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`' COUNTY OF HAWAII, TERRI-
TORY OF HAWAII
ORDINANCE NO. 103
An Ordinance to Be Known as
the
EUILDINC CODE
Relating to the Erecting, Con-
struction, Removal, Alteration or
auy oilier impravetnen is and Re-
pair} and Occupancy of Building
and other Structures in the County
of Hawaii; providing for a De-
partment of Building; providing for
a Building Inspector and Defin-
ing his Powers and Duties; Provid-
ing certain duties for the Firc
Chief of Hilo; Providing for estab-
:~shfng Zonin6' Districts in the
Oity of Hiio and elsewhere in the
County of Hawaii, relating to
buildings and their use and oc-
cupancy; Providing for the Is-
suance of Permits and Fixing Fees
Therefor, and for other Fees and
Charges. and Providing Penalties
for Violations of this Ordinance.
Be It Ordained 6y the Board of
Supervisors of the County of Ha-
waii:
CHAPTER 1
ADAIdNISTRATION
Section 1.110. APPLICATION FOR
PERMIT. Pefore proceeding with
the construction, enlargement, alter-
aL10n, OT ally other lIDproV elnents,
ropair or removal of any bnild-
tu3 or other structure, a Pet•-
mit therefor shall be first obtained
by the corner, or the lessee or agent
of either, from the Building Inspec-
tor. The application for such per-
mit shall be made on a form which
shall be furnished by the Building
Inspector, on which the applicant
shall state the site, the character,
the proposed use, the names oP the
owner, architect and builder, the es-
timated time to complete, the di-
ntenslcnc, the eshimated cost and the
use proposed of the structure con-
tcnrtlated, together with whatever
additonal data may be deemed ne-
cESary by the Building Inspector.
Estimated Cost to be based on the
_'^,en careent market value of labor
an!t material.
Provided, however, where such
work is otttside the City Limit of the
City of Hilo, that the provisions of
this scrtlon shall not apply to fa)
the restoration of plaster, papering,
or painting and lbl to repair work
rcC exceeding One Hundred Dollars
i$100.C0) in cost, and which does
rot involve the exterior or party
walls, trusses, bearing columns.
stairs, fro escapes or any structural
members.
Nate: The approval of the Ter-
ritorial Board of Healbh shall Ge
obtained on all building permit ap-
l:lications, before sucks construction
wor_~ is undertaken.
Buildings to be moved on or
across streets or other public thor-
ougP.fares in whole or in sections
shall also have the approval of the
Counts' Engineer before the work
cf moving is started.
Section 1.111. FEES FOR PER-
94ITS, for inspection by the Build-
ing' Inspector shall be ae follows:
R'orlc to cost not more than
,3100.00-the sum of $1.00.
Wot_~c to cost more than $100.00
and not more than $500.00-the sum
of $2.00.
V JOrIC to cost more than $500.00
anal not more than $1500.00-the
sum of $3.00.
4Jorlc to cost more than $1500.00
end not more titan 52400.00-the
a:u:u of $4.00.
Worh to coat n.ore tixon 5250000
and not mote luau $3500.00-the
suxn of $5.00.
Werlc to coat more than $3500.00
~ ,
,~ ki' ~
and not more than $5000.00-the
sum of $7.50.
Worlc to cost more than $5000.00
and not more than $100,000.00-$7.50
far the first $5000.00 and 10 cents
for each $100.00 or fraction t9tereot
in excess of the sum $5000.00.
Work to cost more than $100,000.00
-$110.00 for the ffist $100,000.00 and
S cents for each $100.00 or fraction
thereof in excess of $100,000.00.
Section 1.112. MORE THAN ONE
6TRUCTURE. Where separate
structures are contemplated on the
same site, one permit may be issued
and the charge made as though one
structure were contemplated, pro-
vided such application covers one
contract or project as a working
unit.
Section 1.113. FILING OF PLANS.
Plans axtd specifications fot• all work
to cost more than One Thousand
Dollars ($1000.00) shall be filed with
the Building Inspector. Plans in du-
plicate shall Ue permanent process
copies or ink lined drawings on per-
manent paper and shall show suffi-
cient detail to clearly define the
etrnctttral elements and general
character of the word proposed.
In tkxe case of a new building or
addition a plot plan showing the
location of the building with rela-
tion to other buildings on the same
property, if any, must be filed.
One set of plans with the mark
of approval of the Building Inspec-
tor shall at all times be kept on the
work.
Specifications shall be typewrit-
ten or permanent process copies.
Pencil copies of plans or spe-
cifications shall not be accepted.
Fer work costing less than Ono
Thousand Dollars (51,00200) a
statement mt au approved form set-
ting Corth the Uarticulars oC the
work may be Ciled in lieu of plans
and specificatioxts.
(Note: See Act 165, S. L. 1931,
regarding a licensed architect or
engineer on Certain works)
Section 1.115. AMENDMENTS TO
ITLEll PLANS. Any change involy-
ing elements prescribed by this
Code in the details of the plans and
specifications after the issuance of
the building Permit therefor, shall
be made as a separate plan and
filed in duplicate, bqt otherwise in
the same manner as the original
application. IP no increase in cost
i, involved. no additional charge
shall be made for the amendment
permit. Sttch amending permit shall
be obtaived before any change is
made in the original planned work.
Section 1.116. PERMITS FOR
TEMPORARY FRAME STRUC-
TURES WITIIIN THE FIRE LIM-
ITS of the City oT Idilo. Temporary
sheds and buildings may also be
ererted when gsed in connection
with the erection, alteration or re-
pair of permanent buildings, if
such is approved by the Building
Inspector.
Section 1.117. APPROVAL OF
PERMITS BY FIRE CHIEF. No
permit shall be issued for the erec-
tion, alteration or removal of any
building for public assembly with-
in the fire district of the City of
Hilo unless approval therefor be
first obtained from the Chief of the
Hilo Fire Department. It shall be the
duty of the Fire Chief to inspect all
such building plans, visit the work
dttring construction and make him-
self familiar with all such new
structures.
Section 1.118. PERMIT INVALID.
The Building Inspector shall not is-
sue any building permit for any
building or structure to be erected
in violation of the building code,
and any such permit issued contrary
to the building code shall be void.
Section 1.119. RESPONSIBILITY
FOR DAMAGE. The approval of
any plans and specifications shall
not relieve the architect, engineer,
ecntractor or owner from any ]iahl-
lity as regards damages or loss of
,j ~,~'
life from the failure of any sU•ucture
or part thereof, or from any liability
that may accrue by reason of the
use or occupancy by either oT such
persons of the sidewalks, street, or
sub-sidewalk space, or any liability
that may accrue by reason of the
axon-ecmpLiance by any of sucks
persons with any of the provisions
of the Building Code.
Section 1.120. ISSUE OF PER-
RIITS. The Budding Inspector shall
without delay examine the plans
and applications for a building per-
mit, and s?ta11 determine whether
such plans conform to the require-
ments of law applloable thereto
and the Building Code, and if the
regturements be met, shall, upon
payment of the stated fee, issue a
permit to perform the work con-
templated.
Section 1.121. PERMIT POSTED
017 SITE. The applicant shall Cause
the permit, or an approved copy
thereof, to be conspicuously pooled
on the site oY the work.
Section 1.122. EXPIRATION OF
PERMIT. If work authorized by
auy permit has not commenced
within 90 days of the issue thereof,
cr if the a•orlc has been abandoned
for the same period, or iP the work
violates any of the provisions of the
building Cade, such permit shall be-
come null and void, and in the event
of abandonment of work or failure
to commence, a new permit with
the fc-e therefor shall be required.
Section 1.130. CERTIFICATE Or'
OCCUPANCY. Upon the comple-
tion of the construction or the a]-
terations or the repairs of every
building excepting dwellings, for
which a permit has been issued, or
c/hcnever iC is proposed to change
the class of occupancy as defined
elsewhere in the Building Code of a
Buildin@;, a certificate of occupancy
shall bo issued by the Building In-
speetor; upon an approved fozm,
setting forth the use proposed and
the maximum live load and number
of persons that may be accommo-
dated on each floor. Such use shall
conform to the requirements of the
uses permitted in the Building
Code. Provided that in the case of
alterations or repairs where the use
is in no way changed, a new certi-
ficate need xrot be issued. Tempor-
ary occupancy certificates may be
issued by Uhe Building Inspector
whore such change is necessitated
b7 cYterafions or repairs, or similar
tetnpcrary uses which do not defeat
file spirit of the use restrictions else-
where in the Hulling Code.
Section 1.13E It shall be unlaw-
ful for the owner and/or occupant
of any building or structure here-
after erected, altered or repaired to
exceed the maximum allowances in
his certificate of occupancy or to
change the use or nature of the oc-
cupancy without first obtaining a cer-
Cfiaute oY occupancy as herein-be-
]ore, stipu'.ated, and each and every
clay of such failure to comply with
or to obtain a certificate shall con-
stitute aseparate violation; provid-
ed, however, nothing in this section
;.hall aplily to the class of occu-
pancy of buildings lawfully existing
znd used prior to the enactment of
the requirements of this section.
Sec Section 5.225.
Section 2.140. CHANGE IN 000U-
PANCY AND OTHER REQUIRE-
MENTS. It shall be unlawful for
any owner or occupant to fail to
report a change in occupancy as
provided in the foregoing requil'e-
ments, or for any owner or occu-
pant to fail to obtain a Certificate
of occupancy prior to such occupan-
cy or to give a misleading or false
description of such occupancy, and
the Building Inspector is hereby
authorized and empowered to cause
to be forthwith vacated any occu-
pancy contrary to the requirements
of the Building Code, and it shill
be his duty to institute proceedings
to prosecute all violations of this
provision.
Section 1.150. ALTERATION OF
EXISTING BUILDINGS. No build-
ing shall be enlarged or built upon
unless at the completion oP such
work the whole building and every
part thereof shall conform to the
Building Code, provided, however,
that when any portion of a build-
ing is cut or altered by necessity
for public use, through conderrxna-
tion proceedings or otherwise, as in
the case of increasing the public
ways, then it shall be lawful to re-
pair the remaining portion with the
same class of material as originally
used thereon, and further provided
that such repairs or changes do not
violate the amount of such repairs
stipulated in the Building Code.
(See Sections 4:130 and 4.140 of this
Code).
And further provided that no
enlargements to existing business
buildings may be made in residen-
tial districts.
Section 1.160. COOPERATION
WITH HEALTH DEPARTMENT
OF THE TERRITORY AND THE
VARIOUS COUNTY OFFICIALS.
It shall be the duty of the Building
Inspector to cooperate with the Ter-
ritorial Fire Marshal and the Board
of Health in all legal and proper
matters in which there is a joint in-
terest of Law and Building Code
enforcement, and he shall also co-
operate with the City Planning
Commission, the Chief or Chiefs of
Fire Departments, and all City
and/or County officials in all mat-
ters where there is a common de-
partmental or official interesE. He
shall also give free access to the tax
assessor's oPIice of al] records in De-
partment of Building office.
The Building H~speotor may also
recommend to the Board of Super-
visors of the County of Hawaii,
three qualified persons to constitute
a Board of Electrical Examiners
and three qualified persons to con-
stitute a. Board of Plumbers' Exam-
iners to cxamire the various appli-
cant; who apply for license under
the ordinance requirements of the
County of Hawaii.
The Electrical and/or Plumbing
Inspector of the Department of
Buildine under the cognizance of
the Building Inspector shall he a
member ox-officio and 6ecretary of
the Electrical and ,Plumbers' Exam-
ining Boards without additional
v.ompenea ion. 'fhe three other mem-
bers of the P.onrd of Electrical Ex-
aminers shall each receive Ten ($10)
Dollars for each day examinations
are held and the three abhor mem-
bers of the Board of Plumber's Ex-
aminers shah each receive Ten ($10)
Dollars for each day examinations
are held, in examining apphcnnts
for license in their respective
branches and grades as provided by
ordinance
ENFORCEMENT
Section 1J?10. BUILDING IN-
SPECTOR. There is hereby created
a Department to be known as the
Department of Building, and the
Chairman and Executive Officer
with the approval of the Board of
Supervisors, shall appoint a regis-
tered Architect or Engineer as
Building Inspector, to have charge
of said Department. The salary o1
the Building Inspector shall be fixed
by the Board. The person holding
the office of Building Inspector may
be removed froxn office at the
pleasm•e of the Chairman and Ex-
ecutive Officer with the concurrence
of two-thirds of the Board.
The Building Inspector shall
maintain his office at Hilo and shall
not engage in any other employ-
ment or business, and shall have
all the po•.vers, and shall perform
all the duhics necessary, (ll. to see
that al] of the requirements of the
Building Cade are properly carried
out, [2), to supervise the mainte-
nance, structural condition and re-
pair of al] public buildings and
grounds under the control of the
County government, exclusive of
school buildings and grounds and
public parks; (3), to keep an accu-
rate record in such form as shat] be
approved by the Auditor of the
County of Hawaii, of all fees re-
ceived, moneys allotted, expended
and obligated, and other money
transactions of his offioe; (4), to de-
posit all fees received with the
County Treasurer at least once each
week; (5), to render an account of
al] permits issued and moneys re-
ceived, epee each month to the
Board; (6), to maintain in his oi5ce
for public inspection a record of
permits issued, a map or maps
showing the districts within the City
of Hilo, or elsewhere in the County,
which have restrictions of use axtd
generally to keep available to fhe
public all necessary information on
building restrictions and the results
oi' structural tests of methods and
materials, departmental rulings and
requirements pertaining do mat-
ters hereinbefore delegated to him,
and l7), to employ and remove an
electrical inspector and/or a
plumbing inspector and such assist-
ants, clerks or other employes uPOn
whom may be conferred by him the
same powers as held by himself,
and to employ and remove as may
be neoessary to properly execute the
duties of his office, when authorised
so to employ, and at compensations
fixed by the Board.
Section 1.220. INSPECTOR'S
RIGHT TO ENTER BUILDINGS.
The Building Inspector ax1d the
Fire Chief and their assistants, so
far as may be necessary for the per-
formance of his or their duties,
s`ixall have the right of way to en-
ter upon, at any reasonable time,
any new or unoccupied building or
structure under construction, re-
pair, alteration or removal, or any
building or structure alleged to be
unsafe.
Section 1.230. TEST OF MATER-
IALS. The Building Inspector shall
have the power to require bhe test-
ing of any material, appliance or
method of construction by disinter-
ested Forties competent to execute
such work. Such tests shall be,
whenever possible, by methods
adopted as standard by the Amer-
ican Society for Testing Materials.
No new class of structural material
shall be used until shown by test to be
adequate to fu'.flll the requirements
of construction safety as indicated
by the Building Code. Previous tests
by competent parties may be ac-
cepted in lieu of new tests by the
Building Inspector.
Section 1.240. CONDEMi7ATION
AND REPAIRS. Whenever any
structure is found to be whol-
ly or partially iu a damaged condi-
Cion, the Building Inspector shall
notify and order the owner thereof
4o make the same safe and in con-
formity with the requirements of
the Building Code, or to demolish
the same within such period of true
as may be reasonable under the
circumstances.
It shall he aalawful for any own-
er to maintain upon his premises
any dangerotus shucture which has
been so declared by the Building
Inspector.
Whenever in the judgment of the
Building Inspector imminent dan-
ger exists, as an emergency meas-
ure he is hereby empowered to or-
der such structure and/or adjoin-
ing premises vacated until stteh
danger is abated, and it shall be
unlawful far any person to disre-
gard such order.
f Bee also Fire Marsha] and De-
puty Fire Marshal's powers re: con-
demnation and repairs. Section
3463, R. L. 1925)
Section 1.250. PENALTY. Any
person, firm or corporation violat-
ing, or failing to comply with any
of the provisions of the Building
Code, as hereinbetore defined, shall
upon conviction be punished by a
fine not exceeding Five Hundred
Dollars ($500) in the discretion of
the court.
'fhe continuance of any such vio-
lation aster conviction snail be
deemed a new oRense ror each day
of such continuance.
Section 1.260. APPEAL FROM
DECISION OF BUILDING IN-
SPECTOR AND CBIEF OF FIRE
UEPAR'iH1EIQT. An applicant who
has been refused a permit or the
holder of a permit which has been
revoked, or any ene believing any
m'der by the Building ?xvspector or
the Chief of the Fire Department to
be improper or unreasonable, may
appeal from such decision as fol-
lows:
An application for a heating as
hereinafter described, shall be filed
in writing with the Building Inspec-
tor together with a deposit of Sev-
enty-flee Dollars ($75.00) whicix
sum shall not be deposited with
the Treasurer, other provisions
herein to the contrary notwith-
standing, but receipted for and dis-
bursed as hereafter set forth.
Unless the applicant and the
Building Inspector shall mutually
agree to leave the final settlement
oP the issues to the decision of an
Arbitrator who has had the required
engineering or architectural train-
ing or to a licensed engineer or
architect, to be mutually selected by
them, then, within three (3) days
after the sling oP application as
aforesaid, the Building Inspector
shall appoint a disinterested licensed
engineer or architect, the applicant
shall do likewise, and the two per-
sons thus selected shall appoint a
third party who shall have had the
required engineering or architec-
tural training, and these three shalt
constitute an Arbitration Board to
hear all parties concerned at an ap-
pointed time and place and shall
consider the matter and points in-
volved in the appeal. Their findings,
decision or rulings shall decide the
question at issue and shall be spat
and binding upon the parties, sub-
ject only to such action as allowed
Uy law. All findings and decisions of
such Arbitration Board shall be in
writing and signed; one copy filed
in the office of the Building Inspec-
tor and one copy to the applicant.
The decision of a sole Arbitrator
need not be filed unless requested
by either party. The Building In-
spector shall furnish clerical and
stenographic services required by
such Arbitration Board with
out cost. The County Attorney shall
render legal services and advice
upon request of such Arbitration
Board.
Should the question at issue be
satisfactorily settled and the find-
ings filed, if requested, by the
aforesaid arbitrator, he shall be
paid the sum of Twenty-five ($25.00)
Dollars and the balance of the Sev-
enty-five ($75.00) Dollars deposit
shall be immediately returned to the
applicant. Should the question at
issue be placed before the aforesaid
Arbitration Board, each member
shall be paid the sum of Twenty-
five ($25.00) Dollars from the Sev-
enty-flue ($75.00) Dollars deposited
with the Building Inspeotor, upon
filing their fixdings.
CHAPTER 2
DEFINITIONS
Section 2.109. DEFINITIONS.
The following terms when used in
this code shall be construed to have
Lhe meaning hero given them. Words
used in the present tonne include
the future; the singular number in-
cludes the plural, the plural the sin-
gular; the word "person" includes a
copartnership and a corporation;
"writing" includes printing and
printed, photographic or typewrit-
ten matter.
Section 2.101. ADDITION means
any enlargement.
Section 2.1011. ALLEY is any pub-
lic space, public park or thorough-
fare less than twenty (20) feet but
not less than ten (10) feet in width
which has been deeded to the pub-
lic for public use, or publicly ac-
quired by right of prescription.
Section 2.1012. ALTERATIONS
mean any change.
Section 2.102. APARTMENT
HOUSE, Same as tenement.
Section 2.103. APPROVED refers
to any device, material or construc-
tion which has been approved by
the Building Inspector as a result
of tests or investigations made un-
der his direction, or upon the satis-
factory evidence of competent or
impartial investigation `conducted
by others.
Section 2.104. AREA OF BUILD-
INGS. The areas of the horizontal
cross-section at the ground level,
measured to the center of party
or fire walls and to the outside of
other walls.
Section 2.105. ASHLAR MASON-
RY. Masonry of sawed, dressed,
tooled or quarry faced stone, bonded.
Section 2.106. ASHLAR FAC-
INGS. Ashlar masonry used fn fac-
ing masonry walls.
Section 2.107. ASHLAR RAN-
DOM FACING. Ashlar masonry of
various sized members.
Section 2.108. BASEMENT. A
story partly or completely below the
level of the curb. See "Story."
Section 2.109. BEARING WALL.
A well which supports any load
other than its own weight.
Section 2.110. BOARD, Shall
mean the Board of Supervisors of
the County of Hawaii.
Section 2.111. BOARDING,
LODGING OR CLUB-HOUSE. A
building used for Hoarding or lodg-
ing purposes containing not less
than four (4) nor more than four-
teen (14) sleeping rooris for guests.
Section 2.111-1. BUILDING means
a combination of materials to form a
construction that is safe and stable,
and adapted to permanent or con-
tinuous ocoupancy for residence,
business, assembly or storage pur-
poses. Tha term "building" shall be
construed as if followed by the
words "or part thereof."
Section 2.111-2. BUSINESS OR
INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS. These
are defined in Chapter 5 of this
Code.
Section 2.112. CELLAR. That
part of a building more than 40 0
of which is below the grade of the
street, and in third class buildings
that part which is below the sills
but not more than seven (7) feet in
height. It shall not be counted in
determining the height or spacing
of a building. On sloping lots, the
mean elevation of the ground sur-
face at the oorners of the cellar shall
be taken for height determination.
Section 2.113. CEMENT. The
term cement shall mean Standard
Portland Cement which meets the
tzst specifioations of the American
6ociety for Testing Materials.
Section 2.114. CEMENT MOR-
TAR shall mean a mixture com-
posed oP one (1) part Portland Ce-
ment with not more than three (3)
parts sand, and not more than
fifteen (15) percent hydrated lime
by volume.
Section 2.115. CEMENT LIME
MORTAR shall mean one (1) part
Portland Cement, one (1) part of
(lime putty) dry slacked lime or hy-
drated lime and not more than six
(6) parts of sand by volume.
Section 2.116. CHURCH shall
mean any building designed to be
used, and used, as a place of wor-
ship by any religious sect or organi-
zation.
Section 2.117. THE CITY OF
HILO as used in this Code shall be
that area included in the metes
and bounds defined in Section 1576,
Revised Laws of Hawaii, 1925, and
any amendments made thereto.
Section 2.118. CLASSES OF
BUILDTNGS. For the purpose of
this Code buildings are classed as
FIRST, SEMI-FIRST, SECOND and
THIRD CLASS buildings, and
SLOW" BURNING HEAVY TIM-
BER COTISTRUCTION BUILD-
INGS.
Section 2.118-1. C O N C R E T E
BLOCKS. Precast hollow or solid
blocks of concrete made in standard
sizes to be laid in walls in mortar.
Section 2.119. CURB. Whenever
the curb refers to the height of a
building, the weighted mean height
shall be considered of the street
frontage or frontages, that is, the
mean considered shall be the sum
of the products of the average front-
age curb elevations and their hori-
zontal lengths divided by the total
horizontal frontages, provided, how-
ever, that not more than 300 feet
of frontage be considered at one
tim°.
Section 2.120. CURTAIN OR PA-
NEL WALLS. Any exterior non-
bearing wall between columns or
piers, which is not supported by
beams or girders at each story, or
in skeleton construction a non-
bearing wall supported by the build-
ing frame at each floor.
Section 2.121. DEAD LOADS.
Dead loads shall mean the weight
of the floors, walls, roofs, partitions,
and all permanently attached con-
struction.
Section 2.121-1. DISTRICTS.
These are defined Under Zoning,
in Chapter 5 of this Code.
Section 2.122. DWELLINGS. A
residence building designed for use
as the home of not more than two
(21 separate and distinct families. A
dwelling within the meaning of this
Code shall include necessary out-
buildings, servants' quarters and
private garage therefor, and may
include a private stable for not more
than three (3) animals, or a separ-
ate garage with stalls for not more
than four (4) cars.
Section 2.123. EXTERIOR
WALLS. Any outside wall of a
building other than a party wall.
Section 2.124. FACED WALL. A
wall having a bonded facing which
acts as an integral part of the wall.
Section 2.125. FACTORY. A
building or portion thereof designed
goods, wares or merchandise, the
or used to manufacture, assemble
work performed wholly or partly by
machinery.
Section 2.125-1. FENCES. A solid
or other type structure not to ex-
ceed eight (8) feet in height, and in
Fire Districts to be constructed of
incombustible materials.
Section 2.125-2. FIRE DIVISION
WALL, is a wall of masonry or re-
inforced concrete which sub-divides
a building to restrict the spread of
fire, such wall beginning at the
foundation and extending continu-
ously through all stories to and
above the roof.
Section 2.126. FIRE-DOOR. A
door frame and sill which will suc-
cessfully resist fire for one (ll hour
in accordance with the test specifi-
cations of the Underwriters' Labor-
atories. (See Section 11.600 of this
Code.)
Section 2.127. FIRE LIMITS.
Fire limits shall mean Fire Districts
Nos. 1, 2, and 3, as defined in Chap-
ter 4 of this Code.
Section 2.127-1. FIRE-PROOF. A.s
used in this Code, except as else-
where prescribed by test for particu-
lar types of construction, refers to
materials or construction not com-
bustible in the temperatures of or-
dinary fires, and which will with-
stand such fires without serious im-
pairment of their usefulness for at
least one hour.
Section 2.128. FIRE RESISTING.
For the purpose oY this Code a
five-ply felt, car and gravel, or gal-
anized corrugated iron roof over
woad framing or sheathing, lath
and plaster work, fire doors and
shutters of woodwork completely
covered with sheet metal which
comply with sections 2.128 and 2.130
hereof when approved, wire glass, or
any material of equal or greater
fare-resistive properties than these
enumerated, if such is approved,
shall be consideerd fire-resisting,
and only such construction and
materials of construction not com-
bustible in the temperatures of ordi-
nary fires and which will withstand
such fires without serious impair-
ment of their usefulness for at least
one hour.
Section 2.129. FIRE WALL. A
wall which subdivides a building
to prevent the spread of fire. (See
Sections 9.470 to 9.474 of this Code.)
Seotion 2.130. FIRE WINDOW. 9
window with frame, sash and glazing
tvhich will successfully resist a fire
for one hour in accordance with
the Standard Test Specifications of
the American Society for Testing
Materials. (See Section 11.800 of
this Code.)
Section 2.131. FOUNDATIONS.
That part of a wall below the level
oP the highest part of the street
curb, or if a wall is not on a street,
that part of the wall below the le-
vel of the highest ground next to
the wall or that part of a party or
partition wall below the cellar floor.
Section 2.132. HEIGHT OF
BUILDINGS. The vertical distance
from the curb level to the highest
point of the roof beams in the case
of flat roofs, or the average height
of gable in the case of roofs hav-
ing pitch of over 20° with the hori-
zontal. In case of buildings not flush
with the street, the height shall be
measuretl from t'he average height
of the corners of the buildings. In
measuring the height of a wall the
height of the parapet shall not be
included. (See Sections 2.122 and
2.119 of this Code.)
Section 2.133. HOTEL. Any build-
ing or portion thereof designed or
used far supplying shelter and/or
food to residents or guests and con-
taining more than fourteen (14)
sleeping rooms for guests.
Section 2.133-1. INDUSTRIAL
DISTRICTS AND USES. Defined
under toning. Chapter 5 of this
Code.
Section 2.134. LIME MORTAR
shall mean a composition of one
(ll part slaked lime (lime putty)
or dry hydrated lime, and not more
than four (4) parts sand, by vol-
ume.
Secticn 2.135. MASONRY. Stone,
brick, concrete, hollow tile, con-
crete block or file gypsum block, or
other similar building units or mat-
erials or a combination of the same,
bonded together with mortar to
form a structural part of a build-
ing.
Section 2.136. MEASUREMENTS
OF DISTANCES. The distance be-
tween buildings, or the distance to
the lot lines shall be taken to mean
the minimum distance measured
horizontally from any portion of the
building projected vertically giving
the minimum measurement. Eaves
and cornices to the extent of 2' 6"
are exempt. Exterior wooden steps
not exceeding seven (7) feet in
height and metal or fire-resisting
exterior ladders or stairs are ex-
empt.
Section 2.137. MEZZANINE STO-
RY OR FLOOR. A partial low story
introduced in the height of any sto-
ry of a building which shall be not
less than seven (7) feet clear height,
either above or below same.
The total of such mezzanine floor
shall not exceed 50 per cent of the
area of the floor in the room in
which such mezzanine floor is con-
structed. If the area of such floor
exceeds t'he above limit it shall for
the purpose of this Ordinance be
considered as forming an addition-
al story,
Section 2.135. NATURAL CEM-
ENT MORTAR. A mortar composed
oY one (ll part nahural cement to
not more than five (6) parts oP
sand, by volume.
Section 2.138-1. OCCUPANCY. For
the purpose of this code the word
"occupancy" means the purpose for
which a structure is used, that is,
the nature and kind of use to which
it is devoted.
Section 2.139. OFFICE BUILD-
ING. Abuilding which is intended
and used for office purposes, no
part ox which is used for living pur-
poses except by the janitor and his
family.
Section 2.141. PARAPET WALL.
That portion of a wall which ex-
tends above the roof line and bears
no load except as it may serve to
support a tank.
Section 2.142. PARTITION
WALLS. An interior subdividing
wall, other than a lire wall.
Section 2.143. PARTY WALL. A
wall that separates two buildings,
and which is used or adapted Tor
the use of more than one building.
Section 2.144. PENT HOUSES. A
structure erected on the roof of a
building for the purpose of enclos-
ing stairways to the roof, elevator
machinery, water tanks, ventilating
apparatus, exhaust chambers, ox
other Uuilding equipment machinery
housing, or janitor's quarters. When
used only far the above enumerated
purposes and not exceeding 14 feet
in height above fire ceiling oY the
story below, such structures shall
not be considered in determining
the height of a building.
