complex based on its formal
type, substantial constmction (faced sides) and area (184.0 sq m). It is possible that a pole and thatched
roofed structure may have existed within the enclosure and that the internal U-shaped enclosure may have
functioned as the foundation for a special purpose structure based on the substantially constructed walls and
its relatively small azea (8.05 sq m).
Feature B is a small cave situated within the Feature A enclosure. The entrance to the cave con-
sists of a horizontal opening in the side of a low pahoehoe outcrop that is 1.2 m wide and 0.3 m in height.
This opens onto anoval-shaped chamber that is 1.65 m long (north-south) by 1.3 m wide. The floor of the
' cave consists of bare lava with scattered cobbles and the ceiling height averages 0.4 m. Scattered pig bones
~ and kukui nut shells were observed within the interior.
A low rubble mound is situated 1.25 m west of the entrance to the cave. This mound is 2.0 m long
j (north-south), 1.15 m wide and 0.3 m m height and is constructed of piled cobbles. The interior of the cave
is too small to have functioned as a shelter and it potentially served as a storage area utilized by the occu-
pants of the site based on its formal type and location within the Feature A enclosure.
Feature C is a lineaz terrace that extends to the south from the southwestern comer of the Feature
A enclosure. A stacked and faced cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located along the western side
of the feature, measuring 18.6 m long (north-south) and from 1.0 to 1.1 m in height. A 1.8 to 2.2 m wide
area of level but unpaved cobbles and small boulders is located behind the retaining wall to the east. The
area to the east of this consists of level soil with exposed outcrops. No cultural remains were noted.
Feature C is interpreted as an ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of the site.
This is based on its formal type, substantially constructed (faced) retaining wall and its association with the
other features of the site. It is possible that this terrace functioned as an associated work or activity azea.
Feature D is a collapsed enclosure retnnant that is built against the western side of the Feature C
retaining wall at its southem end. The enclosure is roughly triangular in shape and is 7.1 m long (north-
south) and from 0.8 to 3.3 m wide. The walls aze built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that range in
width from 0.8 to 1.1 m and in height from 0.4 to 1.05 m. No entrance into the enclosure is present. The
majority of the walls have collapsed to the interior and exterior of the enclosure, though an intact faced
section is present along the exterior western side of the feature at the northem end. The interior of the en-
closure consists of scattered cobbles with no cultural remains observed. Feature D is interpreted as a possi-
ble foundation for a permanent habitation roofed structure based on its formal type, substantial construction
(faced side) and area (16.5 sq m).
47
Feature E is atwo-tiered platform located 2.7 m west of the western wall of the Feature A enclo-
sure. The platform is roughly rectangular in shape and is 8.7 m long (northeast by southwest) and 3.0 m
wide. The sides of the structure are mostly collapsed ranging in height from 0.3 to 0.5 m. An intact section
built of stacked and faced cobbles and small boulders is present along the southwestern side of the plat-
form. This intact section ranges in height from 0.75 to 1.0 m.
The upper tier of the feature occupies the southeastern two-thirds of the structure. The surface of
this portion of the featwe consists of level but unpaved cobbles and small boulders. The lower tier abuts the
upper portion at its northwestern end. This tier is 0.15 m lower than the upper tier and contains a surface
comprised of a level cobble and pebble pavement. No cultural remains were noted on or azound the stmc-
ture. Feature E is interpreted as the foundation for a permanent habitation structure based on its fomtal
type, substantial constmction (faced sides, paved surface) and area (26.1 sq m). It is possible that the upper
tier may have served as the actual foundation with the paved lower tier functioning as a lanai azea.
Feature F is walled platform located 3.8 m southwest of Feature E. The platform is roughly rec-
tangulaz in shape and is 3.3 m long (northeast by southwest) and from 2.0 to 2.5 m wide. The sides of the
platform are built of stacked and faced cobbles and small boulders that vary in height from 0.65 to 1.4 m.
the surface of the platform consists of a pavement of small cobbles and pebbles that slopes slightly to the
northwest.
A stacked and faced cobble and small boulder wall extends along the northeast, southeast and a
portion of the southwestern side of the stmcture, ranging in width from 0.6 to 0.75 m. This wall is 0.5 to
0.65 m in height above the surface of the platform. No cultural remains were found in association with the
structure. Though smaller in area than typical permanent habitation structures (6.9 sq m), its formal type,
substantial constmction (paved surface, faced sides) and proximity to other permanent habitation features
of the site suggest that Feature F may have functioned as the foundation for a special purpose strncture.
Feature G is a terrace situated along the inland side of the Feature A enclosure at its southern end.
The retaining wall for this terrace is 7.3 m long (north-south) and from 0.75 to 0.9 m in height. An area of
level but unpaved cobbles and small boulders, similar to the surface of the Feature C terrace is located on
the inland side of the retaining wall, averaging 2.5 m in width. The area to the east of this consists of a rela-
tively level soil deposit with scattered cobbles and exposed outcrops. No cultural remains were present.
Feature G is interpreted as an ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of the site. This is
based on its formal type and association with the other elements of the site. It is possible that this terrace
functioned as an associated work or activity area.
Site 23832
Site 23832 is a complex of three features located in the inland portion of the projeM area at c.
1,245 elevation. The features consist of two U-shaped enclosures (Features A and B) and a walled terrace
(Feature C; Figure 3~. The site is located in an area of dense agricultural features and a kua'rwi extends in
inland and seaward directions from the Feature A enclosure, suggesting that the site may be associated with
agricultural activity in the area The site is unaltered and in fav condition.
Feature A is a roughly U-shaped enclosure that opens to the north. It is 11.0 m long (east-
northeast by west-southwest) and from 1.85 to 6.8 m wide. The walls are built of stacked cobbles and small
boulders, ranging in width from 1.2 to 1.45 m. The southern side of the wall and portions of the north side
have collapsed, though intact, faced sections are present along the north side. The intact sections range in
height from 0.8 to 1.1 m with the collapsed portions varying from 0.5 to 0.75 m high. The interior of the
enclosure consisu of a level soil deposit with scattered surface stones. No cultural remains were observed.
A low cobble, small boulder and soil kua'iwi extends to the east and west-southwest from the
inland and seaward ends of the Feature A enclosure. The kua'iwi (Feature G of Site 23839) appears to Lave
been built against the Feature A stmcture, suggesting that the enclosure is contemporaneous or even pre-
dates the kua'rwi. Feature A is interpreted as the foundation for a permanent habitation stmcture based on
its formal type, substantial constmction (faced sides) and area (50.4 sq m).
48
a~)
1
r`r.~ ~~C
(i.o) .
Piled cobble. hauldc and sod ICue'iwi
Daum
(o.as) m xel~ ~ mem,
(7 75) Feature C
1 Slope dveetioo
Level Bail with seetlaed wbblea
~C
0
N~Feced Bide rm~ rr n •'l,'1 0.75)
rf,
r r ^rr ll
~ r^ r (p.45)
C r JJ..~
1>> 1 (per j
1~ ".n p J
n•' 03 JJ
(p~~ ) ~
~ ~J
Level wil wbh amend sfmn
(0.75)
Site 23839, Feetme G I4u'iwi
(l.l
J
Level soil with eevtead amen ~ J
)
J
(1.0 ~
(p.85) ~
j J
J
(p.8) JJ
Site 23839. Feeturz G IZm'iwi (p.7) n.., r ~ ~ (p'~
r r JJ
^ n^^.. .rr~ ~
n J
J
L` n J JJ J.jJ
4u. JJ?J~J
tY~` v.J,J...t,~,'
J`+~y.' FeatureA
(p~v v (p.75)
Figure 34. Site 23832 Plan Map
49
Feature B is a U-shaped enclosure that opens to the south, located 3.3 m north of Feature A. The
enclosure is 7.0 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and from 5.0 to 5.7 m wide. The walls of the
enclosure are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in width from 1.1 to 1.45 m. The major-
ity of the structure has collapsed to the interior and exterior though intact, faced sections are present along
the exterior southwestern side, and in the interior southeastern corner. The interior of the enclosure consists
of a level soil deposit with scattered surface stones. No cultural remains were observed. Feature B is inter-
preted as the foundation for a permanent habitation structure based on its formal type, substantial construc-
tion (faced walls) and azea (33.9 sq m).
Feature C is arectangular-shaped walled terrace situated 5.0 m north of Feature B, located on the
southern edge of a gully that angles down to the north. The terrace is 8.7 m long (east-northeast by west-
southwest) and 6.8 m wide. The sloping cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located on the northern
side ofthe structure, ranging in height from 0.85 to 1.5 m. The remaining sides are built of stacked cobbles
and small boulders that range in height from 0.6 to ].2 m. The southern portion of the exterior side of the
terrace is faced. The surface is comprised of a level soil deposit with scattered surface stones. A single
Cypraeidae shell was noted on the surface ofthe feature in the northwestern corner.
A raised cobble and small boulder wall extends along the south side ofthe terrace and along the
southem ends ofthe east and west sides. This wall is 1.0 to 1.5 m wide and from 0.4 to 1.05 m in height
above the terrace surface. Feature C is interpreted as the foundation for a permanent habitation structure
based on its formal type, substantial construction (faced sides) and area (59.1 sq m). It is possible that a
structure once existed in the southern half of the terrace, over the raised wall, with the northern level soil
area functioning as an associated lanai.
Site 23833
Site 23833 is a stone wall that forms the eastern, inland boundary ofthe project area at elevations
ranging from c. 1,275 to 1,285 ft. The wall originates against the southem side of the Site 23829 wall and
extends to the south for 187.0 m where it terminates 15.0 m north ofthe Site 23824 wall (discussed below).
The southem end of Site 23833 has been destroyed, likely by construction activities associated with the
grubbing ofthe pazcel to the east. The examination ofthe intersection between Sites 23829 and 23833 indi-
cates that the Site 23833 wall is built against the Site 23829 wall, post-dating it.
The wall is built of stacked cobbles and small boulders with acore-filled interior of small cobbles
(Figure 35). It varies in width from 0.95 to 1.2 m at the base, 0.65 to 0.9 m at the top and 0.85 to 1.3 m in
height Site 23833 is interpreted as a livestock control feature based on its height and method of construc-
tion. It is altered and in fair to good condition.
Site 23834
Site 23834 is a stone wall that forms the southem project azea boundary at elevations ranging from
c. 980 to 1,275 ft. The wall is situated on the land division between O`oma 1 and 2. The inland end of the
wall has been destroyed likely during mechanical grubbing of the adjacent lot of the east. No evidence of
the wall was observed to the east ofthe project, though it likely originally continued in this dvection due to
its location on the ahupua'a boundary. The wall originates 11.5 m west of the southeastern comer of the
project azea and extends downslope in a roughly east-west direction for 345.0 m where it has been trnn-
cated by the construction of a dirt road that bisects the parcel in a north-south dvection. The wall is dis-
turbed for 43.0 in the azea of the dirt road. A metal gate and piles of bulldozed stone extend across this dis-
turbed area.
The wall continues to the west on the seaward side of the disturbed area for 465.0 m where it in-
tersects the southern end ofthe Site 22742 wall. The wall continues outside the parcel to the west an unde-
termined distance. Large portions of Site 23834 have collapsed, though intact sections indicate it originally
measured 1.0 to 1.4 m wide at the base, 0.75 to 1.0 m at the top and from 0.8 to 1.2 m in height. It is built
of stacked cobbles and small boulders with acore-filled interior of small cobbles (Figure 3~. As stated, the
50
r
~ `
19 ~
rrtt ~'~~~+:r
//fir. ~ cr Ct'
.,+r
q - rte.'- ~ay7~r a~I~ lea f,
j Y ~ A. ~.y
t~t' '3r ~ it
~ .1 ~R
:ti ".n
J ~ ~r~
fir 1 3'
Figure 35. Site 23833 Wall, view to south
g _ 4 1-
' _ yy `I r F 1 1 `
v l' 1 1 _ ~/ti ~ ~ ~
y r. j
;aj ~ ~
t ` ~
ii f ,i
~ • p +
~ ~
I ~t
a w
1 1 Y f
ti a
i S
v j.,
`.'.~'a ~1.. ~ s
Figure 36. Site 23834 Wall, view to east
si
wall is situated on the land division between O'oma 1 and 2. While it is probable that this wall marks a land
division, its primary function was to restrict the movement of cattle based on its method of construction and
height. Site 23834 is altered and in poor to good condition.
Site 23835
Site 23835 is a complex of habitation features and probable animal pens located in the southeast-
ern portion of the project area at c. 1,220 to 1,245 ft elevation. A total of 11 features were identified, con-
sisting of five enclosures (Features A, E, F, G and K), three terraces (Features C, D and H), two platforms
(Features I and J) and a wall (Feature B; Figure 3 The site is unaltered and in fair to good condition.
Feature A is a U-shaped enclosure open to the west. The enclosure is 6.1 m long (east-west) and
3.7 m wide. Stacked cobble and small boulder walls extend along the north, east and a portion of the south
side. A raised bedrock outcrop forms the southeastern side of the enclosure. The walls aze 0.9 to 1.3 m wide
and 0.5 to 0.75 m in height. The interior side of the north and east walls are faced. The interior of the enclo-
sure is comprised of a level soil deposit with no cultural remains. Feature A is interpreted as the foundation
for a permanent habitation structure. This is based on its formal type, substantial construction (faced sides)
and area (22. 5 sq m).
Feature B is piled cobble and small boulder wall situated 4.2 m west of the Feature A enclosure.
The wall originates against the northern side of the Feature F enclosure (discussed below) and extends 30.6
m to the north, terminating at the southwestern corner of the Feature D terrace (discussed below). The wall
is 2.0 to 2.5 m wide and from 0.45 to 0.7 m in height. No cultural remains were found in association with
the wall. Feature B is interpreted as an ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of the site,
functioning as a boundary wall that partially encloses the complex.
Feature C is a two tiered terrace located on the inland side of the Feature B wall, and south of the
Feature A enclosure. The upper tier extends between two raised bedrock outcrops at the north and south
ends. Cobbles have been stacked on the western side of the southern outcrop, 0.5 m in height. The upper
tier is 10.8 m long (north-northwest by south-southeast) and 7.5 m wide. A stacked cobble and small boul-
der retaining wall extends along the western, downslope side of this tier, ranging in height from 0.4 to 0.6
m. The upslope side consists of a low terrace retaining wall at the northern end and a collapsed piled wall at
the southern end. The retaining wall along this side is 8.1 m long (north-northwest by south-southeast) and
0.4 m in height, and retains an area of level soil to the east. The collapsed wall at the southern end is 5.1 m
long, 1.2 to 1.4 m wide and 0.6 m in height. A possible step comprised of several small boulders is located
on the western side of the collapsed wall. This may have functioned as stairway connecting the upper tier
with the area of level soil to the east.
The lower tier abuts the upper tier to the west. This portion of the feature is 20.4 m long (north-
northwest by south-southeast) and 1.5 to 4.2 m wide. The northern two-thirds of the terrace surface slopes
moderately to [he west, with the southern one-third consisting of a level soil deposit. The sloping portion is
bordered on the downslope side by a pahoehoe outcrop and the Feature B wall. The level soil portion evi-
dences astacked cobble and small boulder retaining wall that ranges in height from 0.3 to 0.6 m. The area
to the west of the lower tier slopes to the west. No cultural remains were present at Feature C.
Feature C is interpreted as a probable ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of
the site, potentially functioning as a work or activity area. This is based on its formal type and association
with the other features of the site. It is also possible that the upper tier may have served as the foundation
for a pole and thatched roof structure with the lower tier functioning as a lanai.
Feature D is a terrace situated at the northern end of the Feature B wall. There is a stacked and
faced cobble and small boulder retaining wall located on the western, downslope side of the feature. This
wall is 4.5 m long (north-northeast by south-southwest) and averages 1.0 m in height. There is an area of
level soil located on the upslope side of the wall that is 6.2 m long (east-west) by 4.2 m wide. No cultural
remains were observed on the terrace. Feature D is interpreted as a possible foundation for a pole and
52
aC B
w / ~ o
o : North ~r L` ~ ~
- $ 'J o LL
p A ? M Irl Inl
^ s Y W LI
j ~ ® i+l M I
j? ~ ~ Ib IN I+el
0 o E r' e
$
e ~ g'
'.3 0 l.v ..i
y O
Y y „
qqp H V
g $ ~ ~ I m O
s ~ C
V y ~
I - a ~ =
a s
w ~ ~ o
~ ~
p vl O
w ~ V N O
O ~ ~ P
w
m
v ~
Fr- ~ e
d
0 0 ~ G ~ ~O ~ W
6 w^i
e ° o
a
n
n ^ v
~J Y
V V~ O }1 v b N
v VV j
Li~+T ~ v
0
~ ~ w ~ a
r
e C] [ ~
F
v~ a
d 0 ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ' v
~ _
q M M F+1 b
pp0 p g1 0 o~p 5~.~ MbMna
V ~
Q p O p ~
~ 0 e I=, ° ° m ~
~ c°On
w
6000 0 ~ ~XX ~ ° °oa ~ a ~ ~n
v §9~
Q Op o p i~ ~ °0~ ° ~~$S w M
° ~ q~ ~ ~
rl -..I
w
53
thatched roofed structure based on its formal type, substantial construction (faced wall), and azea (26.0 sq
m).
