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County of Hawaii, Territory of
Hawaii
Ordinance No. 51
AN ORDINANCE RELATING TO
THE ERECTION, CONSTRUCTION,
ALTERATION, REPAIR AND RE-
MOVAL OF BUILDINGS AND
OTHER STRUCTURES IN THE
CITY OF HILO, COUNTY OF HA-
WAII,
Be It Ordained by the Board oP
Supervisors oY the County oP Hawaii:
Appointment of Bnliding Inspector
Section 1. The Board of Supervis-
ors oP the County oY Hawaii shall ap-
point a suitable person as Building
Inspector of the City of Hilo whose
salary shall be fixed by the said Board
oP Supervisors. Such Building In-
spector shall have all oP the powers
and shall perform all oP the duties
hereinafter provided, and shall have
such other powers and perform such
other duties as shall be hereafter de-
signated by the said Board oP Sup-
erviaors.
Permits to Bnild or Excavate [or
Building Purposes
Section 2. (a) No person or per-
sona or corporation shall erect, re-
pair, change, alter, remove or re-
roof any buildings or structure, or ex-
cavate auy cellar or lot for building
purposes within the City of Hilo, un-
]ese he or they shall first obtain a per-
mit for the work Prom the Building
Inspector of the City of Hilo. The
application for such permit shall be
made on a prescribed Porm, and shalt
state the site to be occupied by th.:
proposed building or structure m'
work to be done, the materials to be
used in the construction of the same.
the dimensions and estimated cost of
the same, the probable time required
Yor its erection, the use for which the
same is intended and fa to be put
when completed, and the names of-
the owner, the arhitect, and the build-
er; provided, that the provisions of
this section shall not apply to paint-
ing, papering, the restoration of
plastering, or to repair work not ex-
ceeding in coat the sum oP One Hun-
dred Dollars ($100) and not affecting
the construction oY outside or party
walla, chimneys or stairways or
height of building, and provided fur-
ther, that if any frame building or
structure or corrugated iron building
heretofore constructed within the fire
limits shall be repaired, the owner
oY such building or structure shall,
before the commencement of ouch
repairs file with the Building Inspec-
tor a statement showing the esti-
mated cost of such repairs, and the
cost oP all repairs theretofore made
upon such building or Structure.
(b) Fees for permits and inspec-
tion by the Building Inspector shall
be as Pollowa:
Work to cost more than $100.00
and not more than $600.00, the sum
of $2.00.
Work to coat more than $600.00
and not more than $1600.00, the
sum oY $3.00.
Work to cost more than $1500.00
a,nd not more than $2500.00, the sum
of ;4.00
'Work to coat more-than $2500.00
and not more than $3500.00, the sum
of $6.00.
Work to coat more than $3500.00,
and not more than $5000.00, the sum
oY $0.60.
Work to coat more than $6000.00
and not more than $100,000.00, $6.60
Yor the drat $5000.00, and 10 cents
for each $100.00 or fraction thereof
in excess oP the sum of $5000.00.
Work to cost more than $100,000.-
00, $105.00 Yor the first $100,000.00,
and 6 cents Yor each $100.00 or frac-
tion thereof in excess of $100,000.00.
Where separate structures are in-
cluded in one application, a permit
shall be issued Yor each structure.
Plane and 6peciflcu[iona [o be Filed
Section 3. (a) Auy person apply-
ing Yor a permit for work, the coat oti
which will exceed one thousand dol-
lars, shall file with the Building in-
spector plane and specifications of
the proposed work. Plans of all
buildings shall show the details of
construction. Such plans and speci-
fications shall become the property of
the County of Hawaii and shall be
Por official use only. Pencil plans
and specifications will not be ac-
cepted.
(b) For work, the coat of which
will not exceed one thousand dollars
($1000.00), a statement on an ap-
proved form, Betting forth the par-
ticulars oP the work, may be filed in
lieu oP plans and specifications.
Bnllding Inspector to Iasne Permit
Section 4. The Building Inspector
shall without delay ascertain whether
such plans and specifications embody
all the requirmenta applicable by law
and ordinance Co the case, and iP the
requirements be met, shall upon the
payment of the stated foe, issue a
permit to perform the work or im-
prove~nenc at the place described a.ud
is accordance with said plans and
specifications.
IuMcrt of Approval oP flans emd
6p_~ci}icatioos
Sec. ion 6. The approval of any
plans and speoifications shall not re-
lieve the architect, COri LI'a.etOr Or OWn-
er from any liability as regards dam-
ages or loss oP life from the failure of
any structure or part thereof due to
faulty or improper desig-u, material
or workmanshiq or from any liability
that may acmue by reason of the use
er ocenpancy by either of such per-
sons cf the sidewalk, street or aub-
sidewalk space, or any liability that
may accrue by reason of the non-
compliance by either oY such persons
with any oY the provisions of this
ordinance.
p`onns to be Furnished by Building
Inspector
Section 6. Blank application and
other forms Provided for in this ordi-
nauce shall be furnished by the Build-
ing Inspector upon request to auy
person desiring a permit.
tiotice to Building Inslaxtor Before
Beginniug~ Work
6ecdon 7. Written notice of the
intention to commence work shall be
given to Lke Building Inspector at
least twenty-four hours before the
beginning of the work covered by
permit.
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Building HrspccWr's Right W Enter
Buildings
Section 8. The Building Inspector,
so Yar as may be necessary Yor the
performance of his duties, shall have
the right to enter at any reasonable
time any new or unoccupied building
or any building under construction,
repair, alteration or removal or any
building alleged to be unsafe.
l:xpiratimr o[ Permit
Section 9. If the work authorized
by any permit is not begun within
ninety days from the date thereof,
said Pe rant shall be therepfter void
and before such work can be com-
menced anew permit shall be taken
out, and the same Yees as herein fixed
for the original permit shall be paid.
Revocation of Permit
Section 10. IP work upon any
building shall be oonductefl in viola-
tion of any of the provisions of this
ordinance, or if work shall be aban-
doued Par a period of more than nine-
ty days, the Building Inspector shall
revoke the permit.
Accounting for Fees
Section 11. The Building Inspector
shall keep accurate record in proper
konn of all fees received under this
ordiuan ce, which record shall be open
Por public inspection. He shall pay
all fees received by him to the Coun-
ty Treasurer within thirty days after
receipt of same, and render an ac-
conni. thereof to the Board of Super-
viem's once each month.
Power oP 1luihling LrspecWr to Order
Itcpuii•s
Section 12. Whenever any build-
ing or any portion thereof, or any
structure, - chimney, smokestack,
stove, oven, furnace or other ap-
purtouauce connenCed with any build-
ing or upon a.ny premises or plane,
ie dai:go:~o us, defective or unsafe, the
Building Inspector shall notify the
owner cuereof, and shall order and
cause the 5atne to be torn down,
eltered, repaired or rebuilt, or ouch
work to be. done Chereon as may be
n eoessary to render the same safe.
and ouch owner shall forthwith com-
ply with such order. In the event
that such owner does not comply
with snch order of the Building In-
spector, the Building Inspector may
proceed To tear down any such dan-
gerons or mrsafs structure at the ex-
pense of the owner thereof.
Huilding Hu ]lire Limits Damaged by
b'Hro
Section 13. It shall be unlawful to
repair, reconstruct or use any frame
ur corrugated iron building within
Lhe fire Ilmits of the City of Hilo that
may be damaged by fire or other
agency to the extent of more than
forty Per cent of its value immediate-
ly prior to such damage.
Alteration of Rxlsting Buildings
Section Y4. It shall be unlawtul to
enlarge, build upmr or remove any
building m2loea at the completion of
such work Lhe whole building, and
every Part thereof, shall conform to
Lhe Provisimta of this ordinance; pro-
vided, however, that when any part
of an existing building within the fire
limits is taken for the public use by
condemnation, it shall be lawful to
repair the remainingportion of such
building with materials similar to
th osc oP which the building was or-
iginally constructed. It shall be uu-
lawfu] to make repairs or alterations,
excepting painting, papering or re-
plastering, upon any frame or corru-
gated iron building within the fire
limits Lo an extent in all (including
repairs theretofore made) greater
than forty per cent of its assessed
value.
Appeal
Section 15. An applicant who has
been refused a permit, or the holder
of a permit, which has been revoked
by the Building Inspector, may ap-
peal for an order requiring the Build-
ing Inspector to issue, or reissue,
snch permit to said applicant, to the
Board of Supervisors. A written
statement oY the matter in contro-
versy and the reasons for refusal or
revocation shall be made by the ap-
plicant and the Building Inspector,
either or both of whom may be called
upon to testify by the Board of Sup-
ervisors. The findings of a majority
of the Board shall he final.
Definitions
Section 16. In this ordinance the
following terms shall have the mean-
ings respectively assigned to them.