Section 2.145. PIERS. All bearing
columns of four (4) square feet or
less, not banded into adjoining
walls.
Section 2.146. GARAGE means a
building, shed, or enclosure, or a
part thereof in which a motor vehi-
cle containing volatile inflammable
oil in its fuel storage tank, is stared,
honsed or kept. This ahall include a
motor vehicle repair Shop iP there
is gasoline in the tank of any car.
Section 2.146-1. PRIVATE GAR-
AGE means a garage mr not more
than three motor vehicles, in which
no business or industry connected
.directly or indirectly with motor
vehicles is carried on.
Section 2.146-2. PUBLIC GAR-
AGE means a garage not included
within the term "private garage:'
Section 2.148. PUBLIC HALL. A
public hall is a room for public as-
semblages, having a total seating
capacity of one hundred (100) or
more persons, but which does not
include a theater.
Section 2.149. REINFORCED
CONCRETE shall mean an approv-
ed concrete mixture in which steel
or other metal is embedded in such
a Wanner as to resist tensile stres-
ses, and/or add rigidity and
strength to concrete in compression.
Section 2.150. RETAINING WALL
is any wall used to rest lateral
displacement of any material.
Section 2.151. RUBBLE, COUR-
SES. Masonry composed of approx-
imately squared stones fitting on le-
vel beds and well bonded.
Section 2.152. RUBBLE, RAN-
DOM. Masonry composed of rough-
ly shaped stone, laid without reg-
ularity of coursing, but fitting toge-
ther to form well-defined joints.
Section 2.153. RUBBLE, ROUGH
OR ORDINARY. Masonry composed
of uxtsquared field stones laid with-
out regularity of field ooursing.
Section 2.154. RUBBLE OR
BOULDER CONCRETE. Portland
Cement Concrete in which the finer
materials form a matrix for large
stones and boulders.
Section 2.155. STORY. A story
is that part of a building between
any floor and the floor or roof next
above.
Section 2.156. STREET. A pub-
lic or private open passage, lane or
right of way at lest twenty (20)
feet in width suitable or intended
for pedestrians and vehicles. Build-
ings abutting public parks, beaches
or similar permanently open spaces
shall be considered to abut a street
on such abutting side.
Section 2.15'. STRUCTURE. In-
cludes the terms buildings, appur-
tenances, wall, platform, staging or
flooring used for standing or seat-
ing purposes, a shed, fence, sign ar
bill board on public or private prop-
cx~ty, or on, above, or below a pub-
lic highway.
Section 2.150. TENEMENT
HOUSE OR TENEMENT. Shall in-
clude apartment house or apart-
ments and shall designate any house
cr building or portions thereof
which is designed, built, rented,
leased, let or hired out to be oc-
cupied or whioh is oocupied as the
k:oxuc or residence of three or more
familiea living independently of
each other and doing their cooking
in the building.
Section 2.159. THEATER. A
building containing a romn for
athletic, theatrical or operatic ex-
hlbltions or other public entertain-
ments, having a total seating capa-
city of 300 or more persons.
Section 2.160. THICKNESS OF
WALL shall mean the minimum
thickness of the wall exclusive of
any protective covering.
Section 2.ipi1. VENEERED WALL.
A non-bearing masonry facing cov-
ering the bearing construction.
Section 2.162. WIRE GLASS.
Glass not less than one-quarter P/,)
inch in thickness enclosing a layer
of wfre fabric reinforcement having
a mesh not larger than soven-
eighths f?k) of an inch and the size
of wire not less than 24 Brown &
Sharpe gauge.
Section 2.103. WATERFRONT.
Shall mean the contour of the
mean lower low tide.
Section 2.164. WAREHOUSE. A
warehouse is a building used for
the storage of goods, wares or xner-
chundse.
CHAPTER 3
CLASSIFICATIONS
Section 3.100. THIRD C L A S S
BUILDING RESTRICTIONS ON
OCCUPANCY. No third class build-
ing shall be used for any of the fol-
lowing occupancies:
1. .^eaters.
2. .easements, hotels, apartments,
boarding houses, clubhouse, or any
axe otikter than as a private dwell-
ing, housing not more than two (2)
families, if such third class Uuilding
is more than two (2) stories in
height. Provided ,however, that the
foregoing shall not apply to indus-
trial buildings such as crusher
plants, ohemical plants, elevator
towers or similar industrial struc-
tures which are not for Lhe storage
of combustible materials and which
have a human occupancy of not
more than ten (10) people during
the hours of their employment.
Section 3.200. CLASSIFICATION
OF TYPES OF BUILDING CON-
STRUCTION. For the purposes of
this Code buildings shall be classi-
ficd into flue (5) general types oP
construction-First, Semi-first, Sec-
ond and Third Class, and Slow
Burning Heavy Timber Constx•uc-
tion, each of which is defined as
follows:
A FIRST CLASS BUILDING is
constructed of non-combustible
materials throughout with floors
and root constructed of steel or re-
inforced concrete beams, filled be-
tween with terra cotta tile, or con-
cxrote, or masonry arches, or with
concrete or reinforced concrete
slabs and otherwise constructed as
iu this section provided. The outer
walls shall be constructed of con-
crete, brick, stone, hollow terra cot-
ta tile, wncrete blocks or similar
approved materials.
No woodwork or other combusti-
ble material shall be used in con-
struction of any First Class Build-
ing except wooden floors, sleepers,
grounds, bucks and nailing blocks
when entirely embedded in incom-
bustible material, also the finish
flooring and the interior doors and
windows when not otherwise speci-
fied, with their frames, trims and
casings, and also interior finish
when solidly backed wit4t fireproof
materials may be of wood. Finish
within the meaning thereof shall
include ornamental paneling on the
walls when such does not exceed
three-fourths ('yi) inch in thickness
and is backed with fire-proof mat-
erials.
There shall be no air space under
Lhe finished flwring.
All exposed structural steel shall
be fireproofed with cement plaster,
terra cotta or other fireproofing
maicrial as elsewhere prescribed.
lSee Chapter Il-Section 11.210 of
Gh15 Code)
Within the Fire and Industrial
Distracts, First Class Buildings shall
be provided with fire doors and
shutters or wire glass and metal
frames uu all exterior openings
which do not abut a street. Such
fire doors and shutters shall be ap-
proved. (See Fire Doors and Win-
dows-Sections 11.600, 2.130 and
2.135. Also Chapter 7 oP this Code)
A Semi-First Class Building is a
building constructed in all respects
as prescribed herein for first-class
building, except that the roof may
be of wood planking not less than
two l2) inches thick with splined
or sitip-lap joints supported on
steel or heavy timber trusses, or
beams of steel or heavy timber
or reinforced concrete, and with
the plank covered with terracotta
tile, slate or other incombustible
material. The steel trusses ox beaxns
shall be protected by behtg en-
closed in concrete at least one and
one-halt fPh) inohes rohick, or by
being wrapped with metal lath
and plastered at least one (ll inch
thick, or by a suspended ceiling
of metal lath and plaster.
Within the Fire and Industrial
Districts and Business Districts,
Semi-Firct-Class Buildings having
exterior openings which da not face
an abutting street shall be protect-
ed v/ith approved fire doors and
shutters or metal Prames and wire-
glass. (See Fire Doors and Win-
dows-Section 11.600, 2.126 and '2.130
and Chapter 7 of this Code)
All restrictions in this ordinance
referring to second-class Buildings
shall apply to Semi-First Class
Buildings, exoept restrictions as to
floor area. (See Section 4.301.)
Semi-First Class Building may not
be ereoted within the First Fire
District,
A SECOND CLASS BUILDING
is a building with walls of brick,
concrete, or equivalent approved
masonry or fireproof material with
floors and partitions of wood joist
and stud construction, with all col-
umns, walls and ceilings lathed and
plastered, or protected with other
equivalent fire-protective covering
the supporting posts and girders
may be of protected wood or of me-
tal protected as required by Chap-
ter 11 oP this Code, with the roof
covering 5-ply felt tar and gravel
aver wood sheathing, or corrugated
iron over wood framing or sheath-
ing or other equivalent exterior
fire-resisting Covering.
Within the Fire and Industrial
Districts and Business Districts,
Second Class Buildings having ex-
terior openings which do not face
an abutting street shall be protected
with approved fire doors and shut-
ters or metal frames and wire glass.
cSee Eire Doors and Windows-Sec-
tions 11.000, 2.130 and 2.135. See also
Chapter 7 of this Code.)
SLOW BURNING HEAVY TIM-
BER CONSTRUCTION. The term
"Slow Burning Heavy 'Pimber Con-
struction" shall designate bulldings
having outside parapeted walls of
masonry, fire doors and windows on
all sides not facing a street or
streets, roof oP two (2) layers of full
1" lumber, laid with broken joints
and covered with 5-ply tar and gra-
vel or equivalent fire-resisting roof-
ing and supported by beams and
columns, rather than trusses, with
laminated floors at least 3" in thick-
ness, laid on heavy beams not less
Lhan 6" wide, or with fire-proof
ftoms, with no concealed spaces in
the wood structural portions, with
no partitimxs of wood, and with the
stairways or elevator shafts enclos-
ed with masonry and fire doors,
and the whole construction so de-
signed that fire may be readily
hosed from outside the building and
all combustible portions construct-
ed of heavy timber to insure their
slow combustion in the event of fire.
THIRD CLASS BUILDINGS are
all those not First or Second Class
or Elow Burning Heavy Timber
Oonstruction as hereinbefore de-
scribed.
CHAPTER 4
GENERAL BUILDNGG RESTRIC-
TIONS IN THE CITY OF HILO
Section 4.100. FIRE LIMITS. The
Fire Limits of the City of Hiio shall
consist of Fire Districts Nos. one
Ill, two (2) and three (3), as de-
fined in Sections 4.110, 4.120 and
4.130 hereof and the Business Dis-
tricts elsewhere set aside Por busi-
ness purposes (See 6ection 5.190
of this Code.)
Section 4.110. FIRE DISTRICT
No. 1 shall Include that portion of
the City within the following boun-
daries as defined in Ordinance No.
54, as amended by change of street
names:
Beginning at a point on the bank
cf Wailuku River on the center
lluc of I{inonle Street extended;
Thence running southerly on the
center line of Kinoole Street to a
point in the center of Kalakaua
Street;
Thence running northeasterly on
the center line of Kalakaua 6treet
Go a point at the water edge of FIilo
Bay;
Thence following northerly along
the shore line of Hilo Bay to the
bank of said Wailuku River to the
point of beginning.
Section 4.100-1. FIRE DISTRIOT
NO. 2. That the boundaries of Fire
District No. (2) of the General Fire
Limits of the City of Hilo should be
as follows:
Beginning at a point at the inter-
section of center lines of Kalakaua
Street and Kinoole 6treet;
Thenoe running southerly on the
center line of Kinoole Street to a
poix.c in the center of Kinoole Street
and one hundred (100) feet from
the south side of Kalakaua Street;
Thence running northeasterly
parallel to and one hundred (100)
feet from the south side of Kala-
kaua Street to a point one hundred
(100) feet from the southwest side
of Keawe Street:
Thence running southerly parallel
to e.nd one hundred (100) feet from
the southwest side of Keawe SLreet
to a point in the center line of
Mamo Street;
'T'hence runninE northeasterly on
center lice of Mamo Street to a
,point In the center line of Keawe
Street;
Thence running southerly on the
center line of Keawe Street to a
point in the oenter of Kilauea Ave-
nue;
Thence running southerly on the
center line of Kilauea Avenue to a
paint on the center line of the Ha-
waii Consolidated Railway, Ltd.'s
Right of Way spur track to the Ha-
waii Mill;
'thence running easterly on the
center line of the Hawaii Consoli-
dated Railway, Ltd.'s Right of Way
directly across Mooheau Park to e
point on the water edge of Hilo
Bay;
Thence following northerly along
the shore line of said Hilo Bay to a
point in the center line of Kala-
kaua Street;
Thence running southwesterly on
the center line of Kalakaua Street
to the point of beginning.
Section 4.100-2. FIRE DISTRICT
NO. 3. That the boundaries of
Fire District No. Three (3) of the
General Fh'e Limits of the City of
Hilo should be as follows:
Beginning at a point on the
bank of the Wailuku River one
hundred (100) feet from the west
side of Kinoole Stx'eet extended;
Thex:ce running southeasterly
parallel to and one hundred (100)
feet from the west side oP said Ki-
nools Street to a point one hundred
(100) feet from the south side of
Haiti Street;
Thence running easterly parallel
to and one hundred (100) eeet from
the south side of Haiti Street to a
point one hundred (100) Peet from
the soutl-,west side of Kilauea Ave-
nue;
Thence running southeasterly pa-
rallel to and one hundred (100) feet
from the south side of said Kilauea
Avenue to a point one hundred (100)
Peet Prom the south side of Ponaha-
wai Street;
Thence running easterly along
the Ilawaii Consolidated Railway,
Ltd.'s Right of Way to the center
of Kilauea Avenue;
'Phcxca running' nortnwesterly
along' the center oP Kilauea Avenue
to the center oP Keawe Street;
Thence running northwesterly on
the center line of Keawe Street to
the centsr ]lne of Mamo 6treet;
Thence running southwesterly on
the center line oP Mamo Street to
a point in the center of Mamo
Street one hundred (100) feet from
the southwest side oP Keawe Street;
Thence running northwesterly pa-
rallel to and one hundred (100) feet
from the southwest side of Keawe
6treet to a point one hundred (100)
feet from the south side of Kala-
kaua Street;
Thence running southwesterly
parallel to and one hundred (100)
fret from the south side of Kala-
kaua Street to a point in the cen-
ter of Kinoole Street;
Thence running northerly on the
center line of Kinoole Street ex-
tended to a point on the bank of
the Wailuku River;
Thence running westerly along
the bank of the Wailuku River to
the point of beginning.
Section 4.130. CONSTRUCTION
REQUIRED IN FIRE DISTRICT
NO. 1. Ecery building hereafter to
be erected within Fire District No.
1 shall be first Class construction as
defined in Section 3.200. Provided,
however, that buildings without
walls may be erected as provided in
Section 4.500. Buildings extending
into another district shall be of the
construction required in the more
stringently regulated distrlet, unless
a division fire wall is constructed
making, in effect, two separate
buildings. In addition to the above
restrictions, all buildings shall con-
form to Cne requirements oP height,
area of lot covered, fire pipe lines,
fire escapes ,and structural require-
ments elsewhere Provtded 1'or in this
Cude. (See particularly SecGtons
310u, 4.430 and Chapter 7.) This
section shall be construed to affect
existing buildings when altn~ations
and/or repairs on such Uotal more
tnan one hundred percent (100%)
of the assessed value of the struc-
ture in the case of Second Class
buildings and slow burning heavy
timber construction buildings, and
fifty percent (50 ib) of the assessed
value of the structure in case of
Third Class Buildin^<. The assessed
value used shall he 'cat for taxation
purposes and ;~~all be taken just
prior to the px cposed repairs. When
the total c_ alterations and/or
repairs exceed the above, such
structure shall be made to entirely
conform to the requirements of this
Section, or shall be removed.
Provided further, that when any
part of an existing building is tak-
en for public use by coudumna-
tion, or otherwise, it shall be lawful
Co repair the remaining portion of
such building with materials sim-
ilar to those with which the build-
ing was originally constructed.
Provided further, that nothing in
the foregoing requirements for First
and Second Class Building's within
Fire District No. 1, Flre District
No. 2 ai a Pyre District No. 3 shall
be construed to affect Third Class
temporary buildings to be erected
in acoordance with the following re-
quirements:
1. Permits for such struotures
shall expire thirty (30) calendar
days from the date of issue.
2. Such structures shall be con-
fined to open lots, parks or similar
open spaces and span not be closer
than twenty (20) feet to the ,nearest
CxlSting StrnetllTCS.
5. Such structures shall be so
constructed and maintained as to
reduce the probability of fire to a
reasonable minimum and shall be
subject to the approval of the Build-
ing Inspector and shall conform to
the requirements of structural safe-
ty provided in this Code.
Section 4.140. CONSTRUCTION
REQUIREll IN FIRE DISTRICTS
NOS. 2 and 3. Within Fire Districts
Nos. 2 a.nd 3. every building here-
after erected shall be of First Class,
6em1-Fist Glass, Second Class, or
Slow Burning Heavy Timber Con-
structi :;, as defined in Section 3.200,
provided, however, that buildings
without walls may be erected as
provided in Section 4.500. Buildings
extending into another district shall
6e oL the construction required in
the more stringently regulated dis-
trict, unless a division fire wall
tvtthout openings is constructed,
rrakixzo', in effect, two separate
buildings. In addition to the above,
all buildings shall conform to
height restrictions, area of build-
ing without firo walls, area of
lot covered, fire pipe lines, 5re
escapes and structural require-
ments as elswehere provided for in
this Code. Provided, however, that
this Section shall be construed to
affecC existing nonconformh~g build-
ings when the alterations on such
total more than fifty percent (50 I )
of the assessed value of the struc-
ture just prihr to the proposed al-
terations, in which event Lhe owner
shall make the entire building con-
form to the requirements of this
Chapter and/or remove the struo-
ture or adopt such other procedure
as may conform to the intent of
this Section. All fences constructed
in fire districts shall conform to
the requirements of section 2.125-1
of this Code.
Section 4.150. CLASS OF BIIILD-
ING IN DISTRICTS OUTSIDE
THE FIRE LIMITS. Within Indus-
trial Districts of the County of Ha-
v/aii, buildings may be First, Semi-
First, Second or Third Class Build-
ings, or Slow Burning Heavy
Timber Camstruction, but subject,
however, to the spacing, area and
height or other applicable require-
ments elsewhere in this Chapter.
iFOr spacing see Section, 4.330; for
height see Section 4.200; and for
definitions oP classes of building
see Section 3.200 of this Code)
Section 4.200. HEIGHT RE-
STRICTIONS. No building or stx'uc-
ture hereafter ereoted, except
church spires, water towers, olock
towers, :anokestacks or chimneys,
shall exceed in height twice the
width of the widest street upon
which it fronts within Fire District
No. 1 or one and one-half times the
width of the widest street upon
which it fronts in Fire District Nos.
2 and 3, or once Lhe width of the
widest street upon which it fronts
within the remainder of the City
of Milo, nor shall Lhe height exceed
the following limits elsewhere in
the County:
Scone Ht.
Stories in feet
Frmme buildings used
Pox purposes other
than a single dwell-
ing _ __._........____.. 2 30
Frame dwelling oc-
cupied by hat mare
than one family.... 3 35
Buildings having
bearing walls of
hollow terra cotta
_ building tile or con-
crete blocks (See
Section 9.42ll ._ 4 50
Second Class Build-
ings ___._.._....______. 4 55
Slow Burning Heavy
Timber Oonstruc-
tion 5 65
First Class Buildings.. 7 80
Semi-First Class
Buildings _.__._____ 7 80
If a single story building exceeds
thirty (30) feet in height the roof
shall be 5ro-resisting.
A single story building not ex-
ceeding thirty (30) feet in height
may have a skylight, monitor ar
penthouse, not exceeding ten (10)
feet in height, no such penthouse
shall exceed one-fourth of the total
area of the building, and no such
monitor shall exceed one-third of
the total area of the building.
Yrovxded that additional height on
First Class buildings will be permitted
above the height Limit oP eighty BO)
feet provided such additional con-
strtxetion is act intersected by any
line making an angle of thirty (30)
degrees with the verf.ical and orig-
inating from the height limit of
eighty (30) Sect cn the exterior
proncrty lin.;: and continuing to its
intersection with the interior prop-
erty ]inr~ Exterior property lines
refer to those boundary liars bor-
rlering ox. a street as herein de-
fined.
Section 4.300. AREA RESTRIC-
TIONS, FIRST CLASS BUILD-
INGS.
All First Class Buildings used
fm~ public ge therings, light and pow-
er sUations, office buildings, machine
shops, foundariea, factories, and
other similar buildings, where little
or no tnflainmable material is stnek-
ed or kept shall have no restrictions
as to area.
Section 4.301. FLOOR AREA
RESTRICTIONS, for Semi-First
Class, Second Class and Slow Burn-
),ice.
Heavy Timber Construe±kon
Buildings shall be in accordance
with the following' table:
Second-Class
and Slow
Burning Heavy
Sari-First Timber Con-
F'roeting Claw strucl;ion
on Buildings Bnihfings
1 Street 10.000 sq. tt. 10.000 sq. ft.
2 SLreet5 12.500 12,500 "
3 Streets ]5.G00 15.000 "
The above areas may be increased
anc hundred percent (100%) if the
building is equipped with an ap-
proved automatic sprinkler system.
In Semi-First Class Buildings, if fire
walls are erected dividing the build-
ing into floor areas not greater than
Lhose given in the above table, then
Lhere shall be no limit to the total
floor area. Such fire walls shall be
constructed of approved masonry or
ro:~uforceil cauctt~fe or of bric)c, four
(4) inches tixick, laid in cement-
nx o r t a r, or cement-lime-mortar
plastered on both sides, not less
than one-half PFz) inch thick
hollow clay, or hollow eemerit the
six (fi) inches thick, laid in cement-
mortar or cement-lime-mortar plas-
tered on both sides not less than
one-naxx ult inch thick and having
at least two (2) cells in thiokness
of the partition, or cored gypsum
blocks four (4) inches thick laid in
gypsam mortar composed of one
Q) part of retarded gypsum and not
more than two (2) pasts of sand
proportioned by weight, to whioh a
fibrous binding material is added
when necessary.
5'ection a.330. FLOOR AREA
AND HEIGHT RESTRIDTIOIdS
FOR THIRD CLASS BUILDINGS
VJ7TY.IN THE INDUSTRIAL DIS-
TFLICTS.
(a) Third Class Buildings within
Industrial Districts shall be built in
accordance with the following areas
and corresponding interior line dis-
tances; except as provided in para-
graph "Y' of this section.
0 0
v
~ ~ .~
~ ~ w
q ~'~, s o' J, o
v ~
N '', ~ '~, ~ c.
m I o ~'~ ~ m o
m ~ o ~ ~.
G c -~ B N .
o ~
a o ~ G
"s o o ~ o o~:,
~s
V ~ V ;r ~ v L', I+
C ~ G `n' r3
V C
m s ~ y o v o y
c.
Q Q ~; f.4 w
5' feet 10 1,000 2,000 3,000
10 feet 20 2,000 4,000 6,000
In the foregoing table, the mini-
mum distances and areas are given,
a.nd whichever distarces from either
lot or boundary or the nearest build-
ing gives the lesser corresponding
area, that distance shall govern.
tb) No Third Class Building with-
in Industrial Districts shall be clos-
er than five (5) feet to any interior
loU boundary, or within Uen QO) feet
eY any other building', nor shall it
CXCCCd 6,500 SquftTe feet In area eX-
a~pt as provided In paragraphs "d"
e" and "f"
(cJ Any Third Class Building may
be built on any street property line
provided the allowable area does
not exceed the requirements of pa-
ragraph "a" of this Section for dis-
tance from the nearest buildings.
td) Any Third Class building
within Industrial Districts may be
increased sixty-six and two-thirds
percent (662/3 %) in area if equip-
ped with approved automatic
sprinkler system.
(e) Third Class buildings within
the Industrial Districts may be con-
structed adjacent to each other pro-
vided the sections arc separated
v,dth a fire wall extending three (3)
i'ect above the roof and six (6) inch-
es on the sides with all openings
protected with approved Ilre doors,
and provided, further, that the
floor area of any section shall not
exceed 2.300 square feet nor shall
any part of the structure be nearer
than Ilftcen Ofi) feet to any interior
lot boundary, nor shall it be over
one (ll story, or thirty i30) feet in
height, nor sllaa such adjacent
structure be used as a tenement,
ay;artment, or dwelling or living
quarters
CD Buildings of corrugated iron
on steel 17amcs which contain no
v/ood partitions or other combusti-
ble material in their wnstrttction,
and which house non-combustible
materials, or are to br. used and
used as factories, machine shops,
foundaries, canneries, or other user
in which little or no combustible
materials are contahxed, may be
constructed within the Industrial
Districts in accordance with the
following table, provided, however,
that the maximtuu size of such
bvi]dings shall not exceed 60,000
square Peet or one story in height.
yo G
r. o
w to N
0
~ % w s N
A /+ N
a ~ I
M d ti y o
mom, y y d
q w d~ m o a, i
C u C 3 N
o ~ o
~ C C A i
~ G O O (J
ax eo m nn,;
~~ G d C F G w
nt~ m~
~s° h `n ~ o o °
A a w w F.
5 min. 10 min. 10,000 20,000 30,000
10 20 2Q,000 40,000 60,000
Buildings constructed as above
but which have all exterior walls
constructed as required Por First
Class Buildings, with all openings
therein protected with fire doers
and shutters, and which walls are
parapeted above the roof, may be
constructed as above provided ex-
cepting that the walls of sash build-
ings may be placed on the lot
boundary line.
'Phe foregoing areas may be in-
creased sixty-six and two-thirds
percent (66 2/3";~) if equipped with
approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tem.
Note: See definition oY Street,
Section 2.150 of this Code.
Section 4.340. RESTRICTIONS
ON THIRD CLASS BUILDINGS
OUTSIDE THE FIRE AND INDUS-
'pRIAL DISTRICTS.
(a) Outside the Fire and Indus-
trial Districts the areas of the Third
Class Buildings and distances of said
buildings from interior lot boun-
daries shall be as follows:
One Story Not Over 30 feet in
Height.
o i G
`
ly
Op
°-
Y w '~
V
~
x,
d ~^
-.
Q Ll~ N
°'
a
U
~
V .
.
~
.~
a`i
~ y
w ti
.~
,~
o
~
Cw ti
Cw
w ~'
o g v 'i
i
o ~ I q
•+ F
O
.° S
p
C ~
Q
~.o v" w m su '
ro R ~~ o F C~
N
Q Q w w w
5 10 1,000 2,000 3,500
10 15 2,000 3,500 6,000
15 20 3,500 6,000 8,000
20 25 6,000 5,000 10,000
M ore Than One St ory in He ight.
10 15 1,000 2,000 3,500
15 20 2,000 3.500 6,000
20 25 3,500 6.000 10,000
25 30 3.000 10,000 10,000
30 35 10,000 12,000 12,000
(b ) No T hird Cla ss Buildi ng in
the City of Hilo and outsid e the
Fire and Industrial Districts shall
exceed 12,000 square feet in area
fi
nor shall the same be nearer any
interior lot boundary than the mini-
mum distances in the preceding
tables, except that garages and ser-
vants' quarters not exceeding 800
square feet or one story in height
may be place)3 on the rear lot
boundaries if such is approved.
Section 4.400. RESTRICTIONS
ON BUILDING ON INTERIOR
LOTS.
(a) No building which does not
face a street for a distance of one
complete ditnension of the building
shall be in excess of the following
table of allowable heights and
areas:
Dxstrict
cr any other facings projections
shall not exceed twelve (12) inches
beyond the street property line, ex-
cept that eaves not to exceed four
(4) feet beyond the street property
line may be constructed. Such pro-
jections shall be less than five (5)
percent of the area of the wall face,
provided, however, that awnings as
provided by Section 4.430 shall pe
dxcluded.
Section 4.430. AWNINGS AND
MARQUEE AWNINGS are permis-
sible in all districts, provided that
such are not less than nine (0)
feet above the sidewalk, clear meas-
urement, and provided further that
2nd Class Bldgs. 3rd Class Bldgs.
Max. Helgitt, Max. Heigh,,
Story Max. Stor-y iKa-:.
Area, sq. ft. Area. sq. ft.
Not permitted Not permitted
2-30 ft. 5,000 Not permitted
2-30 ft. 6,000 1-25 ft. 1,500
2-30 It. 5,000 2-30 ft. 3,000
Fire District No. 1 __._..____..._.._..__._..__.
Fire Districts Nos. 2 and 3..........._.._._._...
Industrial Distract ._.._ _....._.._.
Remainder of City of Y.ilo and County'
Buildings shall be considered to
face a street if no structure on
the same lot other than a fence not
over eight (8) feet high exists be-
tween such buildxng and the street.
(See Section 1;.156 of this Code for
definition of Street.)
(b) No Third Class Building shall
be constructed on an interior lot
over one .story or 30 feet in height.
(c) In tho case of a deep lot
which allows the construction of
several buildings, but abuts a street,
all portions of the lot bet and a line
seventy-five (75) feet back from the
street property line and which does
not have a direot fronting on the
street, shall be for the purpose oY
this Chapter considered as an in-
terior lot, and all buIldings erected
thereon shall comply with the re-
quirements for an interior lot.
(d) Every building on an inter-
ior lot shall be provided with an
unobstructed minimum passage of
five (5) feet for the occupants oP
such building or buildings thereon
and an additional one (1) inch
width for oath ten (10) persons over
fifty (50) persons who occupy or for
whom accommodations are provid-
ed by such building or buildings.
A single apartment or dwelling shall
he considered Uo accommodate five
(5) persons.
Section 4.410. FURTHER RES-
TRICTIONS AS TO LOCATION
ON PROPERTY. In addition to the
foregoing spacings applicable to the
Fire Limits, Industrial Districts
:rod interior Lots, no building shall
hereafter be erected within the Re-
sidential Section of the Oity of Hilo
or in the residential section of any
town in the County of Hawaii, near-
er I';nan five (5) feet to any inter-
ior lot boundary provided that:
(a) Garage and Servants Quar-
ters not exceeding an area of s00
square feet or one story in height
may be constructed on the rear
property line if such is approved
by the affected property ownere
and is approved by the Building
Inspector.