Feature E is anoval-shaped, low walled enclosure located 9.5 m northwest of Featttre D. It is 3.9
m long (north-south) and 2.55 m wide with walls built of piled cobbles and small boulders. The walls range
in width from 0.6 to 0.8 m and in height from 0.25 to 0.6 m. No entrance into the enclosure is present. The
interior is a level soil deposit with scattered cobbles. A single Cypraeidae shell was noted inside the enclo-
sure.
A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit (TU-7) was excavated into the interior of the enclosure (see Figure 3~.
This excavation revealed a single soil deposit overlying bedrock. Layer I consisted of 0.18 to 0.19 m of a
brown (]OYR 4/3) silty loam with 50% cobble and pebble inclusions over bedrock. No cultural remains
were present.
Featwe E is interpreted as ancillary feature of undetermined function associated with the perma-
nent habitation of the site. Although too small and informally constructed to have functioned as an animal
pen or structural foundation, its close proximity to the other features of the site, and the presence of the
marine shell suggest that it is likely associated with the other features of the site.
Feature F is a lazge roughly rectangular-shaped enclosure located at the southem end of the site.
The south end of the Feature B wall terminates against the northern wall of the enclosure. The feature is
26.5 m long (northeast by southwest) and 10.8 m wide, with walls built of stacked and piled cobbles and
small boulders. The walls vary in width from 1.3 to 2.0 m and in height from 0.45 to 0.9 m. The interior
side of the enclosure at the inland end is faced. No entrance into the enclosure is present.
The north, east and west sides consist of freestanding walls, with the south side consisting of a
sloping wall that angles down to the north from an area of level soil located to the south. The interior of the
enclosure is comprised of soil and low exposed outcrops with scattered cobbles. The ground surface within
~ the feature slopes slightly to the west. No cultural remains were observed. Feature F is interpreted as a
probable animal enclosure associated with the permanent habitation of the site. This is based on its large
size (286.2 sq m), better built (faced) interior wall faces, and lack of an entrance.
1
Feature G is a rectangulaz enclosure built against the inland side of the Feature F enclosure. It is
7.8 m long (north-northwest by south-southeast) and 4.5 m wide, with walls built of stacked cobbles and
small boulders that range in width from 1.1 to 1.8 m and in height from 0.4 to 0.8 m. The exterior side of
the eastem wall is faced and in the interior contains scattered cobbles with no cultural remains. No entrance
into the enclosure is present. Feature G is also interpreted as an animal enclosure based on its association
with Feature F and lack of an entrance.
Feature H is arectangular-shaped terrace Located 11.0 m west of the seaward end of the Feature F
enclosure. The terrace is built at the base of a slope that angles down to the west-southwest and is 7.05 m
long (north-northwest by south-southeast) and 4.2 m wide. Stacked cobble and small boulder retaining
walls extend along the north, south and west sides of the structure, with the eastem side abutting the base of
the slope. These walls range in height from 0.2 to 1.5 m. The southem side and the southem end of the
western side are faced. The surface of the terrace is comprised of uneven cobbles around the perimeter,
with an area of a level cobble pavement in the center. No cultural remains were noted. Feature H is inter-
preted as the foundation for a permanent habitation structure based on its formal type, substantial construc-
tion (faced side, paved surface) and area (35.1 sq m).
Feature I is a small platform located 5.] m northeast of the possible step within the Featrtre C ter-
race, in an area of level soil. The platform is roughly oval in shape and is 2.7 m long (east-west) and 1.65 m
wide, with sides built of stacked and faced cobbles and small boulders. The sides of the platform range in
height from 0.38 to 0.45 m. The surface of the feature is comprised of level but unpaved cobbles. No cul-
tural remains were present on the surface.
54
A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-6) was excavated into the center of the platform (see Frgure 3 This
excavation revealed a single layer of soil over bedrock. Layer I consisted of 0.66 to 0.69 m of a dark yel-
lowish brown (lOYR 3/4) silty loam with 50% cobble and pebble inclusions. The surface of the unit is
capped with a single course of cobbles. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of a large Pateffidae shell
(12.7 grams), six fragments of Isognomon shell (1.9 gams), and a fragment of a basalt goundstone tool
(71.3 grams). This fragment which appears to represent the basal portion of a basalt adze is 43 mm long, 37
mm wide and 29 mm thick and evidences two smooth facets.
Feature I is interpreted as an ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of the site,
primarily on its close proximity to other features of the site. The platform may have functioned as site fur-
niture.
Feature J is a lineaz mound or collapsed platform situated 1.5 m east of Feature I. It is 3.3 m long
(east-west), 1.0 to ].2 m wide and 0.1 to 0.4 m in height. The sides of the feature aze built of stacked and
piled cobbles and small boulders and the surface consists of level cobbles and pebbles. No cultural remains
were observed. Feature J is also interpreted as a permanent habitation, ancillary feature which may have
functioned as site furniture. This is based on its similarity to Feature I and close proximity to other features
of the site.
Feature K is a roughly rectangular-shaped enclosure located 7.2 m east of Feature J and 8.4 m
east-northeast of Feature G. The enclosure is similaz to the Feature F enclosure in that its southern-most
side consists of a sloping wall that angles down to the northwest from an azea of level soil located to the
south. The remaining sides of the enclosure consist of free-standing walls that range in width from 1.] to
1.6 m and in height from 0.4 to 0.8 m. The feature is 6.6 m to 11.5 m long (northeast by southwest) and 8.1
m wide with an interior comprised of soil with scattered cobbles. No cultural remains were observed. There
is a 1.2 m wide entrance into the enclosure in the northem wall at the northeastern end. Feature K is inter-
preted as a possible animal enclosure used in conjunction with the permanent habitation of the site. This is
based on its formal type, azea (69.8 sq m), and its association with other permanent habitation features.
Site 23836
Site 23836 is a permanent habitation complex consisting of four features located in the inland por-
tion of the project azea at c. 1,275-1,280 ft elevation. The features consist of an enclosure (Feature A), a
cave (Feature B), a platform (Feature C) and a terrace (Feature D; Figure 38). The site is unaltered and in
fair to good condition.
Feature A is an irzegularly-shaped enclosure that is constructed against the northern side of the
Site 23839, Feature I kua'iwi. The feature is 14.5 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and 1.1 to 3.1
m wide at its southern end. A narrowed passage extends to the north from the center of the southern portion
of the feature. This passage is 5.6 m long (north-south) and 1.45 m wide. The enclosure then angles to the
west for 6.2 m to where it terminates. The walls of the enclosure are stacked and piled cobbles and small
boulders that vary in width from 0.65 to 1.4 m and in height from 0.25 to 0.8 m. Several vertically posi-
tioned pahoehoe slabs are incorporated into the interior side of the enclosure, along the eastern and western
sides. A section of faced wall was observed along the southern side of the northem wall. The interior of the
enclosure consists of a level soil deposit with scattered surface stones. No cultural remains were observed.
Feature A is interpreted as a possible animal pen utilized by the inhabitants of the site, potentially
used to restrict the movement of pigs. This interpretation is based on the unusual shape of the feature,
which is unlike any habitation feature, the better built interior wall faces, and lack of an entrance. The rela-
tively low wall height potentially indicates that the enclosure was used to contain pigs because higher walls
would be necessary to contain cattle.
Feature B is a cave with two entrances situated to the east of Feature A. The western entrance is
1.3 m northeast of the northeastern comer of the Feature A enclosure. The entrance is 0.7 m wide and 0.65
m in height. A 0.4 m tall rubble wall is situated outside this entrance to the west and the ground surface
55
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slopes down into the cave towards the east. This entrance opens onto a roughly oval-shaped chamber that is
7.5 m long (east-west) and 0.85 to 2.8 m wide. A concentration of pig bone is situated at the western end of
the chamber. The ceiling heights vary from 0.75 to 1.2 m and the floor is comprised of a thin soil deposit
over bedrock, with scattered kukui nut shells.
The second entrance into Feature B is situated at the eastern end of the cave. It is 1.0 m wide and
0.85 m in height. A rnbble-filled sinkhole is located outside the entrance to the east. This sinkhole is 3.2 m
long (east-west), 2.1 m wide and 1.0 m in depth below the surrounding ground surface.
Feature B is interpreted as an ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of the site,
potentially functioning as a shelter or storage azea. This is based on its formal type and close proximity to
the other elements of the site.
Feature C is a low rectangulaz-shaped platform located 3.6 mnorth-northwest of the northwestern
end of the Feature A enclosure. A 0.3 m high rubble wall extends between the two features. The platform is
4.6 m long and 3.5 m wide, with sides built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that vary in height from
0.15 to 0.4 m. The western side of the platform is faced and the surface is comprised of a level cobble
pavement. No cultural remains were noted.
A 0.9 by 0.75 m test unit (TU-9) was excavated into the center of the platform (see Figure 38).
This excavation revealed an azchitectural layer (Layer I) above a soil deposit (Layer II) over bedrock. Layer
I consisted of 0.14 to 0.18 m of tightly packed cobbles and pebbles. The base of Layer I intrnded into the
Layer II soil deposit and no evidence was found to indicate that it had been built during more than a single
construction episode. No cultural remains were present in Layer I. i.ayer II consisted of 0.19 to 0.22 m of a
brown (1 OYR 4/3) silty loam with 50% cobble and pebble inclusions. Cultural remains from Layer II con-
sisted of eight kukui nut shells (23.1 grams).
Feature C is interpreted as the foundation for a permanent habitation structure. This is based on its
formal type, substantial construction (faced side, paved surface) and area (16.1 sq m).
Feature D is a rectangulaz terace located adjacent to Feature C to the west-southwest. The terrace
is built on a pahoehoe outcrop above a slight slope that angles down to the west. It is 4.35 m long (north-
northwest by south-southeast) and 2.65 m wide, with a stacked and faced cobble and small boulder retain-
ing wall along the western side. The eastern side of the terrace abuts the western side of Feature C. The
surface is comprised of a level soil deposit with scattered cobbles. No cultural remains were present. Fea-
ture D is interpreted as an ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of the site, likely func-
fioning as a lanai associated with the Feature C platform. This is based on its formal type, substantial con-
stmction (faced side) and proximity to Feature C.
Site 23837
Site 23837 is a small cave located in the inland portion of the project area at c. 1,255 ft elevation.
The entrance into the cave is comprised of a collapsed sinkhole that slopes down to the west (Figure 39).
The sinkhole is 2.95 m long (northwest by southeast), 2.6 m wide and 0.8 m deep below ground surface.
The entrance to the cave is at the western end of the sinkhole, consisting of an opening that is 2.2 m wide
and 0.75 m in height. This opens onto an irregulazly-shaped passage that is 11.8 m long (north-south) and
from 0.6 to 3.9 m wide. The ceiling heights vary from 0.3 to 1.3 m and the cave floor is comprised of baze
lava. Two areas of roof fall that appeaz to have been cleared from the central portion of the cave aze located
just in from the entrance. This cleazed area is 2.6 m long (north-south) by 2.2 m wide and contains scattered
kukui nut shells. No other cultural remain were observed. Site 23837 is interpreted as a temporary habita-
tion shelter based on its formal type and the internal modification. The site is unaltered and in good condi-
tion.
57
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58
Site 23838
Site 23838 is a complex of seven permanent habitation features located in the northeastern portion
of the project at elevations ranging from 1,275 to 1,285 ft. The site is situated 3.75 to 7.25 m south of the
Site 23829 wall in an area of level and sloping soil with scattered surface stones and exposed pahoehoe
outcrops (Figure 40). The features consists of two platforms (Features A and C), a wall (Feature B) and
four slab mounds (Features D-G). Site 23838 is unaltered and in fair to good condition.
Feature A is a rectangulaz platform located at the southwestern end of the site. The platform is
6.25 m long (east-west) and 4.6 to 5.75 m wide. The sides of the platform aze constructed of stacked and
faced cobbles, small boulders and pahoehoe slabs, ranging in height from 0.65 to 0.9 m. There is a raised,
mounded area on the surface of the platform in the northeastern portion that is 4.0 m long (east-west) by 3.1
m wide. This mounded area is I.1 m in height above the surrounding ground surface and 0.4 to 0.45 m in
height above the remainder of the platform's surface. The rest of the platform surface consists of level, but
unpaved cobbles and small boulders. No cultural remains were noted. Feature A is interpreted as the foun-
dation for a permanent habitation structure based on its formal type, substantial construction (faced sides)
and area (32.8 sq m).
Feature B is a stone wall that forms the southern and eastem boundary of the site. It originates at
the southeast comer of Feature A and extends 19.25 m to the east-southeast. It then angles to the north for
6.6 m where it terminates at the southeastern corner of the Feature C platform (discussed below). The wall
is constructed of stacked cobbles, small boulders and pahoehoe slabs and varies in width from 1.05 to 1.3
m. The majority of the wall is intact, except for the exterior side along the southeast and eastern portions.
The intact sections of wall range in height from 0.7 to 1.0 m. No cultural remains were found in association
with the wall.
Feature B is interpreted as an ancillary feature associated with the permanent habitation of the site,
functioning to delineate the boundaries of a yard that partially enclosed the remaining features. As this site
likely pre-dates the Site 23829 livestock control wall, it is possible that additional enclosure walls and fea-
tures may have existed to the north, which may have been used for Site 23829 wall.
Feature C is a rectangular platform situated at the northern end of the Feature B wall. The plat-
form is 5.1 to 5.4 m long (north-northwest by south-southeast) and 3.8 to 4.I m wide. The eastem side of
the structure has collapsed outward, though the north, south and west sides are intact and faced, ranging in
height from 0.6 to 1.1 m. The intact sides are constructed of stacked cobbles, small boulders and pahoehoe
slabs. The majority of the platform's surface consists of level but unpaved cobbles; however, there is a
raised, mounded azea situated at the northern end of the structure. Tlvs raised area is 2.75 m long (north-
south) and 2.2 m wide. It is 1.2 m in height above the surrounding ground surface and 0.4 to 0.6 m in height
above the platform surface. No cultural remains were present. Feature C is interpreted as the foundation for
permanent habitation structure based on its formal type, substantial construction (faced sides) and area
(19.5 sq m).
Features D through G consists of stacked mounds of large flat pahoehoe slabs located in an area
of level soil between the Feature A and C platforms and north of the Feature B wall. These mounds consist
of from three to six slabs and range in length from 2.0 to 4.0 m long, 1.2 to 1.6 m wide and 0.3 to 0.9 m in
height. No cultural remains were found in association with these slab mounds. Features D through G are
interpreted as ancillary features associated with the permanent habitation of the site, potentially functioning
as site furniture. This is based primarily on their close proximity to the other features of the site.
A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit (TU-4) was excavated into the level soil deposit, between Features C, D
and E (see Figure 40). This excavation revealed a single soil deposit over bedrock. Layer I consists of 0.1
to 0.2 m of a dark brown (lOYR 3/3) silty loam with ]0% cobble inclusions. Cultural remains within this
deposit consisted of two kukui nut shells which were not collected. The excavation of TU-4 was terminated
on the bedrock substrate.
59
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60
Site 23839
Site 23839 is a complex of an estimated 1,981 features interpreted as elements of the Kona Field
System. The distribution of these features is presented in Figures Sa and 8b. The features consist of clear-
ing features (mounds/modified outcrops), kua'iwi, enclosures, terraces, and field boundaries. 7'he features
aze crudely constructed of piled basalt cobbles and boulders, with no artifacts or food remains present. The
mounds and modified outcrops consist of piles of stones that were likely cleared from nearby planting ar-
eas. T'he terraces were constructed to retain soil for planting. The field boundaries and kua'iwi are clearing
features that functioned to delineate agricultural fields.
Clearing Features were observed throughout the project area at all elevations during the survey
of the parcel. Due to the large number of the mounds and modified outcrops observed within the project
area, they were not individually recorded. Individual features were recorded in a 10.0 m wide density tran-
sect to provide a basis for estimating the overall number of mounds and modified outcrops present within
the project area. The transect was oriented th aninland-seaward direction and extended between the eastern
I and western project area boundaries a distance of 869.0 m. A total of 39 mounds and 55 modified outcrops
were recorded within the density transect.
j The distribution of the 94 clearing pile features was examined to determine if variations in feature
J density was dependent on elevation. The density transect was divided into 3 equal elevation zones, each
occupying 0.715-acres. Zone 1 extended from 1,000 to 1,090 ft. Zone 2 extended from 1,090 to 1,185 ft
and Zone 3 extended from 1,185 to 1,290 ft. Table 4 summarizes the clearing features identified within the
transect zones and estimates the total number of mounds and modified outcrops within the parcel using
density data from the transect.