'First Class Building: A first close
building shall consist of fireproof
material throughout, with floors and
roof constructed of steel or rein-
forced cmrcrete beams, filled in be-
tween with terra cotta or other mas-
onry arches or with concrete or rein-
forced concrete slabs; wood may be
used only for flooring, window and
door frames, sashes, doors, interior
finish, hand rails for stairs, necessary
sleepers bedded in the cement, and
for isolated Yurrings bedded in
mortar. There shall be no air spade
between the top of any floor arches
and the floor boarding.
Second Class Building: A second
class building is a building construct-
ed with walls of masonry or concrete
supporting the adjacent floor loads,
with the interior floors supported by
studded partitions or by columns and
girders, with the roof or roofs con-
structed of incombustible material,
with combustible materials used in
any part, except outer walls and
rods, and with all wooden partitions
and ceilings plaatered.
Third Class Building: Any buiffi-
tng or structure which does not come
within the designation of either a
first or second class building shall be
deemed a third class building.
Exemptions: The provisions of
this ordinance relating to first. and
second class buildings shall not apply
to voting booths nor to tomPOrary
structures used to facilitate the erec-
tion of buildings, provided that when
building is completed the temporary
structure shall be removed.
Foundations: That part of a wall
below the level oY the lugheet parr, of
the street curb, or, if a wall is not on
a street, that part o[ the wall below
the level of the highest ground next
to the wall, or that part of a party or
Partition wall below the collar floor.
Party Wall: A wall that sep:xrates
two or more buildings, and which is
need or adapted for the use of more
than one building.
Certain Wall: An interior or ex-
terior non-bearing wall that ie snp-
Ported at each. floor level by the
ekoleton Prams of the building.
Partition Wall: An interior sub-
dividing wall.
Thir_knoss of Wall: The minimum
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thi6kness oY any wall.
Story oP a Building: That part of
a'building between the top oP any
floor beams and thetop of the floor
or root beams next above.
Basement: That story oP a build-
ing not more than Yorty per cent of
which ie below the grade of the
street.
Cellar: That part of a building
more than forty per cent. of which is
below the grade oP the street and in
third class buildings that part of the
building which is below the villa.
Hotel: A hotel ie a building used
as a place of entertainment of tran-
sient guests and having more than
twenty sleeping rooms Por guests.
Boarding or Lodging House: A
boarding or lodging house is a buihl-
ing used Por boarding or lodging
purposes, containing not less than flue
nor more than twenty sleeping rooms
for guests.
Tenement: The term "tenement"
shag apply to every house, building,
structure or portion CherecY which is
designed for use or adapted to be
used or used as a dwelling by more
than three families living independ-
ently oY cue another or by more than
two families above the first story,
having a common right in the stair-
ways, verandas, yards, water supply
ar privies.
Office Building: An office building
ie a building the whale or larger pert
of which is intended or used for
office purposes, no part of tvh:ch is
used for living purposes except by
the janitor and hie family.
Public Hall: A public hall is 't
room for public assemblages, having
a total seating capacity of 100 m'
more persons, but which does not in-
clude a theater.
Theater: A theater is a building
containing a room used for thoatriccl
or operatic exhibitions or other pub-
lic entertainments, having a total
seating capacity oY 300 or more per-
sons, upon the stage oP which mov-
able scenery is used.
Hospital, Sanatorium or Asylum:
A hospital, sanatorium or asylum is a
building in which sick, demented, in-
jured,infirm, aged or orphaned per-
sons are housed, or intended to be
housed.
Warehouse: A warehouse is d
building used for the storage of
goods, wares or merchandise.
Factory: A factory is a building
used for manufacturing purposes.
Calculations and Strength oY
Materials
Sectio^ 17. Quality of Material.
All materials used shall be of good
quality, for the' purposes for which
they are intended, and shall conform
to the trade and manuYacturera' etan-
darde. Poch class oP material shall
be free from imperYections whereby
its strength or durability may be im-
paired.
Brick: The brick herein referred
to is the merchantable brick of im-
ported or domestic manufacture.
Stone: The stone herein referred
to is the building .stone in comment
use, and may be Island stone or im-
ported building atone and shall be
subject to such teats as the Building
Inspector ma,y direct, and shall not
be used where such tests show it to
be insufficient Yor the superimposed
load.
Sand: Sand shall be clean, sharp
and free from organic matter.
Lime: Lime shall be the Yresh-
burned quicklime, or ordinary lime
oY commerce.
Cement: The cement referred to
is the Standard Portland Cement of
commerce, which, when tested, must
fill the requirements oY Section 38
(Cement).
Concrete: Concrete shall be com-
posed of Portland cement, sand, and
broken stone, or coarse gravel, For
the purpose of filling in above floor
arches in fireproof buildings clean
boiler cinders may be used as au
aggregate in Cinder Concrete.
Lumber: The lumber used for
building purposes shall be the na-
tive or imported merchantable lumber
of commerce.
Wrought Iron; All wrought iron
shall be fibrous, tough and ductile.
Cast Iron: Cast iron shall be of
good fomtdry mixture, producing a
clean, tough, grey iron.
Steel: Structural steel sha,]] be
either the Bessemer or the open-
hoarth steel and shall conform to
Manufacturers' Standard Speciflca-
tione.
Teat oY Materials
Section 18. All structural materi-
als of whatever nature shall be sub-
ject to test at the option of the Build-
ing Inspector to determine their
character and quality, by methods
prescribed by the American Society
of Testing Materials. No new class
of structural material shall be used
until the same has been tested and
found to fulfil] the minimum coadi-
tione necessary for good and safe
building.
Calculation of 9lressrs
Section 19. The allowable working
stresses in materials, the strength of
parts, and combinations of materials
used, shall be determined in accord-
ance with the rules sad in the man-
ner prescribed by standard modern
authorities on the strength of materi-
als, applied mechanics and Lhe best
engineering practice.
Computations and strain sheets
shall be submitted to the Building
Inspector when required.
Safe Loads on bolls
Section 20. Good, sound, natural
earth shall not be subjected to a
greater loading than the following,
in tons, per square foot:
Gravel and coarse sand, four.
Loam or fine sand compacted,
three.
Soft, wet sand, two.
In the construction of buildings on
soft, wet soil, piling or other ap-
proved methods of compressing .the
soil shall be used. When doubt
arises as to khe safe sustaining power
of the ground upon which a building
is to be erected, the Building In-
spector may direct that the eustain-
ing power of the soil shall be testeU
by and xt the expense of the owner,
in order that its class may be definite-
ly determined.
Noundation Wall
Section 21. (a) No foundation
walla in buildings of Classes One and
Two shall rest upon any filled or
marls ground. The depths of founds:
bone of each buildings as do nut
rest on solid strata or rock shall not
be less than Lhe depths prescribed
in the Yellowing schedule:
In one-story buildings, not less
than one foot below natural surface
of ground; in two and three-story
buildings, not less than two feet be-
low natural surface of ground; in
Your-story buildings, not leas than
tlxree feet below natural surface oY
ground; in five and six-story build-
ings, not less than five feet below
natural surface of ground; in seven,
eight, nine and ten-story buildings,
not leas than six feet below natural
surface of ground.
Provided, however that nothing in
thin section contained shall prevent
the Building Inspector Prom requir-
ing agreater depth for foundations iY
it is necessary for the stability oP said
foundations and the structure pro-
posed to be erected thereon. The
width of the foundations of the sev-
eral Parts oY any building shall be
proportioned to the load to be
carried, as hereinafter specified:
(b) No course of brick footings
shall project more than two inches
from the footing of wall above.
(c) Foundations shall be propor-
tioned to the actual loads they must
sustain.
SGmdard Bepth of b'omxdatkms
Section 22. The depth of ten Yeet
beacw the adjacent curb level is here-
by fixed as the standard depth of
foundations. Any person excavating
to a greater depth than the above
standard shall protect the adjoining
property from any damages due to
said excavation. No person oonatruc-
ting foundations to the standard
depth, or less, shall be liable for
damages to contiguous buildings the
walls of which have not been con-
structed to the standard depth.
Retaining Walls
Section 23. The thleknese oY all
retaining walls shall be sufficient to
secure the required stability and
strength. The thickness of ordinary
stone or brick retaining walls at their
base shall not be less than one-quar-
ter of their height.
Stool Frame Conatrnction 9teo1
6ection 24. (a) No material shall
be used in any steel columns of lees
[hao one-thirty-second of its unsup-
ported width, measured between cen-
ters of rivets transversely, or one-six-
teenth of the distance between cen-
ters of rivets in the direction of the
stress.
(b) The ends of al] columns shall
be facers to a plane surface at right
angles to the axis oP the column. and
the connections between them shall
be made with splice plates near and
above the floor line.
(a) Steel or wrought-iron col-
nrons may be made in one, two and
three-story lengths.
I{ollcd Steal Beams
Suction 26. All rolled steel beams
^sed in buildings shall be of full
weight and free from Injurious de-
fects.
Connections
6ection 26. All steel and iron
framing shall have shop and field
connections made by riveting, if pos-
sible. When riveting is not possible,
field connections may be made with
bolts.
