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COM 0610.001 2004-2006
Hawaiian r Sys elms, ~<< Hawaii Project Documents Hawaiian Waste Systems Section 1 Roosevelt Landfill Section 2 Macpresse Section 3 Cross Wrap Section 4 Bale Photos/Sample Operations Photos Section 5 Sample Facility Drawings Section 6 Letter from Klickitat County to Mayor Harry Kim Section 7 Letter from Klickitat County to Mayor Mufi Hanneman Section 8 Letter from Senator Daniel K. Inouye to U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Section 9 USDA Environmental Assessment -May 2005 Section 10 USDA Risk Assessment -June 2004 Section 11 Cornm. No. I Ref. To: preseu Ref. Dote i, , e - Hawaiian Sys~ems,E~ Innovative Solutions for Honolulu's Solid Waste Disposal Dilemma an expensive and lengthy siting, permitting and con- struction process to develop a new landfill. With its innovative waste processing and export protocol, HWS offers the outlet that Honolulu desper- atelyneeds toaddress its disposal predicament. HWS' system is comprised of the following components: • Receipt of waste at a Honolulu waste processing facility • Processing, baling and wrapping the waste • Ocean transport of waste bales to Roosevelt, WA • Disposal of waste bales at Roosevelt Regional Landfill Using proven European technology, HWS has cre- oahu'snatoralyeoloyyandyeograpn~l, ated a waste processing and export system that is combined war itsskyrocketin,i ia! ; cost competitive with current disposal alternatives in cots,n~aVicea-~.~"ianiela~~dd~llairspa~e, Honolulu. ~iirtuarb- ncnexn gar-t_ The United States Department of Agriculture (USDAi, the regulatoryagency with oversight of interstate solid waste importation, has granted initial approval I-x'CUt'v2 ~~tllT, tTldrV of HWS' process and is in the final stages of rule issu- ance that will permit importation of Hawaiian waste Hawaiian Waste Systems, LLC (HWS) is a Seattle- to Washington State. based company dedicated to addressing Honolulu's disposal situation with an innovative, envlronmen- Over 1.2 million tore or .vaste is yenerared it r re tally secure and economically competitive system of CiTy and L wnty of Honolulu earn yE,r. waste processing and export to Roosevelt Regional Landfill in eastern Washington State. HWS'partners include Jim Hodge, BLT Enterprises, Inc. and HGV, LLC.; between them, they have over 100 years combined experience in the areas of solid waste, transportation and logistics solutions. The Island of Oahu and the City and County of Honolulu are facing a serious solid waste disposal crisis due to the overburdening of their existing t facilities and infrastructure. Honolulu's disposal system is centered on two facilities -the H-POWER waste-to-energy incinerator and the Waimanalo Gulch Sanitary Landfill.The incinerator is currently operating at or above plate capacity, and requires the addition of a third boilerto keep up with increased demand, while the landfill is near capacity and scheduled for closure in 2008. Even with an upgrade to its incinerator, without an outlet, the City will face ..,tw "s. a>_ ~4,,, ~~~ir r~ a ~r$t ` r r, i ` specialized, pre-stretched film ! : I ~cl that will create anair-tight package. ~ ' i l ~ This process, proven in Europe over the past ten years, facili- Customers'collectiontrucks tates Hawaiian waste export in will cross certified scales at PHOro:KP000RP. two crucial ways: the gate to HWS' Wrapping Facility and enter the facility for discharge of their 1)Thedensityofcompactionmaximizestransporta- loads to the tip floor. From this point, front-end load- tion efficiencies ers will push the waste 2) The air-tightness of the wrapping process creates - material onto asunk- an anaerobic environment inside the waste bale floor conveyer system which, in a matter of hours, slows decomposition that will transmit the and methane production that could jeopardize material through the bale integrity, and deprives any living organisms processing cycle. within the bales of oxygen to a degree that they die within days of processing.Thistatter benefit is Waste will then the lynchpin of HWS'regulatory approval for this move to the waste export; USDA has concluded that using this tech- baler,where it will nology"poses an insignificant risk of pest estab- be compressed into lishment" in Washington State. bales that are approxi- mately 4'x4'x8: The bales, with a density of18001bspercy,will i 'i'` PHOTO, NPG CORP weigh approximately 33 tons each. After From the Wrapping Facility, waste bales will be compression, the conveyer will move the bales into a trucked to Barge Harbor in Campbell Park, where they wrapping machine, wherein it will be wrapped with a will be loaded onto flat-deck barges for ocean trans- port to Washington State. Between 8,000 and 10,000 tons of waste will be shipped on each eastbound barge. Barges from Honolulu will deliver waste directlyto Roosevelt's Intermodal Facility on the Columbia River :x: ei four miles from the tipping face of the Landfill. - f ~ _ - j . The composite liner system includes two feet of com- r~~ ~ ~ i' ~ , ~ patted clay, an 80-mil HDPE liner and a geotextile membrane to protect the Iiner.This is in addition to a drainage layer that includes two feet of rock and a Roosevelt Regional Landfill (Roosevelt), owned and second geotextile membrane. Roosevelt is designed operated by Regional Disposal Company (a wholly with state-of-the-art leachate collection and gas han- ownedsubsidiary of dling systems, creating Allied Waste North I ,~,t"'' what is essentially a America, Inc.), is one of bioreactor; what little the world's largest and leachate is created most technologically is captured and re- advanced landfills. injected into the waste pile to promote Sited in arid south- a.c. decomposition, and central Washington, ~ methane created in the Roosevelt combines waste decomposition unique hydrogen- process is harvested logical features with and piped to anon-site engineered protections energy production far exceeding federal facility. Subtitle D requirements to ensure maximum In 2004, Roosevelt environmental protec- Landfill received ap tion. proximately 3,000,000 tons of waste from all over the Pacific Northwest region, including municipalities in The site itself is naturally bowl-shaped, and is situated Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. atop the sandstone and clay stone Rattlesnake Ridge It is currently permitted for 5,000,000 tons of waste Member, which is up to 80 feet thick. Below this is the on an annual basis, and over 200,000,000 tons of 340-foot thick Pomona Member basalt, which con- total capacity. Of this total capacity, less than 15% sists of dense, low permeability clay. It is estimated has been used. that for liquid to travel through the Pomona basalt member it would take approximately 15,000 years. Hawaiian Sys~ems,E~ 1011 SW Klickitat Way, #C-109 Seattle, WA 98134 (206) 292-2929 3:(206)254-0278 ~i fi~'(t j?y'S~~ ~i~~~" 3 ~ ~ f~ ~ ~ " ~ vY~.~g~xa Q,iilr S = V~ ~9 r a _ e ; ~4 I , I~ I ~ A R,,a. ~ - ti: ~ pi - i!' ,s - p f. r ' ~ ~ `i - - ,Ax, , . . s`. 4 ~ ~i~, I ; 9L ~ ~ t,~ ; 'ES' 8~'~ I ~ ,v''~ ~ v 8~ g'a ~ ~ yg~~~ ~~3ao ~'',Y 3~~g~~ ~za~E 2 w cU£ E U°~~~~ ~ .a ~ry ..P;. m ~ o o ...11 1 E~sFB€~~ ~F ~E~~~s p n F''`- _n ~ .2 ~ ~ p ~ iii ~ a v Q `d'~ E ?.P ~ ~ ~o; ® c-~$e fi~g3g~~ o ~ ~s~~~~ ga~ z E _ ~ ~ ~~g P i &~af~ ss f ri:. e~ L,i.~ w W F° 'i'~'`°~ f d ~ 3 L}.,= tg...- ~ ~ 2 ~i u v "4 K~iIA.. c Y r~ ~ . r?. j R i.17 ;s ~ z ~ 3 a~ a~ ~i~ Z r m v i~ yy°~ _ ~ y: 9~„J E ~ e ~ s~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f kf 3~ $.g ppV + t o s c~ a e~ P E o o s e s e D e g~y ~ a° 3 8 o= 3 g a. a° ° E c 5 0 p ~ B§ g u x g EPi Y'v og u ~yE ~g „.e gE ~ ~ o 3pPx ~v a z R e ya g 2°C[ r~~ D.C ° a t P ~ o E d• i~~ C S P~ s 4 p '..d~"B„ aefr "e `d EE ~JY .°ECp Sf 2 m °,.a. 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' p aTER ~ -~a~E~ m ~ v __Pgg ~g°~~ 31"^ ~m m ~ "~o g`oyt 'u g~z V omE-S a„-n3 -ono-~ op=vr p ~*n~S'~ ,R m ~ .Y u N 0 Z E L ~~~Epgg ~oofma~ors 3-~f ~~~-8 ao9o vE~n~~@~~ p V _p q ~~e~ cL tCV 8 P 2 _ ~ ~ 8B 9,, ~ ~ ~V , t} ~y m~T S.Y ~'~n u <°L o g~ E ~~~o ~ ~ ie"u ~f ~ a~~ ~ ~ ~ a i ~ : edg. r ~1 ,rr° a s Y ~I ~ Y~Ym ,;aa s' tl •y ~ f a r 4 I p i ~r. ~s { i~z', .'x ~;`:a` `'~`~'~r k«.-c. z~ 6: ~ ~ ~ «y: r'. I k~ . x r~~''' re=; is s +!r a r a Ie e y. ,1 m~ ~ f.?. y,~ • ~~yy~~, ql iknb. ~ ~ h~y~ . .d fla Y~; ~ s y~ ~ Y+ a w i ~ S ? - , t - o - ~ ~ ~ ~ - e _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,'s ~ yw ~ ~ ~ 3 a^~'f g _P3 Ili ~ i 4II I ~ ~ ~ sy_. I ~ p~~s ~ ~ a t~~~fsl, €~F3PS b ~ ~ 0!oiE,,. w ~ - s, W I ---~c ~ a ~ J / - _ _ ~ ~ _ i i u~ ' n I i lip u a i i ~ rte. `5 ~ ~ oG 9 t~ ff 9 ~ ~ 1 o 8~ ~ i I~ ,ti, J / / ~ 5 ~ ~f ~ o: ~I 1 i~ ~ fi~~'2 T ,ae~g~ °e x $s> IF I~ ~ ~ I, ~ ~ m 'a = ~ KLICKITAT COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 205 S. COLUMBUS AVENUE, ROOM 103, MS-CH-04, GOLDENUALE WASHINGTON 98620 • FAX 509773-6779 • VOICE 509 773-4612 DONALD G. STRUCK, DISTRICT #1 JOAN FREY, DISTRICT 02 RAY THAYEA, DISTRICT a3 September 15, 2005 Mayor Harry Kim County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni St. Hilo, H196720 Dear Mayor Kim: Through our discussions with Jim Hodge of Hawaiian Waste Systems, we have become aware of the potential waste export move that would bring solid waste from Hawaii to Klickitat County, WA for disposal at our Roosevelt Regional Landfill. My fellow Commissioners and I have worked with Jim Hodge for fifteen years on a wide range of innovative projects and strongly recommend his expertise and oversight in these matters, It is our experience that solid waste initiatives of this nature are complex and require comprehensive oversight from regulatory agencies and policymakers, and we are writing to express our support for this important project. Our County Health Department, which has regulatory authority over Roosevelt Landfill, has already been made aware of [his potential waste stream and is prepared to cooperate to the extent necessary. As our County's third largest employer and single greatest source of municipal revenue, Roosevelt Landfill is vitally important to the economic wellbeing of our region. As such, the Klickitat County Commission takes an active role in the management of [he facility, specifically with respect to relationships with enterprises, both municipal and private, that utilise the Lzrdfill. That said, under t; c right c~uditions and appropriate regulatory review, we would welcome the import of solid waste from Hawaii, and will cooperate, to the extent possible, with efforts toward that end. Please do not hesitate to contact us with questions or informational requests regarding Klickitat County or Roosevelt Regional Landfill. We look forward to working with you on this important initiative. Sincerely, BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONEKS K ' kitat /C~(ount/y~~, Wa mgto? MAX- l9 , Donald <i. Struck, Chairman ,a T _ G ~ ~ ? Y `a KLICKIT AT CGIiNTY BQAKD OF COLIN'I'I' COI1*IR4ISSIONEILS ' 2(155(~IX.t!Mflt1S Aa'LNt'k.RO(M1 Ftn, MS Gii-01, GtAtAl:DALE 4~`,aSxi><GTAV 48G20 `fX%SG9?7347'14-t~C4CE 5(i47T}.