As indicated in Table 4, a total of ]2 mounds and 29 modified outcrops were identified within
Zone ] .This results in a per acre feature density within the Zone 1 portion of the transect of 17 mounds and
41 modified outcrops. Based on the remaining 13.65 acres within Zone 1, it is estimated that there are an
additional 229 mounds and 554 modified outcrops present. Adding the estimated number of features with
the number of actual features recorded in the transect, there is an estimated total of 241 mounds and 583
modified outcrops simated between 1,000 and 1,090 ft elevation.
1n Zone 2, 12 mounds and 13 modified outcrops were documented, resulting in a per acre density
of ]7 mounds and 18 modified outcrops within the transect. This indicates that there are potentially 229
mounds and 248 modified outcrops in the remaining portion of Zone 2, with a total of 241 mounds and 261
modified outcrops situated between c. 1,090 and 1,185 ft elevation.
Tn Zone 3, 15 mounds and 13 modified outcrops were documented, resulting in a per acre density
of 21 mounds and 18 modified outcrops. Using these density values there are an estimated 286 mounds and
248 modified outcrops in the remaining portion of Zone 3, with a total of 301 mounds and 261 modified
outcrops between c. 1,185 and 1,290 ft elevation.
The results of the density transect analysis indicates that the majority of the clearing features (n=
824 or 44%) are situated below 1,090 ft elevation, within Zone 1. The per acre density within this zone is
57 clearing piles per acre. The density of features drops to 35 features per acre in Zone 2, with a total 502
clearing piles or 26%. The density of clearing features increases slightly in Zone 3 to 39 features per acre
(n=563 or 30% of total). These findings indicate that throughout the project area there aze potentially a
total of 1,889 clearing piles consisting of 1,105 modified outcrops and 784 mounds.
As stated, 39 mounds and 55 modified outcrops were recorded within the density transect. The
recording consisted of documenting the length, width, height and shape of the features. Table 5 presents a
summary of the recorded clearing features. The modified outcrops range in length from 0.85 to 5.5 m (av-
eraging 2.51 m), in width from 0.5 to 3.0 m (averaging 1.45 m) and in height from 0.3 to 1.2 m (averaging
61
Table 4. Estimated Number of Clearing Features
Zone 1 = 1000-1090ft Mounds Modified Total
Outcro
Acres of Transect in Zone 1 = 0.715
No. of features recorded in Zone 1 Transect 12 29 41
Features per acre in Zone 1 transect 17 41 57
Remaining acres in Zone 1 = 13.65
Est. No. of features in remaining Zone 1 229 554 783
Subtotal estimated features in Zone 1 241 583 824
Zone 2 = 1090-1185ft
Acres of Transect in Zone 2 = 0.715
No. of features recorded in Zone 2 Transect 12 13 25
Features per acre in Zone 2 transect 17 18 35
Remaining acres in Zone 2 = 13.65
Est. No. of features in remaining Zone 2 229 248 477
Total estimated features in Zone 2 241 261 502
Zone 3 = 1185-1290ft
Acres of Transect in Zone 3 = 0.715
No. of features recorded in Zone 3 Transect 15 13 28
Features per acre in Zone 3 transect 21 18 39
Remaining acres in Zone 3 = 13.65
Est. No. of features in remaining Zone 3 286 248 535
Total estimated features in Zone 3 301 261 563
Grand Total 784 1105 1889
0.55 m). The majority of the modified outcrops aze irregularly-shaped (n=42), with the reminder consisting
of eight oval-shaped features and seven lineaz features.
The mounds range in length from 1.1 to 8.5 m (averaging 2.91 m), in width from 0.95 to 2.5 m (averaging
1.51 m) and in height from 0.3 to 1.5 m (averaging 0.63 m). The majority of the mounds aze oval in shape
(n=21), with the remainder consisting of 14 irregulazly-shaped features and four lineaz mounds. Examples
of the Site 23839 clearing piles aze illustrated in Figures 41 and 42.
Two additional modified outcrops were documented during the project (Features CJ and CK). This
brings the total recorded modified outcrops to 57. These features aze located neaz the southem project area
boundary, 25.0 m northeast of the southern end of the dirt road that bisects the pazcel. These features were
recorded because one of the modified outcrops (Feature CK) contained an excavated pit in its center.
62
Table 5. Summary of Site 23839 Recorded Mounds and Modified Outcrops
Feature TYPe Lan th Width Hei ht Sha Zone Fbld No.
T Mound 2.10 1.95 1.50 Oval 3 125a
U Motlfied oulcro 3.00 1.50 1.20 Oval 3 121
W Mound 1.50 1.40 0.40 irregular 3 108b
X Mound 3.00 1.95 0.90 Oval 3 108a
AA Modified outgo 4.00 1.50 0.60 Oval 3 107
AB Mound 1.50 1.00 0.35 Oval 3 105t
AC Mound 1.10 0.95 0.60 Irregular 3 105e
AD Mountl 3.00 1.50 0.60 Oval 3 7054
AE Mound 2.00 1.50 0.80 Oval 3 105c
AF Modified outgo 2.00 2.00 0.85 Irtegular 3 tOSb
AG Mound 3.80 2.50 1.10 Irregular 3 105a
AH Motlified oulao 3.00 1.50 0.80 Irtegular 3 104d
Al Modifietl outgo 1.80 1.40 1.00 Irregular 3 104c
AJ Modified outgo 3.00 2.00 0.75 Oval 3 104b
AK Modified outcro 2.00 1.50 0.60 Oval g 104a
AL Modifietl outgo 2.00 2.00 0.80 Oval g 103
AN Motlfied outcro 2.90 1.00 0.80 Irregular 3 102
AO Motlified oulcro 4.117 1.50 0.40 Irregular 3 700
AP Mound 1.50 1.50 0.45 Irregular 3 gg
AO Modifietl oulao 3.00 1.50 0.50 Irregular 3 97b
AT Mountl 2.00 1.00 0.35 Oval 3 90F
AU Mound 1.30 1.25 0.30 Irregular 3 gDe
AV Mound 2.00 1.00 0.40 Oval 3 90d
AW Mound 3.00 1.50 0.50 Irtegular 3 90c
AX Modified outcro 3.00 1.00 0.40 Oval 3 906
AY Mountl 1.50 1.05 0.80 Oval 3 90a
AZ Mound 2.00 1.50 0.80 Irregular 3 92
CL Mound 3.D0 2.00 0.90 Oval 2 87
CN Mound 2.00 1.50 0.70 Oval 2 85
CO Mound 1.10 1.00 0.60 Irte ular 2 83
CP Mound 1.90 1.00 0.45 Oval 2 81
CO Motlified outgo 3.10 0.55 0.30 Irregular 3 79a
CR Modified outcro 5.50 2.90 0.45 Irregular 2 79b
CS Motlified oulcro 2.80 1.50 0.40 Irregular 2 78a
CT Modified outcro 2.00 1.50 0.45 Irtegular 2 78b
CU Mound 2.50 1.90 0.40 Oval 2 77a
CV Mcuntl 2.10 1.20 0.45 Oval 2 74b
CW Mound 8.50 1.40 0.50 Linear 2 74a
CX Mound 5.40 1.90 0.70 Oval 2 74c
DC Modified outcro 1.50 1.00 0.45 Irregular 2 64a
DD Mound 3.80 1.00 0.50 Linear 2 64c
DE Mountl 1.70 1.50 0.40 Irtegular 2 64D
DF Modified outcro 1.90 1.40 0.50 Irtegular 2 63a
DG Modifietl outcro 2.70 0.75 0.30 Irregular 2 60b
DH Mound 7.50 7.30 0.65 Linear 2 59
DI Modified outgo 1.70 1.40 0.60 Irtegular 2 SBa
DJ Modifietl outgo 2.00 1.60 0.75 Irtegular 2 58D
DK Modifietl outcro 2.20 1.50 0.60 Linear 2 57a
63
Table 5. Summary of Site 23839 Recorded Mounds and Modified Outcrops (cont.)
DL Modified outuo 4.20 7.50 0.55 Linear 2 57b
DN Modified outcro 2.90 1.90 0.58 Irregular 2 ytb
DO Mound 2.20 2.00 0.70 Oval 2 53
DP Modified outuo 1.70 1.50 0.45 Irregular 2 47
DO Modfied outcro 7.70 1.40 0.70 Irregular 2 55
DR Motlified outcro 3.20 1.80 0.35 Irtegular 1 57
DS Mound 1.30 7.20 0.45 Irregular 1 50
DT Modified outuo 4.50 1.80 0.60 Linear 1 45a
DU Modified outcro 1.70 1.30 0.85 Irregular 1 42a
DV Mound 2.80 2.20 0.75 Oval 1 45D
DY Mound 1.70 1.50 0.65 Oval 7 ~
DZ Motlified outgo 2.50 7.70 0.75 Irtegular 1 40
EA Modified outcro 1.50 0.75 0.30 Irregular 7 30f
EB Mound 4.20 1.00 0.60 Linear 1 30e
~ EC Mound 4.90 1.70 0.85 Irregular 1 yq
~ ED Mound 7.20 1.80 0.75 Irregular 1 28a
EE Mound 1.90 1.70 0.65 Oval 1 28b
EF Modified outuo 1.40 1.00 0.45 Irtegular 1 2Bt
EG Motlfied outcro 2.90 7.50 0.45 Linear 1 28i
EH Maund 2.70 1.90 0.60 Oval 1 23c
EI Motlfietl outuo 2.50 2.00 0.50 Irregular 1 23d
EJ Modified outcro 2.75 2.10 0.75 Irregular 1 22a
EK Modified outuo 1.60 1.00 0.45 Irregular 7 ~b
EL Modified outgo 4.80 1.30 0.50 Linear 1 20a
EM Modified outcro 2.90 2.50 0.65 Irregular 1 23e
EN Modified outuo 0.90 0.60 0.30 Irregular t 2gb
EO Motlified outcro 1.80 1.30 0.45 Oval 1 20c
EP Mountl 2.20 120 0.40 Irregular 1 15a
EO Modified ouluo 1.30 1.00 0.30 Irregular 1 15b
ER Modified outcro 3.50 1.30 0.45 Irtegular 1 750
ES Modifietl outuo 2.00 1.70 0.40 Irtegular 1 tta
ET Modifietl outcro 1.60 1.50 0.55 Irtegular 1 72
EU Mound 3.00 1.80 0.45 Oval 1 11c
EV Mound 3.50 2.20 0.75 Irregular 1 11b
EW Modified outcro 1.40 1.00 0.35 Irtegular 7 11d
EX Modified outuo 1.30 1.20 0.40 Irregular 1 77e
EY Modified outuo 5.10 3.00 0.55 Irregular 7 gc
EZ Motlified outcro 1.60 1.40 0.75 Oval 1 9a
FA Motlified ouluo 0.95 0.80 0.60 Irtegular 1 gb
FB Mountl 1.20 1.70 0.75 Oval 1 6a
FC Modified outuo 4.50 1.30 0.60 Irregular 1 6b
FD Modified outuo 3.20 1.00 0.55 Irregular 1 6c
FE Motlified outgo 1.20 1.00 0.30 Irregular 1 ~
FF Modified outgo 2.30 2.00 0.75 Irregular 7 ~
FG Modified outcro 1.30 1.00 0.45 Irregular 1 Bf
FH Motlified outuo 0.85 0.50 0.30 Irtegular 1 g
64
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Figure 41. Site 22839, Feature CT Modified Outcrop, view to southeast
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Figure 42. Site 22839, Feature AE Mound, view to north
65
Feature CJ is an ova]-shaped pile of cobbles and small boulders built on a low pahoehoe outcrop
adjacent to an area of level soil to the south (Figure 43). The features is 4.3 m long (north-northwest by
south-southeast) and 2. ] to 4.2 m wide. The surface of the modified outcrop is slightly domed and ranges in
height from 0.2 to 0.6 m above the surface of the outcrop. No cultural remains were noted.
Feature CK is situated 2.4 m southwest of Feature CJ, on the same outcrop. This modified outcrop
is oval-shaped and is 3.4 m long (north-south) by 2.5 m wide. It is built of piled cobbles, with an irregular
surface that is 0.1 to 0.4 m in height above the outcrop. No cultural remains were noted. A recently exca-
vated pit is located in the center of the feature, measuring 0.45 m long (north-south), 03 m wide and 0.4 m
in depth. A 0.75 by 0.75 m test unit (TU-8) was excavated in to the surface of the feature, adjacent to the
pit to the southwest. This excavation revealed a stone layer (Layer I), above a soil deposit (Layer II), over
bedrock (see Figure 43). Layer I consisted of 0.38 to 0.4 m of tightly packed cobbles and pebbles with no
cultural remains present. The base of Layer I intruded slightly into the Layer II soil deposit. Layer II con-
sisted of 0.18 to 0.2 m of a brown (lOYR 4/3) silt loam with 20% cobble and pebble inclusions, with no
cultural remains. The results of this excavation indicate that the modified outcrop was constructed over a
slight declivity in the surface bedrock. The informal construction and absence of cultural remains at Fea-
lures CJ and CK indicate an agricultural function.
' Agricultural Fields delineated by kua`iwi, field boundaries and terraces aze scattered throughout
the project area. The survey identified 35 kua'iwi, seven field boundaries and seven terraces. The physical
characteristics of the kua'iwi and field boundaries and summarized in Table 6 and Table 7 summarizes the
terraces. The kua'iwi are linear features generally oriented in inland-seaward directions, which were likely
created by clearing surface stones from adjacent areas. The kua'iwi within the project area range in length
from 11.5 to 155.0 m with an average length of 48.7 m. These features range in width from 1.0 to 3.0 m
(averaging 1.88 m) and in height from 0.3 to 1.2 m (averaging 0.66 m). The majority of these features aze
constructed of piled cobbles and small boulders (n=27), with the remaining eight kua'rwi evidencing some
stacking. Twenty-five of the features are linear and ten are linear with slight jogs. Figures 44 and 95 depict
examples of the kua'rwi recorded within the parcel.
The field boundaries are typically comprised of linear cross-slope walls similar in constmction to
the kua'iwi. The field boundazies differ from terraces in that they do not retain soil on their upslope sides.
The field boundaries in the project area range in length from 7.1 to 48.9 m (averaging 22.8 m long), in
width from 1.0 to 3.0 m (averaging 1.54 m wide) and in height from 0.35 to 1.25 (averaging 0.7 m in
height). Four of the field boundaries are constructed of piled cobbles and small boulders and three are built
of stacked and piled stones. Figure 46 illustrates a Site 23839 field boundary.
The seven terraces aze cross-slope features that functioning to retain soil on their upslope sides for
planting. These features range in length from 5.] to 26.3 m (averaging 14.26 m long) and in width from 1.0
to 3.6 m (averaging 1.6 m wide). The terraces range in height on the upslope side from 0.0 to 0.4 (averag-
ing 0.13 m) and on the downslope side from 0.5 to I.0 m (averaging 0.75 m). These linear features consist
of three built of piled cobbles and small boulders and four constructed of both stacked and piled stones.
Figure 47 depicts a Site 23839 terrace.
Planting enclosures associated with the Site 23839 complex were identified in 22 locations
within the project area. The majority of these enclosures (n=17) are situated in the inland portion of the
parcel, with the remaining five located seaward of the dirt road that bisects the project area. The enclosures
aze generally informally constructed of piled cobbles and small boulders, though five evidenced some
stacking. Table 8 summazizes the physical characteristics of the enclosures. The features range in length
from 6.0 to 43.6 m (averaging 14.87 m long) and in width from 1.5 to 40.5 m (averaging 8.37 m wide). The
walls of the enclosures vary in width from 0.6 to 2.5 m (averaging 1.39 m wide) and in height from 0.2 to
].2 m (averaging 0.6 m tall). The shapes of the enclosures consist of oval (n=7), rectangular (n=7), trape-
zoidal (n=4), triangular (n=2) and irregular (n=2). The interior of the enclosures typically consist of soil
with scattered surface stones, with no cultural remains. These enclosures are interpreted as delineating the
boundazies of fields based on thew formal type and absence of cultural remains. Figures 48 and 49 depict
examples of the Site 23839 agricultural enclosures. The Feature CI enclosure is also illustrated in Figure
51.
66
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67
Table 8. Summary of Site 23839 Kua'iwi and Field Boundaries
Feature Type Len th Width Hei M Sha Construction Field No.