Riveting of Strnctural Steel and
16'mnght Tran Wodc
Section 27. The distance Yrom
center of rivet hole to the edge of the
piece shall not be less than one and
one-halt times the diameter of the
rivet. Wherever possible, however,
the distance should be equal to two
diameters. When practicable, rivets
shall be machine driven. The pitch
oY rivets shall never be less than
three diameters of the rivet nor more
than eight inches,
Stcel Trusses
Section 28. Trusses shall be oP
such design that there will be no un-
certainty in the stresses. All trusses
shall be held rigidly in position by
efficient systems of lateral and sway
bracing.
Wall Plates
Section 29. Bearing plates or stone
or metal shall be used to reduce the
pressure oh a bearing wall to the
allowable working stress.
Bracing oY Frames
Section 30. The iron or steel frame
of any building shall be carried up
true and plumb and be rigidly braced
from the floor beams of every story.
Cast Iron Columns
Section 31. In computing the
strength of a cast iron column its
thickness shall be taken at its thin-
nest part and the column shall be
condemned if the computation shows
that the strength of the piece be less
than required by these regulafiona.
Wherever blowholes or ixnperfectiona
are found in acast iron column
which reduces the area of the cross-
section aC the point more than ten
per cesium, such column shall be
condemned. Cast iron posts or
columns without one side or back
open, beforo being set in place, may,
at the option of the Building In-
enectoq be drilled to exlxibit to the
Inspector the thickness oP the metal.
Such hole shall be drilled, under the
supervision of the Inspector, by and
at the expense oY the owner or con-
tractor.
Painting of Structural Metal Wm•k
Section 32. All etruotural metal
work shall be cleaned oY all scale, dirt
and rust, and, except when embedded
in cement or concrete, shall be thor-
oughly coated with at least one coat
of non-oxidizing paint before leaving
the shop or before erection. After
erection all places left for shop
marks, all abrasions and a.ll rivet
heads and bolts shall be painted, after
which the entire frame shall be
painted with at least one additional
coat of a tint different from the first.
All iron or steel used below the
ground water level shall be enclosed
by Portland cement concrete.
Skeleton Frame-Proportimxing aE
Frame
Section 33. In proportioning the
skeleton frame, each part shall be
constructed of sufficient strengUi to
carry the superimposed load without
assistance Yrom the walls below.
Girders for the support of enclosing
wall shall be placed at the level of
the floors. Irregular or eccentric
loading shall be avoided as far as
poasfble.
Flnnr System
Section 34. The floor system of a
skeleton frame shall be constructed
with steel or reinforced concrete floor
beams, so designed that the maxi-
mum load imposed shall not cause a
greater deflection than mre three-
hundred-sixtieth part of the span.
The floor beams shall be tied together
at intervals not exceeding eight times
the depth oY the beams by suitable
ties or other approved method.
Frame Protection
Section 35. (a) All iron or steel
used as supporting members oY the
external construction of a building
shall be protected by a covering oY
brick, terra cotta or other fireproof
material completely enveloping said
structural member. IE of brick or
terra cotta, this covering shall nnl be
less than Your inches in thickness. IY
the whole column or Yrame be cast
to concrete, all the exterior members
shall be enclosed in concrete at least
two inches in thickness.
(b) If a facing of granite or mar-
ble or other stone which ie subject to
disintegration by heat ie used every
beam and columns shall be protected
independently of such Yacing with not
less than two inches of fireprooY ma-
terial. In no case shall a stone or
marble column be used to carry a
wall exceeding one story in height.
Cmuaetc Construction
1'roportiona and Dlixing of Reinfora•d
Concrete for Balldurge
Section 36. Concrete Yor slabs-,
walls, beams and girders shall not be
oP a leaner mix than one part cement,
rivo and one-half Porte sand and five
parts stone. Concrete for footings,
foundations, sidewalks, etc., shall not
be o£ a leaner mix than one part of
cement, three parts sand and six
pasts of atone.
Permits and Drae~ings
Section 37. Complete drawings.
specifications and details oY all rein-
forced concrete construction, show-
ing the size and position of all rein-
forcing members, shall be filed with
the Building Inspector before a per-
mit to erect same shall be issued.
Computations and attain sheets shall
he submitted, when required.
Cement, $and and Inerte
Section 38. (a) Cement: Onl~-
Portland cement shall be used which
conforms to the Standard Specifica-
tions oY the American Society Yor
Testing Materials.
All cement shall be tested in lots
of not more than one (1) car load.
and the Building Inspector may at
any time demand that certified copies
of all Cest records be submitted to
him for examination.
The minimum requirements for
tensile strength for briquets one (1)
inch square in section shall be:
Neat Cement
24 hours in moist air.......200 lbs.
7 days (one day in air, six is
water) ..............600 lbs.
lS days (one day in air, 27 in
water) ...............600 lbs.
One Part Cement, Threo Parts Slan-
dhrd $and
7 days (one daq in air, six in
water) ..............175 lbs.
28 days (one day in air, 27 in
water) .... ... ...250 lbs.
(b) Sand: Sand used Yor concrete
shall be clean, sharp river sand free
from refuse, or clean, sharp beach
sand free Prom refuse, which shall be
mixed with not less than one-half its
volume of crushed lava ruck sand.
(c) Aggregate: The aggregate
shall consist of broken stone free
from duet, or clean gravel.
The Auilding Inspector may de-
mand that any material i^ question
be tested, at the expense oY the own-
er,tn an approved testing laboratory,
and the results submitted to him to
aid iu forming his opinion as to the
fitness or unfitness of the material
for the purpose intended.
Materials Prohibited
Section 39. The following inerta
shall be excluded in Boor slab oon-
struction: Limestou e, boiler cinders,
plaster of paris, sulphate of lime,
and all similar unsuitable materials.
Cement lirlck
Section 40. Bx•ick made of sand
and Portland cement of [he same
dimensions as common brick, may be
substituted for commmx brick if the
use oY such brick will in no way en-
danger the stability or safety of the
wall, according to its exposure.
Artitcial Stone
Section 41. Artificial stone, made
of Portland cement aml incombustible
and fire and water proof material may
be used as a substitute for any natu-
ral stone, but ne artificial stone con-
taining more than twelve (12) per
cent. of lime or crushed ]imoetone as
an ingredient shall ba used in a lintel
or bearing partin a.uy building over
three (3) atm•ies high.
Building Dlocka
election 42. Cement or concrete
building blocks, with hollow spaces
not exceeding one-third (1/3) the
area of Lhe block, and having an
annulus oT uniform thickness, and
not exceeding nine (9) inches high
nor less thou eight (8) inches mx
the beds, may be substituted for brick
in all buildings of the second class iu
which the Lhickness and heights of
walls (as given in table of thickness
of walls hereinbelow), up to fmtr (4)
stories, are prescribed, provided that
an eight (8) inch block shall bo
deemed the equivalent of one (1)
brick in thickness of measure.
Dfeasure of Thickness
Section 43. The required thickness
of all concrete welts or fireproofing
or floor conetrnctio^ is Yor the full
thickness of the material only, exclu-
sive of the plastering or floor balluat-
ing.
Thickness of Walls
Section 94. Concrete walls without
reinforcement shat] be oY the full
thickness given in table for masonry
walla hereinafter set out.
ReinYorced concrete exterior bear-
ing walls and party and division
walls, either bearing or non-bearing,
in which there is sufficient reinforce-
ment Co safely sustain all imposed
stresses shall be not less than two-
thirds the thickness given in table
for masonry walls hereinafter set out.
Rein Yorced concrete exterior non-
bearing curtain walla and interior
non-bearing partition wallsshall be
of not less th au the following mi~-
imum thickness:
a,
o °~
m m
,y w w
U
m w
~ ~~~
m y,
~ ~wmoo
c ~
k e~wcamo
V v1
a N
F ~y~mwoN
-~ .~
..
d
m
NNN[O tOV
nu
Fo A
~b ~:
y
c.
oa G g,a o ~?~
c p OEFC~. Cti rll
z"
Roinforced Concrete Construction
Section 46. By reinforced concrete
is meant centre Le in which steel is
embedded in such a position that it
will resist all tensile stresses and ae-
sist in the resistance to shear along
proper structural lines, so that the
siresses in Lhe cornbination can be
ascertained by computation and veri-
fied by tests.
The cmicrete should be mixed in
sash proportions and so handled that
after it is placed in the form all voids
in the aggregate will be filled with
mortar, and all voids in the mortar
filled with cement.
Thirty (30) days after mixing the
wncrete shall develop a crushing
strength of not lase than two thoue-
and (2,000) pounds per square inch.