Ib) Garages on the Joint Boun-
dary of two owmars may be erected
(if mutually agreed in writing„
which agreement shall be attached
to the permit application), but shall
not exceed one story in height or
800 square feet or area on each
side of the common boundary. All
garages shall have fireproof floors.
Section 4.420. CORNICES AND
WALL PROJECTIONS. Cornices,
belt courses and all similar facings
rot all First and 9econdClassBUfld-
Ings shall be non-combustible, well
anchored and so designed that fac-
ings will not be shaken from the
ba^l'ing. All anchors of fading, cor-
nices, the or simL'ar veneers for
such purpose shall be of copper,
bronze or other corrosimr-resisting
metal, or iron and steel completely
enclosed with not less than one (1)
inch of dense concrete protective
covering. Ali such belt courses, bays,
within the fire limits such are con-
strucl:ed entirely oP non-dombustible
materials. All awnings shall be se-
curely braced and anchored and
shall conduct the rainwater there-
`rom into the building line, and
under the sidewalk to the gutter.
Section 4.440. CANVAS AWN-
INGS. No ccmbustible awning shall
be constructed on the interior wall
lines of any building in the fire
limits.
Section 4.450. MINIMUM SPAC-
ING RE:~UIREMENTS IN ALL
DISTRICTS. Except as hereinbe-
fore provided, ¢ll buildings except
theaters, special industry buildings
and tenement houses shall have un-
covered spaces for providing light
and air. These spaces shall be open
to the sky from the top of the sec-
ond story window sill and shall be
in accordance with the following
provisions:
(ll Rooming Houses, Club Hou-
ses, Hotels and Lodging Houses on
lots other than corner lots:
20 0 of total lot area.
(2) Buildings as enumerated in
provision (D on corner lots:
7510 of total lot area.
(3) All buildings not enumerated
in provisions l1) and (2) on Lots
other than corner lots:
10 I of total lot area.
4) All buildings not enumerat-
ed in provisions (D and (2) on
corner lots not exceeding 2,500
square fe~'~ la area:
5% of total lot area.
(5) Ninen buildings are an cor-
ner lots more than 2,500 square feet
in area, that portion of the building
upon the excess lot area over and
above 2,500 square feet shall be pro-
vided with open spaces in accord-
ance with the requirements oY pro-
visions (ll, (2) and (3), as the case
may be, of this Section.
e8) Every building other than
buildings enumerated in paragraph
f2) which occupies lots fronting on
three [3) or more streets may oc-
cuRy the entire lot area.
(D The total area of the un-
covered spades of all buildings
which are more than seventy-five
(75) feet in width and occupy the
entire block front facing upon three
(3) or more streets may be less by
twenty-flue (26) percent than re-
quired by provxsions (3). (4), (5)
and (8) of this Section.
t8) There shall be a clear space
not less than flue (5) feet in width
at and above the second-story win-
dow sills between the rear line of
every building and rear lot except
corner lots. This shall not apply to
buitdings which extend through
from one street to another.
<0) Ixr every court or yard the
minimum width between walls shall
be flue (5) feet.
(10) 9dditions to existing build-
ings snail be considered together
with the original construction as
on11' one complete unit for space re-
quirements.
Section 4.500. SHEDS A N ll
BUILDINGS WITHOUT WALLS.
Within any district garage sheds
consisting of metal roofing and sup-
ports will ue permitted-one (D
story or twenty (20) feet in height,
the sides of which are open and the
interior exposed. Such sheds may
Lava one Q) wall of masonry. On
the exposed sides there shall be a
rlrar space of not less than ten 1101
Icet between the edge of the eaves
and any other structure. The expos-
ed sides shall net be enclosed with
metal wire or other obstruction, but
shall be kept entirely open. No such
shed shall be wider than thirty-five
l35) feet, measured from eaves to
eaves, but ma3' be of any length.
Such sheds may also be erected on
the roofs of First Class Buildings
and in such cases the use need not
be restricted to garage purposes, but
the total height of the building and
the shed shall not exceed the height
limits required by section 4.200 of
this Code.
CHAPTER 5
ZONING
Section 5.100. USE DISTRICTS.
For the purpose of this Code the
City of H11o, as defined in Chapter
2, is divided into the following IIse
DistTlCLS:
1. Industrial Districts.
2. Noxious Industry Districts.
3. Business Districts.
4. Hota1 and Apartment Districts.
5. Residence Districts, single or
multiple dwelling's.
6. Residence Districts for single
family dwellings.
Section 5.110. INDUSTRIAL DIS-
TRICTS. Within the Industrial
Districts as defined 6y Chapter 2
of this Code, all classes of uses are
permitted with the exception of
noxious industries as hereinafter
defined.
Section 5.120. NOXIOUS INDUS-
TRY DISTRICTS. Within the Nox-
ious Industry Districts any use is
permitted excepting any building
which is designed, arranged or in-
tended to be used in whole or in
part as a dwelling, hotel, lodging
house, boarding house or tenement,
or for any living quarters with the
exception of one dwelling upon a
premises for a watchman and his
Iamily. The. term "noxious industry"
shall be taY.eu Lo include such in-
dustries as fertilizer works, soap
works, fish canneries, g4ue works,
chemical plants which emir, noxious
fumes, asphalt plants, yas works,
creosote treatment plan's, tanning
works, slaughter houses, cremator-
ies, lime Kilns, or a":y works or
plants which emit noxious or offen-
sive odors, fumds, gzs or excessive
smoke.
Section 5.130. BUSINESS DIS-
TRICTS. Within the Business Dis-
trial uso.. Phe term Industrial Uses
shN] ha_ taken V includ, such usos
as bode- and steel works, planing
mills, lumbar yards, foundaries, ship
works, canreries, oil storage plants,
fartoria•' lannrirics end macbin^
shops employing more than five
(5) people and all such works
other than nox:ovs industries as
defined in Section 5.120 of this
Chapter.
6ection 5.140, HOTEL A N D
APARTMENT DISTRICTS. With-
in the Hotel and Apartment Dis-
tricts, any use is permitted except-
tricts, any use is permissible ex-
cepting noxious industry and indus-
ing noxious industry, industrial
uses, and business uses. The term
"Business Uses' shall be takdn to in-
clude all retail irnd wholesale stores,
shops, public garages, blacksmith
shoes, milk depots, gasoline service
stations, restaurants except in hotels
or apartments, amusement houses,
theaters. movin6 picture shows,
dance halls, undertaking parlors,
automobile sales rooms, automobile
repair shops, small carpenter shops,
office buildings, and similar uses
other than industrial uses and nox-
ions industries as defined in Sec-
tions 5.120 of this Chapter.
Section 5.150. RESIDE N T I A L
DISTRICTS. Within the Residen-
tial Districts only dwellings, board-
ing houses, buildings for truck and
flower gardens, greenhouses, hos-
pitals, sanitariums, churches,
schools and public owned buildings
shall ba erected or used.
Section 5.160. SINGLE FAMILY
RESIDENCE DISTRICTS. Within
Lh_ Single Family Residence Dis-
tricts only single family dwellings
and publicly owned buildings shall
be erected or used. A single family
dwelling shall include the same ac-
cessory buildings Permitted for
dwellings as defined in Chapter 2
of this Code.
Section 5.170. NONCONFORM-
ING BUILDINGS AND USES. Any
building being used at the present
time in non-conformity with the re-
quirements of Chis Code may con-
tinue such use, but any use now ex-
isting' in non-conformity with this
Code shall not be. changed into a
different non-conforming use.
Section 5.180. METHOD OF AP-
P]~YING FOR RESTRICTED USE
DISTRICTS. If the owners of prop-
erty within any area in the Oity of
Hilo desire a change in the use
now oxisting of any district or por-
t.lon thereoT, other than as provid-
ed for business Districts as provided
in Section 5.19q they shall present
a petition upon forms to be pre-
scribed by the City Planning Com-
mission, accompanied by a map
showing the property involved, and
tho owners and rho areas involved,
to the City Planning Commission.
Such petition shall present the rea-
sons therefor, and the area desired
to be altered by the petitioners. Ex-
cept in the case of business districts
to be set aside within the residential
dish'1ets, as hereinafter provided,
such aria shall not be less than
50,000 square feet. The Planning
Commission shall as soon as possi-
hle pass upon such application, con-
sidering the desirability and need
for the orderly development of the
City, and submit their recommen-
dations thereon to the Board of
Supervisors fur such action as may
be advisable.
Section 5.190. BUSINESS DIS-
TRICTS IN RESIDENTIAL SEC-
TIONS.Business Districts, Hotel and
Apartment Districts may be revert-
ed to Residential Districts, by a
petition signed by sixty-five (651
percent oY the property owners
within a radius of six hundred and
fifty (L50) feet oP the Center Of the
street front of the proposed di,-
trict if such petition be granted by
the Board. Leased property, the
unexpired term of which is five (6)
years or more, to be considered shall
renuire the signature of both the
owner and lessee, which shall be
construed one signature for the
purpose of computing the percen-
tage of consent. All new districts
shall be as nearly rectangular as
practicable in shape, abut a publio
street and shall be one hundred
U 00) feet in depth from the street
boundary where possible. Such Pe-
tition shall be on forms furnished
b3' the City Planning Commission,
with whom such petition shall be
filed in duplicate, and the sum of
fifty dollars ($60.00) paid the Treas-
urer of Lhe County for publishing
and posting of notices, which post-
ing shall be done by the City Plan-
ning Commission at ]cast every two
hundred (2001 fe°t tv±thin the pro-
posed district ,and published at
least two times within ten days in
a paper published and oY general
circulation in the County of Ha-
waii. Such notices shall set forth
all the requisite facts and set a date
of public hearing before the Plan-
ning Commission not Sooner than
ten [LO) dogs Prom tho first pvblish-
ing andi oC pn5ting of SUCK nat!Ces.
At such public hearing the Citv
Planning Commission shall note al]
protests and suggestions offered.
Names may be added to ox with-
ds~awn from the petition up to the
close of the public hearing. The
Planning CommlSSion shall there-
upon consider the petition, if such
is still supported by sixty-flue (65)
percent of the property owners, with
particular reference to Lhe orderly
development of the Oity, and chalk,
if favorable action be determined,
prepare an ordinance with the as-
sistance of the County Attorney
covering the matter and forward
such, together with a report on the
entire proceedings and their recom-
mendations, to the Board for such
action as may be deemed proper.
In determining fire percentage Uf
consent, all public areas shall be
deducted from Lhe total area and
all owners of property already using
property for the purposes asked for
in the petition shall be considered
as having signed the petition in
consent.
Section 5.191. PLANNING COM-
MISSION TO RECOMMEND
CHANGES IN USE DISTRICTS.
Tho City Planning Oommission
shall recommend from time to time,
either with or without petitions
therefor, any changes, extension, re-
tractions, corrections, adjustments
or alteraC!ons that may appear to
them desirable for the orderly dev-
elopment of the city, to the Board
of Supervisors for surh action as
ntav be deemed advLSable.
Section 5.192. BUSIN"E56 DIS-
TI(1CTS TO BECOME PART OF
I1S DST'RICTS NOS. 2 and 3.
All districts set aside for business
purposes in the City of Hilo =hall
become subject to the regulations
and privileges applicable to, or to
beccrxte applicable lo, Fire Districts
Na. 2 and 3, Provided that metal
automobile service stations contain-
ing little or no wood with metal
roof and sides map be constructed
in such districts providing that
such building is not nearer than
(20l Peet from nnv other buikding
on Lhe same lot, or nearer any in-
terior lot boundary than twenty
r20) feet. (Note: No spacing is re-
aull'ed within the fire limits on the
side lines of the lot).
Section 5.193. HOTEL AND
~~.PARTMENT DISTRICTS LIMIT-
ATI01Q.
SECOND CLASS BUILDINGS.
Within the Hotel and Apartment
Districts, second class buildings for
hotels and apartments may be con-
structed with any multiple of the
allowable areas given iu the preced-
ing tables for second class buildings,
adjacent to each other, provide$ a
masonry or concrete fire-division
wall subdivides such areas.
THIRD CLASS BUILDINGS.
Within the Hotel and Apartment
Districts, single third class build-
ings for hotels and apartments
shall be not more than two (2) sto-
ries in height, nor shall the same
be nearer any interior lot boundary
Chan the minimum distance given
in Che preceding tables of allowable
areas.
t Note: Far district Boundaries of
Industrial Districts, Noxious Indus-
try Districts, Business DisLrkets,
Hotel and Apartment Districts and
Residence Districts, see Ordinances
and maps in the office of the
Building Inspector)
CHAPTER 6
LFGHT AND VENTILATION
Section 6.100. LIGHT AND PEN-
TILATION OF DWELLINGS. Each
and every room ixrtended or used
for kabitation shall be provided
with at ]east eight B) square feel
of window area having unobstruct-
ed access into the open air for each
one hundred (100) square feet of
floor space is said room, and free
eccess shall, at all times, be had to
the same by the occupants of the
room; and at least one-half ('-<) of
such window space shall Fie mov-
able and available for ventilation.
No room designed or used for sleep-
ing purposes shall have less Uhan
seven (7) feet clear space between
the rioor and tike ceiling for aC least
two thirds (2/37 of its area, nor
shall any such ceiling be less than
five l5) feet above the average
ground elevation adjoining such
rooms.
Section G.110. VENTILATION O"~'
WATER CLOSETS AND URINALS.
Every ap¢rtment or room conLflln-
iug a water closet or urinai shall
be properly ventilated by means of
a window opening directly into the
open air, provided, however, that an
interior room coxxta;ning a water
closet or urinal xnay be construct-
ed iT sach room be ventilated by a
positive mecitanicai system in such
a manner as to completely change
the atmosphere of such room aL
toast six (6) times each hour.
Section 6.120. LIGH'i' COURTa.
Narrow courts or shahs for light
and ventilation shall in no case be
less than four (41 feet between
walls. All openings into such courts
in first and second class buildings
shall be protecCed by metal frames
and wire glass.
Section 6.130. VENTILATION OF
ATTICS, BASEMENTS AND CEL-
LARS. No second or third class
building shall be so constructed that
unventilated spaces are left below
the ground Boor or above the ceil-
ing.
Section 6.140. AIR SPACE UN-
DEIt BUILDINGS. Every building
slxall have at least twenty (20) in-
ches of clear air space between the
bottom of the floor joists and the
top of Lhe highest point of Lhe
ground, and shall be opened and
cleared to a free access of fresh air
and light at all times. This space
s'not' not be excavated except in
cases of full basements and cellars
or in free draining sail. Provided,
however, that flootis of masonx'y tiie
or similar construction with or
without woad surfacing may be
used if such is so constructed that
no poeLetS exist whioh might be-
come rodent harbors or vermin in-
icsted.
Section 6.1.50. OUTSIDE DIS-
TRICTS. Outside the City oi' Hilo
as defined in Chapter 2, of this
Code, no third class building shall
be constructed nearer than five
(5) feet to the property line, or
ten (10) feet to the next nearest
building on the same lot or of
greater height than two (2) stork,
if used for other than industrial
uses. Provided, however, that single
family residences may be three (3)
stories in height. Theaters, public
assembly halls, and moving picture
show houses shall be subject to the
same regulations for seating, ex-
its, fire protection, and other regu-
lations pertaining to theaters and
moving Uicture houses within the
City of Hilo.
CHAPTER 7
MEANS OF EGEESS
Section 71011. STAIRWAPS.
1. First, Somi-First and Second
Class Buildings which are three
(3) or more stories in height shall
have at least two (2) stairways,
except as provided hereafter, not
less than thirty (30) inches wide
each for ftte first flfry (50) oc-
e.opants and one (1) additional
ine.h of width for each ten 10)
additional occupants. In Second
Class Buildings these stairways
shall be entirely enclosed with
masonry fire walls of not less
than eight Qf) inches of masonry;
shall be protected at each floor,
exeapt We etreot entrance, which
may be left open, with self-
closing fire doors which shall open
with the direction oP exit and shall
be unfastened except that panic
bolts may be used. In First, Semi-
First and Second Class Bufldings
one stairway shall continue up
to and enter upon the roof, but
the last flight from the top floor
to the roof may )x constructed with
a metal ladder; and these stairways
shad be built of first class construc-
tion except as otherwise noted
herein. Both stairways shall enter
into streets or open spaces at the
ground level deemed adequate for
the occupants by the Building In-
spector. One of such stairways
shall have a standpipe as provid-
ed in Section 11.910. Provided,
however, that for first, semi-first,
and second class warehouses, and
other uses not for human oc-
cupancy, and for all first, aemi-
first, and second class buildings
sot over two (2) stories in height
and not over 4,000 square feet in
area, only one (1) such stair-
way shall be required, and fur-
ther provided that horizontal exits
constructed by means oY fire-
proof balconies which lead around
a party or fire wall, and the en-
trances to which are protected with
fire doors, or an exterior stair
fire escape, may be deemed equiva=
lent of a stairway as required here-
in. Horizontal exits may be re-
cessed into the building if the
outer wall is open to outer air,
or other construction, so as to
obtain the same isolation as with
the balcony above described.
All balconies, stairs, landings and
platforms required by this Sec-
tion shall be designed for a live
load of one hundred (100) pounds
per square foot, and shall be pro-
tected with substantial metal or
mansory railings. (See Section
11.211, provisions 6 and 7 of this
Code)
In buildings not exceeding 7,500
sq. ft. in area, one of the two
stairways may start from the sec-
ond floor level, if connected by a
corridor or other means of free
access to the other stairways, and
if the corridor has at least one
opening in an outside wall.
2. Third Class Buildings o1 two
(2) stories, other than single fami-
ly dwellings and which are design-
e•Y to, or do, accommodate more
than five (5) persons on the second
floor, and all two-story third class
tenements, apartments, rooming
houses, boarding 'houses and hotels
shall be provided with not less than
two (2) stairways, so located that no
matter in which portion the fire
might occur, one stairway shall
be available to any occupants. These
stairways shall lead to the ground
floor and shall be not less than thir-
ty (30) inches in width each, witlx
an additional one /D inch for each
person over ten O.0) persons to be
accommodated on the second floor;
horizontal salt may be used in lieu
of one of these stairways.
Section 7.110. ENTRANCES TO
STAIRWAYS. In factories and
warehouses all entrances to stair-
ways as required 1n Section 7.100
shall be so proportioned as to
be adequate for their portion of the
stair width required, but in no case
shall sucn doors be less than thir-
ty-six (36) inches in width.
Such entrances shall be so con-
structed that access is made avail-
able by an opening leading from
the floor or story to an outside
balcony, from which balcony an-
other door leads into the stairway.
The stairway shall be completely
enclosed by eight (8) inch fire
walls excepting on the outside,
which shall be open to the outer
air. Doorways shall be protected
with fire doors. Instead of the
balcony herein provided, a re-
cessed stair well may be used,
provided, however, that an addi-
tional fire wall be constructed to
enclose the stairway, with a fire
door leading from the floor to the
ante-chamber thus formed, and a
second fire door leading into the
stairways. The outside of the stair
well shall be open to the outer air.
No openings except Lo the street,
or street side, or court at least
l20) feet wide, stxall be constructed
into stairways in first, semi-first and
second class construction other than
the fire tloors provided in Section
7.100. Such stair wells, however,
may be provided with skylights at
the top.
Section 7.200. FIRE ESCAPES.
Every building of three stories
or more in height shall be pro-
vided with adequate fire escapes,
so located that no matter in whae
portion of the building fire might
occur, at least one stair or fire es-
cape shall remain readily accessible
to the occupants. Fire escapes shall
be galvanized steel located on the
exterior of the building, or enclosed,
or horizontal exits, as described in
Section 7.100. Every fire escape shall
reach to the ground on the sides
and near, and not higher than the
first story ceiling on street fronts,
and shall continue up to and over
the roof, and shall be maintained
unobstructed, safe and readily ac-
cessible to every floor of the build-
ing. Fire fighting pipe lines shall be
constructed on every fire escape as
described in Section 11.910. All types
of fire escapes shall be designed to
safely sustain a live load of one
hundred (100) pounds per square
foot of available space. (Note: For
Theater exits see Section 13.100 of
this Code)
In buildings of first-class con-
struction having two or more
stairways, one of these stairways, if
enclosed with fire doors as required
for second-class buildings in Sec-
tion 7.100 of this Chapter, maybe
considered in lieu of a fire escape.
Section 7:300. EXIT DOOR. All
exit doors in all buildings except
dwellings shall open outwards, pro-
vided, however, that this require-
ment shall not prohibit the use of
doors which swing inwards and out-
•.vards, nor of sliding or rolling
doors in wharves, warehouses, ship-
ping rooms and in industrial and
xnerckxantile buildings, where condi-
tions make such necessary, or the
ground floor of stores which do not
exceed 5,000 sq. ft. in area.
Tne width of opening of exit doors
shall Ue as required for stairs and
as stipulated in Section 7.110 of
this Chapter.
Every room having an occupancy
of more than seventy-five (75) per-
sons shall have at least two i2)
doorways four (4) feet in the clear,
remote from each other, leading to
exits (Note: For theater exits see
"Theater;' Chapter 13 of this
Code.)
Section 7.400. EXIT LIGHTS. In
all hotels, rooming houses, dormi-
tories, or other buildings two (2)
or more stories in height furnish-
ing sleeping accommodations for
more than Twenty-five (25) persons,
ail fire escapes and exits shall be
plainly marked by signs having the
word "exit" written in letters at
least three (3) inches high, which
sign shall be illuminated at night,
on a separate electric circuit from
the building mains. (See 6ection
13.100 of this Code for Theater
Exit Lights.`
CI~APTER 8
MATERIALS, LOADS AND
STRESSES
Section 8.110. QUALITY OF MA-
TERIALS. All building materials
shall be of a quality and standard
to meet the requirements of this
Code and such tests as [nay be
deemed necessary by the Building
Inspector. In establishing standards
for materials, the Building Inspec-
tor shall be guided largely by the
standards established by the Amer-
ican Society for Testing Materials,
and recognized good practice in
methods and results, and where no
standards are specified in this Code
the standards and tests prescribed
by (,he American Society for Testing
Materials shall apply.
6ection 8.111. ALL TESTS SHALL
BE CONDUCTED UNDER THE
SUPERVISION AND DIRECTION
OF THE BUILDING INSPECTOR.
Laboratory tests shall be made at
some testing laboratory of recog-
nized standing by a competent and
disinterested expert acceptable to
the Building Inspector. Tests shall
be at the expense of the owner or
builder. Certified copies of the re-
sxxlts of ail tests shall be kept on
file in the office of the Building In-
spector and shall be open to public
inspection. The Building Inspector
may, in his discretion, accept certi-
fted copies of tests made by reput-
able persons in lieu of tests con-
ducted under his direction, but in
either event the requirements of
this Code shall be satisfied.
Section 8.112. BRICK. Brick
shall be sound, hard burned, or
other approved brick of regular
shape. Used brick shall be thor-
oughly cleaned before re-using. Not
more than fifteen (15) percent shall
be bats or broken brick. All brick
intended for uses where strength
is required shall test an average of
3000 Ibs, per square inch, and no
sample shall fall below 2000 lbs. per
square inch, tested flat (half bricks
permissible) and the average ob-
tained on at ]east five (5) samples.
Section 8.113. SAND. Sand shall
be clean coral, beach or crushed
rock sand.
Section A.114. LIME shall be the
standard lime of commerce, or fresh
burned quicklime free from deleter-
ious matter.
Section 8.117. CONCRETE. Port-
land Cement concrete shall be so
proportioned, mixed and placed that
the uses for which it is intended
shall be safely satisfied, The mix-
ing, handling and placing shall be
carried out by persons oP sufficient
competency to insure results within
the structural requirements of this
Code and such additional tests as
may be deemed necessary by the
Building Inspector.
Section 8.118. LUMBER. All
lumber used shall be structurally
adequate to serve the purposes in-
tended within the safety factors re-
quired by this Code. No lumber shall
be used in any building which is in-
fected with dry rot, or termites.
Under no circumstances shall any
]umber which is infected with woed-
boring insects be used in any build-
ing. All such material shall be either
disinfected to the satisfaction of
the Building Inspector or burned.
No such infected lumber shall be
transported excepting as may be
necessary for disinfection or de-
struction.
Section 8.119. WROUGHT IRON
shall be taken to mean either the
true paddled wrought iron or the
mild steel usually sold as such with
a tensile resistance of not less than
48,000 lbs. per square inch, and shall
be fibrous, tough and ductile.
Section 8.120. CAST IRON shall
be a good fo- rdry mixture produc-
ing aclean, tough gray iron. Cast-
ings shall be free from cold shuts,
blow holes ,and shall conform to the
standard test requirements of the
"Arbitration Bar" of the American
Society for Testing Materials. With
the bar supported on twelve (12)
inch centers, and loaded in tho
middle, the breaking load shall be
not less than 2900 lbs.
Section 8.121. STEEL. All Rolled
Structural Steel shall have an al-
timate tensile strength of not less
than 64,000 Ibs .per square inch.
Rivet Steel shall have an ultimate
strength not less than 45,000 lbs.
per square inch. Reinforcing Steel
for concrete shall meet the require-
ments of the current standard spe-
cifications of the American Society
for Testing Materials for Billet
Steel Concrete reinforcing bars. No
reinforcing steel produced from re-
rolled material shall be used with-
out the approval of the Building In-
spector. Cold drawn steel wire made
froxn open hearth billets or from
Bessemer billets may be used as
reinforcement in floor :tnd roof
slabs and column hoopinF;: and as
reinforcement for temperature and
shrinkage stresses. It shall have an
ultimate strength of nog less than
A5,000 lbs. per square inch and shall
bend 180° anon its own diameter
without fracture.
Section 8.200. LOADS, GENER-
AL. Buildings and all parts there-
of shall be of sufficient strength to
support safely their imposed loads,
live and dead, in addition to their
own proper dead load, provided,
however, that no building or part
thereof shall be designed for live
loads less than those specified in
the fallowing sections.
Section 8.210. DEAD LOADS.
For the purpose of this Code, the
fallowing weights shall be taken for
the materials listed. Actual tests
may be used for these or other
materials as provided in this Chap-
ter.
Brickwork, burned
brick _._____..120 lbs. per cu. ft.
Brickwork, cement
brick _____._..150 lbs. per cu. ft.
Concrete, stone
and sand ___..150 lbs. per cu. ft.
Dense blue lava
stone ................170 lbs. per cu. ft.
Oak ... _....._____.._.. 50 lbs. per cu. ft.
Douglas fir ____._. 35 lbs. per cu. ft.
Section 8.220. LIVE LOADS, HU-
MAN OCCUPANCY.
(ll For rooms of private dwel-
lings, hospital rooms and wands,
guest rooms in hotels, lodging houses
and tenement houses, and for simi-
lar occupancies, the minimum live
load shall be taken as forty (40)
pmmds per square foot uniformly
distributed, except that where floors
of one and two family dwellings are
of monolithic type or of solid or
ribbed slabs, the live load may be
Lak^_n as thirty (30) pounds per
square foot.
(2) For floors Por offioe purposes
and for rooms with fixed seats, as
in churches, school classrooms, read-
ing rooms, museums, art galleries
and theaters, the minimum live load
shall be taken as fifty (50) pounds
per square foot uniformly distri-
buted. Provisions shall be made,
hmvevcr, in designing office floors
for a load of 2,000 pounds placed
upon any space two and one-
half (2?~s) feet square wherever
this load upon an otherwise un-
loaded floor would produce stresses
greater than the fifty (50) pound
distributed load.
(3) For aisles, corridors, lobbies,
public spaces in hotels and public
buildings, banquet halls, assembly
halls without fixed seats, grand-
stands, theater stages, gymnasiums,
stairways, fire escapes, or exit pas-
sageways, and other spaces where
crowds of people are likely to as-
semble, the minimum live load shall
be taken as 100 pounds per square
foot uniformly distributed. The re-
quirements shall not apply, however,
to such spaces in private dwellings,
for which the minimum live load
shall be taken as in Paragraph 1 of
this Section.
Section 8.221. INDUSTRIAL OR
COMMERCIAL OCCUPANCY. In
designing floors for industrial or
commercial purposes, or purposes
other than previously mentioned, the
live load shall be assumed as the
maximum caused by the use which
the building or part of the building
is to serve. The following loads shall
be taken as the minimum loads
permissible for the occupancies list-
ed, and loads at ]east equal shall be
assumed for uses similar in nature
to those listed in this Section.
Minimum
Floors used for Live Load
lbs. per sq. fc.
Storage purposes, gen-
eral 250
Storage purposes, spe-
cial 200
Manufacturing, light.... 75
Printing plants ............ 100
Wholesale stores (light
merchandise ._____. 100
Retail sales room s
(light merchan~ise).. 75
Stables 75
Garages:
All types of vehicles 100
Passenger cars only .. 80
Sidewalks: 250 pounds per square
foot or 800 pounds concentrated,
whichever gives the greater shear.
Section 8.222. ROOF LOADS.
