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COM 0630.000 2008-2010
or LINDA LINGLE 4�'a 9 0 ' BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR f ! fDIRECTOR Deputy Directors S MICHAEL D.OF RMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H, SEKIOUCHI STATE OF HAWAII JIRO& SUMADA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET J&PLYREFERTO. HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 C� Ci" c A - �2.3M Dear Participant: Subject: Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 41 Island of Hawaii, Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, we have enclosed for your review and comments, either a hardcopy of the Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) for this project, or a CD which contains the project's Draft SEIS and its appendices. A new alignment is being considered, which passes through the Ke'amuku parcel (TMK (3`d): 6-7-001-041) and would relocate the new roadway to follow the southern boundary of this parcel. If you received a CD and desire a hardcopy of the Draft SEIS, please contact Dina Lau at 587-6307. If you are unable to open the CD or need instructions to access the Draft SEIS, we encourage you to contact Bruce Meyers at (808) 961-5527. Your comments on the Draft SEIS are very important to us. Your written comments should be submitted or postmarked no later than January 7, 2010. Your original comments should be forwarded to: Mr. Ken Tatsuguchi State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation Highways Division, Planning Branch 869 Punchbowl Street, Room 301 Honolulu, HI 96813 Copies of your comments may also be sent to the following: Ms. Katherine P. Kealoha, Director Office of Environmental Quality Control 235 South Beretania Street, Suite 702 Honolulu, HI 96813 ( Note: A copy of the "Draft; SU.plomtal Environmental Impact Statement" and CD are on file in the Offie of the County Clerk.) Comm No. Ref. To: Ref. [date NOV 2 4 2009 Participant Page 2 HWY-PA 2.3866 The Draft SEIS frequently references the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for Saddle Road, from Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 6, as completed in August 1999. Consequently, this EIS is available for public review and copying at: State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation Highways Division, Planning Branch 869 Punchbowl Street, Room 301 Honolulu, HI 96813 In addition, we wish to inform you that two public hearings for this project have been scheduled as follows: December 9, 2009, at 5:00pm, in Aunty Sally's Luau Hale, 799 Piilani Street, Hilo, Hawaii; and December 10, 2009, from 3:30pm — 7:30pm, in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, Gateway Energy Center, 73-4460 Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii The purpose of these hearings involves the introduction of the revised highway alignment and the gathering of evidence and testimony relating to this proposed highway. We urge you to attend and participate in these public hearings. If you are unable to appear at either of these hearings, you may file a signed statement presenting your views on this project which should be submitted no later than January 7, 2010. We look forward to hearing from you. Very truly yours, RENN T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. irector Transportation NS:th Enclosure c: Bruce Meyers, DMT Consultant Engineers FHWA-HI-SEIS-09-01-D DRAFT SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 41 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) November 2009 Ke`amuku, South Kohala District Ka`ohe, Hamakua District Hawaii Island, State of Hawaii TMK (3rd): 6-7-001-041, 4-4-015:008 and 014 Hawaii Department of Transportation Highways Division and U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Central Federal Lands Highway Division [This page intentionally left blank] 0 0 FHWA-HI-SETS-09-01-D SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 41 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) DRAFT SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) The following persons may be contacted for additional information concerning this document: and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division {� L�J Cooperating Agencies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii The following persons may be contacted for additional information concerning this document: 1 Mr. Ken Tatsuguchi Head Planning Engineer Hawaii Department of Transportation 869 Punchbowl Street, #301 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Telephone: (808) 587-1830 Mr. Brennon Morioka, Director Hawaii Department of Transportation Date 11-y-01 Mr. David Gedeon Project Manager Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation 12300 West Dakota Avenue Lake d, Colorado 80228 Tele e: (720) 63-3273 L�J rez, vision Engineer, Nk RicardoFral Central FedLands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration "6c/ 2A 2489 Date 1 Mr. Ken Tatsuguchi Head Planning Engineer Hawaii Department of Transportation 869 Punchbowl Street, #301 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Telephone: (808) 587-1830 Mr. Brennon Morioka, Director Hawaii Department of Transportation Date 11-y-01 [This page intentionally left blank] The Draft SEIS and all ancillary documents were prepared under the State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation's direction or supervision, and the information submitted, to the best of the Department's knowledge, fully addresses the document content requirements as set forth in sections 11-200-17 and 11-200-1 S, Hawai'i Administrative Rules. 11-409 Brennon T. Morioka, Ph.D., P.E. Date Director Department of Transportation [This page intentionally left blank] 1 e ABSTRACT Comments on this SDEIS are due on or before the close of business January 7, 2010, and may be sent to the persons and addresses previously indicated. 60. 1 1 This draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) describes and evaluates the impacts associated with a new alternative alignment for the proposed improvement of Section I of Saddle Road, which extends from Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) near n Milepost 53 to Milepost 41, making up the western end of Saddle Road (Figure S-1). U Saddle Road extends between Mileposts 6 and 53. Sections II and III of Saddle Road, between Mileposts 8.5 and 41, have already been completed or are advancing towards completion along the alignments identified in the 1999 Final EIS for the entire project. Section IV is currently in final design, leaving Section I as the last piece planned for construction. In 2006, the Department of the Army (the Army) purchased for military training a property known as the Ke`amuku parcel. The alignment selected for Section I of the �} improved Saddle Road in the 1999 Record of Decision (ROD), termed W-3, essentially �) divides the Ke`amuku parcel in half (see Figure S-1). In order to provide a safe separation of civilian transportation and military training, the Army requested that the Federal Highway Administration and the Hawaii Department of Transportation find another alternative alignment near the southern boundary of Ke`amuku for the realignment of this section of Saddle Road. Because reducing conflicts with and hazards related to military (� operations is an element of the purpose and need of the project, FHWA and HDOT are �j studying this new proposed alignment of Saddle Road, which has been termed W-7, in this SEIS. In Section I, the existing Saddle Road is a narrow, winding, two-lane road with steep grades, sharp curves, poor pavement conditions, and no shoulders. As with W-3, W-7 would be a new two-lane roadway with shoulders, climbing lanes where necessary, and a design;,speed of 60 miles per hour. The realigned highway would improve pavement conditions, increase safety and capacity, improve quality of traffic flow, decrease cross - island travel times, and stimulate economic growth and development. Environmental impacts related to wildfire potential, protected species of flora and fauna, and archaeological resources have been avoided or greatly reduced through design or can be otherwise mitigated to acceptable levels. The No Action Alternative, which was not selected in the 1999 EIS for reasons of safety for motorists and non -motorized traffic, circulation, and land use impacts, would continue use of the existing alignment. As it has already been rejected, the No Action Alternative is not under consideration in this SEIS and is referenced for baseline purposes only, as is W-3. If it is not feasible to construct W-7, FHWA and DOT expect to build W-3, the alternative selected in the 1999 ROD. Comments on this SDEIS are due on or before the close of business January 7, 2010, and may be sent to the persons and addresses previously indicated. 60. 1 1 N g7EI SADDLE ROAD I SHEET PROJECT NO. 1// m/////////////9//////////m 0 5 10 20GRAPHIC SCALE IN MILES 7 I 11.S DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION CENTRAL FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY DIVISION FIGURE A-1 OVERVIEW OF SADDLE ROAD Scale: As Noted Dote: Oct. 2 SHEET No. 1 OF 1 0 0 ERRATA SHEET The following text was inadvertently omitted as the first sentence of the first paragraph of Page S-8, Section S.3.1, and Page 3-1, Section 3.1.1: 1 "The property directly involved in Section I of the Saddle Road includes TMKs (3rd) 6- 7-001-041, 4-4-015:008 and 014. The former is owned by the U.S. Army and the others are owned by the State of Hawaii and leased to the U.S. Army." 1 11 C1, [This page intentionally left blank] Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY S.1.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................... S-1 S.1.2 S.1.3 PURPOSE AND NEED..................................................................... OTHER RELEVANT TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS ............... S-2 S-6 S.1.4 REQUIRED PERMITS AND APPROVALS ................................... S-6 S.2 S.3 ALTERNATIVES.............................................................................. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL S-7 CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES .................. S-7 S.3.1 LAND USE AND RELATED GOVERNMENTAL PLANS ANDPOLICIES................................................................................ S-8 S.3.2 FARMLAND..................................................................................... S-8 S.3.3 S.3.4 SOCIAL............................................................................................. ECONOMIC...................................................................................... S-8 S-11 S.3.5 RIGHT-OF-WAY AND RELOCATION .......................................... S-11 S.3.6 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE FACILITIES AND USE ............... S-12 S.3.7 AIR QUALITY.................................................................................. S-12 S.3.8 NOISE................................................................................................ S-13 S.3.9 FIRE HAZARD................................................................................. S-14 S.3.10 WATER RESOURCES..................................................................... S-15 S.3.11 WATERS OF THE U.S./WETLANDS............................................. S-16 5.3.12 CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS .............................................. S-17 S.3.13 BOTANICAL RESOURCES............................................................ S-18 S.3.14 WILDLIFE AND OTHER FAUNAL RESOURCES ....................... S-20 S.3.15 FLOODPLAINS AND DRAINAGE ................................................. S-21 S.3.16 WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS......................................................... S-22 5.3.17 COASTAL BARRIERS/COASTAL ZONES ................................... S-22 S.3.18 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES ........................... S-22 S.3.19 ARCHAELOGICAL, HISTORIC, AND TRADITIONAL CULTURAL RESOURCES.............................................................. S-24 S.3.20 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE......................................................... S-25 S.3.21 S.3.22 VISUAL............................................................................................. ENERGY........................................................................................... S-27 S-29 �J �J S.3.23 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS.......................................................... S-29 Fj S.3.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY ................ S-29 S.5 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES.................................................................................... S-30 S.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS............................................................... S-30 S.7 S.7 DRAFT SECTION 4(F) ANALYSIS ................................................ UNRESOLVED ISSUES................................................................... S-34 S-34 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND 1999 SADDLE ROAD EIS ........................ 1-1 1.2 ARMY'S PURCHASE OF KE`AMUKU......................................... 1-7 1.3 RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES, NEED FOR 2-11 2.2.2 SUPPLEMENTAL EIS, AND FUNDING ........................................ 1-8 1.4 Ranching........................................................................................... 1.4 PURPOSE AND NEED..................................................................... 1-12 1.4.1 Roadway Deficiencies...................................................................... 1-12 1.4.2 Conflicts/Hazards with Military Operations ...................................... 1-14 1.4.3 Capacity............................................................................................. 1-14 1.4.4 Safety................................................................................................. 1-17 1.4.5 Social Demand and Economic Development .................................... 1-18 1.5 OTHER RELEVANT TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS ............... 1-21 1.6 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-7 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE .................................................. 1-21 1.7 REQUIRED PERMITS AND APPROVALS ................................... 1-22 CHAPTER 2 ALTERNATIVES 2.1 ALTERNATIVE FORMULATION AND EVALUATION ............. 2-1 2.2 ADVANCED ALTERNATIVE (W-7) DESCRIPTION ................... 2-11 2.2.1 Design Criteria................................................................................... 2-11 2.2.2 Engineering Characteristics of W-7 ..................,................................. 2-21 CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES 3.1 LAND USE AND RELATED GOVERNMENTAL PLANS AND ii 1 POLICIES.......................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Land Use and Land Ownership.......................................................... 3-1 3.1.1.1 Affected Environment........................................................................ 3-1 3.1.1.1.1 Ranching........................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1.1.2 Military.............................................................................................. 3-2 3.1.1.1.3 Residential, Commercial and Industrial Uses .................................... 3-5 3.1.1.1.4 Public Lands....................................................................................... 3-5 3.1.1.1.5 Mining................................................................................................ 3-5 3.1.1.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-6 3.1.1.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-7 3.1.2 Governmental Plans, Policies, and Land Use Regulations ................ 3-7 3.1.2.1 Hawaii State Plan.............................................................................. 3-7 3.1.2.2 Hawaii State Functional Plans.......................................................... 3-8 3.1.2.3 Island of Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan ................. 3-9 3.1.2.4 County of Hawaii General Plan ........................................................ 3-9 3.1.2.5 General Plan LUPAG Map and Facilities Map ................................. 3-11 ii 1 iii Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.1.2.6 Land Use Regulations for State Land Use District ............................ 3-12 3.1.2.7 Hawaii County Zoning Code........................................................... 3-13 3.1.2.8 3.1.2.9 Kona and South Kohala Community Development Plans ................. Summary of Consistency of Alternatives with Existing Plans and 3-13 Policies............................................................................................... 3-14 rn Li3.2 FARMLAND..................................................................................... 3-16 3.2.1 Affected Environment, Environmental Consequences �] �J and Mitigation.................................................................................... 3-16 3.3 SOCIAL............................................................................................. 3-16 3.3.1 Population and Settlement Patterns ................................................... 3-17 3.3.1.1 Affected Environment...................................................................... 3-17 3.3.1.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-20 3.3.1.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-23 3.3.2 Socioeconomic................................................................................... 3.23 3.3.2.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-23 3.3.2.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-31 3.3.2.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-34 3.3.3 Community Identity and Cohesion .................................................... 3-34 3.3.3.1 Affected Environment........................................................................ 3-34 3.3.3.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-37 3.3.3.3 3.3.4 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... Outdoor Recreation Resources and Hunting ..................................... 3-38 3-38 3.3.4.1 Affected Environment........................................................................ 3-38 3.3.4.2 3.3.4.3 Environmental Consequences............................................................ Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-40 3-40 3.3.5 Public Services and Community Facilities ........................................ 3-41 I 3.3.5.1 Affected Environment........................................................................ 3.3.5.1.1 Fire, Police, and Emergency Services ............................................... 3-41 3-41 1 3.3.5.1.2 Schools............................................................................................... 3-41 I 3.3.5.1.3 Community Facilities......................................................................... 3.3.5.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-41 3-42 3.3.5.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-43 r 3.3.6 3.3.7 Environmental Justice........................................................................ Native Hawaiian Culture and Values ................................................ 3-43 3-44 3.3.7.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-46 3.3.7.3 3.4 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... ECONOMIC...................................................................................... 3-46 3-46 3.4.1 3.4.1.1 Employment and Income................................................................... Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-46 3-46 3.4.1.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-47 3.4.1.3 3.4.2 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... Fiscal Impacts.................................................................................... 3-48 3-48 iii Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.4.2.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-48 3.4.2.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-49 3.4.2.4 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-49 3.4.3 Tourism.............................................................................................. 3-51 3.4.3.1 Affected Environment........................................................................ 3-51 3.4.3.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-52 3.4.3.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-53 3.4.4 Time Savings..................................................................................... 3-53 3.4.4.1 Affected Environment........................................................................ 3-53 3.4.4.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-54 3.4.4.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-54 3.4.5 Safety................................................................................................. 3-54 3.5 RIGHT-OF-WAY AND RELOCATION ......................................... 3-55 3.5.1 Affected Environment...................................................................... 3-55 3.5.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-55 3.5.3 Mitigation Measures......................................................................... 3-55 3.6 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE FACILITIES AND USE ............... 3-56 3.6.1 Affected Environment.......................................,................................ 3-56 3.6.1.1 Government Plans and Policies.......................................................... 3-57 3.6.2 Environmental Consequences........................................................... 3-57 3.6.3 Mitigation Measures........................................................................... 3-58 3.7 AIR QUALITY.................................................................................. 3-59 3.7.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-59 3.7.1.1 Criteria Pollutant................................................................................ 3-59 3.7.1.2 Mobile Source Air Toxics.................................................................. 3-59 3.7.1.3 Depleted Uranium.............................................................................. 3-60 3.7.2 Environmental Consequences........................................................ 3-65 3.7.2.1 Criteria Pollutants.............................................................................. 3-65 3.7.2.2 Mobile Source Air Toxics.................................................................. 3-66 3.7.2.3 Depleted Uranium.............................................................................. 3-69 3.7.2.4 Conformity......................................................................................... 3-70 3.7.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-70 3.8 NOISE............................................................................................... 3-71 3.8.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-71 3.8.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-72 3.8.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-72 3.9 FIRE HAZARD................................................................................. 3-73 3.9.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-73 3.9.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-80 3.9.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-81 iv J Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.10 WATER RESOURCES..................................................................... 3-82 3.10.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-82 3.10.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-83 3.10.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-85 3.11 3.11.1 WATERS OF THE U.S./WETLANDS............................................. Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-86 3-86 3.11.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-89 3-106 3.11.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-90 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3.12 CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS ............................................. 3-90 3.14.1.2 3.12.1 Affected Environment .................................................. ............... 3-90 3.12.1.1 Climate............................................................................................... 3-90 3.12.1.2 Geologic Formations......................................................................... 3-90 3-110 3.12.1.3 Geologic and Volcanic Hazards........................................................ 3-94 Environmental Consequences............................................................ Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3.12.1.4 Soils................................................................................................... 3-94 3.14.3 3.12.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-95 3.12.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-97 3.13 BOTANICAL RESOURCES............................................................ 3-97 3.13.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-98 3-106 3.13.1.1 Flora and Vegetation Types............................................................... 3-98 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3.13.1.2 Vegetation Types............................................................................... 3-98 3.14.1.2 3.13.1.2 Detailed Vegetation Description Along W-7 Alignment .................. 3-100 3.13.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-104 3.13.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-105 3.14 WILDLIFE AND OTHER FAUNAL RESOURCES ....................... 3-106 3.14.1 Birds................................................................................................... 3-106 j3.14.1.1 3.15.2 3.15.3 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-108 U 3.14.1.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-109 3.14.1.3 3.14.2 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... Mammals........................................................................................... 3-109 3-110 3.14.2.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-110 3.14.2.2 3.14.2.3 Environmental Consequences............................................................ Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-111 4-111 3.14.3 Invertebrates...................................................................................... 3-111 3.14.3.1 3.14.3.2 Affected Environment....................................................................... Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-111 3-112 3.14.3.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-113 3.15 FLOODPLAINS AND DRAINAGE ................................................ 3-113 3.15.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-113 3.15.2 3.15.3 Environmental Consequences............................................................ Mitigation Measures 3-114 3-117 .......................................................................... v Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.16 WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS......................................................... 3-117 0 3.17 COASTAL BARRIERS/COASTAL ZONES ................................... 3-118 3.17.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-118 3.17.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-119 3.17.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-120 3.18 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES .......................... 3-120 3.18.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-121 3.18.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-122 3.18.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-123 3.19 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORIC, AND TRADITIONAL 3.20 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TOXIC SUBSTANCES CULTURAL RESOURCES.............................................................. 3-126 3.19.1 Background........................................................................................ 3-126 3.19.1.1 Prehistoric Background...................................................................... 3-126 3.19.1.2 Historic Background........................................................................... 3-127 3.19.2 Archaeological Sites.........................................,................................. 3-128 3.19.2.1 Affected Environment........................................................................ 3-128 3.19.2.2 Environmental Consequences...........................,................................. 3-130 3.19.2.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-130 3.19.2.4 Section 4(f)........................................................................................ 3-131 3.19.3 Traditional Hawaiian Cultural Sites .................................................. 3-131 3.19.3.1 Consultation....................................................................................... 3-131 3.19.3.2 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-132 3.19.3.2.1 Burials.............................................................................................. 3-132 3.19.3.2.2 Ritual Sites....................................................................................... 3-133 3.19.3.2.3 Mauna Kea....................................................................................... 3-134 3.19.3.3 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-135 3.19.3.4 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-135 3.20 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TOXIC SUBSTANCES 3.21 VISUAL.......................................................•...................................... 3-140 3.21.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-140 3.21.1.1 Existing Visual Character.................................................................. 3-140 3.21.1.2 Characteristics of the Viewer............................................................. 3-143 vi AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE ................................................ 3-135 3.20.1 Hazardous Materials and Toxic Substances ...................................... 3-135 3.20.1.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-135 3.20.1.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-136 3.20.1.3 Mitigation Measures......................................................................:... 3-137 3.20.2 Unexploded Ordnance....................................................................... 3-137 3.20.2.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-137 3.20.2.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-139 3.20.2.3 Mitigation.......................................................................................... 3-139 3.21 VISUAL.......................................................•...................................... 3-140 3.21.1 Affected Environment....................................................................... 3-140 3.21.1.1 Existing Visual Character.................................................................. 3-140 3.21.1.2 Characteristics of the Viewer............................................................. 3-143 vi 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.21.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................ 3-143 3.21.3 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-144 3.22 ENERGY........................................................................................... 3-145 3.23 3.23.1 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS.......................................................... Environmental Consequences ................................................. 3-146 3-146 3.23.2 Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 3-146 j� 1J CHAPTER 4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY........... 4-1 CHAPTER 5 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES................................................................................... 5-1 CHAPTER 6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS............................................................ 6-2 6.1 Identification of Resources................................................................ 6-2 6.2 Identification of Direct and Indirect Project Impacts ..................... 6-2 6.3 Delineation of Resource Study Areas for Impacted Resources ....... 6-7 6.4 Description of Current Health & Historical Context of Each Resource 6-8 6.5 Identification of Other Reasonably Foreseeable Projects .................. 6-12 6.6 6.7 Assessment of Potential Cumulative Impacts .................................. Need for and Potential Efficacy of Mitigation ............................... 6-20 6-23 CHAPTER 7 DRAFT SECTION 4(F) ANALYSIS ............................................. 7.1 Background and Proposed Action ..................................................... 7-1 7-1 -�7.2 Purpose and Need............................................................................ 7-5 7.3 7.4 Alternatives........................................................................................ Section 4(f) Properties...................................................................... 7-6 7-7 7.5 Impacts on Section 4(f) Properties .................................................. 7-7 7.6 7.7 Avoidance Alternatives.................................................................... Measures to Minimize Harm............................................................ 7-8 7-8 7.8 Least Harm Analysis........................................................................ 7-9 7.9 - Coordination...................................................................................... CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY OF MITIGATION COMMITMENTS .................... 7-9 8-1 CHAPTER9 PREPARERS.................................................................................... 9-1 CHAPTER 10 CONSULTATION HISTORY AND LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS TO WHOM THE DRAFTEIS WAS SENT................................................................. 10-1 10.1 10.2 1999 EIS Public Involvement............................................................ Notice of Intent and SEISPN............................................................. 10-5 10-5 vii Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 10.3 Planned Post -Draft SEIS Consultation and Coordination ................. 10-5 10.4 List of Parties to Whom Draft SEIS Was Sent .................................. 10-5 CHAPTER 11 UNRESOLVED ISSUES............................................................... 11-1 REFERENCES......................................................................................................... R-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.4.1 ADT Projections.......................................................................................... 1-15 Table 1.4.2 Current and Future Traffic Level of Service for Section I, SaddleRoad................................................................................................. 1-16 Table 1.4.3 Accidents on Section I of Saddle Road, 1995-2006 .................................... 1-17 Table 1.7.1 Permits and Approvals................................................................................ 1-22 Table 2.2.1 Alignments Comparison Matrix for 1999 FEIS Alternatives ...................... 2-8 Table 2.2.2 SEIS Alignments Comparison Matrix......................................................... 2-10 Table 2.2.3 Design Criteria............................................................................................ 2-11 Table 2.2.4 Basic Engineering Characteristics............................................................... 2-21 Table 3.1.1 Conformance with Land Use Plans and Policies ......................................... 3-15 Table 3.3.1 Population Trends, 1960 to 2006, Hawaii County ..................................... 3-17 Table 3.3.2 Population of Major Towns in Study Area .................................................. 3-17 Table 3.3.3 Population of Communities near Saddle Road ............................................ 3-18 Table 3.3.4 Visitor Units, 1990 to 2006......................................................................... 3-19 Table 3.3.5 Hawaii State 2035 Series Population Projections, forHawaii County...................................................................................... 3-20 Table 3.3.6 Allocation of 2035 Series Population Estimates by District ....................... 3-21 Table 3.3.7 County of Hawaii General Plan Population Projections, to 2020 .............. 3-21 Table 3.3.8 Selected Demographic Characteristics, by District, :2000 Census .............. 3-24 Table 3.3.9 Selected Economic Characteristics, by District, 2000 Census ................... 3-25 Table 3.3.10 Selected Housing Characteristics, by District, 2000 Census ...................... 3-26 Table 3.3.11 Selected Demographic Characteristics, by Census Designated Places, 2000 Census................................................................ 3-27 Table 3.3.12 Selected Economic Characteristics, by Census Designated Places, 2000 Census................................................................. 3-28 Table 3.3.13 Selected Housing Characteristics, by Census Designated Places, 2000 Census................................................................. 3-29 Table 3.3.14 Single Family Housing Sales by District, 2006 to Q1, 2008 ....................... 3-30 Table 3.3.15 Commute Travel Time, by Districts, 2000 Census ..................................... 3-31 Table 3.3.16 Commute Travel Time, by Census Designated Places, 2000 Census................................................................................................ 3-31 Table 3.3.17 Estimate of Increase in Housing Demand in Kaumana From SectionI Construction................................................................................ 3-33 Table 3.3.18 Hunting Units Near Saddle Road Section I Area ....................................... 3-39 Table 3.4.1 Construction Employment and Wages, for Action Alternatives ................. 3-48 Table 3.4.2 Estimated Fuel Tax Reduction.................................................................... 3-50 Table 3.4.3 State Revenues Associated with Construction ............................................ 3-51 Table 3.4.4 Estimated Travel Time in Minutes.............................................................. 3-53 Table 3.8.1 Noise Abatement Criteria, Hourly A -Weighted Sound Level- Decibels(dBA)............................................................................................ 3-72 viii 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure S-1 Table 3.11.1 Drainage Crossing Details........................................................................... 3-88 Overall Saddle Region................................................................................. Table 3.13.1 Vegetation Zones Along W-7 Corridor....................................................... 3-99 1-5 Table 3.14.1 Table 3.14.2 Avian Species Detected on Saddle Road W-7 Corridor .............................. Invertebrate Native Species Recorded in Section I ..................................... 3-108 3-112 Figure 1.4.1 Table 3.15.1 Drainage Flows........................................................................................... 3-114 ofSaddle Road............................................................................................ Table 3.19.1 Table 5.1 Sites Found in the 2009 Inventory Survey .................................................. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources ........................... 3-129 5-2 1-19 Table 6.1.1 Resources for Initial Cumulative Impacts Consideration .......................... 6-3 Figure 2.2.1a Table 6.2.1 Project's Direct and Indirect Impacts on Resources of Special Figur6.2.2.lb Typical Sections B and C............................................................................ 2-14 Cumulative Impact Concern6-4 .................................................................... Plan Sheets Part 1........................................................................................ J Table 6.3.1 Resource Study Areas for Resources Under Study for Cumulative Impacts 6-7 Figure 2.2.2c Table 6.3.2 Partial List of Ranching Era Historic Properties in Resource Study Area.. 6-9 Plan Sheets Part 4........................................................................................ 2-18 Table 6.5.1 Description of Reasonably Foreseeable Project in Resource Study Areas.. 6-15 Figure 3.1.1 Existing Land Use....................................................................................... Table 6.6.1 Cumulative Impact Assessment Summary ................................................ 6-21 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure S-1 Saddle Road Project................................................................................... S-3 Figure 1.1.1 Overall Saddle Region................................................................................. 1-3 Figure 1.1.2 Saddle Road with All 1999 EIS Alternatives .............................................. 1-5 Figure 1.3.1 Ke`amuku Section with the Proposed W-7 Alignment ............................... 1-9 Figure 1.4.1 Photographs of Existing Section I and Improved Section 11 ofSaddle Road............................................................................................ 1-13 Figure 1.5.1 Related Transportation Projects.................................................................. 1-19 Figure 2.1.1 Initial Alternative Alignments for W-7 ....................................................... 2-3 Figure 2.2.1a Typical Section A........................................................................................ 2-13 Figur6.2.2.lb Typical Sections B and C............................................................................ 2-14 Figure,2.2.2a Plan Sheets Part 1........................................................................................ 2-15 Figure;2.2.2b Plan Sheets Part 2 ........................................ .............. 2-16 Figure 2.2.2c Plan Sheets Part 3........................................................................................ 2-17 Figure``2.2.2d Plan Sheets Part 4........................................................................................ 2-18 Figure 2.2.2e Plan Sheets Part 5........................................................................................ 2-19 Figure 3.1.1 Existing Land Use....................................................................................... 3-3 Figure 3.3.1 Visitor Units, Hawaii County, 1965 to 2006 .............................................. 3-18 Figure 3.3.2 Construction Jobs, Hawaii County, 1990-2007 ......................................... 3-22 Figure 3.3.3 Residential Sales in Kaumana Area............................................................ 3-30 Figure 3.4.1 Employment and Unemployment Rate, Hawaii County, 1970-2007......... 3-47 Figure 3.7.1 Depleted Uranium Study Soil Sample Locations ....................................... 3-63 Figure 3.9.1 Planned Fire Mitigation Near Ke`amuku.................................................... 3-77 Figure3.12.1 Geology....................................................................................................... 3-91 Figure 3.12.2 Lava Flow Hazard Zones............................................................................ 3-92 Figure3.15.1 Drainages..................................................................................................... 3-115 Figure 3.21.1a Photographs of W-7 Landscape.................................................................. 3-141 Figure 3.21.1b Photographs of W-7 Landscape.................................................................. 