Ioinforced Concrete Stresses
Section 46. The Yellowing unit
working stresses shall not be exceed-
ed:
Lbs. per
Square Inch
Iron in tension ........ 12,000
Medium steel in tension.. 16,000
High steel in tension.... 20,000
Steel iu compression.... 10,000
Steel in shear.......... 10,000
ooncrete in direct com-
pression ....... ..... 500
Concrete extreme fibre in
compression ........ 700
Concrete in shear 60
Roinforced omrarete Assumptions
Section 47. All reinforced con-
crete work shall be designed in ac-
cordance with best standard engineer-
ing practice. The following assumP-
tlnil8 may be made:
When beams and girders are made
monolithic with the flom~ slab, flrey
may be competed as "T" beams. The
width of slab which may bo consider-
ed part of the beam will depend upon
the shearing stresses, but in no case
shall such total width exceed three
times the width of the beam.
Koinforccd Concrete Ccdumns
Section 48. The column rods shall
be tied together by steel hoops spaced
not more Lhan twelve (12) inches
apart.
\1'he-n Lhe unsupported length of
a com;reLe column exceeds twelve
(12) times its least aide or dia-
i-i.
~?~&,
meter, the allowable compression
of the concrete shall be taken as
five hundred (500) pounds multi-
plied by the least side or diameter
of the column in inches and divided
by the unsupported length in feet.
For exterior columns subject to
eccentric loading or bending of an in-
determinate amount, the above stress
shall be reduced at least twenty (20)
per cent. When the bending stresses
in a column can be definitely deter-
mined, the combined bending and
direct stresses shall not exceed flue
hundred (600) pounds per square
inch.
In buildings over four (4) stories
high, sufficient steel reinforcement
shall be used to carry at least seven-
ty-five (75) per cent. oY the dead
load of the floors and root, figuring
ten thousand (10,000) pounds per
square inch on the steel, except when
in buildings of any number of stories
the columns are large enough so that
the concrete alone will carry the total
live and dead loads with a stress of
not over five hundred (600) pounds
per square inch, the amount oY steel
reinforcement may be reduced to
not less than one (1) per cent. of the
cross section area of the column.
Proper provision shall be made for
transmitting the stresses at the
splices in the column rods.
In buildings over tour (4) stories
high all splices in the reinforcing
steel below the upper three floors
shall be made by means of riveted
connections, sleeve nuts, turnbuckles
m~ some approved positive connection,
Colurrurs F311ed Witlr Concrete
6ection 49. Columns composed of
structural steel shapes, latticed to-
gether by riveting and filled in solidly
and aurrwnded by concrete may be
computed as reinforced ooncrete
columns, except that the allowable
stress in the steel may be increased
to twelve thousand (12,000) pounds
per square inch.
Concrete Column Protection
Section 60. The outer shell oY a
conm~ete filled steel column shall be
considered only as a fireproof cover-
ing.
Protection oY 6tee1
Section 51. For the purpose of fire
pro;.ection, the reinforcing sT.ecl shall
be kept away from the surface of the
concrete one and one-half (1t/y)
inches in columns, one (Y) inch in
beams and girders, and one-hal£ (?a )
inch in slabs.
Stool in Concrete
Section 52. All reinforcing steel
shall be subject to test by an appro-
ed testing laboratory, and certified
copies of all test records shall be
submitted to the Building Inspector
for examination, upon demand.
Roinforced ooncrete Flour Syretcm
Section 63. A reinforced concrete
floor system is a system which em-
ploys reinforced concrete for all its
members except the columns.
Reinforced ooncrete Frame
Section 54. A rein Ported cmicrete
frame is a framework in which all
the iron and steel members of a
"skeleton" frame are replaced by
reinforced concrete.
Roinforced Frames land Floors
Section 55. The proportioning of
trussed or reinforced conm•ete frames
and floor systems and their eonatruc-
tion in buildings shall bs governed
by all sections oY this ordinance
which regulate and pertain to iron
and steel "skeleton" Yramea, their
framing and enclosing.
Working of ~.nd Ramoval of Concrete
Section 56. All concrete work shall
he designed along proper structural
lines, and during construction, when
a section or panel of reinforced con-
crete or any trussed concrete member
ie started, it shall be poured i^ its
entirety in one operation,
The concrete shall be kept damp
for at least one week after placing,
by frequent drenching with water.
Special care chat] be used to see
that each piece of reinforcement is in
its proper position before pouring,
and is not moved in planing the con-
crete.
In filling coluruns the concrete
shall be poured in small batches.
During the operation the concrete in
the column shall be constantly
churned with a polo or apader to pre-
vent arching In the interior of the
cohxmn.-
All unfinished and unsafe panels
or sections shall be removed beYore
starting a new one, and a.ny batches
or remnants oP materials containing
cement, not used on the first set,
shall be condemned and removed,
whether in the wall or floor, or in the
vicinity of the work.
Centoring and Forms
Section 57. A.I] Yorms shall be
built up in a substantial manner.
plumb and true, wil.h, tight joints,
so that no appreciable part of the
concrete mixture can esoape, end
shall be so suPPOrte~ and braced
that they will carry all the usual
loads which may come upon them
without springing or deflection.
An opening shall be ]eYt at the
bottom of all column forms for clean-
ing and Yor adjusting the steel. This
opening shall not be closed until all
is in readiness £or pouring the
columns. . The Yorms shall be care-
fully cleaned j¢et before concreting
and all chips and other Yoreign mat-
ter removed.
Before removing the shores under
any beam or girder, the column sup-
porting it shall be strip,~ed so that the
rolumna may be examined on all
sides. Pouring columns in chases
left in the masonry shall not be al-
lowed.
Provided ample shores are used to
carry the Pull weight of the floor
column forme may be removed in not
leas than Your (4) days aYter pour-
ing.
The time which should elaspe be-
fore removing the shores under
beams and girders varies with the
design, but in no ease shall they
be removed in less than three (3)
weeks after pouring,
The suPPOrts under floor slabs
shall not be removed in less than ten
(10) days after pouring, but the
clause ie not intended to prevent re-
moving the joists and lagging in less
time, provided the slabs are kept
properly shored up.
Thickness oY Outer, Party, and In-
terfor Acaring Walls of Masonry
Bnildin
Section 58. Every exterior mason-
ry wall oP any building must be built
to conform in thickness to the fol-
lowing schedule, except as otherwise
provided for concrete construction;
thickness is given in inches, to-wit:
>.
0
m
`° .N.
d
a+ ,p N V
m .+,y
tO ? N tD t0
B '" "'"
O M NtD ,GO
,-1 H H N
N
m N Nomco
c ,y .i .y w N
x
° ,y Nc~moow
A a.-i ,tiNNN
F
q
d
a mmoea~w
y, .+.yNNNN
m
m m
m~ ~ a,mr
~ ,d ,., ~, o c. c. m
... mo yon'i.
a vt°a: ~'°' ~
oa Q o ~'"o m
zc FF°w
Existing Party Walls
9eetion 59. Existing walls built
fur or used as party walls, the thick-
ness of which at the time of their
erection was in accordance with the
requirements of the Chen existing or-
dinance, but which are not in aoconl-
ance with the requirements of this
ordinance, tnay be used, if iu good
condition, for the ordinary ue~_s of
party walls, provided the height of
the same be not increased.
Ourtain Walls
Section 60. Curtain walls may be
of a minimum thickness of txvelvo
(12) inches for forty (40) feet of the
uppermost height thereof, and shall
be increased four inches in thickness
for every additional section of Yorty
feet of height.
Pxxrapet Walls
9eetion 61. All exterior, division
and party walls shall have parapet
walls carried to a, height of not less
than two feet above the roof, and
sha^ be coped. No parapet wall to
be less in thickness than the wall in
the top story of the building, except
when the parapet wall is not over
three feet high in any part it may
be carried up nine inches thick when
laid in cement mortar. Where a sky-
light or structure of any kind in a
root ie located within flue Yeet of a
parapet wall the said parapet wall is
to be increased to a height of at least
fourteen inches above the highest
point of the skylight or structure for
a length oY twenty-Sue per cent, more
than the length of the said skylight
or structure.
Brickwork
Section 62. The brickwork in all
walls, piers, buttresses or pilasters
of a building shall be well bedded in
mortar, laid iu single courses across
the walls, and be well ftuehed up with
mortar. No more than six courses of
stretchers are to be laid without a
course oP headers in any part of a
building, and the headers to extend
entirely through the wall, except
where face brick are used and in one-
story structures. All brickwork to
be built to a line and carried up
plumb, straight and level, from the
bottmn to the Lop of a building.
Pressed brick facings, except here-
inafter specified, must be bonded to
the backing with galvanized metallic
wall ties, at least every sixth course,
the ties to be placed not more than
two feot apart, or ties can be used
every sixth course, and a row of solid
headers every ninth course; provided,
hove ver, that in one-story etrpetures
a row of clipped and splayed bricks
every fifth course will be allowable
as a tie for the face brickwm9c.
Walls may be built with a facing of
stone, tile, t.°rra cotta or other lncoxn-
bustibLe material iP securely tied to a
backing oY not less than nine inches
in thickness of hard-horned properly
laid brick, but the thickn ass of the
basking shall not be less tha~,i re-
quired far brick walls of Lhe same
height, if the Pacing ie leas than one
half brick in thickness.