A Kuaiwi 38.30 1.8-2.6 0.5-0.8 Linear Piled cobbles and small boultlers 453
B Kuahvi 53.90 1.3-2.8 0.4-0.8 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 463
C KuaNri 42.50 1.52.5 0.5-0.75 Linear wi01 jog Piled cobbles antl small boukters 147a
D Fieltl boundary 33.20 1.0.1.4 0.8-1.0 Linear Stacked and piled cobbles antl small boulders 147
G Kuaiwi 155.00 1.2-2.5 0.4-1.0 Linear with jog Stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders 160
1 Kuaiwi 35.90 1.0-2.5 0.5-1.1 Linear Stacked and piled wbbles and small boultlers 146
J Fieltl boundary 8.00 1.52.7 0.5-0.9 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 149a
K Kuaiwi 41.60 1.5-2.5 0.45-1.2 Linear Stacked and piled wbbles and small boulders 154
L Kuaiwi 42.00 1.4-2.5 0.51.0 Linear Piled wbbles and small boultlers 152
N Kuaiwi 11.50 1.7-2.0 0.5-0.8 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 159
O Kuaiwi 33.00 2.0.2.5 0.5-0.75 Linear with jog Piled wbbles antl small boulders 161 b/161d
O Kuaiwi 30.80 1.2-2.2 0.75-1.2 Linear Stacked antl piletl wbbles and small boulders 127/131
R Kuaivri 36.00 1.8-2.8 0.51.0 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 132b
Y Kuaiwi 100.90 1.2-2.5 0.50.9 Linear with jog Piled wbbles antl small boulders 115a
Z Field bounda 7.10 1.1-1.5 0.750.85 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 106
AM Fieltl bountla 48.90 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.25 Linear with jog Stacketl and filed wbbles and small boulders 167/169/170
qr2 Kuaivri 80.90 1.452.2 0.451.0 Linear with jog Stacketl antl fled :.obbles and small boulders 97a
AS Kuaiwi 31.80 1.8-3.0 0.5-1.0 Linear Stacked antl fled cabbies and small boulders 96
BD Kuaivri 108.70 1.52.5 0.4-0.8 Linear with jog piletl wbbles and small boulders 785/191
BG Kuakvi 18.20 1.8-2.9 0.55-0.85 Linear piled wbbles and small boulders 1 B6D
BI Field bounda 24.60 1.0-1.5 0.45-0.75 Linear with jog Stacketl and filed wbbles and small boulders 188
BK Kuahvi 53.30 1.0-1.7 0.51.2 Linear Stacked and filed wbbles and small boultlers 422/429
BO Kuaiwi 27.10 1.8-2.0 0.75-1.0 Linear with jog Piled cobbles and small boulders 481
BP Kuaix4 37.70 1.5-2.0 0.55-0.8 Linear Piled cobbles and small boulders 427
BR Kuaiwi 17.40 1.2-1.5 0.5-0.7 Linear Stacked and fled wbbles and small boulders 476
BS Kuaiwi 57.50 1.4-2.5 0.350.75 Linear Piled cobbles and small boultlers 483
BU Kuaivd 31.50 1.1-1.8 0.4-0.9 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 407a
BY Kuaiwi 57.00 1.0-1.85 0.35-0.85 Linear with jog Piled wbbles and small boulders 395
CC Field bounda 10.40 1.2-1.8 0.35-0.6 Linear with jog piletl wbbles and small boulders 407b
CM Kuaiwi 37.60 1.5-2.2 0.4-0.8 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 84
CY Kuaiwi 93.30 1.3-2.0 0.3-0.6 Linear piletl wbbles antl small boultlers 72
CZ Field bounda 17.70 1.0.1.4 0.35-0.7 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 211 a
DA Kuaiwi 19.80 1.1-2.0 0.45-0.8 Linear piletl wbbles and small boultlers 211b
DB Kuaiwi 36.00 1.8-2.0 0.4-0.5 Linear Piled cobbles and small boulders 77d
DM Kuaivd 46.20 1.5-1.7 0.4-0.8 Linear piled wbbles antl small boulders 54a
DX Kuaiwi 16.10 1.51.9 0.5-0.7 Linear piletl wbbles antl small boulders 38
FI Kuaivri 34.10 1.8-2.5 0.45-0.9 Linear with jog piletl wbbles and small boultlers 268
FK Kuaivri 21.90 t.t-2.0 0.4-0.8 Liter Piled wbbles antl small boulders 281
FN Kuaiwi 89.80 1.7-2.5 0.3-0.8 Linear with jog Piled wbbles and small boultlers 380
FO Kuaivri 42.20 1.8-2.9 0.45-0.8 Linear piled wbbles and small boultlers 374
FP Kuaiwi 25.90 1.2-2.0 0.4-0.8 Linear Piled wbbles and small boulders 368
FR Kuaiwi 30.00 1.52.8 0.50.6 Linear Piled cobbles and small boulders 351
68
Table 7. Summary of Site 23839 Terraces
Feature Length Width Upslopa Downslope Shape Construction Field No.
Hei ht Hel M
H 8.00 1.2-1.5 0-0.3 0.5-0.7 Linear Piled cobbles and small boulders 139
M 26.30 1.1-1.2 0-0.2 0.55-0.85 Linear Stacked and piled wbDles and small boulders 161e
P 21.20 1.51.75 0.1-0.4 0.5-1.0 Linear Slacked and piled cobbles and small boulders t61c
S 5.10 1.80 0.00 0.60 Linear Piled cobbles and small boulders 132a
BB 5.85 3.60 0.00 0.95-1.0 Linear Piled cobbles and small bouders 184b
BE 11.50 1.0-2.0 0.1-0.2 0.750.85 Linear Stacked and lied cobbles and small boukfers 175
BO 21.90 1.2-1.5 0.1-0.4 0.6-0.95 Linear Stacked and lied cobbles and small boulders 477
Table 8. Summary of Site 23839 Planting Enclosures
Feature Length Width Wall width Heigh Shape Construction Field NO.
E 33.00 2.0.9.2 1.252.0 0.45-0.9 Triangular Piled cobbles and small boulders 441/444/444a
F 19.50 6.7-12.8 1.51.8 0.4-0.75 Trapizodial Piletl cobbles and small boulders 149b
V 6.10 5.50 t.8-2.0 0.51.2 Rectangular Slacked and piletl cobbles and small boulders 128
BA 6.00 1.5-3.9 0.6-1.2 0.551.2 Triangular Piled cobbles and small bwklers 184a
BC 14.10 7.20 1.0-1.25 0.31.3 Oval Piled cobbles and small bouklers 187
~ BF 8.50 5.50 1.0.1.1 0.4-0.75 Irregular Piled cobbles and small boulders 179
BH 8.10 7.20 0.9-1.6 - 0.2-0.85 Rectangular Piled cobbles and small Doukiers 186a
BJ 25.90 14.70 1.52.5 0.4-0.8 Rectangular Piled cobbles and small boulders 428/430
BM 8.90 4.50 0.8-1.5 0.2-0.7 Oval Piled wbbles and small boulders 416
BN 7.50 4.50 0.75-1.4 0.4-0.65 Oval Piled cobbles and small boulders 413
BT 43.60 40.50 1.0-12 0.5-1.0 Trapizodial Stacked and piled cobbles aM small boulders 404/409
BZ 8.3D 6.90 0.9-1.2 0.3-1.1 Oval Stacked and piled cobbles an. small boulders 401
' CA 8.70 5.00 1.1-1.5 0.3-0.7 Rectangular Stacked and piletl wbbles and small boulders 396
CB 18.80 8.1-13.1 1.2-1.9 0.4-0.9 Rectangular Piled cobbles and small boulders 405
CD 7.70 4.40 1.1-1.7 0.6-0.7 Oval Piled cobbles antl small boulders 402
CE 6.80 6.20 0.8-1.6 0.451.2 Oval Piletl cobbles antl small bwlders 487
CI 12.50 5.10 0.9-1.0 0.450.7 Irregular Stacked and piled wbbles and small boulders 391a
DW 18.10 5.00 1.5-1.8 0.3-0.6 Trepizodial Piled cobbles and small boulders 43
FJ 10.30 5.0-9.2 1.2-2.0 0.4-0.8 7rapizodial Piled wbbles and small boulder: 286
FL 8.00 7.10 1.0-1.6 0.2-0.7 Oval Piled cobbles antl small boulders 381
FM 16.60 15.00 1.32.1 0.2-0.6 Rectangular Plletl wbbles antl small boulders 384
FO 10.10 9.20 1.52.2 0.3-0.45 Recangular Piled wbDles and small boulders 358
Table 9. Summary of Site 23839 Platforms
Feature Length Width Height Shape Construction Field No.
BL 3.00 1.70 0.70 Oval Stacked antl faced wbDles antl small boulders 414
BV 3.60 3.30 0.75 Ovai Slacked and faced wbbles and small boulders 399c
BW 1.75 1.30 0.72 Rectangular Slacked and faced wbbles and small boultlers 399b
BX 3.1D 2.10 0.82 Rectangular Stacked and faced wbbles and small boulders 399a
CF 2.95 1.60 0.78 Oval Stacked antl faced wbbles and small boulders 392
CG 1.80 1.10 0.50 Oval Stacked and facetl wbbles and small boulders 391D
CH 2.65 1.55 0.55 Oval Stacked and faced wbbles antl small boultlers 391 c
FS 3.50 2.00 0.70 Oval Stacked and fakxd wbbles and small boulders 115tl
FT 6.70 2.35 0.80 Linear Stalked and faced wbbles and small boulders 115b
FU 2.10 1.95 0.70 Cirwlar Slacked and faced wbbles and small boulders 115a
FV 2.75 1.30 1.00 Linear Stacked and faced wbbles and small boulders 115c
FW 2.85 2.50 0.80 Oval Stacked and faced wbbles and small boulders 115e
FX 2.30 1.35 0.50 Oval Stacketl antl faced wbbles and small boultlers 115f
FY 3.00 2.50 0.50 Oval Stacketl and faced cobbles antl small boulders 1159
69
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Figure 44. Site 22839, Feature CY Kua'iwi, view to east
~,:a syn.-w~~- _ r, .i' ,
Why ~ psx~~}15 `i?tr ,.l'~-y:^~ « } +t ~l. Tk/~ ~~f .i~~T:,~~
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Figure 45. Site 22839, Feature FO Kua iwi, view to west
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----..:t^~~'-.s.~lfi~-'rac'k ~1'^""+'.i,ti!~i~~S"wRa`;:~.. .
Figure 46. Site 22839, Feature CZ Field Boundary, view to north
fir; - r ~ r `R
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frj,t ~v? 1 y' ~~L a -
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Figure 47. Site 22839, Feature BE Terrace, view to north
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Figure 48. Site 22839, Feature BM Enclo~syu~-re, view to west j~
~ I ~ ~ a ~
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~ `'!rya
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Figure 49. Site 22839, Feature BN Enclosure, view to north
~z
Agricultural platforms were noted in 21 locations within the inland portion of the project area.
The physical characteristics of the platforms are presented in Table 9. These features are distinguishable
from agricultural mounds in that they aze more formally constructed, with stacked and faced sides and rela-
tively level surfaces. The 21 platforms are situated in four areas within the parcel. One platform in each of
these four areas was subjected to subsurface testing to determine if habitation debris or burials were pre-
sent. With the exception of several kukui nut shells, no cultural remains or burials were identified. The re-
sults of these excavations, discussed below suggest that these platforms simply represent well-constructed
clearing features. Similar well-constructed platforms were observed in the Land of Hokukano 2 by Haun et
al. (2003). These platforms were also tested and revealed no cultural remains, leading Haun et al. (2003) to
interpret them as agricultural in nature.
The first area contains one platform (Feature BL), located adjacent to the northeastern comer of
the large Feature BT agicultural enclosure, in an area of uneven lava (Figure SO). The platform is oval in
shape and is 3.0 m long (north-northeast by west-southwest) and 1.7 m wide. The sides of the platform are
built of stacked large cobbles and small boulders and range in height from 0.4 to 0.7 m. The western side of
the structure is faced and the southern side has collapsed outward. The surface is comprised of level but
unpaved cobbles. No cultural remains were observed on the surface.
A I.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-S) was excavated into the center of the platform, revealing a stone
layer (Layer I) over a soil deposit (Layer II; see Figure 50). Layer I consisted of 0.87 to 0.9 m of tightly
I packed cobbles and small boulders, with 15 kukvi nut shell fragments (8.7 grams). The base of Layer I
J slightly intrudes into the Layer II soil deposit and no evidence was found to indicate that it had been built
during more than a single construction episode. Layer ]I consisted of 0.37 to 0.43 m of a brown (lOYR 4/3)
silty loam with SO% cobble and pebble inclusions. No cultural remains were present. Layer I extends below
the surrounding ground surface, indicating that the platform had been built in a depression. The excavation
of TU-S was terminated on bedrock.
The second area is situated 67.0 m to the west-southwest (Figure 51). This area contains three
platforms (Features BV-BX), and is located south of the Site 23827 complex and west-northwest of the Site
23831 complex. The Bound surface in this area consists of level soil with scattered surface stones. Feature
BV is oval in shape and is 3.6 m long (north-south), 3.3 m wide and from 0.3 to 0.75 m in height. The sides
are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders, with facing along the western side. The remaining portions
of the platform have collapsed. The surface is slightly domed with no cultural remains observed.
Feature BW is located 7.4 m to the southwest of Feature BV. This platform is rectangular in shape
and is 1.75 m long (east-west) and 1.3 m wide. The sides are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders,
ranging in height from 0.4 to 0.72 m. The south, west and the southern end of the eastern side of the plat-
form are faced, and the surface is comprised of level cobbles with no cultural remains.
Feature BX is situated 1.1 m south of Feature BW. It is roughly rectangular in shape and is 3.1 m
long (northwest by southeast) and 2.1 m wide, with stacked cobble and small boulder sides. The sides vary
in height from 0.45 to 0.82 m. Portions of the north, west and south sides are faced and the surface is com-
prised of level cobbles with no cultural remains. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-2) was excavated into the
platform, revealing a stone layer (Layer I), above a soil deposit (Layer II) over bedrock (see Figure 51).
Layer I consisted of 0.56 to O.SS m of tightly packed cobbles, pebbles and small boulders, with eight kukui
nut shell fragments (4.1 gams). The base of Layer I slightly intrudes into the Layer II soil deposit and no
evidence was found to indicate that it had been built during more than a single construction episode. Layer
II consisted of 0.27 to 0.31 m of a dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 3/4) silty loam with SO% cobble and peb-
ble inclusions. No cultural remains were present.
The third area containing platforms is 22.0 m to the west of the second area. This area contains
three platforms situated in an area of level soil with scattered surface stones (Features CF, CG and CH;
Figure 52). The Feature CI planting enclosure is situated to the south of the platforms. Feature CF is oval-
shaped and is built against the western side of a pahoehoe outcrop. It is 2.95 m long (east-west) and 1.6 m
wide, with sides built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that vary in height from 0.4 to 0.78 m. The
north, west and portions of the southern side are faced. The surface is comprised of level but unpaved cob-
73
cps
p O
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74
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e Datum
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Feature BV J
(o.sz)
0 3.0 6.0 9.Oft
0 1.0 2.0 3.Om
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Level soil with scattered stones
Feature BW
(0.4)
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(0.6) .,-1 loom Bedrock
~ u looem
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Layer 7 -Tightly packed wbbles, pebbles and small boulders;
Kukui nut shells pnaeat
Layer II -Dade yellowish brown (IOYIt 3/4) silty loam
(0.82) with 50% cobble and pebble inclusion;
~J_2 ~ ` ~ ~ 0.4$) Nocultutalremains
Figure sl. Site 23839, Features BV, BW and BX, and T'U-2 East Face Profile
7s
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76
tiles with no cultural remains. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-1) was excavated into the platform, revealing a
stone layer (Layer I), above a soil deposit (Layer II) over bedrock (see Figure 52). Layer I consisted of 0.74
to 0.77 m of tightly packed cobbles, pebbles and small boulders with 11 kukui nut shell fragments present
(6.2 gams). The base of Layer 1 slightly intmdes into the Layer II soil deposit and no evidence was found
to indicate that it had been built during more than a single construction episode. Layer R consisted of 0.03
to 0.06 m of a dark brown (1 OYR 3/3) silty loam with no cultural remains were present.
Feature CG is located 1.45 m west of Feature CF. This platform is ova]-shaped and is 1.6 m long
(east-west) and 1.1 m wide, with sides built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that range in height from
0.45 to 0.5 m. The south, east and portions of the north and west sides are faced. The surface consists of
level but unpaved cobbles with no cultural remains.
Feature CH is situated 10.0 m west of Feature CG. It is oval in shape and is 2.65 m long (easi-
west) by 1.55 m wide. The sides aze built of stacked cobbles and small boulders, varying in height from
0.25 to 0.55 m. The southern side is faced and the surface is comprised of level but unpaved cobbles with
no cultural remains.