Roofs having a rise of four (4) inch-
es or less per foot of horizontal pro-
jection shall be proportioned for a
vertical live load oP thirty (30)
pounds per square fooC of horizontal
projection ,applied to any or all
slopes. With a rise of more than
four (4) inches and not more than
twelve (12) inches per foot, a ver-
tical live load of twenty (20) pounds
per square foot, on the horizontal
projection shall be assumed. If the
rise exceeds twelve (12) inches per
foot, no vertioal live load need be
ssumed, but provision shall be made
for a wind force acting normal to
the roof surface of twenty (20)
pounds Per square foot. Varying
slopes shall be considered independ-
ently.
Section 8.223. A L L O W A N C E
POR MOVABLE PARTITION
LOADS. Floors in office and pub-
lic buildings, and in other buildings
sub.{act to shifting of partitions
without reference to arrangement oY
floor beams or girders shall be de-
signed to support, in addition to
other loads, a single partition of the
type used in the building, placed in
any possible position.
Section 8.224. REDUCTIONS IN
LIVE LOADS. Except in buildings
for storage purposes, the following
reductions in assumed total floor
live loads are permissible in design-
ing all columns, piers or walls, foun-
dations, trusses, and girders.
P.eduction oY Total Live hood
Carried:
Per Cent
Carrying one floor 0
Carrying two floors ___.....-._. ]0
Currying three floors -_.__.-.._ 10
Carrying Your floors .._.....__. 30
L"arrying flue flom~s _- __._. 40
Carrying six floors .. _.._.___. 45
Carrying seven floors or more 50
For determining the area of foot-
ings the full dead loads plus the
live loads, with reduction figures
as Uermitted above. shall be taken,
axcept that in buildings for human
occupancy, ]ietod horeinbefore, a
ihrther rodnctimx oP one~half (x/a)
the live load as permitted above
may he resod.
Section 8.226. LIVE LOADS' TO
BE POS'fNa. The live loads for
which each floor, or dilTeriug parts
thereof, of a omumercial or indns-
triai building ot]t er than an offim
or similar buihting is designed
shall be certified by the Building
llxspector and shall be conapimt-
ously posted ht that part of caclx
story where they apply, using dur-
able metal signs. Lt shall bo u~-
lawful for any person W occupy a
Auilding mail a certificate uP oc-
cupancy has been issued, and no
certilcate 'shall he issued mail the
load rating regntred by Clue Sec-
tion has been pasted. (Soe Sec-
tion 1.130 of this Code)
6oction 8.230. WiNU PRliS-
SURES. For tho Hurposoa of de-
sign tha wind pressure upon all
vertical place surfaces of all build-
ings and stnmtures shall be taken
at not leas than ten (10) pounds
per square foot Yor those pm~timts
less than forty (40) feet abova
Ground and at not less than twenty
(20) pounds per square foot [or
those portions more tha¢ Yorty (40)
feet above ground.
The wind pressure upon sprinkler
tanks, sky signs, or apon similar
exposed strnetures and their sup-
ports shall be taken at not less
than thirty (30) pounds per square
foot oY pla.ne surface acting in any
directimr. In calculating the wind
pressure ou circular tasks or stacks
this pressure shall be assumed to
act on six-tenths (8/10) of the pro-
jetted aroa.
Whe¢ it shall appear that a
hnilding m' structure will be ex-
posed to Lhe full force of the wind
throughout its en the height and
width, the pressure upon ali ver-
tical surfaces thus exposed shall
be taken at not less than twenty
l20) pounds per square Loot.
Section 8.301. A L L O W A B L E
~i'ORI{ING STRESSES, GEN-
191tAL RE~i ULHElIlENTS- All
members shall be so framed, an-
chored.tied and braced together as
(o develop the maximum strength
and rigidity consistent with the
purposes for which Yhey may be
used or to which they are likely to
be subjected, and the stresses here-
inafter recommended are based ou
the axes mptio¢ that iho details and
Connections nsod are Yully as strop R'
as Che members connected.
Workmanship in Cabricatimt, pre
potation and iustallatiou of ma-
terial shall conYm~m throughout to
good engineeri¢g practice.
Section 8.302. W O R K I N G
STRESSES IN REINFORCED
CONCRETE.
1. Concrete in reinforced con-
crete construction, when mixed in
the following proportions, stated
by volume, shall be assumed to de-
velop a laboratory cylinder com-
pressive strength at 28 days as
follows:
TABLE 1
ASSUMED STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MIXTURE
Plastic Mass Concrete (Slump 1 to 3 inches)
Approximate mix: volume of Port-
land cement to sum of separate
volumes of fine and coarse aggre-
gate.
Water-cement ra-
tio U. S. gals.l Assumed ulti-
per 94-1b. sack of mate strength
cement. at 28 days.
Lbs./in.°
1 - 6 .........._.......____ .... ............._..__._..__.........-.T/a 2,000
1 - 5 6t/x 2,600
1 - 4 .............................. ... .................5Ya 3.000
Moderately Wet Concrete (Slump 6 to 8 inches)
1 - 6 _._- .___._. ......_ _..-..8 1,600
1 - 5 7'/a 2,000
1 - 3°/a._._.._...__..__._.__... ____._.__....._...._............6i/a 2,500
1 - 2'h.___...___._ ............ .__....______._.__...___._5ria 3,000
Very Wet Concrete (Slump 10 inches or more)
1 - 5 ....._______.._ .................. ..._....."'__..........--.8 1.600
1 - 4 _ _... ' -' ' - .--- T/a 2,000
1 - 3'/aa-._._........_______......_........ ._'__._ .....................e'h 2,500
1 - 2~/z .__........____......-.5'/a 3,000
to
In no case shall concrete for any
assumed strength be placed with
a water-cement ratio exceeding
that shown. Where the aggregates
are such that the mixes shown do
not produce proper workability
with the given water-cement ratios,
Eire mixes shall be changed, but
not the water-cement ratios.
The graded sizes oP the combined
aggregate shall be such that when
separated on a No. 4 standard sieve
the weight retaining shall not be
less than one-half or more than
two-thirds of the total The fine
aggregate may be crusher sand,
and/or a mixture of coral sand and
crusher sand.
2. If and when it is shown by evi-
dence of tests made by competent
authorities satisfactory to the
Building Inspector that concrete of
a higher strength than that speci-
fied in the preceding paragraph
will be used and that competent
field control of mixing and placing
is assured, or that concrete of less
strength will be employed, the
stresses shall be proportionately
modified, provided that in no
case shall a strength of more than
3,000 pounds per square inch be
assumed.
3. The working unit stress in steel
reinforcement shall not exceed
16,000 pounds per square inch, pro-
vided that this stress may be in-
creased to 18,000 pounds per
square inch when certificate oI
test is furnished the building In-
spector that the material conforms
to the American Society for Test-
ing Materials Standard Speciflca-
tlons far Billet 6tee1 Concrete
Reinforcement Bars, serial designa-
tion A 15-14, or for Rail Steel
Concrete Reinforcement Bars, seri-
al designation A 16-14. The tensile
stress in cold drawn steel wire
meeting the tentative specifications
A 82-21T of the American Society
for Testing Materials shall not ex-
ceed 18,000 pounds per square inch.
Goncxrote shall not be assumed to
resist direct tensional stress.
Except as otherwise specifically
provided in this Code, the assumed
formulas and specifications of the
IuLest report of the Joint Commit-
tee on Standard Specifications for
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
shall not be exceeded in calculating
the strength of slabs, beams,
columns, and other elements of re-
inforced concrete structures, and
designs shall conform thereto,
which are, in part, as follows:
DIRECT STRESS IN CONCRETE:
Direet Compression
(a) Columns whose length does
not exceed 40 R ._.........__.._0.201"c
(D With •spirals, varies with
amount of longitudinal reinforce-
rneut.
!b) Piers and pedestals ....__.:-.0.25f'c
Compression in Extreme Fiber
la) Extreme fiber stress in flex-
xn'e _._..__ ______......_0.40f'c
[b) Extreme fiber stress adjac-
ent to supports of continuous
beams 0.45f'c
SHEARING STRESS IN
CONCRETE
Lon.;itudinal Bars Without Special
Anchorage
la) Bums without web reinforce-
ment _.... ....__ ____....._D.02f'c
<b) Beams with stirrups ox kept-
up bars, or combination of the
two ....___ ____....__ _._. O.O6Pc
Longitndinal Bars Raving Special
Anchorage
(a) Beams without web reinforce-
ment ... _._.. _ _...________ 0.03f'c
[h) Beams with stirrups or kept-
up bars, or combination of the
Lc~o _..... _ ____._ _____._0.12f'c
Fiat Slabs
(a) Shear at distance from Capital
or dropped panel _........__-.._..0.03f'c
Footings
~a) hongitudinal bars without spe-
cial znchorage _-__._.__.__. 0.02f'c
(b) Iamgitudinal bars having spe-
cial anchorage 0.03f'c
Bond Between Concrete and Rein-
forcement
(a) Beams and s l a bs, p l a i n
bars ._..._._.___._.__.__ _._____..-0.04f'c
(b) Beams and slabs, deformed
bars _._.______.._......__-____--O.O5f'c
(c) Footings, plain bars, o n e
waY .__ __ -__-____.__._.....0.04f'c
[d) Footing, deformed bars._.0.05f'c
(e) Footings, bars two ways, (G or
(cU reduced by 25%.
hx the foregoing, Fc is the uiti-
nxate compressive strength oY con-
crete at twenty-eight (28) days
Cased on the Standard Laboratory
tests as specified by the American
Society Pox Testing Materials.
Section 8.303. CAST IRON.
Compressive stresses in hollow
cast iron shall not exceed urines
determined by the formula.
P/A equals 9,000-40L/r
in which
Y/A equals compression in
Founds per sq. in.,
L equals length of the column
In inches, and
r ecuaU minimum radius of
gyration of the column.
The maximum allowable ratio of
L to r shall r.ot exceed 90, except
that when allowable working
etressos romputed by the above
formula are reduced one-third
(1/3) the ratio of L to r may be
increased but shall not exceed 120.
Cast iron columns shall not be
used in any case where the load
is so eccentric as to cause tension
fn the cast iron, nor shall they b2
used for parts of the structural
frame oP building which are rc-
qulred to resist stress due tc wind.
Tensaw stresses in the extreme
fiCre cast iron linteh or else-
where, esccpG in co;wnns, shall not
exceed 3,000 pounds per square
inch.
The material and workmanship
of cast xrcn columns shall be
equal in all respects to that de-
scribed in the American Society
for Testing Materials Standard
Specifications fox Cast Iron Pipe
and Special Castings, serial desig-
nation A44-04. All columns rest-
ing on or supporting other columns
shall have their ends machine faced
to a plane sux•tace perpendicular
to the axis.
Section 8.304 WORKING STRESS-
ES IN STRUCTUAL S T E E L
SHAPES.
For steel acceptable to the Build-
ing Inspector, but of which the ori-
gin and physical characteristics are
not definitely determined, the
maximum working stresses shall
not exceed those given in column
(a) of the following table:
TABLE II. MAXIMUM WORKING STRESSES IN STRUCTURAL
STEEL
Direct axial tension on net section ..._.._.
Direct axial compression, maximum for
(a) (b)
Acceptable Steel Standard Steel
Lbs./in. Lbs./in:"
....................16,000 18,000
short
column ...........__.____________________ _______.______________.._ _12,500 14,000
Compression in columns .._..._ _ _ _.__ ____...__.16,000- GOLjr 18,000-70Ljr
Fiber stress in flexture, in tension ar in com-
pression when the unsupported length (1) is
not more than 15 times the breadth (b)__.._.. .16,000 18,000
Compressive fiber stress in flextures for values
Ljs between 16 and 40 _ ............... ......__.10,600-240E/s 22,000-270L,~s
F:her stress in pins _.._....... _ _._...... _____ 24,000 27,000
Fearing on plane faced or rolled surfaces...___..__ .24,000 27,000
Shear in gross section of webs of girders and
rolled shapos in which (d) the unsupported
depth between flanges or the distance be-
Lween stiffeners, if less, divided by (t) (the
thickness of web) does not exceed 43__-__.... .10,700 12,000
Shear when d/t ex,:eeds 43 ______._._..____ 13,300- 62d/t 15,000-70d/t
Shear in power-driven rivets or in pins ___.__.___ 12,000 13,500
Shear in hand-driven rivets or in rough bolts._.___ . 9,000 10,000
Bearing neon power-driven rivets or in pins sub-
jected to single shear on one side of bearing
in questior, ..____. _. _.___......_______........___.._.._..__. .24,000 24,000
Bearing upon power-driven rivets or in pins when
the bearing meta] lies between the planes of
shear of opposite character immediately
adjacent ...__.._.._____...._____.___.__._._..__...._______ 30,000 30.000
Bearing upon hand driven rivets or on rough bolts
subjected to single shear on one side of the
bearing in question .._.._._.....____...____...._._.__...__ 16,000 16.000
Bearing upon hand-driven rivets or on rough bolts
when the bearing metal lis between two
planes of shear of opposite character im~-
medxately adjacent
Compression stresses in columns,
comPUted by the formulas for
column design, may not exceed in
any case the maximum for direct
axial compression in short columns,
L equals length of column; r equals
least radius of gyration.
3. For main compression members,
the ratio L/r shall not exceed one
hundred and twenty (120) and for
bracing, struts and similar mem-
bers two hundred (200). Com-
pression flanges of beams and
girders shall not exceed in length
between '9ateral supports" forty
f90) times their width. By the
term "lateral supports" is meant
points where definite resistance to
lateral deflection is provided of
sufficient strength to prevent buck-
ing.
Combined stress due to flexure
and axial stress shall not exceed that
allowed for Flexure. The axial strass
alone. if compression shall not
exceed that allowed in columns.
(See tables)
20.000 20,000
4. For stresses either direct or
flexural produced by wind loads
or by a combination of wind loads
and dead and live loads, the work-
ing stresses allowed in paragraphs
(ll and (2) may be increased by
twenty-flue B5) per cent, provided
fire resulting sections are not less
than those required for the dead
a,nd live loads alone.
Section 8.305. W O R K I N G
STRESSES IN WOOD MEMBERS:
1. All wooden structural members
shall be of sufficient size to carry
the load safely without exceeding
the allowable wozking stress of the
material specified in the following
table. The strength of such mem-
bers shall be determined from
actual dimensions of the pieces
and not from nominal dimensions.
2. The stress due to dead and live
loads acting singly or in combina-
tion, without wind load, shall not
exceed the allowable stress speci-
fied in the following table. For
11
stresses produced by wind loads or
by a combination of wind loads
and dead and live loads the work-
ing stresses allowed below may be
increased by fifty (60) per cent,
provided the resulting sections are
not less than those required for
dead and live loads alone.
3. Stress in corxtpression perpendi-
cular to the grain may be increased
by fifty l50) per Dent above that
specified in the following table in
the case of joist supported on a
ribbon board and spiked to the
studding rather than resting upon
or in masonry.
4. The restrictions and limitations
of the two preceding paragraphs
apply to all timber structures in
which the lumber is in a dry loca-
tion and not exposed to the
weather. Timbers exposed to the
weather shall be designed on a
basis of working stresses twenty-
five (25) per cent lower than
those recommended in the follow-
ing table:
aY different soils shall be as da
tcrmined by Lhe Building hrspector,
hut. in Lho absence of Tests shall
nr,t exceed Lhe followng values:
Soft sciL _..____.. 1 ton firer sq. fl.
Firm clay, hno
Baud, or coarse
compacted
black sand _ 3 Lm~s per sq. ft.
Grave; and biucK
nand _.____.._ 4 taus per sq. ". L.
Solid coru.l (de-
pendiug on
clxaracterletics
m' Lestl ..---_ 4 xous Der sq. ft.
Solid cm'al (des
p ending nn
characteristics
cr test) _._._ .. 3-16 tons per sq. ft.
Solid rock .. __15-70 tone per sq. 1't.
CdiAPTER 9
CONSTRUCTION
Section 9.100. WOliK1bIANSHIP.
1*h rong7tonL Uxis Oodo Lhu values
established for the strengths of
structures, meIDods m' materials,
WORKING STRESSES FOR TIMBER
m x n a a
~ w° wo Ul av°
n' [ham
w
~ G'
mua P. o
m~ '6
om _.,y
m
~5K w
~•~
~
R ,'y w m ~
O
ro as ~
'S y O ..
0
w1Dx u
m 7
~ N
m ° ~ i
9ti
a
m K ~ b
9m Mb
ry ~'~
°
~ s
G+y ow w
woF
~ m °~a Cm
~ .. r
ao G
`"
m N
m in ~ " o
L bs.j in.' Lbs./ in! Lbs./in: Lbs./in: Lbs./in:
1. Douglas flr (Western Wash-
ington and Oregon) _.__._ _ 1,600 90 345 1,175 1,600,000
2 . Douglar fir (WesternWash-
ington and Oregon) dense _.1,750 105 380 1,290 1,60Q000
3. Oak, commercial red and
white _.__._...._____-___._ ............. ...1,400 125 500 1,000 1,500,000
4 Pine, white sugar, west-
ern white, western yellow_ .. 900 85 250 750 1,000,000
5. Redwood ......_._. ___.._____... ...1,200 70 250 1,000 1,200,000
Mininwm distance, center to
ce~~er2 feet
Maximum unit load, at the halt
--5c0 lbs./'srl. inch.
-fuximum toLUl load-20 tons.
Any pile twosty (20) feet or
xn ore in length shalt be not less
than twelve (12) inches at the
butt, Lor Uxe proceeding loud ullu~a-
avccs.
The safe sustaining power of a
pile not driven Lo refusal shall be,
in the absence oT test, computed by
the following formula:
L= 2Wi1/P}I For drop hammers.
L~2WH/P}I Fox steam hammers.
ID= allowable load in tong Lm¢xi-
mum 20 tons).
W= .the weight of the hammer in
tons.
H=the fall of the hammer in
feet (maximum 15 feet).
PJthc average penetration in
inches for the last 5 blows.
Sec~iou 9 322. L' O i'V Olt H7 T i..
I'ILSS. In tha abaen ce oP acln a.I
test, the followh~g shall be r.oemed
a guide for acceptable design:
(;oumete, L,000 pmmds crush%ng
sllrngth at 28 dups.
Not mere than one (1) splice
to a pile.
When driven Lo refusal, maxi-
mum unit load equals 500 lbs. per
sq. inch on Lhe concrete-
Clcar space between heads of
piles, 16 inches.
fteinlorcmuont shall be not less
than two (2) per cent lonfdtu dinttl
wifll beeping not less than threo-
eighths (~i~) inch round spaced
not more than sire (6) inches cn
centers.
'I'bo average dia~m star oC tllo pile
not lass than twelve (12) inches,
and minimum fliam star six (G)
inches.
The length shall not exceed
sixty {60) diameters in fairly
firm material, and shall be con-
sidered as a column in very soft
material overlying firm coral or
rock.
SAFE STRESSES FOR SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR WOODEN COLUMN
Ratio of L ength to Least Dim ension
11 or
Species Grade less 14 17 20 23 26 20 32 35 40 50
Lbs/ Lb/ Lb/ Lb/ Lb% Lb/ Lb/ Lb/ Lb/ Lb/ Lbi
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
loci- inch inch inch inch inch inch inch inch inch inch
Douglas Fir
Coast type dexvse._...Select ....... ..__. 1,285 1,222 1,147 1,023 83ll 649 521 428 358 274 175
Meech ....... ..__. 1,060 1,026 935 913 803)
Douglas Fir
Coast type ...__...__Select ._._ _...... 1,175 1,127 1,070 975 826) 649) 521 428 358 274 175
Meech _.... _...... 886 861 837 796 734) 640)
Oak-Red
and White .._.._.._.-Select ....._ ._... 1,000 967 927 860 755 608) 489 401 336 257 164
Common . _.._. 800 783 762 728 674 595)
Pine--
white -_.-_._ ._._._._._..._.Select ...... ..._.. 750 71II 680 617 518) 405 326 268 224 171 110
Sugar ........
~ ............ Common . ....... 600 583 564 532 481)
Pine-
Southern _ __..._.. _._.Select ...._ __... 1,]75 1,127 1,070 975 826 649) 521 428 358 274 175
Yellow ..._ ..._.._... Meech ..._. __.... 88G 861 837 796 734 640)
NOTE: See 6ection 9.703 for Column for mula.
5. ~VOrking stresses in compression
parallel to era.in for columns shall
not exceed cnose in the table for
the respective species and ratio
of unsupported length to ]cast
dimension. The ratio of unsup-
ported length of clumps to least
dimension shall not exceed fifty
(50).
5octimx 5310. FACTOR OF
S,~FhIT Y. When over nm~ device,
matct~al or Construction is pro-
Pcsel which is not covered by tha
mininnnn working sues ses in this
rode or not provided for in the
sPt`t'itirnlluns of the Amerioan So-
cir_ty for TesL9ng Materials, the
B ni'd ing Iu space or shalh after dC
term+natimr of the siren gLh of the
Name_ fiv the Yadnr oY safety which
shall b, apPlicahlre thereto. Such
foster sh;r1L bo consistent wish Pao-
tcr~ for similar malaria La or nso5
as stipnla let in this Coil e.
Section 8.400 BF:IRINC) VALUL
OT` SOILS The safe bearing value
p r r s u xn e s good worlcmaoehip
ihruughont, and no such structure,
m eL'.rod or matecia] shall bo deemed
Lo have cmnplicd with this Cade
unless the standards coxmnon to
tba art or science of coush~uckimr
which are commonly applied by
competent men and r•ecogniael by
the bniklirg industry as good wm~k-
mnnsbip shall obtain throughon t.
Soctimt 9.200. F7%CAVATIONS.
Fxuavntions Tor Ponnlotions shall
be of eurh depth 'sod characim• as
to insure the bearing values pea
scribed by this Coda {See Section
]0.400 of this Code for Lateral
Support.)
Section 9..",]0. FOOTINGS. Post-
ings shall bo so Proportioned that
the load fs eveuLy diHtribntel there-
mr amt withmrC unresisted orcen-
1:Icitles.
Soetimt 9.820. WOOD I'ILP
POTiP:Af. TION. hx the absence of
uctnal Lest, wood Piles shalt cou-
fm~m to the following:
The requirements for proper
coring, casting and mixi*,g oY con-
crete sti'pnlaf ed elsewi~.ore in this
Code shttl] be complied with.
The sn'eugth of concrete piles
nPmr delving shall he cmnpnted by
fibs sa.rne formulae as stipulated in
ills preeeding section for wood
piles, but shall not exceed thirty
(80) tons total load.
Section 9J;30. ]L E T A 1 N I N C
WALLS. For walls designed to
retain embau]cxn en ts, or other uses.
Lho stability shall be rletennined
by either Lhe Rankine, Coulomb or
Caitt formulae, LuL in no case shall
the base of plain manum ;/ walla,
witboat snreh arg~e loads, bo less
than ono-four4t (yeJ the height.
Secti mt 9.840. AliEAWAYS ANU
SLllLWALK OI'ENINC,S. Thers
shall be no permanent opening oC
any sit ewalk, except ii be covered
with metal sidewalk trap doors,
the outer edge of which door shall
not be closer t]?au two (2) feet of
12
the outside edge of file sidewalk
mtrb. All such openings in side-
walks shall have metal elvers flash
with the walk, wiW upper surface
roughened. Every such door shall
be provided with met al guards for
the protection of the public when
open. AIL parts of sidewalks, in-
cluding illuminating file or other
structural parts, shall be capable
of suetaiuing the loads hereinbeforo
stipulated far the sidewalks. (See
Section 8.221 of this Code.)
Sectimt 0.410. SOLID BRICK
WALLS. 4jlIALITY O F M A-
TERIALS. Brick and sand-lime
brick used Tor bearing walls or
piers shall be of quaifLy at Least
equal to the "medium brick" de-
scribed by the Standard Specifica-
tions for Building Brick of the
American Society for Testing Ma-
terials, except that when the aver-
age compressive atrettb'th oC brick
grading "soft" by the absorption
test ie more thsn 2,b00 pounds Uer
square in c)t, the requirements as
to absorption may be waited.
Whoa used for non-bearing pur-
poses and not exposed to the
weather, brick may be of quality
not inferior in say respect to the
"soft" brick described in Lhe above
specifications.
The average tom Pressi sa
strength of concrete brick 29 d;tye
after being mamlTactnrod, or when
delivered on the job, shall be not
less Lhan 1.600 ponuds per square
inch of gross cross-sections! area
tested in Uto position as laid in
the wall, and the compressive
sLrengU] of any individns] brick
thus tested shall be not less than
1,000 Pounds per square inch.
All oemont_s and limes used i^
mortar shall conform to Lhe re-
quirements of the e!andard speci-
fications for These materials issued
by the American Society for Tnst-
htg Materials.
Saud used ii mortar shall be
clean crusher or beach scud and
free Lrom alilmal or vegetable maL-
tEC. ,
Section 0.411. T.ATI9RAL SUP-
PORT. Solid brick walls shun be
supported at right angles [o the
wall fsce at inLervsls not exceeding
eighteen (1H) times the wall thick-
ness iu ttte top story or twenty (20)
times the wall thickness elsewhm~e.
Such lateral support may be ob-
tained by moss walls, piers or
buttresses, when the limiting dis-
tance is measured horizonf ally, or
by floors when the limiting distance
ie measured vertically. Sufficient
bonding or a.n ch orage shall bo pro-
vided between the wall and the
supports to resist the assumed
wind force, acting in alt outward
direction. Piers or buttresses re-
lied upon for lateral support shall
have suffi rient strength and sta-
hiliiy to transfer the wind force,
eating in either direction to tits
gronuil. When ws]ls n.re depend wit
upon floors for their lateral sup
port, provisions shall be made in
the building to transfer the lateral
fore.es resisted by all floors to the
ground.
Section 0.412. WORK 1 N G
S'PI{EGSES. The maximum allow-
able compressive stresses in brick
mssonry due to combined live and
dead loads shall not exceed the
tOIIOWIDg ]lmlt0:
BILICK MASONRY STRESSES
Maximum unit worlc-
(Continued from Page 30)
ing strews( pounds
per square inch)
ti C ~
d G
t.
q^ ro
V ~ U C ~ ~
'rte n
m 9 ~,
m w
^ S 6
~ J .7
.. % o
Brick (clay) me-
atnnt grade_..__. _ I7o l30 90
Sand-lime brick __ _ 170 130 !10
Concrete brick ...-.... 170 130 70
Where the etYects oY ecceuiric
loading and lateral forces are fully
analyzed and allowance made for
[hem in the design, or under local
cmn;eulrated loads applied Lo a
limited proportion of the total area
of the wall, the working stresses
in this table may be increased by
fifty (60 %) per cent.
Section 9.413. THICKNESS Oh`
ESThl{fOR WALLS O'I' H P R
T IL A N : N SKELETON CON-
STRUCTION. The thickness of
solid brick bearing walls shall be
eu[iicient at aL] points to keep the
combined stresses due to live and
dead loads for which Ute building
i5 designed within the limits Pre-
scribed by Section 9.412.
The minimum Lhickuess for solid
brick exterior bearhtg or party
walls shall be 12 inches for the
u-Permost thirty-five (35) feet oY
Uteir height, and shall be increased
tour (4) inches for each successive
fifteen (16) feet or fraction thereoY
measured downward from the top
of Lhe wall; except Umt Lhe top
story exterior bearing wall of a
building' not exceeding three l3)
stories or forty (40) Teat in height,
or the wa!1 of a mte-sLOry commer-
cial or iuduatrial building may be
eight (&) lushes thick, provided
that such 3inch wall does not ex-
ceed twelve (12) feeC unsupported
height and that Lhe roof beams are
horizontu-.: and except that exterior
solid hrh k bearing walls of one
call Ltvo family dwellings may be
eight (h) inches Utirk when not
mm~e than thirty (301 feeC in
height When gable constriction
is used for such dwellings, an ad-
ditional five (5) Yoet is permitted
to the peak of Lhe gable.
Where solid brick exterior bear-
ing m~ party walls are stiffened aL
distances not Kreater Lhaat twelve
(12) Peet apart by cross walls, or
by 1^tOTn31 OP exim'nal Offwts et'
rotunts, at least two (2) feet deep,
they may be twelve (12) inches
Chick for the nPperm osL seventy
the top of the wall, and shall be
(iU) feet, measured downward front
increased four (4) inches thickness
Fm' each successive seventy (70)
feet or Pra ctiou thereoY,
The minimum thiclvtess of solid
brick exterior nonbearing walls
shall he~twelve (1`L) inches for Lbe
uppermost seventy (70) Ceet of
thou height, attd shall be increased
four (4) inches Tor each suecessivo
thirty-five (36) feet or Craotimt
thereof, measured downward from
the top oC the wall, except that the
top story wall of a building not
oxceoding three stories or forty
(40) feet in height, or the wall of
a one (1) story commercial or in-
duslrial building may be eight (3)
inches thick provided that such
eight (8) inch wall does not exceed
twelve (12) feet unsupported
height, and Utat the roof beams
are horizmttaL; and except that
6olld bC'ick 110ll-b Eating Walls OY Otle
and two-family dwellings may be
eight (3) inches in thickness when
not more Lhan ffiirty (30) feet in
}teight. When gable construction is
need Yor such dwellings an addi-
tional five (5) feet is permitted fo
the peak oP the gable.
Section 9.414. BOND. In all
brick walls at least every sixth
coarse ou both silos of Lhe wall
shall be a header course or there
shall be at least one fall length
header in every seventy-two (72)
agnate Inches oY Hach wall surCacE.
ht walls more than twelve (12)
inches thick the inner joints of
headEr 00nTSea aha^ be COV P,red
with another header course which
shall break joints with the coarse
below.