3-142 Figure 6.3.1 Cumulative Impact Resource Study Areas for Native Ecosystems and Threatened and Endangered Species .................................................... 6-5 Figure 6.3.2 Cumulative Impact Resource Study Areas for Drainage, Historic Properties and Visual Quality.................................................................... 6-6 Figure 6.5.1 Location of Reasonably Foreseeable Project in Resource StudyAreas................................................................................................. 6-13 Figure 7.1 Saddle Road Project.................................................................................... 7-3 ix Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental' Impact Statement LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Public Involvement and Agency Coordination Al: Notice of Intent in Federal Register and EISPN Notice in OEQC Bulletin A2: Comments to NOI/EISPN and HDOT Responses A3: 9/6/09 Letter, U.S. Army Garrison to HDOT Appendix B Waters of U.S. Report and Correspondence Appendix C Botanical Report Appendix D Vertebrate Fauna Report Appendix E Depleted Uranium Report Appendix F 1 Archaeological Report (� Appendix F2 Section 106 Correspondence and List of Consulted Parties Appendix G Section 7 ESA Correspondence Note: Units of measurement used in this SEIS are English; the 1999 EIS used metric units. a x 1 1 r 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 M Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO ............................American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACC/MVM................................................................................accidents per million vehicle miles ADT.................................................................................................................. average daily traffic ALISH.................................................... Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii APE............................................................................................................. Area of Potential Effect ASTM...........................................................................American Society of Testing and Materials BA .................... Biological Assessment BCE............................................................................................................. before the Common Era BMP......................................................................................................... best management practice BO..............................................................................................................:...... Biological Opinion BRDBiological..................................................................................................Resources Division CAA............................................................................................................... Federal Clean Air Act CAAA................................................. .......................................1990 Clean Air Act Amendments CDP .................................................... Community Development Plan or Census Designated Place CDUA/P................................................................... Conservation District Use Application/Permit CE................................................................................................................................ Common Era CFR......................................................................................................Code of Federal Regulations CO.......................................................................................................................... carbon monoxide CWA....................................................................................................................... Clean Water Act CZM..........................................................................................Hawai`i Coastal Zone Management DAR................................................................................................................Defense Access Road dB......................................................................................................................................... decibels dBA........................................................................................................... A -weighted decibel scale DEIS.................................................................................... Draft Environmental Impact Statement DHHL....................................................... State of Hawaii Department of Hawaiian Home Lands DLNR................................................State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources DHHS................................................ State of Hawaii Department of Health and Human Services DOA................................................................................................... U.S. Department of the Army DOD..................................................................................................... U.S. Department of Defense DOFAW............................................................State of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife DOH.................................................................................... State of Hawaii Department of Health DU..........................................................................................................................depleted uranium EIS.................................................................................................Environmental Impact Statement EMP.............................................................................................Ecosystem Management Program EO-PTA....................................................................................... Environmental Office of the PTA EPA............................................................................................. Environmental Protection Agency ESA............................................................................................................ Endangered Species Act FEIS.................................................................................... Final Environmental Impact Statement FEMA............................................................................. Federal Emergency Management Agency FHWA...........................................................................................Federal Highway Administration GMA......................................................................................................... Game Management Area HAR...................................................................................................Hawai`i Administrative Rules HCM...................................................................................................... Highway Capacity Manual xi Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement HDLIR.......................................... State of Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations HDOT.....................................................................State of Hawaii Department of Transportation HELCO.............................................................................. Hawaiian Electric Light Company, Inc. HFBS..................................................................................................... Hawai`i Forest Bird Survey HHCA........................................................................................ Hawaiian Homes Commission Act HHL............................................................................................................... Hawaiian Home Land HHLP.............................................................................................. Hawaiian Home Land Program HLRLTP................................................................ Hawai`i Lang Range Land Transportation Plan HRS........................................................................................................... Hawai`i Revised Statutes IfA.........................................................................Institute for Astronomy (University of Hawaii) IWFMP ..........Integrated Wildland Fire Management Plan (Oahu and Pohakuloa Training Areas) kV.......................................................................................................................................... kilovolt L................................................................................................................................................ liters LEDPA...................................................Least Environmentally Damaging Practicable Alternative Ley...................................................................................... average noise level over a 1 -hour period LOS......................................................................................................................... Level of Service LUPAG..................................................................................... Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide in............................................................................................................................................. meters in 3 ................................ cubic meters mm.................................................................................................................................. millimeters MOA............................................................................. Memorandum of Agreement (Section 106) MOU....................................................................... Memorandum of Understanding (Palila MOU) MP......................................................................................................................................... milepost mph...........................................................................................,................................. miles per hour MPO....................................................................................... Metropolitan Planning Organizations MTMC.............................................................................. Military Traffic Management Command NAAQS.............................................................................National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAC......................................................................................................... Noise Abatement Criteria NEPA........................................................................................ National Environmental Policy Act NHPA......................................................................................... National Historic Preservation Act NOAA..............................................................National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOI.................................................................................................... (federal EIS) Notice of Intent NPDES............................................................... National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPL................................................................................................................. National Priority List NPS................................................................................................................ National Park Service NRC....................................................................................................... National Research Council NRCS........................................................................U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service NRHP....................................................................................... National Register of Historic Places NWI..................................................................................................... National Wetlands Inventory OBL.................................................................................................. Obligate Wetland (Vegetation) OHA....................................................................................................... Office of Hawaiian Affairs OMKM.....................................................................................Office of Mauna KEA Management PCB...........................................................................................................Polychlorinated Biphenyl PLF................................................................................................................. Pahoehoe Lava Flows PMIo...........................................................particulate matter smaller than ten microns in diameter PTA........................................................................................................... Pohakuloa Training Area Xii r Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental. Environmental Impact Statement RCRA.................................................................................... Resource Conservation Recovery Act RCRIS.................................................. Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System ref.............................................................................................................................. cross reference ROD................................................................................................................... Record of Decision ROW............................................................................................................................. right-of-way fl RPW............................................................................... RSA...............................................................................Resource .................... Relatively Permanent Water Study Area (cumulative impacts) SBCT................................................................................................ Stryker Brigade Combat Team (� U SDDC.................................... SEE Team ........................................................ Surface Deployment and Distribution Command [formerly MTMC] Social, Economic, and Environmental Study Team SEIS.......................................................................Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement SEISPN..................................Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice SHPD....................................................................................... State Historic Preservation Division SHPO......................................................................................... State Historic Preservation Officer (� SIPs........................................................................................................State Implementation Plans �} SLU........................................................................................................................... State Land Use SMA........................................................................................................ Special Management Area SOZ.............................................................................................................................. sulfur dioxide SR 200.............................................................................................. State Route 200 (Saddle Road) SR 190................................................................................. SR19.......................................................................................................................... State Route 190 (Mamalahoa Highway) State Route 19 SR11.......................................................................................................................... State Route 11 SRTF...................................................................................... Saddle Road Community Task Force SWPPP..................................................................................Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan TNW....................................................................................................Traditional Navigable Water TRB..................................................................................................Transportation Research Board URARPAPA ............. Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act U.S.-DOT ...................................................................................U.S. Department of Transportation USACE............................................................................................ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USAG-HI........................................................................................... U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii USARPAC......................................................................................... U.S. Army Pacific Command USFWS............................................................................................ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS...........................................................................................................U.S. Geological Survey UST......................................................................................................... underground storage tanks vpd............................................................................................................................vehicles per day VMT.............................................................................................................vehicles miles travelled WMA....................................................................................................... Waikoloa Maneuver Area r [This page intentionally left blank] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement EXECUTIVE SUMMARY S.1.1 BACKGROUND Saddle Road is the shortest and most direct route across the island of Hawaii, linking the historical main population centers of the island in East Hawaii with the growing west side, where the economy is anchored by tourism. It extends 47 miles from Kaumana, above Hilo, to an intersection with Mamalahoa Highway 7 miles south of Waimea (Figure S-1). It is the only road serving the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA), the Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory Complex, the Mauna Loa atmospheric observatory complex, the ranching and residential areas of Waiki`i Ranch and Kaumana City, Mauna Kea State Park and other recreational areas. Built by the military to access PTA during World War II, Saddle Road was not originally designed to State highway standards. In 1992, when the planning stage for project began, the entire Saddle Road was a narrow, winding, two-lane road with steep grades, sharp curves, poor pavement conditions, substandard drainage, and high accident rates. Despite its poor conditions, Saddle Road was becoming increasingly important for access to PTA, Mauna Kea, and outdoor recreation areas. Furthermore, its role was increasing as a cross -island transportation route linking East and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism/recreation, shopping, and for daily commuting. In response to these problems, the Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division (FHWA), in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Transportation (HDOT) and the U.S. Department of the Army (the Army), Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC), initiated the Saddle Road Improvement Project. In 1994, the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process began. The EIS was funded through the Defense Access Road (DAR) program, in which FHWA served as co -administrator with SDDC. A Draft EIS released in 1997 examined the No Action Alternative and twelve action alternatives incorporating various combinations of the existing alignment and potential new alignments in four different sections of the road, Sections I, II, III and IV. All action alternatives planned to reconstruct the roadway to a two-lane highway with climbing lanes where appropriate, paved shoulders, and a design speed of 60 miles per hour (MPH). All alternative alignments included improved pavement conditions, increased safety and capacity, improved quality of traffic flow, decreased cross -island travel times, and the stimulation of economic growth and development. Two alternative alignments were evaluated for Section I, the area under consideration in this document. Alignment W-2 traversed northwest through the center of a property known as the Ke`amuku parcel, which then belonged to Parker Ranch, and terminated on Mamalahoa Highway at the Waikoloa Road intersection (see Figure S-1). Alignment W-3 headed more directly west, terminating on Mamalahoa Highway about three miles south of Waikoloa Road. The Final EIS was released in September 1999, presenting a Recommended Alternative that included Alignment W-3 in Section I. The Record of Decision (ROD) was released in October 1999, officially selecting Alignment W-3 as the Section I alternative. Page S-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement After this time, final highway design proceeded and the necessary construction and land use permits were obtained to begin construction. The first segment built was a 6.5 -mile portion of Saddle Road in Section II from Milepost (MP) 28 to 35 within PTA, which was opened to traffic in May 2007. Construction for the portion in Section III between MP 19 and 28 was completed in October 2008. The final part of Section II, north of the PTA cantonment area from MP 35 to 41, was completed and opened in August 2009. A portion of Section III between MP 11 and 19 is scheduled to begin construction in late 2009 and be completed in 2011. The remainder of the eastern side of project — i.e., the portion in Sections III and IV from MP 6 to MP 11 — is in final design but has not yet been fully funded for construction. In 2006, the Army purchased the Ke`amuku parcel for military training. The W-3 alignment selected for Section I of the improved Saddle Road in the 1999 ROD essentially divides the Ke`dmuku parcel in half (see Figure S-1). In order to provide a safe separation of civilian transportation and military training, the Army requested that FHVATA and HDOT research another alternative alignment near the southern boundary of Ke`amuku for the realignment of this section of Saddle Road. This Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (DSEIS) describes and evaluates the impacts associated with a new alternative alignment, termed W-7, for the proposed improvement of Section I of Saddle Road. Section I of Saddle Road extends MP 41 to the junction with Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) near MP 53. The existing Saddle Road, which passes through the ranching community of Waiki`i, would remain open. The improvements within Section II have been totally funded through the DAR program; DAR funding must be authorized and appropriated by Congress on an annual basis. The improvements within Section III and IV are being funded with HDOT Federal -aid highway funds. HDOT has also committed to funding Section I. Additional or other funding of construction within Section I is pending the outcome of this SEIS„ which will determine whether W-7 is an acceptable substitute for the 1999 ROD -selected W-3. S.1.2 PURPOSE AND NEED The purpose of the overall Saddle Road Improvement Project is to provide a safe and efficient route for access to land uses along Saddle Road and for cross -island traffic between East and West Hawaii. The ongoing and planned improvements to Saddle; Road would also address five general types of needs: roadway deficiencies; conflicts and hazards with military operations; capacity; safety; and social demand and economic development. Page S-2 JrO Fw OrN JL U > — 0 I� � .0 0 Q-00 1 :3 _ 0 c wo Z O d 10 d x 1- N Y cn— .. &� o — o o= Y � = <IL V) uj �< O Z ID%7 \ r- ZN U O P c LLI ffiL3 I � Q Lo a- < p X33 O $< Q OI W Q YC) �� N O -C '0- s i I f 0 i f / 'A --- �- \ W W //�Oy Go - ID or / N f / `LTJ \ \ l J O \ J , Y _01 / \ O l\ a t O � /:2/ i ~ \ Ui wQ'' Imo— '��.�. 'D II°I•t D,•,D IID D )�(` iiiDDDDD DDDDD DIDD1DDD D ff Of `-� / \ I ' 'DD DDDD DD DDD Q D DD°DDD�C.DD l \ \ ?J ADDDDDDD Z .DD DD DDDDDD DD D IOl 2 tl7 1 O / \ IDDDp°pDp°pDDDDDDDD / D, DDDD \D •DDDDDD°D°D°DSD p°p°pD 1 1 2 O N DD°DDDDD`Z D D DDDDDDDDDD�D DD DDDDD \ \ D D D D D D D D D D D D D D O ,? \ \� ,U '� �''i; i,, i'i D D D D D D D D D D D D D / /DDDDDDDDp Q\DD DDDDD D D DD D D DDDDDD \ c� g 44 C>D\pD DDV. D pD \ \ ''•DDDDDDDDDD� QQW DDDDD DD DDDD DDDDD \ \ D D DD F a a°pDp° °pDp°D°D°D \ `\ 1> DV DDDR DDDDD DD DDDDDD\D �\ DDDDDDD DDD�DDp DDD DDDDDD DDD DDD DDq \ \ J ) d — ` V 'DDDD DDDDD I';';DDDD \ D�D /1 D - I'�'Ii11i IX C Q Dfla o opo o C3a o U \00 R w ° Q A <L)� W ,wam o �Q o uj o = ZN N / / \ Z U4 1 <) N * \ CL �l N O 0 0 O 10 N Y \ Y Q, 0 C d Y to 0 \ 7 N O 1 0 0- 10 0 \ I 0 0 c $ \ c o :3m \ O z CD 1 0 z< � Qa vd ,000'7=„ L :9103S W I o.�n 6m I I o Io@Ias-L'6i3\sainbi3\S13S\S13S ap!S IsaM alppoS - V 1066\ 7— C) O N a N 5i 0 D LL 0 O z H W .�+ _ O N Z d C b y ara �� o' �e c u „� �o 0 p '� m a ... '� �o m �• 0 Q ti n ti M f0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement DRoadway Deficiencies With horizontal and vertical alignment deficiencies, the unimproved sections of Saddle Road have steep grades and sharp curves, which in many places prevent motorists from being able to see an adequate distance ahead to stop safely. Deterioration of the pavement has reduced much of the road to one asphalt travel lane, 12 to 15 feet wide, with deteriorated shoulders two feet in width. Motorists tend to drive in the center of the road, increasing the potential for accidents, including head-on collisions. The 11 -mile stretch of Saddle Road in Section I also contains eight one -lane bridges. Conflicts/Hazards with Military Operations Prior to the realignment of Saddle Road in Section II, live fire and aerial and ground exercises created conflict between the traveling public and military training, which presented serious safety hazards to both the motoring public and military units training at PTA. The conflicts also reduced the quality of some of the training undertaken at PTA. To address this safety concern and impacts to training, Saddle Road was realigned to north of the base in Section II to avoid having public traffic pass through PTA. In response to the Army's acquisition of the Ke`amuku parcel in 2006, a realignment is now sought for Section I to reduce similar conflicts that would occur if the highway was built on the W-3 alignment. Capacity The existing capacity is currently inadequate. Level of Service, which measures the quality of traffic flow, is currently E, or poor. Without improvements, LOS is expected to decline to F, the worst level. Traffic volumes are expected to almost triple from the current average daily traffic , (ADT) of 1,400 to 4,058 by 2013, because of improvements taking place in the other sections of 4 Saddle Road. After this, traffic volumes would depend on whether the highway is realigned: • If Section I is realigned on either W-3 or W-7, ADT would increase on the realigned highway to 4,211 by 2020, and to 6,500 by 2034. The existing Saddle Road would remain in use mainly for residences and local access, and would see a drop to 840 ADT after construction. After this, it would grow slowly, to 1,053 by 2020 and 1,625 (just above current levels) by 2034. • If the highway is not realigned and improved in Section I, ADT is forecast to rise to about 4,172 by 2020 and 4,400 by 2034. With realignment and improvements, LOS would be at B upon completion of the improvements, and would still be LOS C, which is acceptable, as late as 2034, on the realigned highway. t 0 Page S-5 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Safety Roadway deficiencies, conflicts/hazards with military operations, and capacity limitations contribute to safety concerns on Saddle Road. An analysis of accidents indicated that the most important factors are the horizontal and vertical alignment (leading to limited sight distance), road width, and pavement conditions. Roadway deficiencies also hinder the response of emergency vehicles responding to fires, accidents, and other incidents along Saddle Road. Social Demand and Economic Development A safe and efficient Saddle Road is needed for access to employment and recreation areas located between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, and more importantly, as a cross -island transportation route to connect East and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism/recreation, shopping, and commuting. East and West Hawaii differ in economic and development patterns and opportunities. Most government functions and the main University of Hawaii system campus on the island are located in Hilo, where housing costs are generally lower. Over the last thirty years, however, much of the tourism -related growth in employment and the economy has been occurring in West Hawaii. Tourists currently do not have easy access to the interior of the island. Even with the improvements made to date, some automobile rental agencies still restrict or prohibit use of their vehicles on Saddle Road due to the condition of the unimproved sections, preventing many tourists from easily traveling between East and West Hawaii and experiencing the attractions within the saddle area. S.1.3 OTHER RELEVANT TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS Related transportation projects that are complemented by the Saddle Road Improvement project include the Kawaihae Road Bypass near Waimea; the Saddle Road Extension, which would extend from the western terminus of Saddle Road to the Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway (SR 19); and the Puainako Street Widening and Extension project, which joins the eastern end of Saddle Road in Hilo (see Figure S-1 for town locations). S.1.4 REQUIRED PERMITS AND APPROVALS The following permits and approvals are required: • State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Historic Preservation Division: Historic Sites Review • State Department of Transportation State Highways Permit • DLNR Conservation District Use Permit (obtained) • State Department of Health (DOH): Permit to Construct an Air Pollution Source • State DOH: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) • County Planning Department: Subdivision Approval Page S-6 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • County Dept. of Public Works: Grading, Grubbing, Excavating and Stockpiling Permits • Hawai`i Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program: CZM Federal Consistency S.2 ALTERNATIVES This SEIS considers only Section I of Saddle Road, as the remainder of Saddle Road has already mostly been built using the alternative alignments selected in the 1999 ROD. Various alternatives for Section I that were conceptualized as part of the 1999 FEIS or later were initially considered in the SEIS process for their potential to satisfy the purpose and need. In the end, only one alternative, W-7, has been advanced for consideration. W-7 traverses the Ke`amuku parcel in a westerly direction, roughly paralleling the southern boundary of Ke`amuku until near Mamalahoa Highway, where it veers slightly north to take advantage of more favorable terrain for a major highway intersection. W-7 would have a maximum grade of 8.0 percent and an average grade of about 6.0 percent. About 250 acres of right-of-way would be required. Mamalahoa Highway would be crossed at -grade or by a grade -separated structure. The total length is approximately 10.3 miles. Construction would cost about $58 million (2007 dollars). Three Typical Sections were developed for the project, each designed to reduce wildfire impacts in ways specific to the segments of Section I through which they pass. All share base characteristics of two 12 -foot travel lanes, two 8 -foot paved shoulders. Because of the grades, a {� passing lane will be present for most of the length, allowing eastbound military convoys to LJ utilize Saddle Road without congesting civilian traffic. In the middle segment, a four -inch high extruded asphalt curb is added to the outside of the shoulder. From the eastern boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel and approximately MP 41, there would be an 8 -foot strip of pavement on the north side of the highway, which would serve as an additional firebreak, with a four -inch high curb on the outside, and on the outside edge of the firebreak, a four -foot high metal wire fence with metal posts to prevent motor vehicles from straying off the paved surface. The No Action Alternative, which was not selected in the 1999 ROD for reasons of safety for motorists and non -motorized traffic, circulation, and land use impacts, would continue use of the existing alignment. As it has already been rejected, the No Action Alternative is not under consideration in this SEIS and is referenced for baseline purposes only, as is W-3. If it is not feasible to construct W-7, FHWA and DOT expect to build W-3. However, W-3 does not meet the purpose and need for the project as well as W-7. For this reason, W-7 is preferred. S.3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES Sections S.3.1 through S.3.23 briefly summarize existing conditions, impacts, and mitigation measures on a resource -by -resource basis. Page S-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 5.3.1 LAND USE AND RELATED GOVERNMENTAL PLANS AND POLICIES Existing land uses along Section I of Saddle Road involve military training, ranching, and public hunting land, with limited residential uses. However, all land in and around the W-7 corridor is now controlled by the Army and planned for military training. To the north, Parker Ranch and various landowners also control land within or adjacent to the existing Saddle Road, and the State of Hawai`i's Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area is located directly to the south. Land use impacts include temporary construction -related impacts, direct impacts associated with use of military land, and indirect impacts resulting from changes in the character and use of the road. Construction and use of the highway would also insert a civilian transportation project within an area where land use is currently dedicated to military training. There may be some increased opportunities for development at the Saddle Road-Mamalahoa Highway intersection. However, any such development would be severely limited by the lack of infrastructure, especially potable water supply, and would require approval by the State Land Use Commission and/or County Planning Commissions. The proposed Saddle Road project complies with appropriate State and County land use policies, plans, goals, objectives and controls. It would facilitate implementation of the State Plan, the Transportation Functional Plan, the Island of Hawaii Long Range Highway Plan, the County of Hawaii General Plan, the Kona and South Kohala Community Development Plans, and land use controls and regulations established pursuant to the State Land Use Law and the Hawaii County Zoning Code. No State Land Use District Boundary Amendment or change of zone is required. The following mitigation measure will be incorporated into the project: • Construction contract conditions will require access to be maintained at all times to public use and recreation areas, ranching operations, residences, and PTA. 5.3.2 FARMLAND A Farmland Conversion Impact Rating assessment was completed in 1999 pursuant to the Federal Farmland Protection Policy Act for the Section I alternatives that were under consideration at that time. The farmland ratings for Saddle Road were below the 160 -point threshold requiring consideration of alternatives less harmful to farming activities. After acquisition of the Ke`amuku parcel by the Army, the property became entirely dedicated to military training, and the issue of conversion of farmland to non -farming uses is no longer relevant. No adverse effect of conversion of farmland would occur under development of the W-7 alignment. No mitigation measures will be required for impacts to farmland. 5.3.3 SOCIAL Saddle Road serves a variety of purposes for the residents of the island of Hawaii including access to PTA, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, and a connection between East and West Hawaii. Page S-8 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement DThe purposes of travel include recreation, shopping, business, and limited commuting. Astronomers, support staff, and suppliers with bases in Hilo or Waimea use the road as access to Mauna Kea and its 13 observatories. Hunters, hikers, and recreationalists also use Saddle Road. Construction and use of Section I of Saddle Road would not adversely affect any community group, as the road is distant from any population center. The increased safety and reduced travel times would benefit the population. Construction would require less than five percent of the local workforce, well within the capacity of the island to supply labor. Improvement and realignment of Saddle Road would affect travel choices of both residents and visitors. It could affect residential distribution patterns only slightly. However, completing Saddle Road by building Section I is not likely to attract new residents to the island or change the total resident and visitor populations. The expected changes in the sites of visitor purchases would not lead to any substantial increases in visitor spending. Minor temporary impacts to recreation associated with construction of the project would occur. 0 In the long-term, the project would improve access to recreational areas along Saddle Road, including Mauna Kea State Park, the hunting areas throughout Saddle Road, and Mauna Kea. The improved highway would result in a decrease in response time for emergency vehicles responding to Saddle Road incidents. The improved road would substantially improve the ability of PTA, the Hawaii Fire Department and the Hawaii County Police Department to respond to road, fire and medical emergencies because of shorter distances as well as straighter, better paved and wider roadways. The project would also provide a superior alternate route or (� evacuation route in case accidents, floods or landslides block SR 19 along the Hamakua Coast. (� There are no concentrations of minority or low-income groups in the project area that would {� experience disproportionately high and adverse impacts from construction, ROW -acquisition, �j noise and air quality, or other direct, indirect or cumulative impacts from the implementation of the project. Public involvement has included intensive efforts to outreach into the minority and low-income populations of the island, and especially West Hawaii. These efforts have involved not only conventional newspaper ads and email messages but also outreach to community leaders and posting of flyers at non-traditional locations such as laundromats, community centers, day care facilities, union halls, Hawaiian Home Lands centers, and elderly facilities. No mamane forest, kipuka, trails, heiau (temple) sites, burial sites, water sources, or sensitive nlandforms such as cinder cones are present or would be affected. Some native Hawaiian groups tJ may have concerns that negative cultural impacts would result from project implementation due to the belief that within the Saddle area there exist detrimental residual forces. Another belief is that human intrusion in areas not previously despoiled or developed would result in the release of negative energy, without the proper protocol (ritual) of "release" or "sanctification." W-7, combined with other Saddle Road improvements, would shorten the travel distance between Hilo and coastal West Hawaii by approximately 30 minutes. The road would be safer Page S-9 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and easier to drive than the existing road, and less likely to be congested than the other circum - island routes. At peak drive times, the difference could be much greater. All of the following users would be beneficially affected: • Visitors traveling between West Hawaii and the Kilauea Volcano area; • East Hawai'i residents commuting to and from work in West Hawaii; • Residents of either side of the island, making occasional cross4sland trips; • Residents of Waiki`i, whose subdivision is adjacent to the existing Saddle Road; • Visitors and residents traveling from West Hawaii to the Mauna Kea Access Road; and • Workers at Pohakuloa Training Area and the Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa observatories. Attendees at public meetings, respondents to surveys, and EIS commenters have consistently expressed the idea that the Island of Hawaii makes up one large community, despite the divisive forces of distance and unequal economies, and that better transportation would enhance mutual community support, and balanced economic growth. The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • HDOT will install signage to remind visitors that there are no services on Saddle Road. • A traffic control plan will be developed outlining steps needed to minimize congestion and maintain access to adjacent properties during construction, and also to maintain access to areas of Saddle Road that serve recreation, including hunting units. • As feasible, construction -related delays will be minimized during commuting hours. • Since construction work on W-7 would avoid the existing Saddle Road alignment, construction impacts are expected to be minimal on cross -island traffic. However, if delays or closures are anticipated at the project corridor's intersections with Mamalahoa Highway or Saddle Road, information will be publicized on a regular, on-going basis through posted advertisements, radio and newspaper bulletins, and road signs at each end of Saddle Road and along Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) and Kaumana Drive in Hilo. • Emergency service providers, including the Hawaii Fire Department, the Hawaii Police Department, and PTA, will be kept informed on the location and schedule of construction along the length of the project. • Traffic control plans prepared for construction of Saddle Road will include provisions for allowing emergency vehicles to pass through construction zones without delays and to have unimpeded access to roadside facilities at all times. • As has occurred previously when newly -constructed segments of Saddle Road are opened for public use, proper cultural protocol will be completed by a native Hawaiian who follows the ways of the old culture to release and sanctify or bless the project. Page 5-10 0 U Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement DS.3.4 ECONOMIC Construction of the realigned highway would involve construction labor over a period of about two years and would cost approximately $58 million, in 2007 dollars. Direct jobs are created in the firms tasked with construction. Some may be located in offices and baseyards, not at the work site. Indirect and induced jobs are also created by the expenditure of capital in the regional oeconomy. That spending would occur over a longer period than the anticipated two-year construction schedule, and over a wider area, not just in Hawaii County. Although maintenance of the highway would require labor, no new continuing jobs are anticipated. The County and State of Hawaii depend on several types of taxes for revenue to support public programs and facilities. Major sources of government income are real property tax for the County and income and excise taxes for the State. Revenues for State highway construction and maintenance come from the State Highways Fund and Federal sources. For the State of Hawaii, the net impact of building W-7 from the cash flows estimated here would be positive — although it could be less than the State's share of Saddle Road construction costs, depending on how the project is funded. For the County of Hawaii, reduced fuel consumption could result in lower fuel tax revenues totaling at least $1.3 million (2008 dollars) over a twenty-year period. Completion of this segment of the project, combined with the already improved portions of Saddle Road, would likely induce more rental car companies to remove driving restrictions on Saddle Road. Improvements would decrease the travel time for tourists traveling between the east and west sides of the island. An improved Saddle Road would increase the number of Q tourists visiting the east side of the island since, at present, only about one-third include the Hilo area in their itineraries. Visitation to attractions accessed by Saddle Road would also increase. Tourist expenditures on the east side of the island would increase with more visitation. Other important economic benefits are associated with safety and time savings. Improving safety saves lives and also dollars, through reduced accidents and fatalities. Using W-7, the travel time between Hilo and Waikoloa would be reduced by approximately 30 minutes. This U savings would be higher during rush-hour or busy weekend traffic. Time savings has an economic value for both business and non -business travelers. Less time spent driving may be used to increase productivity in the work place, increase leisure activities, and allow more family time. No economic mitigation measures are necessary. S.3.5 RIGHT-OF-WAY AND RELOCATION Construction of Section I of Saddle Road using the W-7 alignment would not require any nrelocations, but it would require acquisition of a limited area of private property within currently LJ unoccupied ranch lots associated with intersection improvements west of Mamalahoa Highway. Right-of-way (ROW) within the Army's Ke`amuku parcel would be acquired through perpetual easement. In the Ke`eke`e section of PTA, which the Army leases from the State, HDOT would acquire ROW from DLNR, which would be subdivided out of the parent parcel. Page S-11 F L Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • The acquisition of property necessitated by the project will be completed in accordance with the Federal Uniform Relocation and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-646), as amended, and applicable State regulations. 