The fourth azea containing platforms is located in the northeastern portion of the project area, 20.0
' m west of the Site 23838 complex and adjacent to the Site 23829 wall to the south. There are seven plat-
forms present in an azea of surface soil with scattered stones that slopes slightly to the west (Figure 53).
The inland end of the Feature Y kua'iwi is located to the southwest of the platforms.
~ Feature FS is an oval-shaped platform located in the approximate center of the area. @ is 3.5 m
long (east-west) and 2.0 m wide with sides comprised of stacked cobbles and small boulders that range m
height from 0.4 to 0.7 m. The north, south and east sides are faced, with the westem side collapsed out-
ward. The surface of the platform consists of level but unpaved cobbles wi:h no cultural remains. A ].0 by
1.0 m test unit (TU-3) was excavated into the center of the platform (see Figure 53). This unit revealed a
stone layer (Layer I), above a soil deposit (Layer II) over bedrock. Layer I consisted of 0.43 to 0.54 m of
~ tightly packed cobbles, pebbles and small boulders with no cultural remains. The base of Layer I slightly
intmdes into the Layer II soil deposit and no evidence was found to suggest that it had been built during
more than a single construction episode. Layer II consisted of 0.06 to 0.12 m of a brown silty loam with no
cultural remains present.
Feature FT is a lineaz platform located adjacent to Feature FS to the west. This feature is 6.7 m
long (north-south) and 2.35 m wide, with sides built of stacked and faced cobbles and small boulders. The
sides of the platform range in height from 0.5 to 0.8 m and the surface consists of uneven cobbles and small
boulders. No cultural remains were present.
Feature FU is a roughly circular-shaped platform situated 5.5 m west of Feature FT. It is 2.] m
long (east-west) and 1.95 m wide, with sides built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that range in
height from 0.6 to 0.7 m. The north, east and west sides are faced and the southern side has collapsed. The
surface is slightly domed with no cultural remains observed.
Feature FV is a linear platform located 4.2 m north of Feature FS. This platform is 2.75 m long
(north-south), 13 m wide and from 0.4 to 1.0 m in height. The sides are comprised of stacked and faced
cobbles and small boulders and the surface consists of level but unpaved cobbles with no cultural remains
present.
Feature FW is a roughly oval-shaped platform situated 2.2 m east of Feature FS. It is 2.85 m long
(north-south) and from 2.0 to 2.5 m wide. The sides of the feature are built of stacked cobbles and small
boulders and range in height from 0.6 to 0.8 m. The north, east and south sides are faced and the westem
side has collapsed outward. The surface is slightly domed with no cultural remains present.
Feature FX is an oval-shaped platform located 1.7 m northeast of Feature FW. It is 2.3 m long
(north-south) and 1.35 m wide, with sides built of stacked and faced cobbles and small boulders. The sur-
face is slightly domed and no cultural remains were noted.
77
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78
Feature FY is located 3.1 m south of Feature FW. This oval-shaped platform is 3.0 m long (north-
south) and 2.5 m wide. The sides of the platform consist of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in
height from 0.45 to 0.5 m. The north, east and west sides are faced and the southern side has collapsed. The
surface is relatively level but unpaved cobbles with no cultural remains.
i
I
79
CONCLUSION
Discussion
The identified sites and features conform to the traditional Hawaiian site/feature types expected in
the Upland Forest Zone (Davis ]977, Cordy 1985) based on previous azchaeological work and historic
documentary research. As expected, agricultural features, temporary and permanent habitation sites, and a
burial were identified. Also, as expected, historic remains consist of historic habitation features, animal
pens, and ranch walls.
The temporary habitation sites exclusively consist of caves. The cave attributes are summarized in
Table 10. All except one of the caves are situated in the seaward portion of the project area below c. 1,120
ft elevation. Seven radiocarbon dates from temporary habitation caves in a pazcel situated on the north side
of the seaward portion of the project area spanned the A.D. 1400s to 1800s with most of the dates (5) fal-
ling between the 1400s and mid-1600s (Haan and Henry 2001a, 2002c) and it is l~cely that a similar age
range applies to occupation of sites in the project area.
Six permanent habitation sites and two historic habitation sites were also identified. The perma-
nent habitation features are summarized in Table Il and the distribution of all habitation sites is depiMed in
Figure 54. All except one of the permanent habitation sites are situated in the inland portion of the project
' area above 1,160 ft elevation (see Figure 54). The permanent habitation sites probably are late prehistoric
to early historic in age because these sites all lack historic artifacts. Three of the permanent habitation sites
(23831, 23835, and 23838) are enclosed by walled yards indicating the sites probably date to the late 1700s
to early 1800s after free-ranging cattle became a problem and before historic artifacts were widely distrib-
uted. The thre: other permanent habitation sites lack such enclosed yards and probably date to :he late pre-
historic period.
The permanent habitation sites include from one to three probable structure foundations consisting
of terraces, platforms, and enclosures. Special purpose structures, which are smaller in area than Cordy's
(1981) permanent habitation size criteria, consist of structures present at two permanent habitation sites; a
U-shaped enclosure at Site 23825 and a small platform at Site 23831. Small platforms and mounds at Sites
23835 and 23838 probably functioned as site furniture such as tables, benches or drying racks.
Sites 23827 and Site 23828 are adjacent habitation sites where a variety of historic artifacts were
present. Site 23827 consists of fourteen features that are partially and completely enclosed by a large enclo-
sure. Site 23828 is a terrace that is situated immediately upslope, but outside of the wall enclosing Site
23827. Historic artifacts at Site 23827 include glass bottles, window pane glass, ceramic plate fragments, a
clear glass kerosene lamp top, rusted corrugated tin roofing, a brown glass "Primo" beer bottle base, a
brown glass "Dianippon" beer bottle, metal cooking parrs, enamelware and cast iron pots, a clear glass jar,
and a clear glass one gallon jug. The bottles are all machine made and include three with crown tops and
one with a cork top. A fragment of a green glass bottle is present at Site 23828. The historic artifact as-
semblage dates at the earliest to the late 1800s when crown bottle tops were first manufactured, but most of
the material appeazs to date to the early to mid-1900s.
Agicultural features dominate the project area landscape. An estimated total of nearly 1,900 stone
clearing features consisting of mounds and modified outcrops are distributed throughout the project area.
Overall these features are most common in the seaward portion of the project area below 1,190 ft elevation.
This variation is due to a much higher frequency of modified outcrops (see Table 4), which are twice as
frequent below 1,190 ft elevation compared to higher elevations within the project area.
Table 12 summarizes 39 agricultural fields formed by kua'iwi, field boundary walls and terraces,
and enclosures. Field size was estimated if portions of at least three sides were defined by kua'rwi and field
boundary features. Figure 55 depicts the distribution of the fields, which are concentrated in the inland-
central portion of the project azea where the fields are surrounded by habitation sites. Field area ranges
80
Table 10. Summary of Temporary Habitation Features
SKa Feature Formal Type Shape Irdarlor Area ENvatlon Portable Remains
23820 - Cave Oval Cleared Moor 9.30 1050 No culture) remains
23821 - Cave Irtegular No motlfird8on 20.90 1070 Kukui nut shells, waterworn coral
23822 - Cave Irregular Steppingstones' 189.40 1005 Kukui nut shells, tln cen
oval al' omen[
23823 - Cave Irregular NO modificetbn 90.80 1115 Kukui nut shells, pig bone
23824 - Cave Oval Piled cobbles 8.90 1121 No a8unl remains
23837 - Cave Irregular Clearetl floor 23.50 1225 Kukui nu[ shells
Table 11. Summary of Permanent Habitation Features
Site Feature Formal Type Sllape SubshrrWl Ana Elevatlon Commems
n
23825 B Enclosure U-shaped Faced webs 9.8 1115 Spedal purpose stnrWlre
23825 C Tenace Rectangular Paved 58.2 1177 FourMaBOrr for roofetl structure
23831 A Encbsure Rectangular Feted walls 184.D 1165-1180 Mallory fe8trlre-yard, Mtemel
s I strucure 8 m
23831 B Cave Oval Nate 2.1 1187 Mtillary feaure - shellef a stooge
23831 C Tenace Linear FeCetl wall 37.2 1184 Ancillary Tealure -activity Brea
23831 D Endceure Triangular Fece0 wall 16.5 1184 Posslde fountla8on
23831 E Flatfonn Rectangular Faced wells, paved 26.1 1180 FourMaBOn far roofed structure
23831 F Platorm Rectangular Faced walk, pevetl 8.9 1180 Special purpose ..uucture
23631 G Tarrece Linear None 16.2 7190 Ancillary teatu• e - ac8vhy area
23832 A Endceure U-shapetl Facetl wall 50.4 1245 Fourldaaon for roofed structure
23832 B Enclosure U-shaped Faoetl wall 33.9 1245 Fourrdatron far roofed stmclure
23832 C Terrace Rectangular Faced wall 59.1 1245 FouMaSOn for roofetl stnlcture
23635 A Enclosure U-shapetl Facetl wall 22.5 1240 Foundation for rooted structure
23835 B Well Linear Nate 86.8 1230 AndllaryfeeWre-yam
23835 C Terrace Rectangular None 81.0 1240 Ancillary feature - aaNiry area
23835 D Tenace Rectangular Facetl wall 28.0 1230 Fountlatbn for roofed atrucwre
23835 E Enclosure Oval None 8.7 1225 Ancillary feature of urrdat Nnction
23835 H Terrace Recangular Facetl walls, paved 35.7 1220 Foundation for roofed stnrcwn
23835 I Platform Oval Faced wall 4.4 1242 Mdllary feature -sae Nmilae
23835 J Platform Linear None 3.6 1243 Anddary teaWre-site lumiture
23835 K Erldosure Rectangular None 69.8 7245 FouMation for r00fetl sburtrlre
23838 B Cave Imgular None 15.7 1278-1280 Antlllary 1eaNre - shelter a storage
23836 C Platform Rectangular Fecetl walls, paved 18.1 1275 Foundation for roofed stnrcnrre
23838 D Terrace Rectangular Faced wall 11.5 1275 Andllary teatrlre -lanai area
23838 A Platform Rectangular Facetl wall 32.8 1275 Foundation for roofed structure
23838 B Wall Linear Noire 29.7 1275-1285 Mplleryfeature-yam
23838 C Platform Rectangular Facetl wall 19.5 1285 Foundaton for rooted structure
23838 D Mountl Irregular None 2.3 1280 Mdllary reaarre - site tumiture
23838 E Mountl Irregular None 2.9 1280 Mdllary feature - site furniture
23838 F Mountl Inegular None 2.7 1260 Ancillary feature-site fumBure
23636 G MOUnd Inegular None 5.6 1280 Andllary feature-Site TUmiture
81
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82
Table 12. Summary ofAgricultural Fields
FIND A7sa Flavatlan AYOeNIM Faaturaa N 98a 23838 CommM
lag ml 11aN1 Doxvlal9pa DPN~ Nda NaM alda SaWh 81aa
Na.
1 1905.0 12%1285 - 0 C A 21a1e'nN. 1 flats baaksy
2 123.6 124S12W E E E - End0sue
3 198.2 1262-1285 f F G F Ercloslae mM k9a'nN
4 834.9 12fA-1278 G H, J K I G 3 kw'iwi, 1 fiats OomMry, 1 terta¢
5 47.9 12161272 - V V R Entlmme antl lan'nN
6 866.6 1248-t255 O M O N, G 31ox'Mi, 1 b~ce
7 1331.2 12351255 AM O P G 2 b~e'iwi. t BNO EdaMiy, 1 iamax
B 31].3 1211-1225 BJ BJ BJ BJ Endows
8 1002.3 1190.1215 - BO BO, BP BS 3 kua'm{ 1 9me9a
10 188.] 11867200 - BO BP BO 2kea'iwi
11 33.7 11961191 BN BN BN BN Entloa~e
12 40.0 1182-1193 BM BM BM BM Enrbue
13 1483.7 1190.1212 ST - BK BP 1 and0aue, 2 aw'AN
14 46.] 1210.1212 BF BF BF BF Entl9aue
15 255.1 11961210 BM - W BG 2 k9a'nx', 1 alltlosue
16 SB.3 11931190 BH BH BH BH Enrbwa
t7 2380.1 11851220 el - BD BK BT 1 mrJ9Mn, 21wa'iMi, 1 fiNE Y
16 1903.8 12057230 - BE AR BD 2 kM'Mi, 1 fana®
19 1185.1 7220.1245 BE AM AM G 1 kw'M{ 1 7s7xe, 1 Sap SwWary
20 23A 1188-7200 BA BA BA BA Entlowe
21 1145.7 717&1200 - BA, BB AS BD 1 kw'Ni, 1 terrace, 7 anrbave
22 701.5 1188-1191 BC BC BC BC Elrbaue
23 281./ 11851190 - BI BD BT 1 kw'iwi, 15ek 59rai0arY, 1 m1CJ9araa
24 1113.0 11]61182 - BT BD BU 2kw'iwi, 1 sntlowa
25 1765.8 117St190 BT BT Bi BU 1 an4wra, 1 kua'Ati
zfi 192.1 1maleo ce ce By - 7 enmwe, 1 kue'h+;
2] 952.1 17837187 - CC BU BV 2 kw'iai, i 6N0 baadry -
28 33.8 11747175 CO CB CD CD 2entloraes
29 18.4 1162-1185 CI CI CI CI Entl0sve
30 421 11741175 CE CB CE CE 2arxfawm
31 57.2 716&1172 BZ BZ BZ B2 Enf1MMa
32 43.5 118&11]0 CA CA CA CA Eralwiae
33 249.0 1140.1145 FM FM FM - ErrlWUe
36 58.8 1735113] FL FL FL FL Entlwue
35 382.1 1140.1103 FJ FJ FJ FJ Entlowe
38 481.1 112&1135 - C2 CV DA 2kua'iei, 15eWbwalary
37 90.5 106510]2 DW DW DW DW EOtloatn
38 92.8 10157020 FO FO FO FO Entl9sura
39 1056.0 it0S1720 23825-A 2382SA 23825A 23825-F Entlosure
83
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84
from 19.4 sq m to 2360.1 sq m with an average of 569.7 sq m and a median 5eld area of 249 sq m. The
overall pattem of the fields is irregular compared to the more uniform grid pattem of Selds elsewhere in the
Kona Field System, perhaps a result of the local topography and limited amount of soil. It is also possible
that historical agricultural activity may have contributed to the irregular pattem of fields.
The inland-seaward differences in the agricultural feature landscape are probably a result of rain-
fall. Historic maps dating to the 1800s (see Figures 5 and 6) show the project area straddling the seaward
edge of the upland forest. This "forest line" was likely the seaward limit of the more intensive gardening
that occurred in the upland, better watered part of the ahupua'a. This forest edge marked the transition
from informal scattered agricultural plots to formal walled fields based on the distribution of agricultural
features in the project area. This boundary apparently also marks a transition in habitation sites with sea-
ward areas dominated by temporary habitation and permanent habitations more frequent inland of the forest
edge.
Significance Assessments
Pursuant to DLNR (2002) Chapter 275-6 (d), the initial significance assessments provided herein
are not final until concurrence from the DLNR has been obtained. Sites identiSed and relocated during the
survey are assessed for significance based on the criteria outlined in the Rules Governing Procedures for
Historic Preservation Review (DLNR 2002: Chap 275). According to these rules, a site must possess integ-
riry of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and shall meet one or
more of the following criteria:
1. Criterion "a". Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the
broad patterns of our history;
2. Criterion "b". Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
3. Criterion "c". Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of
construction; represent the work of a master; or possess high artistic value;
4. Criterion "d". Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research on
prehistory or history; and
5. Criterion "e". Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people
or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural prac-
tices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with tradi-
tional beliefs, events or oral accounts-these associations being important to the group's
history and cultural identity.
Based on the above criteria, all twenty-two sites are assessed as significant under Criterion "d"
(Table 73). The sites have yielded information important for understanding prehistoric to historic land use
in project area. Site 23826 is additionally assessed as significant under Criterion "e" because of the pres-
ence of a burial, which has trnditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people.
Recommended Treatments
The mapping, written descriptions, photography, and test excavations at fourteen sites adequately
documents them and no further work or preservation is recommended (see Table 13). Seven sites retain the
potential to yield information important for understanding prehistoric to early historic land use. These sites
are recommended for data recovery if the sites are not preserved. The plans for either preservation, or data
recovery would be detailed in a Preservation Plan, or Data Recovery Plan, as appropriate for DLNR-SHPD
review and approval. Site 23826 is recommended for preservation. The specific measures for preservation
85
would be detailed in a Burial Treatment Plan prepared for the Hawaii Island Burial Council review and
approval.
