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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0187.007 2004-2006May 13, 2005 Councilman Stacy Higa and other Council Members RE: Prebuilding termite control Dear Council Members, I was asked to look into the environmental effects of chemicals currently used on the Big Island for prebuilding termite control. Enclosed is my testimony and some of the background information I came across. Sinc ely, j Dr. Jeff Zimpfer UHM Sea Grant Program P.A.C.R.C. 200 W. Kawili Hilo, HI 96720 808 936 9769 zimpfer@hawaii.edu Comm. No. I �� Ref. To: PwIRC� W. Lwe_MAY 1 f, — UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII Sea Grant College Program School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology May 11, 2005 Should Hawaii County building codes for prebuilding termite control be amended? The peer reviewed literature does not support banning cypermethrin, the active ingredient in 90% of the termitecide sprayed prior to building on the Big Island. Both the E X T O X N E T and the Syngenta websites make compelling arguments that cypermethrin does not pose a threat to the environment. Special note should be paid to the section from the E X T O X N E T site titled "Environmental Fate". While it is conceivable that Syngenta's (a manufacturer of cypermethrin) information could be biased towards its own product, the information on the E X T O X N E T website is based on peer reviewed studies compiled by Cooperative Extension Services from several states. Over the years the US EPA has moved towards supporting the use of more effective substances that break down rapidly. It is also of note that the US EPA was not in existence when more toxic substance such as DDT were approved for use. Also note the current building code allows builders to use non -chemical methods to prevent termites, and these methods while more costly, are effective for a much longer period. The attached pages contain background information I found while looking into this subject. If I can be of further assistance on this or other watershed related issues please do not hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, rJje 5fer UHM Sea Grant Program P.A.C.R.C. 200 W. Kawili Hilo, HI 96720 808 936 9769 zimpfer@hawaii.edu PACRC - 200 West Kawili - Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Telephone: (808) 936-9769 - Facsimile: (808) 933-0704 An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution Below are my notes on the subject of cypermethrin. Julian Yates from UHM testified to the County Council concerning the effectiveness of the current prebuilding requirement that the ground be sprayed prior to pouring the slab for a new home. He testified the code should not be changed because of spraying's effectiveness. Julian R. Yates III, Ph.D. Extension Specialist in Urban Entomology Dept. of Plant & Environmental Protection Sciences (PEPS) University of Hawaii 3050 Maile Way, Rm. 310 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Email: yates@hawaii.edu Phone (808)956-6747 Fax: (808)956-2458 Julian sent me the number of Kurt Nosal (836-1361) of Vopak. The Vopak company is a pesticide distributor on Oahu. Kurt says that 90% of the pesticide used for prebuilding on the Big Island is cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid. After application cypermethrin is effective for at least 5 years. Cypermethrin works on termites at low levels, levels as low as 5 ppm. At these low levels it works by repelling termites and killing the ones that come into the sprayed area. Other termite control products include Fipronil for postbuilding termite control, Permethrin for pre and postbuilding control, and Premise for postbuilding control. Premise is highly water soluble and has caused some problems on Oahu. Below are links and information from two web sites, the first is from Syngenta the manufacturer of cypermethrin and the other is to E X T O X N E T a toxicology web site compiled from Cooperative Extension Services from several states. From Syngenta's website Demon ® is the trade name for cypermethrin produced by Syngenta. htto:/_, /www.s.}mgentaprofessionalproducts.com/ppm/prod/demon/index.aap?nav =demontc env Environment & Toxicology Pyrethroid insecticides are considered non-persistent in the environment. They degrade fairly rapidly and are strongly bound to soil and organic particles, preventing mobility in aquatic systems. There is little tendency for bioaccumulation in organisms. Many pyrethroids are registered for application to edible crops and food products, and for direct application to people and pets to control parasites. DEMON TC is registered for the control of insect and arthropod pests in and around structures and transport vehicles, and this limited use is not considered to pose environmental risks under normal conditions. DEMON TC Toxicology In insects, the active ingredient of DEMON TC, cypermethrin, acts on the nerve transmission and causes muscle spasms, paralysis and death. Synthetic pyrethroids like cypermethrin have been found to be toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates and beneficial insects such as honey bees. However, in actual use, the risk to these other animals is considered small because of the low rates and lack of persistence in the environment. Product label directions caution against applications that could endanger aquatic organisms or beneficial insects. There can be a risk to captive reptile pets and tropical fish in aquaria, and care must be used when making applications around such captive animals. In birds and mammals, the toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids, such as cypermethrin, is low. Pyrethroids do not accumulate in the bodies of warm- blooded animals, do not cause delayed nervous effects like organophosphorus insecticides, and are rapidly metabolized. Some pyrethroids, including cypermethrin, can cause a temporary skin irritation resulting in an itching or burning feeling. This sensation fades away completely in a short time without ill effects. Individual sensitivity varies, and this irritation can be largely prevented with the use of protective equipment and clothing, and good personal hygiene. From Extoxnet http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html Pay special attention to the section titled "Environmental Fate:" EXTOXNET Extension Toxicology Network Pesticide Information Profiles A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis and the Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University. Major support and funding was provided by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. EXTOXNET primary files maintained and archived at Oregon State University Revised June 1996 Cypermethrin Trade and Other Names: Trade names include Ammo, Arrivo, Barricade, Basathrin, CCN52, Cymbush, Cymperator, Cynoff, Cypercopal, Cyperguard 25EC, Cyperhard Tech, Cyperkill, Cypermar, Demon, Flectron, Fligene CI, Folcord, Kafil Super, NRDC 149, Polytrin, PP 383, Ripcord, Siperin, Stockade, and Super. Regulatory Status: Many products containing cypermethrin are classified as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) by the EPA because of cypermethrin's toxicity to fish. Restricted Use Pesticides may be purchased and used only by certified applicators. Cypermethrin is classified toxicity class II - moderately toxic. Some formulations are toxicity class III - slightly toxic. Pesticides containing cypermethrin bear the Signal Word WARNING or CAUTION on the product label, depending on the particular formulation. Chemical Class: pyrethroid Introduction: Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to control many pests, including moth pests of cotton, fruit, and vegetable crops. It is also used for crack, crevice, and spot treatment to control insect pests in stores, warehouses, industrial buildings, houses, apartment buildings, greenhouses, laboratories, and on ships, railcars, buses, trucks, and aircraft. It may also be used in non-food areas in schools, nursing homes, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, in food processing plants, and as a barrier treatment insect repellent for horses. Technical cypermethrin is a mixture of eight different isomers, each of which may have its own chemical and biological properties. Cypermethrin is light stable. It is available as an emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder. Formulation: Technical cypermethrin is a mixture of eight different isomers, each of which may have its own chemical and biological properties. Cypermethrin is light stable. It is available as an emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder. Toxicological Effects: Acute toxicity: Cypermethrin is a moderately toxic material by dermal absorption or ingestion [2,8]. Symptoms of high dermal exposure include numbness, tingling, itching, burning sensation, loss of bladder control, incoordination, seizures, and possible death (2,8). Pyrethroids like cypermethrin may adversely affect the central nervous system [2,8]. Symptoms of high -dose ingestion include nausea, prolonged vomiting, stomach pains, and diarrhea which progresses to convulsions, unconsciousness, and coma. Cypermethrin is a slight skin or eye irritant, and may cause allergic skin reactions [8]. The oral LD50 for cypermethrin in rats is 250 mg/kg (in com oil) or 4123 mg/kg (in water) [2,8]. EPA reports an oral LD50 of 187 to 326 mg/kg in male rats and 150 to 500 mg/kg in female rats [8]. The oral LD50 varies from 367 to 2000 mg/kg in female rats, and from 82 to 779 mg/kg in mice, depending on the ratio of cis/trans- isomers present [2]. This wide variation in toxicity may reflect different mixtures of isomers in the materials tested. The dermal LD50 in rats is 1600 mg/kg and in rabbits is greater than 2000 mg/kg [2,8]. • Chronic toxicity: Not Available • Reproductive effects: No adverse effects on reproduction were observed in a three -generation study with rats given doses of 37.5 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested [8]. • Teratogenic effects: Cypermethrin is not teratogenic [2]. No birth defects were observed in the offspring of rats given doses as high as 70 mg/kg/day nor in the offspring of rabbits given doses as high as 30 mg/kg/day [8]. • Mutagenic effects: Cypermethrin is not mutagenic, but tests with very high doses on mice caused a temporary increase in the number of bone marrow cells with micronuclei. Other tests for mutagenic effects in human, bacterial, and hamster cell cultures and in live mice have been negative [2]. • Carcinogenic effects: EPA has classified cypermethrin as a possible human carcinogen because available information is inconclusive. It caused benign lung tumors in female mice at the highest dose tested (229 mg/kg/day); however, no tumors occurred in rats given high doses of up to 75 mg/kg/day [8]. • Organ toxicity: Pyrethroids like cypermethrin may cause adverse effects on the central nervous system. Rats fed high doses (37.5 mg/kg) of the cis - isomer of cypermethrin for five weeks exhibited severe motor incoordination, while 20 to 30% of rats fed 85 mg/kg died 4 to 17 days after treatment began [2]. Long-term feeding studies have shown increased liver and kidney