5.3.6 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE FACILITIES AND USE Saddle Road has not been used extensively by bicyclists, pedestrians, or other non -motorized modes of transportation. A motorist on a typical trip across the Saddle will observe very few, if any, pedestrians, bicyclists, or equestrians above Kaumana City. There are no developed bike or pedestrian trails within the project corridor. Substantial change in elevation along the length of the road, foggy and rainy weather, and the lack of adequate shoulders produce difficult conditions. HDOT's Bike Plan identifies Saddle Road as a future "Shared, Signed Proposed Bike Route." A signed shared roadway is a street or highway that is specifically designated by signs as a preferred route for bicycle use. The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • The project will accommodate bicycles and pedestrians through a signed, shared route on the shoulder. • Project construction will include provisions for pedestrian and bicycle crossings of Saddle Road during construction periods. 5.3.7 AIR QUALITY There are no non -attainment areas for air quality in the State of Hawaii, and air quality monitoring data are thus very limited. Except for periodic vog (volcano -related air pollution) and occasional localized impacts from traffic congestion, local industrial sources, and dust from farms and ranches during very windy periods, the present air quality of the project area is believed to be relatively good. Calculations of criteria air pollutants performed for the 1999 Final EIS indicated that predicted concentrations were extremely low and would not exceed either Federal or State standards. Furthermore, as projected traffic volumes for 2034 are now substantially lower than those estimated in the 1999 FEIS, emission of criteria pollutants would likely be less than the former estimate. Another air quality issue that emerged subsequent to the 1999 Final EIS was the potential presence of depleted uranium (DU). The Army conducted training at PTA during the mid-1960s using the M101 spotting round of the Davy Crockett Weapon System. The training missions used depleted uranium to simulate the trajectory of real nuclear rounds. Some fear that these actions may have led to particles of DU dust scattered in the environment, which may lodge in the lungs and cause cancer and other illnesses. Although the Army acknowledges that DU Page 5-12 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement material is considered a chemical hazard, it maintains that DU at Pohakuloa does not pose a risk to public health and that insufficient quantities have been detected to pose a risk to human health. Prior to the effort conducted for this SEIS, sampling and analytical data for DU were not available in the W-7 alignment area: The project included sampling of soil at five locations, using two independent methods to determine if DU or other forms of uranium above natural levels were present. No above -normal levels were found. A baseline human health risk aassessment was performed to evaluate the potential risk posed by the uranium isotopes detected for both construction workers and recreational receptors. Neither risk level exceeded the most conservative U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) lifetime cancer risk regulatory level of concern or the noncarcinogenic Hazard Index regulatory level of concern. Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) were also considered. These are compounds emitted from highway vehicles and non -road equipment. Some are present in fuel and emitted when the fuel evaporates, and others are metals that result from engine wear or from impurities in oil or gasoline. It was determined that MSAT emissions in the study area do not pose a risk at present and are likely to be lower in the future in virtually all locations. The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • Standard dust control and construction equipment emission control measures will be implemented as necessary to reduce temporary impacts to air quality during construction activities. Water or a dust palliative will be applied as necessary to minimize particulate pollution. Areas to receive such treatment will include unpaved access roads, staging sites, and construction areas where the movement and operation of construction equipment produces airborne dust. • Construction equipment will,be required to meet all applicable emission standards. FHWA and HDOT will keep apprised of the results of monitoring for depleted uranium by the Hawaii State DOH and the Army and take any necessary precautionary measures. S.3.8 NOISE Ambient noise levels along Saddle Road within most of the existing Section I corridor are generally low, reflecting the light traffic volumes on Saddle Road and the undeveloped and unpopulated nature of much of the landscape. Noise levels in the vicinity of PTA can be periodically high in association with military training activities (e.g., live firing of artillery) and O low-flying aircraft, including helicopters and jet fighters. Within the project area in Section I that would be affected by noise on alignment W-7, there is no developed land, as all land is devoted to military use except for a small area of highway and ranching lands at the western D terminus. Nor are there any lands for which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary significance and serve an important public need. Therefore, there are no noise -sensitive areas for which noise impacts require study. No mitigation measures for noise are required. Page S-13 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 5.3.9 FIRE HAZARD In addition to the damage wildfire can inflict on urban areas and ranches in dry parts of Hawaii, fire poses a grave threat to Hawaiian ecosystems by converting native habitats into grasslands dominated by nonnative species. As in many other tropical areas, fires in Hawaii are usually caused by human activity. The entire west side of the Big Island between the Ka`upulehu area of Kona in the south and Waimea in South Kohala in the north is subject to extensive wildfires. Pu`uanahulu is "ground zero' for many of the fres in the last 50 years, which have also affected the southern portion of Ke`amuku. Primary responsibility for fighting fires outside PTA rests with the Hawaii DLNR. PTA assists on fires that affect adjacent State and private lands as well. PTA has a fire station with a 25 - personnel firefighting detail, extensive firefighting equipment and infrastructure such as dip tanks and a system of firebreaks. In the last five years, the Army has committed to and begun implementation of various actions called for in the Integrated Wildland Fire Management Plan, Oahu and Pohakuloa Training Areas (IWFMP). The actions outlined in the IWFMP will minimize the occurrence and size of training -related fires within the Ke`amuku Maneuver Area in addition to ensuring such fires are prevented from escaping from the PTA boundary. These measures will include fire suppression, resource staffing procedures, training restrictions based on calculated fire danger rating, installation and maintenance of dip sites, fuel modifications, and weather stations. The proposed Saddle Road within Section I could increase the likelihood of wildfire caused by human activity. Construction equipment used during grading and paving as well as careless construction workers can cause fires. After construction, there would be a permanently heightened risk of wildfire ignition. Improvement of the road would substantially increase the number of vehicles traversing the area. Fires in dry areas of Hawaii have been ignited by construction activities, cigarettes thrown from car windows, by hot catalytic converters of vehicles pulling off of the pavement, and by arsonists. Construction fres can largely be controlled by proper management, and the chief fire risk is the increase in ignition potential from arson or accidental fires within an area that is currently not highly subject to fire starts. The presence of a modern highway within Ke`amuku would also bring fire -fighting benefits, including provision of a highway firebreak and fuelbreak to impede the spread of fires, and also adequate and rapid access for firefighting equipment and personnel not only to Ke`amuku but also to the Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area (GMA). The Typical Sections for the project have been specifically designed to reduce the probability of fire ignition from accidental and purposeful actions. In addition, the following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: Page S-14 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • The PTA Fire Department will install additional fire risk signs along Saddle Road at the western boundary of PTA (one is currently present at the eastern end). Sign information will be based upon the National Fire Danger Rating System. • To minimize the risk of wildfire during construction, the Special Contract Requirements will mandate that all construction activity shall be restricted to within the clearly delineated ROW and that entry and exit into the ROW by all construction personnel and oequipment shall be at previously identified and marked non -sensitive areas. DS.3.10 WATER RESOURCES The receiving ocean waters for runoff in the South Kohala area are classified as "AA", or highest level of water quality. These coastal waters are important for fishing, recreation, visual quality, and traditional practices. The oceanic waters of Hawaii also support a number of endangered and threatened animals. Water pollution in certain streams and coastal waters of the State of O Hawaii is an ongoing problem. The primary sources nowadays are polluted urban and agricultural runoff and groundwater. These coastal waters are a minimum of nine miles from the project area and there are no surface waterways that connect the W-7 corridor to the ocean. This area's drainages are essentially draws between lava flow hummocks that carry water only during very heavy rains. None of the drainages in Ke`dmuku flow more than a few. days a year. These short drainages have accomplished only limited downcutting, and they all outlet onto flats where o the water percolates rapidly into the ground, sinking thousands of feet to the basal groundwater lens that underlies the island. Any polluted runoff undergoes extensive natural filtration through percolation of water through soil and rock before reaching the basal (near sea -level) water table. oLong-term, all highway projects increase the extent of impermeable road surface due to a widened road and paved shoulders. An enlarged area of impermeable surfaces would increase o surface water runoff during precipitation events. In addition, due to the geometry of roadways, an improved road would be expected to collect and concentrate stormwater runoff, potentially changing overland flow to a series of more concentrated sources. Best management practices o(BMPs) will be employed to control runoff, and impacts to surface and groundwater quality are �J not expected to be significant. Without the improvement of Saddle Road, the inadequacy of drainage structures under the existing Saddle Road would continue to allow stormwater to overtop the road, resulting in erosion and increased risk to motorists during flooding. Construction might have limited, short-term effects on surface water quality, particularly an increase in suspended sediments during and shortly after precipitation events during the construction phase. Construction of cuts and fills would remove vegetation, disturb soils, and change overland flow characteristics, intensifying the effects of natural erosion, until soils stabilize. Water would be consumed in the construction process, much of it for dust control. The contractor would determine the specific source of water, which may be Hilo or Waimea. Page S-15 �o 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) will include the following types of BMPs as mitigation measures that will be incorporated into the project: • Practices that prevent erosion, including the stabilization of cut and fill slopes by vegetative as well as non -vegetative means. • Practices that trap pollutants before they can be discharged, such as silt fences and sedimentation basins. • Practices that prevent the mixing of pollutants from construction materials and stormwater, such as providing protected storage for chemicals, paints solvents, and other toxic materials. • During construction, erosion will be minimized by applying temporary measures that will reduce the velocity of the runoff and retain sediment on-site. Examples of these measures may include but are not limited to: silt fences, check dams, mulching, culvert outlet protection, and sedimentation basins. Construction materials will be stored in a protected area with measures in place to contain and clean-up spills. • Permanent pollution control measures will be applied to minimize degradation of stormwater quality after construction of the road has been completed. These measures include but are not limited to the following examples: providing velocity reducers and/or settlement basins at culvert outlets, vegetating slopes, minimizing the steepness of slopes where possible, providing stream bank stabilization where required, and managing the use of chemicals for roadway maintenance. • Cut slopes will be revegetated to reduce highway runoff pollution. • If a major hazardous spill occurs, cleanup efforts will be coordinated through both the County of Hawaii Civil Defense Agency and the State of Hawaii DOH. 5.3.11 WATERS OF THE U.S./WETLANDS A detailed study of the hydrology of the W-7 corridor with respect to regulations and policies implementing Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) determined that no waters of the U.S., including wetlands, lakes or jurisdictional ephemeral streams, are present. No impacts to waters of the U.S. will result from project implementation and no mitigation measures are required. This finding was concurred with by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in a jurisdictional determination of September 8, 2009 (see Appendix B). Page 5-16 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement O5.3.12 CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS The climate of Hawaii is generally characterized by mild and fairly uniform seasonal temperatures; cloudy, humid conditions along the eastern coast and clear, dry conditions on the west; and a general dominance of trade -wind flow from the northeast. Section I of Saddle Road is on the west -facing slope of Mauna Kea, which is the leeward, dry slope, with an average annual rainfall of around 20 inches. The elevation of between about 2,600 feet and 5,800 feet above sea level leads to mild temperatures. The proposed project would have no impact on weather or climate along the W-7 corridor or within the region. Driving conditions at high elevations on the Saddle Road can be dangerous due to frequent fog. The proposed realignment may lead to more driving in foggy conditions, although the cross -island alternative, SR 19, also experiences frequent fog between Honoka`a and Waimea. However, fixing the road deficiencies that make driving in the fog here such a special hazard, along with a realignment of the highway that reduces the elevation of the summit by 200 feet, would lead to a net overall benefit. OThe island of Hawaii was formed by the activity of five shield volcanoes: Kohala (long extinct); Mauna Kea (active during recent geologic times); Hualalai (last erupted in 1801); and Mauna (� Loa and Kilauea (both still active). Section I is located mainly along the southwestern flank of \ U Mauna Kea. The western end of W-7 skirts the boundary between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea lavas. The majority of the surficial soil and rock of the W-7 corridor is derived from `a`a (the a Hawaiian word that has become the scientific term for clinkery) lava flows of Mauna Kea Volcano, all older than 10,000 years. Recent historic eruptions from Mauna Loa have flowed north toward Mauna Kea, where they were diverted downslope to the south. They typically consist of pahoehoe (ropy or smooth) lava. A very small extent of these lavas is contained on the southern end of the W-7 corridor. Lava tubes are characteristic of relatively young pahoehoe lava flows and are important landforms on young volcanoes such as Mauna Loa. The W-7 corridor is mainly on ash -covered `a`a flows from Mauna Kea, and no significant lava tube caves (or any other types of caves) have been observed during field surveys. The USGS has classified the island into Lava Hazard Zones 1 through 9, in order of decreasing U risk. The W-7 project corridor crosses geologically older slopes of the dormant volcano Mauna U Kea, within the relatively low risk Lava Hazard Zone 8. The western portion of W-7 is directly adjacent to Mauna Loa flows and is thus also directly adjacent to Lava Hazard Zone 3. Geologic o hazards within the W-7 corridor include some steep slopes with a modest potential for instability and minor landslides. Based on the site reconnaissance and literature research conducted for the project, no significant geologic hazards were observed or identified along the proposed Dsegments. Parts of the improved Saddle Road could be directly damaged in the future by lava flows and aearthquake activity, temporarily resulting in road closures to repair damage or rebuild affected sections. This risk exists with or without implementation of the proposed action, since Saddle OPage 5-17 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Road is an existing transportation corridor through this region. However, because Section I is not highly subject to lava hazard, additional costs would likely be no greater than if W-7 were not constructed. When wetted, the volcanic ash soils present on much of the site have relatively low strength characteristics and are highly susceptible to erosion in a dry state. If in-situ moisture contents are high enough, these soils become fluid and lose strength temporarily when remolded or disturbed. During construction activities, grubbing and earthwork would expose the soil to increased erosion potential. Soil erosion impacts would be localized and short-term, related to precipitation events during the construction phase. No notable, long-term increase in soil erosion is anticipated with implementation of the action alternatives. The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • Prior to construction, a final review will be conducted to determine the probability of caves or lava tubes in the construction corridor. Should significant caves be present, final design and/or construction techniques will be developed to avoid or minimize impacts. • If a significant cave or lava tube is inadvertently encountered during construction, all construction activity will cease immediately at the location in question and the Project Engineer will be notified. Consultation will be conducted with appropriate resource or regulatory personnel to ensure that unique biological, cultural, or geological cave resources are investigated and documented, and, if warranted, protected. • Construction specifications will be incorporated to minimize potential hazards of caves to construction workers. • During the rainy season, following completion of construction, slopes and denuded areas will be allowed to revegetate with natural seed sources, such as kikuyu grass and `a`ali`i, in order to minimize soil erosion. • FHWA will coordinate with HDOT regarding fog warning signs or systems during final design. S.3.13 BOTANICAL RESOURCES A total of 91 species of vascular plants was recorded within the study corridor during the field survey. Of these, 15 are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and 15 are indigenous, meaning they are native to Hawaii but occur naturally in other places as well. Sixty-one species are introduced, meaning they were brought to Hawaii by people, including one plant of Polynesian introduction. Only two of the endemic species, `aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense) and hard -stemmed lovegrass (Eragrostis atropioides), are common or dominant anywhere in the corridor. These two are dominant only between Ke`amuku and the existing Saddle Road. Seven of the 15 endemic species were recorded as uncommon within the corridor, meaning only one or very few Page S-18 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement individuals were observed. These findings show that endemic plants have been nearly extirpated from Ke`amuku during years of cattle -grazing. Nearly all of the Ke`amuku parcel has been used for cattle production for many years. Thus, the vegetation of most of the area is pasture, made up of introduced grasses with varying numbers of scattered native shrubs, many introduced forbs (weeds) and a few introduced shrubs and trees. The general appearance is of rolling grasslands on the rugged slope of Mauna Kea with some extensive stands of the indigenous shrub `a `ali `i (Dodonaea viscosa). No plants listed as endangered or threatened by the State of Hawaii or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were found within the study area. A few individuals in poor condition of one rare plant, Chamaesyce olowaluana, may be present. This species is found in modest numbers further east in PTA, and the isolated patch in the corridor is not significant. Construction and operation of Saddle Road on W-7 are unlikely to lead to the severe spread of alien plant species in the region, because the area is already heavily invaded by those alien plants athat thrive in the region. Furthermore, the general area is already subject to land uses such as highways, grazing, military use, and hunting, which contribute in various degrees 'to the spread of alien species. As the area is a military base, motorists would not generally be stopping along the corridor. However, the general increase in traffic through the Saddle region would inevitably bring with it more opportunities for transport of alien species seeds, spores, and plant parts. QThe following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • All equipment, material, and support structures will be stored and maintained within the (J ROW or in designated staging areas that have been approved as being areas where the storing, servicing, and staging of equipment and material will not adversely impact native ospecies. These areas will be clearly demarcated and fenced prior to construction. • All construction activity will be restricted to the clearly delineated ROW. • A Project Engineer or representative will be on site at all times during construction to ensure implementation and compliance with environmental mitigation requirements as stated in the contract documents. • Contractors will be required to participate in an environmental quality control program similar to required safety programs contained in Contract Specifications. • Immediately after construction in this Section I is completed, in conformance with conditions of the NPDES permit, some areas in the margins of the roadway will be covered with stockpiled grubbed material to allow natural regeneration of vegetation. g These areas will be irrigated for 30 days. In some areas of other portions of the Saddle i nRoad project, native species such as `a `all `i have taken hold in cut slopes with soil. U D Page 5-19 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • After construction, HDOT will maintain the area to keep the unpaved road edges vegetation -free or closely mowed, which will also help reduce the spread of alien weeds. • The following standard management requirements will be implemented to prevent introduction of noxious weeds: o All heavy equipment will be cleaned prior to entering the project area; o All equipment entering the project area will be covered when loaded; and o All plant material used for erosion control and road maintenance will be certified weed free. S.3.14 WILDLIFE AND OTHER FAUNAL RESOURCES A total of 27 different species of birds was recorded during counts that took place at 45 stations in August 2009. Avian diversity and densities were low, consistent with the habitat present within the project area. Two species, Sky Lark (Alauda arvensis) and House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), accounted for slightly less than 54 percent of the total number of birds recorded during station counts. Three of the species recorded, Pacific Golden -Plover (Pluvialis fulva), Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), and Short -eared Owl (Asio flammeus sandwichensis), are native species. The Pacific Golden -Plover and Ruddy Turnstone are indigenous migratory shorebird species that nest in the high Arctic during the late spring and summer months, returning to Hawaii and the tropical Pacific to spend the fall and winter months each year. They usually leave Hawaii for their trip back to the Arctic in late April or the very early part of May each year, though small numbers of both of these species over -summer in Hawaii. The Hawaiian endemic sub -species of the Short -eared Owl, or Pueo, is a diurnal bird of prey, regularly seen within the grasslands of North and South Kohala. The remaining 24 avian species detected are all considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands. No species currently listed, or proposed for listing under either Federal or State of Hawaii endangered species programs, was detected during the course of this survey. The relatively poor habitat and relative lack of native bird species within the W-7 corridor indicates that it is unlikely that any negative impacts on native bird species would result from the construction and operation of the roadway. Because Hawaii has only one endemic terrestrial mammal, the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), the primary purpose of the mammal survey conducted for the project was to determine the extent to which the species inhabits the project area. Although not detected in the survey, it is likely that Hawaiian hoary bats overfly portions of the alignment on a seasonal basis. They may also forage for volant insects over portions of the project area on a seasonal basis, though the xeric nature of the habitat present and the lack of dense vegetation provides little in the way of attractive food resources for a bat, and no adverse impacts are expected. In the course of the survey, a total of nine mammalian species were detected, Page S-20 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement including European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus), small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus), horses (Equus c. caballus), pigs (Sus s. scrofa), domestic cattle (Bos taurus), feral goats (Capra h. hirca), feral sheep (Ovis aries), dogs (Canis f. familiaris), and cats (Felis c. catus). All of these mammalian species were introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by man and can be deleterious to native ecosystems. oInvertebrate surveys conducted in 1996 for the 1999 Final EIS were not repeated. These surveys found no threatened or endangered species, and given the degraded habitat in an area almost identical to W-3, which was surveyed, there was little likelihood of finding them today. Section I does not harbor many sensitive insect species and there are few concerns. Populations of two relatively common snails, Succinea konaensis and a specimen tentatively identified within the genus Striatura, might be impacted by construction, but they are widely distributed, so these impacts would not be notable. These species were found in highly localized rocky outcrops. However, it is expected that rock outcrops in similar locations outside the corridor would likely contain similar populations. Road construction on the new, alternative route would generate a corridor along which (� introduced species, both plant and animal, would be able more readily to gain access to native habitat. Numerous species of alien wasps and alien ants (including Argentine ants) exist along portions of the existing Saddle Road. Mitigation measures discussed in the context of botanical resources, above, will assist in o avoiding or limiting damage to wildlife and other faunal resources, including spread of invasive species. S.3.15 FLOODPLAINS AND DRAINAGE The W-7 alignment traverses an undeveloped area formerly used for pasture that has not been studied for floodplains by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the County, or the State. It is within Zone X, outside of the designated 500 -year floodplain. The W-7 corridor crosses several ephemeral drainages, all of which are minor, unnamed, and not mapped on USGS {� maps. The largest drainage has 796 acres and a 100 -year flow of 223 cubic feet per second. The LJ other three tributaries are significantly smaller in drainage area with lower flows. All other sections of W-7 would likely need only relief culverts spaced at intervals to be determined (� during the design phase. The 50 -year design storm would be used for culvert design for the U improved Saddle Road. Although bridges are currently not anticipated to be needed, the 100 -year design storm would be used for bridge design, if bridges are required. The installation O of culverts and bridges would not result in the temporary or permanent loss of riparian vegetation associated with drainageways, as no such riparian vegetation exists within the W-7 corridor. There are no perennial streams within the W-7 corridor, therefore, aquatic wildlife is not sustained. No impacts to aquatic wildlife are anticipated. Page 5-21 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • Saddle Road will be designed as an all-weather facility, with new drainage structures designed to handle the minimum 50 -year design storm in accordance with existing State requirements. S.3.16 WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS No Wild and Scenic Rivers are located within the project corridor or its vicinity. No impacts to Wild and Scenic Rivers are anticipated from construction and use of the W-7 alignment. S.3.17 COASTAL BARRIERS/COASTAL ZONES No Coastal Barriers are present in the State of Hawaii. The entire State of Hawaii is within the Coastal Zone as defined by the Federal Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act. Under the CZM program, Federal projects must conform with objectives and polices related to ten areas: recreation resources, historic resources, scenic and open space resources, coastal ecosystems, economic uses, coastal hazards, managing development, public participation, beach protection and marine resources. No portion of the project area is within the Special Management Area of the Coastal Zone. All Federal projects require a determination to ensure that the proposed project is consistent with the objectives and polices of the CZM Program. With implementation of the project mitigation measures, the project was determined in 1999 to be consistent with the objectives and polices of the CZM Program. FHWA and HDOT have determined that there are no differences between the use of W-3 and W-7 with respect to consistency with the Coastal Zone Management Act. This will be confirmed through review of the new corridor by the Flawai`i CZM program, which has been supplied a copy of this SEIS. S.3.18 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES As discussed above, the biological surveys conducted along the 500 -foot wide W-7 corridor found no botanical, avian or mammalian species currently listed as endangered, threatened or proposed for listing under either the federal or state of Hawai`i's endangered species statutes. These findings are not unexpected given the highly degraded nature of the habitat present within the corridor. Several endangered species are known from the general project area. A contiguous system of Endangered Species Management Units have been established within PTA at Kipuka Page S-22 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement D Kalawamauna and Pu`u Ka Pele. These are the primary sites where honohono (Haplostachys haplostachya) survives within the Hawaiian Islands today. Pu`u Ka Pele is about 6,770 feet southeast, and Kipuka Kalawamauna is about 4,700 feet south of the proposed W-7 corridor. A a third Endangered Species Management Unit has been designated within Ke`amuku itself to protect and manage both Haplostachys haplostachya and Stenogyne angustifolia, another endangered plant. At closest, this area is approximately 500 feet south of the proposed W-7 corridor. These sites are managed by the U.S. Army to protect and recover endangered plant species. All three sites have been fenced to exclude feral ungulates. Although not detected during the course of the biological surveys conducted as part of the SEIS, the endangered Nene (Branta sandwichensis) has been recorded in low numbers within the Ke`amuku parcel. Additionally, it is possible that small numbers of the endangered endemic OHawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and the threatened Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli), over -fly the project area between the months of May and November. The primary cause of mortality in both Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is thought to be apredation by alien mammalian species at the nesting colonies; collision with man-made structures is considered to be the second most significant cause. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. When disoriented, seabirds often collide with manmade structures, and if they are not killed outright, the dazed or injured birds are easy targets of opportunity for feral mammals. There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the proposed project site for either of these pelagic seabird species. nWildfire could spread to the Endangered Species Management Units within Ke`amuku and in U other parts of PTA from sources within Ke`amuku, other parts of PTA, and the Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area, destroying endangered plants, which is one of the reasons behind the a extensive wildfire mitigation being undertaken by the Army and augmented by project mitigation measures. The new highway, combined with implementation of the IFWMP, will help prevent fires from moving onto the Ke`amuku parcel and PTA. If lighting is unshielded, nighttime construction activity or equipment maintenance can attract and disorient Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters. On a permanent basis, unshielded (� streetlights may have a similar effect. u The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: o• To avoid the potential downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters by their interaction with external construction lighting, no construction or unshielded equipment maintenance. lighting will be permitted after dark between the months of April and October. This prohibition will be one of the Special Contract Requirements that will be incorporated in the construction contract documents. Page 5-23 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Any streetlights that may be installed as part of this action will be shielded to reduce the potential for interactions of nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures. This minimization measure would both minimize the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters and fully comply with Hawaii County Code § 14 — 50 et seq., which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. To minimize collateral damage to areas outside of the ROW and the risk of wildfire during construction, the Special Contract Requirements will mandate that all construction activity shall be restricted to within the clearly delineated ROW and that entry and exit into the ROW by all construction personnel and equipment shall be at previously identified and marked non -sensitive areas. Special Contract Requirements will be incorporated into the construction documents directing the contractor's work consistent with specific minimization commitments that are outlined in this section and in consultation documents for the project. The Contracting Officer will have the authority to shut down construction should violations of Special Contract Requirements be detected; furthermore, the project engineer will be responsible for ensuring compliance with all environmental restrictions and minimization measures. S.3.19 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORIC, AND TRADITIONAL CULTURAL RESOURCES An Archaeological Inventory Survey and Traditional Cultural Study for the entire Saddle Road project was completed in 1996, which was supplemented by a 100 -percent pedestrian survey of the W-7 corridor and a review of more recent archaeological and ethnographic literature in 2009. The inventory survey determined that there were seven sites in the 500 -foot wide W-7 study corridor, of which only 200 feet would be used for right-of-way. One linear site that the W-3 alignment also crossed is the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] Site 50-10-21-20855. This old roadway is a two -track, unpaved pathway on pahoehoe, built at grade. The other sites include five rock mounds that are Historic -era markers of the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station lands and ranch lands to the southwest, and remnants of a ranching -era fence. These six sites are outside of the 200 -foot right-of-way and would not be affected by the proposed undertaking. No burials or traditional cultural sites appear to be present in the W-7 corridor. The archaeological report discussing historic properties was provided to various agencies and groups, including the State Historic Preservation Division, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Hawaiian Civic Clubs, the Royal Order of Kamehameha, and others, for their comment, as part of consultation under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The Final SEIS will present the results of this coordination. Page S-24 0 OSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement OThe following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • An MOA was executed among the FHWA, SHPO, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, HDOT, and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), agreeing upon a mitigation plan procedures for the historic sites contained in various portions of the Recommended Alternative (which included W-3 in Section I). The MOA stipulated how Deach archaeological site would be treated and provided a schedule for plan development and review procedures in the mitigation process. Subsequent construction of the improvements to Saddle Road has fulfilled all the requirements of the MOA prior to Oconstruction of applicable segments. The remaining task is to amend the MOA for the W-7 Alternative and implement the mitigation plan for the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road 0 (50-10-21-20855). • In case of discovery of native Hawaiian burials or ritual sites, construction activities will cease in the vicinity of the site until appropriate regulatory and resource personnel are contacted and a determination has been made. All requirements of Chapter 6E, HRS and the administrative rules relating to burials will be satisfied. • In order to ensure the protection of archaeological and paleontological remains during construction, Section 107.02, "Protection of Property and Landscape" Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, FPJ-96, 1996, FHWA will be followed. O • The FHWA will provide a full-time archaeological monitor during clearing, grubbing, and excavation operations on the proposed project. S.3.20 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE a A records search and site reconnaissance of Section I of Saddle Road project area in 1996 conducted for the 1999 Final EIS found no hazardous waste. No activities with the potential to produce recognized environmental conditions have occurred in the area since that time. Visual reconnaissance of the survey corridor in 2009 revealed no conditions or materials. It is therefore unlikely that any adverse impacts from construction or use of Saddle Road in the W-7 alignment would occur related to hazardous materials or toxic substances resulting from existing aconditions. Military training has the potential to introduce hazardous materials or toxic substances. o Although in other parts of PTA, such hazards may include ongoing ordnance and explosives and lead and other contaminants from ammunition, live -fire training exercises will not be undertaken in Ke`dmuku. Materials such as fuels, battery fluid, petroleum lubricants, solvents, paint O products, and coolants may be used and could potentially spill. Military unit training at PTA includes a 40 -hour Hazardous Waste Operations Course, and the units deploy to PTA with spill containment and clean-up kits to immediately address any spills during training exercises. Page S-25 F L Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Unexploded ordnance (UXO) is explosive ordnance that has been primed, fused, armed, or otherwise prepared for action, and that has been fired, dropped, launched, projected or placed in such a manner as to constituted a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause. Much of South Kohala is known to contain UXO left over from training during World War II. The U.S. Navy utilized 91,000 acres in Waikoloa in December of 1943 for an artillery firing range and troop maneuvers. Since then, at least two ordnance clearance efforts were conducted, one in 1946 just prior to the departure of the 5th Marine Division, and the other in 1954 following an accident that killed two civilians. UXO continues to be discovered at the former Waikoloa Maneuver Area as land development progresses. Sector 3 of the Waikoloa Maneuver Area study area covers about 28,058 acres of Ke`amuku, including the area traversed by W-7. Parts of it were once used as a live -fire impact area, but there have been no reported discoveries of UXO in this area, and it is currently considered an area with a low probability of UXO exposure. Until the Army acquired the area, about 1,467 acres were used for military maneuvers and training exercises under a master lease agreement between the Army and Parker Ranch. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is conducting a program of UXO removal. Over a seven-year period from 2002-2009, three contracts for UXO removal worth more than $100 million have been awarded. As of June 2009, more than 10,600 acres have been cleared, 2,100 Munitions and Explosives of Concern items and 260 tons of military debris removed, and $82 million expended for all services removed. Environmental surveys conducted to date by biologists and geologists familiar with the appearance of UXO have not revealed the obvious presence of any UXO in the W-7 corridor. Given the lower risk context, the primary concern would be safety of the construction operation. It should be noted that pre -construction sweeps for work on other parts of the Saddle Road Improvement Project from 2003 to 2009 successfully located and cleared training rounds and UXO, and there have been no UXO-related incidents. The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: If previously unidentified hazardous substances or petroleum products are found within the W-7 corridor that indicate an existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release of any hazardous substance or petroleum products into the corridor, further investigation will be pursued, as warranted. If previously unidentified hazardous waste is discovered during project construction, work will cease at that location and appropriate regulatory or resource personnel will be contacted. In areas where ROW is needed outside of that already surveyed, the project area will be further investigated prior to land acquisition or construction to confirm the absence of hazardous waste. Page S-26 r aSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement O • Prior to construction, FHWA will conduct an unexploded ordnance survey. If the risk of encountering UXO is low, then the USACE will be consulted to provide UXO construction support. If the risk of encountering UXO is high, then full UXO clearance Dwill be performed to ensure the safety of the site. The Army will document UXO surveys and removal actions in full accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and guidance. All ordnance found will be removed from the project area in accordance with DOA regulations in coordination with USAG-HI. • In all training activities at Ke`amuku and other areas of PTA, the Army will continue to educate soldiers on how to identify UXO and the proper safety procedures for marking and reporting UXO, in order to reduce impacts not only to soldiers but also to motorists on W-7. a5.3.21 VISUAL A substantial elevational range and open vegetation provide panoramic vistas with interesting O landscape features. Rolling hills, cone-shaped pu `u (hills), broad valleys, and mountains are examples of the diverse landforms found within the corridor. Rock outcrops of basaltic lava, native shrublands, and grasslands that change hue from brown to green in times of rain are visible in the natural landscape of the W-7 corridor, which has only subtle cultural modifications, such as rough, unpaved roads, fence lines, and water tanks and troughs. QThe majority of the viewers now and in the future would travel the highway by vehicle, viewing the landscape at speeds of about 50-55 MPH. Other viewers are those from military facilities O and, ori occasion, from the dry hunting land to the south. These groups view the landscape (including the highway) from different viewpoints, and have a stationary view rather than a changing one. Construction of the proposed highway would result in a substantial change in visual character due to the introduction of a paved road to the existing pastoral setting. The visual impact (� assessment performed in 1999 predicted that this imposition of a two-lane highway would �J impact visual character in various ways and severely lower the existing visual quality of the foreground area. This was based partly on the appearance of the paved surface, but also on cut o and fill slopes. Over its length, fill slopes would range from 6 to 40 feet, and cut slopes would range from 6 to 35 feet, although treatment of these slope faces would minimize the change in visual quality and character. The sections of Saddle Road that have been improved thus far (� appear to be more visually compatible with the surrounding environment than originally U predicted in the FEIS. In addition, the lack of vantages providing views of the W-7 alignment means that there are virtually no "views" of the area to be adversely affected; in fact, the new D highway would open scenic vistas to motorists that have never before been available. The project would not interfere with vistas of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Hualalai, or the Kohala Mountains, the major scenic resources in the area, regardless of viewer location. Page 5-27 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The following mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project: • Final cut and fill slope faces will be made to blend with the surrounding landscape. The natural appearance of the slopes will be improved by rounding the toe and top of slopes, warping, blending the ends of slopes, varying the slope ratios, utilizing staggered ledges, and roughening the face of cut slopes, either by ripping or blasting, where appropriate. (Warping results in a slope face that is not parallel to the roadway. Slope rounding refers to blending the slope into the natural terrain by excavating additional area at the top of the cut slope. Laying back the ends of slopes or blending provides a smooth transition to adjacent cut, fill, or drainage area by flattening the slope ratio at the ends of slopes. Varying slope ratios leaves an irregular, undulating or roughened appearance with staggered ledges rather than a uniform grade. Staggered ledges are benches with varying dimensions and heights on the cut face which do not cross the entire face.) The slope ratios will vary from the top to the bottom of the slope face as well as horizontally along the face, if practicable and feasible. • Rock slope surface treatment will be applied to cut slopes in competent rock areas as identified in the geotechnical testing results. These treatments include roughening of the cut face to incorporate short, staggered ledges, minor warping, and other irregularities in the rock that take on a natural appearance. • In areas not recommended for revegetation, the top three feet of lava material in disturbed areas will be stockpiled prior to construction. After construction, the stockpiled material will be used as plating material. The plating material will be placed over slope faces to resemble the adjacent, undisturbed ground surface conditions or used as rip rap material along ledges and outside of ditch backslopes. • Intercepted drainages on cut slopes will be cut at the angle to existing joints, planes or rock features, and drainage patterns. These features will be incorporated into the NPDES S WPPP. • Where guardrails are needed, natural -appearing guardrail material, such as naturally weathered steel or a material approved by HDOT, will be used to blend more effectively with the surrounding landscape. • To reduce contrast and blend more effectively with the surrounding landscape, aesthetic fencing materials will be used, such as naturally weathered metal or steel, or painted or wooden posts, as approved by HDOT. • Clearing of trees and large shrubs along an irregular edge adjacent to the recovery zone will be done to create a gradual transition or feathered edge. • As determined appropriate during final design, the project may include informal scenic Typical Sections s with interpretive signage in a few locations, such as the Old Waimea - Kona Road and the overlook above Ke`amuku Village. Page S-28 0 OSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement S.3.22 ENERGY There are two primary energy demands associated with the proposed project. Energy would be consumed in construction activities and in operation of vehicles once the highway is open. The 1999 Final EIS calculated energy expenditures for the entire project based on existing technologies. Energy use per section was not calculated. Based on the generalized working efficiency of various pieces of construction equipment (e.g., grader, roller, D-9 bulldozer, scraper), the estimated fuel consumption for construction of the entire proposed Saddle Road was calculated at approximately 0.6 to 0.7 million gallons. The energy use required for construction of W-7 was not recalculated as part of this EIS, but there are essentially no differences between it and W-3. Although the increase in average daily traffic would increase total fuel consumption for vehicles on the road, the proposed project would conserve fuel in individual vehicles by improving the LOS and travel time, reducing curves and grades, providing safe opportunities for passing, and reducing the trip length to most destinations. The substitution of W-7 for W-3, which are almost equal in length, does not result in any differences with regard to energy consumption in construction or operationally. No mitigation measures are necessary for energy impacts. S.3.23 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS Environmental impacts associated with the construction phase of a project are generally localized O and temporary in nature. Anticipated construction impacts include noise from heavy construction equipment, fugitive dust from earthmoving activities, air pollutant emissions from O internal combustion engines, and soil erosion and sedimentation. Construction activities would include mobilization, clearing and grubbing, excavating and filling of earth, foundation construction, drainage structure construction or installation, preparation of highway base, paving, a and cleaning up. Highway construction also generates solid waste in the form of packaging for building materials, detergents, paint, metals, solvents, and demolition of existing materials at intersections. aDue to the 47 -mile length of Saddle Road, it has not been feasible to construct the entire project at one time. Each construction project has improved a 5- to 9 -mile section of the highway. (� Because of the staggering of construction, with implementation of mitigation, construction - related impacts have not been significant and are not expected to be significant for Section I. The mitigation measures that will be employed for construction impacts are extensive, and the reader is referred to Section 3.23 of the main body of this SEIS for a full list. S.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S O ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY Over the life of the project, the construction phase would likely represent the period of most concentrated impact to the natural, biological, and social environment. Construction -related Page S-29 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement impacts, such as soil erosion and sedimentation, the generation of air pollutants and dust, traffic congestion due to detours and delays, and noise from construction equipment, would be considered temporary and would not be expected to affect the area's long-term productivity. The conversion of existing land uses, the direct loss or displacement of native plants and replacement by aliens, the degradation of historic properties, and the modification of the visual environment would occur immediately; these impacts would not be retrievable for the long-term productivity of the area. Economic benefits associated with the construction efforts would occur immediately upon initiation of the project. Those economic benefits associated with increased cross -island traffic and time -savings would begin following the construction period and would be expected to increase over time, contributing to the long-term productivity of the area. Mitigation measures committed for the project would be initiated and maintained over time as appropriate, many of which contribute to the maintenance and enhancement of the region's long- term productivity. No plant or wildlife species are expected to become extinct as a direct result of project activities. Proposed improvements would enhance safety and reduce travel time for many cross -island motorists. While taking advantage of an existing road facility, the short-term use of project resources represents an efficient means to achieve a primary transportation goal. S.5 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES Irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources for the proposed project include exclusion of future military uses, native species habitat, scenic resources disturbance, project materials such as aggregate for at least the life of the project, and historic -era archaeological resources, soil, and energy on a permanent basis. S.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Cumulative impacts encompass the total effect on a natural resource, ecosystem, or human community due to past, present, and future activities or actions of federal, non-federal, public, and private entities. The cumulative impact analysis approach undertaken in this SEIS is derived from several sources (Caltrans 2009; USEPA 1999; and CEQ 1997) and was developed interactively with the direct and indirect impacts analyses from the 1999 FEIS, scoping for the SEIS in 2007, and later resource studies. The early focus on cumulative impacts helped in designing the W-7 alternative so as to avoid or minimize impacts. The analysis for identifying and assessing cumulative impacts followed here consists of seven steps: Page S-30 DSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 1. Identification of resources in consultation with agencies, groups, individuals and reliable information sources. 2. Identification of the direct and indirect impacts of the proposed project that might contribute to a cumulative impact on the identified resources. 3. For all resources that have a potential to be impacted by the project, definition of a geographic boundary or Resource Study Area (RSA) for each resource to be addressed. O 4. Description of the current health and the historical context of each resource. 5. Identification of the set of other current and reasonably foreseeable future actions or projects and their associated environmental impacts to include in the cumulative impact Oanalysis. 6. Assessment of the potential cumulative impacts. 7. Assessment of the need for mitigation and the potential to avoid, minimize, rectify or compensate for impacts. As a result of analyses in Steps 1 and 2, the following resources were found to.be impacted by Othe project in a more than insubstantial way: Drainage Areas: The project would increase drainage quantities in several swales. Native Ecosystems: There would be direct loss of 45.0 acres of Dodonaea shrubland, 12.1 acres of Chenopodium shrubland and 15.5 acres of Eragrostis grassland. Threatened and Endangered Plant Species: Two endangered plants, Haplostachys Ohaplostachya and Stenogyne angustifolia, are found within 500 feet of W-7, and wildfire poses a potential threat. Historic Properties (Ranching Features): The project would take a portion of one U archaeological site, the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road, an early 201h century road alignment. Visual Quality: The project would insert a built landscape in area currently without structures, with the potential for degradation of regional scenic resources. In Step 3, a Resource Study Area (RSA) was defined for each resource for which the project had (� an adverse impact that might accumulate with impacts from other projects. The RSAs provided u a logical unit for analysis of the existing state of a resource and effects to it. The next step in the cumulative impact analysis consisted of describing the current health, condition, or status of each affected resource within its respective RSA, including historical and recent trends. The historic a properties (ranching features), visual resources and minor drainages were in a healthy or sustainable state. The biological resources under consideration were more threatened, (� particularly from historical actions, despite recent successful efforts to stabilize the particular U endangered species. Next, the cumulative impact analysis identified current and reasonably foreseeable transportation and non -transportation projects within the RSA for each resource, and then summarized the manner in impacts from the proposed Saddle Road Improvement project would combine and interact with those of other projects. Page 5-31 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Drainage Areas: The project adds up to 50 percent more 50 -year storm runoff to drainages that currently have flows between 6 and 135 cubic feet per second. In the context of a very restricted area to be utilized for military maneuvers that would simulate natural and human - altered landscapes in which U.S. military action would occur, this alteration does not cause problems. All additional runoff is expected to be within the capacity of existing drainages, and there are no risks to flooding or other resources. Native Ecosystems: In the context of existing overall minimum of tens of thousands of acres of Dodonaea shrubland, the loss of this community type is negligible. As the loss of the two rarer types — Chenopodium shrubland and Eragrostis grassland -- occurs in the context of degraded habitat areas surrounded by existing roads, the habitat is not highly vulnerable to further fragmentation. All types are included in Endangered Species Management Units within PTA that are being actively managed for native habitat. No unique ecosystem relationships with other organisms are known that would elevate the nature of adverse effects. Introduced plant species may be slightly more invasive, but the effect is not substantial. Wildfire remains a risk. Threatened and Endangered Plant Species: Although the project has avoided areas with endangered plants and included a 500 -foot buffer to the nearest individuals, the Saddle Road combined with training at PTA continues to pose a wildfire risk. PTA has mitigated with Endangered Species Management Units and an Integrated Wildfire Management Plan. The Saddle Road project includes Typical Sections that are designed to minimize the potential for fire and also offers substantial firefighting benefits in terms of a firebreak and access. Overall, the mitigation efforts of PTA specified in the Transformation EIS, the IWFMP, and existing Biological Opinions for training, combined with the W-7 highway design, will result in increased propagation of these species and protection of ESMUs. Historic Properties (Ranching Features): The destruction of about 120-160 feet (about 0.1 percent) of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt road occurs within the context of historic sites within Ke`amuku that are protected by the Army. The larger context for ranching sites in this part of West Hawaii is a number of high quality sites preserved in public or private hands. No substantial adverse cumulative impact would occur. Visual Quality: The project will insert a built element into a landscape that, while largely pristine, will undergo changes in association with the introduction of military training in Ke`amuku and another probable highway project in the Saddle Road Extension. Limited portions of several thousand acres of proposed Waikoloa development may also be visible in the distance. Although the scenic vistas that are currently enjoyed from most of the existing Saddle Road and Mamalahoa Highway will not be altered, viewsheds for drivers in a limited area near the junction of the realigned Saddle Road and Mamalahoa Highway will be notably altered. Page S-32 aSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement O For the resources of historic properties and drainage areas, there are no adverse cumulative impacts that require mitigation. The primary cumulative impact on native ecosystems and threatened and endangered species attributable to the Saddle Road Improvement Project and O other foreseeable projects, particularly the Saddle Road Extension and increased military training at PTA, is additional wildfire ignition sources. Extensive wildfire mitigation is in place for military training, as described elsewhere in this SEIS. The Saddle Road Improvement project D design has included coordination with the Army to determine Typical Section designs that would be effective in preventing fires and maximizing fire -fighting benefits of the road corridor. Additional proposed mitigation is for the Saddle Road Extension to continue coordination with Dthe Army, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the DLNR to formulate Typical Section design, and other mitigation if necessary, that takes into account the cumulative effects on wildfire. The cumulative impact to visual quality is primarily a concern at and near the function of the W- 7 alignment and Mamalahoa Highway. Design for Saddle Road has included minimization of Othe amount of cut and fill slopes, revegetation of disturbed areas, and blending any proposed improvements into the surrounding landscape. It is further recommended that the Saddle Road Extension adopt these design methods to minimize visual impact, particularly in the area within a mile of Mamalahoa Highway, where all three highways will be highly visible. OS.7 SECTION 4(F) ANALYSIS The purpose of 49 U.S.C. Section 103, generally known as Section 4(f), is to ensure that the U.S. DOT makes special efforts to protect public parks and recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl orefuges, and historic properties. The law states that the Secretary of Transportation shall approve a project which requires the use of publicly owned land from a public park, recreation area, wildlife or waterfowl refuge, or from an historic property of significance only if; (1) there is no prudent and feasible alternative to such use, and (2) the project includes all possible planning to minimize harm to the resource being affected by use. There are no public parks, recreation areas, (� or wildlife or waterfowl refuges in or near Section I of the project area. Of potential Section 4(f) resources, only archaeological sites are present. O One historic property, the Old Waimea -Kona Belt road (Site 50-10-21-20855), is located partially within the W-7 alignment and would be subject to Section 4(f) use. An additional five historic sites within the 500 -foot study corridor would be avoided as part of final design of the oactual 200 -foot ROW corridor. The Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road has been determined eligible for listing on the National (� Register of Historic Places. This site is a 39 -mile long historic road dating from about 1920 that lJ runs from Waimea to Kona and corresponds in many locations to the Mamalahoa Highway. The Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road intersects the W-7 alignment at Station 9+00. The W-7 alignment aROW is 200 feet wide, and the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road is 16 feet wide. Consequently, the Page S-33 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement W-7 alignment will take 3,200 square feet of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. This Section 4(f) take is approximately 0.1 percent of the total area of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. The W-3 alignment would also cross the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. It would also result in a 4(f) take. Since the W-3 ROW is also 200 feet wide, the W-3 alignment would also result in a 3,200 square foot take. There are no unique features or attributes at either alignment's crossing. Several other alignments considered in the EIS process that would lie north or south of W-3 or W-7 also could not avoid this resource because of the perpendicular nature of all potential crossings. All alternative alignments would result in the same or very similar amounts of take, because the standard ROW for Saddle Road is 200 feet wide. To avoid the Old Kona -Waimea Belt Road, a new alignment would have to be located several miles to the north or south of the W-7 alignment. It would have to go around the 39 -mile length of the site. This would not be prudent because the road would cease to function as a logical cross -island route, which is a primary purpose of the project. Realigning around the historic site would compromise the project to a degree that it would be unreasonable to proceed with the project in light of its stated purpose and need. Another potential avoidance alternative would be to construct Saddle Road with an overpass for the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. However, that alternative would not be prudent. Since there is not a topographic feature that facilitates an overpass, the fill structure needed to raise Saddle Road to go over the road would be very costly (approximately $2.5 million) and would have a footprint of approximately four times the currently proposed footprint, with commensurate impacts to vegetation. In addition, the creation of an overpass without the associated change in terrain would create a severe visual impact associated with a massive out -of -character structure in a relatively undeveloped area. Consequently there is no feasible or prudent alternative that would avoid the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road or eliminate a take of 3,200 square feet of this historic property. All potential viable alternatives have the same amount of harm to the Section 4(f) resource. However, the W-7 alternative best meets the project's purpose and need. For the W-7 alternative, the remaining task is to amend the existing MOA to mitigate the adverse effect of the W-7 Alternative to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (Site 50-10-33-20855). The mitigation plan includes fabrication of an interpretative sign providing a history of the road and a construction of a pull -off adjacent to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road for the general public. S.8 UNRESOLVED ISSUES No unresolved issues exist. Page S-34 0 OSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION O1.1 BACKGROUND AND 1999 SADDLE ROAD EIS The existing Saddle Road, State Route (SR) 200, extends approximately 47 miles between Hilo O and the western part of the island of Hawaii (Figure 1.1.1). It begins at the Puainako Street Extension six miles west of downtown Hilo and extends to a junction with State Route 190 (SR 190), the Mamalahoa Highway, approximately six miles south of Waimea. All portions of o Saddle Road are owned or managed by HDOT through Executive Order, license, or perpetual easement. a Saddle Road is the only paved road serving the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA), the Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory Complex, the Mauna Loa atmospheric observatory complex, the ranching and residential areas of Waiki`i Ranch and Kaumana City, Mauna Kea State Park, and the Kilohana Girl Scout Camp. It also accesses hunting areas on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa and in the "saddle" between them. 0 No permanent training units are stationed at the PTA. The facility is a vital light infantry, live -fire training facility in the Pacific Ocean region for the U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) and other Pacific Command Units. The transportation of ammunition, training equipment, and troops O from harbors on both the west and east side of the island periodically involves long, slow- moving convoys on Saddle Road. About 1,150 military vehicles made trips to PTA in 2008, primarily°in convoys between PTA and the port at Kawaihae. The convoys only travel during O non -peak periods, are escorted by Hawaii County Police Department vehicles in the front and back to enhance safety, and move at 10 miles an hour below posted speed limits. Military trips currently comprise less than one percent of all Saddle Road traffic. Due to continuing overseas a deployments, the annual training levels at PTA are lower than previously in the decade, a trend which is expected to reverse within several years. Saddle Road is also used by PTA personnel to commute to and from work. In 1992, the entire Saddle Road was a narrow, winding, two-lane road with steep grades, sharp curves, poor pavement conditions, and substandard drainage. In the seven years that followed, parts of the easternmost portion were widened and repaved by the County of Hawaii, but no attempt was made to correct deficiencies in its pavement structural section or vertical and horizontal alignment, which reflected the original road built during World War II. Saddle Road was becoming increasingly important for access to PTA, Mauna Kea, and outdoor recreation areas. Furthermore, its role was increasing as a cross -island transportation route linking East and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism, recreation, shopping, and daily commuting. r 0 Page 1-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Saddle Road passed through key training areas of PTA, creating conflicts between motorists and military training units. These conflicts, along with roadway deficiencies and capacity limitations, contributed to growing safety concerns for both the general public and military personnel. Saddle Road's accident rate of 5.43 accidents per million vehicle miles (ACC/MVM) in 1996 was significantly higher than the average rate for rural two-lane highways throughout the State of Hawaii (3.0 ACC/MVM). Roadway deficiencies also hindered the timely response of emergency vehicles responding to fires, accidents, and other emergencies along Saddle Road. In response to these problems, the Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division (FHWA), in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Transportation (HDOT) and the U.S. Department of the Army (the Army), Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC), began the Saddle Road Improvement Project in 1992. In 1996, the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process began. The EIS was funded through the Defense Access Road (DAR) program, in which FHWA served as co -administrator with SDDC. The Draft EIS, released on November 8, 1997, examined the No Action Alternative and twelve action alternatives incorporating various combinations of the existing alignment and potential new alignments in four different sections of the road, Sections 1, 11, III and IV (Figure 1.1.2). All action alternatives planned to reconstruct the roadway to a two-lane highway with climbing lanes where appropriate, paved shoulders, and a design speed of 60 miles per hour (MPH). All alternative alignments included improved pavement conditions, increased safety and capacity, improved quality of traffic flow, decreased cross -island travel times, and the stimulation of economic growth and development. After release of the Draft EIS there was a 45 -day comment period that included public hearings in Hilo and Waikoloa. The release of the Final EIS was announced in the Federal Register on September 3, 1999, and in the Hawaii State Office of Environmental Quality Control's Environmental Notice on September 8, 1999. The Final EIS presented a Recommended Alternative that consisted of E3 in Section IV, EX -3 in Section 1I, PTA -1 in Section 1I, and W-3 in Section I (Figure 1.1.2). The Recommended Alternative minimized conflicts between military and public uses within the PTA, minimized socioeconomic disruption in the Kaumana area of Hilo, and provided an outlet to Mamalahoa Highway that met the destination needs of motorists while minimizing impact to homes in the Waiki`i area. Substantive environmental issues, which included protected species of flora and fauna, critical habitat for the endangered bird Palila, wetlands and biological habitats of importance, archaeological resources, fire hazards, hunting lands, access to trails and roads, and potential noise increases, were investigated and resolved. 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D ,.- o Y = 0 a L � U 0 O 0 N N M 0] a 0 C Y aICL r 0 7 = a 10 Y 0 0 J +A> 2 ,000'£Z=„ l :al°aS os 0 0 N LL - LLJ > .j a N L-- z 3 W o° Q C) w N W J J :D w CD 0 Q 0) c W r N N ' J Q a� W o � 0 i Q\ Q I 1 /� /� / 1061 �' I sr 1 -17 LLJ r ,.- o Y = 0 a L � U 0 O 0 N N M 0] a 0 C Y aICL r 0 7 = a 10 Y 0 0 J +A> 2 ,000'£Z=„ l :al°aS os U) 0 0 N LL - LLJ > .j a N L-- z 3 W o° Q o w N W J J :D w CD 0 Q 0) c W r N N ' J Q a� N Q\ Q I 1 /� /� / 1061 I sr 1 -17 O 1 �� O 3 Gln \ Y Z� - LLJ� 00 Q - 0 zQ x t a z 0 J p Y Y Q Y 0 V �Coco U) 0 0 N LLJ > .j a N L-- z 3 W o° Q o w N W J J z CD 0 Q 0) c W r N N ' J Q a� N mP Z'L L ajn6!3\sajn6!3\SI3S\SI3S aP!S 1saM aIPPOS—VL 1066 H R 11 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement During the Final EIS process, the lead agencies determined that implementing the proposed project within any one section or any combination of sections of Saddle Road would improve a travel conditions in those sections, whether or not the project was implemented in all sections. Since the alternative alignments identified within each section began and ended at common points on Saddle Road, construction within one section would not adversely affect future construction within another. After this time, final highway design proceeded and the necessary construction and land use permits were obtained for a 6.5 -mile portion of Saddle Road in Section 11 from Milepost (MP) 28 to 35 within PTA. Contracts for construction were awarded and highway construction began in 2004, and this portion was opened to traffic in May 2007. Construction for the portion in a Section III between MP 19 and 28 was completed in October 2008. The final part of Section Il, north of the PTA cantonment area from MP 35 to 41, was completed and opened in August 2009. A portion of Section III between MP 11 and 19 is scheduled to begin construction in late D 2009 and be completed in 2011. The remainder of the eastern side of project — i.e., the portion in Sections III and IV from MP 6 to MP 11 — has been partially funded and completion dates are not yet certain. The remainder of the western side (Section I) of the project from the "Seven Steps" near MP 41 to Mamalahoa Highway, the subject area of this SEIS, has not yet been scheduled for design or construction. 1.2 ARMY'S PURCHASE OF KE`AMUKU In 2006, the Department of the Army purchased a Parker Ranch property known as the Ke`amuku parcel (TMK 3rd. Div., 6-7-001:041). This property included the area planned for the western section (Section I) of the selected alternative alignment — termed W-3 — of the Saddle Road Improvement Project. The U.S. Army (Army) has incorporated the property, including the entire W-3 alignment, within Pohakuloa Training Area and is preparing to use it for military training. The Army prepared an EIS for the Army Transformation of the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT), which includes plans to utilize Ke`amuku for training, including training with the Stryker vehicle (U.S. Department of the Army 2004). A decision by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals led to preparation of a supplemental EIS that considered locations other than Hawaii for the permanent stationing of a the 2/25th SBCT. In a Record of Decision issued in April 2008, the U.S. Army chose to implement the alternative that would station the 2/25th SBCT permanently at Schofield Barracks Military Reserve on the island of Oahu. A variety of maneuver training is expected to occur at aPTA, including the Ke`amuku parcel. No live -fire exercises will be permitted on the Ke`amuku parcel. 1 r 1 Page 1-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement E Both alternative segments for Section I of Saddle Road studied in the 1999 Saddle Road EIS — W-2 as well as the Selected Alternative Segment, W-3 — pass through the center of Ke`amuku. Now that the Army has acquired the Ke`amuku parcel, use of either alignment would create a situation in which civilian traffic would traverse a roughly 10 -mile extent of Army land with military training taking place on both sides. To be able to effectively train on both sides of Saddle Road, the military would need a number of underpass or overpass crossings. Although this would permit training on both sides of the new roadway, the effectiveness of such training would likely be restricted and hindered due to the limited number of available crossing locations. Additionally, these crossings are expensive and would increase the total costs for W-3. The W-7 alignment is expected to only require one crossing, the details for which will be determined in cooperation with the Army during final design. Accordingly, on September 6, 2006, the U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii, requested that HDOT and FHWA consider relocating the highway about a mile southwest towards the southern boundary of Ke`amuku (Appendix A3). 1.3 RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES, NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTAL EIS, AND FUNDING Responsible Agencies The Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division (FHWA) and the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) have cooperated to develop the Saddle Road Improvement project. The Army is also cooperating in the development of those portions of Saddle Road within PTA. FHWA and HDOT considered the request of the Army to shift the alignment to the south and concluded that it was a reasonable and prudent action, as it would allow the Army to maximize their training opportunities and minimize conflict with the traveling public. The reduction of conflicts between the traveling public and military operations was one of the purposes of the original EIS. The new alignment has been termed W-7, as it is the seventh potential mapped alignment in Section I to receive consideration since 1996 (Figure 1.3.1). As the lead federal agency for the project, FHWA also serves as the lead agency for compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (NEPA). HDOT serves as the lead agency for compliance with Chapter 343, HRS, the Hawaii Environmental Policy Act. Need for Supplemental EIS The administrative rules implementing both NEPA and Chapter 343, HRS, require that a supplemental EIS (SEIS) be prepared whenever there are changes, new information, or further developments on a project which result in significant environmental impacts not identified in the most recently distributed version of the draft or final EIS (40 CFR 1502.9(c)). 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FHWA and HDOT also re-examined the entirero'ect to determine if there were any other p J changes, new information, or further developments that were not identified in the 1999 Final aEIS. Although there have been changes in laws, regulations, and policies relevant to several areas of Saddle Road (notably policies interpreting the Clean Water Act and the designations of critical habitat in land adjacent to the MP 15-19 portion for certain endangered plants and insects under the Endangered Species Act), HDOT and FHWA are not aware of any new information or further developments that would produce new or significant environmental impacts that require are-examination in an SEIS. This Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (Draft SEIS) has been prepared to evaluate the proposed action in accordance with NEPA and HRS 343. This SEIS contains only limited discussion of areas of Saddle Road outside of Section I and resources not directly affected by the proposed shift in alignment, and instead refers readers to the 1999 Final EIS for D broader discussions. Furthermore, since this SEIS incorporates the 1999 FEIS by reference, it does not contain a detailed analysis of alternatives already analyzed in the FEIS. An in-depth analysis is presented for W-7 only, although aspects of other alternatives may be referenced for O comparison purposes. The purpose of this SEIS is to determine whether it is feasible to implement W-7. If the determination is that it is not, HDOT and FHWA will implement W-3. DFunding The Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan identified the Saddle Road Improvement O Project, extending from Kaumana to Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190), as a Tier 1 project. Tier 1 projects comprise those projects considered higher priority. Projects will be added into the federally required State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) in phases as they are Dprogrammed for construction. The U.S. Department of the Army, Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC), and the FHWA are co -administrators of the Defense Access Road (DAR) Program. The SDDC previously determined that the design and construction of that portion of the Saddle Road Improvement Project within the then -limits of PTA (approximately MP 28 to 41) were eligible D ,for DAR funds because of the impact of the military operations at the PTA on Saddle Road. The improvements within Section II have been totally funded through the DAR program; DAR funding must be authorized and appropriated by Congress on an annual basis. The improvements within Section III and IV are being funded with HDOT Federal -aid highway funds. Construction within Section I is pending the outcome of this SEIS, which will determine whether W-7 is an acceptable substitute for the 1999 ROD -selected W-3 alignment. A funding D 0 Page 1-11 11 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement source for construction within Section I has not yet been identified, but Section I is being evaluated by the Army to determine if it is eligible for funding under the DAR program. 1.4 PURPOSE AND NEED Despite the passage of about eight years since completion of the original EIS, the purpose of the Saddle Road Improvement Project remains the same: to provide a safe and efficient route for access to land uses along Saddle Road and for cross -island traffic between East and West Hawaii. The ongoing and planned improvements to Saddle Road would also address five general types of needs: roadway deficiencies; conflicts and hazards with military operations; capacity; safety; and social demand and economic development. Section 1.6 of the 1999 Final EIS provided a detailed chronological description of how the purpose and need were derived and alternatives were established, which is not repeated in this section, which instead contains a general discussion of the purpose and need. Except as noted, the following discussion focuses on Section I (the western section) of Saddle Road, which is approximately 10.3 miles in length and extends from the Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) to MP 41, near the area known as Seven Steps. As discussed above in Section 1. 1, most of Sections Il and III have been or soon will be upgraded, and the three-mile Section IV is still pending final design, certain permits, and funding. 1.4.1 Roadway Deficiencies Although the existing Saddle Road in Section I is presently two -directional, in practicality, deterioration of the pavement has reduced much of the remaining unimproved sections of the road to one asphalt travel lane, 12 to 15 feet wide, with shoulders 2 feet in width (Figure 1.4.1). Pavement deterioration has compromised the integrity of the shoulders, where pavement is more patchy than continuous. The narrow width and poor pavement conditions encourage motorists to drive in the center of the road, increasing the potential for accidents, including head-on collisions. The 11 -mile stretch of Saddle Road between the PTA and the Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190), which would be bypassed by the proposed action, contains eight one -lane bridges. The recent pavement overlays by the County of Hawaii on a portion of the existing road will not provide a long-term solution to the west side roadway deficiencies. Unless the structural section is totally reconstructed, the underlying deteriorated existing pavement condition will eventually be reflected upward through the new overlay surface. With horizontal and vertical alignment deficiencies, the unimproved sections of Saddle Road are characterized by steep grades and sharp curves, which in many places prevent motorists from being able to see an adequate distance ahead to stop safely. The narrow travel lanes, inadequate shoulders, steep grades, sharp curves, and associated substandard sight distances make it very Page 1-12 Ph Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Figure 1.4.1 Page 1-13 ad Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement hazardous to pass slow-moving vehicles. In addition, pavement markings and roadway signage are currently inadequate within the unimproved sections of Saddle Road. Drainage structures are undersized or non-existent in critical locations, resulting in periodic flooding of portions of the roadway. Saddle Road is very occasionally closed during major storm events due to flooding and hazardous road conditions. 