1Co wall oT brick or etmte shall be
supported in whole or in part by
wooden posts, beams or girders.
Walls Under Sidewalk
Section 63. In buildings where Lhe
space under the sidewalks is utiliz-
ed, nil exterior, party or division
walls shall be ext.on dad across any
sidewnik basement against. which
they abut, but need not exceed twelve
inr,ir es in thickness unless they sot
a5 res Lraf Wing walls.
Outer 7Valls
&•.~~.Licn 64. All Dater walla of
every Inrildiug of Class One shall he
constructed of brick, stone or coi.-
crele.
ILooPs
;;Wei ton 66. The roof of every
burbling of Class One shall be cmi-
sirurled of fireproof materials, either
concrete, brink archon or tile, the np-
por surface of which may be covored
with semen t, concrete, tile, asphaltum
and grave], throe-DIY asbestos roofing,
m• other fire-resisting composition
roofing.
Oombustiblc Roofing
9rvaian G6. The nee of wooden
slriu glen or other forms of combusti-
ble roof covering upon buildings
erects d, or altered, within the fire
limns, is prohibited.
Non-Oombustiblc Itaufaxg
f~ecti mt 87. A roof Lhe pitch of
which le not more than one vertical
w four horizmtlal, and the covering
cf w}uch is made with three-Ply as-
haslos rvutfmg, or a composition of
fait and gravel, shall be coneidorod
inro:ubnstible under the provisimie of
this ordinance, and may be used nPOa
any building within fhe flro limits;
provided, that such cmnposi Lion roof
bo not less than three-ply felt. In
addition to Lhe grovel roof herein
moutim~ed, tile, ,lhto or moral roof-
ing, or a. romposi iron of ash csLos and
other incombuslibla hrgredients may
be r.sed.
1~'laor and Roo( Beams
Section 6R. No flour or roof bcarn
or Joist used iu arty building shall be
of a thickness less than two inches.
The suds of ^Il floor joists cr roof
beams shall have a bearing of at least
frur inches All wooden floor or
wooden roof joists shall be properly
bridged with cross bridging, unless
such bridging be umteceesary for the
span in question.
Roof Spaces
Section 69. The space between the
ceiling of the top story and the roof
in bniidinga of Class Two shall be
divided by tight partitions oP one inch
wood into sections, each having an
area not exceeding two thousand
square feet. All doors or openings in
said partitions shall have salt-closing
doors of similar material.
Structure Above Roofs
Section 70. No structure built
parEly or wholly upon or above the
roof of any building within the fire
litnite shall project above the ]tighest
poinC of the roof more than seven
feet, and every outside wall of the
same, facing on any street or Party
line shall be of masonry or concrete
and shall be built and parapetted as
roquired under Section 61, "Parapet
Walls." In buildings of Class Two,
walls other Chan masonry or cmtcrete,
as above required, may be lathed
with metal lath on both aides and
plastered, and all Ceilings on the in-
terior of same shall be Plastered. The
total area of such roof stnmtures on
any building shall not exceed two
hundred square feet for each five
thousand square feet of area of the
upper ^oor of such building. The
roof of every roof structure shall be
constructed i^ the same manner as
Lhe roof of the main building.
Dmvnsluruts anti Gutless
6octimt 71. All buildings abutting
upon any public walk shall be pro-
vided with proper metallic dawn-
sponts and save or cornico gutters for
emtducting water from the root to
tho ground or street in such a man-
ner as to protect from damage the
walls and foundations and in no case
shall water Ymm roofs be allowed to
flaw upon any public way or over
sidewalks. Such downspouts shall
discharge under rho sidewalk into
the gutter, or into a storm sown or
storm drain.
Ventilkrtors and Skylights
Section 72. All attics in bnildlu gs
of Clnssos One and Two not otherwise
provided with windows or van tiia.Ling
apparatus shall he provided with ens
or more sheet metal ventilators, nro-
tectod by galvanized iron or Copper
wiro screen with mesh not larger
than one-quarter inch.
Staffi. s
Section 73. No buildings shall be
erected, altered or recmtstructed for
stabling animals below or abavo the
first or ground floor unless thC. build-
ing ba ma.de of fireproof construc-
Limt.
Automobile Stables
Section 74. Where any automobile
stable, storage room or garage con-
tains oil, gasoline or fuel of spy
character the door of such room shall
be oP fireproof matorial.
Exhibition Rnildings, Obsorvalion
$tallde, Etn.
Section 76. Buildings and struo-
tures for fair and exhibition pnrpoees,
stands Yor observation and reviow-
fug purposes, acid etracture far stmt
tar uses, whether temporary or per-
manent in character, and located out-
5ido oP the Sre limits, shall be con-
structed in such manner and under
each conditions as shall make the
same saPo.
Railer Rooms
Section 76. (a) All walla o4 boil-
ar rooms situate within the fire ]butts
shall be of masonry, concrete or terra
cotta for their full height, and the
roof shall be of oorrugatad iron or
concrete or asbestos. If there is a
ceiling, it shall be of metal, asbestos,
or plaster on metal lath.
Openings into a boiler room as
above described shall have fire doors
or shutters constructed as specified
in Section 9S of this ordinance, ar-
ranged to close automatically; a!td
where oil is bunted under gra viiy
feed, every doorway shall have a mas-
onry, cmmrete or tetra Cotta sill ris-
ing not less than eight inches above
the floor. No wood or other iuflam-
able material shall be used in the
constructior. of the floor of any boiler
room.
(b) Boiler rooms outside the fire
limits shall be ronatrneted oY fire-
proof .material. Every boiler room
where shavings or other refuse are
used for fuel shall be provided with
a stand-pipe not less than 1 ~ inches
in diameter located ^ear the door,
with at least twenty-five feet of 1?is
inch hose attached thereto.
Drying Romns
Section 77. All walls, ceilings and
partitions enclosing drying rooms,
when not made of fireproof tna.teria 1,
shall be wire lathed and plastored, or
covered with metal, file or other
hard, incombustible material.
\4'nshing Rooms
Section 78. All rooms or buildin Rs
need for washing rlotbes for hire
shall }taus reinforced concrete floors
not lees Chao three inches thick, fin-
ished with a, smooth troweled sur-
face.
Opening:: in Sidewalks
8eciion 70. There shall be nn pr.r-
manent opening in arty sidewalk, ex-
cept it be covered with metal eidc-
wolk trap doors, the outer edge cf
which doors shall not be within two
feet of the outside edge ok the side-
walk curb. All such openings in side-
walks shall have metal covers flush
with the walk, with upper surfaces
roughened. Every such door shall be
provided with metal guards for the
protectimt oY the public when open.
All pa rte of sidewalks, including il-
luminating file m• other structural
pane, shall be capable of sustaining
a uniformly distributed load of four
hundred (400) pounds per s~7uare
font. There shall be no permanent
openings in the form of gratings of
any description i^ any sidewalk.
Straps and Anchors
Section 80. Each tier of beams
shall be anchored to the side, front,
rear or party walla at intervals of not
more Lha.n eight feet with wrought
iron or steel anchors of no( less titan
one and one-half inches by three-
eighths of an inch, well fastened to
Che side of the beams by three or
more nails made of steel or wrought
Iron and at ]east oue4ourth oP an
inch in diameter.
Tho ends of wood beams resting
upon girders shall bo butted together
end to end and strapped by wrought
iron straps oY the same size and dis-
tance apart and in the same beam as
the wall anchors, and shall be fast-
ened in the same manner as wall an-
rhora, nr [hey may lap each other at
least twelve inches a.nd be well spiked
or bolted together where lapped.
Steel girders shall be secured to
the supporting walls by anchor bolts,
m' by properly formed ang9e anchors
riveted or bolted Lo the ends or aides
of girders, and well bonded into the
masonry.
Hollow \;'ails
section 81. Partitimt walls built
oY hollow file or hollow concrete
blocks shall be of sufficient thickness
to safely bear the loa.da to be imposed
thereon.
Arches and Lintels
Sectimt 8L. Openings for doors
and windows in all 6uildiugs of
Classes One and Two shall have good
and sufficient arches of stone, brick,
concrete or terra cotta, and shall have
a bearing at each end of not less than
five inches on the wall.
Inside Lintels
Section S3. Inside wooden lintels
shall not be used in openings over
five foal in width. Relieving arches
shall be built over all wooden liutols,
a.nd the lintel shall be situ pad to fil
the arch.
Tic hods
Section h4. Tie rods shall be used
where necessary to prevent detleo-
lion, in accm•dance with host modern
practice.
OfT-sets
Section 8l. Ott-sets cased for re-
ducing the size oti a chimney or for
corbelling out a wall to receive a
joist, shall not exceed one inch for
each course. Walla shall not be cor-
bclicd out to a distauee exceeding the
thickness of the wall.