Table 13. Site Significance and Recommended Treatment
SIHP Type Function Significance Recommended
Site No. Criteria Treatment
22742 Wall Livestock Control d NFW
22743 Wall Livestock Control d NFW
23820 Cave Temporary Habitation d NFW
23821 Cave Temporary Habitation d NFW
23822 Cave Temporary Habitation d NFW
23823 Cave Temporary Habitation d NFW
23824 Cave Temporary Habitation d NFW
23825 Complex Permanent Habitation/ d Data Recovery or
Agriculture Preservation
23826 Platform Burial d, a Preservation
23827 Complex Historic Habitation, d NFW
Livestock Control
23828 Terrace Historic Habitation d NFW
23829 Wall Livestock control d NFW
23830 Cave Temporary Habitation d NFW
23831 Complex Permanent Habitation d Data Recovery or
Preservation
23832 Complex Permanent Habitation d Data Recovery or
Preservation
23833 Wall Livestock control d NFW
23834 Wall Livestock control d NFW
23835 Complex Permanent Habitation, d Data Recovery or
Livestock Control Preservation
23836 Complex Permanent Habitation, d Data Recovery or
Livestock Control Preservation
23837 Cave Temporary Habitation d NFW
23838 Complex Permanent Habitation d Data Recovery or
Preservation
23839 Complex Agriculture d Data Recovery or
Preservation
' NFW=No Further Work or Preservation
86
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Henry, J., S. Goodfellow and K. Maly
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Macdonald, G., A. Abbott, and F Peterson
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tion).
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Moore, J., M. Maiget, and J. Kennedy
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n.d. Native Register of Kuleana Claims Recorded by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land
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NT
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j 1980 Intensive Archaeological Survey and Salvage Excavations at the Natural Energy Laboratory
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~ departrnent of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii
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1987 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kalaoa
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92
AUG-06-03 WED 09:40 AM Planr'~e Dept Kona FAX:808 3273563 PAGE 1
DEPARTMENT t7F PUBLIC WORKS
COUNTY OF HAWAII
HILO, HAWAII
u73 ; a.; 6 nr? ~ n 28
P~r:~.iar,n; ~
~ '=NT DATE:August 6, 2003
,
"~'ri-till
illAemorandum
~ .
TO Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director o ~ „ ~ ~
Planning Department
FROM Galen M. Kuba, Division Chief
Engineering Division r
m ~
SUBJECT : Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-015) ~ C
Applicant: James and Mihoko Malian ~ a
Location: Ooma, N. Kona, HI
TMK: 3 / 7-3-007: 040, 041 a ~ ~ ~
We reviewed the sub;sct application and our comments are as follows:
~!lY~z
1, All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be
directed toward any adjacent properties.
2, The applicant shall be informed that ff they include drywells in the subject
development, an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit may be required from
the Deparhrrent of Health, State of Hawaii.
EARTHWORK
1. All earthwork and grading shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sediment
Control, of the Hawaii County Code.
2. The applicant shall comply with chapter 1 i-55, Water Pollution Control, Hawaii
Administrative Rules, Department of Health, which requires an NPDES permit for
certain construction activity.
ROADWAYS
1. Streets should be master planned for the area prior to or as a condition of
approval of this application in consultation with DPW and DOT. Master planning
should include archaeological surveys to coordinate alignment of proposed
streets. In addition, the Department of Transportation should be Consulted vn
potential street connections to Mamalahoa Highway. Consider having fair share
contributions for roadways dedicated for planning of future connector streets
(offsite) end in addition, reserved for a future channel'¢ed intersection at
Mamalahoa Highway.
EXHIBI~
AUG-06-03 WED 09:40 AM Plana^q Dept Kona FAX:B08 3273563 PAGE 2
Memorandum to PD (RFZ 03-015)
August 6, 2003
Page 2 of 2
2. Kukuna Street is a County owned mauka-makai through street. It has a 20-foot
wide pavement, grass shoulders and paved swales within a 50-foot wide right-of-
way. Consideratien should given to extending Kukuna Street as a 60-foot wide
collector with appropriate alignment and connectors to adJacent properties and
Mamalahoa Highway, meeting with the approval of DPW.
3. The connection to the northerly boundary shown on the exhibit should be aligned
to facilitate a future connection to existing Lalei Street, meeting with the approval
of the DPW. The street connection to the southerly boundary shall be to the
existing street on TMK: 7-3-055: 037 Lot 40.
4. Consider a street connection to the southern property line and Plat 7 Parcel 39
and a road reserve to the northern property line for a future extension of AhiAhi
Street.
5. The applicant should construct all roadways wthin the subdivision to County
dedicable standards and open them to public traffic or dedicated them at no cost
to the County upon request. Install street lights, signs and markings meeting with
the approval of the DPW, Traffic Division.
Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please feel free to contact Kiren
Emler of our Kona Engineering Division office at 327-3530.
KE
copy' ENG-HILO/KONA
PLNG-KONA
0{ N 1IE1
O'~•, Jbgli
I: DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY COUNTY OF HAWAII
cb 345 KEKUANAOA STREET, SUITE.20 • HILO, HAWAII 96720
yl~4~X~W~~~'~' TELEPHONE (808) 961-8050 rnx (808) 961-8657
August 6, 2003
F/,~n
'V
F~''~, ~ A
C
TO: Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director ~ ~ - ~
Planning Department ~ ~r
a~;
FROM: Milton D. Pavao, Manager
SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-015)
REQUEST: A-SA TO FA-2A
APPLICANT -JAMES AND MIHOKO MALIAN
TAX MAP KEY 7-3-007:040 AND 041
We have reviewed the subject application for the proposed Change of Zone and have the following comments.
Water can be made available from an existing 6-inch waterline along Kukuna Street, which abuts the western
boundary of Pazcel 40, for the proposed 18-lot subdivision.
Pursuant to the Department's "Water Commitment Guidelines Policy," copy of which is being forwarded to the
applicant, a water commitment may be issued. Based on the sixteen additional lots that aze requested in the
.proposed Change of Zone Application, the required water commitment deposit is $2,400.00.
Remittance of $2,400.00 from the applicant is requested as soon as possible so that a water commitment may be
formally issued. The commitment will be in writing with specific conditions and effective dates stated. Please
keep in mind that this letter shall not be construed as a water commitment. In other words, unless a water
commitment is officially effected, water availability is subject to change depending on the water situation.
Upon issuance of a formal water commitment, we shall submit our comments and requirements for tentative
subdivision approval.
For the applicant's information, should the subject change of zone be approved and a subdivision application
executed, final approval will be subject to the following requirements:
I. Construct necessary water system improvements, which shall include, but not be limited to:
a. water mains capable of delivering water at adequate pressure and volume under peak-flow conditions;
minimum diameter of mains shall be 6 inches, and
b. service laterals that will accommodate a 5/8-inch meter to each lot.
Submit installation plans prepared by a professional engineer, registered in the State of Hawaii, for review
and approval.
2. Remit the prevailing facilities charge balance and capital assessment fee, which are subject to change,
totalling $98,380.00, calculated as sh~ow~n/below. This is due and payable upon completion of the ~~,~j
I/Uater drivc~CS rroc~re~e... E X H I~ 1 T
Mc Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director
Page 2
August 6, 2003
installation of the required water system improvements and prior to final subdivision approval being
granted.
FACILITIES CHARGE
• Two I~` services at $1,190.00 each $ 2,380.00
• Sixteen additional services at $5,500.00 each +88,000.00
SUBTOTAL $90,380.00
CAPITAL ASSESSMENT FEE
• Sixteen additional services in North Kona at $500.00 each $ 8.000.00
TOTAL (SUBJECT TO CHANGE) $98,380.00
3. Submit the appropriate documents, properly prepared and executed, to convey the water system
improvements and necessary easements to the Water Board of the County of Hawaii. A registered land
surveyor shall stamp and certify the metes and bounds description within in the conveyance documents.
However, prior to water meter services being granted to the development, the Water Board shall accept the
conveyance documents.
4. Comply with all other applicable policies and requirements of the Department's Rules and Regulations.
Noncompliance may be cause for voiding this water commitment, at which time availability will be subject
to change in accordance with the prevailing water system conditions, policies, and Rules and Regulations.
Should there be any questions, please call Ms. Shari Komata of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at
961-8070.
Sincerely yours,
Milton D. Pavao, P.E.
Manager
SHKaco
copy - (w/enc.) Mr. Sidney Fuke
(w/enc.) Mr. James Malian
emu- ~ ~~Vs
Harry Kim - Darryl J. Oliveira
May~~77or Fire Chief
<nJ3 ~~,II 'U Desmond K. We
- '(R oi'ii'~r Depury Fire Chief
ti ng
i,~,~~,;,. .
FIRE DEPARTMENT
25 Aupuni Street • Suite 103 • Hila, Hawaii 96720
(808) 961-8297 • Fax (808) 961.8296
July 23, 2003
TO CHRISTOPHER J. YUEN, PLANNING DIRECTOR
FROM DESMOND K. WERY, DEPUTY FIRE CHIEF
SUBJECT : CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-015)
APPLICANT: JAMES & MIHOKO MALIAN
REQUEST: A-5a TO FA-2a
TAX MAP KEY: 7-3-7:40 & 41
Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.207:
"Fire Apparatus Access Roads
"Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided and maintained in
accordance with the provisions of this section.
"(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be required for every building
hereafter constructed when any portion of an exterior wall of the first story is located more than
150 feet from fire department vehicle access as measured by an unobstructed route around
the exterior of the building.
"EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are completely protected with an approved
automatic fire sprinkler system, the provisions of this section may be modified.
"2. When access roadways cannot be installed due to topography, waterways,
nonnegotiable grades or other similar conditions, the chief may require additional fire
protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b).
"3. When there are not more than two Group R, Division 3 or Group M Occupancies,
the requirements of this section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of the chief,
fire-fighting or rescue operations would not be impaired.
~~~..rY ~PUCO~~
S
` x
,,r
E~X~IBIT
Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director
Page 2
July 23, 2003
"More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is determined by the chief that
access by a single road may be impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic
conditions or other factors that could limit access.
"For high-piled combustible storage, see Section 81.109.
"(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus access road shall meet the
requirements of the appropriate county jurisdiction.
"(d) Vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed vertical
clearance of not less than 13 feet 6 inches.
"EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be reduced, provided such
reduction does not impair access by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed
and maintained indicating the established vertical clearance.
"(e) Permissible Modifications. Vertical clearances or widths required by this section may
be increased when, in the opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not adequate
to provide fire apparatus access.
"(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed and maintained to support the
imposed loads of fire apparatus and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all-
weatherdriving capabilities." (20 tons)
"(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus access road shall be as
approved by the chief." (45 feet)
"(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads in excess of 150 feet in length
shall be provided with approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus.
"(i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as access under this section, it shall be
constructed and maintained in accordance with the applicable sections of the Building Code
and using designed live loading sufficient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus.
"(j) Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road shall not exceed the maximum
approved by the chief." (15%)
"(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus access road shall not be
obstructed in any manner, including parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and
clearances established under this section shall be maintained at all times.
"(I) Signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs or other approved notices shall be
provided and maintained for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and prohibit the
obstruction thereof or both."
Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director
Page 3
July 23, 2003
Water supply shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.301:
"(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of supplying required fire flow for fire
protection shall be provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of buildings are
hereafter constructed, in accordance with the respective county water requirements. There
shall be provided, when required by the chief, on-site fire hydrants and mains capable of
supplying the required fire flow.
"Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water mains or other
fixed systems capable of providing the required fire flow.
'The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to a water supply capable of
delivering the required fire flow shall be protected as set forth by the respective county water
requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the fire department apparatus by roadways
meeting the requirements of Section 10.207."
, -
DESMOND K. WERY
Deputy Fire Chief
RK:Ik
SidneyFuke, Planning Consultant
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 j ^ ~j ~ ~ ~ j I L J 6 • Piamm~g • Variance • Zomnc
Telephone: (608) 969-1522 • Fax: (808) 969-7996 " • Subdivision • Land Use Permits
~ • Envuonmenlal Reports
July 28, 2003 `R~~'"°~ vt
~~~~ntRGt.,
DEPT.
Mr. Christopher Yuen, Director
Planning Department
COUNTY OF HAWAII
101 Pauahi Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Deaz Mr. Yuen:
Subject: Rezoning Request (REZ 03-015) -James Malian
'Ooma 1$`, North Kona, Hawai i, TMK: 7-3-07: 40 & 41
Thank you for providing me with a copy of agency comments to date regarding
the subject matter. In response to said comments, please be informed that:
1. Although the Police Department noted that it had no objections to the
project, it did recommend that Kukuna Street be ultimately extended to
intersect with the Mamalahoa Highway. The applicant agrees with this
concept. As such, the roadways within the pro±ect site aze intended to be
dedicated to the County and reflect north south and maulra/makai
connections. Thus, when properties mauka of the subject site aze
developed, such a connection would be realized.
2. The requirements of the Fire Department relative to fire access, hydrants,
and related fire protective measures will be done during the subdivision
approval process.
We note that the Department of Environmental Management did not have any
comments or objections to the rest. Accordingly, we trust that the comments noted herein
address the comments of the Fire and Police Departments. If not or if there aze further
questionslcomments on this matter, please feel free to contact me. Thank you very much.
Sincerely~~
SIDNEY M. FUKE
Planning Consultant
Copy -Police Department
Fire Department
Mr. James Malian w/ enclosures • ~
(Z~~S'~
EX~BIT
SidneyFuke, Planning Consultant
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 • Planning • Variance • Zoning
Telephone: (808) 969-1522 • Fax: (808) 969-7996 q • Subdrvison • Land Use nertn Hs
AUguSt 12, 2003 ~ ~V3 ~~;~iG 1 ~ r 1 ~ ; 9nvironmental Reports
P
Cam, 'i'viENT .
Mr. Christopher Yuen, Director ~ ~ ` ;:~:''~,all
Planning Department
COUNTY OF HAWAII
101 Pauahi Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Mr. Yuen:
Subject: Rezoning Request (REZ 03-015) -James Malian
'Ooroa ls', Nortb Kona. Hawai i, TMK: 7-3-07: 40 & 41
Thank you for providing me with a copy of additional agency comments to date
regazding the subject matter. In response to said comments, please note the following:
Department of Public Works
In conjunction with the subdivision review and approval process, the appropriate
drainase control system will be developed and submitted to the County for its review and
approval. Pursuant to County policy, said system will be designed to contain all on-site
generated water on the property. This will lazgely be accomplished through a system of
drywells. In the event that Underground Injection Control (iJIC) pemvts are required to
implement the plan, said permits will be secured prior to construction of the system.
Prior to any aQr
din¢ and/or grubbing activity, the appropriate permit will be
secured from the County Department of Public Works. Although unlikely, in the event
an NPDES permit is needed, this will also be secured prior to any land disturbance
activity.
Finally, relative to roadways, the applicant agrees that having a detailed traffic
circulation system in this and other azeas of Kona would be appropriate. However,
inasmuch as this function will involve multiple parcels and, to be meaningful, be
evaluated in a regional context, it would be more appropriately a government
responsibility than a single landowner or developer. During the interim, however, it
would be prudent to make provisions for a) road stub outs at the boundaries of the
property; and b) having said road dedicated to the County. Private roads foreclose traffic
circulatory opportunities.
In that regard, you will note that the proposed subdivision layout reflects road
stub outs to all adjoining properties. The applicant also intends to dedicate the road to the
County. In that regard, when properties -particularly on the mauka side - aze developed,
there would be opportunity for a direct access from the Mamalahoa Highway. This
tj J;3v~~0
Mr. Christopher Yuen
August 12, 2003
Page 2
access would also provide another alternative to the Kona Acres and surrounding
subdivisions to get to the Highway, and thereby reducing the load on Ka'iminani Drive.
In spite of the proposed extension of Kukuna Street serving other potential
subdivisions in the azea, the applicant believes that a 50-foot wide right-of--way would be
sufficient. This street is not envisioned to be a 4-lane road, and 50 feet should be more
than sufficient fora 2-lane road, with shoulder improvements. Then, too, the existing
improved section of Kukuna Street is 50 feet.
Relative to the proposed road alignment at its north property line, the applicant
has no objections to adjusting it to allow for a connection with a proposed extension of
Lalei Street. A future road reserve to allow for the possible extension of Ahiahi Street on
the north and south side of the subject properties could also be accommodated. With the
exception of the road extension at the mauka end, all of the other proposed road
extensions do not provide any access to any of the proposed lots. As such, due to cost,
nexus, and the potential of illicit activities associated by dead end roads, the applicant
would not want to have said azea improved until the adjoining properties are developed.
Devartment of Water Sunvly
If the rezoning is approved, the required water commitment fees will be paid
within 90 days of the effective date of the change of zone ordinance. The preparation and
implementation of the construction plans, as well as the payment of the water facilities
and capital assessment fees will be made in conjunction with the subdivision approval
process.