1.4.2 Conflicts/Hazards with Military Operations Prior to the realignment of Saddle Road in Section II, live fire and aerial and ground exercises created conflict between the traveling public and military training, which presented serious safety hazards to both the motoring public and military units training at PTA. The conflicts also reduced the quality of some of the training undertaken at PTA. To address this safety concern and impacts to training, Saddle Road was realigned to north of the base to avoid public traffic from passing through PTA in Section II. As discussed previously, the Army's acquisition of the Ke`amuku parcel in 2006 resulted in the ROD -selected Section I alignment (W-3) passing through the middle of these lands. Therefore there is a need to reduce the conflict between the military and the traveling public to levels that are acceptable to both interests. The U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii requested in September 2006 that HDOT and FHWA consider relocating the highway southwesterly towards the southern boundary of Ke`amuku and that such a relocation would better meet one of the original purposes of the Saddle Road EIS, which was to minimize conflict between civilian and military uses within. 1.4.3 Capacity Future growth in traffic volumes is projected for Saddle Road whether Section I is completed or not. The 1994 average daily traffic (ADT, the sum of all vehicles in both directions on a daily basis) on Saddle Road was 900 vehicles. A 1994 traffic assessment reported in the 1999 EIS predicted that by 2014, with the No Action Alternative, Saddle Road ADT would increase to 4,400 (Rust 1994). Completion of proposed improvements to Saddle Road was expected to further increase traffic volumes to 14,000 ADT by 2014, a ten -fold increase over existing levels and a three -fold increase over that of the No Action Alternative for 2014. The conclusion based on these predictions was that the level of need far exceeded the road's existing traffic capacity. In order to update these 14 -year old projections, FHWA measured traffic volumes at six locations over two 14 -day periods beginning on March 10 and November 20, 2008, and found ADTs of about 1,200 to 1,700, resulting in an average ADT of 1,400. Although this reflects about a 50 percent increase from 1994 levels, the growth is less than either of the scenarios projected in 1994. While the growth predictions made in 1994 were probably over-estimated, the substantial'but presumably temporary slowdown in visitor numbers and economic activity in 2008 on the Big Island, as well as reduced military training as a result of overseas deployment of Page 1-14 1 1 1 1 1 t t 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Hawaii -based units since 2001, are also partially responsible for traffic volumes that were lower than predicted. The updated traffic analysis shows that the upcoming completion of additional segments of Saddle Road in 2009 and 2010 would continue to raise the ADT. It should be noted that traffic impacts from implementing W-3 or W-7 would be identical, as they have the same length and termini. The underlying reason for the projected increase is a variety of demands including: 1) increased commuter traffic; 2) residential development in the Kohala, Waikoloa, and Waiki`i , Ranch areas; 3) tourist traffic; 4) recreational travel; 5) agricultural transportation; 6) military operations; 7) traffic related to the Mauna Kea astronomical and Mauna Loa atmospheric observatory complexes; and 8) growing congestion along alternative cross -island routes. As shown in Table 1.4.1, ADT growth is expected occur regardless of whether the western section is completed because of the increased convenience and safety of the entire route resulting from the improvements being made in Sections II and III (and eventually, Section IV). Traffic volumes would more than double from about 1,400 ADT to 4,058 ADT by 2013. After 2013, the level of increase in traffic volume would depend on whether Section I of Saddle Road is completed (see Table 1.4.1). Without the realignment and modernization of Section I, traffic would rise to 4,400 by 2034. With construction, total traffic volumes are expected to rise to over 5,000 by 2020 and 8,125 by 2034, with about 6,500 (80 percent) utilizing the realigned section, and 1,625 (20 percent) using the old Saddle Road through Waiki`i. Table 1.4.1 ADT Proiections Year ADT 2008 1,378' Completion of Segments of East Side of Saddle Road During 2009-2011 2011 3,8112 2013 4,05 8 2 Completion of West Side of Saddle Road by 2013 ADT on W-7 with Section I Realigned ADT on Existing Section With Section I Realigned ADT on Existing Saddle Without Section Realigned 2014 3,360 3 840 3 4,074 2 2017 3,743 3 936 3 4,123 2 2020 4,211 3 1,053 3 4,172 2 2025 5,123 3 1,281 3 4,253 2 2031 6,233 3 1,558 3 4,351 2 2034 6,5 00 3 1,625 3 4,400 %Truck/Bus traffic estimated at 1.7%; 2 %Truck/Bus traffic estimated at 2.0%; 3 %Truck/Bus traffic estimated at 5.0%. Source: FHWA-CFLHD. Page 1-15 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Separate from but related to the ADT question is how traffic congestion and the quality of traffic flow would change in the future, with or without improvement of Section I. Without construction of Section I, the transportation of ammunition, training equipment, water trucks, and troops to and from PTA would continue to create occasional long, slow-moving convoys on the existing Saddle Road between Mamalahoa Highway and PTA. With the existing Saddle Road's severely limited passing opportunities, platoons of traffic are created as motorists are trapped behind slow-moving vehicles or military convoys. Construction of the road will provide a safe modern highway with sufficient capacity for expected growth. The degree of congestion and ease of traffic flow are commonly expressed by Level of Service (LOS), a qualitative measure of operational conditions within a traffic stream and motorists' perception of those conditions. It relates to the density of traffic relative to roadway capacity. It expresses conditions of speed, travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, comfort, convenience, and safety. The quality of traffic flow is described in six categories of service, A through F, with LOS A representing traffic in a free flow condition, and LOS F representing serious congestion and considerable delays. On a two-lane road, LOS is primarily determined by the ability to pass, which is largely dependent on the roadway geometrics, percentage of steep grades, traffic volumes, and sight distance. Most experienced motorists are comfortable with LOS C, where roads remain safely below but efficiently close to capacity, and posted speed is maintained. Using operational analysis procedures presented in the Highway Capacity Manual, Fourth Edition, 2000, the LOS under current conditions was calculated. Based on these procedures, the west side of Saddle Road is currently operating at LOS E in most areas (Table 1.4.2). This is due to the poor condition of the pavement, its narrow width, alignment deficiencies, and poor sight distances. Table 1.4.2 provides the LOS with and without the Section I improvements. With projected traffic growth and no proposed improvements, Saddle Road is expected to remain at LOS E or even deteriorate to LOS F by the year 2034. With LOS E, passing in most locations is unsafe and platooning occurs when slower vehicles or other interruptions are encountered. With the proposed improvements, Saddle Road LOS would be improved, and would remain at LOS C along W-7 as late as the design year 2034. LOS C represents moderate congestion and is considered a more -than -adequate condition. Table 1.4.2 Current and Future Traffic Level of Service for Section I, Saddle Road Year ADT LOS 2009 Estimated Traffic 1,400 E No Im rovements 2034 Projected Traffic 1 4,400 E/F With Im rovements 2034 Projected Traffic W-7 Section 6,500 C 2034 Projected Traffic (Existing Section) 1,625 C Page 1-16 a D1.4.4 Safety 1 1 t 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Roadway deficiencies, conflicts/hazards with military operations, and capacity limitations contribute to safety concerns about Saddle Road. Table 1.4.3 provides data on traffic accidents that occurred on the MP 41-53 (Section I) portion of Saddle Road in the 12 -year period from 1995 to 2006, compiled by HDOT in an unpublished 2006 report. The total number of accidents was 136, including 88 involving injury, one fatality, and 47 properly -damage -only collisions. Within this time period, 149 persons were injured and one person was killed on Saddle Road. The majority of accidents (76 percent) occurred during daylight, and there were relatively few accidents during rainy conditions. The most important factor appeared to be the horizontal and vertical alignment (leading to limited sight distance), road width, and pavement conditions. Many of the accidents (42 out of 136 accidents) occurred over the half -mile section between MP 45.50 and 46.00, which contains sharp horizontal curves and limited passing sight distance on vertical curves. Table 1.4.3 Accidents on Section I of Saddle Road, 1995-2006 Year #Accidents # Injury Accidents # Injuries # Fatality Accidents # Fatalities 1995 14 8 10 0 0 1996 1 13 10 16 0 0 1997 14 13 27 0 0 1998 12 6 12 0 0 1999 7 5 9 0 0 2000 11 6 8 0 0 2001 15 10 19 1 1 2002 15 7 11 0 0 2003 6 5 9 0 0 2004 13 5 6 0 0 2005 10 9 16 0 0 2006 6 4 6 0 0 Total 136 88 149 1 1 Source: State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, 2006. 5% Accident Report. Unpublished. Note: The State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, has provided this traffic accident information under the protection of 23 USC 402(k) and 409. This information may not be used in any Federal or State court proceeding in any action for damages arising from any occurrence at a location mentioned or addressed in the information provided. aPage 1-17 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 1.4.5 Social Demand and Economic Development Saddle Road is needed for access to the PTA, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea State Park, outdoor recreation areas along the road including areas used for hunting and gathering, ranch lands, and the communities of Waiki`i Ranch and Kaumana. It is also important for providing a cross -island transportation route to connect East and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism, recreation, shopping, and commuting. Although the portion of the existing Saddle Road in Section I is just over 11 miles long, extending from the Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) to MP 41, motorists consider this substandard but key segment perhaps the most unsafe and difficult to drive. East and West Hawaii differ in economic and development patterns and opportunities. Most government functions and the main University of Hawaii system campus on the island, the University of Hawaii at Hilo, are located on the east end of the island in Hilo, where housing costs are generally lower. Over the last thirty years, however, much of the tourism -related growth in employment and the economy has been occurring in West Hawaii. Without a safe and efficient cross -island route, business opportunities across the island are more limited, and the economies of East and West Hawaii can be expected to continue to diverge. In addition, these conditions create a need for some people to commute cross -island. Decreased cross -island travel times resulting from improvements to Saddle Road would increase the mobility of the labor force. In addition to Saddle Road, two other routes can be used for travel to cross -island destinations: SR 19 and SR 11 (see Figure 1.1.1). SR 11, however, is 30 to 100 miles longer than the other two routes between Hilo and various destinations in Kona and South Kohala, and is generally not used by frequent travelers. For this reason, SR 19 along the Hamakua Coast is considered the only feasible alternative to Saddle Road for most cross -island traffic. SR 19 is approximately 8 to 12 miles longer than Saddle Road for travel between Hilo and destinations in Kona and South Kohala. Between Hilo and Waimea, SR 19 is the shorter route. However, due to frequent towns and related speed reductions, SR 19 is a less direct route. Because of the roadway deficiencies and a lack of services and roadside amenities on Saddle Road, SR 19 currently carries a larger percentage of the cross -island traffic, resulting in congestion on SR 19 during peak travel hours, increasing the time needed to complete the trip. Widening to more than two lanes is not practical for most of the SR 19 route because of the extremely steep terrain, the many homes adjacent to the right-of-way, and particularly the large number of bridges. This severely limits future capacity and expansion potential. Tourists currently do not have easy access to the interior of the island. Even with the improvements made to date, some automobile rental agencies still restrict or prohibit use of their vehicles on the road due to the condition of the unimproved sections of Saddle Road, preventing many tourists from experiencing the attractions within the saddle area. 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Q D Z ♦ 0- 1� 0 �d ,000 fZ=,.l :9100S smir- a / rn a 0 0 Y N0 Q 0 Q D = o Ln p a Q ! t 3 H o ,� 1-3 0 _ O Y U C z �J 3 a• Y ♦ ♦! y 0 N ° Y w N uwj O= Z v, 0 Ym ° ch ° 0 Y C In N 0 O ° I0 O o o C ° C c O O 1� 0 �d ,000 fZ=,.l :9100S smir- 0 N Lo N aP!S lsaM aIPPOS - VLL066 a / rn a a O Z N0 Q 0 Q = a �Z3 Ln p a Q j <rn 3 H o ,� 1-3 0 _ O Y � ~ a CL a x z �J 3 a• Y 0 W < 6.1 l,O lo -I.- L.613\Sa10613\SI3 0 N Lo N aP!S lsaM aIPPOS - VLL066 Q N z Z p N0 <c Q �Z3 Ln p a j <rn N U o ,� 1-3 z w � � U ��` � ~ a CL z �J W < EW ~ d w N uwj O= Z v, ch 0 N Lo N aP!S lsaM aIPPOS - VLL066 y ti 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The proposed improvements to Saddle Road would transportation facility as a two-lane highway that would meet contemporrade ary d design this rural arterials and provide adequate capacity to handle anticipated traffic v lumeg through for and beyond. g 2034 i 1.5 OTHER RELEVANT TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS I Several State of Hawaii or County of Hawaii transportation projects are relevant to th improvements on Saddle Road (Figure 1.5.1). e • At the time of the 1999 Saddle Road EIS, the Puainako Street Widening and Project in Hilo (SR 2000) was still in planning. The Puainako Extension portion of the project was completed in 2004. The Saddle Road Improvement Project begins at the h western terminus of the Puainako Street Extension. The second half Project, which involves realigning and widening the section between Komohof the uainako and State Highway 11 to complete the cross -island link, is still in planning.ana Street • In 1998, the EIS began for the proposed Saddle Road Extension, D between the Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) and Queen Ka`ahuma u1Highwaghway o in the on vicinity of Waikoloa Road on the west side of the Island. Early alternative st dies for the project were conducted, but no major work has proceeded on the project since fo 2003. The selection of a western terminus for the Saddle Road project about nfluence the eastern terminus of the Saddle Road Extension project; however, the W-7 erm nus is essentially the same as the W-3 terminus. In the event that HDOT determines that j is not feasible or prudent to locate the Saddle Road Extension It U the Saddle Road terminus, another alternative will likely be identified. ontiguous with • The Kawaihae Road Bypass project would construct a new 15 -mile major arteria O highway with truck climbing lanes that realigns the existing 1 Waimea to Kawaihae. Studies for the Draft EIS are currently being conducted. oad It is O anticipated that the Draft EIS will be prepared and submitted by March 2010. Prior to this submittal, a public informational meeting will be held. The eastern terminus of t Kawaihae Road Bypass is currently under active discussion with communityhe ] 1.6 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND IMPLEMENTATION groups. EMENTATION SCHEDULE A summary of project development from 1993 to the present is contained in Chapter 8 SEIS process formally began with the Notice of Intent (NOI) in the Federal Register The on December 10, 2007, and the issuance of Saddle Road SEIS Preparation Notice SEIS January 8, 2008, initiating a 30 -day State of Hawaii comment g published prepared responses to commenters (see Appendix A period. The lead agencies on responses to SEISPN) and planned studies n consideration Oof the commeand A2 nts of comments and 1 Page 1-21 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement uring his e, two After this Draft SEIS is issued there will be a 45 -day coFollowing ttent period. he end tof thislcomment public hearings will occur —one on each side of the island.orate relevant information period, the lead agencies will prepare responses to commenters, incorporate The Final SETS will present into the Final SEIS and conduct additional studies, if appropriate. will then be the recommended alternative. A legally binding federal Rec the selected alternatrd of ecision ive and the prepared by FHWA that will summarize the project, identify rationale for its selection, and specify mitigation commitments. 1.7 REQUIRED PERMITS AND APPROVALS approvals may be necessary prior to implementation of the projectsents those . A number of permits or other app approvals identified to date. The following list (Table 1.7.1) repre identified subsequently if permits or arranted by project modifications, Additional permits might mitigation measures, or refinements in final design. Table 1.7.1 Permits and Approvals Approval Permit / App Applicable Activities Applicable Areas listed on or eligible Regulatory Agency g State Department of Historic Sites Review Any construction in the vicinity of a designated historic place or Sites for national or State of historic places Land and Natural Resources (DLNR , archaeological site. registers Historic Preservation Division Within State highway State DOT State Highways Any work. ROW State DLNR Permit Conservation District Any use of conservation lands. Land Use Conservation Use Permit (CDUP) installing a new Statewide State Department of Health (DOH) Permit to Construct an Constructing or air polluon or modifying Air Pollution Source eng source. anxisti streams Surfastreams and ce State DOH National Pollutant Discharge of any pollutant, uali of any coastal waters of the State Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) disechagge encreasing the quantity of any discharge. County of Hawaii Approval Dividing or consolidating parcels Statewide Planning Dept. Subdivision of land for right-of-waY• County of Hawai` i Grading, Grubbing, Any excavation or fill, removal from the surface, or Statewide Department of Public Excavating and of vegetation the purposeful accumulation and Works Stockpiling Permits loose soil. set-aside of page 1-22 r LE 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement QThe proposed improvements to Saddle Road would continue to upgrade and modernize this transportation facility as a two-lane highway that would meet contemporary design standards for a rural arterials and provide adequate capacity to handle anticipated traffic volumes through 2034 and beyond. a1.5 OTHER RELEVANT TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS Several State of Hawaii or County of Hawaii transportation projects are relevant to the improvements on Saddle Road (Figure 1.5.1). a • At the time of the 1999 Saddle Road EIS, the Puainako Street Widening and Extension a project in Hilo (SR 2000) was still in planning. The Puainako Extension portion of the project was completed in 2004. The Saddle Road Improvement Project begins at the western terminus of the Puainako Street Extension. The second half of the Puainako a project, which involves realigning and widening the section between Komohana Street and State Highway 11 to complete the cross -island link, is still in planning. • In 1998, the EIS began for the proposed Saddle Road Extension, a highway connection between the Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway in the vicinity of Waikoloa Road on the west side of the Island. Early alternative studies for the project were conducted, but no major work has proceeded on the project since about 2003. The selection of a western terminus for the Saddle Road project will influence the eastern terminus of the Saddle Road Extension project; however, the W-7 terminus is essentially the same as the W-3 terminus. In the event that HDOT determines that it a is not feasible or prudent to locate the Saddle Road Extension project contiguous with the Saddle Road terminus, another alternative will likely be identified. • The Kawaihae Road Bypass project would construct a new 15 -mile major arterial a highway with truck climbing lanes that realigns the existing Kawaihae Road from Waimea to Kawaihae. Studies for the Draft EIS are currently being conducted. It is anticipated that the Draft EIS will be prepared and submitted by March 2010. Prior to 0 this submittal, a public informational meeting will be held. The eastern terminus of the Kawaihae Road Bypass is currently under active discussion with community groups. O1.6 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE A summary of project development from 1993 to the present is contained in Chapter 8. The SEIS process formally began with the Notice of Intent (NOI) in the Federal Register published on December 10, 2007, and the issuance of Saddle Road SEIS Preparation Notice (SEISPN) on January 8, 2008, initiating a 30 -day State of Hawaii comment period. The lead agencies prepared responses to commenters (see Appendix Al for NOI and A2 copies of comments and responses to SEISPN) and planned studies in consideration of the comments. a t Page 1-21 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement After this Draft SEIS is issued there will be a 45 -day comment period. During this time, two public hearings will occur — one on each side of the island. Following the end of this comment period, the lead agencies will prepare responses to commenters, incorporate relevant information into the Final SEIS and conduct additional studies, if appropriate. The Final SEIS will present the recommended alternative. A legally binding federal Record of Decision (ROD) will then be prepared by FHWA that will summarize the project, identify the selected alternative and the rationale for its selection, and specify mitigation commitments. 1.7 REQUIRED PERMITS AND APPROVALS A number of permits or other approvals may be necessary prior to implementation of the project. The following list (Table 1.7. 1) represents those permits or approvals identified to date. Additional permits might be identified subsequently if warranted by project modifications, mitigation measures, or refinements in final design. Table 1.7.1 Permits and Approvals Permit / Approval Applicable Activities Applicable Areas Regulatory Agency Historic Sites Review Any construction in the vicinity Sites listed on or eligible State Department of of a designated historic place or for national or State Land and Natural archaeological site. registers of historic places Resources (DLNR), Historic Preservation Division State Highways Any work. Within State highway State DOT Permit ROW Conservation District Any use of conservation lands. Lands designated State State DLNR Use Permit Land Use Conservation (CDUP) Permit to Construct an Constructing or installing a new Statewide State Department of Air Pollution Source air pollution source or modifying Health (DOH) an existing source. National Pollutant Discharge of any pollutant, Surface streams and State DOH Discharge Elimination altering the quality of any coastal waters of the State System (NPDES) discharge, increasing the quantity of any discharge. Subdivision Approval Dividing or consolidating parcels Statewide County of Hawaii of land for right-of-way. Planning Dept. Grading, Grubbing, Any excavation or fill, removal Statewide County of Hawaii Excavating and of vegetation from the surface, or Department of Public Stockpiling Permits the purposeful accumulation and Works set-aside of loose soil. Page 1-22 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 2 ALTERNATIVES As discussed in Section 1.3 above, this SEIS considers only Section I of Saddle Road. The portions of Saddle Road within Sections II and III have already mostly been built using the alternative alignments selected in the 1999 ROD. The remainder of Section III and all of Section IV are in various stages of construction or design using the selected D alternative alignments. The No Action Alternative, which was not selected for reasons of safety, circulation, and land use impacts, would continue use of the existing alignment, and traffic on the substandard road through Waiki`i would continue to increase. Since construction is almost complete in Sections II and III, an overall No Action Alternative is impossible. The reasons for rejection of the No Action Alternative remain valid for Section 1, and it is referenced in this EIS for baseline purposes only, as is W-3. If it is not feasible to construct W-7 based on the findings of this SEIS, FHWA and HDOT expect to build W-3 rather than implement the No Action Alternative from the 1999 EIS. D However, W-3 does not meet the project purpose and need as well as W-7. For this reason, W-7 is the preferred alternative. a This chapter first briefly reviews the process of developing and evaluating various alternatives for Section I that was undertaken prior to advancing W-3 as the alternative alignment recommended in the 1999 FEIS and selected in the ROD. This is included U because those alternatives were briefly reviewed as a part of the current process to U reconsider whether they might be appropriate alternatives for further analysis at this time. The second section of the chapter describes the process to select W-7 and the design Dcharacteristics of that alternative. 2.1 ALTERNATIVE FORMULATION AND EVALUATION aThe 1999 FEIS looked at several alternatives for the westernmost portion of Saddle Road, which were depicted in the previous chapter in Figure 1.1.2. The alternatives initially aconsidered in this SEIS were the following: Most of these alternatives had been carefully studied over a three-year period from 1994 to 1997 for the improvement of Saddle Road. These were developed and refined with the Page 2-1 • The alternative alignment studied in detail and recommended in the FEIS and selected by the Record of Decision (W-3); • The alternative alignment that was advanced along with W-3 to the Final EIS but a not recommended or selected (W-2); to the alignment of Saddle Road in Section I (EX -1); • Improvements existing • A series of alternative alignments considered in early phases of the 1999 EIS but 0 eliminated from further consideration (W-4, W-5, and W-6); by the Army in 2006 • Several variants of a more southerly alignment requested after its purchase of the Ke`amuku parcel (W -7a -c) (Figure 2.1.1); (� • Traffic System Management and Mass Transit Alternatives; and �J • No Action. Most of these alternatives had been carefully studied over a three-year period from 1994 to 1997 for the improvement of Saddle Road. These were developed and refined with the Page 2-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement input and involvement of a Social, Economic, and Environmental Team (SEE Team)1; the Saddle Road Task Force; project team specialists, including biologists, botanists, archaeologists, sociologists, economists, land use specialists, water quality specialists, visual resource specialists, and engineers; and government agencies, local residents, landowners, and citizens -at -large. W-3 Alignment Alternative As shown in Figure 1.1.2, this 10.3 -mile route extends almost due west from MP 41 for 1.2 miles on the foothill slopes of Pu`u Ke`eke`e. Once inside the Ke`amuku parcel, W-3 turns west by northwest and roughly keeps this bearing over the next eight miles to Mamalahoa Highway, passing about a half -mile south of the old Ke`amuku ranch village. W-3 would have a maximum grade of about 8.0 percent. Construction of W-3 would require ROW land conversion of approximately 250 acres. The estimated construction cost for alternative alignment W-3 was $39,000,000 in 1999 dollars and the estimated cost for mitigation was $500,000. One of the major considerations in the selection of W- 3 as the Recommended Alternative in the ROD was its efficiency for serving cross -island traffic, because W-3 (like W-7) angles towards the Kona District, and the largest percentage of motorists using Saddle Road are coming from or going to Kona. In terms of overall time and fuel savings, W-3 resulted in greater benefits to Saddle Road motorists and the community as a whole than the other alternatives identified in the original EIS. However, the reason for this SEIS is that the Army determined that W-3 would substantially impact its training operations and cause interference between civilian and military traffic. W-2 Alignment Alternative W-2 would have a path very similar to W-3 along the first 3.1 miles from MP 41 westward (Figure 1.1.2). After this point, W-2 heads north/northwest in a series of long curves that are necessary to traverse the eroded terrain, leading to a greater overall length than W-3. Alternative alignment W-2 would have a length of 10.6 miles, a maximum grade of 8.0 percent, a base elevation of approximately 2,520 feet above sea level, and a top elevation of approximately 5,480 feet. Construction of W-2 would require additional ROW land conversion of approximately 180 acres. The estimated construction cost for W-2 in 1999 was $39,000,000 and the estimated cost for mitigation was $500,000 in 1999 dollars. W-2 would connect Saddle Road directly to Waikoloa Road and reduce the travel distance between Hilo and Waikoloa/Kona from that of the existing Saddle Road alignment. Residents of Waikoloa Village expressed concern in public meetings about the effect of making Waikoloa Road essentially an extension of Saddle Road. 1 The SEE Team is an interagency project coordination and guidance team established by FHWA at the outset of all projects and, in this instance, consisted of HDOT, Hawai'i County, U.S. Arany Corps of Engineers (USACE), U.S. Army [U.S. Army Pacific Command (USARPAC), U.S. Army Garrison, Hawai'i (USAG-HI), and SDDC], USFWS, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and FHWA. Page 2-2 rn 0 0 oSIIW F I ZH N b I SFS W WZ d F < a r � I 3-45 oI I 1 SDI= a o i w CD N gal I 10 No:: o aw �I I b< w V 0 CL =3z., Ja N = J W z �o Z -� z N o i1►11111111 �� Q 0 IIIIIIIIIII V)l o� I I I I * IIIII IIIIIIIII�IIIII 111111 o�-<1� I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ldc ����5�' I I I I I I I I I I I I I ► I I I I A I 11 I I I I� I I I I I I I I I I I 111111 II it I►IIIIIIIIIII ►(IIIII►IIIIIIIIIII 11111I11111� II SII 1111111 111111.111111 IIIIIIIIIII I I I I I �� I III I i IIIIIIIII ^� I I I11111111111111 IIIII I�I�I .IIIII I I i l Z7, 0 (III►III I I I I I ( I I I 01 I I I (IIIIIIIII IIIIIII�III111111�11.11 I I it IIIIIIII�IQI�III ( I I I I I ISI I I I�I I III1 I ► 1 1 1 1I�I�I�I I I IIIIIIIIIII�IIII lil►((IIIII I ,y II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I (IIIII II II 11111►IIIIIIII � IIIIIIIIIIIIIII�IIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIIIIII IIIII►11111 IIIIII111►III Iil►IIIIIII1111� I I I I I I I I I I IIIIIIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I ( I I I III IIIIIIIIIIIIIII�IIIIIII (IIIIIIIII I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II1111IIil IIII►IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11111111 ( I I I W spa IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIII � ( I I I I I I I I I I I a III►III►IIIII►IIIIIIIII � � o � z o IIIIIIIIIIIIII111I1II = : W 111111►IIIIIIIII► z Z o 0 zz 3 LLI V) MQ z Ol/ (III I CL o +� �° <g a C > Y s Q N O N m 3 _rnc00 Q E <(n �c E Orr 3 0 = W QQ33 � Y oCL� o z 0.(A woo D -0 U "D < o O � � �1 .000.9• � :aioo5 Z � I� I� � x � 3333 z O a 67mP L'L Z aan613\sajn6!3\SI3S\SI3S aPIS }saM 9IPPOS — V11066\laof\o" 1 i► aSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Furthermore, W-2 also runs close to Waiki'i Ranch, where community members expressed concern about noise pollution and the commercial viability of their agricultural properties. W-2 also shares with W-3 the severe disadvantage of bisecting Ke`amuku, thus failing to meet the critical need of separating military from civilian activities. EX -1 Alignment EX -1 would follow along the existing 11.3 -mile Saddle Road alignment through Section a I (see Figure 1.1.2). It ascends 200 feet higher in elevation than all other alternative alignments and would have a maximum grade of 19 percent without significant earthwork to reduce the grades to acceptable levels. Right-of-way acquisition would be required from existing land uses including ranches. Construction of EX -1 would require the removal of the existing trees that line the road from Waiki'i Ranch to the Mamalahoa Highway. It would require a complete reconstruction of the existing road, involving a traffic control and numerous and frequent restrictions or closures for limited periods during construction activities. This would increase the duration of the construction project and could increase construction costs by 8 to 10 percent relative to other a alternative alignments, to a total of $53.0 million in 1999 dollars. Operationally, alternative alignment EX -1 would directly impact the existing residential community of Waiki'i. Community impacts would include increased traffic noise and increased traffic volumes. Higher traffic volumes and speeds along with a wider roadway footprint would create a more intrusive barrier to this community, making crossings of Saddle Road by automobile, bicycles, and pedestrians more hazardous. Because this alternative alignment is closer to the Palila (Loxioides bailleui, a federally listed endangered bird) critical habitat, the risk of fire would have increased potential adverse impacts to this endangered species. Considering these factors, EX -1 was eliminated from consideration aby the SEE Team in 1998 and was not advanced to the Draft EIS in 1999. aW-4 W-4, W -S and W-6 Alternative Alignments exits Ke`amuku and enters vacant State land within areas of Pu`uanahulu that have never been used for grazing or ranching (Figure 1.1.2). Although able to separate amilitary and civilian activities, this alignment traverses important stands of native dryland forest and kipuka, areas of mature vegetation isolated by more recent lava flows. Several federally listed endangered plant species occur in lava flows traversed by W-4, and the prevalence of fountain grass and the inaccessibility of the areas lead to extremely high fire risk. Finally, the alignment might traverse habitats for sensitive species of a invertebrates. Although construction costs estimates were not undertaken for this alternative alignment as part of the 1999 EIS, the increased length would clearly lead to higher costs than the 10.3 -mile W-3. Despite this, it would provide no greater reduction in distance from Kailua-Kona to MP 6 than that of W-3. For these reasons, W-4 was eliminated from further consideration by the SEE Team in 1998. a aPage 2-5 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement W-5 and W-6 have paths that result in very similar characteristics (Figure 1.1.2). W-5 extends westerly from MP 41 on the existing Saddle Road to a point on Mamalahoa Highway near Pu`uanahulu. W-6 intersects Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) approximately 6.4 miles north of Palani Junction and joined W-5 from the south. Major concerns were identified with these two alternative alignments: potential impacts on the Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area, cultural resource areas, open space, and threatened and endangered plants and animals, as well as increased fire danger. Like W- 4, W-5 and W-6 swing off of the Ke`amuku parcel and onto State land that has never been used for grazing or ranching. These alignments traverse important stands of native dryland forest and kipuka. A Federally listed endangered plant species occurs in lava flows on W-5 and W-6, and the alignments might traverse habitats for a listed species of invertebrate. These alternative alignments would be more costly than W-3 with respect to both environmental mitigation and construction. Alternative alignments W-5 and W-6 support traffic movements toward Kailua-Kona but significantly increase distances to the South Kohala resort areas, Waikoloa Village and Waimea. As a result, it is likely that the existing Saddle Road section between MP 41 and Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) would require improvement as well, further increasing project costs for these alternatives. For these reasons, these two alternative alignments were eliminated from further consideration by the SEE Team in 1998. Transportation System Management (TS" Alternatives and Mass Transit Transportation System Management (TSM) and mass transit alternatives were not considered reasonable or feasible to satisfy the purpose and need for the proposed action in the 1999 EIS. Saddle Road is a rural arterial highway. Current and projected traffic levels for this roadway do not justify the development of TSM alternatives, such as high -occupancy vehicle lanes, or minor changes to roads such as use of existing shoulders for through or travel lanes or the application of better signalization to optimize queuing. Without improvements to the roadway structure and geometrics, high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes could not be developed along Saddle Road. In any case, the transportation problem underlying the purpose and need for this project is not peak - hour congestion, which HOV lanes may be effective at solving, but the lack of a safe, modern highway through the center of the island between East and West Hawaii. TSM approaches do not address the basic problem of an indirect connection. The public transportation system on the island of Hawaii consists of a County bus system, a vanpool system and a rideshare program that involves a database matching drivers to passengers. Of the fleet of 50 buses serving the County (nine more are on order), 11 buses go back and forth each day between East and West Hawaii. According to Transportation Specialist Tom Brown of the Hawaii Mass Transit Agency (pers. commun. to Ron Terry, 6/18/09), the buses usually run at 60-90 percent occupancy. The majority of riders are workers commuting between East Hawaii and Waimea and the Waikoloa resorts, and the system is effective for getting workers to their jobs, which are concentrated in one location. Relatively few riders other than workers use the five South Kohala buses, but general public use is growing Page 2-6 It is expected that the bus and rideshare ESaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement asystem will continue to expand to meet this important demand — the resort industry in South Kohala supports between 1,000 and 2,000 jobs. Regardless of improvements to Saddle Road, the buses would continue using the Hamakua coast route, as this is where a large portion of the major users, the resort workers, reside. However, the majority of motor vehicle traffic utilizing the other major cross -island a route, SR 19, is derived from sources other than commuters or others utilizing mass transit. Visitor travel (including rental cars and tour buses), business travel, cargo and service trucks, shopping, and recreation are important sources of traffic for consideration in this analysis. According to discussions with Hawaii County Mass Transit Agency officials, there appears to be little potential to substitute mass transit for these (� components, which require flexibility, multiple stops, cargo capacity, and out-of-the-way �J destinations. And just as with the TDM/TSM strategy, mass transit does not provide more efficient connections between rural regions with sparse road networks, as is the case here. Furthermore, mass transit cannot meet the growing demands of commercial and military users of the road. Mass transit would benefit from a new roadway in the project region, but it cannot substitute for this project. For the reasons stated above, the TSM and Mass Transit Alternatives were dismissed from further consideration in the 1999 EIS. No Action Alternative aThe No Action Alternative would have maintained the westernmost section of Saddle Road as it was prior to the start of the project and included the completion of short-term, D or minor, maintenance and restoration activities. The No Action Alternative was rejected because of the following major consequences. a•"'"'This portion of Saddle Road would not be upgraded to the standards necessary to - 'render a design speed of 60 MPH and provide for improved cross -island a• commuter travel. Sharp curves, restricted sight distances, roadside hazards, and inadequate shoulders common to this section of roadway would not be corrected, leading to a potential for higher accident rates as traffic volumes increase. • No uphill passing lanes, truck escape ramps, or scenic Typical Sections s would be provided in this section to accommodate increased traffic volumes. The sight distance needed to safely avoid obstacles on the road and roadside D hazards or to safely pass slow-moving vehicles on this section would not be improved, and LOS would deteriorate sharply as a result of normal traffic increases. a • Steep grades, some in excess of 15 percent, would not be improved or bypassed, further impacting roadway capacity as traffic volumes increase. • Poor roadway pavement, which currently encourages motorists to drive in the center of the road, would not be reconstructed in this section and would continue to deteriorate, thus increasing maintenance costs as traffic increases. a • Existing substandard drainage culverts and eight existing one -lane bridges (including at least one structure with legal load restrictions) in this section would not be improved. a a Page 2-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • Existing signing and pavement markings in this section would not be improved. • Conflicts between the traveling public and the PTA military traffic in this section would not be reduced or minimized and would increase with the projected increase in traffic volume. • The response time of emergency vehicles to accidents and emergencies would not be improved and would instead increase due to projected growth in traffic volumes and reduced LOS and operating speeds. • Traffic volumes would continue to grow with this alternative, but at a slower rate than with the action alternatives. The future traffic volume for Saddle Road without construction of the Section I portion has been estimated at 4,400 by 2034 With this growth in traffic and without proposed improvements to Saddle Road, the quality of traffic flow on Saddle Road would be expected to deteriorate, from LOS D to LOS E or even E. This increased volume on the existing facility would also result in increased maintenance costs for the existing pavement structure, higher accident rates, increased fire risk, and increased noise levels at Waiki`i and PTA. • As cross -island traffic increases as a result of the economic expansion of West Hawaii, there would be increased congestion along SR 19. C • There would be no improvements to shoulder areas for safe stopping or resting. • Fire risk to Palila habitat from the proximity of the existing road would not be decreased and might increase as