}(,1? !~$L $0~+ (gyp\ALI)Ci STRIX'K, p)5TR1cTa1 IUhN F'RFY, Dt.4Tka'T az It.av TxAYflt, DtSTkr.~i a1 Jung 4, 2005 Aetayvr Muff k#an~ama[~zF H~[wluty 6l~le S~0 S. Kiag Sc. Ifiamiltxtu, HI 9~rR Y 3 Maycar Haia?emaiut: crI Ha~ci~a 4t~ Fsyst~ynas Isas I i~mett t~f the per ~atid ct~stc ` n ftam a~ the ~ ~ e sieuien¢+ ~ Etv. The I~io~t C~e3r ~ ~ 6xr cry y+eacs a~n ~ nu~xbee of t~lstiwe t~ " ~ e~s€ ~ ` sevelt ~ Land#Iti. t us ~ " lit ` » caf ~}ielpat ~ we h~'~ a~ 1 i~a of ~ _ ~ . TICS, t~ pateutYat of u~t~ w~sie I~ItaaCa~ ~ Cw ~ee"~ag ~ csf the entttrer ~ at° Gty , I w uld tike tcf i~vs`te yiou to ~t~ Kttltst ~ ~ suC[i ~ meet. 7~ i4 d3acuss I atl. ~ ~ ~ bus ~Kfttt you a ~p as s~C a~ yon ~ Wis. Y+~ ~r yaur . _ ~ipnety, Ic~aCC Ipr IJfss~'tot Nx~ 2 t~ ' DPINIEL K INOUYE w.w~l ~~rnorrunons ~ni6Lll p~r8l-L,a p~L14IIrL r!m+~lcuwocesEA.LLaUIL SuEOammlRjo an d6n,c-P WJna MamO.r p00M T-Zt2 ]1p J~q MOtWA BO MONOW W, H7 p09d14T COal,nmcE.sawce, aNOTMN5PaplXnon SUITE 722. HART SENATE OFFICE aUIIDING laoal Mi.zs.: SuDavmiP~p pn An6mTrwupa4aon a6 WASHINGTON, OC 28610.1102 ~*%Ilaelsn-Sw Mt,dYm Ayrl~, (1D2) 27a-7094 LV MMfTIE_' ON INOWN ,ViA1119-Y4 ~^'^~an FAX (a02) 224-67a7 la+ ~•uNr srutt No. v emu, w nerza DEMOCRATIC St$aWVC,WD CDONOINAnoN. Ipaq 915-a.w ~1J°'~ Jnne3,2004 vvclmelsa~-alo COMMnTff ON PULES AI.D AOMINf6RUnON _ ~'he Honorable William gawks TJndersecretsry for Marketing and Regulatory Programs TJ,S. Department of Agriculture 2I3A Whitten Building r400Independence Aveane, S.W, Washington, D.C. 20250 • Rear Undersecretary Hawks; I write to request your immediate cansiderstion of the City and County of Honolulu's (City) proposal regarding the disposal and transfer of its mnnicipxl solid waste, I'ionolulu faces an impending shortage of land$11 space, and tbz City Council is currently evaluating several options. Chairman l2od Tam of the Honolulu City Council's Committee on Public Works and Economic Development has advised me that one of the options is the shipment of waste of€island. I understand this option requires a permit from the Department's Animal and I'Iant Hoalth and Inspection Service, and that the sponsor of the project, Pacific Rim )Jnvironmentsl Resources, has regneated such a permit. Ih order for the City Connctl to evaluate the fall range of options available for its cousideradon, your expeditious review, consistent with hill protection of public hlealth and the environment, in the contest of a compliance agreement rather than a formal rulemaking,'rvould be appreciated. I, Accordingly, within existing rules and regulations, I would appreciate your full and fair consideration of this matter. Thank yon for your attention to this issue. I look forward to hearing from yoa_ Al a, K, IN UYE United States S ator D~lQ:asl 10/?7/2005 THU 15:37 PAX 2062590278 TAU, LLC X021/046 I~ t untexi ~viales. The Ri;Si~ U~ I~tirodu+ction +5f Pe$tS to the [3~attmeIIlof Cont~nerltat ~I11~Pd ~:~#tt~ V1$ P1aSt1~ A>iture 1vCunfieipal Solid Wast~fra~ Hawaii Animal anti Plant flealllt Tilspt;ef'[on Executive Summary Service Large voiutnesof mtinia'ipal solid waste.may be eragSportcd.in airtight April 2Q(l~ bake from Hawaii;tq landfllls in the continental United States. Thrbales are created liyaht~exidtttg,, ront~rtessiiig, end wtapptiig,wa;te in adliesive- bacteed, ptastic~tcP} lsatriei's Becauscgarltage !'rom Hawhit catmat enter llpEliS the contittzntal l#S. llndet #'edzral rcgulaiipns for }lath pests, vre ~ssesszii the risks afpiaritpest estalilishmentvia thts pathway°. Airtight eticlostrc fmm creation to htlnal would colupl'ctely mitigate the risks ofostablisilmentisy sny plantp~sts. Tne1?efute, this pest risk asSe3stvalttttitx15S~5i up~i the acwbl+iess of bsiiag tacltridlo~ and the safety of#i~ getuettil patfitiuap, cimsidCritig here tmiy ~osc processes like! y to apply to ail.pttapctsals to transport-baled solid: waste t'xom Hawaii: Silme pr0iiess~, Mich as w}i~e,iandfll!§are:iocat~~tisl ~Itic~i types of transport will be tes¢d.iitl~te iiiaiiilatttl, wiil.bz evaluated sapara6ely for zach par[iealar prcepcasal lo'idetttiCyany cxceptiottally s~t3ifi~ztt rise;:factors. 1'~lalitefactoter:and ind~9ndent resemtth itttlicateti tHat the baling tzchnalogy. ped`ornts-wdi: li~sczma Ill~ly to tt3iUgate the risk from pll types of plant pests. la patt3culaf;;ttseets snd some p2R~iggehs are upiikeiy to siirvtv~ih;the b81da 6etirause`of cninpr~s'tun;,aniizia;:anti the absenee•of Hosts: F3tliet proeedufzs, such as.bale consttuction, tttoniturillg dueitig erattsp©rt, and burial iti nogttlat~d landfrl]s:. sh?citYd adequately ptatect agairtst escapes via accidental tuptutes. and puttdtii+GS rltiring handling and uaasport. Gomplianae with general pracedares; such as diuzrsiou of yard and agricultural waste; and staging and prompt siiiptierit of bales, is also intporiaffi. We ciartcitxled Uta1 tf theme proccdteres are fnituwed, transpilrtatioa of riiunieiprtil solidwaste -from Hawaii in bales poses an insignificant tisk of pest establishment. In ad"ditittn, ~vt: neenmmend that the pathway be tnotlitx*red teenct~ that pathway prbe~ssrs-and compliance do not differ signifieazidy from what ~~as dzscribed here. ®o2z/oas 10/2,7/2005 THU 15:39 FA% 2062540278 TAU. LLC 1. fniradutitan The-State of Hawaii has requested an assessment of the feasibility 9f itatisparting baled tnuriictipal:sol%d waste Cream Hatyaii #a tandfHls iti the coaiintntal 13nitetl St;it~. The garlia~ will bt:baled by conipreasing and wrapping in adhesive-backed, plastic fitni barriats trade of loiv density: palyetltylene (Iil)p~); ereafittg_eittigbtpackages. Sales wtltlA be tranapcirtcd by laaage to j the tatatnlatKi end ~eat:pvi#taps try athnr ra~itts, and uliimat~iy butted "intact iui landfills in ' aaciiTttdnCe ivitEt'tegul8tions.£ar salid~tuastC dispg5al(40CF'i#~258; E1'/i, (1993'~):1'Itepotential wilame. of waste'.to:lta transported may beabati# 2Atf;90D Ums par year Per cAttY ~*$Tb~ae from Hawaii is~not ente~alrle-untiet' cltfr9ttt t'sd?~alregpla~6ns far glaht pests ('7t-''l:ft~33fl:atif3). 'i'htrafasa, aq:assessment srt'tltc t'is14a of plani'peri esmbl'tatimerit via baled solid waste from limvkhii to the ar4ntineatal U is nr~d. The fakxal agency to chac~ts~tfsueh~aasaasinents is the,4tiitttal~atidPlantHealthinsiAt[~~vta~(APHIS}tif#lteUS 1~apartmtxrttof.4gtictiliutt: 1 411~DA~. 'l$iis afiseszttietil was tlot>g`tzy ttte ~entvr far 1'laiii Health'Soience aril 'feshntrlcigy (GisTl'). The abfecitve;ol•rhts tart is to cyaiuste"whed}tor the,baiing tiachn~iitgy effectively triipgat~ poten#tal pester fnr urbansa1id',vaste front.llawaii: The assessment focuses upon the unique baliagtedmalogy#a be users, because airtigittencinsurt:-from ra~atiouta burial"would completely u?iitgate the` iisks of estahltsftrtteyt ~y any' plans pears. Tfiua. the tgsin.gitestiaris if interest".f~arc ale "Doe's tl>~ ltaittt`g.tedltnology provide a sh`atig, airttntit barrier?"-.and "How tik,rly are~tUtnesorpunctures'?'' VJz alas assess whethergesuzal path+vay.pmcedurtsv~aould rcdugc ~ inaltiaret m the f)al~ tlr the ciurttcts~f Pe tn_liie event ctfaccidental ruptures or !i liuucttirps. p pttahta6v~;recommetiilahon is given based on the.likielihoal.of ititrodupton. Only thtas~ pathv~~. p[o©essPS:Filte~iy to #ieeauunan:to all camisany proposals to.ti'azts~art taxied waste Cram 7lawaii'ware conaider~l: SeaQarattosm~u#s fgr pattictilar csmPang prepd~ais wits addreas:faeii3rs such BS thC.daStlnaF[gn taotlfilif type tit transpbrtatiiin to be used. on the mainland, and pest speciestliat may= pose patiticttiar threats: 11. Dtil'utitans faarbage is defittcd as urban(.cwnmcrcial and tagidential} solid waste fmm the ntuz~p~hty .of Nonohiln, H4watt Based ctrl prep~&a~s tG tttovq waste (nut &havJaj, tiris.;at~is assumes That y~tl t~ifd: a~itasIttuiil waste will ire Antively xxeluded from the~waste stream. Ther¢fare, the' r~Eative vottarto afatty such vi~aste aacidestzeily entering the pathwaq absurd ije very small. tf it was fotvtd thataach Waste was Welt tYy~Ca' lly}scluded, a revlsed:assessalezit migttti be necessary. ,4 spill isdefitied as thees~pe.of waste-material from.a bale and cantaat with-the ground, truck. tfaCtOC, barge, arotiler ICizes,u'ial fesiturt. Odler iitlpor~irt terms are dcftnect as follows; in alphabetic order (Merriam-1~Vetaster, 2Qt14): Anoxia: hypostia especially of sueit Severity as to result is peitnane?tt damage Aatcaxic: gt~tly deficient in oxygen Hypozia: a defieetaty of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body Rrsk:tsceannenr- Baled Solid if`aste ~ 10/27/2005 THU 15:40 FAX 2062540278 TAU, LLC ~ ®023/046 Anaerobic means living, active, occurring, or c;;isting ir. the absence of free oxygen. 