weights and adverse changes in liver tissues in test animals [8]. Pathological changes in the cortex of the thymus, liver, adrenal glands, lungs, and skin were observed in rabbits repeatedly fed high doses of cypermethrin [23]. • Fate in humans and animals: In humans, urinary excretion of cypermethrin metabolites was complete 48 hours after the last of five doses of 1.5 mg/kg/day [2]. Studies in rats have shown that cypermethrin is rapidly metabolized by hydroxylation and cleavage, with over 99% being eliminated within hours. The remaining 1% becomes stored in body fat. This portion is eliminated slowly, with a half-life of 18 days for the cis - isomer and 3.4 days for the trans -isomer [2]. Ecological Effects: • Effects on birds: Cypermethrin is practically non-toxic to birds. Its acute oral LD50 in mallard ducks is greater than 4640 mg/kg [8]. The dietary LC50 in mallards and bobwhite quail is greater than 20,000 ppm [8]. No adverse reproductive effects occurred in mallards or bobwhite quail given 50 ppm, the highest dose tested [8]. • Effects on aquatic organisms: Cypermethrin is very highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. The LC50 (96 -hour) for cypermethrin in rainbow trout is 0.0082 mg/L, and in bluegill sunfish is 0.0018 mg/L [20]. Its acute LC50 in Daphnia magna, a small freshwater crustacean, is 0.0002 mg/L [20]. Cypermethrin is metabolized and eliminated significantly more slowly by fish than by mammals or birds, which may explain this compound's higher toxicity in fish compared to other organisms [20]. The half-lives for elimination of several pyrethroids by trout are all greater than 48 hours, while elimination half-lives in birds and mammals range from 6 to 12 hours [20,23]. The bioconcentration factor for cypermethrin in rainbow trout was 1200 times the ambient water concentration, indicating that there is a moderate potential to accumulate in aquatic organisms [8]. Elimination of half of the accumulated amount of the compound took nearly eight days. After 14 days 70 to 80% of the material had been eliminated from the organisms [8]. • Effects on other organisms: Cypermethrin is highly toxic to bees [8,24]. Environmental Fate: • Breakdown in soil and groundwater: Cypermethrin has a moderate persistence in soils. Under laboratory conditions, cypermethrin degrades more rapidly on sandy clay and sandy loam soils than on clay soils, and more rapidly in soils low in organic material [8]. In aerobic conditions, its soil half-life is 4 days to 8 weeks [8,12,25]. When applied to a sandy soil under laboratory conditions, its half-life was 2.5 weeks [26]. Cypermethrin is more persistent under anaerobic conditions [8]. It photodegrades rapidly with a half-life of 8 to 16 days. Cypermethrin is also subject to microbial degradation under aerobic conditions [8]. Cypermethrin is not soluble in water and has a strong tendency to adsorb to soil particles. It is therefore unlikely to cause groundwater contamination [12]. • Breakdown in water: In neutral or acid aqueous solution, cypermethrin hydrolyzes slowly, with hydrolysis being more rapid at pH 9 (basic solution). Under normal environmental temperatures and pH, cypermethrin is stable to hydrolysis with a half-life of greater than 50 days and to photodegradation with a half-life of greater than 100 days [8]. In pond waters and in laboratory degradation studies, pyrethroid concentrations decrease rapidly due to sorption to sediment, suspended particles and plants. Microbial degradation and photodegradation also occur [22,27]. • Breakdown in vegetation: When applied to strawberry plants, 40% of the applied cypermethrin remained after one day, 12% remained after three days, and 0.5% remained after seven days, with a light rain occurring on day 3 [14]. When cypermethrin was applied to wheat, residues on the wheat were 4 ppm immediately after spraying and declined to 0.2 ppm 27 days later. No cypermethrin was detected in the grain. Similar residue loss patterns have been observed on treated lettuce and celery crops [28]. Physical Properties: • Appearance: Pure isomers of cypermethrin form colorless crystals. When mixed isomers are present, cypermethrin is a viscous semi-solid or a viscous, yellow liquid [2,12] • Chemical Name: (R,S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(iRS)-cis,trans-3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate [12] • CAS Number: 52315-07-8 • Molecular Weight: 416.30 • Water Solubility: 0.01 mg/L @ 20 C; insoluble in water [12] • Solubility in Other Solvents: methanol v.s.; acetone v.s.; xylene v.s. [12] • Melting Point: 60-80 C (pure isomers) [12,2] • Vapor Pressure: 5.1 x 10-7 nPa @ 70 C [12] • Partition Coefficient: 6.6020 [25] • Adsorption Coefficient: 100,000 [25] Exposure Guidelines: • ADI: 0.05 mg/kg/day [29] • MCL: Not Available • RfD: 0.01 mg/kg/day [30] • PEL: Not Available • HA: Not Available TLV: Not Available Basic Manufacturer: Zeneca Ag Products 1800 Concord Pike Wilmington, DE 19897 • Phone: 800-759-4500 • Emergency: 800-759-2500 References: References for the information in this PIP can be found in Reference List Number Reference List 2 (1) World Health Organization. Safe Use of Pesticides in Public Health. (WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No 356). Geneva, Switzerland, 1967.2-2 (2) Ray, D. E. Pesticides derived from plants and other organisms. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Hayes, W. J., Jr. and Laws, E. R., Jr., Eds. Academic Press, New York, NY, 1991.2-3 (3) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 193: Resmethrin. 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