a result of normal traffic growth. Table 2.2.1 summarizes the benefits provided by each alternative from the 1999 FEIS. r Table 2.2.1 L Alignments Com arison Matrix for 1999 FEIS Alternatives Suitability: E Favorable O Neutral ❑ Unfavorable * not assessed. Page 2-8 W-3 W-2 Ex -1 W-4 W-5 W-6 NoAc Eliminate substandard roadway design 0 O 0 i i ❑ elements and geometric deficiencies Minimize conflict between the traveling ❑ ❑ 0 O O O O public and PTA military training operations Provide improved east/west access 0 O a 0 ■ ❑ enhancing operational function and traffic flow Improve emergency vehicle and firefighting ■ O 0 ❑ access. Accommodate present and future traffic 0 0 e N ❑ levels Minimize impacts to biological resources ■ 0 ❑ ❑ ❑ M Minimize fire risk on PTA and adjacent O O O ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ areas Minimize impacts to historic properties and M M O O* O* O* ■ cultural resources Minimize impacts to hunting ■ i ! ❑ ❑ ❑ O Minimize construction and mitigation costs ® M ❑ O O O W Suitability: E Favorable O Neutral ❑ Unfavorable * not assessed. Page 2-8 DSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement aA detailed description of the Action Alternatives and analyses is provided in the 1999 FEIS. In summary, however, the W-3 alternative was selected since it best met the various components of the purpose and need. This SEIS addresses the potential impacts of the W-7 alignment, which is being investigated because of the Army's purchase of the Ke`amuku parcel and the request to shift the alignment to the south of the parcel. The lead agencies for the project developed and refined alternative alignments based on known environmental resources within the a southernmost portion of Ke`amuku, with assistance from the Saddle Road Task Force (a group of citizens requested by U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye to provide citizen input to the project), government agencies, the Army, local residents, landowners, and citizens at large. The purpose and need discussed in Section 1.4, which deals with roadway deficiencies, conflicts and hazards with military operations, traffic volume capacity, safety, and social demand and economic development, was considered during Dconceptualization of the alternative alignments. W-7 Alignment Alternatives U In response to the need to investigate the conditions towards the southern boundary of Ke`amuku, the area between W-3 and the boundary of Ke`amuku with Pu`uanahulu was researched in 2007-2008. Beyond this boundary lies the Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area (GMA), State land within the Conservation District. The Pu`uanahulu GMA is a hunting reserve with a number of endangered plants and extremely high fire danger. These considerations had precluded advancing any alternative alignments within Pu`uanahulu in 1999 in accordance with recommendations by the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and they continued ato be valid reasons to avoid this area in 2009 (see discussion above on W-4, W-5 and W- 6). The main differences in the alignments were the degree to which they approached the southern boundary, particularly on the eastern end of PTA. W -7a was the conceptual alignment proposed by the Army in its letter of September 6, 2006 (Appendix A3). As soon as it crosses from the Ke`eke`e area into Ke`amuku, it extends southwest towards the southern boundary of Ke`amuku, and has a total length of 10.3 miles. It follows the I, Page 2-9 0 Several different variations on the W-7 route were initially investigated (Figure 2.1.1). All variants of W-7 branch off from the proposed W-3 route at a point about 1.2 miles west of the existing Saddle Road at MP 41. They would then traverse the Ke`amuku parcel in a westerly direction, roughly paralleling the southern boundary of Ke`amuku until near Mamalahoa Highway, where they would veer slightly north to take advantage of more favorable terrain for a major highway intersection. W-7 would have a maximum grade of 8.0 percent and an average grade of about 6.0 percent. About 250 acres of right- of-way would be required. Mamalahoa Highway would be intersected at -grade or by a grade -separated structure. The total length is approximately 10.3 miles, about the same as a W-3. Construction would cost about $58 million in 2007 dollars. The main differences in the alignments were the degree to which they approached the southern boundary, particularly on the eastern end of PTA. W -7a was the conceptual alignment proposed by the Army in its letter of September 6, 2006 (Appendix A3). As soon as it crosses from the Ke`eke`e area into Ke`amuku, it extends southwest towards the southern boundary of Ke`amuku, and has a total length of 10.3 miles. It follows the I, Page 2-9 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement southern boundary closely until the western edge of Ke`amuku, where it unites with the L last 0.3 miles of the W-3 alignment and shares a common terminus on Mamalahoa Highway. Upon reviewing the alignment, the project team determined that its eastern end appeared to cross through habitat for the endangered Haplostachys haplostachya plant, which was later confirmed by field studies. Furthermore, on the western end, the W-3 terminus had been determined during post -EIS design to be technically impractical. (� For this reason, another conceptual alignment, W -7b, was developed as part of the L Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice (SEISPN) process in 2007. This 9.9 -mile alignment "cut the corner" of the southeastern edge of Ke`amuku and connected to Mamalahoa Highway at a location determined to be practical from an engineering standpoint. After detailed topography and initial field studies were conducted, another 10.26 -mile alignment was developed, W -7c, that moved the eastern (- end of the alignment closer to the southern border and also avoided difficult terrain near the western end. Upon review of W -7c, the Army requested a further shift south at the eastern end to provide greater training area. Detailed botanical studies were conducted in the area containing Haplostachys haplostachya to determine the edge of the habitat so that the Endangered Species Management Unit containing these endangered plants could be protected with a 500 -foot buffer. This resulted in a shift to the south and the 10.31- mile alignment termed W -7d. U After this range of alignments -was developed, each one was evaluated again according to criteria derived from purpose and need and environmental considerations (Table 2.2.2). Table 2.2.2 SEIS Alignments Comparison Matrix Suitability: N Favorable O Neutral ❑ Unfavorable ** not fully assessed. Page 2-10 W-3 W -7a W -7b W -7c W -7d NoAc Eliminate substandard roadway design ® ® ® N ❑ elements and geometric deficiencies Minimize conflict between the traveling ❑ O ❑ ❑ O O public and PTA military training operations Provide improved east/west access ■ ® ❑ enhancing operational function and traffic flow Improve emergency vehicle and N 0 ❑ firefighting access. Accommodate present and future traffic ® ® ® E ❑ levels Minimize impacts to biological ® ❑ 0 . 0 v resources Minimize fire risk on PTA and adjacent O O O O O ❑ areas Minimize impacts to historic properties N * * 0** a * * ■ 0 and cultural resources Minimize impacts to hunting N ® O Minimize construction and mitigation ■ ® ■ O costs Suitability: N Favorable O Neutral ❑ Unfavorable ** not fully assessed. Page 2-10 1 1 1 1 2.2.1 Design Criteria The proposed project is intended to upgrade and modernize the westernmost portion of Saddle Road as a two-lane highway that would meet contemporary design standards for rural arterials and provide enough capacity to safely handle both current and projected traffic volumes up to the design year 2034. Design parameters for Saddle Road were agreed upon at the project outset in the 1990s. The road is being developed to rural arterial standards, as defined by AASHTO (the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), incorporating design controls presented in Table 2.2.3, Design Criteria. Uphill passing lanes, truck escape ramps, scenic and rest Typical Sections s, and military vehicle crossings would be incorporated as needed into project designs to enhance safety and to improve the projected level of service. The details of the intersection with the Mamalahoa Highway will be determined during final design. Table 2.2.3 Design Criteria Design Speed Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Minimum Curve Radius 750 feet Based on environmental, cost, and feasibility considerations, the alternative most capable 8 percent of effectively satisfying the purpose and need of the project was W -7d. W -7d was the Simple curves with 67 percent of runoff on tangent Maximum Grade final alignment chosen for advancement to the SEIS and is now simply termed W-7. The choice of the final alignment for W-7 was based on its reduction of conflict between military and civilian traffic (in that it minimized encroachment into important military training area that would require troops and vehicles to cross the highway), its avoidance of endangered plants located in the extreme southeast of the Ke`amuku parcel, and its avoidance of major topographic features that would raise construction costs and disrupt a the landscape. W-3 still meets the purpose and need of the project on the whole, but W-7 better satisfies more aspects of the purpose and need. D The No Action Alternative, which was not selected in the 1999 ROD for reasons of safety, circulation, and land use impacts, would continue use of the existing alignment. As it has already been rejected and continues to be unacceptable for meeting the purpose a and need outlined above, the No Action Alternative is referenced in this EIS for baseline purposes only, as is W-3. If it is not feasible to construct W-7, FHWA and DOT expect to build W-3 rather than implement the No Action Alternative from the 1999 EIS. 2.2 ADVANCED ALTERNATIVE (W-7) DESCRIPTION 1 1 1 1 2.2.1 Design Criteria The proposed project is intended to upgrade and modernize the westernmost portion of Saddle Road as a two-lane highway that would meet contemporary design standards for rural arterials and provide enough capacity to safely handle both current and projected traffic volumes up to the design year 2034. Design parameters for Saddle Road were agreed upon at the project outset in the 1990s. The road is being developed to rural arterial standards, as defined by AASHTO (the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), incorporating design controls presented in Table 2.2.3, Design Criteria. Uphill passing lanes, truck escape ramps, scenic and rest Typical Sections s, and military vehicle crossings would be incorporated as needed into project designs to enhance safety and to improve the projected level of service. The details of the intersection with the Mamalahoa Highway will be determined during final design. Table 2.2.3 Design Criteria Design Speed 60 mph' Minimum Curve Radius 750 feet Maximum Superelevation 8 percent Curves Simple curves with 67 percent of runoff on tangent Maximum Grade 8 percent ' Design speed may be increased up to 62 MPH in areas where feasible. Page 2-11 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The three Typical Sections developed for the project are depicted in Figures 2.2.1a -b. Plan sheets showing the entire route are provided in Figures 2.2.2a -e. These plan sheets also provide station numbers referenced in other parts of this SEIS. The Typical Sections have been specially designed to reduce wildfire impacts, in ways specific to the segments of Section I through which they pass. All share the base characteristics of Typical Section A (Figure 2.2. La), which extends east from Mamalahoa Highway. It incorporates two 12 -foot travel lanes, two 8 -foot paved shoulders, and because of the grades, a passing lane for most of the length. In contrast to the present condition, this climbing lane would allow eastbound military convoys to utilize Saddle Road 'without congesting civilian traffic. To reduce the threat of wildfires between the eastern boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel and approximately MP 41, which passes adjacent to Palila critical habitat, Typical Section B has additional features to both reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition from unintentional road sources (car fires, catalytic converters, cigarettes, etc.) and assist in creating a firebreak and fuelbreak on the north side of the highway (Figure 2.2. Lb, Section B). The Typical Section in this area would have: Two 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders. An 8 -foot strip of pavement on the north side of the highway, which would serve as a firebreak, with a four -inch high curb on the outside. At the outside edge of the firebreak, a wire fence with metal posts would be constructed to a height of four feet on the edge of the pavement. Further east, as W-7 crosses the Ke`amuku and descends into lower elevations, the primary concern is to prevent fires from Saddle Road spreading southwards, towards the western boundary of the Ke`amuku Endangered Species Management Unit containing Haplostachys haplostachya. The Typical Section is illustrated in Figure 2.2. Lb, Section C, and is modified from Typical Section A as follows: Three 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders, with a four -inch high extruded asphalt curb at the outside of the shoulder. Page 2-12 0 O � S Orx 2� Q N +% d Wo ONo <a v N _ r. g�} 5 N ; azj -7,_ U N W c o� � O `a= Ir Q N N o II--..OVI-I-O..yyyy1111 OQ N �aJ w Q U) �_ _ Z _ �+a� CD H w Hy w �o� Q N � U Z o fY w = O_� N � 1 N 04 — I I I p I Z I O I � U w I Z N co r I b I I I U M I M W o:: b� I (V 1 O Q I Zp floin 04 + O QZ_pcG 1 �F--' rn Z NZ 0N O QZoNOZm mZ oI m> -g _U `W3i V pQ III LLJ in N J N I I m N O Q Cl) O 'b 3 r W �. 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O O N W 0 W Q o O O O I =_ a.In Ijsam 13 SI3S SI3S aP!S r--, S-411066 laof .oj0 0 :3 / / \ I a.In Ijsam 13 SI3S SI3S aP!S r--, S-411066 laof .oj0 0 H b ara � b oq � N � °C a� x u Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Military traffic passing between Ke`amuku and the main sections of PTA would be required to cross W-7. This would occur at one point, the location of which is not yet specified, which would be a grade -separated crossing. It is likely that military traffic would pass under Saddle Road. 2.2.2 Engineering Characteristics of W-7 Table 2.2.4, below, provides a summary of the key characteristics of W-7. Table 2.2.4 Racie Fnaineerina f harartPric+iee Total Length 10.31 miles Max. Grade 8.0% Grade > 6% 4.8 miles Traffic Maintenance of traffic would be possible for all of Maintenance alignment except intersections at MP 41 and and Mamalahoa Highway, where there would be Constructability restrictions or closures for limited periods. ROW Needed 250 acres: Note: all ROW land would still be owned by the Army and a perpetual easement to the State would be issued. Utility Conflicts Power transmission and communication poles. Horizontal Ties to SR 190 near Mile Post 14 four miles south Alignment of Waikoloa Rd. Satisfies design parameters. Separates traveling public from PTA maneuvers. Construction Cost 1$58 M Mitigation Cost Not yet known tvvi W11SLrUGLton costs ana aollars Page 2-21 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [This page intentionally left blank] Page 2-22 1 t 1 1 t 1 I r Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES This section reviews the direct and indirect environmental effects of building Section I of Saddle Road on the W-7 alignment. In order to provide for design flexibility for minor alignment shifts for placing the 200 -foot wide ROW, the team of resource scientists/specialists studying W-7 for this SEIS surveyed along a 500 -foot corridor along the W-7 centerline. The term "W-7 alignment" is used in this SEIS to denote the route of the road, and the term "W-7 corridor" or study corridor is used to indicate the actual area studied for the alignment, which is larger than the area to be occupied by the highway. In general, this SEIS does not repeat the analysis of the effects of the completion of Saddle Road as a whole that was conducted in the 1999 FEIS. Impacts from acquisition and use of the Ke`amuku parcel by the Army were analyzed in the Army's EIS for the transformation of the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team. However, Chapter 6 is a separate analysis of cumulative impacts from all past, present and foreseeable future actions in order to provide a holistic, integrated view. 3.1 LAND USE AND RELATED GOVERNMENTAL PLANS AND POLICIES 3.1.1 LAND USE AND LAND OWNERSHIP 3.1.1.1 Affected Environment Discussion in this section includes uses within W-7 corridor and the broader area within and adjacent to Section I of Saddle Road (Figure 3.1.1). Broadly considered, existing land uses along Section I of Saddle Road involve military training, ranching, and public hunting, with limited residential uses. However, all land in and around the W-7 corridor is now controlled/by the Army and planned for military training. To the north, Parker Ranch and various landowners also control large and small holdings within or adjacent to the existing Saddle Road, and the State of Hawai`i's Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area is located directly to the south. 3.1.1.1.1 Ranching Ranching activities in the broader area include grazing in the private lands along Saddle Road near and below Waiki`i and in the lands makai (Hawaiian for towards the sea, in this case, west) of Mamalahoa Highway. These vary from large operations at Parker Ranch to smaller operations such as the Waiki`i Ranch, which manages cattle over a number of lots within a gated residential/agricultural community. W-7 traverses the Ke`amuku parcel, which prior to the Army's purchase was part of Parker Ranch's operations. Grazing has continued since the Army's purchase as part of efforts to reduce fuel buildup. To the degree consistent with training, grazing may continue to occur as part of an integrated vegetation management system that is being developed by the PTA, or it may be discontinued. Page 3-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.1.1.1.2 Military Military land use within the project area occurs within the PTA, a multi -service training complex operated by the U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii (USAG-HI) (Figure 3.1.1). PTA consists of approximately 132,950 acres of land, including the Ke`amuku parcel, situated in the plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Saddle Road currently extends through much of the northern portion of PTA, for a length of approximately 13 miles, from MP 30 to MP 43. PTA provides a safe, modernized, major training area for the U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) and other Pacific Command Units. All branches of the armed services located in the Pacific theater utilize PTA, including the Army, Army Reserves, Marines, Air Force, Navy, and the National Guard, as well as local law enforcement agencies and foreign allied forces. PTA provides space for field training exercise and annual service practice. PTA is capable of supporting coordinated live firing of all assigned crew -served weapons of the infantry company and battalion and artillery in conjunction with live air support. The ranges and firing points at PTA accommodate employment of all the conventional weapons in the Pacific Region. PTA is the only training area in the Pacific that affords training units the opportunity to employ their weapon systems at their maximum standoff range. More than 15,000 military personnel receive training at PTA each year. A summary of notable PTA facilities follows, including reference to associated future plans. Live -Fire Ranges and Maneuver Areas. PTA contains 14 operational fixed live -fire ranges, two rotary wing forward arming and/or refueling ranges, unlimited artillery firing points, 24 motor points, six drop zones, a helicopter and fighter/bomber gunnery range, strategic aircraft bombing range, and almost 23,000 contiguous acres for maneuver training (not counting Ke`amuku). Bradshaw Army Airfield. Bradshaw Army Airfield is located at PTA and is used primarily by Army and Marine helicopters, though it also supports limited fixed wing operations (Figure 3.1.1). A project to lengthen the runway from its existing length of 3,700 to 6,000 feet is currently under review by the Army. The longer runway would allow fully loaded C-130 aircraft and C-17 aircraft operating at 80 percent capacity to utilize the airfield. Cantonment Area. PTA can support a training deployment of up to 2,400 personnel. The base camp includes 154 buildings, including three fully equipped with dining facilities, two motor pools, 2.1 million gallons of water storage, a rations warehouse, a bulk fuel facility, a chapel, a theater, a recreation club including game courts, and a medical facility. 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O 009'Z1=,.1 :8103S, \ (n 1 3 a Q Df 0 O 1 ; 0 O ` I 0 \ 0 \ J 0 _ 00 m - rn \ \, \ 6Mp'llo-joalas-1'61 j\sean6l j\c aplS }saM 81ppos — V1 r—i r-1 �-"l �"1 ii f_'—"_l r -----i r-----) r_' ) r'_"-1 r:-1) a TF H r 1 IN 1 1 5 w r 1 t 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Infrastructure. PTA is in the process of upgrading its water system. A water filtration system to purify water from Pohakuloa Spring has been completed and is now providing approximately 14,000 gallons/day. Based on demand, the spring water is augmented by water hauled to PTA by truck. Research on establishing a water well is under way, and as soon as funding is available a test well will be drilled. Training in Ke `dmuku. The Army has incorporated Ke`amuku within PTA and is preparing to use it for military training involving all maneuver elements of Army, Marine, and Reserve Component units. Training resources used by these elements include non -live -fire maneuver training facilities and rudimentary bivouac areas. Live -fire exercises will not be undertaken on the Ke`amuku parcel. 3.1.1.1.3 Residential, Commercial and Industrial Uses There is a mix of ranching and residential uses within Waiki`i Ranch on the existing Saddle Road between MP 49 and MP 46. W-7 does not pass closer than three miles to these homes and ranches. Lands makai (west) of Mamalahoa Highway near the proposed W-7 intersection have been subdivided into the Waikoloa Ranch Lots, which include about a dozen properties that front the highway and range in size from roughly 700 to 1,000 acres. These will be used for agricultural purposes and may include a single-family residence as a farm dwelling and additional farm housing as appropriate. There are no existing commercial or industrial uses within the Section I project area, and given the zoning and State and County plans, little opportunity for such development. 3.1.1.1.4 Public Lands State Forest Reserve lands designated as a Game Management Area are found along the north side of Saddle Road between MP 41 and about MP 43 (Figure 3.1.1). These lands are hunted on and used to access the west side of Mauna Kea for bird and mammal hunting, hiking, resource gathering and other recreational and cultural uses. On the south side of Ke`amuku is the Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area (Figure 3.1.1), an area of rugged terrain used primarily for mammal hunting. 3.1.1.1.5 Mining A rock quarry within PTA used for construction projects at PTA and for Saddle Road is located approximately about three miles southeast of the eastern terminus of Section 1 (Figure 3.1.1). In addition, an approximately 15 -acre sand quarry, now closed, was located on the south side of Saddle Road, west of the Kilohana Girl Scout Camp, within a half -mile of W-3. Page 3-5 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.1.1.2 Environmental Consequences Land use impacts that would result from continuing implementation of the Saddle Road Improvement Project include temporary construction -related impacts, direct impacts associated with use of military land, and indirect impacts resulting from changes in the character and use of the road. Construction and use of the highway would also insert a civilian transportation project within an area where land use is currently dedicated to military training. Construction activities would be expected to result in short-term impacts on land uses adjacent to Saddle Road. These impacts include traffic delays and congestion, construction noise and dust, and community disruption. Most of the construction work would be completed outside of the existing Saddle Road corridor, allowing use of the existing highway during most of the construction period. Following the construction period, the proposed project would improve the safety and efficiency of Saddle Road, but also increase cross -island traffic between East and West Hawaii. The W-7 alignment (just as with the 1999 ROD -selected route of W-3) would route Saddle Road cross -island traffic off the existing Saddle Road, notably reducing traffic levels through Waiki`i Ranch. The existing Saddle Road serving Waiki`i, Parker Ranch and other local access needs (e.g., State hunting lands at Ka`ohe) would continue to be the responsibility of the County of Hawaii to maintain. HDOT is currently examining funding or cooperative mechanisms to provide assistance to local governments in the maintenance of local roads. The project would improve access to lands directly adjacent to the corridor, in particular land makai (west) of Mamalahoa Highway. There may be some increased opportunities for development of a convenience commercial facility at the Saddle Road-Mamalahoa Highway intersection. However, any such development would be severely limited by the lack of infrastructure, especially potable water service. As no land use approvals are in place, any such request would require review by the State Land Use Commission and County Council and Planning Commission, and would likely entail a State Land Use Boundary Amendment, a General Plan amendment, and a change of zone. This would ensure that the full range of impacts was considered as part of the review process. Furthermore, this potential already exists at the Saddle Road and Waikoloa Road intersections with Mamalahoa Highway. W-7 versus W-3 W-7 would provide an even greater buffer to Waiki`i than W-3 and would impose no notable construction -related impacts on this or any other community. Some of the large parcels at the developing Waikoloa Ranch Lots may experience impacts at the W-7- Mamalahoa Highway intersection point (which is the same area that was planned for the W-3 intersection point), depending on when they are developed or occupied. Page 3-6 I 1 1 t t 1 r 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement W-7 would minimize the disruption to military training by keeping the highway near the southern edge of the training area. In contrast, the 1999 ROD -selected route of W-3 essentially splits the Ke`amuku training area in two and may hamper training. In order to effectively train, the military would need a number of underpass or overpass crossings, instead of the single one planned for W-7. As discussed in Section 1.2, the difference between these two potential routes is the reason that in 2006, the U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii, requested that HDOT and FHWA consider relocating the highway about a mile southwest towards the southern boundary of Ke`amuku. 3.1.1.3 Mitigation Measures • Construction contract conditions will require access to public use and recreation areas, ranching operations, residences, and the PTA to be maintained at all times during construction. 3.1.2 Governmental Plans, Policies, and Land Use Regulations 3.1.2.1 Hawaii State Plan The Hawaii State Plan (State Plan) was adopted in 1978 and revised in 1986 and again in 1991 as Chapter 226, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS). The plan establishes a set of goals, objectives and polices that are meant to guide the State's long-term growth and development. Relevant sections of the Hawaii State Plan include the following from Section 226-17, HRS, relating to Transportation: Objective a.1: An integrated multi -modal transportation system that serves statewide needs and promotes the efficient, economical, safe and convenient movement of people and goods. Objective a.2: A statewide transportation system consistent with planned growth objectives throughout the State. Policy b.1: Design, program, and develop a multi -modal system in conformance with the desired growth and physical development as stated in this chapter. Policy b.6: Encourage transportation systems that serve to accommodate present and future development needs of communities. O Policy b.9: Encourage the development of transportation systems and programs which would assist statewide economic growth and diversification. 1 t Page 3-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Policy b.10: Encourage the design and development of transportation systems sensitive to the needs of affected communities and the quality of Hawai`i's natural environment. The proposed project is consistent with the transportation policies and objectives of the State Plan. The highway will accommodate both existing and future cross -island traffic in a safe and efficient manner. It would improve the link between existing residential, governmental and service centers in East Hawaii and major job centers and economic development opportunities of West Hawaii. 3.1.2.2 Hawaii State Functional Plans The State Plan contains twelve separate Functional Plans addressing specific areas of concern. The 1991 revision of the Functional Plan for Transportation has several objectives, policies and implementing actions that are relevant to this project including the following: Objective IA: Expansion of the Transportation System. Policy I.A.2: Improve regional mobility in areas of the State experiencing rapid urban growth and road congestion. Objective I.E: Planning and designing State highways to enhance inter -regional mobility. Policy I.E.I: Design highways with controlled accesses, grade separated crossings, and minimum four -lane divided standards where applicable. Encourage counties to develop local road networks for local travel and access. Objective II.A: Development of a transportation infrastructure that supports economic development initiatives. Policy II.A.1: Support State economic development initiatives. Policy II.A.2: Support tourism and economic development. The proposed project is consistent with the Objectives and Policies of the Transportation Functional Plan. The realigned and improved highway would accommodate both existing and future cross -island traffic in a safe and efficient manner. It would link the existing residential, governmental and service centers in East Hawaii with the major job centers and economic development opportunities in West Hawaii. Page 3-8 t t 1 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.1.2.3 Island of Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan The Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan (HLRLTP) for the Island was adopted by HDOT in May 1998. This plan updated the Island of Hawaii Long Range Highway Plan, which was originally developed in 1991. The HLRLTP is intended to identify needed land transportation improvements to accommodate traffic demand projections for the year 2020 and to prioritize those improvements for funding. This plan serves as the guide to State and County highway planning for the Island of Hawaii. The HLRLTP identified the Saddle Road Improvement Project, extending from Kaumana to Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190), as a Tier 1 project. Tier 1 projects comprise those projects considered higher priority. This was based on the fact that the project: 1) linked Hilo with West Hawaii; 2) addressed safety concerns along Saddle Road; 3) provided a more efficient route to West Hawaii; 4) relieved congestion along other routes (Highway 19); 5) had Federal Funds through the Department of Defense available; and 6) connected Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) with PTA. OThe proposed project, including both of its alignment alternatives, is consistent with the project development description for Saddle Road Project as contained in the HLRLTP. Projects will be added to the State Transportation Improvement Program in segments as they are programmed. It should be noted that the HLRLTP is currently in the early stages of an update. Ci 3.1.2.4 County of Hawaii General Plan t t I'll 1 1 The General Plan for the County of Hawaii is a policy document expressing the broad goals and policies for the long-range development of the Island of Hawaii. The plan was adopted by ordinance in 1989 and revised in 2005 (Hawai`i County Planning Department). The General Plan itself is organized into thirteen elements, with policies, objectives, standards, and principles for each. There are also discussions of the specific applicability of each element to the nine judicial districts comprising the County of Hawaii. Most relevant to the proposed project are the following Goals, Policies, and Standards: TRANSPORTATION — GOALS • Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move efficiently, safely, comfortably and economically. • Make available a variety of modes of transportation that best meets the needs of the County. Page 3-9 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement TRANSPORTATION — POLICIES • A framework of transportation facilities that will promote and influence desired land use shall be established by concerned agencies. • The agencies concerned with transportation systems shall provide for present traffic and future demands, including the programmed development of mass transit programs for high growth areas by both the private and public sectors. • The improvement of transportation service shall be encouraged. • Consider the provision of adequate transportation systems to enhance the economic viability of a given area. • Develop a comprehensive, islandwide multi -modal transportation plan that identifies the location and operation of automobile, mass transit, bicycle and pedestrian systems, in coordination with appropriate Federal and State agencies. TRANSPORTATION — STANDARDS • Transportation systems shall meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Transportation, State Department of Transportation and the County of Hawaii. • Transportation systems shall conform with design guidelines established by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). ROADWAYS — GOALS • Provide a system of roadways for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods. • Provide an integrated State and County transportation system so that new major routes will complement and encourage proposed land policies. ROADWAYS — POLICIES • Encourage the programmed improvement of existing roadways by both public and private sectors. • Investigate various methods of funding road improvements, including private sector participation, to meet the growing transportation needs of the island. • Encourage the State to establish a continuous State highway system connecting the County's major airports and harbors. • Support the development of programs to identify and improve hazardous and substandard sections of roadway and drainage problems. • Coordinate with appropriate Federal and State agencies for the funding of transportation projects for areas of anticipated growth. • There shall be coordinated planning of Federal, State, and County street systems to meet program goals of the other elements such as historic, recreational, environmental quality, and land use. • Encourage the State Department of Transportation to establish special scenic routes within and between communities. Page 3-10 ESaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • Support the development of an efficient transit route between east and west OHawaii. • Develop short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for transportation that are consistent with the General Plan. OROADWAYS — STANDARD 0 • Primary Arterial: Includes major highways, parkways, and primary arterials that move vehicles in large volumes and at higher speeds from one geographic area to another; highest traffic volume corridor. Designed as a limited access roadway. OPrimary arterials shall have a minimum right-of-way of 120 feet. PUBLIC LANDS — GOALS • Utilize publicly owned lands in the best public interest and to the maximum benefit. 0 • Acquire lands for public use to implement policies and programs contained in the General Plan. a PUBLIC LANDS _ POLICY • State and County Capital Improvement Programs should continue to be Ocoordinated. policies, and standards as well as of the physical relationship between land uses. It also O PUBLIC LANDS — STANDARD C• Public lands with unique recreational and natural resources shall be maintained for public use. OThe project is completely consistent with these goals, objectives, and standards, because it provides a modern, safe, efficient and scenic highway that fulfills County land use, access and circulation objectives while maintaining environmental quality. classifications is no longer relevant, as the property has been entirely dedicated to a 3.1.2.5 General Plan Land Use, Pattern Allocation Guide Map and Facilities Map a The Hawai `i County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) is the map component of the General Plan and a graphic representation of the Plan's goals, policies, and standards as well as of the physical relationship between land uses. It also O establishes the basic urban and non -urban form for areas within the planned public and cultural facilities, public utilities and safety features, and transportation corridors. The Ke`amuku property is classified as Extensive Agriculture and Other Important a Agricultural Lands in the LUPAG; a 0.8 -mile portion of the segment from MP 41 towards Ke`amuku is classified as Conservation. Since adoption of the General Plan in 2005 the Ke`amuku property was purchased by the Army and consistency with LUPAG classifications is no longer relevant, as the property has been entirely dedicated to a military uses and is under Army control. t li' Page 3-11 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The General Plan Facilities Map of the Hawai` i County General Plan shows the existing Saddle Road as a Primary Arterial Roadway that requires improvement. The Facilities Map also shows a proposed new road that intersects with Saddle Road at MP 44 and runs in a southerly direction to the Pu`uanahulu/Pu`u Wa`awa`a area. This alternative alignment was considered during the scoping phase of Saddle Road project and rejected because of environmental concerns (ref: FEIS - Part 1, 2.3). 3.1.2.6 Land Use Regulations for State Land Use Districts All land within the State of Hawaii is classified into one of four state land use districts (SLU); Urban, Rural, Agricultural, or Conservation. Chapter 205, HRS, establishes the criteria and objectives for the land use and assigns responsibility for the regulation of these districts. According to Chapter 205, HRS and Chapter 15-15, Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) provides for the classification and regulation of the districts as follows: Urban District. This district shall include land characterized by "city -like" concentrations of people, structures, streets, urban level of services, and other related land uses. Urban districts shall include activities or uses as provided by ordinances or regulations of the County within which the urban district is situated. Rural District. This district shall include areas of land composed primarily of small farms mixed with very low density residential lots, which may be shown by a minimum density of no more than one house per half -acre and a minimum lot size. Rural districts shall include activities or uses as characterized by low density residential lots of not more than one dwelling house per half -acre. Agricultural District. This district shall include areas of land with a high capacity for agriculture production. It may also include lands surrounded by or contiguous to agricultural lands which are not suited for agricultural production by reason of topography, soils and other related characteristics. Agricultural districts shall include activities or uses as characterized by the cultivation of crops, orchards, forage and forests, farming activities, open area recreational uses, and related activities. Conservation District. This district shall include areas necessary for protecting watersheds and water sources; preserving scenic and historic areas; providing park lands, wilderness, and beach reserves; conserving indigenous or endemic plants, fish, and wildlife, including those which are threatened or endangered; preventing floods and soil erosion; forestry; open space areas where existing openness, natural condition, or present state of use, if retained, would enhance the present or potential value of abutting or surrounding communities, or would maintain or enhance the conservation of natural or scenic resources; areas of value for recreation purposes; and other related activities. Activities within the Conservation district shall be established by the State of Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources. Page 3-12 1 r 1 1 1 r 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The W-7 alignment extends through areas that are mostly within the State Land Use Agricultural District, with a 0.8 -mile stretch from MP 41 towards Ke`amuku classified within the Conservation District. There are no Rural or Urban designated lands within or adjacent to W-7 or the broader project corridor. The project would be consistent with State Land Use District regulations. Transportation systems are allowable uses in all State Land Use Districts. Chapter 13-5, HAR, related to the Conservation District, stipulates that transportation systems undertaken by the State or counties for public benefit may be allowed within the Conservation District, provided a permit from the Board of Land and Natural Resources is first received. Accordingly, a permit must be approved by the Board of Land and Natural Resources prior to the commencement of construction of any portion of Saddle Road project within the SLU Conservation District. The 0.8 -mile segment adjacent to MP 41 has already received a Conservation District Use Permit as part of adjacent construction activity in Section II. 3.1.2.7 Hawaii County Zoning Code The Hawaii County Zoning Code, as contained in Chapter 25 of the Hawaii County Code, is the legal instrument that regulates the use of land within the SLU Urban, Agricultural and Rural Districts. The land within the W-7 alignment consist of entirely A -40a (Agricultural, minimum lot size 40 acres) zoning. However, since the purchase of the Ke`amuku property by the Army in 2006, County zoning is no longer relevant, as the property has been entirely dedicated to military uses and is under Army control. 3.1.2.8 Kona and South Kohala Community Development Plans I I The South Kohala and Kona community development plans (CDP) encompass the �J judicial districts of South Kohala, and North and South Kona, respectively. They were developed under the framework of the February 2005 County of Hawaii General Plan. Community Development Plans are intended to translate broad General Plan Goals, Policies, and Standards into implementation actions as they apply to specific geographical regions around the County. They are also intended to serve as a forum for community input into land -use, delivery of government services and any other matters relating to the planning area. The General Plan now requires that a Community Development Plan shall be adopted by the County Council as an "ordinance," giving the CDP the force of law. This is in contrast to former CDPs that were adopted by "resolution" and served only as guidelines or reference documents for decision -makers. r 1 1 1 1 Page 3-13 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The Hawaii County Council adopted the Kona CDP in September 2008, and the version referenced is this Environmental Assessment is available at: http://www.hcrc. info/community-planninglcommun ity-development-planslkonalcdp- final-drafts/KCDP_F inal_Draft_Vol l_May2008_rev l .pdf. The South Kohala CDP was approved in November 2008 and is available at: http: //www.herc. info/community-planning/community-development-plans/south- kohala/skcdpfinaldraft 11.18.08.pdf. The plans have many elements and wide-ranging implications, but there are several major strategies that embody the guiding principles related to land use, housing, public facilities, infrastructure and services, and transportation. The Saddle Road project is consistent with plans related to road improvements in the two CDPs. Specifically, Section 4.1.2, "Overall Strategy," of the Kona CDP notes that "Widening, improving and extending major arterials, as well as increasing connectivity between and within existing and future development are necessary to enhance mobility in Kona." The project is also consistent and/or not inconsistent with other goals, objectives and policies of the CDPs, and in particular with the policies or principles that seek to guide planning for the districts. 