Cmrebructlon of I`loors
Section 86. livery floor in any
building oP Class One shall be coa-
structed of terra cotta. or brick
arches, iu which proper provision
shall be made by meta] rode agaiost
the spreading of the beams, or of re-
illfnl'CP,d terra COLta~ OC Gf I'e1nfDPUCd
emtcrete. The flanges oP Lhc beams
m' girders shall be protected by at
least one and one-half inches of eon-
crete or tile. The top of every arch
in floor constrnation shall be tilled
with eon crate to the lovcl of t}te bznm
lops; iT any wood sleepers arc used
they shall be filled between with con-
erele or ether nonlombueGbla ma-
terial.
J~7occ Li ;'his
action 87. Floor lights s'~all be
eo^stru clad of metal frames, and if
any glass therein measures more
titan sixteou square inches, the glass
shall be provided with a mesh of wire,
either in the glass or under the same,
and the floor lights shall be of the
some proportional strength as the
f oors' in which they are placed.
Bak•.onice, Porches and Awnings
Section 88. Wooden balconies m•
porches shall be so designed as to he
suppm~ted by the projection of the
floor beams, but shall be stiffened by
suitable brackets from Che mair, walls
OI' pOeta.
No bay window, balcony or porch
shall be allowed to groject over any
public street or alley.
No balcony or porch sltall be en-
closed for a greater height than three
feet six inches from the floor.
All awnings and shades shall be al.
least eleven (71) Peet in the clear
above tho line of the em~b level, and
shall be of fireproof material, except
cloth or canvas awning a.5 herein pro-
vided, and shall be securely supported
on wrought iron or steel brackets,
built into the walls. The height
above the curb level of all movable
canvas or cloth awnings or shades
shall not be less than eight feet.
No porch or balcony, except oY flre-
proof material, shall be constructed
on any building within the fire limits.
No cloth or canvas awnings shat] be
constructed in the rear or on the
aides of any building within the fire
limits.
Cutting Beams and 6upports
Section 89. No wooden beam or
joist shall be cut for pipe or bored
for electrical work when the cut
is deeper than, or the center of the
bare hole is below one-fifth of its
depth from the top. Cuts or centers
oY bore holes shall never be more
than two inches below the top.
stns Partitions
Section 90. No stud in a bearing
wall in buildings more than one story
shall be of leas dimensions than two
inches by Your inches,-but studding
for non-bearing partition walls may
be two inches by three inches. No
wooden stud partition shall pass
through Prom floor to floor, but shall
rent on the floor on the plates. All
angles and corners shall be framed
solid from the foundations to the
roof.
Cornices
Section 91. The exterior cornices
of all buildings within the fire limits
shall be of fireproof material.
All cornices shall be well secured
to the walls with iron anchors, inde-
pendent of any woodwork.
No e.ornice, not including pedi-
ments. shall extend more than five
feet above the highest point of the
roo£ beams of any building.
Every metal cornice shall have riv-
eted joints.
Skylights
Section 92. All skylights in build-
ings of Classes One and Two ehxll
be of corrugated, primatic or wire
glass, sot less than one-fourth inch
thick, set in a metallic frame.
Every skylight other than wire
glass shall he protected both above
and below by a wire screen not less
than ^umber 12 wire, supported on
an iron frame.
8tairtvnys
Section 93. Building of Classes
One and Two shall have one main
stairway, not less than tour Eeet wide,
from first to highest story, but in no
rase shall [here be leas than two
stairwaye Lrom the top floor to the
second floor in any building having
more than four thousand square feet
area.
tntvrior Partit9ona-Light Courts
Section 94. Interior partitions in
a.ny building oY Class One shall be
constructed of tile, brick or concrete.
or shall he oY bare of metal, lathed
with metal lath and both sides plast-
ered, or shall be of wire glass not
less than one-fourth inrh thick set in
metal frames a,nd sash. Interior Par-
titions in buildings of Class Two may
he constructed of wooden studs with
lath and plaster on each aide
Chimneys and Flues
Section 95. All chimneys of mas-
onry or concrete construction shall
have walls at least eight inches
thick, or in dwellings may be con-
structed oY four-inch brick walls with
an inside lining or terra cotta or well-
burnt clay pipe not less than one inch
thick. No chimney shall be built on
wooden brackets or supports. No
smoke pipe shall project through any
external wall or window. Every in-
stantaneous heater, gaa stove or/grate
shall be provided with a vent pipe
not less than three inches in dia-
meter, extending at least twelve in-
ches above therooP, with a "T" con-
nection or equivalent at top, and
around every such vent at all places
not exposed there shall be a galvaniz-
ed iron sleeve extending the full
length of the concealed portion, with
a. clear air apace oP not less than one
inch surrounding the vent; the sleeve
to extend through the ceiling or floor
below and the roof above.
Smoke Stacks
Section 96. Smoke stacks connect-
ed to steam boilers under which saw-
dust, shavings or wood are burned,
shall extend not less than twenty-flue
feet above the roof, or any adjacent
root, and shall be provided with an
approved spark arrester.
Ranges, Ovens and Bimilar Appur-
teMnces
Section 97. Wooden floors under
ranges, ovens, kilns, coffee roasters,
candy kettles and similar devices
shall be protected by a sheet of as-
bestos not lase than one-sixteenth
inch in thickness covered by a sheet
of metal not less than 24 gauge ex-
tending one Yoot beyond the base of
such device. A layer of properly
nemented brick or file may be used in
lieu of the above.
Fire Doors and Shutters
Section 98. (a) Every exterior
opening in the sidee or rear oP build-
ings within the fire limits shall have
metal covered shutters or doors, con-
structed and arranged as specified in
this section, or in lieu thereof may
have frames and sashes oY hollow
metal glazed with wire gla.as not less
than one,quarter of an inch thick, no
pane in which shall be larger than
CwentY-four by thirty inches.
Rolling Iron or stall ehuttera may
be used on the first story only
(b) Fire doors and shutters shall
be constructed of two thicknesses of
matched boards, not over six inches
wide, at right angles to each other or
crossing diagonally, nailed with wire
nails clinched, and securely covered
with tin on both sidee and edges,
sheet to be not larger than 10 x14
inches in size, pot together with tin
roofers' lock joint and securely nail-
ed, the nails to be driven inside the
lap and the joints hammered down
over the nail heads. No solder shall
he used. Doors shall never be lase
than two inches thick, nor shutters
less than 1 r,¢ inches thick.
Hinges and hangers shall be oY
wrought iron and fastened to the
door or shutter with bolts. Latches
shall be so arranged on ehuttera that
they can be opened Erom either side.
Swinging doors and ehuttera shall
extend at least one inch below top of
sill, or they may close into the open-
ing, provided the wall be rahbited
1 ~y inches at the top and aides and
one inch at the bottom.
Al] sliding doom shall extend at
least three inches over the masonry
at sides and top of doorway or open-
ing, and one inch. below top of sill.
Sliding doors may run at the bottom
in a channel iron so set as to give
the door a bearing oY one inch below
top oY sill.
Sills shall break the Moor and rise
at least one inch above boor level, to
prevent passage of Game and smoke,
and be constructed oY metal, masonry
or concrete. Wood sills shall not be
used.
Rail or track for sliding doors or
shutters must be heavy enough to
withstand heat without warping, and
may be made of angle or channel
iron, and both rails must he secured
to wall whenever possible by bolts
passing through the wall otherwise
"expansion" bolts shall be used. In
lieu of channel or angle iron, the
track can be made of remmon Rat
bar steel not lase than three-eighths
inch thick and four inches wide,
bolted though the wall with threa-
fourths inch bolts or fastened with
heavy expa,naion bolts.
Binders shall be placed so as to
prevent the door from rolling off the
track at either end, and also to hold
it in position when closed.
u F`Ire F:scap•s
Section 99. Every building of three
stories or more in height shall be
provided and equipped with a suffici-
ent number of galvanized metallic
fire escapes, combined with suitable
galvanized metallic balconies, plat-
forms and railings, strongly made
and firmly secured to the outer wails,
and erected and arranged in such a
way and in such proximity to one m'
more windows oY each story, or to ns
many windows of each story above
the first as may be necessary to maka
and render said fire oecape readily
accessible, safe and adequate for the
escaps of the inmates in case of fire,
a,nd when placed on the rear or sirl=s
of buildings not ad~eining a street
they shall extend down to wit6fn
eight (S) feet oY the ground.
Fire escapes in Front oY building
shall extend from the level oP tho
ceiling of the first story to and over
the roof, and shall be either vertical
galvanized metallic ladder fire es-
capes, or other suYEicieut fire escap°,
constructed of fireproof material.
All fire escapes shalt he kept in
good order and repair, and free from
all obetruetions.
Standpipes
Section 100. livery building of
three stories or more in height shall
have inside or outside of the exterior
walla one or more metallic stand-
pipes, at least four (4) inches in dia-
meter, which shall extend from four
'a(4) feet above the sidewalk to and
over the root and rest on the fire
walls, and at each story there shall
be branches with three-Inch gate
valves with reducer from three (3)
inches to 2~ inches, provided with
cap and chain; and there shall be a
two-way Siamese Inlet with 2?~Z inch-
connection attached to each standpipe
four feet above the line o£ Che side-
walk; and atwo-way outlet over the
roof with two threednch gate valves
with reducer from three inches to 2 ~
inches, provided with cap and chain.