We trust that the comments noted herein address the comments of the Public
Works and Water Departments. If not or if there aze further questions/comments on this
matter, please feel free to contact me. Thank you very much.
' cere~ 1
SIDNEY M. FUKE
Planning Consultant
Copy -Department of Public Works
Department of Water Supply
Mr. James Malian w/ enclosures
08/14/09 THU 15:47 FAS 8089A" z49 Haun 8: Salto ®001
MCR 1 Box d790
IWSU, McNeN 98749
PFM 982.7768 ~ ~ ~
Fsic~$~ R ,
~I ' ~ ~ i
~.v.,~~vi - ~-1~~~1
III
Tm Jefl Darrow From: Alan Haan
Fa~c 9B1-8742 payer 4
Phg~sl 981 X288 De/s: 8/142003
Re: TMK 7.3.7:40 8 41 CQ Sklney Fuke
? Uryerk ? For Review d Please Comment ? Please Reply ? Pkase Retyde
Attached are three replacement pages for the arohaeologigl inventory survey report
for the subject parcels.
The pages correct the makai street name to Kukuna.
-1
EXH BIT
06/14/09 THU 15:47 FAd 8089828945 Haun & Salto ®002
INTRODUCTION
This report presrnts the results of en archaeological inventory survry of the 41.3-acre TMK: 7-3-
7: 40 and 41 located in dte land of O'oma 1, North Kona District, island of Hawaii (figure The obje;o-
rive of the survey was to satisfy current historic preaervaTion regule[ory ravines faven[ory requirements of
the Department of Lend and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division (DLNIt SHPD), as
contained within Hawaii Adminishative Rules, Title 13, DLNR. Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation
Rules (DLNR 2002).
The survey fieldwork was conducted between Febnrary 11-14 and 24-28, 2003 and on April 2,
2003 under the direction of Dr. Alan Haun. Approximately 30 labor days were rcyuired to complete the
field work pofion of the project. The field personnel consisted of Dr. Alan Haun, Project Supervisors Dave
Henry, H.S., and Dlenne Kerrigan, M.A., and Field Archaeologists William Zukosky, MA., Diane Guer-
rero, BA., and Jim Barton BA_ Descnbed In this final report ere the project scope of work, field methods,
backgound information, survey findings, and significance assessments oftbe sites with rewmmendad fvr-
rher treatments.
Scope of Work
Based on DLNR-SHPD rules for inventory surveys, the following spoclflc tasks were determined
to wnsthute an appropriate scope of work for the project
1. Coaciuet background roview and research of existing archaeological and historical dercu-
mentary literature relating to the project area and ttc Immedlete vicinity-including ex-
amination of Land Commisslon Awards, ohupua'a records, historic maps, archival mate-
Nals, arehaeologioal rcporu, and other historical sources;
2. Conduct a high intensity, 100°/.pedestrian survey coverage of the project eras:
3. Conduct derailed rewrding of all potentially significma sites iacludurg scale plan draw-
ln~s, written descrlptlons, and photographs, as appropriate;
4. Conduct limited subsurface testing (manual excavation) at selected sites (a) to determine
the presence or absence of poteutially significant buried cultural deposits or features, and
(b) to obaia suitable samples for rediocarbon age determinarion arralyses;
5. Analyu background research and field data; and
6. Prepare and submi[ Final Report.
Project Area Description
The project area consists of a c. 41.3 acre parcel bounded oa sU sides by stone walls. The parcel
ranYes in elevation from c. 960 to 1,280 ft, with the ground surface sloping slightly to the west. The north-
ern and of Hone Street tetminates along the southern project area boundary, and the inland end of Kukuna
Street end at the western project wren bouadnry. A dirt road continues from the north end of Hasa $t[eet
and extends though the parcel in a north-south direction (Figure 1). A metal gate is located az the end of
Bane Strax at the sotrthern end of the dirt road. A second dirt road parallels the aaathaa project area
boundary, in the inland half of the parcel, bordered by two stone wal Is.
Tha parcel is located on the southwastam slopes of Huelslai Volcano. The surface mania in this
eras is wmprised of Pkistocena Era Hualalai series lava flows That date from 3,000 to 5,000 years in ago
08/14/09 THU 15:48 FAS 8089 ~J49 Haun & Salto 0 OOJ
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The wall extends 76.0 m to the south from this intersection to a petal where it tuts been destroyed
by eonstruedon activity associated with a housing deve]opmen[ m the west. The inland end of Kukunn
Sweet trsminetes in this disturbed area. The destroyed portion of the welt extends 47.0 m to the south,
where a second intact wall section is present. This suction continues to dre south for 123.0 m where It ter-
minates against the northern side of the Site 23834 wall (discussed below), F.tmminadon of this intersection
indicates that wall site 22742 and 23834 were constructed az the soma time bemuse the stones interlock at
the jtmction.
The intact portions of Sim ?2742 are constructed of stacked subaogtilar basalt cobble and small
boulders with a narrow core-tilled mrerior. It ranges in width from 0.7 to 1.1 m at the bme, 0.35 ro 0.70 m
wide at the top and ranges in height from 0.83 ro I.1 m (Figure Site 22742 is interpreted as a livestock
control feature used to restrict the movemem of cattk based oo its method of ranstructioa and height. l[ is
altered and in poor ro good condition.
Sife 22743
Site 22743 is a stone wall tlu,t farms the northern project area boundary. Portions of the wall have
been proviously documented try Haun and Henry (2001a sad 2001b) during stavtya of parcels thaz abut the
current project area to the north- The western end of the wall originatac against the Inland side of the Site
22743 wall az the 1,005 elevation. and extends 456.0 m upslope ro the east-soudheast, termiaatiag in an wren
that bas lxm impacted by modern bulldozer disturbance from constructiaun activity associated veldt the de-
velopment of the parcel to the north. This disturbed area e~dends 142.3 m to the oast-southeast, where n
second intact section of wall is located. TLe wall continues on the inland side of the disturbed area for
270.0 m where i[ exits the project area az the L,290 ft elevation. The wall continues in this diroction outside
of the parcel an undetermined dtsrarrte_
The intact sections of the Site 22743 wall range in width from 0.7 to 1.0 m at the base and 0.55 to
0.75 m wide az the top (Figrve 1 Tt is coasnucted of stacked subangular basalt cobbles sad small boul-
ders with a narrow wre-5lled interior. The height ranges from 0.7 to 1.13 m. A dirt road parallels the
southern side of the wall in the inland portion of the proJea area. A second wall (Site 23829 discussed be-
low) parallels the southern side of the road, creating a walled roadway. The height and method of coastruo-
tion of the Sitc 22743 wall indicates that it lkely functioned as an historic livestock control feature- It also
appears to have formed the northern boundary of the walled roadway, which may have been used m drive
livestock into and out of the area Site 22743 is altered and in poor to good condition.
Site 23820
SIce 23820 is a small cave located in the northwestern portion of the protect area az c. 1;030 R elo-
vation. The entrance to the cave consists of a horizontal opening on the western side of a low paboehoe
outcrop. This opening is 1.1 m wide and 0.75 m in )ucight (Figure The main chamber of the cave is
roughly oval in shape and is 4.63 m long (northeast by southwest), 0.95 ro 2.15 m wide and 0.85 m in
height. A small passage ex[enda 1.8 m to the east from the northeastern end of the main chamber. This pas-
sage is OS m wide and 0.4 m in height
No cultural remains were presort inside the cave, though the imerior floor has been modified. This
modifcation consists of surface stones that have been cleared from an area just inside the entrance that is
1.75 m tong (northeast by southwest) and 1.2 m wide. The cleared stones have been piled against the north
sad south cave walls and to the northeast of the cleared area. The floor throrrglwtn the remainder of the
cave wnsists of bare lava. Site 23820 is incerpmtul as a a:mporary habitation shelter based oa Its formal
type and interior modification. It is unatcered and in good wndttlon.
Site 23821
31te 23821 is a small cave located in the nordnvescem pottioa of the project crag 95.0 m southeast
of Site 23820, at c. 1,070 R elevation. The enhance to the cave consists of a horizontal opening on the
southweatem side of a pahoehoe omcrop (Figure The mtrazrce is 1.4 m wide and 0.8 m In height The
main chamber of [he cave is rottehly oval m shape end is 3.8 m lontt (east-was[) sad 2.7 to 3.0 m wide, with
19
August 22, 2003
y~C
Mr. Fred Galdonies ~(~y,
PLANNING COMMISION CL , ; O~
COUNTY OF HAWAII ~ C,;, , j
101 Pauahi Sveet Suite #3 _
Hilo, Hawaii 96720 ; ~ y ~ , 3
c,, ~Fi
RE: ~ "fir ~T
Notice of Submittal of Application
County Rezoning Request (A-SA to FA-2a)
James & Mihoko Malian, TMK: 3h-3-07:40 & 41
Deaz Sir,
I represent the owners of an adjacent property located due North of the subject TMK: 3/7-3-07: 40 & 41.
Our TMK is 7-3-OS-003 and under a Land Trust with Fvst Hawaiian Bank. Owners are the Ha Family
Trust and the Becker Family Trust.
Although not withstanding any malice to the application for Rezoning, it is with the utmost concern that the
subject property is NOT Rezoned or Developed without taking into consideration that my adjacent land
will become or become subject [o isolation (Land Locked) from any major access including but not limited
to County or State Roadway or Highway.
As of this moment we and other surrounding properties have only a small undeveloped twenty (20) feet
wide easement connecting to the only access being the Hawaii Belt Road. This easement runs
approximately two thousand four hundred (2,400) feet and connects to the Hawaii Belt Road to the East
and an undeveloped property to the West. If the subject property is to proceed it should be required to
address these concerns. We feel that any development within this azea should take into consideration
adjacent land and its ability to sustain development or improvements in the present or near future.
To ignore this problem is not only unfair to these landowners but will cause surrounding properties their
right to improve, develop or sell and will ultimately lower existing property values. We feel Iha[ the
present 20' easement is inadequate being one.)Undeveloped and therefore may not be verified by both
State and County agencies or files and two.) Too narrow for County or State requirements for a minimal
residential road, and to subject the present 20' wide easement as an 2,400' driveway is ludicrous at best.
Future usage of a 20' wide easement for both County water, drain and sewer not to mention any other
utilities such as but not limited [o Cable TV, DSL Computer Lines, Elecvical and Telecommunications
lines would be wholly inadequate for either multi or single unit development for several of the adjacent
properties which share this easement.
~~sgr
We feel if we can be assured that our concems of access to our property can be resolved we would have no
objections to the Rezoning or Development of the subjects property. We hope that we can solve this
dilemma and come to some compromise on this issue and that the subject party can continue with and be
granted the Rezoning request.
I thank you for the opportunity to express and outline my concerns and issues involving this matter. Please
feel free to call me if you would need further information or discuss this issue further.
Sincerely,
Matthew D. Ha
847 7'" Ave.
Honolulu, Hawaii 96816
Home:l-808-739-1475
Work: 1-808-735-3251
Cell : 221-9577
RMalianREZ03-0IS.jwd 08-06-03
COUNTY OF I3AWAI`I PLANNING DEPARTMENT
RECOMMENDATION
JAMES AND MIHOKO MALIAN
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION fREZ 03-015)
Upon cazeful review of the request against the guidelines for granting a change of zone,
the Planning Duector is recommending that a favorable recommendation for a Change of
Zone request be forwarded to the County Council This recommendation does not, however,
sanction the specific plans submitted with the application as they may be subject to change given
the specific code and regulatory requirements ofthe affected agencies. Since this
recommendation is made without the benefit of public testimony, the Director reserves the right
to modify and/or alter this recommendation based upon additional information presented at the
public heazing. This favorable recommendation is based on the following findings:
The applicant is requesting a Change of Zone from an Agricultural (A-Sa) to a
Family Agricultural (FA-2a) zoned district for approximately 42.793 acres of land to
subdivide the properties into eighteen (18) two-acre Family Agricultural lots with related
improvements.
From an overall land use perspective, the Planning Duector can support the
rezoning of the property to allow its subdivision to two-acre lots rather than five-acre lots
as allowed by the present zoning. The most important factors in this analysis aze as
follows:
1. The property is currently designated "Urban Expansion Area" on the General Plan
LUPAG map. In the current GP comprehensive review, the Duector proposed an
amendment changing this azea to "Low Density", because other developments
had already set a land use pattern of low density, predominantly single-family
development. The Planning Commission supported that amendment.
2. The overall development pattern is clearly that this immediate azea is becoming
an area oflow-density homesites. Most of the azea has already been zoned and
-1-
subdivided to low-density residential development. Immediately to the south of
this property is the Kona Hills Estate subdivision, an azea of one-acre lots,
rezoned on August 28, 1972 and a parcel that is zoned A-Sa. Immediately to the
west is the Kona Acres subdivision, another azea of one-acre lots. There is a
vacant property to the north that is zoned A-Sa, and beyond that is the Kona Acres
Subdivision comprised of one-acre lots and the Kona Palisades Subdivision that is
comprised of smaller non-conforming lots. To the east is a vacant property zoned
A-Sa.
3. The conversion from five acre to two-acre lots will not sacrifice important
agricultural resources. Most of the property is classified as "D" or "Poor" by the
Land Study Bureau. There is a streak of "C" or "Fair" running through the
middle of the property and a small portion is classified as "E" or "Very Poor" in
the northwest corner. Rainfall is mazginal. A primary objection to the rezoning
of agricultural land to smaller lot sizes is that it may fragment the land into
pazcels too small to be farmed commercially. The applicants are gearing the lots
to those interested in doing some family-oriented or backyard agricultural pursuits
in a quasi-rural environment. The site may support ornamental plants and frnit
trees.
4. The property can be supplied with drinking water, and concerns about road access
can be dealt with through conditions of rezoning.
5. The Zoning Code provides the following description and criteria for the
FA zone: "The FA (Family Agricultural) district provides for a blend of
small-scale agricultural operations associated with residential activities
and which may be characterized by farm estates, small acreage farms, or
subsistence lots. The FA district is intended to be in areas designated as
being within the State land use agricultural district, where public services
and infrastructure are appropriate to support the very low density
residential needs of a rural community and where substantial number of
-2-
parcels aze less than five acres in size, and where a mix of uses will not
conflict with or be detrimental to existing agricultural uses in the
surrounding area.
In addition, this district is intended to be primarily comprised of
agricultural lands less than five acres in azea, which aze not classified as A
or B lands under the land study bureau's master productivity rating, or
classified as prime, unique, or other important agricultural lands.
Provided, that this district may include lands so classified if the lands aze
situated within an urban expansion or other urban designation under the
general plan land use pattern allocation guide (LUPAG) map."
With respect to these criteria, the public services and infrastructure
in the immediate azea can, with site-specific improvements to be required
ofthe applicant, be appropriate to support the very low density residential
needs of a rural community, as a substantial number of existing pazcels in
the vicinity aze less than five acres in size. Existing agricultural uses in
the surrounding azea appeaz minimal and are occurring in an azea that
akeady has many one-acre lots, so the proposed rezoning should not be
detrimental to existing agricultural uses in the surrounding area.
The property does not have any A or B lands and is "unclassified"
under the ALISH system. The Zoning Code does not, however, make soil
types a criterion for FA zoning where the lands in question aze in an urban
designation in the General Plan LUPAG maps, as this azea is.
The most difficult issue was procedural, rather than an issue of the end result, and
has to do with the interplay between the state land use law and county zoning. H.R.S.
sec. 205-4.5(a)(4) provides that in areas with A and B soils, any dwelling in the
agricultural district must be a "fazm dwelling." Although this law by its terms applies
only to A and B soils, the State Land Use Commission, acting within its authority under
sec. 205-5(b), enacted a rule limiting uses in C, D, and E soils to essentially the same as
allowed under A and B soils. Hence, for lots created after June 4, 1976, the effective date
of the "fazm dwelling" law, all homes in the State Land Use Agricultural District must be
-3-
"farm dwellings". Under state law, a "farm dwelling" is defined as "a single-family
dwelling located on and used in connection with a farm, including clusters of single-
family farm dwellings permitted within agricultural parks developed by the state, or
where agricultural activity provides income to the family occupying the dwelling." If the
subject property were subdivided to five-acre lots under current zoning, the homes would
have to be fazm dwellings, and if rezoned to two acres, the homes would also have to be
farm dwellings.
The purpose ofthe 19761aw, according to the legislative committee reports, was
to prevent `urban type residential communities in the guise of agricultural subdivisions."
It is fairly cleaz that a "farm dwelling" is supposed to be accessory to some commercial
agricultural activity. A bill was vetoed in 1983, which would have allowed raising crops
for personal consumption to qualify as a "fazm dwelling."