111us, the term anaerobic is only wrraclly applied to greanisms, not non-Sitting Ulings like bars qr life gotiditions jvithrn Hieatt. ~ IIL netailed overview j -borne det~il& will be:specific to each company:prgpnsal, such asthc Landfill sitq.anti means of n'aetaport utit6in the eonHnental il.S., but pt~baltle geperal elt;tradttrisuc,¢ related to the`p~ihway inclndethe fpllors~ings 3 The material iq be uatisporled is urtian solid waste; 2} Agtycidtural and yard waste u<iELite iliuenrd ttr tYtlter transfer stabgn5 acid tvasce,streams; 3) A baling system v+rtl:be ir~~d t"q crate litgh-tleitsity (ca;. 1.Qfgt poiuids per gilbip`yard)::bales wtappaa wiili at let<st fbut layers:gf~dtiesiiai»l~ckcd pltisria; 4.) 't'l~ slta~ atiti+t~igli[ tff the bales drgertds on the reClfnglogy ttsed but aveiglits:fioa7,210 }2 tans-might be-el~seeted; 5) Bales will he Sttatnd, or ~fagedi' for same tithe befog gatispiit to allow bales to become anAitie(e_g~ fivt'-days iti }"R~'.R {~()tlil}); 6) ivtanifested bates will bye moved nn barges to tlve ttiainlacid, a trip:of shout t 2 to 3$ days;; '1} Hales.tk~ill ev.L~ttadily b~unluaded aTtd tnavad lay truck o A lsttdFli;. 3.) In,prot%durds Id~tp ~ tespeciled-ia sonipliatice:agreemertts; companies will tnonitbrbaies tq detect ttzFitures arxipuncntres-dttring:trauupait, with.partieulai.regard fdrltandling operatinnc (inading:anii,tmltradingj, arirl reparfing tG PPQ aixd State anthorita5 as appropriate, 9) Bales placed in the lanilfiil will be covered with at feast six inches of soil within.2+1 hours {EI:.A;1993}.,aril lQ) Landfilled !falls will. tiltitriately tae`envereii by at least seven feet of material i~plaeed on dte tap {filial} wastelayerlnti tnany.mgre feet if plarrd closer to.tbe' bottom layer. (kltcr important paints iucliide fire foilowzitg: liazardotiF atiil'ligitid tvi~fites will bq diverted or mmoved befgt~e-sltrcddiag and baling; • Waste and bateswifl not conzat~t hare-yronnd atlersollection or wrapping; • iiaPecfecttysgafiat 4ales found dtuingstaging tt l~law,aii ttiili4~ rewiippet~ raid re-aged; • Fewer ntpturG3~Sf~lesSSa6i likely t0 occurwitli trnc~ors thatbave;gtabbiug-ratkter tif~t forked l[f:ums (Figttre:l'}; • companies will del apptrpriatrfy with punctares anal a`tnail rupnir.s; detected after stilpment; • tximpanies will hatldle l:r~ptttres by coilecisng.spiIlad waste; storing ail wvaste in scaled tantaittcrs, and rgsvrapping and re-staging ~vasic, • spills wf11 beeleaned up:aiid disinfected acsorditig tbUSDA:gtiidclines fnr spills of international garbage-(PPQ: 2(!04); • .All n.tptures ~t~ill be doctunented-and repotted regularly to PFQ and State offlCialS; -destination landfills-will be modern facilities that meet all regulations fvr design and operatioli (e-.g., C'PA, 1993}. Risk Asscssarent: Baled Solid A'arre ~ ®aza/oas 10/27/2005 THU 15:41 PAX 2062540278 2AU, LLC ~ q i a q t Ppartl. >tis~ertrpletraeiii~- °`gCafl~blag,•1lftarin&forh3»diingbfil~s. CV. ti`hlidiLyofthebaiGugtechndogy lnfasrriakion.alrout the waste=baling technology came from DS{tiltA Clmweit, iietmany {pla1~RA, i 9$6}; an original manufacluret' ofbalrtg and wzixpping techncto$y„mod fii~to arfdepeudent research (sbelow} that ei5trobatated-;and exteudedthose. £,ndings. 'late original ]3);YfItA study (Yn Gcmtzn} was ruytrested but was unavailable; the catrtents efthe trtittsl~t~il report {provided in Pacific.lYam Etrvironmetttal Resources; ) were shbstaiitiated.liy fprdepepdi~it dcscriptiotts ~e:g, IIaldasaiio d ai., ?(1t13}, Additional inforniation on.procetlures afld safety for bat~l garbage carne from Ito}I Press Pack lntemational, I,td. {?fl09}, RRP AtneriGa (?~0`t},,$nd:Grass u'1'9P ('2U(~}, wh1Gh aU dlanufacture atrtl :use the baling technology similarly: The basics of the haling tetshtrvlOgY ere that wa$te: rrtatcrisl is shredded if ntseessary> compressed td, a high density, wrapped with [lands or netting to maintainshape, and t'Irefr wt~sped with adhesive-coated LDPE. At least t`uur lsysrs of plastic;are r~ka,'fouxtiit$ a strbrtg, arrtr$ht barrier. gale shape depeiYiis on the plate, with cylinders created iu .`roll-press" systems and: rNCtaugles rseated m raruming systetrts (a;g-, BzR(dbsaao ct a1., ~93j: Rolt jit~ess sy'sicats read to result iti bakswith It~ss trappdd air (3ie~er arid'i;.><ivit~,1r191). "Che d~g~ QF~sppQt' is.typicaily g[eattt with recxangrilar bales, and inoru liquid is. pressed out asweil> ]3a1~ dtansities are expected to be in the range of £SU0 to 11©A kgi'ir+' (ca. I?ii0 to 18(141 ltis~yd } (~aWasana et al., 2003). The bales 1?Ex:pme anoxic withina few days a8er tvrappin$ 4Paillat and ~'iailtard, 2001; R~les• Martinez and Gattrdon; 1499}. Plortnal (3a corrcentratians are 21 % (21 kPa) but were near 2% (ca. ? kPa} in the bales- 13eear>se of kita'i and other factors, very little biodegrddation or prdduciion'of oases occurs. The wrapping is strong as welt as airtight According to IIaldasano ei al. (24031, the LDPE `..:has a hi$11, although not total, degree of resistanx to perforation and tearing." Pre-stretching helps maintain bale shape, increases adhesion, and helps prevent rupntreS. Sales weighing less Risk Assessment: L3nled Scrod Waste 4 ®ozs/oas 10/27/2005 THU 15:43 PAX 20625a0278 TAU. LLC than 1000 kg did not rupture +xh©n,dropged ftn2n a hctghtaf 3 m (I3FKl?:A, 1996). A u6L~r in Ulan c4i~ilrnited filet larger balesiupture w~hett drapp~ t0 to 2S fact onto the vortical sides of railroad-:cars `(pars: comm., BatY3' Edwards, tYvrtlt Pointe Waste TraitsEcrStation, ].iudon, t1'f). I ct t solid waste to.bc hamlied that way..:. Pointed or Sharp UST)A will nrit-allow haled ntitnt 1~ X33 ~ we found no objects arlthin the bales'cati perfState dte plas#ic (13aidasana et ai., indtiaft that thishas E:omrn©ttty occurred. ' tirtAer n9ttiiat storage c;onditoits, the'}~riics typically remain aii'tiglttfoi• rrtfirty tttanths {Ratiles- 2~d1): ~utlti$1+t demos P~sxic films but eveA #31>~t useful bfe axceeda RQactutoz ~oiv8atl, a turue~in ltifi:days(3Yiiflatand•t3aillard;~hlj.Biildasastoate? (~~~esdtnnted•asa'festorag I sunizt1fl2tnoutlts.leis"mdtk@l~.#t;1he~~tt~ittCilstoia~c:~tdt~~ittttt~efti'sm:~AWail'to Ntena~uitTar~dK"pitld~ecd-Y~t6'deys:Cs~bciow): lti ~ddititta, draadh~?vo-fib Stv~ `lT°g ~apabtitty ul the Plastic #ilu (Pail~t 2$11) S~nal[ (St~tNtspGGfi~d}ilndtoleeatro~~ttttghtagam'a#kerswne I artcl~rellls~ ti>~tfareh tuna. 'ff~atf andihedenstty of the vraste"l~li'; should help mitigdtathe chance of t#tat ~ c~nn~tbe riltt~tttrotivxcfiisivcly- ures-.and smatl i'uptur~ . pta&tltr art~ktal'ntflrrtg ttssd'la write be?tfigtecduiolt~ies w matntarn ~pewouid also timi~s abllitj+ of Planter to escape tbreugh:tupntres.but the ractangularbela systarrr>aPP~' scraps radtec than netting. t)verall, tlie>vs%Stebaling technology usmg.rsdhr'sive-backed plastics seems very sound, pravfdingg: stras?g- airtight Fiats tttaiwtt bs: safoly &tared,. tratispo~d, and handled. Y- P%sfrl§lc:niftigativus Miti~;atums cc~isidertxl here- etther result fri?ni rile bating techttoltigY itsalf~ Peahues'.ttf the proptised.patltway, including the wast!~ type; and haw bales are sta$ed,.lnrrdled,:transporUU;d, and buried:. A7irigafiotifri7ri+ ttfe birlirig tEChnnki~7i Bales dratzentaiAa"srlightfibmt'ttt~l~!t~~°mPietelymttga'tetlta tlsk fi~gilpk~tt F t~ ttie pis anti pdst Ri`Bl<h"¢ m escape. 'f#tnt mi~~~tiart ,a urivet6al; i.e: ii does-rWt depeatl 4n pest type or taxonomy; and probably applies equally to bt>1tt eurrenl°and firtttr~e pests that establish in klawaii. »'aq'~ possslir]rty of ai:a~lantal ntptutcs or punccuros. iionever, we also canitriiei' pest zrtoCtaLly snit the at~ts o~other patfiv~ay feelers. ~hrodding arul nompact3aa would 1'kkely IFitl moss insects {see Montgomery ~ lvianninx, s v This regardless of stage., since the achieved deatsity should be in ext~5s of $~t ~ throw the lastic xvoald ffierefiire gtcsitly reduce the.posst}illity ofborittg-type insects thewin$ &h P wrapping; which, moreover, would a,sty be posst'ble if those insects:ended up or. the atrtcrmost surface of the compacted waste. Shxeddiitg and compaction may~iso rleuu'alize some weed seeds-and nematodes. RiskAssessmenr: Bbled Solid Warta 7 ®026/046 10/27/2005 THU 15:45 FAx 2062540276 TAU, LLC r~nbYia would kill any inseets.and insect prapagttles that r~ttain viable in the bates; probably ,viihrn a few days (Hinton; 1481: Aoback aril Stank?y, 2001; Montgomery'and Manning, 2009; ttJoods and Hill, 20R9), This: idea has been-used for esaturies £tir-pest-free &sod stui~ge (c.g.,:t3c t~inia, 1990}. Adults alai Gg>;s ere probably most setlsitive to hypoxta (Hoback and Stanley, 2001). Insect mattalfy is important because, of rite pest organisms,cvnsidercdhcre, Drily insects activelydisperse. AnaXia by itself,vrcrutitnDt kill most weed seeds (Pailiat snd Gaillard; 2041). Sotae pathugon9 would-he kyitd by persistent anoxia, such as softie bacteria and nematoites, but snaiiyr?tfii~rs eoulil lieta:taEfet~tul (pars. conim„ L,1.$. Felsgusou, CPHS`f). ~agfatan jratr pnthwut, proetdures tiVaste satazn - ~.ivc~aion pf~^ard and ~rir~lturaF±~~ste to.titfier facilities°s~iauld reduce ski nutuber of poteceial,pests sod Pest prolragulos in _this:patltwaytovery,lotd le+vtls. l'tantpesla br 1 prepagulesata tii~ltly unjjktdy ta-bc pre~en# in=t7irttrlicipal+wasia siupcrianls. Aial: potential host<~ of eontantiaauts, sgrh as d>soatdeil fruits and lkowdis; will Ilkely tie an exiremetgsmall propOriitin.of`thetDtal volturte:nftvaste. Stsgiug- The minimum atiigittg pins transport Buie. is,alipiir 15 days {not.showti~; which is more than eilop„lt tliria.ftir lire bales to become anoxic: Tit~mtaximum s~gingplustriptipe is untrnawtt.' VSte recommond a m'aiting period.befPrC trartspoxtot less tlrar 95 tlays.