All hose connections to fit the stand-
ard connections of the Fire Depart-
ment of the City of Hilo.
All iron or steel material used in
the construction an<l erection of
standpipes shall be galvanized or tho-
roughly painted, and shall be kept in
good order and repair and free Erom
any and al] obstruction.
All standpipes shall be capable of
sustaining a hydrostatic pressure of
three hundred pounds to the inch
throughout their entire length after
the same are erected.
Safca arrd Machinss in BuLLdnrgs
Section 101. No metallic safe or
vault exceeding ten cubic feet in size
or two thousand five hundred pounds
in weight, or auy machine exceeding
two thousand five hundred pounds in
weight, shall be placed in any part
of asy building above the basement
without first obtaining a permii an
to do from the Building inspector.
Before issuing any such permit the
Building Inspector shall ascertain the
bearing capacity of the floor upon
which it is proposed Lo ptu.oe suet
safe or machine, and if such floor is
of the necessary strength to sustain
such cafe or machine, with safety,
shall grant such permit.
Use of Sidewalks and Strrets
Section YU2. It shall be unlawful
for any person, firm or corporation
to commence the orection of any
building abutting upon sidewalk or
to rontinue the erection thereoY, m:
lase there shall exist along the center
line of such sidewalk, for the protec-
tion of pedestrians, a good and sub-
stantial board fence at least eight
feet high, enclosing the inner hall of
the width of such sidewalk.
It shall be unlawful [or any per-
son, firm m~ corp m~atiou to ma7;e auy
excavation iu that Part oY any side-
walk lying between the curb line anal
the center line thereof unless there
shall exist over such excavation a
good and substantial temporary waP.<,
so constructod and maintained ua to
alTord at all times safe, free and un-
obstructed Passage for pedestrians
over and along all Lhat part oY such
sidewalk above mentioned. Such tem-
porary walk shall be constructed and
maiartained cn a level with the sur-
face of the street or at au olevation o£
not more than tent foet above tho
same, having steps at each end and a
railing not lase than tlu'oe feet high
along the aide next to Lhe attest.
No person or persona shall occupy
m' obstruct a.ny portion cY uny~street,
alley or sidewalk in any other manner
or Lo any greater extent than i5 al-
lowed by this ordinance without first
obtaininK a permit therefor. Such
permit xnay be issued by the Board of
Supervisors of the County of Hawaii
en application therefor iu writing,
and shall be accompanied by the
building perxnit for the building pro-
posed to be erected. Such obstruc-
tion shall be permissible only during
period of construction.
It shall be unlawful for any person,
firm or corporation to fail or neglect
to have at least mxs-half of width of
the side walk and not leas than oue-
half the width of an alley unobstruct-
ed and free from rubbish at all times,
except that a passageway across such
apace may be used for carriage of
materials.
It shall be unlawful for any person,
firm or corporation to store for more
than one day any earth taken from
any excavation, or rubbish or ma-
terials taken from any building, upon
the sidewalk or the roadway of any
street or alley; such materials shall
be removed from day to day as pro-
duced. Any dry rubbish liable to
produce dust shall be kept wetted
down in order to prevent dust.
No door on the ground floor of any
boil.-ing shall be so constructed or
arranged as to awing or open upon or
over any public s`--feet, highway, side-
walk or public place.
Lights and Obstructions
Section 103. It shall be unlawful
for any person, firm or corporation
using, occupying or obstructing any
portion of any street, alley or side-
walk for the storage of building ma-
terial to fail or neglect to display and
maintain a red light during the whole
oY every night at each end of every
pile o£ such material.
Sidewalk Protections, Scaffolding
Ladders, Hoists and Temporary
Floors
Section 104. It shall be unlawful
Por any person, firm or corporation
erecting any building on line oY the
sidewalk to fail of neglect, durinK the
construction, alteration, demolition or
repair thereof, to erect and maintain
a safe temporary canopy at least eight
feet above the sidewalk the full
length of the front oY the building
and extending the full width of the
sidewalk.
Classes of Buildings in the p7ro
Itimita
Section 105. No building shall be
erected within the fire limits unless
said building shall conform in all re-
spects to the requirements of this or-
dinance for a building of either Class
Ooe or Class Two. Any building, any
part of which shall be within the fire
limits, shall be deemed for the pur-
poses cf this ordinance as wholly
within such limits.
Outbuildings, Tenth, Shcda, Ftc.
Section 106. No outbuilding or
structure shall be built within the fire
limits except as otherwise provided,
unless Lhe same is oY regular Class
Ono or Class Two construction, ex-
cept that cook houses and sheds, not
mm•e than 300 square feet in area
and not more than twelve feet high
with one aide open, may be built with
eight-inch masonry walls or oP four-
iuch roLiforced concrete walls, pr~-
vided it is not less than ten feet from
the main building and five feet from
any other building on rear or sides.
No wood or iron building now
erected within the fire limits shall be
enlarged or built upon in any man-
ner except as provided in this ordin-
auce.
(a) Temporary enclosed wooden
sheds, not to exceed twelve feet in
}i sigh t, may be erected within the fire
limits to facilitate the erection of
buildings, but when said buildings
ore completed the sheds shall be re-
moved.
(b) Every exteueion of any build-
ing within the fire 11m1L9 in the form
of an addition or separate structure
of any size for any purpose, shall be
of Class Ono or Class Two construc-
tion.
Le) No person, firm or corpora-
tion shall erect, maintain or occupy
any Lent or movable structure of com-
bustible material, nor shall any
wooden or canvas sign be placed on
any building within the fire limits.
Fences
Section 107. No fence of cUmbusti-
ble material shall be oonatructed
within the fire limits. No Eence with-
in the fire limits shall be used as the
wall of any building or roofed over
and, i^ conjunction with other Eencea
~~r
or walls, used as the wall of any
building, unless such fence shall be
constructed in the same manner ae
walls in Class One or Class Two
buildings.
Theaters
Section 108. .Ali theaters hereafter
built within the City of Hilo shall be
of Class One or Class Two construc-
tion. The County Treasurer shall not
issue a license for any performance
in such building until a certificate in
writing has been issued, signed by the
Building Inspector and the Chief of
Fire Departrgent, that the require-
ments of this Ordinance have been
compiled with.
Theaters shall have at least one
frontage on the street; in such front
there shall be suitable means of en-
trance and exit. There shall also be
orz each side of the exterior of She
building an open court or apace, each
of which shall be not less tb an eight
feet wide and shall extend back the
full length oY the building from the
front street. These courts or spaces
shall be kept clear during perform-
ances.
Exits. Opening from the auditori-
um into these courts or spaces there
shall be not leas than two exits Yrom
each side of each floor and gallery;
these openings shall be closed by
doors easily. opened Yrom the inside
by pressure during all performances.
They shall be of ample width and
shall swing outward in such a way as
not to block the balcony upon which
they open. All such exits must open
from the aisles.
The exterior balconies upon which
those exits open, and the stairways
leading to the ground must be of no[
less than four feet wide and shall
be emistructed of iron or steel of
ample strength to safely sustain a.
load of eighty pounds per square foot,
with a factor of safety of four.
There shall be also one exit on
each aide of the stage into Lhe courts
or spaces.
At each and every exit in any
theater i^ the City of Hilo there shall
bo placed and maintained a lamp in
which only mineral, sperm, nut or
other non-inflammable oil, or elec-
ttrictty upon an independent circuit,
shall bo used, and said lamp or lamps
shall be lighted previous to the open-
ing of the doors of such theater for
any performance therein and shall be
kept lighted until the audience shall
have departed from the premises.
and there shall be inscribed upon
said lamp or lamps the word 'TXiT"
in distinctly visible letters not less
than six inches high.
Stairways shall have handrails on
each aide firmly secured to strong
supports or to the walla. There .shall
he no flight of more than twenty
steps, there shall be no winders, and
no step shall be loss than Your feet
wide in the clear. Such steps shall
have a rise not greater than six inches
and a tread not less than ten inches.
There shall be a firewall oY brick
or reinforced conrrefe above the pro-
scenium arch, between the stage and
the anditm•ium, which wall shall ex-
tend at least three feet above the
roof. The proscenium shall be the
only opening in said wall above the
level oY the stage, and all openings
through this wall below the stage
level shall be provided with self-clos-
"h~,
~.
ing fire doors, constructed as per
Section 08. The wall above the pro-
scenium arch shall be supported by
reinforced concrete girders or by steel
girders covered with fireproof ma-
terial.