Under Rule 13 (Fazm Dwellings) of the Rules of the Planning Director, the county
does not require any prior showing of agricultural use for a building permit for the first
home on a lot in the state land use ag district. The applicant is merely given a "Fazm
Dwelling Notice," which informs the applicant that a residential use must be a "farm
dwelling", and recites the definition of a "fazm dwelling." The notice is given only to
those applicants who aze on lots created after June 4, 1976.
As a technical matter, the state land use law permits subdivision of lots as small as
one acre in the agricultural district, so to that extent, the proposed rezoning is permitted
by the law. It is fairly obvious, however, that given current mazket conditions, including
the probable cost of the finished lots, the rather poor quality of the land for agricultural
use, and the land uses on other pazcels in the area, the result of the current rezoning will
be a subdivision where residential use predominates; commercial agriculture is not likely
to be a significant motive for the purchase of the lots. This creates a problem in that the
expectations of the purchasers will run contrary to the "farm dwelling" law.
In this situation, where the landowner wants to make smaller residentially
oriented lots in the state land use agricultural district, and it is not credible that the homes
will be used in connection with commercial agriculture in any meaningful sense, the
Planning Director has been strongly recommending that applicants seek to reclassify the
-4-
property from the agricultural district to the rural or urban district, and obtain RA or RS
zoning. Homes in the rural and urban district do not have to be "fazm dwellings". The
Planning Director has also adopted a policy of recommending against rezonings to
smaller lot sizes when it appeazs highly probable that the resulting dwellings will not be
"farm dwellings" in any meaningful way, and the applicant does not seek reclassification
to rural or urban, at least when the property is not designated for urban (or rural) uses in
the General Plan. The Director is also considering making this a policy regazdless of the
LUPAG designation as a way of dealing with the "farm dwelling" issue in the context of
rezonings in the agricultural district that result in lots that aze of an uneconomical size for
fazming. Ultimately, the Director decided to make a favorable recommendation, rather
than an unfavorable one, because of the existing five-acre zoning which would create
similaz issues regazding farm dwellings, and because ofthe LUPAG classification and the
similaz zoning in the immediate azea.
In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable
goals, policies and standazds of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only
through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions
can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the
General Plan and related planning documents. The implications of these evaluations and
decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similaz azeas in the
County.
The Change of Zone request from Agricultural (A-Sa) to a Family
Agricultural (FA-2a) zoned district will conform to, among others, the Land Use
element of the General Plan:
• Rural-style residential-agricultural developments, such as new small-scale rural
communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in
appropriate locations.
The County shall review and amend if necessary land use ordinances and codes to
include considerations for rural-style residential subdivisions in appropriate
-5-
locations. Standards and criteria for the establishment of these areas shall be
developed.
The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General
Plan is a representation of the document's goals and policies to guide the coordinated
growth and development of the County. It reflects a graphic depiction of the physical
relationship among the vazious land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic urban
and non-urban form for areas within the County. The subject azea is designated Urban
Expansion Area. The Urban Expansion Area allows a mix of high density, medium
density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in azeas where new settlements
may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix ofuses have not yet
been determined. The County is currently conducting a comprehensive review update of
the General Plan. One of the proposed amendments to the LUPAG Map involves the
subject azea, which is proposed to be changed to Low Density Urban to reflect more
accurately the residential-agricultural chazacter of the azea.
The properties have been previously used for limited cattle grazing. The Federal
Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the
properties as Zone "X", an azea determined to be outside of the 500-yeaz flood plain. The
site slopes from east to west (mauka to makai) at a grade between 10 and 15 per cent.
Should this request be approved, the applicant may normally apply for an
additional farm dwelling, allowing the construction of a second dwelling unit as a
separate unit on lots. Although the Planning Director supports this rezoning request to
allow a eighteen (18) lot subdivision for one home on each lot, the potential to allow
additional homes may contribute to a cumulative burden on the existing infrastructure.
Therefore, a condition is included in the change of zone ordinance to prohibit a second
dwelling unit and a Condominium Property Regime on each lot. The condition will add
that restrictive covenants be included in the deeds of all the proposed lots for the
subdivision prohibiting second dwelling units to preserve the residential-agricultural
ambience of the area.
The access to the proposed subdivision will be via the extension of the County-
owned Kukuna Street, which has aright-of--way of 50 feet and a 20-foot wide pavement
-6-
and 4-foot wide shoulders. The Department of Public Works request that two (2)
connections to the northern boundary from Kukuna Street align with a future connection
with existing Lalei Street and a future connection with existing Ahiahi Street. They also
request two (2) connections to the southern boundary from Kukuna Street to align with
the existing street on TMK: 7-3-055: 037 Lot 40 and a connection to align with TMK: 7-
3-007: 039. DPW also request that the applicant construct all roadways within the
subdivision to County dedicable standazds and open them to the public or dedicate them
to the County upon request at no cost to the County. A Condition will be imposed to
provide at least one road connection to the southern boundary and one road connection to
the northern boundary.
The Police Department had no objections to the project, but recommend that in
future developments that serious consideration be given to having Kukuna Street intersect
with Mamalahoa Highway. The applicant has proposed this alignment and a condition
will be added to reflect this concern.
These road conditions will also address the issue of road connectivity in the azea.
By extending Kukuna Street to the eastern portion of the property, it is allowing the
possibility of another east-west (mauka-makai) connector to Mamalohoa Highway. This
will eventually bring relief to Kona Acres' residents from having to exit the azea through
Kaiminani Drive. The conditions will further the possibility ofnorth-south connectivity
by aligning the road connection between the southern boundary and the northern
boundazy of the property.
According to the applicant, water can be made available from the existing system
on Kukuna Street. As there is no municipal sewer system in the azea, the applicant would
be required to dispose wastewater by individual wastewater systems meeting the
standards and requirements of the State Department of Health. According to the
applicant, utilities including telephone, cable, and electrical services aze available to the
site. The neazest police station is located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles
from the properties. There is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road and the
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately six (6) miles from the site, and a volunteer
£ue station about a mile away on Ka`iminani Drive. The closest public schools aze
located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the properties.
-7-
The subject request is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised
Statutes, relating to Coastal Zone Management Area. The properties aze not situated
within the Special Management Area. The site is located approximately 4 miles from the
nearest coastline and therefore, will not be impacted by coastal hazazd and beach erosion.
There aze no identified recreational resources or public access to the shoreline or
mountain azeas, scenic and open space preserves, coastal ecosystems, marine resources or
other natural and environmental resources in the azea. An azchaeological inventory
survey identified 22 sites with an estimated 2,046 features. The identified sites were
predominately agricultural. Other sites and/or features included 6 permanent habitation
sites and 2 historic habitation sites. Other features included livestock control, storage,
animal pens, and a ranch wall. One burial site was located (23826) within the lower
portion of the site, makai of the Alanui Kauila (Government Road) road that bisects the
property. Of the 22 sites, the burial will be preserved in accordance with an approved
Burial Treatment Plan. 14 sites have been adequately documented and no further work is
required and data recovery and/or physical preservation will be done for the remaining 7
sites in accordance with either an approved Preservation Plan or Data Recovery Plan. A
condition will be included to require the notification of the Department of Land and
Natural Resources-Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) should any
azchaeological sites be encountered during the course of development.
Because the properties have been previously used for limited agricultural
purposes, it is not anticipated that endangered or threatened candidate species of flora or
fauna are located within the site, nor has the azea been identified as a significant botanical
or biological habitat. Presently, there is no evidence of any traditional and customary
Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the site, nor existence of known valued
cultural, historical or native resources in the azea. Thus, it is not anticipated that the
proposed request will have any adverse impact on cultural or historical resources in the
azea.
Based on the above findings, the approval of the Change of Zone request from an
Agricultural (A-Sa) to a Family Agricultural (FA-2a) zoned district would result in an
appropriate land use pattern that will further benefit the public.
-8-
The accompanying draft bill to amend Section 25-8-3 (North Kona Zone Map) of
Chapter 25, Zoning Code, of the Hawaii County Code, is provided for your favorable
consideration. Please note the proposed conditions of approval attached to the draft bill.
-9-
C®UNTY OF ~LA~AL`~ < . ~ STA'L'E ®F I~AWAL`L
,r~..
- BILL NO. _
(Planning Department)
ORDINANCE NO.
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP),
ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE, BY
CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM AGRICULTURAL (A-Sa) TO
FAMILY AGRICULTURAL (FA-2a) AT O`OMA 1ST, NORTH KONA, HAWAII, COVERED
BY TAX MAP KEY 7-3-7:40 AND 41.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII:
SECTION 1. Section 25-8-3, Article 8, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County
Code, is amended to change the district classification of property described hereinafter as
follows:
The district classification of the following area situated at O`oma 1~`, North Kona,
Hawaii shall be Family Agricultural (FA-2a):
Beginning at the Northeasterly corner of this parcel of land, being also the
Northwesterly corner of Lot 51 of the Homestead Lots, Akahipuu Section (Map No. 6)
and being a point on the Southerly side of Homestead Road, the coordinates of said point
of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "MOANUTAHEA"
being 9,465.42 feet South and 10,338.87 feet West and running by azimuths measured
clockwise from True South:
1. 358° 14' 637.15 feet along Lot 51 of the Homestead Lots,
Akahipuu Section (Map No. 6) and along
Grant 3805 to L. Kahinu to a point;
Thence, for the next three (3) courses following along Grant 2027 to K. K.
Kamehue:
2. 85° 22' 272.66 feet along Lots 23 of Kona Hills Estates
Subdivision Unit I, (File Plan 1695) and
Lot 22 of Kona Hills Estates Subdivision,
Unit II (File Plan 2169) to a point;
-1-
3. 104° 36' 244.60 feet along Lots 21 and 20 of Kona Hills
Estates Subdivision Unit II (File Plan 2169)
to a point;
4. 93° 52' 726.50 feet along Lots 20, 19, 18, and 15 of Kona
Hills Estates Subdivision, Unit II (File
Plan 2169) to a point;
5. 93° 45' 417.50 feet along the Northerly end of Lot 40
(Private Roadway), along Lot 14 of Kona
Hills Estates Subdivision, Unit II (File
Plan 2169) and along Grant 2027 to K. K.
Kameheu to a point;
6. 91° 30' 10" 1,186.96 feet along middle of stonewall and along
Lot 56 of the Homestead Lots, Akahipuu
Section (Map No. 6) and Grant 4273 to
E. Paiwa to a point;
7. 178° 16' 07" 705.18 feet along stonewall and along Lot 61 of
Kona Acres Subdivision, Unit 2,
Increment A (File Plan 1348) and along
Grant 5046 to K. Kama, Jr., along the
Northerly end of Kukuna Street and along
Lots 9, 8 and 7 of Kona Acres Subdivision,
Unit 2, Increment A (File Plan 1348) and
along Grant 5046 to K. Kama, Jr. to a point;
8. 274° 20' 2,846.27 feet along the Southerly side of Homestead
Road (20-Ft. Wide) to the point of beginning
and containing an area of 42.793 Acres.
All as shown on the map attached hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and by reference
made a part hereof.
SECTION 2. In accordance with Section 25-2-44, Hawaii County Code, the County
Council finds the following conditions are:
(1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which maybe adverse to the public
health, safety and welfare; or
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(2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land use
proposed with respect to:
(A) Protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of
the proposed use, or
(B) Fulfillment of the need For public service demands created by the
proposed use.
SEE ATTACHED CONDITIONS
SECTION 3. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such
invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance.
SECTION 4. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval.
INTRODUCED BY:
COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAII
Hawaii
Date of Introduction:
Date of 1st Reading:
Date of 2nd Reading:
Effective Date:
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CMaliard2EZ03-015.jwd OS-014-03
JAMES AND MIHOKO MALIAN
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-015)
CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL
A. The applicant(s), its successors or assigns shall be responsible for wmplying with
all of the stated conditions of approval.
B. The required water commitment payment shall be submitted to the Department of
Water Supply in accordance with its "Water Commitment Guidelines Policy"
within ninety (90) days from the effective date of this ordinance. Prior to this
payment, water calculations with anticipated maximum daily water usage as
recommended by a registered engineer shall be submitted to the Department of
Water Supply.
C. The applicant(s), its successors or assigns shall be responsible for complying with
all requirements of Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, relating to pemvssible
uses within the State Land Use Agricultural District.
D. Final Subdivision Approval of the subject property shall be secured within five
(5) yeazs from the effective date ofthis ordinance.
E. Restrictive covenants in the deeds of all the proposed lots within the subject
property shall give notice that the terms of the zoning ordinance prohibit the
construction of a second dwelling unit and condominium property regimes on
each lot. This restriction may be removed by amendment ofthis ordinance by the
County Council. The owners of the property may also impose private covenants
restricting the number of dwellings. A copy ofthe proposed covenant(s) to be
recorded with the State of Hawaii Bureau of Conveyances shall be submitted to
the Planning Director for review and approval prior to the issuance of Final
Subdivision Approval. A copy of the recorded document shall be filed with the
Plamiing Department upon its receipt from the Bureau of Conveyances.
F. Kukuna Street shall be extended to the eastern boundazy of TMK: 7-3-007:041 to
allow for future connectivity. It shall be on an alignment meeting with the
approval of the Planning Director in consultation with the Department of Public
Works.
1
G. The subdivision roads shall have at least one connection to the north to the
adjoining properties and at least one connection to the south that will allow access
from properties on that side meeting with the approval of the Department of
Public Works. The roads shall be constructed in the manner specified by the
Department of Public Works and shall be on an alignment meeting with the
approval of the Planning Director in consultation with the Department of Public
Works.
H. All roadways within the proposed subdivision shall be constructed to County
dedicable standazds and shall remain open to public traffic or be dedicated to the
County upon request at no cost to the County.
L Install streetlights, signs, and markings meeting with the approval of the
Department of Public Works, Traffic Division.
J. All earthwork activity shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentation
Control, of the Hawaii County Code.
K. An Archaeological Preservation and Burial Treatment Plan shall be submitted for
the review and approval of the Planning Duector, in consultation with the
Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division
(DLNR-SHPD). Proposed mitigation treatment for burial sites within the subject
property shall be approved by the Historic Preservation Division's Hawaii Island
Burial Council before detailed mitigation plans are finalized for these sites. A
copy of the approved Final Archaeological Preservation and Burial Treatment
Plan shall be submitted to the Planning Director for its files prior to submitting
plans for Final Plan Approval review or prior to the issuance of any land
alteration permits.
L. Should any remains of historic sites, such as rock walls, terraces, platforms,
marine shell concentrations or human burials be encountered, work in the
immediate area shall cease and the Department of Land and Natural Resources-
Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD) shall be immediately notified.
Subsequent work shall proceed upon an archaeological cleazance from the
DLNR-HPD when it finds that sufficient mitigative measures have been taken.
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M. A drainage study of the subject property, if required, shall be prepazed by the
applicant and submitted to the Department of Public Works for review and
approval, prior to Final Subdivision Approval. Drainage improvements, if
required, shall be constructed meeting with the approval of the Department of
Public Works.
N. Comply with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and requirements of other
affected agencies, including the Department of Public Works, Department of
Water Supply and Department of Health.
O. An annual progress report shall be submitted to the Planning Director prior to the
anniversary date of enactment of the ordinance. The report shall include, but not
be limited to, the status of the development and the extent to which the conditions
of approval aze being complied. This condition shall remain in effect until all of
the conditions of approval have been satisfied and the Planning Director
acknowledges that further reports aze not required.
P. An initial extension of time for the performance of conditions within the
ordinance may be granted by the Planning Director upon the following
circumstances:
1. The non-performance is the result of conditions that could not have been
foreseen or are beyond the control of the applicant(s), its successors or
assigns, and that aze not the result of their fault or negligence.
2. Granting ofthe time extension would not be contrary to the General Plan
or Zoning Code.
3. Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the original
reasons for the granting of the change of zone.
4. The time extension granted shall be for a period not to exceed the period
originally granted for performance (i.e., a condition to be performed
within one yeaz may be extended for up to one additional yeaz).
5. Ifthe applicant(s) should require an additional extension oftime, the
Planning Director shall submit the applicant(s)' request to the County
Council for appropriate action.
-3-
Q. Should any ofthe conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely
fashion, the Planning Director may initiate rezoning of the subject azea to its
original or more appropriate designation.
-4-
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AMENDMENT TO THE ZONING CODE
AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP)
ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE,
BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION
FROM AGRICULTURAL (A-5a)
TO FAMILY AGRICULTURAL (FA-2a)
AT OOMA 1st, NORTH KONA, HAWAII
PREPARED BY: PLANNING DEPARTMENT
COUNTY OF HAWAII
TMK: 7-3-007:040 & 047 Date: August 28, 2003
EXHIBIT "A" (James & Mihoko Malian: I t o7)