3.1.2.9 Summary of Consistency of Alternatives with Existing Plans and Policies The proposed Saddle Road project complies with appropriate State and County land use policies, plans, goals, objectives and controls. It would facilitate implementation of the State Plan, the Transportation Functional Plan, the Island of Hawai` i Long Range Highway Plan, the County of Hawai` i General Plan, the Kona and South Kohala Community Development Plans, and the land use controls and regulations established pursuant to the State Land Use Law and the Hawaii County Zoning Code. Table 3.1.1, Conformance with Land Use Plans and Policies, summarizes the project's conformance with previously described land use plans and policies. Page 3-14 1 t 1 1 0 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 t C�s o w • U 4r O c� N Ur ��,, U O U' Cd s~ U 40 O ° ° ¢ id U Pd-� y❑ �' r3 Q U s v O .D cd > O U 3 0 bn -0cd 04 �1. cl,� �o o �" o^� of�°� �C4 0 onoO o a wcl cd cl U °Q o �o H 4� y ° a�° o•Y En� �,o >� a °N " wo E c n U � ani 0° a> cd > aA r • O > �O -�°tea' :~a� �o o° o° o° o> �,° o O� �¢ o-� °¢ p. U� U� U° a� U Ua o q cn Y °bb cn o Cj ca 3 = p a 0 'n cd O ° U ° a� cd C ° p� ?° o O cd 0 Uoo xai o. 3.� •° O rn cd N.N. N N N 'C? bA y O O rn O to 0 i-c;s o o Uo 0° o U by O �+ o N N N °' 0 ' > 3 0 a UO>i on o0 2 -0 � �v i °v � o 0�v �c °v ° ooon P. - r - O Y °� 01 CT r- r- oll O\ C1 O C11 N C." O C r. cd to 0 " x ZDOa c� O �cp N N rte+ 0 P, P. �, p 9) � a) � U cd M o 3�� ��o cl —Cd ooa> x xaa xHw Ufa cd En oa°i Uc7 a°i�� claw 00 UN i �4�GC-1 cl cc 1�� s� o� 0� o� d vex rix vex vex C/5 Ux Ux 0 U� Ux Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in consistency with government plans between W-3 and W-7. 3.2 FARMLAND 3.2.1 Affected Environment, Environmental Consequences and Mitigation In the 1990s, the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service, was consulted to determine the soil and agricultural resources present in the project corridor and vicinity. In coordination with the NRCS, a Farmland Conversion Impact Rating assessment was completed pursuant to FHWA regulations related to the Federal Farmland Protection Policy Act process (Form AD 1006, located in Appendix A of the 1999 FEIS). The assessment evaluated potential impacts to farmland from implementation of project alternatives. The farmland ratings for Saddle Road alternatives W-2 and W-3 ranged from 106 to 145 points, below the 160 - point threshold requiring consideration of alternatives less harmful to farming activities. Since that time, as discussed above, the Ke`amuku parcel was acquired by the Army. As the property is now entirely dedicated to military training, the issue of conversion of farmland to non -farming uses is no longer relevant. No adverse effect of conversion of farmland would occur under development of the W-7 alignment. More efficient highway connections would promote better markets for intra -island agricultural product sales. No mitigation is required. 3.3 SOCIAL Saddle Road serves a variety of purposes for the residents of the island of Hawaii including access to PTA, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, and a connection between East and West Hawaii. The purposes of travel include recreation, shopping, business, and limited commuting. Astronomers, support staff, and suppliers with bases in Hilo or Waimea use the road as access to Mauna Kea. Thirteen observatories are currently present, and two more are under consideration (although several existing observatories may be decommissioned before any new observatories are built). Depending on the schedule of activity, between dozens and hundreds of trips per day are associated with astronomy. Hunters, hikers, and recreationalists also use Saddle Road. The 1999 Final EIS included information from four community surveys of road users, government and, commercial entities, tourists, and the general public. Many survey respondents in 1999 stated that they chose to use Saddle Road because it saves time, and many stated a concern with the safety of this route. Safety continues to be a concern. Saddle Road provides the only access to Waiki`i Ranch, which is the only community in or near Section I of Saddle Road. The 1999 EIS reported residents dissatisfaction with the current state of road maintenance, speed limit enforcement, vehicle mix and traffic volumes. Waiki`i residents asked about walking or bicycling stated that Saddle Road was Page 3-16 1 1 LIM 1 1 t t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement too dangerous. Better alternate pedestrian, bicycle and equestrian pathways within the ranch and allow for safe recreation, but using Saddle Road remains a problem. 3.3.1 Population and Settlement Patterns 3.3.1.1 Affected Environment As the 1999 FEIS noted, Hawaii County has experienced continuing population growth over the last half -century. Table 3.3.1 shows population totals for the County and selected districts. From 1960 to 2006 the average annual growth rate for the County as a whole was 2.3 percent. Population growth has not been evenly distributed. The districts of Puna (southeast of Hilo), North Kona and South Kohala have had far more population growth, and a much higher rate of growth, than the South Hilo district. Outlying areas in East Hawaii — Hamakua and North Hilo — have seen little or no population growth. Table 3.3.1. Population Trends, 1960 to 2006, Hawaii Connty Note: NA = not available. Sources: 1999 FEIS; State of Hawaii Data Book 2006; American Community Survey (for 2006), reported at http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/population-estimate. Table 3.3.1 shows that the North Kona district's population growth was strongest in the 1970s, while South Kohala's growth continued high through 2000. Table 3.3.2 shows the same pattern for Census Designated Places (CDPs) in these districts. The South Kohala coastal CDPs grew significantly in the 1990s. In that time, both Hilo and Kailua-Kona had little population increase within their CDP boundaries. Table 3.3.2. Population of Major Towns in Study Area 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006 Resident Population Kailua-Kona CDP 9,224 9,870 0.7% Waikoloa/Puako CDPs 2,683 County 61,333 63,468 92,053 120,317 148,677 171,191 South Filo District 31,553 33,915 42,278 44,639 47,386 NA North Kona District 4,451 4,832 13,748 22,284 28,543 NA South Kohala District 1,538 2,310 4,607 9,140 13,131 NA Average Annual Change 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2006 0.3% 3.8% 2.7% 2.1% 2.4% County South Filo District 0.7% 2.2% 0.5% 0.6% NA North Kona District 0.8% 11.0% 4.9% 2.5% NA South Kohala District 4.2% 7.1% 7.1% 3.7% NA Note: NA = not available. Sources: 1999 FEIS; State of Hawaii Data Book 2006; American Community Survey (for 2006), reported at http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/population-estimate. Table 3.3.1 shows that the North Kona district's population growth was strongest in the 1970s, while South Kohala's growth continued high through 2000. Table 3.3.2 shows the same pattern for Census Designated Places (CDPs) in these districts. The South Kohala coastal CDPs grew significantly in the 1990s. In that time, both Hilo and Kailua-Kona had little population increase within their CDP boundaries. Table 3.3.2. Population of Major Towns in Study Area Source: U.S. Census. Data available at http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/Folder.2005-10-13.2927/sf-profile-hawaii-county. Page 3-17 1990 2000 Average Annual Growth Rate Hilo CDP 37,728 40,759 0.8% Kailua-Kona CDP 9,224 9,870 0.7% Waikoloa/Puako CDPs 2,683 5,235 6.9% Waimea CDP 5,934 7,028 1.7% Source: U.S. Census. Data available at http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/Folder.2005-10-13.2927/sf-profile-hawaii-county. Page 3-17 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Two local areas along the existing Saddle Road, Kaumana at the Hilo end, and Waiki`i near the West Hawaii end, are of note. Kaumana is an outlying residential district of Hilo, largely within the urban area. Waiki`i was once an isolated ranch village. In recent decades, it was subdivided as a community with luxury homes on large lots. Although it includes some 130 lots, the small resident population numbers indicate that most of the homes are held for vacation use. Table 3.3.3 Ponulation of Communities near Saddle Road Notes: Upper Kaumana is defined as Census Tract 208.0 1, block group 2, for both 1990 and 2000. Waiki`i's 1990 population is estimated in the FEIS based on interviews. The 2000 figure is for Census Tract 217.02, blocks 3065, 3070, 3072, 3073, 3075, 2076, 3106. Over the last half -century, Hawaii County has seen major changes in its economic base. Plantation agriculture has ended, leaving communities in North Kohala, Hamakua, North Hilo and Ka`u with few local jobs, while visitor units, and hence resort jobs, grew through the mid-1990s. Since then, visitor arrivals and expenditures have continued to increase. Figure 3.3.1 shows the long-term growth in the visitor plant, while Table 3.3.4 shows that such growth has been concentrated in West Hawaii. FIGURE 3.3.1 Visitor Units, Ilawai`i County, 1965 to 2006 12,000 11,000- 10,000 9,000 8,000 N 7,000 c 6,000 w 5,000 > 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Notes: The Visitor Plant Inventory survey was not conducted in 1995. Visitor units include hotels, condos for visitor use, bed and breakfasts, hostels, and other units. Source: Visitor Research Report, 2006, of the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Page 3-18 1990 2000 Average Annual Growth Rate Upper Kaumana 935 2,215 9.0 Waiki`i 50 89 5.8 Notes: Upper Kaumana is defined as Census Tract 208.0 1, block group 2, for both 1990 and 2000. Waiki`i's 1990 population is estimated in the FEIS based on interviews. The 2000 figure is for Census Tract 217.02, blocks 3065, 3070, 3072, 3073, 3075, 2076, 3106. Over the last half -century, Hawaii County has seen major changes in its economic base. Plantation agriculture has ended, leaving communities in North Kohala, Hamakua, North Hilo and Ka`u with few local jobs, while visitor units, and hence resort jobs, grew through the mid-1990s. Since then, visitor arrivals and expenditures have continued to increase. Figure 3.3.1 shows the long-term growth in the visitor plant, while Table 3.3.4 shows that such growth has been concentrated in West Hawaii. FIGURE 3.3.1 Visitor Units, Ilawai`i County, 1965 to 2006 12,000 11,000- 10,000 9,000 8,000 N 7,000 c 6,000 w 5,000 > 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Notes: The Visitor Plant Inventory survey was not conducted in 1995. Visitor units include hotels, condos for visitor use, bed and breakfasts, hostels, and other units. Source: Visitor Research Report, 2006, of the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Page 3-18 1 1 IN 1 I 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement TABLE 3.3.4 Visitor Units, 1990 to 2006 Note: Regions in this table roughly correspond to County districts as follows: Hilo: South Hilo, North Hilo, Hamakua Kona: North Kona, South Kona Kohala: South Kohala, North Kohala Puna and Ka`u are not included in these regional counts. Source: Visitor Plant Inventory for 2000, 2006. Until late 2008, the visitor population had been increasing steadily even when there was little growth in visitor units. In part this is because resort housing — both single- and multi -family projects — has been developed in South Kohala and North Kona. While some of these units are owner -occupied, many are timeshare or fractional ownership units, or are second homes used only part-time by the owners and their friends. Hawaii County is expected to see continuing growth in resident and visitor populations. Prior to the late 2008 economic slowdown, the State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism released a new series of long-range projections. These projections recognize that Hawaii County is experiencing the fastest population growth in the state. They anticipate population and job growth continuing at higher rates than the visitor count. They accordingly suggest two economic trends: successful targeting of high-income visitors and diversification of the local economy. The former trend supports high employment in the visitor industry. As the local economy grows, it can support a larger share of its own commercial infrastructure, lessening dependence on Oahu. Page 3-19 1990 2000 2006 Hawaii County 8,952 9,774 11,247 Hilo 1,411 1,204 1,297 Kona 4,096 4,295 4,968 Kohala 3,327 3,983 4,694 Note: Regions in this table roughly correspond to County districts as follows: Hilo: South Hilo, North Hilo, Hamakua Kona: North Kona, South Kona Kohala: South Kohala, North Kohala Puna and Ka`u are not included in these regional counts. Source: Visitor Plant Inventory for 2000, 2006. Until late 2008, the visitor population had been increasing steadily even when there was little growth in visitor units. In part this is because resort housing — both single- and multi -family projects — has been developed in South Kohala and North Kona. While some of these units are owner -occupied, many are timeshare or fractional ownership units, or are second homes used only part-time by the owners and their friends. Hawaii County is expected to see continuing growth in resident and visitor populations. Prior to the late 2008 economic slowdown, the State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism released a new series of long-range projections. These projections recognize that Hawaii County is experiencing the fastest population growth in the state. They anticipate population and job growth continuing at higher rates than the visitor count. They accordingly suggest two economic trends: successful targeting of high-income visitors and diversification of the local economy. The former trend supports high employment in the visitor industry. As the local economy grows, it can support a larger share of its own commercial infrastructure, lessening dependence on Oahu. Page 3-19 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement TABLE 3.3.5 Hawaii State 2035 Series Population Projections, for Hawaii County Source: Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to 2035: DBEDT 2035 Series. Honolulu, 2008a. The County of Hawaii issued projections for the General Plan revision in 2000. These extend to 2020. Table 3.3.7 shows the 2020 resident population estimates for the districts most immediately affected by Saddle Road. The State projections are roughly aligned with the more aggressive projections developed by the County (Series "B" and "C"). The State projections are not issued for areas smaller than the county. If the economy rebounds and future growth is in line with past trends, the anticipated population increase by 2030 can be estimated at the district level, as shown in Table 3.3.6. 3.3.1.2 Environmental Consequences Construction of Section I of Saddle Road on W-7 would involve many workers. Hawaii County's construction workforce has contracted, then grown, and then contracted again in recent years. The annual average construction job count in 1998 was 2,300 persons. By 2007, the total had grown to 5,750. The economic recession of 2008 has caused high unemployment among this workforce. Figure 3.3.2 shows annual average construction job counts and year-to-year variation. The variability evident in the chart suggests that large changes in local demand for construction workers are normal. Page 3-20 Residents Total Job Count Visitor Units Average Visitor Census 2010 185,850 103,370 12,460 28,869 2015 205,820 113,120 12,930 30,851 2020 225,000 122,030 13,680 32,644 2025 243,420 131,680 14,410 34,370 2030 261,340 141,610 15,070 35,964 2035 279,150 151,790 15,840 37,801. Source: Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to 2035: DBEDT 2035 Series. Honolulu, 2008a. The County of Hawaii issued projections for the General Plan revision in 2000. These extend to 2020. Table 3.3.7 shows the 2020 resident population estimates for the districts most immediately affected by Saddle Road. The State projections are roughly aligned with the more aggressive projections developed by the County (Series "B" and "C"). The State projections are not issued for areas smaller than the county. If the economy rebounds and future growth is in line with past trends, the anticipated population increase by 2030 can be estimated at the district level, as shown in Table 3.3.6. 3.3.1.2 Environmental Consequences Construction of Section I of Saddle Road on W-7 would involve many workers. Hawaii County's construction workforce has contracted, then grown, and then contracted again in recent years. The annual average construction job count in 1998 was 2,300 persons. By 2007, the total had grown to 5,750. The economic recession of 2008 has caused high unemployment among this workforce. Figure 3.3.2 shows annual average construction job counts and year-to-year variation. The variability evident in the chart suggests that large changes in local demand for construction workers are normal. Page 3-20 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.6 Allnentinn of 7035 Ceries Pnnnlatinn Estimates by District Source: 2035 Series Projections for Resident Population, allocated to districts by Belt Collins. Ulstrict populations projected by extending historical trends, and adjusting all districts equally so that the sum of districts equals the current projection for 2030. By 2030, the state projection is nearly 120% of the historical extrapolation, so this allocation should be seen as no more than heuristic. Table 3.3.7 County ofHawai`i General Plan Population Projections, to LULU Historical South South Projected County 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Puna 11,751 20,781 31,335 43,092 57,495 72,190 South Hilo 42,278 44,639 47,386 52,583 59,498 65,654 North Hilo 1,679 1,541 1,720 1,779 1,938 2,064 Hamakua 5,128 5,545 6,108 6,931 8,016 9,020 North Kohala 3,249 4,291 6,038 7,712 9,884 12,065 South Kohala 4,607 9,140 13,131 18,432 24,677 31,054 North Kona 13,748 22,284 28,543 38,292 49,611 61,035 South Kona 5,914 7,658 8,589 10,608 12,936 15,209 Ka'u 3,699 4,438 5,827 7,151 8,904 10,640 Hawaii County 92,053 120,317 148,677 186,580 232,960 278,930 {{ Average Annual Rate of Change 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Puna , 5.9% 4.2% 3.2% 2.9% 2.3% South Hilo 0.5% 0.6% 1.0% 1.2% 1.0% North Hilo -0.9% 1.1% 0.3% 0.9% 0.6% Hamakua 0.8% 1.0% 1.3% 1.5% 1.2% North Kohala 2.8% 3.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.0% South Kohala 7.1% 3.7% 3.4% 3.0% 2.3% North Kona 4.9% 25% 3.0% 2.6% 2.1% South Kona 2.6% 1.2% 2.1% 2.0% 1.6% Ka'u 1.8% 28% 2.1% 2.2% 1.8% Hawaii County 2.7% 2.1% 2.3% 2.2% 1.8% Source: 2035 Series Projections for Resident Population, allocated to districts by Belt Collins. Ulstrict populations projected by extending historical trends, and adjusting all districts equally so that the sum of districts equals the current projection for 2030. By 2030, the state projection is nearly 120% of the historical extrapolation, so this allocation should be seen as no more than heuristic. Table 3.3.7 County ofHawai`i General Plan Population Projections, to LULU Hawaii South South North County Hilo Kohala Kona Series A 213,452 48,815 23,947 41,447 Series B 217,718 49,791 24,426 42,275 Series C 237,323 54,274 26,625 46,082 Source: County of Hawaii General Plan, passed as Ordinance 05-25, February 2005. Page 3-21 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Figure 3.3.2 Construction Jobs, Hawaii County, 1990-2007 7,000 25% 6,000 20% ' -15% 5,000 10% c H 4,000 - 5% O . ./o o 3,000 0 • - -5% O 2,000 a -10% 1,000 -15% 0 -20% CPO� O� 03 Ok 0P CP 0A 00 00 00 O� Off' 00 O� O� Ob OA - - Construction jobs -Annual change in job count Source: Hawaii State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations website, http://www. hiwi.org//cizi/dataanalysis/cesSelection. asy?menuchoice=ces One conclusion that can be drawn from the table is that the local workforce is large enough to build Section I of Saddle Road. Since work is progressing on other segments, an experienced workforce is at hand. If those workers are committed to other jobs, construction workers could be brought to the Big Island from elsewhere in Hawaii or even the U.S. mainland. The result would be in increase in the local construction workforce by less than 5 percent. That increase is well within the historical range of variation. Accordingly, while construction of new Saddle Road segments could attract workers other than current Hawaii County residents if unemployment dips significantly from its current high level before construction, the short-term increase does not amount to a significant change. Improvement and realignment of Saddle Road would affect travel choices of both residents and visitors. It could affect residential distribution patterns slightly (as discussed in Section 3.3.2.2). However, completing Saddle Road by building Section I is not likely to attract people to the island, affecting the total resident and visitor populations, once construction is finished. Nor would changes in the location of visitor spending, possible with a new roadway, lead to increased visitor spending, supporting island jobs and households. After construction, then, no impact on population is anticipated. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in impacts to population and settlement patterns between W-3 and W-7. Page 3-22 1 1 1 ti II t 1 1 1 �I u 1 1 t 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.3.1.3 Mitigation Measures No mitigation measures are needed. 3.3.2 Socioeconomic 3.3.2.1 Affected Environment In the late 1990s, Hawaii island was weathering an economic slump after the closure of the last sugar plantations and a slowdown in visitor industry growth. Since that time, visitor counts and expenditures have grown again, especially in West Hawaii. Economic expansion has involved some diversification: • In the tourism sector, development of time-share properties and second homes has been ongoing. • On -island retailing has expanded greatly, with "big box" stores now located in both Hilo and Kona. Currently, new retail areas target both resident and visitor populations. • At the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii in North Kona, aquaculture has expanded and a new export, bottled water, has been developed. • Astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea have expanded, supporting both work on the mountain and at headquarters in Hilo and Waimea. Two new observatories, the Thirty Meter Telescope and the Pan-Starrs Observatory, are in planning. • The University of Hawaii has expanded programs in both Hilo and Kona. • While West Hawaii remains the focus of the visitor industry, East Hawaii depends on a mixed economy, with agriculture, government and astronomy prominent sources of income. Also, many East Hawai'i residents commute to the west to work in visitor industry jobs. • Workers commute by automobile or bus. Currently, about 400 workers travel by bus from East Hawaii to South Kohala, and about 100 to North Kona (pers. communication, Tom Brown, Administrator, Hawaii County Mass Transit Agency to Ron Terry, August 2009). In the last year, the island economy has slowed substantially, following global trends. Tables 3.3.8 through 3.3. 10 show socioeconomic patterns at the district level, as of the 2000 census. Continuing east/west differences are visible: Most residents of South Hilo had been in their homes for five years or more, and less than 20 percent had moved from outside Hawaii County, while about 30 percent of the residents of North Kona and South Kohala had moved from outside the county in the last five years. Caucasians were the largest racial group in the West Hawaii districts, while Asians were most numerous in South Hilo. Page 3-23 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • Unemployment was over 10 percent in South Hilo in 2000, and less than 4 percent in the West Hawaii districts. • Incomes were higher, on average, in North Kona and South Kohala. Some 17.1 % of the population in South Hilo was below the poverty line. This rate was about twice that found in the two West Hawaii districts. • Labor force participation was appreciably higher in North Kona and South Kohala than in South Hilo. This is a common pattern near visitor destination areas. • While a much larger share of the workforce in West Hawaii is in the visitor industry (as indicated by "accommodations and food services"), this industry still accounts for about 9 percent of South Hilo residents' jobs. In South Hilo, government, education, and health service industries employ a larger share of the workforce than in North Kona and South Kohala. Table 3.3.8 Selected DemoLyranhic Characteristics, by District, 2000 Census Source: Census 2000. Page 3-24 Hawaii County South Hilo District North Kona District South Kohala District POPULATION Total Population (1) 148,677 42,425 28,543 13,131 Male 74,499 20,776 14,349 6,545 Female 74,178 21,649 14,194 6,586 Age Groups (1) Under 5 years 6.1% 5.6% 6.4% 6.8% 5to14years 15.2% 14.3% 13.8% 17.5% 15 to 19 years 7.5% 8.1% 6.4% 6.9% 20 to 64 years 57.7% 55.1% 61.6% 59.7% 65 to 74 years 7.3% 8.6% 6.7% 5.5% 75 and over 6.2% 8.3% 5.1% 3.6% Median Age 38.6 38.7 39.4 36.2 Race (Federal classification) White alone 31.5% 17.3% 47.1% 38.8% Black or African American alone 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native alone 0.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.2% Asian alone 26.7% 38.5% 16.3% 18.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 11.2% 12.9% 10.7% 12.8% Some other race alone 1.1% 0.9% 1.4% 1.0% Two or more races 28.4% 29.7% 23.5% 28.8% Residence in 1995 for Persons 5 and Older (2) Same house 53.2% 57.6% 43.6% 41.6% Different house, same county 24.4% 26.0% 25.2% 28.0% Different county in HI 12.3% 9.3% 15.7% 16.9% Different state 7.9% 4.8% 12.7% 9.9% Outside the US 2.3% 2.2% 2.9% 3.6% Source: Census 2000. Page 3-24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 r t Lam. 1 IN 1 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.9 ,pip.-ferl F.ennnmie C'haraeterictiec_ by nictriet_ 2000 Census Source: Census 2000. Page 3-25 Hawaii County South Hilo District North Kona District South Kohala District LABOR FORCE (2) Persons 16 and older In civilian labor force 70,592 19,414 15,484 6,862 Unemployment % (of CLF) 8.0% 10.3% 3.9% 3.3% Labor Force Participation % (of population 16 and older) 61.7% 58.7% 69.2% 70.7% Workers by Industry (Selected Industries) Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 7.0% 3.9% 3.7% 4.9% Construction 7.8% 6.5% 8.7% 6.9% Retail trade 12.0% 12.6% 13.3% 8.2% Finance, insurance, real estate 5.1% 4.5% 7.8% 4.7% Educational services 9.9% 13.8% 5.0% 8.9% Health care and social assistance 9.0% 11.9% 6.8% 8.2% Accommodation and food services 14.9% 8.8% 18.7% 32.3% Public administration 5.7% 8.9% 3.5% 2.3% INCOME AND POVERTY Household income in 1999 Under $25,000 30.9% 32.6% 22.2% 17.5% $25,000 to $49,999 29.8% 27.9% 30.8% 30.7% $50,000 to $74,999 18.4% 18.3% 20.0% 22.7% $75,000 to $99,999 10.4% 11.2% 11.6% 15.1% $100,000 to $199,999 8.7% 8.7% 12.2% 10.8% $200,000 and above 1.8% 1.3% 3.3% 3.2% Median Household Income $39,805 $39,213 $47,610 $51,379 Poverty Status Share of total population below poverty line 15.7% 17.1% 9.7% 8.5% Age distribution, persons below poverty line 0 to 17 years 35.90X 35.3% 32.7% 41.9% 18 to 64 years 58.0% 58.2% 60.9% 53.5% 65 to 74 years 3.2% 3.1%1 3.6% 3.1% 75 years and over 2.9% 3.4% 2.9% 1.5% Source: Census 2000. Page 3-25 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.10 Selected Housing Characteristics, by District, 2000 Census Source: Census 2000. The vacancy figures in Table 3.3. 10 point to a major difference between South Hilo and the West Hawaii districts: dedication of much of the local housing stock to vacation use (whether vacation rentals or second homes). Counts of housing units and visitor units overlap, since vacation rentals are likely to be included in both. To complicate matters, second homes are not housing units available for residents, but are counted in housing inventories. Housing costs are higher in West Hawaii. While many renters in all districts paid a disproportionate share of their income for housing, housing costs used up more than 30 percent of gross income for about 30 percent of homeowners in South Hilo, as compared to more than 40 percent in North Kona and South Kohala. The next three tables deal with 2000 Census data for towns near the ends of Saddle Road: Hilo in the east, Waimea in the uplands of South Kohala, and Waikoloa and Puako, the two other major South Kohala towns. They show much the same patterns identified at the district level. An important difference emerges in Table 3.3.13. Vacation units account for a small share of the housing inventory in Waimea as in Hilo, as compared to about 25 percent of the coastal housing inventory. Page 3-26 Hawaii County South Hilo District North Kona District South Kohala District HOUSING Housing Units (1) Total 62,674 16,640 13,960 5,794 Occupied 52,985 15,141 10,522 4,648 Vacant 9,689 1,499 3,438 1,146 Vacant for season al use 5,101 230 2,753 847 Vacant share of all units 15.5% 9.0% 24.6% 19.8% Tenure of occupied housing units 52,985 15,141 10,522 4,648 Owner occupied 64.5% 61.3% 58.5% 58.9% Renter occupied 35.5% 38.7% 41.5% 41.1% Households (1) Number 52,985 15,141 10,522 4,648 Average household size 2.75 2.71 2.70 2.81 Median contract rent $553 $491 $683 $724 Median gross rent $645 $545 $745 $811 Owner -occupant housing costs Median, for owners with a mortgage $1,133 $1,147 $1,423 $1,385 Share of households with high housing costs Renters, paying 30% to 39% of income 12.7% 14.00/1 13.9% 11.3% Renters, paying > 40% of income 30.3% 32.1 % 27.9% 19.0% Owners, paying 30% to 39% of income 15.9% 14.4% 17.3% 16.2% Owners, paying 40% + of income 21.3% 16.3% 24.9% 27.1% Source: Census 2000. The vacancy figures in Table 3.3. 10 point to a major difference between South Hilo and the West Hawaii districts: dedication of much of the local housing stock to vacation use (whether vacation rentals or second homes). Counts of housing units and visitor units overlap, since vacation rentals are likely to be included in both. To complicate matters, second homes are not housing units available for residents, but are counted in housing inventories. Housing costs are higher in West Hawaii. While many renters in all districts paid a disproportionate share of their income for housing, housing costs used up more than 30 percent of gross income for about 30 percent of homeowners in South Hilo, as compared to more than 40 percent in North Kona and South Kohala. The next three tables deal with 2000 Census data for towns near the ends of Saddle Road: Hilo in the east, Waimea in the uplands of South Kohala, and Waikoloa and Puako, the two other major South Kohala towns. They show much the same patterns identified at the district level. An important difference emerges in Table 3.3.13. Vacation units account for a small share of the housing inventory in Waimea as in Hilo, as compared to about 25 percent of the coastal housing inventory. Page 3-26 1 1 1 1 ji 1 1 1 1 1 1 C 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.11 CPIPrtPt1 T)Pmnurnnhie ( hnraetericties_ by ('.encu& Decivrnated Places. 2000 Census Source: Census 2000. Page 3-27 Hawaii County Hilo CDP Waimea CDP Waikoloa &Puako CDPs POPULATION Total Population (1) 148,677 40,759 7,028 5,235 Male 74,499 19,950 3,467 2,678 Female 74,178 20,809 3,561 2,557 Age Groups (1) Under 5 years 6.1% 5.6% 6.3% 7.4% 5 to 14 years 15.2% 14.3% 18.0% 17.1% 15 to 19 years 7.5% 8.1% 8.1% 5.5% 20 to 64 years 57.7% 55.2% 57.6% 62.6% 65 to 74 years 7.3% 8.5% 6.0% 4.5% 75 and over 6.2% 8.2% 4.1% 2.8% Median Age 38.6 38.6 36.5 41.4 Race (Federal classification) White alone 31.5% 17.1% 30.6% 48.0% Black or African American alone 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native alone 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% Asian alone 26.7% 38.3% 20.3% 16.2% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 11.2% 13.1% 15.6% 8.8% Some other race alone 1.1% 0.9% 0.7% 8.8% Two or more races 28.4% 29.7% 32.2% 25.0% Residence in 1995 for Same house 53.2% 57.3% 53.5% 31.1% Different house, same county 24.4% 26.2% 24.8% 31.8% Different county in HI 12.3% 9.4% 13.7% 19.1% Different state 7.9% 4.8% 5.5% 13.3% Outside the US 2.3% 2.2% 2.5% 4.7% Source: Census 2000. Page 3-27 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.12 Selected Economic Characteristics. by Census Designated Places. 2000 Census Source: Census 2000. Page 3-28 Hawaii County Hilo CDP Waimea CDP Waikoloa & Puako CDPs LABOR FORCE (2) Persons 16 and older In civilian labor force 70,592 18,681 3,528 2,911 Unemployment %(of CLF) 8.0% 10.3% 2.9% 3.3% Labor Force Participation % (of population 16 and older) 61.7% 58.8% 68.5% 74.4% Workers by Industry (Selected Industries) Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 7.0% 3.8% 7.9% 1.6% Construction 7.8% 6.6% 7.6% 5.0% Retail trade 12.0% 12.7% 8.3% 8.4% Finance, insurance, real estate 5.1% 4.6% 2.8% 6.8% Educational services 9.9% 14.0% 12.9% 4.3% Health care and social assistance 9.0% 11.7% 10A% 4.6% Accommodation and food services 14.9% 8.8% 26.5% 40.4% Public administration 5.7% 9.1% 2.6% 2.0% INCOME AND POVERTY Household income in 1999 Under $25,000 30.9% 32.7% 17.8% 16.9% $25,000 b $49,999 29.8% 27.9% 30.8% 32.2% $50,000 b $74,999 18.4% 18.2% 24.1% 21.5% $75,000 in $99,999 10.4% 11.3% 14.9% 15.6% $100,000to$199,999 8.7% 8.6% 9.1% 11.2% $200,000 and above 1.8% 1.2% 3.3% 2.6% Median Household Income $39,805 $39,139 $51,150 $55,145 Poverty Status Share of total population below poverty line 15.7% 17.1% 6.0% 9.8% Age distribution, persons below poverty line 0 to 17 years 35.9% 35.0% 40.9% 42.9% 18 to 64 years 58.0% 58.7% 50.0% 55.4% 65 to 74 years 3.2% 2.9% 6.0% 1.2% 75 years and over 2.9% 3.4% 3.1% 0.6% Source: Census 2000. Page 3-28 1 1 1 1 t t 1 1 t 1 1 i 1 1 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.13 Selected Housing Characteristics by Census Designated Place. 2000 Census Source: Census 2000. Table 3.3.14 provides more recent data on the housing market. It shows that the three districts studied here account for more than two-thirds of single-family housing sales. In the areas with many sales, South Hilo and Puna housing prices are much lower, both in terms of total price and price per square foot of housing, than North Kona and South Kohala prices. The sales data in Figure 3.3.3 show that an active housing market has existed in the Kaumana area since 2000, accounting for about 10 percent to 20 percent of South Hilo District sales. The average price for homes in this area has climbed, but it remains below the average for the district as a whole. Too few housing sales have occurred in Waiki`i to allow comparison of local and district trends. Page 3-29 Hilo CDP Waimea CDP Waikoloa & Puako CDPs HOUSING Housing Units (1) Total 16,026 2,589 2,759 Occupied 14,577 2,371 1,965 Vacant 1,449 218 794 Vacant for seasonal use 216 79 650 Vacant share of all units 9.0% 8.4% 28.8% Owner occupied 60.9% 64.2% 51.7% Renter occupied 39.1% 35.8% 48.3% Households (1) 1990 to March 2000 15.7% 21.2% 45.8% 1980 to 1989 15.3% 33.6% 36.7% 1970 to 1979 26.2% 21.0% 12.9% 1960 to 1969 16.4% 8.2% 1.2% Before 1960 26.3% 16.0% 3.4% Median contract rent $489 $737 $766 Median gross rent $542 $860 $850 Owner -occupant housing costs Median, for owners with a mortgage $1,147 $1,337 $1,798 Share of households with high housing costs Renters, paying 30% to 39% of income 14.1% 5.1% 15.9% Renters, paying > 40% of income 31.9% 14.4% 20.5% Owners, paying 30% to 39% of income 14.4% 13.6% 17.1% Owners, paying 40% + of income 16.1 30.6% 21.4% Source: Census 2000. Table 3.3.14 provides more recent data on the housing market. It shows that the three districts studied here account for more than two-thirds of single-family housing sales. In the areas with many sales, South Hilo and Puna housing prices are much lower, both in terms of total price and price per square foot of housing, than North Kona and South Kohala prices. The sales data in Figure 3.3.3 show that an active housing market has existed in the Kaumana area since 2000, accounting for about 10 percent to 20 percent of South Hilo District sales. The average price for homes in this area has climbed, but it remains below the average for the district as a whole. Too few housing sales have occurred in Waiki`i to allow comparison of local and district trends. Page 3-29 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.14 Single Familv Housing Sales by District. 2006 to 01.2008 District Volume Average Price Average Price per sq.ft. Puna 491 $258,093 $212 South Hilo 560 $356,063 $252 North Hilo 24 $303,576 $260 Hamakua 42 $382,274 $322 North Kohala 37 $466,367 $349 South Kohala 373 $593,879 $377 North Kona 638 $690,015 $403 South Kona 43 $486,423 $320 Ka'u 92 $258,500 $217 Source: Real Property Tax data for the period from January 1, 2006 through February 29, 2008, compiled by Hawaii Information Service and analyzed by Belt Collins Hawaii. Figure 3.3.3 Q..1....:.. rr.,.,...,,..., A ..,.., Source: Hawaii Information Service data, analyzed by Belt Collins Hawaii. The share of commuters traveling an hour or more to work is smaller in the districts adjoining Saddle Road, because the longest commutes are now from districts with dispersed housing but few jobs — Puna, Ka`u, North Kohala and Hamakua (Tables 3.3.15 and 3.3.16). Page 3-30 I 0 1 t t 1 1 t 1 t 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.15 Cnmmute Travel Time_ by Districts_ 2000 Census Table 3.3.16 C'nmmnte Travel Time_ by Censns Desionnterl Place_ 2000 Census South Hilo Puna Kau South Kona North Kona South Kohala North Kohala Hamakua North Hilo Working at home 883 1,034 136 419 782 316 141 149 19 Commuters 18,105 10,815 1,813 3,725 13,646 6,152 2,168 2,361 737 45 to 59 minutes 352 444 77 369 499 595 413 433 116 %of commuters 1.9% 4.1% 4.2% 9.9% 3.7% 9.7% /19.0% 18.3% 15.7% 1 hour or more 1,004 893 177 379 556 417 204507 114 %of commuters 5.5% 8.3% 9.8% 10.2% 4.1% 6.8% 9.4% 21.5% 15.5% Table 3.3.16 C'nmmnte Travel Time_ by Censns Desionnterl Place_ 2000 Census Source: Census 2000. 3.3.2.2 Environmental Consequences Just as with the 1999 ROD -selected alignment W-3, W-7 would shorten the travel distance between Hilo and coastal West Hawaii by approximately 30 minutes, or more during peak travel. For travel between Hilo and Waimea, SR 19 and Saddle Road would have approximately equal travel times. The improved Saddle Road would be safer and easier to drive than the existing road, and less likely to be congested than the other circum -island routes. At peak drive times, the difference could be much greater. The impact on the social environment depends on the drivers and routes affected, notably: • Visitors traveling between West Hawaii and the Kilauea Volcano area; • East Hawai'i residents commuting to and from work in West Hawaii; • Residents of either side of the island, making occasional cross -island trips; • Residents of Waiki`i, whose subdivision is adjacent to the existing Saddle Road; • Visitors and residents traveling between West Hawai` i and the Mauna Kea Access Road; and • Workers at Pohakuloa Training Area and the Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa observatories. Page 3-31 Hilo CDP Waimea CDP Waikoloa & Puako CDPs COMMUTING Travel time for workers Worked at home 729 170 113 Commute less than 15 minutes 8,170 1,241 542 Commute 15 to 29 minutes 5,821 657 1,283 Commute 30 to 44 minutes 731 635 486 Commute 45 to 59 minutes 275 363 207 Commute 1 hour or more 852 270 123 % of commuters, 1 hr or more 5.4% 8.5% 4.7% Source: Census 2000. 