(ea, twa uacl (sne-half tn,Qtiths} fa avoid nearing the itlb-day~ileiad tt3r'the ~arlicst ppssible degradation bg swtl igtit (~iaZit~e9. Handling -Rupltttes and punctures ctfllal~s are iitA9t likely to os~cur duris#g lt3ading.:and tmloadirigc rnciiting'accidet~t~witt prohaiily be even rarer, Raton are as yet unknown: Punctures scan very tutlikely.to occur it tractors havtt grabtzing l~#t arms rather iban forks. Mo,deratety- sized bales-Can: niptvre ivltett drgpped fifutr lteight3 ofabtiut~ m {`ab4vu): 't'hat protiabiy dcpereds u}mn }joie w~i~ht aud,sim@e andofltei'~ettrr9. ~siu~ txAt~ars tikeMi~.irt lig, l will;grt~itily reduce tho risk vfdtups.irrnrt sigfti-fieant heights; ~van'iitiales are a~asionhlly sta~ltud.3 m'l>i~ll. pr more. stcch as might happeta during, sta)<itt~, TratiaptutQn the'tliaitxland - 5peoitic transpoltatial ntearts will be e~iluated mt?rt {tidy it esxcssments far specidio prolwsYtls. VYe note, hc?tveV~', that: in,gerterai rite acCtdept rates.are lose for irausport s~fcargcrhy truck.{see ttelnw}, Tiar,~c ~$ureau o€Transpdttat'sQn 8tatistass, 20tk4), artd tail (Federal. Rsikoad Adatiaisttation, 2flll4j: Transport by truck tv dle tanditll - Tlie;tisk of catastrophic rlipture._ofbatta-because of truck 'sccideuts is i"tkely tv be very low.. For example; ths.accident rate for mlckstarruiag hazardous atatatials based on 14~fi data was 0.32 accidents pet million vehicle-miles (FoQerai Motor Carrier safizty Adruinst{alion. 2002). The same rate ttxr nonhazardous materials was stiti very small: 0.73 accidents per trtitlian vetiiccle-mites: if we assattlc the average orte-wa3' (loaded) unck trip to a lxndfitll w4 be 25 mites and use the-rata tar trucks carrying tutizar+dous materials, then on average one accident would occur every 125;(100 trips. Using theca#c for trucks carr}'ing non-hazardous materials gives an average of titee accident every 55,000 trips. Risk.9ssPSSment: Baled Solid E#`a,te 6 ®oz7/oa6 10/27/2005 THU 15: 4fi PAX 2062540278 TAU, LLC NTanitorittg-Companies will likely be respPnsible for monitoring to detect punctttres and ruptures, with r:omphartee monitored by ppQand;'or Staiepersainnel. Ruptures are highly likely to be dciccted, since ?hey will prabahtyr result f~ortt drops; and we expect atty. dropped bales to be inspcc;ed carefuil}~ at t1i0Griitle. Pnncttttes are less iikaty tq be detected but, iffork-type lift-arms are ni3t used;:are also much lesslikely to occur and more likely to self-seal {above).. its discussed above, escape$:4rc highly ttrt'likely unless significant announts of waste are e3ected in a rupturo. Clean up - Bale detrclty, binding.materia.L4, and the self-sealing ability oI' ebe LDl'~ should all limit (hc amount dfeseaptttg.trlrtteriaL Ivlo@t wercl:se~ds ltid plant pathcr~eas wt'11`~auc little or rit+ abtYity is disperse all~:aspiiL One exception tray, be.spores wbioh am small enough for wind-dispeaxaf. Dispersal too sasc~ptib3e halt by pathogattS itr Up a sable site fete growth by weds s'Sugbly utiUcdy, msspmt°S aibairt ule prA~rdtugs atp fptiitwed S~Pulou&ly< TLUTCtugh cleaning ~lttiuld aa{ittue a~1y alt waste mgbert'al{exw'ept under exaegtional ctrcumstattcesr);ond proper use aS'approved ~sinfcetants {FA.Q, 2a)t)4) will likely contrpl any tscape;l pathogens. I~ Lant(fdl - tYalg airtight balms ate liiiely til eater tlic IandCtll, arid, assutrring. sitttilar handling et~tiipmetlt m thtitused previou~y,.rupture~ daring planement will be uttiilreely. Oovet~ftg with a ti=inch barrier ufstiil arndlex mntntial'(see i'?#§2i8 2i. j within 24 hours will i"uitlter mti%gate theposstbthty afdaE of plant pew ttrpxtip?~itlek; by bout natural dndvector-caused ineaus. Baled waste isuttlllcely ld lie atk8etivc tit recYot~ bocause ofits ~makEUp.and iltG leek of adorotts biodegradation {above)t in_addition, ae.iio not kptxw whedter balescanrupttme flue to trac?iir activity on iQp afthem, li<# irss~ins ust}ikely giv®n bak dditsik}~ wraPPisigstrength. and dispersal of tractor w»iglif aaross ta+ails- Ultitnatedy,.laadi'iliadbales will be oo~war~ .wtih fi~tn seven to dozens of fcef. nt"matet?z1s fsae 4tl C,F12 ~3~8.6Qj, dt;pead(ttig hpoit the layer in which they are placed. in.additiaq, ftnai:et+ver ties svateramperm~ble layd?~. 'YI. Pntcntiai plant pests speci6a Rests;tu'e nm atlf~ssed here btc0use die spectres of`iaterest wiU depend upon the drstitiation, and.beaausa-tho baling technology is universally cff+ectitra~ainst~all types bfpeststf bates remaut eirtight (above). VlL Qualltativertsk.assessment The ~vastc-bnlaug.t~ittota'g~ is st?nnrJ andstiould ettsure that ~~aste v~ s}tipped only in strong, airtight bales. The baling technology ptobabfy does not kitl mast plant pathogens and wecil seeds in the bales but dries make iltaa csealie exttsmety unlikely.. It espeoialiy mitigates against insect Pests because of anon":a itiilueed mortality within a few days, Pathogens _and K~eed.seeds cannot aptitv:i:y diSlieise-~ eac'+eptfursigaifeant tttpttttes wotildhave little chanceof escaping to. contact acceptable bests or suitable growth sites. Beeansa of the s6ruCture of the bales, only catastrophic tupwrce-which slioctld always be detected-aright iF,~ilitz~ke sigttificant dispersal of pests or pest propagulcs. The liandlirtg tei~tttologv, smenfdh of the plastic wrapping and strapping materiaLs;. and the probable small accident rata, for final transport to the landfill (abne e) reduce the likelihood of ruptures. Alter procedures, sudh gs pataaing or re-wrapping bales, cleanup and disinfection: and restaging bales udli provide further mitigation. Rrck.AssessmenY. Baled Solid Waste 7 ®oz9/o46 10/27/2005 THU 15:48 PA% 2062540278 TAU, LLC These factors. were codified qualitatively for the likelihood of inhoduction (I'1?C2, 2Uf1U}. Some subelomeats were ramoved beeattsc they.aia not apply to this pathu;ly, and tcitals wcro r¢vised aeccrrdmg13+. Only the general pest classes o-f insects; padiogetis. an"d weeds were scored; because the balingtechaology is so broadly. efCeetive, and the v~y- small likelihood of inirexlustion far any particular slsecies or pathogen, For each subelement.a score of eithzT nano U, law = 1, moderate= 2;.or high = 3,=WS~t give. Values pf z>'ao are isot usually possible 1iut ware reasonable here because of the effeelivctto-ssofthe technology. C>ltmulative. risk rating itltervals-were law = d tq b; moderate = 7 to 9, and high = tU to 12 {after l?PQ, 2fN10}, Tfie likellhapd af'#ittrtltluctitin of plant pests via €llis pathway was luwest for insects •(7'able 1};;as ixpeoM,ll-.due to tnnrlality in tha anoxic bates. Cumulatiue ratings fiir pathogei>s and weeds wcse greatsrhe+aattsc of the iitsreated l'rkelilxpod of gtuvioal tnside tha bala9; but were sti7i-loco g;'grill. Teen it'~cve assurptd a madei~e rats"for"lji~detfial:riiprures pf lialeu, ilib Glceithood "of pests disp?tp tirtd Csa~tgtn tgt2ntgCi With u.suitabie host ar site would sti11 be low l 5~abave}, and thrrsfam deg ~pueralt risk>~vovid still be lptw~ituta} =~?:tm' ~t~~?ts anr;1 wtetL~~, T>si31c 1. Qualitartire rislt:tatipgs-for the lilte~ihood of introduction into fire ernttutental U:S. for Urree pest gees from_munteipal"solid waaAe frotn l#aWail inuirtip~t bales. 17~is 111511-sttbielemeuts Ctmiulattve i ~ ~ k risk ratings Annual quantity Survive=bating Mmeil to Contact suitable itltpotted andatt'tp_ment "sattablehabitat ltoskorsite _ lh&ects" t 0 0 0 1 Pates 1 2 ? U 5 ~ l 2 2 (1 S 'kill. Gdnclnsions Trapspgttation ol'urhan solid waste from fiawail to the eantinental Ci~S, in airtight bales ptues an insigttlFt~er risk of pest est~bilshttzagt, 'than i~ beeattse the batiag tcihnology tnitigateS the risk tlnm ail tyges•afglattti>~at's<1~d their pslltvXSy }tl~txdures:sNtintd erlcquately prote~ against aecrdeital tughttit~S and ~idetures tu.t~alea dur+ng3he tlaudling and transport proce~ attd subsegltent eseapa5~ So lnag~s the psagosed prijeedtttes are ~+llciwoil~--~inclu8ing diversion ~f yard and agricultural waste; staghtg andptttmpt shipment; mrntitgring ana inspection ufl~tes, aisd dtorrntgh ele@a uA taf.any.ru~ut~s thatch occur--establiskmtectt of plani laests Sum liasvaii via thispadtway is highly unlikely. As this is a new pathway, we recommendthat it tie monitoiud for satnc titue ta? ettatti-e compliance with the proccddnres dasceibed here and'that no pathway ctisract~istias diffrrdtamaliceliy fFOtn Yltose dtserilied"here, Last, only the peck risk associated with the gathwey was addrmssed here. Although Svc concluded that the overall pest risk was tow, complete approval by USDA for the pathway or parricular procedures should not be inferr~l. The pathway; in whale or in part, may still be subject to denial or modification based upon other cn:rstraints-(pest or non~est rztated}, such as logistics,. available resources, or other Federal regulations. Rick Assessment: Baled Solid N'asre 8 ®029/046 10/27/2005 THU 15:49 PAx 2062540278 TAU, LLC I Contact I~ Barney P_ Cafan,, PII.D., Ecologist and Pest Risk Analyst CPHS`f, Plant Egixiemiology mod Risk Analysis Labatatvey (PEitAL) ~ 173a Varsity Drive; Suite 304 R+91cig1t, N!G 27ti86 419 BSS-?Slld ~?l9-S¢~-'75.99 tfax) baiiray.p.eaWti@aphis.usda.gov Referenc?es ~ Hsldasattp, J.M;, C'iaSSQ, anal 2093; Erlvirattmclntill pclforma teYi~w:and c¢st at+al sts df MSVV tandf+lliug,~ty baling x~r~aEtping te~haalogy versus cotrverttianal system. Waste tvlanagerrlent 23 ?805. l~un:~tt irCTtetisiktrtauon St$tislias$ 2499, tlstloniil Trad3poitation Sfalistict; X043 {gnltneJ Biti~uof'I'rai~portattor~~taWSttofii,tS.I~p~tttnetttafTtansportatadrt;Washington DC: http:Nwww:hts~ov/pnblleatlanalnational_transportatson_stsnstttssJ2U(i3liade~t.himl (verified Miiech 22, 2495). Earass w 2U0~. Cross ~'Vrap ]uFrn~Pa$e [t~tiliiiej. Gross Virrap ~iy Lld= Sillitj&rvi, Finland. hitpolv~wureroxstvraP:fi%mvwfuidest~php (veri#ied pctoberx6,~04}. De Lim, C.P F:1990. Airtight storage', pririt:iple aitd pttti. IN Ivi, Ga4deron anti I3arka;° Cxviap eds. Fsiod pmscrvhtidnby 3vlgdtfi~ Atmosphares,.C Press.Inca.goca Ratpn; Fiortda p 9~1f. DITS~fFA. 1945.