Where tinning bond is used,
every sixth course on each
Yace shall be bonded into the back-
ing by cutting the face brick course
and iein.g diagonal headers behind
it or by using a split brick.
SectSon 9.416. P1ERS. The un-
supported height nC brick piers
shat] not Escecd ten (10) times
their ]east dimension.
Section 9.410. UFIASES AND
IU.CESSES. There sllsll be no
chases in b-iamb walls or within Ltle
required area oC ally pier, and no
chase in any wall or pier shall be
deeper than one-third 1/3 the ws~l
thickness. No horizon Lal chase
shall exceed five (51 feet in leng'.h,
nor shall the horiaontal projection
of anY diagonal chase exceed four
(4) teat.
Recesses for stairways or eleva-
tors lacy be ]eft iu walls, but in
no rise shall the walls st such
points be lose than Ute required
Lhickueas oC walls oC Ute &nu~th
story above the ground floor unless
reinforced by additimtal Piers, by
steel or reinforced concrete girders,
Or Steel or I'eillfm'Ced EmtCI'EIE
columns and girders, semlrely an-
chored to the walls on each side
of such recesses. Recesses fm'
alcoves and similar purposes shall
have not. less than eight (S] inohes
of material at the back. Such re-
cesses shall bo not more than eig;h[
(S) feet in width arld shall he
arched ovm• or spanned with lintels.
The agk'l'E.giti0 area. Of TEC,Eaaea
and chases in any wall shall not
exceed one~YOUrth Lhe whole area
oY the face of the wall in any stm't'.
No chases or recesses shall be
pertnitl.ed in fire m' fire division
walls that will reduce the thide-
ness below the minimum specified
in this Code. (Sectimts 9.470 to
9.473 oP this Code.)
Openings for doors attd windows
shall have well-buttresses, arches
or lintels of masonrg or of metal
with bearing at each end oY not
less than Ymtr (4) inehos on [he
wall.
Section 9.420. HOLLOW TILE
WALLS.
(1) HOLf.OW CLAY TiT.E used
for exferiar bearing walls or piers
or for party walls shall be of qna]-
itY at least equal to the "medium
clase'• as prescribed by the Tenta-
tive Specifications fm' Holln~,v
Burned-Clay Load-Rearing ~V a 11
Tile of the American Society for
Testing Materials.
When used for non-bearing pur-
poses and not exposed to the
weather, hollow file may be of
GualiLy not iu fe~ri or ill any respect
to the "sell class" described in
^te above 5Peciflea.tions.
(2) CONCI{ETN: BLOCK OR
OONC,RETp.' TILN;S. The strength
regniremen [s Tor compression 23
lave after to anufacGtre of conr•.rete
block and concrete file shall be
classified ae Load Bearing a,nd Non-
Load Rearing and shall have
the following breaking 5trengLh:
ComprP.aaive 9L1'eltgth.
lb. per sq. in. of gross
cross~soction al ;tree as
laid in Lhc wall.
m r/I 4 ++
o'er
c~ u.a
Naxne of Classification ~ F ~
o '~
F 6 ~ >
d q
ti' `c ~
Load bearing block or
file _..______..._..____. 700 600
Non-load bearing block
OT the . .. ....... ......_.. 250 200
Tests no concrete block shall be
conducted in accordance with the
Standard Specification of the
American Cmtcrete Institute.
(3) BRICK. Brick for hollow
walls shall conform to reguirements
oP Section 9.410 of this Chapter.
(4) MORTAR. ,Either Port;and
cement mortar as defined iu Chap-
ter 2 or cement-lime mortar shall
be used for walls of hollow unit
construction or hollow walls of
brick.
Section 9.421. LATERAL SUP-
PORT FOH HOLLOW TILE. !halls
of hollow file or of concrete block
or tile, and all hollow walla oY brick
13
shall be supported at right angles
to the wall face at intervals not
exceeding sixteen (16) times the
wall thickness eleswhere. Such
lateral support may be in the form
oP cross walla, piers, or buttresses
when the limiting distance is hori-
zontal, or by floors when the limit-
ing distance is vertical Sufficient
bonding or anchorage shall be pro-
vided between the wall and the
attpporta to resist the deauttted
wind Tmne acting in an outward
direction. Piers or buttresses re-
lied upon for lateral support shall
have sufficient strength and s[a-
bflity to transmit the wind force,
ar,ting in either direction, to the
ground. When walls are depend-
ent on floors for their lateral sup-
port, provision shall be made in
the building to transfer the lateral
farce resisted by all floors to the
ground.
Soctlon 9.422. A9 O R K I N G
ST11L<'SSES FOR HOLLOW TILE.
The maximum allowable compres-
sive stresses in masonry of hollow
tile, concrete block or concrete tile,
or hollow walls of brick, due to
combined live and dead loads, shall
not exceed eighty (30) pounds Per
square inch of gross sec[imtal area,
when laid with Yortland cement
mortar, and seventy (70) pounds
per square inch of gross sectional
area when laid with cement-lime
mortar. (See Chapter 2 of this
Code for definition of Cement-
Lime Mortar)
Seotion 9.4'23. THICKNESS OF
HOLLOW TILE E X T E R I O R
WALLS. OTHER THAN SKELl9-
TON CONSTRUCTION. Walls' oY
hollow tile, concrete block or tile,
or hollow walls of brick shall tier
exceed fifty (50) feet in height
oboes the top of foun~ation vrn76.
The thickness of walls of the
above materials and types shall be
sufhoient at aFl paints to keep ffie
stresses due to combined live and
dead loads for which the building
is designed within the limits pre-
scr;bed by Section 9.422 oP this
Chapter.
The tninimnm thickness of ex-
terior walls oY hollow tile, or cmt-
crete block or tlle, or of hollow-
wall construction shall be twelve
(12) inches for the uppermost
thirty-five (35) feet of their height,
and at least sixteen (16) inches for
the remaining lower portion; ex-
cept that the top story wall of a
building not exceeding three (31
stories or forty (40) Peet in height,
or the wall of a one-story commer-
rial or industrial building, map be
eight f3) inches thick, provided
that the roof beame are horiontal
and that a concrete beam, rein-
forced with lives-fmtrthe (%) Per
teat of steel, be placed continuous-
ly around the top of such walls at
the lino oY the roof supporting mem-
bers; and except that exterior walls
oY one and two-family dwellings
may be eight (8) inches thick fur
the uppermost twenty (20) feet.
\Vhen gable construction is used
Ym' such dwellings-au additional
fire (o) feet is permitted to the
peak of the gable.
Where walls are stiffened at dis-
tances not greater Lhan twelve (121
feet, by cross walls or by infernal
or external rehtens at ]east two
(2) feet deep, the thickness may
bo twelve (12) inches throughout,
except that the top story, or Yor
one and two-family dwellings the
uppermost twenty (20) feet, may
be eight (8l inches as previously
provided- (For interior wall re-
~ptirements see Sections 9.470 to
9.473. and 9.475 and 9.47G of this
Chapter.
Sectimt 9.424. BOND FOR HOL-
r.oAV TILE WALLS- Whm-e two
or more hollow units are used to
make up the thickness of a wall.
the inner and outer conrees shall
be bonded at veriicnl intervals not
eXeeedlxlg three (3) COllTSea by
la.Pping nt least one ill coil com-
pletely over a cell oP the unit be-
low.
Section 9.425. BEAM SIIPYORT9
FOR HOLLOW T1hE WALLS.
Suitable provision shall be made at
each line of flour beams in hollow
walls or walls of hollow units to
shut off the spaces above from
those below. and to ensure good
bearing for beame and miiform dis-
tribution of loads.
Section 9.426. PIERS FOR HOI~
LOW TILE WALLS. Hollow file
or hollow concrete block or ti;e
shall not be used Tor isolated piers
unless solidly filled with concrete.
The unsupported height oY such
piers shall not exoeod te^ (10)
times their least horizontal dinten-
alOYl.
Sectimt 9.427. CHASES AND RE-
CESSES I'OR HULLOW TILL
WALLS. Chases and recesses in
walla of hollow tile, hollow con-
crete block or tile, or in hollow
walls of brick shall not psceed in
extent those Permitted for solid
brick walla under the same con-
ditions. Chases and recesses shall
not be cut in walls of Cho above
types, but may be built, in. No
chasee or recesses shall be ner-
mitted in flee walls that will re-
duce the thickness below the mini-
mum specified iu this Code.
Openings Tor doors and windows
shall have wall-buttressed arches
or lintels oT masonry or metal with
bearing at each end of not less
than four (4) inches on the wall.
On the in-;ids of openings less than
flue (6) feet wide, in which [he
thickness of arches and lintels fa
loss than that of the wall sup-
ported, timber maY be used, which
will rest at each end not mm's than
two (`l) inches mt the wall and be
chamfered or mil to serve as arch
centers.
Section 9.480. C O N C R E T E
WALLS, MATERIALS. Monolithic
emuaete construction emiaining
not more than two-tenths (2/10)
pY one (1) Per cent of reinforce-
ment shall be classed as plain con-
C1'etP..
Materials for bearing walls and
piers of plain cmmrete shall be
mixed fu propm'tlons oP one (1)
part oY Portland cement to not
more than three (3) parts oY sand
and five (5) Porte of coarse aggre-
gate, by volume, or a mixture oY
flue and coarse ag6regate giving an
equivalent strength and density.
Coarse aggregate shall ponsis[ oY
crushed stmte or gravel, eighty'-
five (85) Per cent of which Ss i'e-
tainod on a No. 4 screen, and shall
be graded in size from small to
large particles. The particles shall
be clean, hard, durable, and tree
Yrom deletrious material.
Cement for plain concrete shall
conform to the requirements oY the
Standard 5Peciflcalions and Tests
for Pm'tland Comeni ~f the Amm'-
ican 6ociety for 'Pasting Materials.
Fine aggregate shall consist of
sand, stone screenings or other
similar inert materials, or a com-
bination thereof, having clean,
hard, strong, durable uncoated
grains and free from injurious
amounts of dust, lumps, sett or
flaky part[cles, organic matter,
loam or other deleterious sub-
stances; and shall fangs from Line
Ln coarse. Not less than ninety-
five (96) per cent shall pass a No.
4 sieve, and noC more than thirty
(30) per cunt shall pose a No. 5
sieve, when tested according W the
standard practice Prescribed by tits
American Society Yor Teeting Ma~
lariats.
Section 9.431. LATERAL SUP-
PORT, CONCRETE \VALLS. Plain
concrete walls shall be supported
at right angles Lo the wall trace
at intervals of not exceeding twenty
(20) times the wall thickness. Such
lateral sn Ppnrt ma.y be in the Toren
of cross walls, piers, or buttresses
when the limiting spacing is hori-
zontal, or by floors when the limll-
ing distance Ss vertical. Sufficient
bonding or anchorage shall be Fro-
vided between the wall and the
supports to resist the assumed
wind force acting in an ounrm'd
direction. Piers or buttresses, re~
lied upon for lateral su Pport, shall
have sufficient strength mtd stm
bitlty to U•ansYer the wind force,
acting in either direction, to the
ground. When walls are dependent
upon floors for their lateral sup-
port, provision shall be made in
the building to G'ansfer the lateral
force resisted by all floors to the
ground.
Section 9.432- W O R K I N G
STRIvSSEB, CONCRb:TE WALLS.
The maximum allowable sh'esses
in masonry oT plain concrete oP
the Propm-ti mis specified in Soc
lion 'J~430 of this' Chapter as a
minimum due to combined dead
and live loads shall not exceed
four hundred (400) pomtds per
square inch in compression, thirty
five (35) pounds per square inch
in tension m' diagonal tension; or
ninety (90) pounds per square inch
in punching shear. When plain
concrete of greater strength is
used the foregoing stresses may
be increased twenty (20) per cent
of the ultimate compressive
strength Por concrete in com-
pression, two (2) per cent in ten-
sion or diagonal tension, and
four and one-halt (4x/z) per cent
1n Punching shear.
Section 9.438. THICKNhSS Oh`
CONCRE'PE WALLS. The mini
mum thickness of plain concrete
bearing walls shall be ten (10)
inches Yor the uppermost thirty-five
(35) feet of their height and srlll
be increased Ponr (4) inches for
each successive thirty-five (35)
feet or Craotion thereof, measured
downward frmn the top to the
wall; except tint the trp story wall
of a building not exceeding three
(3) stories or terry (40) feeC in
height, or the wall of a mie-story
building may be eight (8) inches
thick, provided that such 8-inch
wall does not exceed Yonrteen (141
Ceet mtsupported height and that
the roof beatna are hm•izoural, end
except that exterior bearing walln
of mte and two-family dwellings
may be six (6) inches thick when
noC more Lhan thirty (30) teat in
height. When gable constnictimi
is used Tm• such dwellings an addi-
tional five (5) Peet is permitted
to Lhe peak of the gable-
When plain emlorete bearing walls
of buildings more than three (3)
stories high are stiffened at points
not more than twelve (121 feet
apart by cross walla, or by internal
or external offsets or returns at
least two (2) feat deep, they may
he ten (10) inches thick Yor the
uppermost seventy (70) feet of
their height and shall be increased
Ponr (4) inches in thickness for
each Sueaesaive seventy (701 feet
or fraction thereof.
The minimum thichness of plain
concrete exterior ncn fearing walls
shall be ten (10) inches for the
uppermost seventy (70) feet of
(.heir height. and shall be increased
four (41 inches for each successive
thirty-flue (35) Peet or fraction
thereof, measured downward from
the top of the wall; except that
the top story wall of a building
not exceeding three stories or forty
(40) feet in height, or rho wall oP
a one-story commercial or indus-
trial building tray be eight (8l
inches thick, provided that such
8~inch wall does not exceed four-
teen p41 feet unsupported height,
and that the roof beam, are hori-
zontal; and except that exterior
non-Dearing walls of ono and two-
family dwellings may be six (6)
inches thick when of more than
thirty (30) feet in height. When
gable construction is used for such
dwellings an additional five ;6)
teat ie permitted to the Peale of
the gable.
FIOllow monolithic walls of Plain
14
veneered with brick, terra cotta,
concrete shau nave the same net
cross sectional area of material,
irrespective of iris space wit]tin Lhe
wall, as requtred for solid walls.
The inner ant outer parts of such
walls shall be securely braced and
tied together with non-corrodible
ties or other means to bring them
into common action. Where (loot
and roof systems are carried by
such walls, provisimx shall he made
for the distrLbutimx of these !oasis
to the Pull cross section of the wall.
l FOr interior wall requirements,
see Sections 9.470 to 9.413, also
9.475 and 9.476 of this Chapter).
Sectimx 9.434. REINFORCII-
MENT. CONCRETF. WALLS. Re-
inYm•coment, not lase than two-
tenthe (2/10) of one (1) per cent
computed on a vertioal height of
twelve (12) inches, shall be placed
over all wall openings and at corn-
ers oY the strreture to prevent
cracks. Flour and roof connectimt
details shall he designed to trans-
mit Safely the vertical and hori-
zontal loads imposed.
Section 9.436. PIERS. CON-
CRE1'F. WALLS. The unsupported
height oY isolated piers oY plain
concrete shall not exceed ten (10)
times (heir least dimension. (See
definitimx, "Piers." Chapter 2 of
this Code.)
Section 2436. CHASES AND
RECESSES, CONCRETE \YALT,S.
Chases and recesses in plain con-
crete walls shall not exceed in ex-
tent those premitted for solid brink
walla ender the same conditions.
(See Section 9.416 of this Chapter)
Section 9.440. W O R K I N G
STRESSES. 9'PONE WALLS. The
maximum allowable compressive
stresses in rubble stmtework of
sound and dense lava rock due to
combined live and dead loads sImIL
not exceed 140 Pounds per square
inch when ]aid in Portland cement
mortar, 100 pounds par square inch
in natamal cement or cemm~t-limo
mortar, and seventy (70) Pounds
per square inch in lime mortar.
The maximum allowable com-
pressive stress in ashlar masonry
due to combined live and dead
loads shall not exceed the Yellow-
ing limits:
Maximum unit working
stresses (Pounds per
square Kroh) load in
e~ ~ ~ ~
V [. V {, M
`~ m o
I::Iit C 7
L ~ LC ~ q
ooS G.q .]
Granite .__...__.__. 800 fi40 400
Limestone .-.._- ._- 500 400 260
Marble ______... _.. 500 400 250
Sandstone -__...__. 400 320 1G0
Blue Lava Rock._. 500 400 350
Section 9.441. LA'pERAL SCY-
1'ORT. STONE \\"AILS. Rabble
stone walla shall bo four (4) inches
thicker [ha~n is required for solid
brick walls of the same respective
heights, but in no Dart less than
fourteen (14) inches.
The minimum thickness fm' walls
or piers oC ashlar masonry properly
bonded shall be the same as re-
mtired for solid brick walls and
piers ender similar conditions.
The lateral support for stone
walls shall emtform to the same re-
quirements specified for solid brick
walls, Section 9.411 of this Chap-
ter.
Section 9.442. BOND F O R
STONE WALLS. Bond stones ex-
Lendiug through the wall and unl-
i'ormly distributed shall be pro-
vided to the extent. of not less than
ten (10) per cent of the area, a.nd
there shall bo at least one fll bond
stone for every eight f8) stretchers.
Section 9.443. CHASES AND
RECESSES. STONE WALLS.
Chases and recesses in stone walls
shall not exceed in extent those
permitted for solid brick walls un-
der the same conditions. (See
Section 9.416 of this Chapter.)
Section 9.460. QUALITY OF MA-
'1'ERIAI.S. VENL:E1tED WALLS.
Materials used is the backing and
veneering oY veneered walls shall
conform in all respects to the re-
quirements prescribed tar such
materials in Sections 9.410, 9.420
and 9.430 of this Chapter. Stone
or archlteetural terra-cotta, ashlar,
m' other approved masonry ma-
terial used for veneering, shall bo
not less than three (3) inches nni-
tiorm thickness- but all stones need
not necessarily be the same thick-
ness.
Section 9.451. \\' O R K I N U
STRESSES. VENEERED WALLS.
The maximum allowable compres-
sive stresses on the backing of
veneered walls, due to combined
live and dead loads, shall riot ex-
ceed those elsewhere prescribed
Tor masmxry of the type which
fm~ms such backing. In no case
shall 11te vmneering be considered
a part oY the wall ir. computing the
streng,h of bearing wells, nor shall
it be cons-ldered a part of the re-
quired thickness of the wall.
Section 9.462. ATTACHMENT
Oh' i'ENEERING. When walls are
veneered with brick, terra cotta,
stone or concrete trimstone the
veneering shall be tied into the
backinK either by a header for
every 300 square Inches of wall
sm•face or by substantial non-
corrodible meta] wall LFes- spaced
not. farther apart than one (1) Toot
vertjeally and two (2) feet hori-
zmxlally. Headers shall project at
least three and three-YOnrths
(8'Y,) iuehes into the backing
cud anchm•s shall be of substan•ia.l
pattern. 1Vhen veneering ie used
special care shall be taken to fill
all joints flush with mortar around
wall openings.
Section 2453. HEIGHT OF VE~
Nh;ERh:D WALLS. Veneer nn
walls shall not exceed fi[tY (50)
feet in height above foundations.
Section 9.460. C?UALITY OF
MATERIALS. FACED WALT.S.
Materials need in the backing and
Pacing of Laced walla shall conYm~m
in all respects to the repuirements
proscribed for such materials in
9ectious 9.410, 9.920 and 9.430 of
this Chapter. Materials used for
fixcinq shat] be not less Uxan three
and three-YOUrths (3~+/~) inches Lhiek,
and in no case less in thickness
than one-eighth (''/H) flxe height
of the unit, excepting that span-
drel and other recessed panels,
when approved, may be higher
than eight ($) times their thicla
rises, provided they are of the
maximum thickness required; pro-
vided, however, Lhat marble or
Lerra cotta oC any thickness may
be used for the first story walls
only when such ie well secured by
non-corroding ties to the walls.
Section 9.461. WORK 1 N G
STRESSES. FACED WALLS. The
maximum allowable compressive
stresses on faced walls due to com-
bined live and dead loads shall not
exceed those elsewhere prescribed
for masonry of the type whioh
Corms the backinK. Where bonded
to the backing as provided in Sec-
[imx 9.463 of this Chapter, the full
cross section of the facing may
be considered in comparing bear-
ing strength.
Section 9.462. THICKNESS.
FACED WALLS. Faced walls shall
be not less in thickness than Is re-
quired for masonry walls of the
type which forms the backing.
\Vhere bonded to the backing as
provided in Section 9.463 of this
Chapter, the facing may be con-
sid;.red a part of the wall thick-
]lee9.
Section 9.463. BOND F O R
FACED \VALLS~ Brick facing
shall he bmded to walls rf brick
or of hollow tits, or of concrete
block or the with at least one fll
header course in every cis (6)
15
courses, or there shag he at ]east
one (1) full length header in every
seventy-two (721 square inches oY
wall surYaee.
Stone ashlar facing sha^ have
at least twenty (2U) per cent of
the superficial area no[ lees than
three and three fourths (33k) inches
Uti eker ^xan the remainder of the
Lacing to Porm bond stmtes, which
shall be uniformly distributed
throng9tout the wall.
When some stones in every al-
ternate course are at least seven
and one-half (T4) inches thick,
bonded into the backing at least
three and threrfourihs (3'%) inch-
es, and at ]east Twenty (30) pm'
cent of the superficial area of the
wall is constituted of such bond
stone uniformly distributed, the ash
tar facinK mxy be comnted as part oY
the wall thickness. Every atone
not a bond stone and every project-
ing stone shall be secm•ely an-
chored to the backing with sub-
stantial non-corrodible metal an-
chors.
Section 9.470. BRICK A N D
FLAIN CONCRETE FIRE WALLS.
Solid brie.k or plain concrete fire
walls shall not be less in thiclaxess
than required for exterior bearing
walls of corresponding height, brit
not loss thou twelve (121 inches,
except ]hat solid brick- fire walls
Yor bni]dinKS of residential occup-
ancy shall be not less than eight
(8) inches thick Cor the nPpm~m oat
riventY (201 feet of height and shall
be at least twelve (1'2) inches
thick for the remaining lower por-
tion; and except that plain cou-
rrete fire walls for such structures
may be eight (8) inches through-
out No 8 inch fire wall shall be
broken into, anbsegnent to building,
for the insertion of etruchtral mem-
bers. (F'm• definitions of I9re
Wills, see Chapter 5 oC this Code)
]'arty walls which ftmction also
as fire walls shall conform to re-
quiremmxts for fire walls.
A separation of at ]east six (G)
inches of solid masonry shall br
provided in al] fire and party walls
between combustible members
which may enter such walls from
opposite Sides.
SecSOn 2471. FIRE WAT.hS OF
HOLLOW TILE, C O N C R E 1' E
13LOCE OR CONCRETE TU,E, Olt
OF HOLLOW WALL CONSTRUC
TION. Fire walls oY hollow the or
concrete block nr concrete tiler
shall be not less than sixteen (1G)
inches thick in anv part, excep7
that for rosidontfal buildings thc7
may be not less than twelve (12)
inches thick throughout. Hollow
walls of brick used as fire wa14.
shall be not less titan twelve p21
inches thick throughout. Nn th'e
walls oP the above type shall he
broken into, snbseq}tent to arse
Lion Cor the insertion of atructtn~a]
members.
Where combustible or unpro-
tected steel building members
frame into hollow party or fire walls
oP thickness not greater than
twelve (12) inches, they shall not
prujert more than four (4) inches
into the wall and shall be so spaced
that the distance between enn-
bedded ends is not less than Your
f4) inches. The apace above. be-
low and between lltem sha71 be
filled solidly with burntrclay ma-
teria,ls, mortar, concrete or equiv-
alent fire-resistive material, to a
depth of not less than four (4)
inches on all sides of the members.
All open cells i^ the or blocks
occnring at wall ends shall be filled
solidly with concrete for at ]east
a depth of six (6) inches, or clns-
nre the set in the opposite direc-
tion shall be used.
Party walls which ftmction also
as fire walls shall conform to re-
quirements for fire walls.
Section 2472. FIRE DIVISION
WALLS. Fire division walls of
solid brick or plain concrete shall
he not less than eight (8) inches
thick.
Fire division walls of hollow
tile, or oT concrete block m' tile,
shall be not less than twelve (12)
inches thick in any part, and for
buildings oY storage and heavy
manufaclltring occupancy Lhey shall
he not less than sixteen (lti) inches
l.hick throughout. Hollow walls of
brink used as faro division walls
shall be not. loss Utan twelve (12)
huhes thick throughout.
Section 9.473. ALTERNATE R'U'
(~UIREMENTS FOR FIRE ANll
FIRE llLV1SlON WALLS. Wall
oonstructioh that in fire tests con-
ducted according to accepted stand-
ards develop safe fire-resistau cc
perloda of one and one-half (1',a)
hours may be permitted Yor fire
walls, and hie division walls be~
tw Bea residence occupancies, if
otherwise adequate in point of
strength and stability. for gon-
ecal mercantile and mannl'actnring
occupancies, exeludin6 buildings or
portions of buildings' used for stm•-
a6'e, wall construction developing.
o^ the same basis, a safe fire-re-
sistance pefiod of Wree (8) hours
shalt bo similarly permitted.
Section 9.474. PA RAYET
Z~tALLS. lu al] first, semi-first, and
second class buildings and "slow
burning Ileavy timber conetrucfion"
buildings, except as hereafter Pro-
vided, all exterior walls mt all
mercantile and coxnmercial build-
ings shall continuo not less than
three O feet above the roof and
for other buildings two (2) feet
above the roof, forming a parapet
wall which shall be coped, which
shall he of the same thickness
as Lhe top story thickness, or
eight tSl inches of masonry or
six (d) inches of reinforced con-
urete iY the Darapet is three (8)
feet or under in height, and in
the case of masonry shall he laid
in cement nr cetncut-lime mor-
tar Provided, however, that first
lass buildings may have naves
of reinforced concrete in lieu or
Purape. s. All oponiugs In such
eaves shall be cut off from the in-
terior roof spate by suitable cut-
off walls at least eight (3) inches
in thickness.
1'rotided, Curtner, that second
class buildings ntay have ouvee hr
stead of parapets if such are e~~t-
slructed as follows:
1. The rave or coping to have
its cantor of gravity fn the tauter
of the wall.
2. An effectual fire stop shall be
mule at the ]unction with Lho
$'ante roof dttpports.
3. Tice roof covering shall be
rigid aebc;tos shingles, slate, clay
tile, or other similar Pireproo
covering.
4. Tho roof supports to be car-
ried so that the weight of Lhe roof
shall net affect the location of the
center of gravity provided in Parer
tp~aph of Lhis Section.
Section 9.476. BEARING PAP,-
TlT10N9. All interior bearing
walls, except fie walls, fire divi~
s;ou walls and parry walls are
cmtsidered as bearing partitions.
Ibr bearing partitions, materials
meeting the ordhtary aocePted local
standards for the purpose may be
used.
Where not utilized ae party, fire
m• Gre division walls, slid brink
bearing partitions shall be not less
^tau eight (8) inches thick, sent
those of hollow i.ile, concrete mock
or concrete tile, or hollow walla of
brick shall ho tent less in thickness
Ihan one-eighteenth (1/18) oY the
height between floors or floor
beams. (N`or conditimts governing
e.oucentratimte see Section 9.412
ui' this Chapter,)
Secucn 9.47f. NON-BEAR LNG
L'd It'1'Iq'ION S. For non-bearing
partitions, materials meeting the
ordinary accepted local standards
for the purpose may be aced.
33ricl: non-bearing partitions shall
be not less than three and
one-fourth (3'G) inches thick for
a height not exceeding twelve
(12) feet between Boors or floor
beams and for a length not ex-
ceeding twenty (20) feet between
vertical supports. Non-bearing
Dartitions of hollow t11e, concrete
block or emtcrete tile, plastered
metal studded and metal lathed
partitions, hollow walla of brick
or of gypsum block or other similar
materials shall be built solidly
against floor and telling eonstrut-
timt below and above, and shall not
exceed the Loilowing' unsupported
heights:
ro ~
~ a _ m .~
o r:
y, ~~ n dam x7 a ~am
ci o a ~k A' m ,~, ~ cz k a ~at
... N "~' A s' '~ A
[. d o ~ a F[ o ~
2 inches 12 feet fi inches 2J feet
3 inches 14 feat 8 inches 25 Ceet
4 inches Y6 Peet
Suction 9.477. FOIINDATLON
WALLS. Foundation walls Yor
solid-wall tonstructlmt shall be of
stone, solid brick tmtcrete (plain,
rubble or reinforced), or concrete
block. Solid brick foundation wails
and those of concrete block or
coursed stone shall be not less in
thiclutese than the watts innne-
diateiy above them and in no case
less than twelve (12) inches thick,
except Lhat when the inclosure is
not excavated, they nmy be eight
(8) inchos think iY included within
the allowable height of eight (8)
iueh walla. When built of concrete
cast in Plato foundation walls shall
beat least us thick as the walla sup-
ported, but iu ten case less than
night (8) inches. When built of
rubb'.e stone, Lhey shall be at least
sixteen (1G) inches thick. Rough
or random rubble without bonding
or level beds shall not be used as
foundations for walls exceeding
Lll ir~y-Gve (85) feet in height, nm•
shalt coursed bonded rubble walls
be used as fmmdationa Yor walls
exceeding seventy-five (75) Peet in
height.