The proscenium opening shall be
provided with a curtain of asbestos or
fireproof material, eliding at each end
in grooves securely fastened to the
masmrry wall, and extending into
such grooves to a depth oY not less
than four inches. The fireprooY cur-
tain may, however, be furnished with
Teel cable guides not less than one-
quarter inch in diameter, provided
that such curtain laps over the stage
opening of the aides and top for a
distance oP not less than 8 inches,
and that attached to said curtain at
the top and bottom, to the full width
thereof, shall be wrought iron or
steel pipe of not leas than 1 r/a inches
diameter. The fireproof curtain shall
be kept lowered between acts, during
intermissions and at the close of each
performance, except during rehear-
sals. The curtain shall be hung not
nearer the Footlights than three Yeet.
All seats except those in the bas-
es shall be firmly fastened to the
floor, and no seat in the auditorium
shall have more than six seats inter-
vening between it and Cho aisle ~.
Seats shall not be less than thirty-
one Inches from back to back, nor
less than twenty inches in width.
Center aisles and passageways
shall be at least forty-eight inches
wide at the narrowest point, side
aisles at least thirty-atx inches, ar.d
all shall inorease in width toward
the point of exit at least ono-quert-
er inch Par each foot of length. 'flxe
grade of aisles shall not be greater
than one and one-quarter inches
per foot.
A ventilator shaft of sufficient c.~~
pacity, lined with fireproof mater-
ial, shall be placed over the een ter
of the stage and shall extend ar
least three feet above Lhe roof. Ths•.
roof over the stage shall be provid-
ed with skylights in area equal to
one-fourth of the stage area, and
said skylights shall be made to opcr
automatically in case oY fire.
Theater floors shall be of suffici-
ent strength to support an ixuposed
live load of one hundred pounds
per square foot.
Every theater shall be equipped
with at least two lines of standard
three-inch cast iron or galvanized
water pipe, leading directly from
the street main, and provided with
the standard coupling of the Firs
Department, with not less than
twenty-five feet of hose attached.
Such water pipe and hose shalt be
ready Yor immediate use a[ an,,
time during the performance in said
building.
Electric wires, footlights a.nd all
apparatus for extinguishing fires m•
guarding against the same shall be
in charge of and under the contrcl
of the Fire Department, and the
Chief o£ said Department shall be
responsible for the execution and
enforcement of this regulation.
Gradients or inclined planes shall
be employed instead of steps to
overcome slight difference of level
in or between aisles, corridors and
passages.
Walls separating the actors' dress-
ing rooms from the stage and parti-
tions dividing the drese'mg rooms,
together with partitions of every
passageway from the same to the
stage, and all partitions cn or about
the stage, shall 6e constructed of
fireproof materials. All ehelv~ng and
cupboards in each and every dress-
ing room, property room or etorago
shall be constructed of fireproof
material. Dressing rooms may be
placed i^ the fly galleries, provided
thaC proper exits are secured there-
from to fire escapes in the open
courts and that the stairs loading to
the same shall be fireproof. llres=
ing rooms shall have an independ-
ent exit, loading directly into an
open court or street, and shall bo
ventilated by windows in the exter-
^al wall; and no dressing room
shall be more than one story below-
street level. AB windows slmll be
arranged to open, and none of the
windows in outside walls shall have
fixed sashes, iron grills or bars.
If any arrxngOlnont Or constrac-
tion or appliance of cry theater is
unsafe to li Ye, full authority is here-
by invested in the Building Inspec-
tor and the Chief of the Fire De-
partment, or either of them, to
order and enforce such changes or
additimxs as may be necessary,
D4oving Ticturc Slows.
Section 105. Buildings outside
the fire .limits used Yor moving pic-
ture shows and variety enterCain-
mente, and which contain no gal-
leries or balconiee, and only a small
stage and ]itCle or no movable scen-
ery, may be constructed of corrugat-
ed iron, wiCh iron roofs on iron or
steel frame. Leery moving picture
machine, whether Lmate~d within or
w4houf the fire limits, mess bo eu-
c9osed within a fireproof booth.
Eloctr•icxl work.
Section 110. No electrical wiring
or installatio^ oP electrical apparar
tus or appliances for furnishing
light, heat or power shall be intro-
duced into or Placed in any building
or structure in the City of Hilo ex-
cept in compliance with the rules
and regulations of the National
Board of Fire Underwriters, known
ae the "National Electrical Code,"
sad the said rules and reg~nla Lions
are hereby made a part of Lhe re-
quirements of this ordinance.
Elevators.
Section 111. The strength of Lhe
ropes, gea.riug and al] other por-
tions of the mechanism of Passenger
elevators shall Le calculated with a
factor of safety oY twenty.
For all other elevators tens is to
be used a.a the Cactor of safety.
The main suspension ropes or ca-
bles of all elevators used for pas-
sengers or Y'reight must be of steel.
Peery oleva.tar shall be provided
with an approved device fur pre-
venting the car Trom Yallin g_ in case
of accident.
All freight elevator shafts must
be provided at each floor through
whioh they pass with the latest and
best apparatus, appliance, style and
design of automatic opening and
closing safety gates.
Doors opening into passenger el-
evator shafts shall be entirely under
the control of the operator, and
shall be so arranged that they can
be opened only from the inside.
s- ~,
T
Tonemente.
Section 112. No tenement house
constructed of wood shall be more
than two stories in height. In the
rear of every tenement house there
shall be a clear yard extending
across the entire width of the lot;
the depth of such yard, measured
from the extreme rear of the house
to the rear lino of the lot, shall
never be less than ten feet, and on
the aide of every tenement, and in
at least every one hundred feet of
every tenement or abutting tene-
ments over one hundred feet in
length, running from the front to
the rear of the tenement, there shall
he an alleyway, open to the sky, not
leas than five feet wide, whioh shall
be kept clear, which shall be con-
creted with afour-inch slab, and the
ground under any tenement shall be
concreted to the same thickness. All
parches shall be connected to the
ground by stairways with handrails.
A tenement situated in the rear of
another tenement shall be separated
from the front building by a clear
apace across the lot of not less than
ten feet. This space shall be con-
creted and kept clear.
No tenement house shall be alter-
ed or repaired, except such altera-
tions, repairs or changes shall be
made to conform to this ordinance.
Woodworking Dlills and Factories.
Section 113. In every mill or Yac-
tory in which shavings, sawdust or
other light material ie used for fuel
under the boiler. a vault to contain
such fuel shall be constructed of
fireproof material with a fireproof
cover. The said vault shall not be
constructed opposite the Yurnace
feeds, but at right angles thereto,
and shall he closed when not in use.
Baths.
Section 114. No bath, in which
the water is heated by an open fire
made outside and under the build-
ing, shall be installed in any build-
ing unless the building is used for
no other than bathing purposes, and
the floor of which is concrete.
Dutios oY Building Insla>ctor.
Section llb. IC shall be the duty
oY the Building Inspector to inspect
all work for wlslch a permit has
been issued undeY the provisions oP
this ordinanoe, and Kenerally to en-
force the provision of this ordinanoe•
The Building Inspector shall I:eep
on file in his office, for the inspec-
tion of the public at al] reasonable
hours, a copy of what are known as
Manufacturers' Standard Specifica-
tions; The Tests Prescribed by the
American Society for Testing Mater-
ials; Standard Modern Authorities
on Caloulation of Stresses, and the
Rules and Regulations of the Na-
tional Board of Fire Underwriters,
known as the "National Electrical
Code."
Repeal of Conflicting Ordinances.
Section 116. All ordinances and
parts of ordtnances in conflict with
the provisions of this ordinance are
hereby repealed; provided, that
such repeal shall not effect or pre-
vent the prosecution and putgiahr
ment oY any person for any act dune
in violation of any ordinance prior
to its repeal which may be repeal-
ed by this ordinance, and shall not
affect any prosecution or action
which may be pending in any court
for the violation of any oP the pro-
visions of any ordinance repealed
by this ordinance.
All buildings containing plumb-
ing or plumbing fix; ores shall con-
form to the plumbing ordinance.
Penalty.
Section 117. Any person, firm
or corporation who shall molest,
hinder or in any manner prevent
any inspector or other officer from
performing any duty imposed upon
him by the provisions oY this ordin-
ance, and any person, firm or
oorporatio^ who shall ereot, con-
struct, alter, repair or remove any
building or other structure, in the
City of Hilo contrary to the provi-
sions of this ordinance, or who
shall violate any of the provisions
of this ordinance, shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction thereof shall be punish-
ed by a fine of not more than One
Thousand ($1,000.00) Dollars.
By the Board of Supervisors,
County of Hawaii
JAMES D. LF.WIS,
Chairman bf the Board of Super-
visors.
TERRITORY OF HAWAII
sa
COUNTY OF HAWAII
I hereby certify that the foregoing
Ordinance was regularly considered
at a meeting of the Board of Sup-
ervisors of the County of Hawaii,
held at the County Seat upon the
6th da,y of January, A. D. 1913, and
upon being put to vote said Ordinance
was adopted by a majority of the
Supervisors at said meeting.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have
hereunto set my hand and affixed the
seal of the County of Hawali upon
thin 6th day of January, A.,D. 1913.
JOHN K. KAI,
Clerk oY the County of Hawaii.
[SEAL]
1S
a ~»