-Final reporton#te'pilot:prnject.for temporary_stp~'ageRf $aige by the'nlethod oPRPP js~p4iriish). I]P.14;~kA I]Ittweit.Gmb]i;, Ivitusish; f3ermany; for Landfills, EPA1530 El'A:124~ Sa~tih'DispStsal~at`Joltd•Waste:Tho.Federallieg4llattons SW-9I 1192',: EavironrnotttatProteation Agency (li*PA),'Wnshmgtan,DC• 1S Pp~ Fedetal iwlot4r' farrier Safely A,drmni'stration, 3402. Haxardott9 A4Atet?als IXtsk Assessment: pinal sixs,;Flv"[C8A RT l12-0tJ11 Fddr:€~1 Motor Carrier Sa~#8atainistrarion (~F?tVP~;3A), FJ:S. Deptt of7`ratrsportatton, W6shtngton,:D.C only a pp- Fedet+al B~tlltd ttdtmnistrauost ~ ~T~ Safety'Statispcs FiualRepart~402. Federal kr'ttraasl:Athlnnisiratlfrt,U.$. }Iwttinctat o~''['ranspn~ti0n, Wttsttngttan, I3:C lvlattti.3{l, Zl}[l4. E54i pp. Iditrtoil, I3.~.14&1 Bio1aRy;.nf IgseGt Eggs. Petgamvn Press, Oxford,,tJK. i 125 pp. t~itibdt<k, rtrV.EV;, Gird D:W. Eitatiley. 20Ut.1nsec4s in hypoxia. ]mltnal flf tnsect`PhysiolagK 47:133-54z: M+srriam-Wooster. 2044. Mcrriatn-t~"cbsFer Gttline DictiapaCy [Oitlitie]. Mflrrianl-Wet!sta 1tSe., ~ptingfttld, MA. http://wwwm-svcantl (verified June 1). Motttgomary, S.L., and A. Manning. 2004. Exhibit 5) Mernvtandntn: 2+3ttttiple mortality factors far stowaway pests in seated swlid waste bales; an altaly'sis for PRER, LLC. Iioavluly Solid Waste Expon Pmject;'WSSte Hauditrtg Snit Mariagemcnt (]perations Protocol. Pacific Rim Environttiental Resources, Inc.; Croldendalc,'tVA..p. 3.. Pacific Rim Bnviionmental Resources. 2094. Honolulu Solid Waste Export Project. Waite Ttendling aad Management Operetimts Protocol. Pacific Rim Environmental Resources, Inc. (PREA), Goidmdatc, W_A. Felxuary, 2444- 11 S pp. Risk zissessmenl: Baled Solid &aste 9 X030/046 10/27/2005 THU 15:51 FAX 2062540278 TAU, LLC Faillat, J -M., and F. Gaillard. 2il[71. Asi•-ti~tttnesc of wtapped bales and resis[anee of polythene stretch fi}inwtdcr unpical and tempetate couditioss. Journal o~ tl~rcultutal Engineering Research 79:15-32. PPq. 20fS0_Guidelines far Pathway-Ittitiaf~d Pest Risk Axsessmatts, Uetsion 5.02: Conne P Risk Analysis 13raneh, Permits and.t~3aic Assossrnent, Plant Protection and 4uaran. (PQ), Animal and Plant Health,lnspectioti Service; U.S.13eParplietti.dtAg[i~ulture, Riverda]e> Mi?. gact6ci 17, 2Qt10.3t pp. PPQ. 2Q0+! Airpitrt and Ivtaritltne ~3petationr Manual. Plant Proteetitfn aid C~arantine (PFQ): Animal and Plattt Health luspectioa $tparvice, iJ.S. rtmenY.of Agacutttize, Washiii~YOn, 13:C. pP: nobles-Mattinti~ ~ Gourdon • Effect °f haling:on the behatriaur of domestic I wash ; Labatatory~stutl~ on ~ rple of p13 ip biuzlegtadainn )3iorsss4urCt; Tegiitio'iiv~y i i~:l:~ ~2. R,t>byes-2+!4t~tGtx~,.F<,1>itd ? tenrt behavTourof baled honschoid..waste: j $~hr~viuco.`feehctokagy'1~.i2513U. ppliise dtoH mall Pry Palk lntematiotsal. 2004 li;vll Proms .Pack inU.mationa~ flg~eBe ~ Pis Pgdc lnteraatioual,.I:td.,leii: IJYa1t. http.&`wwtytppi>itcrostiMal<cortdi~ex.btmi RPP Atttertea: 2004. RPP A~nertca klas~aP,e [Clnlinej. RFP Atderica,.Ltd., l~ewport Biiacii, C"A,:M~t^Ilvwtrr}1Pa~n~tr~ txunlctr~rsh!in2sez_c.html (vedli~l April ~6'): Siegart_E , a`ttd liJ: K~ewtt;•<l~i Appliuataau o£balittg iccltnoleg}' ~ ue<npor~ry stotng~ of household waste. Proeeetlirtg~5 Yif theliuctls lnitxnaticaual 1,aa"tlCitl ~ymposiiint; Vol, 1. ~1tau, Sardinta, Italy.l>• 457y4fi2, By,~,~,a,trll;.~ litH ?~04 Tetgpamritt'~dependent ox}'~en Iimitalon is insect eggs. T~ 7ottrnal o#`F;atperimtmtal Btoio~3fi7:2~7-2'?76. Risl:~lssessinatit:BaledSnlidWirste 10 USDA United States The Risk of Inltroduetion of Pests to Department of Washingtolu State via Plastic-Baled Solid "~r"~~e Waste from Hawaii Animal and Plant Health Inspection Introduction Service ' Pacific Rim Environmental Resources; Inc. (PRER), has proposed to Jtme 2004 transport 100,000 to 200,000 tons per yeaz of solid municipal waste from Hawaii to a landfill in Washington state (Luneke, 2004; PRER, 2004a), APEI~S and 150,000 tons per year of incinerator ash (PRER, 2004b) (see Appendix A). The two types of garbage will be separately baled in adhesive-backed, plastic £hn barriers made of low density polyethylene (LOPE). The baling technology, called "roll-press-pack" (RPP), creates an airtight package. Aales ate to be transported by barge to Washington, by track to the Roosevelt Regional Landfill in Klickitat County, and then buried intact and in accordance with regulations for solid waste disposal (40CFR§253; EPA (1993)). Gazbage from Hawaii is, however, not enterable under current federal regulations forplant pests (7CFR§330.400). Therefore, an assessment of the risks of plant pest establishment via RPP-baled solid waste from Hawaii to Washington is needed. The federal agency in charge of such assessments is the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APNIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This assessment was done by the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST). The objective of this report is to evaluate whether the RPP technology effectively mitigates potential pest risks for urban solid waste wad incinerator ash firm Hawaii. The assessment focuses less on the specific pest species that may be present than on the unique baling technology to be used, because airtight rnclosure from creation to burial would completely mitigate the risks of establishment by any plant pest in Washington. Thus, the main question of interest is "Does the RPP technology provide a strong, airtight barrier, thereby mitigating pest risks?"Secondarily, we assess how effective other procedures would be at reducing pest incidence in the bales or the chances of escape if bales accidentally rupture or aze punctured. A final, qualitative recommendation is given based on the likelihood of introduction. Definitions Some important terms are deftned as follows, in alphabetic order (lvlerriam-Webster, 2004): Anoxia: hypoxia especially of such severity as to result is permanent damage Anoxic: greatly deficient in oxygen Hypoxia: a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tiS,eues of the body We also note tbat anaerobic means living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen. Thus, the term anaerobic is only correctly applied to organistms, not non-living things like bales or the conditions within them. Review of proposal The proposals aze detailed for urban solid waste in PRER (2004a) and Luneke (2004), and for incinerator ash in PRER (2004b) but the basic procedures azc as follows: 1) The material to be transported is s) incinerator ash and b) urban solid waste; for the latter, measures will be takes to divert agricultural aad yard waste to other disposal sites; 2) RPP techno]ogy will be used to create bales weighing 9 to 11 tons, wrapped with at least four layers of plastic; 3) The bales will be stored, or `staged,' for a utinimum of five days before shipment; 4) Manifested bales will be moved on bazges to Washington, a trip of about 12 to t S days; 5) Bales wilt be moved eight miles by truck to the landfill; and 6) Under standard procedures, bales will be placed in the landfill and covered with at least siz inches o£ soi! within Z4 bouts. Other important points include the following: • hazardous and liquid wastes will be removed at a transfer station before shredding and baling; • solid wastes will not contact bare ground after collection; • the baling process tends to ezp81 rather than compress air within the waste, reducing initial oxygen levels in the wrapped bale (Sieger and Kewib„ 1947); • imperfectly sealed bales found during staging in Hawaii will be rewrapped and re-staged; • punctures and small ruptures detected after shipment hum Hawaii will be dealt with as follows: -less than six iachcs: covencd with one or more one-foot square, adhesive patches, -more than six inches: covered with patches then over-wrapped and restaged; larger ruptuzes that cannot be patched will be collected, stored in sealed containers, and rewrapped; - hoop wrapping machines placed at handling points can seal ruptured bales whea necessary; • spills will be handled and disinfected according to USbA guidelines for spills of intemationat garbage (PPQ, 2004): • ruptures and spills will be documented and reported regularly to officials in Washington; • Roosevelt Regional LaAdfill (see httpJ/www.rabanoo.com/disposal.htm) is a modern facility chat meets regulations and EPA guidelines for desiga and operation (c.g., EPA, 1993). Validity of the RPP technology ,Risk Assessment•Bsled Solid Waste 2 Information about the RPP waste baling tecbnology came from independent research (see below), PRER, lne. (PRER, 2004a), and DEICRA Umwelt, Germany {DEKRA, 1996), the original manufacturer of the technology. The DbKRA study was requested but unavailable to us at this time. The contents of the report were substantiated by independent descriptions (Baldasano et al., 2003; PRER, 2004a). Additiorul information on procedures and safety for baled garbage came from Moll Press Pack International, Ltd. {2004), and RPP America (2004), which manufacture and use the technology similarly. The basics of the RPP technology are that waste material is shredded, compressed into a high density cylinder in a roller press, wrapped with layers of plastic or metal netting to maintain shape, and then wrapped withadhesive-coated LDPE (specifications in P12ER, 2004e and 2004b). The bale is wrapped with at least four layers of plastic, foxming a strong, airtight barrier. The bales become anoxic within a few days after wrapping (Paiilat and Gaillard, 2001; Robles- Martinez and Gourdon, 1999). Normal Oz concentrations are 21% (21 kPa} but were near 2% (ca. 2 kPa) in the bales. Because of that and other factors, very little biodegradarion or production of gases occurs. Under normal storage con&tions, the bales typically