Foundation walls for hollow tile,
ooncrete block or tile, hollow walls
of brick, or frame construction,
shall he oY the same thickness,
reepett.vely, as required in the
pares,,°raph above, and shall be built
oi' brick, stone, conm•eto, (Dlain,
cobble or reinforced). hollow tile.
c xicre'e block or tire. or hollow
walls of brick. Tile foundation
walls shall bE 11 Ot le9S t}fall tW BiV f'
(121 inches thick.
VJhon the stresses doe to earth
pre6snre and superimposed build-
ing load exceed the maximum
workinK stress elsewhere specified
i'or brlek masonry, and the addi-
tional stresses are not otherwise
provided 1'or, the wall thickness
shall be increased to bring thorn
within these litni LS.
Foundation walls for frame corv
struction shall extend at least eight
tS) inches above the adjoining
ground surface.
Yiaterials far Foundation walls
shall be equal in quality in all
respects to those required for ex-
terior bearing walls, except that
mortar containing lime in greater
proportions by volume than one (1)
part to one (1) part oT cement and
six (6) parts of Saud shall not be
used for exterior foundation wal!s-
below grade.
Soctian 9.478. PANN L AND F:N-
OLOSTNG WALLS. Panel walls iu
buildings of skeleton construction
shall he not less than night (8)
inches Gtick if of soled bri clr, hollow
Gle, concrete block or tile, plain
utncrote m~ hollow walls of brick.
Inclosure walls shall be not lass
than eight (3) inches thick nor less
ht thickness than one-twentieth
(1/20) the horizontal distance be-
twoen anchors.
Sectimt 9.488. NEW TYPN:S OF
1A4ASONRY CONSTRUCTION. Tho
use of new or improved masonry
materials or methods not covered
by this Code may be permitted,
providing that they conform to
spa Cifi C&LIOn9 111511r1ng reasmlahle
uniformity of the product; and
t1mL Lhe stability and durability of
such construction, and its resist-
ance under fire expesnre, shalt
have bent satisfactorily demou-
etrated. Worklug stresses shall
be fixed at not more Ihan twenty
(20) per cent of Uto average ulti-
mate strength oY masonry walls
constricted of such materials, us
deennined by res'p ~nsible authori-
ties.
Section 3.481. A N O II O R L N G
WALLS- All waPs shall be se
enrely anchored and bonded at
points where they intersect.
SOttIOCl 9482. l.SE Gig EA16T-
1NG WAT.LS. An existing brick
wall may be used in the ran oval
or extension of a building; or map
he increased in height beyond that
allowed 1'or constricoon, provided
that such wall is atr'nc'.urally sound
or can be made so by rcasmmble
repairs. Walls increased in height
shall be at least four (9) inches
ihiclrer them is required by this
Code for newly cents VUCted wul!s
of such iam-eased height, and in uo
case shall linings be less than
eight (8) inches thick and ]aid in
Portland cement mortar. The foun-
dations and lateral supporC shall
be equivalent Lo those elscwhcro
required b}' this Code for newly
coustructul walls under similar
conditions. AL] linings shall be
thoroughly bonded into existing
masonry by toothings of brick
m• stone to assure combined
action of wall and lining. Such
trtothinga shall be distributed
fairly uniformly throughout the
ty-all and shall ag~greg~ate in ver-
tical cross soeLouaL area not less
then Hfteen (16) per cent oP the
total vertical area of the lining.
No axis Cog wall shall he used
for renewal or extension of a huilrl-
iug, or increased in height wfWont
special written permissimt from
Lhe Building Inspector.
Section 9.483. CORBELING OF
CHIMNEYS. No brick wall less
than twelve (L") in rh es thick sha^
bo used to support a corbeled
chimney. Such corbeling shall not
project more than xis (6) inches
from the fare of the wall, and in
all each cases the corbeling shall
consist of at least five (5) ccurso-a
of brick. No chimney shall bo
corbeled from a wall built of hol-
low tile, hollow concrete block,
ton CLOLe tile, Or hollow waQ6 OY
brick
Section 9.484. CORNTCES. The
centers of gravity of stone cornices
shall he inside of the outer wall
face. Terra cotta or metal car-
nices shall be elnte[urally sup-
ported from the roof oC the bnihl-
ing, or as provided in Section 9.474.
oP this Chapter.
Suction 9.5011. REINFORCED
CONCRETE. Roinforted concrete
will he approved for al] types oY
buildings, when such design con-
forms to good r:nginem•iug prac-
tice and Lhe stresses therein coxr
form to the units provided by this
Code.
(Note: For quality and working
stress, see Section 8.302 of this
Code.)
Section 9.602. TIIE CEMENT
used in reinforced concrete shall
pass the test specifications oP the
American Society for Testing Mu-
terlals for Pm•tland Cement.
Section 9.603. INCREMENTS
OF REINFORCFID CONCRETF,
shall be such, and eo mixed and
placed, Utat the designed strength
shat] be met a~s stipula.ted in Sre-
tione 8.801 to 8.303 of this Code.
Suction 9.504. DESlU N. Rein-
forced concrete computations shall
be based upon the following as-
sumption:
1. A plane seotion before bond-
ing remains a plane seotion after
bending.
2. Tho modulus of elasticity of
concrete iu compression remains
wustant witfiin flee working limits
fixed by this Code
1d
3. The adhesion between con
Crete and reinfm~cement is perfect.
4. Concrete has no resistance
to tension.
5. Initial stress in the reinforce-
ment duo to contraction or ex-
pansion of the concrete is ^egli-
gible.
6. "n" or the ratio of the moduli
of elasticity of areal and concrete
with ttn ultlmate crushing strength
of 2,000 pounds shall be taken as
fifteen (16), and "n" for 3,000
pounds concrete shall be taken as
twelve (12).
Section 9.506. THE SPA N
LENGTH oY beams shall be taken
center to center of supports, but
need not be taken to exceed the
clear span plus the over-all depth
of beam or slab. Brackets shall
sot be cmrsidored as reducing llxe
clear span in the sense here in-
tended.
Section 9.506. BENDING MO-
MENTS. The bending moments of
slabs due to uniformly distributed
loads shall be taken as not less
than:
1/3 WL at canter when simply
suPl~orted;
1/10 WL at center and continu-
ous sapport when supported at
one end and continmous at the
other;
1/12 WL at center and interme-
diate supports when contimtons
over more than two (L) supports;
W is the total distributed dead
and live loads;
h is the length o[ span.
Section 9.607. RENDING MO-
MENTS ON` SLABS SUPPORT7~ID
ON FOUR SIDES. When slabs are
reinforced in both directions, and
supported on tour (4) sides, the
same coe}iicients as prescribed in
the preceding section Yor slabs may
be used in each direction. Tho
loading, however, shall be desiKn ed
in accordance with the formula
1°
r in which 1=the length
1'}h'
and b the breadth of the slab, and
r-the proportion o[ the load car-
ried by the transverse reinforce-
ment If 1 exceeds 1. 6 b, the
trans-vers-e reinforcement shall be
considered to carry the entire load.
Section 9508. CONT1N UOl~S
REAMS. In coulimxons beams, Lhe
extreme fiber stress in concrete in
compression may be increased fif-
teen (16) per cent adjacent to Lhe
supports.
Section 9.509. SHEARING
STRESSES. hx computing the
section of concrete for shear, tLe
depth below the center of com-
pression and the center of tension
shall be need.
Section 9.510. BEiVDING MO-
MENTS FOR REAMS AND GIRD-
ERS. Beading moment coefficients
for beams anfl girders shall be the
same na Ynr slabs (see Section
9.606 of this Chapter) mxl~ss of
unusual length, in which case ac-
cepted theory of design shall be
used.
Sectimi 3.511. RENDING b10-
MENTS oY slabs, beams or girders,
which are conlinnons over two {`L)
spans only, shall be taken as 'ls
WL over the central sapport, and
]/10 WI, near the middle of the
span.
Section 9.612. NEGATIVE MO-
MENTS AT SUPPORTS. Provi-
simxfar bending of cmrtinuous slabs,
beams and girders at supports shall
be made with sufficient bend of
steel therefor to insure proper de-
velopment of tensile strength.
Section 9.513. WEB R F 1 N-
PORCh;ME1VT IN REAMS. Beams
and girders shall be provided with
stirrups or bent-up bare or both to
resist the shearing stresses when
such exceed the diagm~al shearing
strength of the coum~eto. Stir-
rups, iP necessary, shall not be
spaced greater than three-Conrths
('$i) the depth of the beam or
girder. Stirrups and bent bars
shall be 9o fixed as [o dnvelop
the necessary tensile strength of
the reinfm•coment.
Section 9.614. T BEAMS. With
monolithic casting of slabs and
beams the slab xnay be deemed a
portion of the beam and so com-
puted. The overhanKing slab on
each side so considered shall be
not more than one-sixth (1/6)
the span or four (4) Limes the
thickness of the slab. For the
calculation of longitudinal shear
and diagonal tension, the stem
of the 'P only shall be considered.
At supports, continuous T booms
shall he reinforced for the nega-
tive moment, if necessary, with
reinforcement of sufficient length
to insure proper bond.
Section 9.517. BENDING AND
DIRECT STRESS IN COLUMNS.
BendinK and direct stress in col-
umns shall be so computed that
file safe working stress in the ex-
treme fiber shall be not exceeded.
The following formula may be used
for this computatimx:
My P
Pl' A
1- --
lOF.
in which
Y,-:fiber stress due to bending;
f,=fiber stress due to direct load-
ing;
y=distanre from neutral axis to
the extreme fiber on the side
of masimnm compression;
M-=bending moment due to the
eccentric load;
P-the direct compressive load;
1=the length of the member i^
inches;
-.-the unit compressive stress
A in pounds per square inch.
E=the modulus of elaetcity of
material.
Section 9.518. FLAT SLAB CON-
STRUCTION.
(a) Limitations. Flat-slab con-
struction shall refer to concrete
;labs having reinforcement bars
extending in two or four directions,
without beams or girders to carry
the load to supporting members
and with a ratio of length to width
of panel not greater than 1.33. The
moment coefficients, mmnent distri-
bution and slab thicknesses speci•
fled herein are for slabs which have
three or more rows of panels,
in each direction, and in which
tine panels are approximately uni-
form in size. Slabs with paneled
ceiling or with depressed paneling
in the floor shall be considered as
coming under the requirements
herein given, provided the depth
of the thicker portion of the slab
does not exceed 1.5 times the depth
of the remainder of the slab.
(bl Panel Strips and Principal
Design Section. A flat-slab panel
shall be considered as consisting of
strfns as follows:
A middle strap one-half panel
in width, symmetrical with res-
pect to the pane] center line and
extending through the panel in
the direction in which moments
are being considered;
Two Oolumn strips, eaokx one-
quarter panel in width, occupying
the two 121 quarter-panel areas
outside of the middle strip.
Wl:mr considering moments in
the direction of the width of the
panel, the panel is similarly di-
vided by strips, the v/idth of
which are respectively one-half
and one-fourth of the length of
the panel.
The principal design sections are
located as follows:
Sections for Negative Moment
shall be taken along the edges
of the panel; that is, along the
lines joining the column centers.
For the column strips, the section
shall follow the center line be-
tween the columns to the edge
of the column capital and then
around the circumference of the
column capital for one-quarter
('/n) circumference.
Sections for Positive Moment
shall be taken on the center line
of the panel, crossing the strips
for which moments are being
considered.
(c) Moments in Interior Panels.
Flat-slabs in which -the ratio of
reinforcement, p, for negative mo-
ment in the column strip is not
greater than 0.01, the numerical
sum of the positive and negative
moments in the direction of either
side oP a rectangular panel shall
be not less than that given by
Formula 19.
M0.09w1 (12e/3D". _.....__(19)
ld) Moments in Principal Design
Sections. The moments in the prin-
cipal design sections shall be those
given in the accompanying table
oY moments, except as follows:
tD The sum oP maximum ne-
gative moments in the two column
strips maY be greater or less than
the values given in the table of
moments by not more than 0.03 Mo.
(2) The maximum negative and
the maximum positive moments in
the middle strip and the sum of
the maximum positive momenta in
the two column strips may be
greater or less than the values giv-
en in the table of moments by not
more than 0.01 Mo.
BENDING MOMENTS TO BE USED IN DESIGN
OF FLAT SLABS
For Interior Panels Fully Continuous
Flat-Slabs without Flnt-Slabs with
Strip ~ Dropped Panels Dropped Panels
Negative I Positive I Negative Positive
Slabs with 2-way Reinforcement
Column strip ..___ ~ U.23 Mo 0.11 Mo 0.25 Mo 0.10 Mo
2-Columnstrips._. 0.46 Mo 0.22 Mo I 0.50 Mo 0.20 Mo
Middle strip -___. i 0.16 Mo 0.16 Mo 0.15 Mo 0.15 Mo
Slabs with 4-way Reinforcement
Column strip _._._ ~ 0.25 Mo 0.10 Mo 0.27 Mo 0.095 Mo
2-Columnstrips.._ I 0.50 Mo I 0.20 Mo 0.54 Mo 0.190 Mo
Middle strip .___. I 0.10 Mo I'., 0.20 Mo 0.08 Mo 0.190 Mo
(e) Lateral Dimensions of
dropped panel. The dropped pan-
nel shall have a length or diameter
in each direction paralled to a
side of the panel of not less than
one-third the panel length in that
direction.
(f) Thickness of Slabs and
dropped Panels. The total thickness
of the slab through the dropped
panel, t, in inches, or oY the slab
if a dropped panel is not used,
shall be not less than the value
given by Formula 20.
t, 0.038 (1-1.44 c/ll 1
Note. The values of R in the
above formula are the co-efficients
of Mu in the preceding table in
this Section.
For slabs with dropped panels
the total thickness in inches at
points beyond the dropped panel
shall be not less than
17
The dropped panel shall have a
thickness of t, not greater than
1.5t_.
In determining minimum thick-
ness by Formulas 20 and 21, the
value of 1 shall be the panel
length center to center of the
columns, on the long side of panel
and the value of 1. shall be the
pane] width, center to center oY
Lhe columns.
The slab thickness t, or t: shall
in no case be less than 1/32 for
floor slabs, and not less than 1/40
for roof slabs.
(g) Wall and Other Irregular
Panels. In wall panels and other
panels in which the slab is not
continuous with an adjacent panel,
the maximum negative moment at
the edge of the panel opposite to
the discontinuous edge and the
maximum positive moment at
the center of this panel shall be
increased fifteen (15) per cent in
the column strip perpendicular to
the wall or discontinuous edge and
thirty (30) per cent in the middle
strip perpendicular to the wall
or discontinuous edge. Such in-
crease refers to the moments for
interior panels as specified in pa-
ragraph (d) of this Section.
In these strips the bars used
for positive moments perpendicu-
lar to the discontinuous edge shall
extend to the edge of the panel
at which the slab is discontinuous.
At the wall or discontinuous edge
the negative moment in Lhe column
strip shall be taken as not lees
than ninety (90) per cent and in
the middle strip as not less than
sixty-five (65) per cent of the cor-
respontling moments for a normal
interior panel as given in the table
in paragraph (d) of this Section.
(h) Panels with Marginal Beams.
A marginal beam which has a
depth greater than the thickness
of the dropped panel into which
it frames, shall be designed to car-
ry. in addition to the load super-
imposed directly upon it, a uni-
formly distributed load equal to
at least one-fourth of the total
live and dead load for which the
adjacent panel or panels are de-
signed. Slabs supported by mar-
ginal beams on opposite edges shall
be designed as freely supported
slabs for the entire load.
Colrunn strips adjacent to and
parallel with marginal beams hav-
ing adepth less than the thickness
cf the dropped pane], shall be de-
signed to resist the moment speci-
fied for a column strip in the
table of moments. Column strips
adjacent to and parallel with mar-
ginal beams having a depth less
than the thickness of the dropped
panel, shall be designed to resist a
m^ment at least one-half as great
as that specified for a column
strip in the table of moments.
In wall columns where brackets
are used in place of capitals, the
value of c in the direction in which
the bracket extends shall be taken
as twice the distance from the
center oP the column to a point
one and one-half (1'F~) inches back
from the edge of the bracket and
averaged with the value of c for
an interior column capital in the
computation for moments in Form-
ula 19. The value of c for column
strips parallel and adjacent to
marginal beams shall be taken as
equal to the width of the wall
column if no bracket is used in
this direction.
(i) Flat-slabs on Bearing Walls.
Whero there is a beam or a bearing
wall at the center line of columns
in the interior portion of a con-
tinuous flat slab, the negative mo-
ment at the beam or wall line in
the middle strip perpendicular to
the beam or wall shall be taken
as thirty BO) pee cent greater
than the negative moment specified
in the table of moments in para-
graph (d) of this 6ection for a
middle strip. The column strip
adjaent to and lying on either
side of the beam or wall shall be
designed to resist moments at least
one-half of those specified in the
table of moments for a column
strip.
(j) Points of Inflection. In the
middle strip the point of inflec-
tion for the slabs without dropped
panels shall be assumed at a line
0.30 1 distant from the center of
the span, and for slabs with
dropped Fanels 0.25 1 distant from
the center of the span.
In the column strip the point of
inflection for slabs without dropped
panels shall be at a line 0.30 (1-c)
distant from the center of the
panel and 0.25 (1-c) Por slabs with
dropped panels.
(k) Effective Reinforcement. The
reinforcement which crosses nny
section and which fulfills the re-
quirements given in paragraph (ll
of this Section may be considered
as effeotive in resisting the moment
at the section. The sectional area
of a bar multiplied by the cosine
of the angle between the direotion
of the axis of the bar and any
other direction may be considered
effective as reinforcement in that
direction.
(ll Arrangement of Reinforce-
ment. The reinforcement shall be
securely fastened in place. A]1
bars in rectangular or diagonal di-
rections r:hall be carried to points
at least twenty (20) diameters be-
yond the point of inflection an
each side of a section of oritical,
1: ositive, or negative moment.
Lapped splices shall not be per-
mdtted at or near regions of maxi-
mum stress except as follows:
In slabs, beams and girders,
spiices of reinforcement s h a 11
not be made at points of maxi-
mum stress without the approval
of the Building Inspector. Splices,
where permitted, shall provide
sufficient lap to transfer the
sCress between bars by bond and
shear.
Where changes in the cross-
section of a compressior. member
occur, the longitudinal bars shall
be sloped for the full length of
the member or offset in a region
where lateral support is afford-
ed. Where offset, the elope oP
the inclined portion from the
axis of the member shall not be
more than 1 in 6.
At least four-tenths (0.4) of all
bars in each direction shall be of
such length and shall be so placed
as to provide reinforcement at two
sections of critical negative mo-
ment and at the intermediate sec-
tion of critical positive moment.
Not less than one-third of the
bars used for positive reinforce-
ment in the column strip shall ex-
tend into the dropped panel at
least twenty (20) diamaters of the
bar, or in case no dropped panel
is used, shall extend to within one-
eighth P/a) of the span length from
the center line of the column or
the support.
(m) Special Panel Arrangement.
For structures having a width of
less than three rows of panels, or
in which irregular or special panels
are usen, an analysis shall be
made oT the moments developed in
both slabs and columns.
Sectio¢ 9.519. REINFORCED
CONCRETE COLUMNS.
(a? Limiting Dimensions. Re~n-
forced concrete coiumns shall be
not longer than forty (40) times
the least radius of gyration, unless
designed as long columns as speci-
fied in paragraph (h) of this Sec-
tion. Principal columns shall have
a minimum gross diameter of not
less than twelve (12) inches.
(b) Unsupported Length and Ra-
dius of Gyration of Columns. The
unsupported length of reinforced
concrete columns shall be:
(ll In flat-slab co¢struction
the clear distanoe between the
floor and under side of the capi-
tal or dropped panel above;
(2) In beam-and-slab con-
struction, the clear distance be-
tween the floor and the under
side of the shallowest beam fram-
ing into the column at the next
higher floor level;
(3) In floor oonstruotion with
beams in one direction only, the
clear distance between floor
slabs;
l4) In columns supported lat-
erally by struts or beams only,
the clear distance between con-
aeoubive pairs (or groups) of
struts or beams, provided that to
be considered an adequate sup-
port, two such struts or beams
shall meet the column at ap-
proximately the same level and
the angle between the two planes
formed by the axis of the column
and the axis of eaoh strut res-
pectively is not less than seven-
ty-five (75) deg. nor more than
one hundred five (105) deg.
When haunches are used at
the junction of beams or struts
with columns, the clear distance
between supports may be con-
sidered as reduced by two-thirds
of the depth of the haunch.
The radius of gyration of a
column shall be computed from
the concrete area of the core and
the transformed section of the
longitudinat steel area. That is,
the actual area of the steel multi-
plied by n, this being assumed to
be distributed uniformly around
the periphery of the core.
(c) Design of Spiral Columns.
The safe axial load on columns re-
inforced with longitudinal bars
and closely spaced spirals enclos-
ing a circular core, shall be not
greater than that determined by
Formula 22.
PA [l+ (n-ll pi [300+
(0.10+4p) f'c .. (22)
The longitudinal reinforcement
shall consist of at least six bars of
minimum diameter of one-half (~Gz)
inch, and the total effective cross-
sectional area shall be not less
than one (ll per cent nor more
than six (6) per cent of that of the
core.
The spiral reinforcement shall be
not less than one-fourth ('/,) the
volume of the longitudinal rein-
forcement. Ii shall consist of even-
ly spaced continuous spirals held
firmly in place and true to line
by at least three vertical spacer
bars. The spacing of the spirals
shall be not greater than one-
sixth (1/6) of the diameter of the
Dore and in no ease more than
three (3) inches.
Reinforcement shall be protected
by a covering of concrete, cast mo-
nolithic with the core, of a thick-
ness not less than that specified.
(d) Design of Columns with
Lateral Ties. The safe axial load
on column; reinforced with longi-
tudinal bars and separate lateral
ties shall be not greater than that
determined by Formula 23.
P=(A'c+Asn) fc (23)
fc shall not exceed 0.20 f'c.
The amount of longitudinal rein-
forcement shall be not less than
five-tenths (0.5) per cent nor shall
the amount considered in the cal-
culations be more than two (2)
per cent of the total area of the
column. The longitudinal reinforce-
ment shall consist of not less than
four bars of minimum diameter of
one-half ('Fz) inoh and shall be
protected by a covering of con-
crete, cast monolithic with the
column.
Lateral ties shall be at least one-
quarter ('/) inch in diameter,
spaced not more than eight B)
inches apart and the points of
successive ties shall be placed in
rotation around the column.
(e) Bending In Columns. The
bending moments in interior and
exterior columns shall be determ-
ined on the basis of loading con-
1S
ditions and end restraint and shall
be provided for in the design.
In flat-slab construction, a bend-
ing moment at all interior columns
equal to W.1/40 shall be assumed
to cover all ordinary cases of un-
equal loading in floors and roofs.
In this formula W,= the total live
load on one panel and 1= the
span, center to center of columns,
lengthwise to the panels. Known
eccentric loads and uneven spac-
ing of columns shall be provided
for in the design. Resistance to
these bending moments shall be
provided in the columns immedi-
ately above and below in dfrect
proportion to the values of their
radios of 1/h (See paragraph (b)
of this Section). In columns sup-
porting roofs the moment shall
be resisted by the column below.
Wall columns in flat-slab con-
struction shall be designed to re-
sist bending in the same manner
as interior columns except that
the total live and dead load in
the panel shall be used instead oY
the live load only when comput-
ing the moment. Any counter mo-
ment due to the weight of the
structure that projects beyond the
column center line may be deducted
from the moment computed as
just described.
The limiting unit stresses due to
the combined axial load and bend-
ing shall be determined as follows:
(ll Wlth Spiral Reinforcement
-The compressive unit stress at
(Continued from Page 11)
the extreme f1Ure on the con-
crete within the core area undel
combined axial load and bend-
ing shall not exceed the value
given by the expression 3001
(0.10}4P> f'p.
(2) With Lateral Ties-Ad-
ditional longitudinal reinforce-
ment may be used if required to
provide for the bending stresses,
and the compressive unit stress
at the extreme fibre on the con-
crete under combined axial load
and bending may be increased
to 0.30 f'c. The column section,
however, shall be not less than
that required by the provisions
of paragraph (d) of this Sec-
tion where axial load alone is
considered. The total amount of
reinforcement considered in the
computations for combined stress
shall be not more than four (4i
per cent of the total area of the
cohtmn.
(f) Oomposite Columns. The
safe load on composite columns in
which a structural steel or cast-
iron column is thoroughly encased
in a circumferentially reinforced
concrete core shall be based on a
unit stress of 0.25 f'c on the area
within the spiral core plus the unit
compressive stress on the steel or
cast-iron core as determined by
Formulae 24 and 25 respectively.
18,000
fr
h' .___..._.....(241
1}
18,000 R°
but shall not exceed 16,000 lbs. per
sq. in.
fr=12,000-60 h/R........__._.(25)
but shall net exceed 10,000 lbs. per
sq. in.
The diameter of tl.e cast-iron
section shall not exceed one-half of
the diameter of the core within the
spiral. The spiral reinforcement
shall be not less than flue-tenths
(0.5) per cent of the volume of the
core within the spiral and sYtall
conform in quality, spacing and
other requirements to the pro-
visions for spirals in paragraph (c)
of this Section.
Ample section of concrete and
continuity of reinforcement shall
be provided at the junction with
Ueams or girders. The area oY the
concrete between the spiral and
the metal core shall be not less
than that required to carry the to-
tai floor load of the story shove on
the basis of a stress in the con-
crete of 0.35 f'c unless special
brackets are arranged on the metal
core to receive directly the beam
or slab load.
(g) Structural 6teel Columns.
The safe load on a structural steel
column of a section which fully en-
cases an area of concrete and
which is protected by an outside
shell of conorete at least three (3)
inches thick, shall be computed in
the same manner as for composite
columns in paragraph (f) of Sec-
tion 9.519, allowing 0.25 f'c on the
area of the concrete enclosed by
the steel section. The outside shell
shall be reinforced by wire mesh
weighing not less than two-tenths
(0.2) lbs. per sq. ft. or by ties or
spirals of equal weight, and with
a spacing of not more than six (6)
inches between strands or hoops.
Special brackets shall be used to
receive the entire floor load at each
story. The safe load in steel
columns calculated by Formula 24
shall not exceed 16,000 lbs. per
sq. ln.
(h) Long Columns. The permis-
sible working load on the core in
axially loaded columns which have
a length greater than forty (40)
times the least radius of gyration
of the column core (40R) shall be
not greater than that determined
by Formula 26.
P'=P (1.33-h/720 R)......_.._(20)
Section 9.520. PLACING REIN-
FORCEMENT. Metal reinforce-
ment shall be accurately placed
and secured and shall be supported
by chairs, spacers, or hangers. The
minimum clear distance between
parallel bars shall be one and one-
halP (h/s) times the diameter for
round bars or one and one-half
(ll/z) times the diagonal for
square bars. The minimum clear
distance between bars and forms
shall be the diameter of round bars
and the diagonal of square bars. If
the ends of bars are anchored in
an approved manner, the clear
spacing may be made equal to the
diameter of round bars or to the
diagonal of square bars, but in no
case shall the spacing between bars
be less than one (ll inch, nor less
than one and one-third (11/3)
times the maximum size of the
coarse aggregate. The main longi-
tudinal slab steel shall be spaced
not more than two and one-half
(2'fa> times the slab thickness, and
not less than one-tenth (1/10) of
one (ll per cent of transverse steel
shall be provided.
Set ion 9.621. PROTECTION
OF REINFORCEMENT. Steel re-
inforcement shall have a mintmum
protection of concrete on all sides
as follows
Columns, beams and
girders _._..._______..._. 2inches
Floor and roof slabs and
1Valls 1 inch
Footings and foundations 2inches
In all cases aufflcient bond shall
be provided.
Section 9 623. MIXING AND
PLACING. Concrete shall be so
mixed. transported and placed that
the fall designed strength is as-
sured consistently throughout the
structure.
Secton 9.624. FORMS. Form
work shall be ao placed and se-
cured that the designed shapes and
concrete strength is assured con-
sistenUy throughout the stnmture.
Forms shall not be removed before
sufficient strength of the concrete
has been secured to insure its sta-
bility, and except upon the aperial
written permission of the Btalding
Inspector. The following time al-
lowable for stripping shall be not
reduced: Walla and columna-
eeven (7) days; Floor and ceiling
slabs-ten (10) days; Beams and
girders-twenty (20) days.
Section 9.600. STEEL TRUS-
SES. Steel trusses may be of tnh-
ing or structural shapes, and may
be welded, riveted, bolted or other-
wise fastened, so that the stresses
are carried in an adequate manner
consistent with the permanency of
the steel itaelY.
Where gas or electric err, weld-
ing is used, the spliced section
shall be built up so that the metal
at Gte splice is such that at least
a consistent strength is provided
for the whole. a safe vane ~s
fifty (60) per rent greater se~~~iou
spector may require the test of
at the weld. 'Phe Bmlding In-
specixnens and a demmxstra[ion of
the competency of worktu en o^
this class of construction.
Electric spot welding is permis-
sible bat subject to test for design
strength. 9uificient away and
IateraL bracing shall be provided
throughout.