remain. airtight for many months (Robles-Martinez and Goutdon, 2006). Sunshine in tropical envirotunents has a negative effect on the plastic ftlms used but even then useful life exceeds 100 days (Paillat and Gaillard, 2001). It seems very unlikely that bales would be kept in open storage in Hawaii for more titan 100 days before shipment, or that the combined storage and transit time would exceed 100 days (see below), Bales weighing less than 1000 kg did not rupture when dropped from a height of 3 m (DP..KRA, 1996). Por the proposed average weight of ten tons per bale, managers expect that bales will rupture when dropped from that height (Luneke, pers. comm.). That has been experienced in Utah (pers. comm., Barry Edwards, North Pointe Waste Transfer Station, Lindon, UT): bales oRen rupture when accidentally dropped onto the vertical sides of railroad cats {fall distance = 10 [0 25 feet). Fewer bales would rupture if they fell onto flat surfaces. The adhesive-backing gives some self-sealing capability to the plastic film {Paillat and Gaillard, 2001). Small ruptures (unspecified size} tend to become airtight again after some time. That should help mitigate risks from punctures and small rupttu-es but cannot beYeiied upon exciusiveiy_ In addition, the plastic or metal netting used to constrain the bale, as well as the density of the waste itseli7 should limit the ability of plant pests to escape through raptures. Overall, the RPP waste baling technology scans very sound, providing a strong, airtight bale that can be safely stored, moved, and manipulated. Potential plant pests Quarantine plant pests far Washington state include diseases, insects, and weeds (Laboratory Services Division, 1999) (Exhibit 2 in PRER. 2004a). We expel a very low incidence of dtose pests in typical urban solid waste, and even less incidence in incinerator ash. Risk Assessment: Baled Solyd Waste 3 No quarantine insects far Washington are present in Ilawaii (Montgomery and Manning, 2004) but some insxts in Hawaii aze federal quarantine pests (Table 1). Notable among those was the Mediterranean fruitfly, Ceratitis capitara. We found twenty quarantine weeds for Washington which are present in Hawaii (Appendix A, and see Tanaka {2004x). Oniy a few-as few as four or as many as ten-are present on Oahu. Aocordtag to the PLANTS database (USDA NRCS, 2004) alt of those species except one, Carduus pycnocephalrrs, are pmsent in Waslungtoa, although perhaps under ongoing control or eradication. Diseases quarantined by Washington or federally that are present in Hawaii (APS-APEIIS Virus Working Group, 2003; UFi-CTAkIR sod HDA, 2004) and could be transported include bacterial, fungal, and viral types (Tables 1 and 2). T'sble f. Partial lint of federally quarantined inaocts and diseases in Hawaii, after Plant Protection and Quarantine {1993) and the Code of Federal Regulations. Type Common name Germs and species (Order FamilyZ Disease soybean rust Phakopsorn pachyrhizT sugarcane leaf scald Xanthomonas albilineans sugarcane bacterial blight Xanthomonas mrculorum Insect Asiatic rice borez Chilo suppressalrs (Lepidoptera: Crambidae} bean pod borer Maraca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pycalidae) bean butterfly Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera: Lyeaeaidae) eaotus borer Cactoblastis cactorum (I,cpidoptera: Pyralidae) Chinese rose beetle Adoretus sinir+•9 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) false codling moth Cryptophlebia leucotrera (Lepidoptera: Tottricidae). green scale Coccus viridis (Hemiptera: Coccidae) litchi rust mite Eriophyes ITrehi mango seed weevil Cryptorhynchus mangijerae (Coleoptera: Curcvlionidaej Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata {piptera: Tephnitidae) melon tly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tepttritidae) Oriental finit fly Bactroeera dorsalis pink bo4worm Pectinophora gossypielIa (l,epidoptera: Gelechiidae} pink hibiscus mcalybug Maconellicoeeue hirsuhcc (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidac) sweet potato soatabee Euseepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera: Cutculionidae sweet potato sum borer Omphisa anastamasaTis (I,epidoptera: Pytalidae) Risk.fssessment: Baled Solid 13raste 4 Table 2 Quarantine diseases for Washington State present in Hawaii. Common came Genes aad species {d applicable) Host (xn Hl~ ~'Pe Bean anthracnose Colletotrickum lindemruhianum Beans Fan$'~ Bean common mosaic Beans Virus virus Brown spot disease Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Beans Bacteria Common bean blight Xanthomonas campesmis pv phaseoli Beans Bacteria Fuscousbllght Xanihamanasphaseoli vaz. fuscans Beans Bacteria Halo blight Pseudnmonassyringaepv.phaseolfcola Beans Bacteria Lentil anthracnose Collerorrfchum truncatum Alfalfa Fungus Onion w}11te rot Scleratitrm cepivorum Onions Fungus Potato virus Y - Potato Virus (necrotic) Seed potato disease several Potato - Vertic%llium wilt Yerticillium albo-atrtun Tomato potato Vitus Pest risk mitigations Mitigations considered here are either from the RPP technology itself or features of the proposed pathway, including the types of waste, and how it is staged, handled, transported, and buried. M, itigatianjrom the RPP technology Bales that remain airtight completely mitigate the risk from all plant pests because they cannot escape. Because some accidental ruptwes or punctures may occur, however, we also consider pest mortality in dte bales and the effects of other pathway factors here. Shredding and compaction worild likely kill some insects (see Montgomery and Marttting, 2004}, and perhaps some weed seeds as well. Anoxia would kill insects and insect ptropagules in the bales (Minton, 1981; Hoback and Stanley, 2001; Montgomery and Manning, 2004; Woods and.H"ill, 2004), probably within a few days. 'llris idea has bean used for centuries for pest-free food storage (e.g., De Lima, 1990). Adults and eggs are probably most sensitive to hypoxia (Hoback and Stanley, 2001). This insect mortality is important because they are the only pest organisms here capable of active dispersal. In addition, this provides general protection against quarantine insects that establish in Hawaii in the future. Anoxia would not by itself kill most weed seeds (Pall)et and Craillazd, 2001), diseases, or fungal spores (pers. cotnm., S. Redlin, CPT,-IST). The RPP technology mitigates against the escape and establishment of these organisms by containment: if the bales remain airtight from creation until burial, escapes and establishments cannot occur. MitigationJrom pathway procedures Shipment type -Plant pests or prop rules are only expected in the municipal waste shipments, not in the shipments of ash. Even then, redirection bfyard and agricultural waste m other faciliti os should reduce the number of potential pests to very low levels. . Risk Assessment: Baled Solid Waste 5 Staging and shipment- The minimum staging plus transport time is about 15 days, which is clearly long enough for the bales to become anoxic. The maximum staging plus trip time is unknown. We recommend a waiting period before transport of less than 75 days (ca two and one-half months) to avoid nearing the 100-day period (paitlat and Gaillard, 2001) for the earliest possible degradation of the plastic. handling and transport -These operations are the most likely pathway processes to result in accidenml rupturing or puncturing of bales. Only one significant truck accident has occurred in eight years of transporting loads from the dock to the landfill in Washington (pers. comet, D. Luneke, PRETI). the riskof catastrophic rupture of bales from truck accidents is therefore known to be very low. The likelihood of ruptures from drops is probably greater but the accident rate is unknown because the pathway is not operating. Ln Utah, bales often rupture in the railroad cars into whicEt they are dropped (B. Edwards, pers. comm.) but that situation is very different and arty drops in Washington would be accidental. PRERthinks 3 drops per 100 bales would be unsustainable (D. Luneke, pers. wmm.). We concur because at 75,000 to 100,000 tons of urban solid waste transported annually the number of bales equals about 8800 (data not shovm}, or 264 accidental drops per year on average. Zn this case, the volume is so great that rates of 1 in 1000 of less are needed to reduce the number of accidental drops to one per month or less, especially as volume increases to 200,000 tons per annum. Regardless, bales should be lifted no higher than necessary and equipment should be chosen that reduces the potential for punctures, such as blunt forks on tractors (e.g., Rl?P America, 2004}. Clean up -Although bales may rupture or be punctured, the netting used to maintain bale shape and the self-sealing ability of the LDFE when breaks are small should greatly Iimit the amount of material that spills or escapes the bale. In addition, most weed seeds and plant diseases should have little ability to disperse after a spill. One exception maybe spores which are small enough. to disperse through the air. Dispersal to a susceptible host by diseases or to a suitable site for growth by weeds is highly unlikely, assuming clean up procedures aze followed scrupulously. Proper use of the approved disinfectants, Virkon-S and sodium carbonate (PPQ, 2004), will likely control any diseases remaining aRer clean up, and perhaps any weed seeds Landfill - If procedures have been followed, only airtight bales should enter the landfill. If a ruptured bale did somehow enter, or if bales were accidentally ruptured during unloading or placement, covering with a 6-inch barrier of soil or other media within 24 hours would reduce the potenti al for spread of plant pests, by both natural and vector-caused means. In addition, material within bales are unlikely to be very attractive to vectors because of the makeup of the waste (above) andthe lack of biodegradation. Qualitative risk assessment The RPP waste-baling technology is sound and should ensure that waste is shipped only in strong, airtight bales. The RPP technology probably does not kill plant diseases and weed seeds in the bales but does make their escape extremely unlikely. The tcchnology especially mitigates against current and future insect pests because ofanoxia-induced mortality within a few days. Aiseases and weed seeds cannot actively disperse and after a rupture or spill would have little access to acceptable hosts or suitable growth sites. Because of the struchtre of the bales, only Risk.issessment Bated Sotid Wane 6 catastrophic rupturing and spiking of bales might facilitate significant dispersal of pests or propagules. Accident rates aze unknown as yet but some ruptures and punctures may occur during transport and handling. Small tvptures and punctures probably pose little threat for the reasons mentioned above, as well as because they can self-seal and can be quickly and effectively contained by patching and cleaning up with disinfectawt Larger ruptures aze most likely to occur when bales are dropped from height or if uuck accidents occur. The strength of the plastic wrapping and the netting in the bales, and the small accident rate for transpartt to the 1and611(above) will reduce the likelihood of larger ruptures. Patching (when possible) and clean up, storage in closed containers, quick tewrappitrg, and restaging bates will provide further containrnent. These factors are codified qualitatively below (Table 2) for the likelihood of intmduotion (PPQ, 2000). Some subelements ware removed because they did not apply to this pathway, and totals were revised accordingly. That was done only for the general classes of insects, diseases, and weeds, because the RPP technology is so broadly effective, and the likelihood of introduction for any particular species or pathogen is very small. For each subelement a.score of either none = 0, low = l ,moderate = 2, or high = 3, was given. Values of zem are not usually included but were reasonable here because of the effectiveness of the RPP technology. Cumulative risk ratings ware classified as fow = 0 to 6, moderate = 7 to 9, and high = 10 to 12 (after PPQ, 2000). The likelihood of introduction ofplant pests via this pathway was lowest for insects (Table 2), as expected due to mortality in the anoxic bales. Cumulative ratings for diseases and weeds ware greater because of the increased likelihood of survival inside the bales, but were still low overall. If baled incinerator ash were considered, cumulative values would be even lower (i. e., quantity imported annually = 0). "Pablo 2. Qualitative risk ratings for the likelihood of introduction into Washington state of three pest tykes from urban solid waste from Hawaii in airtight bales Pests 5ubelements Cumulative 1 2 3 4 risk ratings Quantity Survive baling Moved to Contact with imported and shipment suitable suitable host or annually habitat site Diseases 1 2 2 0 5 Insects 1 0 0 0 1 Weeds 1 2 2 0 5 Conclusions The risk of pest establishment from the transportation of urban solid waste from Hawaii to Washington in RPl' bales poses an insignificant risk. That is because the RPP technology mitigates the risk frrom all types of plant pests in airtight bales and the pathway procedures Risk~4ssessment: $aled Solid Waste 7 should adequately protect against escapes from acddental ruptures and punctures in bales during the handling and transpott process. The risk firm transport of incinerator ash is even smaller because even fewer pests will be present. So long as the proposed procedures are followed, from diversion of yard and agricultural waste to staging and prompt shipment to thorough clean up of any n~ptun:s and spills thaz do occur, establishment of all plain pests hom 1-Tawaii in Washington is highly unlikely. As this is a new pathway, we recommend that it be monitored for sometime id ensure that the procedures in the proposal are being followed and that no pathway feature differs dramatically from our expectations. References APS-APFIIS Virus Working Gtoup. 2003. Widely Prevalent Virus List by State [Online]. Attimal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APH1S~ U.S. Department of Agriculture; and The Plani Virology Committee, American Pitytopathological Society (APS) (verified May 19, 2004). Baldasano, J.M., S. Lasso, end C. Perez 2003. Environmental perfomranee review and cost analysis of MSW iendfilling by baling-wrapping technology versus conventional system. Waste Management 23:795-806. Bishop Museum. 2004. Bishop Museum-Hawaiian Flowering Plant Checklist [Online). The State Museum of Natwa! and Cultural Iitstory http://www.bishopmttseum.org/research/natsci/botany/botdbhome.html (verified June 1}. De Lima, C.P.F. 1990. Airtight storago; Principle and practice. In M Calderon and R Bazkai- Golan, eds. FoodPresetvation by Modified Atmospheres. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. p. 9-19. DEKR.A_ 1996. Final report on the pilot project for temporary storage of garbage by the method ofRPP (Spanish). DBKRA Umwelt CxnbI3., Munich, Germany. EPA. 1993. Safer Disposal For Solid Waste: 'fhe Federal Regulations for Landfills, EPA/530 SW-91 092. Environmental Protection t~ency (EPA), Washington, DC. 13 pp. Hinton, H.E. 1981. Biology of Insect Rggs. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK 1125 pp. Hoback, W.W., and D.W. Stanley. 2001. Insects in hypoxia. Journal of Insect Physiology 47:533-542. Laboratory SetvicesDivision- 1999. Washington: Summaries of Exterior Quarantines. Department of Agriculture, State of Washington, Olympia, WA. August, 1999. 21 pp. Luneke, D. 2004. [Correspondence about the] Compliance Agreement for Honolulu Solid Waste Transportation. Pacific Rim Environmental Resources, Inc., Goldendale, Washington. April 20, 200¢. 6 pp. Memam-Webster. 2004. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary [Cmline). Merriam-Websterlnc. http://www.m-wcom/ (verified June 1). Montgomery, S_I,., and A. Marutirtg. 2004_ (Exhibit 5) Memorandum: Multiple mortality factor for stowaway pasts in sealed solid waste bales, an analysis for PRER, LLC. Honolulu Solid Waste Export Project: Wane Handling end Management t)pentions Protocol. Pacific Rim Environmental Resources, Inc., Goldendale, WA. p. 3. Paillat, J.-M, and F. Creillatd. 2001. Air-tightness of wrapped bales and resistance of polythene stretch film under tropical and temperate conditions, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 79:15-22. RiskAssessment Baled Solid Waste 8 PPQ. 2000. Guidelines for Pathway-Jnitiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02. Commodity Risk Analysis Branch, Pemrits and Risk Assessment, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal andPlantl3ealth Inspection Service, U,S. Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD. October 17, 2000.31 pp. PPQ_ 2004. Airport and Maritime Operations Manual. Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 576 pp. PRER 2004x. Honolulu Solid Waste Export Project: Waste )Iandling and Management Operations Protocol. Pacific Rim Environmental Resources, Ina (PRER), Goldendale, WA. February, 2004. 115 pp. PRER Z004b. 7^Iawaiian Waste Handling and Export Protocol for Honolulu Proposed by Pacific . Rim Environmental Resowces. Pacific Rim Environmental Resources, Inc. (FRER), Goldendale, WA. April 20, 2004.6 pp. Robles-Martine., F., and R Gourdon. 1999. Effect of baling on the behaviour of domestic wastes :Laboratory study on the role of pH in biodegradation. Bioresowce Technology 69:15-22, Robles-Martinez, F., and R Gowdon. 2000. Long-term behaviour of baled household waste. Bioresource Technology 72:125-130. Roll Press Pack International. 2004. Roll Press Pack International Homepage [Online]. Roll Press Pack International, Ltd. http:l/www.rppintemational.co~nde~chtm) (verified April 26). RPP America. 2004. RPP America Homepage (Online]. RPP America, Ltd. http:/lwww.rppamerica,com/englishfrndex_e.html (verified April 26). Sieger, E., and H.J. Kewitz. 1997. Application of baling technology far temporary storage of household waste. Proceedings of the Sixth International I.andfi11 Symposium, Vol. 1, Cagliari, Sazdinia, Italy. p. 457-462. UH CTAHR and HDA 2004. Crop Knowledge Master [Online). University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (LIH-CTAHR), and Hawaii Department of Agriculture (FIDA} (verified May I9, 2004), USDA NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 [Online]. National Plant Data Center, National Resources Cotuervation Service (NRCS), U.S. Department of AgricuLtwe (USDA) http://plants.usda.gov (verified June 1). Wae}ter, W.L., D.R Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, (eds.)1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, pp. 1-19I9. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Ivluseum Press, $onotulu, HI. Woods, H.A., and R.I. Hi1L 2004. Temperature-dependent oxygen limitation in insect eggs. The Journal of Experimental Biology 207:2267-2276. Contact B, P. 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Fi= { i k P° k z ~ ~ ' ~ q a 3 LJ. + i m,L ~ 9 F~`iL i e~ l n~ t~ I F~ Y S ~ E d I R l F 1 N~E~~ c n I I i~'a~~, v ~ I ;u. : k ~ - ~F ~ h k~~~ 9 ~ ,E kr r~'y ~ { Y~ § ~ ~ t ~ ~I~ ~I ~ ~ s 3v 9 I n , II r ,i . >r ~ ~ } I s a tl ' d~& I{I A°~~1 x d~~« , i.,~ ~Y~ 4 h' i E k~ R Y h ~ + v ~ ~ it { ~t + ~ ~ b n ~ s 3 ~ ~ ,J~ ~ L} k t '~>l~ q~ ti~,: j@n i V F ~~,E{~E ~ i ~ k {WAN ~~j } S ~ ~a k° a j'~ yjY w 'Eqp 3 ~~yq t `Yyt I ° ~ k``{ql F s i F'#^S k. ° tl t~ f 2 : dal ~ ~ 'S !¢~81 1 { H ~ nl{ f f ~ ~n,- ~ x' u~~"; G b ~ ~'~a y 4 ~i, s ~~F I " JJ pp _ k 1 y Q k M L r f g V'r e w ~l ~ I~ 3 F ~~14 Y 1 ~ V ~ 1 ~ ~ P ~ ? ~H'tY J. n 4 k' F ~ ° ~ i ~ a L ~ t R $A # P p ~ N ~ Ih 4.. k 1 l S ? s4'p ~ 1J r.