Section 0.601. llES1GN. Steel
trusses s'.tall be so designed thai
the whole is statioally determinate,
disregarding rigidity of joints.
Section 9.602. STEEL GIItllERS
ANll BEAMS. The thickness of
the web ht built-np girders shall
be not leas than one-one hmtdredth
and twentieth (1/120) oY the dis-
tance between the flange angles or
stifeners, nor less than one-fourth
('/,) inch.
Witen the unsupported length
(1) of the compression flange oY a
girder exceeds ten (10) times its
width (b) the unit etreas in aach
flange shall not exceed 16,000--
1
150-. The length and width t°e
b
in inches. The unsupported length
of the compression flange shall not
be greater than forty (40) times
Ito width.
S[i Renere shall be provided over
supports, and under concentrated
loads, and shall be sufficiently fast-
ened or secured to tranamlC the
stresses of the web.
If the unsupported depth of web
plate exceeds sixty (60) times its
thleknesa, intermediate stiffeners
shall be provided. All stiffeners
shall be in Pairs with close bear-
ing against the fiang~e angles.
On masonry bearings, plates or
cast seats shall be provided to dis-
tribute the load wihin allowable
limits.
Section 9.603. RIVETING OF
STEEL. The distance Yrom the
edge of the hole to the edge of the
piece shall not be less than one
and one-half (1.5) d. where d
is the diameter of the hole.
Rivets shall be machine driven
wherever possible. The pitch Of
rivets shall not be lees than three
(3) diameters of the rivet, nor more
than eight (8) inches.
Section 9.604. PROTECTION OF
STEEL MF,MBF.RS. All structural
metal work shall be cleaned of all
scale, dirt and rust and except
when embedded in cement or con-
creie shall be thoroughly coated
with at least one (1) coat oY nom
corroding paint before leaving Lhe
shop or before erection. After
erection, all places left Yor ahoD
marks, all abraaiona, and all rivet
heads and bolts shall be painted,
after which the entiro frame shall
be painted with at least one (1)
additional coat of tint diRerent
from the first.
All iron or steel used below the
ground water level shall be in-
closed by Portland cement con-
crete.
WOOD CONSTRUCTION
Section 9.700. WOOD BEAMS
AND JOISTS. Beams and joiata
in fire or party walls shall be
separated from any other beam on
the opposite side of aach wall by
at ]cask six (6) inches of tight
masonry. All such beams or joists
shall be self-releasing. Al] beams
shall have adequate bearing areas.
Section 9.701. THICKNESS OF
WOOD BEAMS AND JOISTS. No
wood beam or joist shall be less
than two (2) Inches in [hlcknesa,
commercial size.
is
Section 9.702. ANCHORS FOR
BEAMS AND JOISTS. Beams and
joists shall be anchored, when in
masonry walls, at least every six
(8) feet along the wall. When
such beams or joists parallel the
wall, anchor straps shall be an-
chored in the wall and shall Bross
and be flied to not leas than two
(2) such beams, shall extend not
less than three (3) feet out Crom
the wall and shall be not more lhan
six (6) feet on centers. (Sae Sec-
timt 8.306 of this Code.)
Section 9.703. TIMBER COL-
UMNS. Timber columns which ex-
ceed a ratio of length to diameter
of twenty-flue (25) to thirty (30)
and having pin end connections
shall be designed according to the
table in Section 8.305 or in accord-
ance with the Euler Formula.
P `L74 E
A / L \'
\ d /
where - is the allowable unit col-
A
mm~ stress in pomtds per square
inch, E is the modulus of elastic-
ity; L is the unsupported length
i^ inches; d is the ]east dimen-
sion of column in inches. (For
working strengths see Section 5.305
of this Code.)
Section 9.704. CONSTRUC'pION
DETAILS. WOOD COLUMNS. All
columns shall be squared and so
anchored as to insare an even and
square seat at the bearing ends.
Where columns continue through
floors, girders or beams shall not
separate the bearing ends of col-
umns, but shall be connected by
castings or plates or other approved
connections. All bolts need shall
have iron washers to diah•ibnte [he
stress within the allowances of ma-
terial strength stipulated in 6ec-
tion R.305 oP this Code.
Section 9.705. TERMITF, PRO-
TECTION. Al] wood fopndation
construction shall be given a Tho-
rough and complete approved coat-
ing of coal tar creosote or other
approved deterrent. Foundation
eonetrnctiou shall include :>Jl tim-
ber below the Grst floor. as joists,
braves, sills, posts and exterior
trim. Exterior tom may be trea~ed
with zinc chloride in lieu of the
creosote above required.
No wood aonstruotion shall be
placed nearer than six f6) inches
CO the gTOn1U1 6llrfaCB, lllllesa ap-
proval therefor is obtained ill writ-
ing from the Building inspector.
All masonry foundation consll-nc-
tion supporting Crams construction
shall bo either Portland cement. con-
crete or masonry laid np in Port-
land cement mortar, or other ap-
Droved equivalent termite resisting
cmisunction All wood resting on
ntaemtry which is within rivelve
(12) inchex of the ground surface,
whether above or below the first
floor, sha71 be treated es hm•ein-
bePOre provided for Poundatimt con-
struction and shall bo capped with
not lees than one (1) lush of Port-
land cement mortar.
On all posts and sills a termite
shield shall be provided, cortin wing
romplel ely around the foundation
supports and including all supports
and piping and so constructed that
access to the supera'trpedlre by
termites crawling from the grmmd
is obstructed by such shield.
Shields shall be of sheets of non-
corrosive metal projecting at Least
two (2) inches out from Ute sur-
face. and bent doamward at an
angle of forty-five (46°) degrees.
and shall not exceed one sixteenth
(1/16) inch in thickness.
911 openings into attics, roof
spaces or other sf milar openings
into unoccupied spaces except
spaces below the first floor shall
have non-corroding metal screen
not larger than sixteen (16) mesh,
and the wires of which are not
smaller than No. 23 Browny sad
Sharpe gauge.
All wood forms ou concrete con-
stnmtion shall be removed within
forty-five (45) days from the pour-
ing of the concrete.
Section 9.706. FRAME BUILD-
INGS. Frame third class buildings
may be constructed of single one
(1) inch nominal thickness board
walls without studs for one (1)
story in height where such hoe
cross partitions at ]easC for every
thirty (30) feeC of such wall 'pwo-
etory third class buildings may be
constructed oY single wall for the
upper story, but shall he supported
by studded walls below. Studding
shall be not less than two by three
(2x31 inches, and shall be so
braced to amply carry the loads
imposed.
Section 9.707. BRACING FRAME
BUiT.DINGS. When frame dweio-
lugs are supported by posts, knee
bracing shall be provided of suffi-
cient strength tp stabilize the struc-
ture against movement from wind
pressure in any direction. Single
wall construction shat] be braced
with not less than two by six
(2xf) belt course between the
floor and the ceiling.
CHAPTER 10
PRECAUTIONS DURING BUILD-
ING OPERATIONS
Section 10.100. STORAGE OF
MATERIALS AND USE AND PRO-
'PF.CTION OF S1llEWALKS AND
STREETS. Street and sidewalk
areas may be used to facilitate
building construction upon the foi-
lowing conditions:
1. Sidewalks shall be protected
witlr a substantial board fence at
leasC eight (8) feet high con-
structed along the center line of
the sidewalk, and decked over to
amply protect pedestrians passing
below.
2. The street area shall not be
used except under very special con-
ditions, in which event application
for street use shall be made in
writing to the Building Inspector.
A permit therefor may be approved
by the Building Inspector in his
smind discretion, and shall be for
a period not to exceed twenty (20)
days. Anew permit may be issued
Yor Lur[her time if deemed advis-
able.
3. Depositing of materials, ex-
cavated earth, or debris on aide-
wulk or street areas shall not ex-
ceed twenty-four hours. This pro-
vision shall not be defeated by re-
placement oY ^ew material. Pro-
vided, however, that a permit there-
for may be issued as hereinbefore
provided.
4. R'here sidewalk areas are
excavated Yor basement areas or
foundations, the street area be-
yond the curb shall be supported
and protected by anitabla retaining
walls and the sidewalk area shall
he maintained with suitable and
sate temporary planking as pro-
vided in Paragraph 1 of this Sec-
tion.
Section 10.200. PROTECTION
OF PUBLIC. Wherever an ex-
cavation is made Yor building, or
material is stored, or blasting is
being done, or the usual condition
of the public ways diarilrbed in
such manner as to produce a dan-
gerous cond[tion, the person caoa-
ing anv such condition shall main-
tain proper safeguards either by
proper Demons posted to warn the
public, or by other approved means
as railings, guards, signs or warn-
ings, and at night by red warning
lights conspicuously posted.
Section 10.300. F'ROTECTfON
OF WORKMEN. Temporary con-
struction, scaffolding, ladders,
stays, cables, hoists, temporary
electrical lines. gangways, staging
a.nd similar temporary devices
used in construction shall be sub-
stantially guarded, constructed and
maintained to insure al] reasonable
safety to the workmen employed
on the premiaea, and it shall be
the duty of the Building Inspectm~
to investigate and report upon the
responsibility of all serious acci-
dents on construction work to the
Board of Supervisors as to the
adequacy of precautions on xho
work, apd in general to see that
all reasonable precautions are Lak-
en on all constnmtion work nndrr
his snpotwieion.
Section 10.900. PROTECTION
OF ADJACEN'p PROl'ERTV. The
depth 'oY ten (lU) feet below the
adjacent curb eleva.linn is hereby
fixed as the standard depth of
Poundatlons. Any person excavat-
ing to a greater depth Yhan the
above standard shall protect the
adjoining property from any dam-
ages from such excavation. No per-
son constructing foundations to
the standard depth or less shall be
liable Tor damages to adjoining
property, provided, however, that
the Superintendent of Buildings
shall be given due notice of th^
possible damage or danger. It shall
be the duty of the Buperintendent
of Buildings, upon receipt of such
notice, W examine the premises and
notify the owner of the threatened
building, his opinion of the work
necessary to make his structure
safe, and the owner of the threat-
ened building shall have the right
Lo enter upon the property of the
adjoining owner in order to do
the work necessary to make his
building safe. Such work shall be
promptly and expeditiously carried
out so as to interfere as little as
possible with the construction of
the adjoining owner, and in the
event of controversy the Super-
intendent oP Buildings shall decide
the questions at issue.
Section 10.600. UTiLITV AND
SANITATION REQUIREMENTS.
All constrnetiou work shall provide
sufficient toilets or portable ap-
proved latrines for the accommo-
datimt of the workmen, or arrange-
ments made Yor the use of spch
accommodations upon adjoining
premises.
CHAPTER 11
FIRE PROTECTION
Sect ion 11.100. FIRE RESIS-
TIVE MATERiAF.S. Whenever
any new material is proposed not
enumerated in Chapter 2 of this
Code, ae "Fire-proof" or "Fire Re-
sisting;' the National Board of
Fire Underwriters' tests thereon
shall be considered as a compara-
tive guide for the determination
oY its classificatioxl.
Section 11.200. PROTECTION
OF WALL COLIIMNS. All col-
umns which support steel girders
carrying exterior walls, and all
columns which are built into walls
and support floors only, shall he
protected against corrosion by a
coating of Portland cement mortar
at least one-fourtlt (t/a) inch thick,
and against moisture and fire by a
casing of masmlry which shall be
not less than four (4) inches of
brick m• three (3) inches of eon-
crete on all surfaces; all Lo be
well bonded into the masonry of
The enclosing walls. In the avant
concrete is used the initial plaster
coat may be omitted.
Section 11.201. I'ROTF.CTION
OF WALL GIRDERS. The wall
girders shall have a casing of Port-
land cement mortar and the same
masonry protectimt as required Eor
wall columns, all to be securely
tied and bonded; but the extreme
outer edge of the flanges of beams,
or plates or angles connected to
the beams may project within two
(2) inches of the outside surface
of such caein g. The inside surfaces
of Lhe girders shall be similarly
protected by masonry, or if pro-
jecting inside the walls, they shall
be protected by concrete, terra
cotta, or other approved fireproof
material not less than two t2)
inches thick.
Section 11.202. PROTECTION
Ol` OTHER STRUCTURAL MEM-
20
BERS. All metal structural ment-
bera which support loads or resist
stresses other ^ian those provided
for by the two (2) preceding pat•a-
g=rapha shall have a protection of
fireproofing as herein specified.
The protection material shall be
brick, concrete, rile or gypsum tllock,
Concrete shall be not weaker than
u 1:2:4 mixture. Tile may be solid
or hollow, and shall be porous or
8eml-p OrmtB; Ilelther sheds nOr
webs shall be less than five-eighths
<"a) inoh think. Gypsum blocks
shall be solid and of quality ap-
proved by the Bnihling htspector.
Plaster shall not be considered a
part of any required fireproofing
1'or metal structural members ex-
cept where specifically mentioned
as such.
Suction 1Y.203. MORTAR FOR
MASONRY FIREPROOFING. All
bricks or blocks used Por fireproof-
ing shall be eet in Portland cement
mortar, except that gypsum blocks
may be set in gypsum mortar.
Section 11-204. PROTECTION
OF 1NT17RIOR COLUMNS.
1. The protection shall cover
Lhe columns at all points to a
thickness of not leas than three (3)
lathes and be continuous from the
base to the top of the column.
The extreme outer edges of Lugs,
brackets and similar supporting
metal may project to within mte
(1) inch of the outer surface oY
the protection.
2. IC brick or blocks are used
for fireproofing columns, they shall
be accurately fitted, laid with brok-
en jotrtts, and all spaces betwee^
trte outside layer and the metal
solidly filled with masonry; or a
oona'eto filling may be need. No
voids between Lho metal and the
protecting casing shall be permit-
ted.
S. Galvanized steel wire, not
smaller than No. 12 gauge, shall be
securely wrapped around block col-
umn coverings so that every block
is crossed at ]east once by a wire.
The wire shall not be wmmd spiral-
ly around the column, but each
turn or band shall be a eeperate
unit and shall be twisted tightly or
otherwise securely bound. Other
equivalent anchorage may be em-
ployed if approved by the Building
Inspector. No block used for this
purpose shall exceed twelve (12)
inches i^ vm•tica] dimension.
Note: Any method which would
securely lock the blocks in place,
or hold them bS substantial interior
meta] ties, world be superior to the
wire wrapping above described.
4. Columns located in daxup
placee shall receive a coat of a[
least one (1) inoh of Portland ce-
ment mortar before application of
Lhe fireproofing.
6. Columns made of steel or
wrought iron pipe filled with con-
crete shnll be protected by at lesst
cue and one-half (P/z) inches oP
fireproofing.
G. Where the fireproofing of ool-
mm~s is expoeed to damage from
trucking or handling of merchan-
dise, Lhe fireproofing shall bo jack-
eted ou the autside Por a height of
tint less than three (3) Peet from
the seer with metal or other aIv
proved coverfng.
Section ll. °05. PROTECTION
OF STEEI. GIRllh:R9 AND BEAMS.
1. The protection of Lhe webs
and bottom flanges of girders and
all members of trusses shall have
a thickness of not less than two
(2) inches at all points. The pro-
tectiott of tits webs and bottom
flanges of beams, lintels and all
other structural members shall be
not less than one mid one-half
(1Y1) inches at any point.
2. If hollow clay rile be used
fur protection, IIte lower flanges
of beams and similar members
shall be etleased either by lugs
which form part of the skewhaeks
and extend around the flanges meet-
ing at the middle; or by rile slabs
held in position by dove-tailed lugs
projecting from the akewbacks. ]n
either c2se care shall be taken to
insure that all joints be solidly
filled with mortar.
Section 11.206. CONCRETF. PRO-
TECTION for al] structural mem-
bers shall be held in position by
suitably designed interior steel au-
chore hooked secw•ely around the
flanges or angles of the met:there
at intervals not exceeding eight
(3) inches apart; these anchors
shat] be not less than one-eighth
(ys) inch in thickness if flat or
one-tenth (1/10) inch in diameter
if of wire, and shall be located at
a distance not less than three-
fourths (a/,t) inch, uor more than
one (f)inch from the outside sur-
faoe. Provision shall be made to
prevent displacement of anchors
while concrete is being deposited.
When the flange width o[ steel
members exceeds six (6) Inches,
the wire used for anchoring the
concrete protection shall be not
loss than one-eighth (t/s) inch dia-
meter.
Section 11.207. STEEI. ANGLE
OR CHANNEL STRUTS, or other
structural framing ^ot elsewhere
provided for, which are used Tor
support in any wall, partition or
i>tber cmtstruction, shall be 1h•e-
proofed as required in this section,
or in Section 11.'211, paragraph 4 of
this Chapter.
Sectimt 11.208. METAL PAN-
ELS on the exterior oY buildings
over one (1) story high shall be
backed np or lilted in with masonry
not less tl:an eight (8) inches thick.
Soctipn 11209, MISCELLANE-
OUS FIREPROOFING P R O V I-
S1ONS.
1. UeYective or damaged fire-
proofing maf erials shall not be
need. Al] fireproof construction in-
jured or damaged after being
erected shall be repaired to the
satisfaction of the Building IIv
specter before any filling or finish
is placed over same.
2. No pipes, wires, cables, or
other material shall be incased
within or embedded in the co-
gnired fireproof protection of aa4
mints or other structrtral membm•s.
3 Ail meta] lath and plaster
ceilings shall be supported by
hangers or clamps attached to the
floor m• root coustrnc[ion in an
aUUroved manner. Such supports
shall be oY such section and weight
as will support the wet plaster
without deserting more than mte-
thirtieth (1/30) inch per foot oP
span.
4. All atuddiug for metal lath
partitions or wall furring shall be
made from steel stock weighing
not less than five-tenths (0.6) of a
pound per lineal foot, shall bo
spaced not over sixteen (16) inches
center to tearer and shall be se-
mtr~ly Gtsteued to the floor and
ceiling construction.
5. Metal lath shall be of gal
vanized steel weighing ^ot less
thou fifty-four (64) ounces Uer
square yard. Wire lath shall he
not loss than No. 20 gauge, and
sheet metal lath not less than No.
24 gauge. Metal lath shall be laced
tc the supporting furring or studs
at intervals not exceeding six (6)
inches. Where lath ie bac)z-plas-
Lered it need not be galvanized.
6. After fleece are constructed,
no opening greater than two (`L)
square feet shall be cut through
them unless suitable metal Yram-
ing or relnforciug is provided
around the opening. After pipes
or conduits are in place, al] open-
ings around them shall be filled in
solidly with fireproofing material
unless approved close fitting in-
dividual sleeves are Urovided.
Section 11.210. PROTECTION
ON' METAL 51'RUCTURAL MEM-
BERS IN NON-FIREPROOF
BUILDINGS. Steel girders and
steel oc icon cohtmn5 whin] sup-
port masonry walls, other than
those facing upon a street, shall
be protected by at least rive <2)
inches of Hreproofing oP the same
materials and a.pPLied in the mnrr
ner specified horeiubefore for wall
girders; or by two (2) inches oY
meta] lath and cement plaster, the
latter being applied in two (2) ]ay-
ors wlih an air apace between
them. AR other iron or steel col-
umns shalt he Protected by at least
one (1) inch of me[aL lath and
cement plaster or its equivalent.
The lath shall be of quality speci-
fied in 6ectiwt 11.209, paragraph ~.
of this Chapter.
section 11.211. PARTIT10N5
1N F1RST CLASS Rti]LDINGS.
1. In fireproof bnildings, all par-
titions enclosing public halls or
separating the spaces occu Uied by
different tenants, and all other per-
manent partitious, shall be built
not less than four (4) inches thick,
oY solid or hollow brick, terra cotta,
concrete or gypsum blocks or tile;
m- not less than two and one-half
(2t/i) inches thick of reinforced
concrete or solid metal lath and
cement plaster; or of such other
incombustible materials a.nd thick-
ness as shall meet the Standard
Fire Testing for Partitions of the
American Society for Testing Ma-
terials. The required thickness 1'or
block or file partitions shall be ex-
clusive of plaster. All such parti-
tions shall be securely fastened to
the fireproof aonatruct.ion of the
floor and ceiling. All bricks, blocks
m' file shall ho laid with broken
joints.
2. All partitions not enumerated
above shall be of incombustible
materials, except for woodwork
permitted in Sectio¢ 3,200 of this
Code.
3. All partitious in fireproofing
bnildings shall be independently
supported at each floor level, and
where lateral support is not suffi-
cient they shall bo stiffened by such
steel reinforcement encased in the
constnwtimt ae the Biulding ln-
pector may require and aDProve.
4. Structural steel members
necessary Pm• supporting a parti-
timt, or for framing doorways or
nth er openings through it, shall be
protected by at least one (1) incl:
oY flreproofinK. Cemmtt Ulaster, or
cement-tempered plaster, may be
aoceptcd for this purpose if prop-
erly keyed.
5. Reinforced concrete Yor par-
titions shall have n compreesive
strength oP two ihmteand (2,000)
pounds at twenty-eight (28) days.
Olay file shall be porous or
send-porous in quality, attd if hol-
low shall have two cells in the
thicknESS, with the thickness of
shells inchtsive of plaster key
tint less than three-fourths ('/ )
inch, and the thickness of ruche
not less than five-eights (R/s) inch.
The shells and webs or hollow
gypsum m' concrete blocks or rile
shall be not less than three-fmu'ths
('y4) inch. Gypsum shall be used
only in dry locations. Metal lath
and studding shall conform to the
requirexnenta of Section 11.209 oC
^tis' Chapter.
6. If a stab hallway be con
sidered as a part oY the stairway,
and the latter is not separately
enclosed as required by Sectio^
11.600 of this Chapter, then the
enclosing partitions for the hall-
way shall be considered as the
stairway shaft, and shall be en-
closed wiUt masonry walls of
eight (8) inch hollow concrete
blocks, six (6) inches of hollow
clay tile, or five (5) inches of rein-
forced concrete.
7. If the partition surrounding
a public ha!hvay be erected in ac
cordance with the requirements for
a fire exit partition, it may bo con-
sidered as a horizontal exit for an
ocmtpmmy equal to the area of the
hallway in square feet. divided by
three (3).
Section 11.21L. FIRE-RESIS-
TIVE PARTITIONS iN SEGOND
ChASS BUILDINGS.
1. In Second Class non-fireproof
buildings all partitions enclosing
public hallways, or separating the
spaces- occupied by different [en-
21
ants, shall either be built as re-
quired in Section 11.211 of this
Chapter, or they may be built of
not less than three (3) inch up-
proved solid or hollow partition
or two (2) inch solid metal sGtd-
ding and lath with cement plast-
er, or by two by four (2x4) inch
wooden studding with wood or
metal lath and iln•ee-fourth ('/a)
inch of cement or cement-tempered
plaster on each side; or of any
other matariala and thickness as
shall meet the requirements of
[he Partition fire test as pre-
scribed by the American Society
for Testing Materials for Fireproof
Partitions. Wooden studs shall be
set with four (4) inch dimension
at right angles to the plane oP the
wall.
2. All such partitions shall be
fire-stopped the full depth oY the
floor beams at each floor level by
filling with tight-fitting brick or
concrete or other approved means.
3. The principles governing hall-
way partition omtstruction, as
stated in Section 11.211, paragraphs
6 and 7 of this Chapter, shall ap-
ply to the constriction of like
partitions in nos`fireproof buil'd-
ings-.
Section 11.213 STEEL ROOF
TRDSS PROTECTION. In lieu of
the protection far steel members
hereinbefore stipulated, a metal
lath and plaster ceiling shall be
deemed protection oC the truss
members. 6ce Section 11.700 of this
Chapter.
Section 11.600. VERTICAL. OPEN-
INGS. ^r al] First and Second
Class Rnildings which are to be or
are, used Tor any purpose other than
a dwelling the stair walls, elevator
shafts and all such openings con-
necting i'rom one floor to another
ahxll be enclosed by not less than
eight (8) inches of brick or concrete
blocks, or five (6) inches of rein-
forced concrete, or six (0) inch-
es of hollow clay tile, with aelf-
cloaing or automatic fire doors pro-
tecting all openings into such
shafts.
Section 11.600. WALL AND
PARTITION OPE NLNGS. N'1RI7
DOORS ANll 9HUTTF.RS. Every
exterior opening in all sides of
firildings within the faro limits not
abutting a street shall have motal-
covered shatters or doors, con-
strneted and arranged as apecilied
in this Section, or in lien thereof
may have frames and sashes oY
hollow metal glazed with 24 R & S
gauge wire glass not less thou one-
fourth (',) inch thick, no pane in
which shall be larger than twenty-
fonr by thirty (24x30)inches.
Rolling steel shurters may be
used on the first story only.
Fire doors and shatters shall be
cmtstrncted of two (27 thiclmesses
of matched boards not over six (0)
inches wide, at right angles to
each other, or crossing diagmtally,
nailed with wire nails-, clinched,
and securely covered with tin nn
both aides and edges. sheet to be
not larger than ten by fourteen
(10x14) inches ip size, bat to-
gether with tin roofers' lock joint
xnd securely nailed, the nails to
he driven inside the lap and the
joints hammered dawn over the
nail heads. No solder shall he
used. Doors shall never he less
than bvo (2) inches think. nor
ahntl ers less than one and one-half
(]. ~/a) inches thick.
In tin-clad doors a vent hole shall
he cuT tht•ongh one of the plates
hear the, middle ttf fife exposed side
oP the completed door or shutter.
This vent hole shall have a dia-
meter of tln•ee ($) or four (4)
inches- bat shall not mtt Through
t6n wood core. 'Phe plate armmd
the wont hole shall be secured with
small nails spaced mre (11 inch
apart, and the exposed wood
fl~nroughly painted.
Hinges and hangers shall be of
WPOlight iron and fa 9tP,lled to the,
door or shatter with bolts. Latches
shall be so arranged on shutters
that they can be opened from
either side.
Swinging doors and shutters shall
extend a.t least one (1) inch below
top of sill, or they may close into
the opening provided the wall be
rabbetted mfg and mte-half (1~/z)
inches at We top and sides and one
(1) inch at the bottom.
All sliding doors shall extend
at least three (3) inches over the
masonry at sides and top of door-
way or opening, and efts (1) inGr
below top of sill.
Sliding doors may run at the
bottom in a channel iron so set as
to give rho door a bearing of one
(Y) inch below the top of sill.
Sills, except in exit doors in
theaters, shall break the floor and
rise at least oue (1) inch above
floor level to prevent passage of
flame and smoke, and be con-
strneted of metal, masonry or con-
crelo. Wood sills shall not be used.
Rail or track Por eliding doors
or shutters must be heavy enough
to withstand heat without warping,
and may be made of angle or chan-
nel iron, mid both rails must be
secured to wall whenever possible
by bolts passing through the wall,
otherwise expansion bolts shall be
used Tn lien of channel or angle
irmt, the track can be made of com-
mon flat bar steel not less than
three-eighths (3/s) inch thick and
Year (41 inches wide. bolted
through the wall with three-fourths
fi) inch bolts or fastened with
heavy expansion bolts.
Binders shall be placed So as to
prevent the door from rolling off
the track at either omi, and also
to hold it in position when rl oserl
Section 17.700. CEILINGS. All
ceilings, including basement ceil-
ings, of Second Class Rnil dings
shall be of lath and plaster, or
other minimum equivalent flre~
resistive covering. If the base-
ment is not to be occupied or used
for storage, and only sufficient
spare exists for ventilation, such
ceiling need not be plastered. All
suspended ceilings in First Class
(mildings or ceilings protecting
tress construction shall be plaster
on mewl lath- Any opmrings in
ceilin€e oP either First or Second
Class buildings shall be carried
through the roof with partitions
Protecting the roof spare of not
less than two (2) inches oC metal
;a*h and cement plaster, completely
embedding the metal lath. Meta]
lath shall be as described in Soa-
tion 11.209 of this Chapter. The
Poregoing does not apply to a
coiling scnttlo, which shall be of
fire resisLtng construction, includ-
ing the frame.
Section 11.810. WOOD SHIN-
GLES. Within the Fire and in-
dns[rial Districts the use of wood
shingles m' other forms of combus-
tible rooting other than felt tar
and gravel is prohibited.
Section 11.820. SKYiiCHTS. All
skylights in buildings of classes
one and two shall be of corrugated
or prismatic wire glass not less
than one-fourth (t/~) inch thick, set
in a metallic frame.
Section 11.830. PENT HOIISES.
TANKS. ETC All stnrohtres hnilt
mt the roof of buildfngs shall have
1:he walls, openings and roof con-
strnetion and coverings in con-
fm~mity with the requirements Pnr
the remainder of the building.
Provided, however, [hat ventilators
and skylights may be made of sheet
metal or sheet metal and wire glass
with proper fire protect.imt in the
interior shafts and screen or other
protection nn the mrtsida to pre-
vent the entrance of flying brands,
and provided further that the walla
and ceilings of pent houses to Sec-
ond Class buildings may be meta]
lath, plastered two (2) aides when
such does not exceed eight (R)
Pert in height.
Section 11,900. FIRE STOP-
PING. All partitions in Second
and Third Class buildings shall be
so constnicted that the top and
bottom is sealed against fire by
wood sills four (4) inches in thick
ness at the top and two (2) inches
iu thickuess at ffie bottom, or
other aPproveG matter.
In Second Class buildings the
piaster shall be carried down be-
low and up above the solid sills so
as to form a tight covering, and
to prevent fire eutering readily
into the partition. Tight partitions
of 1x6 T & G shall be placed in at
tics over 1,000 square feel in area
to art as a. fife stop in all third
class buildings.