{~ F 5~ +~~F~ rz~yy, FmF,~ ~[{~IZF. k ~ ~ ~ 3~t` }dJFka ~ ~ ° ~ d l l{rt r ~ f ~,f g~P'+~ a L FR,r"~L's'~L' ~ ra''#^,,"' 4t $~F'` s £ %#'~3~~~~7 "~~3~~~"+b J' ~ ~f iP s ~t ~ 4$'. ~';v t~~a.~.<n#R THE CQM~'ANY pFp t ~ V ~'~'a ~s ~ "-~q' # - ~.T ~ ~ ' ~p 1,¢w I i~ J I 1 ~i III,. ~ I~ 1, ` 11 . li 4 1 ~ ~OP ahanco is a wholly- The company helped ~ owned subsidiary of establish Seattle's national- Allied Waste Industries ly renowned recycling pro- I ~dp M~~S and has been a pioneer in gram and, at the same O~d RIFF Washington state collet- time, created one oFthe ~ ~ iNE tion, recycling and dispos- earliest examples of today's al. It is Washington state's Materials Recovery v oldest and largest waste- Facilities. Today, the Third handler. and Lander Recycling Founded in 1929, the Center and Intermodal company continues its processes more than 500 pioneering spirit today. tons of recydables each day and is connected to extends beyond a single ry's largest sin- domestic and foreign mar- project and a generous gle employer, kets by truck, rail and ship. host fee. Working with the Goldendale In 1988, the company Klickitat County PUD, Aluminum. embarked upon the jour- Rabanco has made the Since the - ney to develop the regional landfill a biological reactor, relationship landfill at Roosevelt and its producing, collecting and with the west coast transportation burning methane for county began, networks. Host Klickitat power ptoduaion. more than County was seeking a Recently, the first power 150 Klickitat ~ ~ landfill developer as part of was sold to the Snohomish County stu- Landfill is a powerful i[s economic development County Public Utility dents have received schol- example of a bei ter envi- strategy. Small, rural and District. Now, solid waste arship help to pursue high- ronment meaning a dependent on timber and from Snohomish County, er education, When these stronger economy aluminum, the c ounty the landfill's largest single young people return Allied Waste Industries wanted to diversify its eco- customer, returns from home, they will have abet- has grown to become the nomic base. eastern Washington as elec- ter chsntce to earn a living second largest solid waste Rabanco's selection set trical power. Other power where they were raised. company in the United up a partnership that has been sold to the coup- Roosevelt Regional States. PIONEERS N BEING THE BEST abanco's Roosevelt Regional Landfill is the hub of a n~~u~sport;u ion and loisrics s~~stcm which ~r<~~ ides environmental security and s~,J>porrs com~~ctitiv~~ pri~irsg o~~cr lon}; distan~~es. THE NUN R abanco is the largest ~ ~ M and most sophisticated ~ ~ ~ °i, .~fl' j w"" waste-by-rail carrier in ~ ~ North Amenca, handling over 80,000 rail containers i~ each year. ~i'~'~' .rt, At the center of this svs- ~:~-0b> tem is Roosevelt Regional Landfill, located in the arid hills of south central r' t?; Washington state. Developed ~ d~.. in close cooperation with _ host Klickitat County, Roosevelt Regional Landfill has a permitted capacity of ~ , 120 million tons over 40 i. years and is connected to customers by muck and the transportation s}'stem of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad and its interline connections. The landfill is permitted to accept residential, com- t'~ mercial and industrial waste ~~u~~ streams, including munici- D I S T~V(;~,r~ pal solid waste, construe- F R 0,{~~;!`:,~ tion and demolition debris £P., A' and petroleum contaminat- s,~; NethBm~ ed sods. We accept munici- Everett ~ , pal incinerator ash in our 2~ double-lined ash monofill Renton a~ ; located nearby. We do not Tacoma x°'` a. Centrasa n: aaept hazar ous waste or t`. dangerous waste. Longview 1T1 ~ ~ ~ ~ , The natural h.°drogeology Ee stn Xi4 ~ ~ of the site and our aggres- Boise 431 ~ sive regulatory compliance AlamaM Fags 335 keep the landfill ahead of sacrameMo 650 regulatory change and pro- ~ ri0 tect our customers against Oakland T30 ~ .a. future liabilities. ~e . Roa~EUE~~ ~E~~o~~~ ~A~a~~. THE IANDEIL nvironmental security is the core service offered by Rabanco. Critical components of our environmental security are excellent engineering and vigorous ~ regulatory compliance. However, the site itself provides a measure of security simply not available elsewhere. We believe it is North America's most secure disposal site. The natural geology below the arid hills of Klickitat County creates an ideal setting. The regional agtufer is 1500 feet below the landfill, ~ separated by a massive, 340 foot thick layer of natural clay with remark- ably low permeability. Tests of the clay barrier demonstrate performance at I O_R cm/sec. It would take at Least 15,000 years for water to move through this barrier. There is a small, local aquifer 100 feet below the surface. It is confined to the site and provides responsive, reliable groundwater performance monitoring. Precipitation at the site is very luw, between six to nine inches a vear. The man-made engi- neering begins with a composite liner consisting the landfill, prompting a A composite cap con- operating for 30 years of a two foot thick, more rapid decomposition sisting of a geomembrane after the closure of the recompacted clay layer of waste and accelerating liner and two feet of top- site. (10 cm/sec). An 80 mil methane production. soil will be used to close high density flexible plan- The methane is cleaned the landfill. The entire tic liner sits on top of the and burned in electrical site can be clay. A geotextile liner generators added on as the returned to covers the top of the plan- landfill grows, reaching a agricultural tic and is, in turn, covered peak production of 50 use once it with highly permeable MW of power a year. has been (greater than 10' cm/sec) Onlv the 200 foot closed. aggregate for leachate col- working face of the land- Extensive lection. fill is exposed during the monitoring Leachate and methane day. This operating area is systems are are collected by a system covered every evening installed and of pipes running through with daily cover. will be kept ~4~. 4 r~~~~,~~' ~ i=~ r, , , ry _ Ak )l ~ y.~ a t f~i Ur~.i, i~l }Ui~ i ~,r ~~~I ~ ~ l~ i~~ i u~ A~ H~ o~ a E o~ o G THE C~NTgINER The solid waste con- tainer brings a new reality to waste dis- posal. It allows greater free- dom in choosing the best disposal site. Rather than ~ ~ squeeze a landfill into an inappropriate location, the use of containers and intermodal transportation networks make it possible to place landfills in ideal environmental settings, _ Ear from urban centers and their traffic, aix quali- ty and land use conflicts. THE ~IERSATILE BULIN~ I ~ Municipal Solid Waste containers are tightly sealed and can be handled at mtermodal facilities where traditional solid waste handling might not be possible. Also, the container allows Rabanco to design its services in ways that , ~ ~ make them available to the biggest and the smallest ~ I customer. ~ ' Most waste-by-rail ship- ments are dedicated to one large customer whose waste is transported direct- ly to one distant point. However, Rabanco's regional disposal system is made up of several inter- modal hubs along the rail line. Entire trains may be assembled at these hubs or containers can be attached to trains that originated elsewhere. Like a "com- muter" rail system that picks up passengers from various points, this tra~~s- portation system helps broaden the service territo- ry and, at the same time, reduce the costs. - ~~-~aa~~'° Rabanco also designs equipment to meet the unique characteristics of its customers' waste streams. Bl~OCK ~ 1NAS~'E ~Y RAID. THE S S T ~ M urs is a sophisticated The reach of the sys- ~ system providing tem is extensive. We serve environmental ser- southeast Alaska with a vices throughout the weso- barge-to-rail service and - ern US. On most days, we also provide international a ~~~~~:k"` carry 300-400 containers rail service from the Lower originating from our net- Mainland of British work ofrail-connected Columbia to Roosevelt transfer stations. Some of Regional Landfill. Ash our customers will deliver from Spokane's incinera- 60 rail containers a day to for comes to our special one of our twelve inter- ash monocell at Roosevelt. modal sites. Others might Roosevelt is also the desti- deliver asingle container a nation for rail and truck week. All will arrive at our served markets in Idaho landfill or ash monofill on and Oregon. board three different We have designed trains dedicated exclusive- much of the equipment Lion. A great advantage of maintaining today-'s sys- ly to our system. ourselves. Our newest our site is that all the tem is the best measure- Our intermodal yard designs reflect chard- materials necessary For ment of how the system at Renton, Washington is earned experience that no construction exist on it. will operate tomorrow. committed to construe- other company can claim. We produce an enormous Through its recent tion and demolition No container in the busi- amount of aggregate from acquisitions, Allied Waste debris From urban King ness holds up as well to our own quarries and Industries also operates County and combines a the rigors of waste-by-rail mine high quality clay the two main transfer sta- CDL transfer station fully as do the new generations deposits on-site for use in bons serving the region's integrated with rail. of Rabanco equipment the landfill liner system. largest single municipal Throughout our routes As our waste streams Environmental security waste stream, Portland in the Northwest, inter- have grown in volume, over the lung term is the Metro. modals similar to this one our landfill construction core of our service to cus- serve as hubs for gathering program has had to grow Comers. 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