Section 11-510. FLRE YIP E
LINES. Every building of three
(3) stm~ies or more in height shall
have inside or outside oY the ex-
terior walls one (1) or more meml-
lic standpipes at least four (4)
iuche5 in diameter, which shall ex-
tend Crom four (4) feet above the
sidewalk to and over the roof and
rest on the fire walls, and at each
story there shall be branches with
three-inch (3") gate valves with
reducm• from three (3) iuchos to
two and one-halt (2 t~) inches, pro-
vided with cap and chain; and
there sha^ be a two-way Siamese
inlet with two and one-half (2~/y)
inch connection attached to each
standpipe four (4) feet above the
line oY the aidewallc, and a two-
way outlet over the roof with Lwo
(21 three-inch gate valves with
reducer from three. (~7 Thanes Co
two and onelralf (2 ta) inches, pro-
vided with cap and chain. AlI
hose confections to fit the standard
connections of the Fire Department
of the City of Hilo.
All iron or steel material used
in the construction and erection of
standpipes ehail be galvaniaerl and
shall be kept In good order and
repair and free Erom any and all
obstructions.
ALI stamlpipes shall be capable
oP sustaining a hydro9tafic preesnre
of three hundred f300) pounds to
the inch thronghmtt Iheir entire
length after the same are erected.
CHAPTER 12
CHIMNEYS AND HEATING
APPLIANCES
Section 12.100. CHIMNEY S
AND FLIIES- All chimneys of
masonry oC conm~ete construction
shat] have walls at ]east eight B 1
inches @tick, or in dwellings may
he constrneted oY four (4) inch
brick walls with an inside lining
of Cerra cotta or well-burnt clay
Pipe not less than one (1) inch
thick. No chimney shall be built
on wooden brackets or enpports.
No smoke pipe shall project
through any external wall or win-
dow except Plue pipes from gas
burning water heaters or similar
appliances.
All chimneys shall have at least
one (1) inch oC clear space be-
tween the chimney masonry and
any wood framing or wood con-
struction of The building.
NOTE: See also Chapter 16 of
this Code.
CHAPTER I3
SPECIAL OCCUPANCY
PiROVISlO NS
Section 13.100. THEATERS. AI]
Ureaters hereafter built within the
City of Hilo shall be of First Class
construction provided, however,
that they are in the Fire and Busi-
ness Districts of the Ctty of Hilo,
otherwise they may be of semi-
flrst class construction. The Coun-
ty Treasurer shall not issue a li-
cense for any performance in any
such building until a certificate in
writing has been issued, signed by
the Rnilding Inspector and fife
Chief nP the Fire Department of
Hilo mid/or the Deputy Fire Mar-
shal, that the requirements of this
Code have been complied with.
Al] theaters shall have at least
one (1) frontage on the street or
on a right of way Yree to the pa-
22
trans of the theater and which
right of way ie tort less than six-
teen (16) feet wide which opens
directly onto a street. lu such
fl•ont there shall be suitable and
ample means oY entrance and exit.
There shall also be on each side
of the exterior of the theater
building an open court or spa.ae
for use us a means of exit by Ure
patrons oP the theater, each of
}}vhich courts or apaees shall be not
tens than eight (8) Yeet wide and
shall extend Ure Ynll length of the
building. These courts or spaces
and rights of way shall be kept
dear daring performances.
Opening frorn the auditorium into
Ulese COnrta Or 3paee8 The]'e Bhall
be not less Uran two (2) exits from
each floor and each gallery; these
openings shall be closed by doors
Caslly Opened by pr08aUPe frorn
the incide during all perform-
ances. They shall be of ample
width and shall awing outward in
such a way as not to block the
balcony upon which they open.
A11 such exits moat be open from
Lho aisles.
The exterior balconies upon
which these exits open, and the
stairways leading W the ground,
must be not less than four (4) feet
wide, and shall be constructed of
iron, steel or other noncombnetible
cmrsU~nction of ample strength to
eaYoly sustain a load oT one lunr-
dred (100) pounds per square foot,
with a factor of safety of tour (4).
There shall be also one (1) exit
on each side of Lhe stage into the
courts or spaces.
At each and every exit in anY
t.heator in the Oounty of Hawaii
(here shall be placed and main-
tai~ed a ]amp in which only min-
eral, nni or other ]ow flash oil,
or electricity upon an independent
circuit shall be used, and said
lamp or lamps shall be lighted Pre-
vious to the opening of the doors
oY such theater for any perCOrm-
auce therein and shall be ke U'
lighted until the audience shall
have departed from the premises,
and there shall be inscribed upon
said lamp or ]amps the word "Exit"
in din Lnctly visible letters oat less
than six (6) inches high.
Stairways shall have handrails
on each side firmly secured to
strong supports or to Lhe walls.
'Phero shall be no filght of more
Lhan twenty (20) steps, there shall
he no winders, and no step shall
he lees than four (4) feet wide iu
the clear. Such steps shall have
a rise not greater Lhan xis (,)
inchos and a tread not less throe
fen (10) inches.
There shall be a fire wall of
hriek m• reinforced concrete above
the prosemrinm arch and between
the eta ge an rl the a.u ditorin m, which
wall shall extend at least three (3)-
feet above the roof. Tho proe-
cmrium shall be Lhe only open-
ing in said wall above the love] of
Lhe stage, and all openings through
this wail below the stage level
shall be provided with self-clos-
ing flea dom~s, constructed as pro
vided in Section 11.600 of this
Code. The wall above the pros-
cenium arch shat] be supported by
reinfmrced concrete girders or by
steel girders covered with flee
proof material, or other approved
construction.
The prosemrirrm opening shall be
Drovided with a curtain of asbes-
tos or fireproof material, sliding
at each end in grooves securely
fastened to the masonry wall, and
extending into nude grooves to a
depth of not Iese than forte (4)
in ch es. The fireproof mvtain may.
h m~-ever, he fu rniah ed with steel
cable ;;aides not less thaw one-
rprarter ({y) inch in diameter; Pro-
vided, that such sort sin lops over
Tho stage opening at the sides and
toD for a distance of not less than
eight tS) inenes, and that attached
to said certain at the top and bot-
tom, to fell wid Lh thw•eoF, shall 6e
wrought irou or steel pipe or other
approved stiffeners of not less than
one and one-fourth (ll/s) inches
diameter. Tho fireproof mu•Lain
shall he kept lowered between acts,
during intermissions, and at Lhe
colsa oY each performance, except
during rehearses. The curtain
shat bo hang not nearer to Lhe
footlights than throe (3) feet.
All seats except Lhoae in Lhe
boxes shall be firrnly fastened to
Lhe, floor, and no seat in the audi-
Lm~ium shall have more Lhan seven
(71 seats intervening between it
and any aisle adjacent Seats shall
not be less than thirty-one (31)
inches from back to back, nor less
than twenty (20) inches in width,
center to center measnremente.
Center aisles apd passagowud's
shall be at least forty-eight l4S)
inchos wide at [he narrowest point.
side aisles at least thirty-six (36)
inches, and all shall increase in
width toward the point of exit at
Least one-quarter (l!r) inch for each
foot of length. 1'he grade oP aisles
shall not be greater Lban one and
rote quaeter (1'/) inches per Loot.
A ventilator shaft of capacity
equivalent in area to the skylights
hereinafter mmrtioued, lined with
fireproof material, shall be placed
over Lhe canter of the stage and
shall extend at ]east three (3) Peet
above the roof. The rrof over the
stage shall be provided with sky-
lights in area equal to one-fourth
(~/ 1 of the stage area, and said
skylights shall be made In open
automaticely in case of fire.
Theater flows shall be oP sufil
dent strength to support an im-
posed live Load of one hundred
(100) pounds per agaare foot.
}9very theater shall bo ognipped
with at leas[ two (2) lines of ataud-
arrl throe-inch (3") cast irou or
galvanized water pipe, leading di-
rectly ITOm the street main, and
provided with Lhe standard coupl-
ing of the yire Department, wiUr
noC less than twenty-five (25) feet
of hose attached. Such water pipe
and hose shall bo ready for imme~
dia'e rise ut any Utne during Lhc
pm'Yormance in said building. The
surge area, above and below. shall
be eqn ippad r-ith amomeic sprink-
lers as Provided by Chapter 10
of this Code.
EIecU•ir, wires, fooli gh is and all
apparatus Car extinguishing fires
or guarding agepst Ure s.une shall
bo in charge of and under rho cmr-
h-ol of the Fire Deparmreut, and
the Chief of said Department shall
be responsible for the esemr(ian
and enforcement oP this regulation.
Gradients or inclined plmrea shall
bo oxnploYed instead oY steps to
overcome slight difference of IeveL
in or between aisles, corridors and
passages.
Walls separating the actors'
dressirg rooms tram Ure stage and
Partlfions dividing the dressing
rooms, together with partitions of
every passageway front the same
to the stage, and all partitions ou
or abort the stage, shall be cam
strutted of fireproof materiel. A^
shelving and cupboards i^ sash
and every dressing room, property
room or storage room shall be emr-
structed of 8reprooP material.
Dressing rooms may be placed in
the 8y galleries, provided that
proper exits are secured therefrom
to fire escapes in the open courts
and the ata;rs loading [o the carne
shall be GreprooP. Dressing some
shall have an independent exit,
loading directly into an open coma
or street, and shall be von tilal ed
by windows in the externs.] wall;
and no dressing room shall be more
Uran rote (1) story below the street
level. All windows shall bo ar-
ranged to open, and nano oC the
windows in outside walls shalt have
fixed sashes, irmr grills or btvs.
Moving picLnre machines shall be
enclosed in fireprooT booths, with
a fireproof ventilator and sediclon-
ing fireproof do~:rs and shutters
opening into the theater.
II fmy arrangenrellt Or Con attar
tiou or appltance of any theater ;e
unsafe to 11Ce, full authority if:
hereby vested in the Fluihling hr
specter and the ChieY of Ure Fire
llepart.ment, or either of Lhem, to
order and entm•ce such changes
or ad di[ious as may he necessary.
Sectimr 13.200. MOVLNG Pl('.
TURF HOUSES. ]hrild ings ont-
sitle the fire ]i Writs. which contain
no balavdes and only a small stage
and little or no movable scenery,
may be Semi~Fird. C!aas and or
Second Glass bnildin K5. Snrh build-
ings shall have exit facilities, mov-
ing' picture booth cons4~netlon, exit
lights, seats arraug~ement and spac-
ing, doors opening outward with seli'-
release bars, floor gradients, aisle
spacings, unobeLruc(ed passages
and outside passage a.rcas the some
as required for theaters provided
in Sectimr 13.100 of this Chapter. hi
addition, fire extinguishers cr hose
lines shall be provided as deemed
necessary by the Ruild inK ]nspec-
tor and the Chief of the Fire De-
partment, or either of them..
Section 13.300. PS.ACN:S OF
1NSTR UCTION. No school or
place of inslrnetiou over rote (1)
story in height ahedl be of Th h~d
['.lass construction. Second Class
buildings constructed Ear this pur-
pose shall have exits so arranged
that no matter in what portion of
the building fire might occur, a.L
least one (1) exit shall be acces-
sible. No Second Class bniidiug
3'or the shove use shall exceed two
(2) stories in height.
Section 13.30Y. I2EFRIGER9-
TCON PLANTS. All refrigeration
plants which employ ammonia or
other tonic gas as rho refrigerant
shall he so emrstrncted Ura.t the
entire ammmria system may 6e
flashed into Ure sower or other
approved disposal receptacle Iry
control valves outside the bnild-
ing~in case of fire or break in rho
linos.
CHAPTER 14
ELEVATORS
Section 74.000. ELEVATORS.
The term "elevator" as used in this
Code shall inchrde all elevators or
lifts used for carrying passengers
or freight. The term "dmnb
waiter" shall include such special
form of ele~xtor the dimensions of
which do not exceed ais (6) sgnaro
feet in horizontal Sectimr and forte
(4) feet in height, and which is
used Yor the conveyance of smal
packages and merchandiec.
Auy baud-power elevator having a
rise of less Lban thirty-five (36)
i'cet need not comply with all the
roginrements o[ this sectlon. No
bolt driven from a countershaft
shall be installed Yor passenger ser-
vice.
Suction 14.010. APPL1CATfON
FOH INSTALLATION OR Af.
TERATIONS. Before any elevator
shall hereafter 6o installed or
altered ill any buihling, the owver
shall submit, on appropriate blanks
Ilrrniehed Iherefm•, to the 73 wilding
Inspector an application 1n dupli-
cate stating Ure construction and
mode of operation of such elevator
[o be installed or altered, accom-
panied by such plans and draw-
ings ae may be necessary and shall
obtain his approval therefor. Be-
fore arq' such elevator shall bo put
into service, the same shall have
been duly tented and iuspecied by
the Brtilding Inspecfor and a cer-
tificate of inspection and approval
obtained. hr makhrg :my changes
ur altnratione to elevator shaYta.
rails, overhead machinery or power.
all the work changed m• altered
shall be made to ono form to these
rc;gulaUOns.
Section Y4.02U. C A P A C I T Y
PLACE. The owner of any eleva-
tor nom in operation and Ure manu-
facturer of mrY s~.rch elevator herr.-
aftnr placed in any building shall
23
_~. ~_
cause to be fastened. in a con-
spicuous place in said elevator a
metal plate having suitable raised
letters on same which shall
designate the number of pounds
which said elevator shall be per-
mitted to carry, but in no case
shall a carrying capacity of less
thin one hundred (100) pounds per
square foot of platform area inetge
Lhe car be permitted on any pas-
aetlger eleVntOr.
Section 14.030. OPERATOR.
Every elevator, except full auto-
matic push butt mr eleva[ore, shall
be in charge of a competent, re-
liable operator not less than eigh-
teen (18) years of age, who shall
have had at least one (1) week's
experience In funning aR elevator
wtder the constant supervision of
a person who has received a .cer-
tificate of competency as an eleva-
tor operator.
Section 14.040. OPERATOR TO
REGISTER. No person shall run
any passenger or freight elevator in
the County of Hawaii ^nleas he
shall first register at the office oC
the Building inspector his name and
residence, also the location of the
building in which he is to perform
such service, and shall first re-
ceive from the Building Inspector
a certificate of competency.
Section 14,060. DOORS. Not
more than one (1) door opening in
the elevator shaft shall be allowed
on each floor, and all openinKS in
the several stories shall be one
above the other, except where the
operating device of Lhe elevator is
so placed that the operator eau
readily control a.ll doors without
leaving the car control, in which
case more than ate door opening
may be permitted on a floor.
Section 14,060 SAFETY DE-
VICP: ON llOORS. Al] elevatm-s
hereafter installed in vertical shafts
shall be controlled by a mechanical
device that will automatically pre-
vent the car beinK moved until the
shaft door or gate at which the car
is standing is abut and securely
fastened, and which will prevent
the opening of any shaft door m'
gate until the car has come to rest
at the landing. All doors- m•
gates opening into existing elevator
shafts shall be locked or bolted in
a manner to Permit opening only
by the operator of the car.
Section 14.U70- C O U N T F. R
WEIGHTS. All rounter weights
shall have their sections etroagly
bolted together. There shall be
not less than three 13) feet clenr-
auce between the top oY counter
weights and the under side of over-
head beams when the car is resting
ou the bumpers. No rontimious
forged sG•ips shall be Permitted mt
rottnter weights.
6ection 14.080. 1NCOMBGS'L'-
IBLh'. CONSTRCCTION. Elevator
cars shall be constructed of in-
combustible materials, except that.
flooring may be of hardwood.
There shall he not more than one
and one-fourth (ll/n) inches space
between the floor of the car and
the floor saddles, and whore the
saddles project into the abaft the
same sha.il be properly beveled on
the under side The under side
oY the car shall be of incombustible
materials. Cars for al] elevators
shall he properly lighted.
Section 19A011. GUIDN: RAILS.
All guide rails for both car and
emmtm• weights shall be of steel,
soil shsl] he bolted to the sides of
the shaft with steel or cast iron
brackets. so spaced that the guide
rails will be rigid. The splices i^
^te rails shall be located as near
such rigid supports as possible.
Section 14.100. COMBINATION
FREIGHT AND PA6SENGER
ELEVATOR PROHIBITED. No
passenger elevator shall be Per-
mitted to have a freight oompar4
ment attached to it in any manner.
Section 14.]10. GRATING UN-
DER SHEAVES. Immediately un-
der the sheaves at the top of every
elevator shaft in any building there
shall be provided a concrete slab
or substantial grating of steel hav-
FnK tmt more than one (1) inch
space between the members of said
grating, and of such conetrartion
as shall be approved by the Build-
ing Inspector.
Sectiou 14.120. CLEARANCE,
TOI' AND BOTTOM. A clear
space of not less than three (31
feet shall be provided between the
bottom of the shaft and Lhe lowest
point of the under side of the car
floor when the car is at its lowest
landingl and between the top of
the crosshead of the car and the
under aide of the overhead grating
when the car is aC its top landing:
except that this latter space shall
be not less than five (5) feet for
elevators having a speed in excess
of three hundred and fifty (360)
Peet per minute, and may be
reduced to two (2) feet for
elevators having a total rise not
exceeding thirty (30) feet, and a
speed not exceeding cue hundred
(100) feet per minute.
Section 14.130. INCOMBUST-
IBLE PARTIT1ON5. Al] parts of
Lhe elevator machinery shall be
enclosed by suitable partitions of
incombustible materials, and such
iuclosures shall be lighted. Free
and safe access shall be provided
to all parts of elevator machinery.
Where Lhe machinery is located at
the bottom of the shaft tt shall be
protected with a substantial pit
pan.
Sectiou 14.190. BUFFER
SPRINGS. At the top and bottom
of al] elevator shafle there shall
be placed substantial springs Yor
ca.r and counter weights.
Section 14.150. CAYACFTY OF
STICECTURAI. SUPPORTS. The
carrying beams and other supports
for all machinery shall be of steel
designed for double the live loads
to bo supported.
Sectiou 14.160. TRAY DOOR IN
CAGE. Every passenger elevator
shall have a. trap door in the top
oP the car of such size as to afford
easy egl'esa for pa8sellgel's, or
where rive (2) cars are in the same
shaft such means of egress may he
provided in Lhe side of each car.
Section Y4.170. INSPECTION.
The Building Inspector shall cause
an inspec time oC elevutm•s carrying
passengers or employees to be
made at least once every three f3)
tnmrths, and shall require any nec-
essary repairs to be made promptly
by the owner. If the Building ht-
apector at any time considers an
elevator to be unsafe, he may re-
quire its operation to cease until
such repairs or alterations have
been made as will in his judgment
produce safety. L~ lieu of each
inspection by his own Department.
Ute Building Inspector may accept
the written report of inspection
made by other reliable and proper-
ly constituted persona which in his
judgment are competent and satis-
factory and have been approved as
such by the Board of Supervisors
oY the County of Hawaii.
Section 14.180. ELEVATOR FOI;
FIRE DEPARTMENT. In every
building exceeding one hundred
(100) feat in height at least one
(1) passenger elevator shall be
kept in readiness, without opera-
tor, for immediate nee by the Fire
Department during all hours oY
the night and day, including holi-
days and Sundays.
Section 14.150. SAFETY DE-
V1CF,S. IL shall be unlawful to
use any elevator that is not pro-
vided with saYety devices for bring-
ing the elevator car to rest with-
out serious injury to passengers m•
operator whenever it may for any
reason exceed its rated speed by
more Lhan forty (40) per cent or
reach a speed of eight hundred
and fifty (860) feet per minute.
Safety devices are ^ot required
upon the plunger type of elevators,
nor upon sidewalk elevators which
travel leas than thirty (30) feet.
NOTE: Chapter 16, covering the
plumbing provisions of this Cade,
will be found in Ordinance No. 101.
CHAPTER 16
HEATING
Section 16.100. SMOS{E-STACKS.
Smoke stacks connected to steam
boilers under which sawdust,
shavings or wood are burned shall
extend not less than twenty-five
(26) feet above the roof oC any ad-
jacent root, 2nd shall be provided
with an approved spark arrester.
Sec: Lion, 1G,200. R,ANGE9,
OVENS AND S1MIi.AR DEVICES.
Wooden flom~s under ranges, ovens,
kilns, coffee roasters, candy kettles
and similar devices shall be pro-
terted by a sheet of asbestos not
less than mre~aixteenth (1/16) inch
in thickness covered by a sheet of
metal not less than twenty-fate
(24) gauge extending one (1) foot
beyond the base of such device.
A layer of properly cemented brick
or file may be used in lieu of the
above.
Section 16.300. BOILER ROOMS.
All walls of boiler rooms situated
within Fire Districts Nos. 1, andL
shall be of masonry, concrete or
terra cottta Yor their full height
and the roof shag be of corrugated
iron or concrete or asbestos or
other similar coverinK. If there is
a ceiling it shall be oP metal, as-
bestos or plaster on meta] lath.
Openings into a boiler room as
above described shall have fire
doors or shutters, constructed ae
specified in Section 11.G00 of this
Code, arranged to close automa-
tically; and where oil 1s burned
under gravity Peed, every doorway
shall have a masonry, concrete or
terra cotta sill rising not less Lhan
eight (8) inches above the floor.
No wood or other inflammable ma-
terial shall be used iu the construc-
tion of the Boor of any boiler room.
Boiler rooms outside Fire Dis-
tricts Nos. 1 and 2 may be oou-
atructed of uon-combustible ma-
terial Dvery boiler room whore
shavings or other refuse are used
Tor fuel shall be provided with a
stand pipe connected to a Sre or
water main not less than one and
one halt (1'Ra) inches in diameter lo-
cated near the door, with at least
twenty-five (25) feet of one and
one-halt (lt/r) inch hose attached
thereto.
Section 16.301. CHIMNEYS. All
chimneys shall be constructed in
conformity with the current edi-
tion oY a Standard Ordinance for
Cbimney Construction recommend
ed by the National Board of Fire
iJnderwriters and/or as required
by Chapter 12 of Chia Code.
Note: Chapter 17, covering the
electrical provisions of this Code.
will be Pound in Ordinance No. 100.
CHAPTER 18
SIGNS AND BILLBOARDS
Section 18.100. SIGNS WITHIN
THE FIRE LIMITS. No wood,
canvas or other inflammable sign
shall be permanently erected with-
in tbe~ fire limits. Temporary per-
mits not to excewl ten (10) days
ma.y be issued by the Building ]n-
s-per.tnr if such is also approved by
the Chief oP the Fire Department.
Section 13.200. SIGNS IN ALf.
DISTRICTS. No sign shall project
over the public ways more than
three (3) feet. Such projecting
signs shall be structurally secure
and shall allow at least seven (7)
Peet passage below.
Section 18.300. SKY SIGNS.
Sky signs erected on the roof oP
buildings and other exposed planes
shall be entirely of metal and non-
24
combustible material excepting
necessary wire insulation. No sky
sign shall project beyond the build-
lug and shall not exceed twenty
(2U) feet in height, nor shall be
nearer the edge of the building or
structure than fifteen (15) feet, and
shall be designed for a wind pres-
sure in any direction oP thirty (30)
pounds Per square foot of exposed
area.
Section 18.400. BILLBOARDS.
All billboards erected shall be sub-
stantially built and the permit ap•
plicatimt therefor shall be accom-
panied by the written consent of
the owner, and if under lease, by
both the owner and lessee.
CHAPTER 19
FIRE EXTINGUISHING E(3UIP-
MENT
Section 19.100. FIRE EXTIN-
GUISHERS. Wherever fire extin-
guishing equipment is required,
whether hose lines, chemical tanks
or smaller equipment, they shall
contain thereon the approval stamp
of the Underwriters' Laboratories
and shall be subject to regular in-
spection by the Chief of the Fire
Department, who may order their
recharging, arrangement or any
other reasonable regulation deem-
ed necessary.
Hose lines shall be on mains
carrying the city pressure at the
hose end in the City of Hilo and
Tor other districts shall be con-
nected to an a.pProved water sys-
tem and supply.
Sectimt 19.200. SPRINKLER
RF.42UIREMF.A'TS.
1. In all new or existing build-
ings within the District of Hilo
where additional area is to be al-
lowed any building by the installa-
tion of a sprinkler system, such
syetoxn shall be au approved auto-
matic aprinler system, so con-
structed ae Co protect every square
foot of floor area.
2. Only approved sprinklers
shall be used i^ automatic sprink-
ler systems. All fittings, valves,
and wnnections used in sprinkler
systems shall be of an approved
tYPe.
3. Sprinkler heads shall he so
placed as to thoroughly Protect
all parts of the space to be pro-
tected, but not ovor one hundred
(100) square feet oP area for each
sprinkler head.
4. The size of pipe risers and
laterals to serve sprinkler heads
shall not oxceed the following;
unless same meets with the ap
proval of the authorities oY the
Iocai jurisdiction;
Maximum Number oP
Sprinklers Allowed
1 sprinkler
1 2 sprinklers
3 "
.,
10 '
20 "
36
55 "
fl0
140
6 200 "
Size of Pipe
?!s inch
1'b „
1'Fi .,
2 '•
2 ~~ „
3 "
3'Fl .,
4 "
5 „
5. Each system shall be provided
with an outside screw and yoke
gate valve so located as to be
readily accessible and to control
all sources of water supply to the
system, except that for fire engine
connections. Drain pipes shall be
provided and the system so in-
stalled as to drain all Parts.
6. All systems shalt be wet pipe.
7. Presspre tanks, if used, shall
have a total capacity oY not less
in any event than four thousand
flue hundred (4,500) gallons (3,000
gallmis of water) and in any
event the tank shag have capacity
to supply twelve and one-half
(12~/z) Per cent a[ the greatest
number of sprinklers within a fire
area on any one flom•, for twenty
(20) minutes with an average dis-
charge of twenty (20) gallons per
minute per sprinkler.
S. Gravity tanks, if used, shall
have a capacity of not less than
five thousand (5,000) available
gallons or twice the sprinkler ca-
pacity of preceding paragraph.
9. Fire pumps, if need, shall be
of not less than five hundred
(500) gallon capacity per min-
ute and sufficient to supply
fifty (60) per cent oY the number
of sprinklers within a fire area on
any floor with as average discharge
per sprinkler of twenty (20) gat-
lons a minute. Pump to have an
adequate source of power sad be
supplied from street main or from
well or cistern containing one
hour's full supply for the number
of sprinklers judged to be open by
fire a[ any mre time; auction piping
to be well installed.
10. The system shall be con-
nected to Siamese steamer connec-
tion outside of the building by a
pipe of diameter equal to that of
the largest standpipe supplied, un-
less otherwise approved as in pa-
ragraph 4 of Chia Section. Such
connection shall be made on
each street front, except that corn-
er buildmga having one street
frontage of leas than fifty (60) feet
may have only one (1) connection.
Siamese connection shall be about
two (2) feet above the curb level,
and shall be provided with check
valves, and substantial caps to
protect thread on the connection;
the thread shall be uniform with
that used by the local Fire Depart-
ment. A suitable iron plate with
raised letters shall be provided,
reading: "TO Basement Sprinkler"
or "To Cellar Sprinkler" or "To
Cellar Sprinkler;' where only these
are installed, or "TO Automatic
Sprinkler" where entire building is
equipped.
11. Piping shall be wrought iron
or steel sad maybe galvanized
when conditions require, and to-
gether with fittings and connections,
shall be of such strength as to safely
withstand at least 150 Pounds wa-
ter pressure to the square inch for
two (2) hours when ready for ser-
vice, without leaking at joints,
valves or fittings. Such test to be
made in the presence of the Chief
of the Fire Department.
12. All such sprinkler equip-
ments shall be in strict accord-
ance with the current regulations
of the National Board of Fire Un-
derwriters for the installation of
Sprinkler equipments.
CHAPTER 20
Section 20.100. Ordinances Nos.
46. 51, 54, E9. i3 and 80 of the
County of Hawaii and all other
amendments thereto are hereby re-
pealed.
Section 20.150. If any section,
sub-section, sentence, clause or
phrases of this Code is, for any
reason, held to be unconetitntional
or invalid, such decision shall not
affect the validity oY the remain-
ing pm•[ions of the Code, the Board
of Supervisors hereby declaring
such approval irrespective of the
fact that any one or more other
sections sub-sections, sentences,
clauses or phrases be declared un-
constitutional or invalid.
Section 20.200. This Ordinance
shall take effect from and after
the date of its approval.
Introduced by
(SgdJ JULIAN R. YATES,
Supervisor from the 2nd Represen-
tative District.
Date of Introduction:
July 8, 1932
Hilo, Hawaii.
Approved this 4th day oY Febru-
ary, 1933.
(SgdJ SAMIIEL M. SPENCER,
Chairman and Executive Officer,
Board of Supervisors County
of Hawaii.
TERRITORY OF HAWAII)
COUNTY OF HAWAII ) SS.
I hereby certify that the fore-
going Ordinance was regularly con-
sidered at a meeting of the Board
of Supervisors of the County of
Hawaii, held at the County Seat
upon the 4th day of February, A.
D. 1933, and upon being put to
vote said Ordinance was adopted
by a majority of the Supervisors at
said meeting.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have
hereunto set my hand and affixed
the seal of the County of Hawaii
upon this 4th day of February,
A. D. 1933.
(Seall
(Signed) ALFRED KUMALAE,
Deputy Clerk of the County
of Hawaii.
L5