3.3.2.2 Environmental Consequences Just as with the 1999 ROD -selected alignment W-3, W-7 would shorten the travel distance between Hilo and coastal West Hawaii by approximately 30 minutes, or more during peak travel. For travel between Hilo and Waimea, SR 19 and Saddle Road would have approximately equal travel times. The improved Saddle Road would be safer and easier to drive than the existing road, and less likely to be congested than the other circum -island routes. At peak drive times, the difference could be much greater. The impact on the social environment depends on the drivers and routes affected, notably: • Visitors traveling between West Hawaii and the Kilauea Volcano area; • East Hawai'i residents commuting to and from work in West Hawaii; • Residents of either side of the island, making occasional cross -island trips; • Residents of Waiki`i, whose subdivision is adjacent to the existing Saddle Road; • Visitors and residents traveling between West Hawai` i and the Mauna Kea Access Road; and • Workers at Pohakuloa Training Area and the Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa observatories. Page 3-31 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement More details by group are provided below: Visitors. Currently, vacationers in West Hawaii who visit Hawaii Volcanoes National Park can take either SR 11 around South Point, or SR 19 to Hilo and then SR 11 to Volcano. The former route is more direct and shorter, to and from Kona, while the latter may take less time to and from South Kohala. If a day trip is planned, either route involves a lengthy drive. If these are combined in a circle -island drive of approximately 220 miles, visitors may have little time for sightseeing and may be slowed by congestion in Waimea, Hilo, and/or South Kona. Use of Saddle Road allows visitors to make a shorter circular tour. With the new route, Hilo is likely to see more tourists, i.e., some of those who would now travel only by SR 11 may choose to return by way of Saddle Road, passing through Hilo on their way. Visitor attendance at Hilo area museums and attractions and visitor spending in the Hilo area could thus increase slightly. Commuters. Commuting by way of Saddle Road already occurs. For Puna and South Hilo residents who work in West Hawaii, or residents from either side who work at Pohakuloa Training Area or Mauna Kea, the Saddle Road improvements would bring increased safety and shorter travel times. Few residents of other districts are likely to take this route now. Shorter travel times could make Saddle Road'a preferable route for North Hilo commuters, but this is a small group. With the new route, some residents of Kaumana may take work in West Hawaii. Others may become interested in moving into the Kaumana area as it may be more convenient to their commute. Housing is available in the area, and recent prices are slightly lower than in South Hilo district as a whole. However, the Kaumana prices are higher than average prices in Puna, so cross -island commuters might have to weigh higher housing costs against lower travel time and cost. The additional demand for housing in the area could be in the range of 15 to 30 sales per year. Table 3.3.17 estimates the eventual impact of Saddle Road improvements on the Kaumana area. Some of the impact could be dispersed over a larger share of the Hilo urban area, lowering the impact on neighborhoods directly below Saddle Road. Page 3-32 1 t 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.3.17 L1 stimate Ul 1I1cueast: III IIVUJIII; Lviliall ui i�auuiaua i■ vui uw�wii a v=,o=, .,.._.,,, Commuters from South Hilo (1 hour or more): 1,000 Share likely to seek new home (over five or more years) 37% Share of movers likely interested in Kaumana as closer to work site 30% Potential new Kaumana households 112 Possible new buyerstrenters (over five to ten years) 11 to 22 Commuters from Puna (1 hour or more) 900 Share likely to seek new home (overfive or more years) 37% Share of movers likely interested in Kaumana as doserto work site 10% Potential new Kaumana households 33 Possible new buyerstrenters (over five to ten years) 3 to 7 Total estimated new annual housing demand 15 to 29 The preceding discussion focuses on automobile travel. The County of Hawaii is . working to expand bus travel by residents, and hence reducing use of fossil fuels. With bus travel from Downtown Hilo as an alternative for commuters to West Hawaii, the share of commuters likely to be attracted to the Kaumana area could be Csmaller than estimated above. a A second factor that could lessen the impact of the project on the housing market is the development of workforce housing in South Kohala, notably at the County's Kamakoa project. For those who have few roots in East Hawaii, Waikoloa Village offers a convenient place to live, at reasonable cost. However, the analysis of project impacts dealt with the share of commuters who retain strong ties to East Hawaii but would be motivated to move within the area by a shorter commute time. F1 1 1 1 Other Residents. Residents travel cross -island for work, recreation, and other reasons. Improved cross -island transport would help to slow increasing congestion in urban areas along SR 11 and SR 19. Shorter cross -island travel times would allow residents more time to enjoy at their homes and destinations. Page 3-33 Notes: Number of commuters from 2000 Census. Share of households interested to moving on islanu a from 2006 Hawai `i Housing Policy Study. Share likely interested in Kaumana based on survey respondents' interest in "moving to the other side of Hawaii island" for the right home at the right price (22% of potential movers). The move from other areas in South Hilo to Kaumana is viewed here as a short (-1 one; the move from Puna is viewed as long, separating a moving household from friends and family in their Uhome district. (Still, the longer move would also yield a much shorter commute.) It is assumed here that home prices for movers are similar in Kaumana and other South Hilo areas, but higher than the home areas of Puna commuters. Ell The additional demand could increase Kaumana sales by 50 percent or more, creating pressure to raise local sales prices, which have recently fallen steeply. With new demand largely from South Hilo residents and based on workers' convenience, little Li change in the character of the local community is anticipated. The preceding discussion focuses on automobile travel. The County of Hawaii is . working to expand bus travel by residents, and hence reducing use of fossil fuels. With bus travel from Downtown Hilo as an alternative for commuters to West Hawaii, the share of commuters likely to be attracted to the Kaumana area could be Csmaller than estimated above. a A second factor that could lessen the impact of the project on the housing market is the development of workforce housing in South Kohala, notably at the County's Kamakoa project. For those who have few roots in East Hawaii, Waikoloa Village offers a convenient place to live, at reasonable cost. However, the analysis of project impacts dealt with the share of commuters who retain strong ties to East Hawaii but would be motivated to move within the area by a shorter commute time. F1 1 1 1 Other Residents. Residents travel cross -island for work, recreation, and other reasons. Improved cross -island transport would help to slow increasing congestion in urban areas along SR 11 and SR 19. Shorter cross -island travel times would allow residents more time to enjoy at their homes and destinations. Page 3-33 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Waiki `i. Under either the 1999 ROD -selected W-3 or the W-7 alignment, Waiki`i would no longer lie next to a major roadway. The existing Saddle Road in this area would become a less -improved alternative route to Waiki`i and PTA. For Waiki`i residents, the impacts would be a gain in isolation — part of the appeal of this area — and improved safety. Mauna Kea. For parties traveling between West Hawaii and Mauna Kea, the W-7 alignment, as with the 1999 ROD -selected W-3 alignment, would bring smoother and safer travel. While this improvement would likely be appreciated by the few who travel the route often, it is not expected to have any discernible impact on travel decisions, e.g., on the popularity of Mauna Kea summit tours. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in socioeconomic impacts between W-3 and W-7. 3.3.2.3 Mitigation Measures • HDOT will install signage to remind visitors that there are no services on Saddle Road. No further mitigation measures are needed. The largest impact noted here — increased housing demand in Kaumana — would lessen as local prices rise. 3.3.3 Community Identity and Cohesion 3.3.3.1 Affected Environment Vitally important to an accurate characterization of the social fabric of an area are the following concepts which portray social well-being and community cohesion. • Community decision-making processes and local power structures. • Relocation of locals away from the community. • Socioeconomic harmony or polarization. • Community and regional character or spirit. • Codes of conduct among and between various social and ethnic groups. • Relationship with visitors and tourist industry. The Island of Hawaii has a rich, multi-ethnic history that has helped to create a strong sense of community identity evidenced in both the people and the landscape. Many native Hawaiian traditions, including cuisine, luau and pa `ina (ceremonial feasts), and music and dance have been enthusiastically embraced by later arrivals. Native Hawaiian culture is strong and growing in influence. In addition, many traditions of the Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Portuguese, and Korean immigrant plantation workers have also been perpetuated. Page 3-34 I 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Most long-time Hawaii (kama `aina) families trace their roots to such beginnings and share many deep and wide-ranging bonds. Newer residents, particularly those from the mainland, do not share such links. Nevertheless, celebrations of this heritage in such events as hula festivals, plantation days, and rodeos are enthusiastically supported by long-term residents and newcomers alike. At the same time, however, the sense of community is evolving as new residents (and (� their values) from outside the island are gradually incorporated. Kama `aina residents �J often express a longing for the old days and a fear of being disenfranchised. Many towns and villages (particularly Kailua-Kona) have been transformed from charming local settlements into bustling visitor and residential communities with numerous wealthy; transplanted mainlanders whose influence in community affairs is not related to their family connection to the land. 1 1 El 1 1 w r A few of those who participated in surveys, meetings and workshops for the 1999 EIS expressed the sentiment that Hawaii County should be two counties instead of one; that the two sides of the island have very distinct destinies. The majority, however, felt that the Island of Hawaii makes up one large community, despite the divisive forces of distance, and unequal economies, and that better transportation would enhance mutual community support, and balanced economic growth. In the view of most, steady improvement of an island -wide highway system over the decades has solidified the community. A strong theme of the Saddle Road Task Force has been the unifying effect of an improved Saddle Road. Individual areas affected by the Saddle Road project have very distinct histories, social makeup and identities. Community workshops and surveys for this project were intended to allow residents to express what they valued about their community and what impacts they expected as a result of improving Saddle Road. The following area characterizations were formed from opinions presented in these surveys. Waimea. Headquarters for Parker Ranch for over a century and a half, Waimea has a rich history and a dramatic setting in the misty uplands. A substantial area of Hawaiian Home Lands, supporting farms and ranches, is also present. The last twenty years have produced rapid growth. The charming cattle town is now also an enclave for wealthy transplanted mainlanders and a bedroom community for workers at South Kohala resorts. Waimea participants tended to emphasize the rural character and heritage of their region, pointing with pride to the "...unique ranching/farming community" but worrying that it is "twice daily assaulted by a long string of traffic." Waikoloa. Development of Waikoloa, a planned community, started in the 1960s. This windy and dry village has developed an identity of its own, and is distinctly different from the Waikoloa resort area on the coast. Today, working families are more abundant than retirees, and the community continues to expand and diversify. Non-residential land uses are limited but expanding. Waikoloa has the potential to grow as large or larger than Waimea. Waikoloa has a strong community association and a tradition of "self-help." Page 3-35 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Waiki `i. Waiki`i's rich ranching tradition and dramatic scenery presented the opportunity for a unique subdivision in the 1980s. All 130 lots have grazing easements and share large common areas. Currently, homes have been built on several dozen lots, and several additional homes are present in the area but outside Waiki`i Ranch proper. The arrangement has allowed continuation of ranching activities under the supervision of the lot owner association. In addition to cattle, many residents raise horses and are involved in equestrian activity. Among the valued traits of Waiki`i most commonly mentioned by its residents are the spectacular scenery, cool weather, and seclusion. Hilo and Kaumana. Hilo's tradition as a major population center is unbroken from pre -Cook Hawaii to modern times. Hilo is often described as quaint and traditional. Formerly centered on the sugar cane industry, agriculture around Hilo became more diversified with the growth of macadamia, papaya, orchid and foliage industries. The economy is now more dependent on business and government functions headquartered in Hilo, including the University of Hawaii at Hilo. It is the major commercial center on the Island of Hawaii and also supports several industrial and commercial districts. Hilo International Airport and a deep draft harbor anchor the island's major shipping center. Kaumana is a former sugar cane camp that has been annexed as a quiet suburb of Hilo. Upper Kaumana, which would be most directly affected by Saddle Road, contains a mixture of old camp housing and modern subdivisions. One school and a small general store are present. Kaumana residents feel a strong stake in Saddle Road and have been active participants in meetings, surveys and workshops. As one resident stated, the community is in a "state of transition" from an isolated relic of the plantation era to a growing suburb of Hilo. The integration with Hilo is convenient: a - "location close to the mountains and [not too far from] the shoreline... cleanliness, relatively rural lifestyle... with access to modern day conveniences." Another noted "[We are] separate from downtown Hilo, yet close enough and affordable, especially to owner builders." Preserving Kaumana's "serenity, privacy, low traffic, good neighbors, natural backyard" and "active community associations" is seen as important. Kailua-Kona. Kona was an important and powerful district in Hawaii prior to Western contact, the seat of ruling chiefs and the site of productive upland agriculture and teeming shoreline and offshore fisheries. For most of the years since 1850, however, Kona was an isolated, sleepy rural district where scattered coffee farms and cattle ranches were the economic mainstay. The growth of tourism in West Hawaii since the 1960s has steadily attracted new residents lured by the physical beauty of Kona and the growing employment and entrepreneurial opportunities. Following Hilo, Kailua is now the second largest population and business center on the island. In surveys and public meetings, North Kona residents noted the value of climate, scenery and history of this area. Most prominent, however, were statements about the vital economy of West Hawaii, powered by tourism. Page 3-36 1 t 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.3.3.2 Environmental Consequences Construction and operation of the W-7 alignment, just as with the 1999 ROD -selected W- 3 alignment, would not create any temporary or permanent adverse impacts on any local community. The most important effects would be beneficial: to connect all these communities together with a safe and modern highway system. The physical safety of the road would be substantially enhanced by widening travel lanes, providing passing lanes, Typical Sections s, improving pavement, straightening horizontal curves, and leveling vertical alignment. Traffic on the narrow, winding existing Saddle Road through Waiki` i would be reduced and military and truck traffic would be minimized,. in keeping with isolated feel valued by residents. As Section I is entirely within a military base, no community barriers would be created by the widened road profile. Because the W-7 alignment is distant from existing communities (as well as existing roads, except the endpoints), construction activities, which can cause speed limit reductions within the construction zone, inconvenience in accessing driveways and side streets, periodic closures of one or more travel lanes, and resultant delays to "pass- through" traffic, would not occur within individual communities. No temporary impacts to community identity and cohesion would result. For construction near MP 41 and where Section I connects to Section II, and near Mamalahoa Highway, disturbance to the existing road would occur, resulting in minor delays during construction. The implications of this are far-ranging. With a safer and faster Saddle Road, social interchange would be expected to increase. Families separated by the distances between After construction, the majority of traffic using Saddle Road would be diverted away { j from the existing segment through Waiki`i and onto the W-7 alignment. The reduction in lJ traffic on the existing Saddle Road through Waiki`i would make pedestrian, bicycle and D travel safer and improve the Waiki`i community. nequestrian between the Kona and Hilo campuses and field station visits. All of these factors would Y� Based on results of analysis of driving time with proposed improvements on W-7, Dof motorists traveling between East Hawaii and most locations in West Hawaii would (� generally find the trip considerably safer and approximately 15 minutes shorter one way, U in addition to the 15 minute time savings achieved through improvements in Sections II, III and IV [ref: FEIS, Part I, 3.4.3.1]. The implications of this are far-ranging. With a safer and faster Saddle Road, social interchange would be expected to increase. Families separated by the distances between t Page 3-37 East and West Hawaii would find it substantially easier to travel across the island. Social events occurring either in East or West Hawaii would draw more participants from both sides of the islands. In addition, potential employees (particularly of the D job -rich West Hawaii resorts) would find the commuting time across island more acceptable. University of Hawaii students also stand to benefit by a shorter commute between the Kona and Hilo campuses and field station visits. All of these factors would tend to increase the community cohesion of the island as a whole. This potential benefit Dof improving Saddle Road was supported by a majority of survey participants. t Page 3-37 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Some residents are concerned that improvements to Saddle Road would encourage or facilitate expansion of the observatories on Mauna Kea and increase visitation of Mauna Kea, stressing its natural and cultural resources. Improvements to Saddle Road would benefit observatories and visitors by providing a safer faster transportation route to and from the observatory complex; however, the expansion of these facilities is not dependent on the improvement of Saddle Road, but rather on the management oversight of the University of Hawaii, particularly the Office of Mauna Kea Management, which has recently formalized a comprehensive management plan. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in impacts to community identity and cohesion between W-3 and W-7. 3.3.3.3 Mitigation Measures • A traffic control plan will be developed to outline the steps needed to minimize congestion and maintain access to adjacent properties at all times during construction. • As feasible, construction -related delays will be minimized during normal rush hours for commuters. • Since construction work on W-7 would avoid the existing Saddle Road alignment, construction impacts are expected to be minimal on cross -island traffic. However, if delays or closures are anticipated at the project corridor's intersections with Mamalahoa Highway or Saddle Road, information will be publicized on a regular, ongoing basis through posted advertisements, radio and newspaper bulletins, and road signs at each end of Saddle Road and along Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) and Kaumana Drive in Hilo. 3.3.4 Outdoor Recreation Resources and Hunting 3.3.4.1 Affected Environment Saddle Road provides access to a number of outdoor recreational resources and opportunities, notably Mauna Kea State Park, several hunting areas and hiking trails, and the attractions of the astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea and the visitor center at Hale Pohaku. However, the W-7 alignment itself would be wholly enclosed within a military base and provide very little access to recreational resources. Page 3-38 n n aSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 0 Saddle Road itself is used by recreational motorists, including motorcyclists, as well as nbicyclists and occasional runners. Pedestrians and bicyclists are discussed in Section 3.8 U of this SEIS. nHunting Location/Remarks is a long-standing tradition in Hawaii. For two centuries, Hawai`i's forests and 1J A ranges have been hunted for sport and food. Hunting connects people to the natural Pigs, Goats, Sheep', Birds; environment and provides an occasion to enjoy and learn from the forests. Hunting is also an important source of food for many families. The game resources currently hunted rchery and Firearms legally in Hawaii are unique in the United States in that all species were introduced and E none are native to the state. The 3,000 -plus licensed hunters on the island of Hawaii Pigs, Goats, Sheep, Birds; East of hunt pigs, sheep, goats, turkey, pheasants, quails, chukars, francolins and a variety of Area (GMA) Archery and Firearms other gamebirds by rifle or archery. Some three dozen units largely concentrated in the central portion of the island enclose almost 700,000 acres (ref: FEIS, Part I, 3.3.4.1). In the vicinity of Section I of Saddle Road, State hunting areas include the Mauna Kea �j Forest Reserve, the Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area, Ka'ohe, and PTA hunting Pigs, Goats, Sheep (Archery); units. PTA allows hunting when and where it does not conflict with training. Hunting rules on PTA are the same as the State's except only mammal archery and shotgun bird Birds (Shotgun) hunting are allowed (no rifle hunting). Figure 3.1.1, above, includes hunting areas in the F vicinity of Section I of Saddle Road, which are described in Table 3.3.18. 1 1 Table 3.3.18 Huntine Units Near Saddle Road Section I Area Unit Location/Remarks Resource/Arms Permitted Access A Mauna Kea Forest Reserve Pigs, Goats, Sheep', Birds; North of Saddle Elevations > 6,700' rchery and Firearms Road E Pu`uanahulu Game Management Pigs, Goats, Sheep, Birds; East of Area (GMA) Archery and Firearms Mamalahoa Highway E Kapele Section of PTA GMA Pigs, Goats, Sheep (Archery); South of Saddle Birds (Shotgun) Road F Bobcat Section of PTA Pigs, Goats, Sheep (Archery); South of Saddle Cooperative GMA Birds (Shotgun) Road G Ka'ohe (SW corner of Mauna Pigs, Goats, Sheep'; North of Saddle Kea) Archery and Firearms Road (muzzle loader) Source: State of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW); Chapter §13-123, HAR, Rules Regulating Game Mammal Hunting, and § 13-122, HAR, Rules Regulating Game Bird Hunting, Field Trials and Commercial Shooting Preserves (2003 Unofficial Versions); ' DLNR is under court order to eliminate sheep from this area. No bag limit, extended hunting periods. Page 3-39 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.3.4.2 Environmental Consequences Minor temporary impacts to outdoor recreation associated with construction of the project would occur. Construction activities often cause traffic congestion and delays, potentially making access to recreational areas and hunting units less convenient. Motor - touring, bicycling, and running would be temporarily disrupted at the connection points of W-7 and the existing Saddle Road and Mamalahoa Highway. In addition, construction activities could spook game from some areas within the Kapele Unit of the PTA Game Management Area. With regard to direct, long-term impacts, improvements to Saddle Road would provide better general accessibility to recreational areas along Saddle Road, including Mauna Kea State Park, the hunting areas throughout Saddle Road, and Mauna Kea. PTA expects to open Ke`amuku to hunting under the same State of Hawaii State hunting regulations as other areas within PTA, once infrastructure in the form of trails, parking areas, and fire prevention facilities are in place. The 1999 EIS noted that increasing use of Saddle Road could somewhat degrade the quality of the experience of wild areas, cause overcrowding, and contribute to the usage of off-road vehicles and mountain bikes within the study corridor. Improvement of Saddle Road within Sections II and III has already been a factor in the increase in traffic and use of the Saddle area, and completing the critical Section I link would likely continue this trend. Increased accessibility and use of formerly isolated recreational areas does bring with it increased management responsibilities, but overall it is a substantial recreational benefit. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in impacts to outdoor recreation resources and hunting between W-3 and W-7. 3.3.4.3 Mitigation Measures • The traffic control plan will specify that during construction, access will be maintained at all times to areas of Saddle Road that serve recreational areas, including hunting units. Page 3-40 1 r 0 0 1 1 0 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.3.5 Public Services and Community Facilities 3.3.5.1 Affected Environment 3.3.5.1.1 Fire, Police, and Emergency Services Fire and emergency service for the County of Hawai` i is provided by the Hawaii Fire Department. Full stations are present in Waimea and North Kona, with a smaller station at Waikoloa. The South Kohala Fire Station is located near the intersection of Puak6 Beach Road and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway (SRI 9). Each station operates round-the-clock with a crew of firefighters and Mobile Intensive Care Technicians. The 1999 EIS reported that about 80 percent of calls are related to emergency medical services, and 20 percent or less for building, brush, and vehicle fires (FEIS: Sec. 3:3.5.1.1). The Pohakuloa Training Area maintains 24-hour emergency services with 25 firefighters, two ambulances, and 14 Army Police. PTA has a Mutual and Automatic Aid Agreement with the County of Hawaii and provides first response to 911 calls for all fires, traffic accidents and other emergencies in its vicinity, including at a minimum, the area from MP 17 to 46 and the summits of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. The Hawaii Police Department provides all police services for the island, including round-the-clock police stations in Waimea and Hilo. Plans are underway for a police substation in Waikoloa. Police have begun patrols and speed enforcement on Saddle Road as portions of the highway have been improved and traffic is increasing. Emergency telephones are located at Mauna Kea State Park, PTA and in emergency call boxes within Section II. Current plans for expansion of the HDOT call box system do not include the project corridor. 3.3.5.1.2 Schools The closest school to the W-7 alignment is Waikoloa Elementary. This school is located (} outside of the project limits, about six miles west of the site where Saddle Road would �J connect with the Highway 190. 1 0 r 3.3.5.1.3 Community Facilities No churches, community centers, or similar facilities are located on Saddle Road, either within the greater MP 6 to MP 53 limits or within the Section I area. Page 3-41 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.3.5.2 Environmental Consequences Construction activities for W-7 would result in slight traffic delays and traffic congestion during limited times on Saddle Road and Mamalahoa Highway. Access would be maintained and no substantial impact on the ability to provide emergency services should occur during construction. Impacts to public services and community facilities would not occur during construction. After construction, a portion of Saddle Road would be completely within PTA, and primary responsibility for responding to fires and other emergencies on this part of the road would rest with PTA. The Mutual and Automatic Aid Agreement with the County of Hawaii would be modified to include all or a portion of the new Saddle Road in Section I. As a result of increased use of Saddle Road in the future, the demand for certain types of public services is expected to grow. The expected increase in traffic volumes would create a corresponding growth in the need for fire, emergency and police response in the project corridor. The incidence of stranded motorists would be expected to increase. The military, as the entity with the first opportunity to respond in many cases, would be burdened with additional responsibility. The demand for fuel and mechanical assistance would increase. Direct, long-term, adverse impacts to public services, community centers, and local businesses from the proposed action are not anticipated. With improvements to Saddle Road, long-term impacts are expected to be beneficial in nature. The increase in traffic and the presence of a new highway also increases the potential for wildfires in the project corridor, mainly through arson, as discussed in Section 3.9 of this SEIS. Beneficial impacts are also anticipated. Proposed improvements to Saddle Road would generally result in a decrease in response time for emergency vehicles responding to Saddle Road incidents. The improved road would substantially improve the ability of PTA, the Hawaii Fire Department and the Hawaii County Police Department to respond to road, fire and medical emergencies because of shorter distances as well as straighter, better -paved and wider roadways. The project would also provide a superior alternate route or evacuation route in case accidents, floods or landslides block SR 19 along the Hamakua Coast. Likewise, if lava flows from Kilauea or the southwest or northeast rift zones of Mauna Loa cuts off SR 11 in Puna, Ka`u or South Kona, an improved Saddle Road would be an invaluable alternate route. With the proposed project, Saddle Road would become a safer and faster route across the island. With the proposed improvements, and future growth in traffic volumes and use, the maintenance of an express bus between Hilo and Kona may prove feasible. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in impacts to public services and community facilities between W-3 and W-7. Page 3-42 0 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.3.5.3 Mitigation Measures Emergency service providers, including the Hawaii County Fire Department, the Hawaii Police Department, and the PTA, will be kept informed of the location and schedule of construction along the length of the project. Traffic control plans prepared for construction of Saddle Road will include provisions for allowing emergency vehicles to pass through construction zones without delays and to have unimpeded access to roadside facilities at all times. Fire prevention and suppression measures are discussed in detail in this SEIS in Section 3.9, Fire Hazard. 3.3.6 Environmental Justice D Consistent with Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice, all program and project actions and decisions must ensure that minority and low-income populations do not experience disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects and activities. Environmental justice is a term that refers to social inequity in bearing the burdens of adverse environmental impacts. Certain socioeconomic groups in the United States, including ethnic minorities, the elderly, rural residents and others, have historically experienced a disproportionate U share of undesirable side-effects from locally undesirable land uses such as toxic waste dumps, landfills, and freeway projects. 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 0 t The policy of the FHWA with regard to environmental justice is to address whether any minority or low-income group is disproportionately impacted by a proposed project and identify mitigation measures to avoid or minimize any adverse social impacts. This policy is in keeping with Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low Income Populations. In the State of Hawaii, the Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation at the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), suggested that the Census Bureau's poverty threshold be used in an analysis of environmental justice rather than DHHS poverty guidelines. Accordingly, the poverty threshold of $14,279 per year (the 2005 average poverty threshold preliminary estimate of $15,577 for a three-person family multiplied by the 2.75 persons/household as shown in the 2000 U.S. Census of Population for Hawaii County) was used. Although the census data are currently nine years old, they remain a reasonably reliable source of information for ethnic affiliation in most areas of Hawaii. In terms of major categories recognized by the U.S. Census, the majority of residents in the State of Hawaii are Asians/Pacific Islanders (61.8 percent), with the remainder mostly white (33.3 percent). African-Americans comprise 2.5 percent of the population. This breakdown, however, inadequately describes the ethnic makeup as perceived by Hawaii residents, who distinguish among Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, and Filipinos. In addition, more than half of all births in Hawaii since 1970 Page 3-43 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement involve parents of different or mixed ethnic backgrounds. Consequently, the conventional definition of ethnic affiliation is problematic in Hawaii. Discussions of environmental justice in Hawaii generally involve the Native Hawaiian population, which is usually recognized as disadvantaged in terms of income, health, home ownership, and many other measures of socioeconomic well-being. The only community within five miles of the W-7 alignment is Waiki`i. Census data on income and poverty are not available for Waiki`i, but it is predominately a high-income ranching subdivision with very few or perhaps no families below the poverty level. Analysis of race reported by residents in the 2000 U.S. Census of Population for the census blocks making up Waiki`i indicate that the residents are 53 percent white, 6 percent Asian, 8 percent Native Hawaiian, and 19 percent of two or more races, somewhat similar to the County and State as a whole. Waiki`i would be affected positively by a reduction in traffic, and no adverse effects would occur. In summary, there are no concentrations of minority or low-income groups in the project area that would experience disproportionately high and adverse impacts from construction, ROW -acquisition, noise and air quality, or other direct, indirect or cumulative impacts from the implementation of the project. The public involvement process has included intensive efforts to outreach into the minority and low-income populations of the island, and especially West Hawaii. These efforts have involved not only conventional newspaper and email announcements but also outreach to community leaders and posting of flyers at non-traditional locations such as laundromats, community centers, day care facilities, union halls, Hawaiian Homes centers, and senior care facilities. Throughout project development, project representatives have also spoken before neighborhood organizations, union membership meetings, small business groups, and environmental groups to encourage participation among low-income and minority populations. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in environmental justice impacts between W-3 and W-7. 3.3.7 Native Hawaiian Culture and Values The reader is referred to Section 3.3.8 of the 1999 EIS for a full discussion of the relationship of the entire project to Native Hawaiian culture and values. The discussion in this SEIS is greatly abbreviated and mainly emphasizes the features of Section I. However, some background is necessary on the historical and cultural foundations for the intricate relationships among elements of the natural and cultural worlds, which were, and still are, seen as one whole. Page 3-44 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Native Hawaiians are people whose daily lives and culture are rooted in and integrated with the surrounding natural and biological world. They have recognized and practiced respect for hierarchy for man and land alike. The mountain is the sacred child of Wakea, and it is the source for the land. The mountains and land were genealogically connected to native Hawaiians through the original ancestor, Wakea and Papa. The mountains or land, water, and sky were a necessary part of the life cycle. The taro was regarded as an older brother of the land and provided sustenance. The coral was also an older brother (of the sea) and was the means through which other food could be acquired. The hierarchical system assigns rank to man, god, and the elements of the environment. Within the hierarchical food system another set of rules apply. The older or larger trees are primary and most important. The other animals that use these trees as their residence or food source are secondary. The lokahi or harmony system complements and maintains the well being of the whole entity. Everything is important because each has a function. Water was and is necessary for all life forms. Laws for water and the use of water were formulated so all had exposure to water. Water that did not touch ground was highly prized, such as the water in the lake on Mauna Kea and the water in the piko (navel) of the taro leaf. Water that moved underground or over land from the mountain to the sea was sometimes funneled into irrigation channels and fed the older brother kalo and was also treasured. The mountain and the waoma `ukele (rainforests) attracted the atmospheric water. The W-7 alignment traverses the moku (district) of Hamakua, within the ahupua `a (subunit) of Ka`ohe, and the moku of Kohala, within the ahupua `a of Waikoloa (which is sometimes termed an `ili kupono rather than an ahupua `a). Although the highway alignment involves minimal land space from within these land sections, it travels through the upper region of this island, an area which is considered to have religious importance to Native Hawaiians. Mauna Kea is known around the world, and it is regarded by many as the highest island mountain, the highest mountain in the world from below sea level, and the best mountain from which to make astronomical observations. To the Native Hawaiian, Mauna Kea is a kupuna, a grandparent or ancestor, and an one hanau, birthplace or home. Based on native Hawaiian cultural background and philosophy, the following cultural features and sites were identified within the larger Saddle Road project corridor, from MP 6 to MP 53: mamane forest (ref: FEIS - Part I, 3.13.1.2.4), kipuka (ref: FEIS - Part I, 3.13.1.3), prehistoric trails (ref: FEIS - Part 1, 3.19.1.1), and historic trails (ref: FEIS - Part I, 3.19.1.2). The cultural value of mamane/naio forest and kipuka is associated with the age and size of the trees (ref: FEIS - Part I, 3.3.8.1.3.6). Prehistoric trails were developed and used by Hawaiians long before Western contact of the 1800s. Historic trails were developed following Western contact, as ranching and tourism increased traffic to and through the Saddle. Two trails intersecting the project area were identified by the archaeological 'survey (ref: FEIS - Part I, 3.19.2). The Hilo-Pu`u `O`o Trail is historic, but it probably Page 3-45 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement follows the general route of an earlier prehistoric trail. The Pu`u `O`o-Volcano Trail is prehistoric. None of these features were located within the Section I area, and none are affected by the W-7 alignment. 3.3.7.2 Environmental Consequences No mamane forest, kipuka, trails, heiau (temple) sites, burial sites, water sources, or sensitive landforms such as cinder cones are present or would be affected. Some native Hawaiian groups may have concerns that negative cultural impacts would result from project implementation due to the belief that within the Saddle area there exist detrimental residual forces. Another belief is that human intrusion in areas not previously despoiled or developed would result in the release of negative energy, without the proper protocol (ritual) of "release" or "sanctification." W-7 versus W-3 The change in alignment from W-3 to W-7 would not increase or change the nature of impacts to Native Hawaiian culture and values. 3.3.7.3 Mitigation Measures • As has occurred previously when newly -constructed segments of Saddle Road are opened for public use, proper cultural protocol will be completed by a native Hawaiian who follows the ways of the old culture to release and sanctify or bless the construction project. 3.4 ECONOMIC Historically, East Hawaii has been the seat of government and higher education. Hilo was the economic and administrative center of the island. In recent years, many government functions have become available in West Hawaii, but Hilo remains the site of most government decision-making. East Hawaii jobs declined with the end of plantation agriculture. New economic endeavors — diversified agriculture and astronomy on Mauna Kea — have not created jobs for island residents in comparable numbers. East Hawaii residents have been working in the resorts of West Hawaii in large numbers since about 1990. 3.4.1 Employment and Income 3.4.1.1 Affected Environment Hawaii County has seen steady growth in the number of jobs over recent decades, but unemployment rates have fluctuated from 3 percent nearly to 12 percent in that time (Figure 3.4.1). As of May 2009, the county unemployment rate was 10.4 percent Page 3-46 In r 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 I i. 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (Hawai`i State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations: http://www.hiwi.org/admin/uploadedPublications/754_PR current.pdf). Figure 3.4.1 Employment and Unemployment Rate, Hawaii County, 1970-2007 12% 90,000 80,000 10% 70,000 w 60,000 8% cc c d 50,000 ,+ m 0 6% >. a 40,000 E LU a 30,000 4% 20,000 2% 10,000 - 0% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Employment Unemployment Rate Source: Hawaii State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations website. As shown in Table 3.3.9, household incomes reported in 2000 in North Kona and South Kohala averaged about 20 to 30 percent higher than South Hilo incomes. 3.4.1.2 Environmental Consequences Construction of the realigned highway would involve construction labor over a period of about two years and would cost approximately $58 million in 2007 dollars. The average size of the workforce can be estimated, as shown in Table 3.4.1. Direct jobs are created in the firms tasked with construction. Some may be located in offices and baseyards, not at the work site. The indirect and induced jobs shown in the table are created by the expenditure of capital in the regional economy. That spending would occur over a longer period than the anticipated two-year construction schedule, and over a wider area, not just in Hawaii County. Construction costs could increase due to changes in route or additional improvements. Notably, construction of a grade -separated intersection at Mamalahoa Highway would add up to $10 million to the costs cited here. Construction jobs and wages would increase in proportion to construction spending. Although maintenance of the highway would require labor, no new continuing jobs are anticipated as a result of the construction of W-7. Page 3-47 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.4.1 Construction Employment and Wages, for Action Alternatives Construction cost (1) 58.4 million (2008) Total Jobs Annual Jobs (3) Direct construction jobs (2) 281 140 Direct construction wages (4) $20.1 million $10.0 million (2008 Indirect and induced jobs (5) 382 Person years Indirect and induced wages (6) $15.8 million Notes: (1) Construction cost based on project estimate of $58 million (2007 dollars). (2) Job count based on 2007 ratio of construction jobs to construction spending (4.8 jobs/million $). The number of workers on the job site would vary from time to time, and specialist contractors may only work for a short time. The calculation is of full-time equivalent jobs. (3) Construction is expected to last for two years, so the annual job count is half the total. (4) Wages are estimated from 2007 average wages in Hawaii County for highway, street and bridge construction, adjusted to 2008 dollars in line with increase in the Consumer Price Index. (5) Indirect and induced jobs are estimated from the Input -Output model developed and refined by the State. For every construction job in Hawaii, some 1.36 additional jobs are created. Indirect jobs are due to firms' purchase of goods and services for use in the direct activity. Induced jobs are due to spending in the local economy by workers in direct and indirect jobs. Since these jobs are created through cash flows over time, it is not appropriate to estimate annual jobs and wages. (6) Since indirect and induced jobs occur throughout the economy, these wages are estimated from the average wage for 2007, adjusted to 2008 in line with the Consumer Price Index. Sources: State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), 2006, 2008b, 2008c. State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, 2008 3.4.1.3 Mitigation Measures No mitigation measures related to employment and incomes are needed, as impacts would be beneficial. 3.4.2 Fiscal Impacts 3.4.2.1 Affected Environment The County and State of Hawaii depend on several types of taxes for revenue to support public programs and facilities. Major sources of government income are real property tax for the County and income and excise taxes for the State. Revenues for State highway construction and maintenance come from the State Highways Fund and Federal sources. Page 3-48 t 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.4.2.2 Environmental Consequences The State's share of construction costs for Saddle Road could be limited to planning and preliminary design costs, or they could amount to as much as 20 percent of construction costs, depending on agreements to be reached with federal agencies. While this is clearly a key fiscal impact for the State of Hawaii, it cannot be estimated at this time. t 111, 1 1 DPage 3-49 1 Completion of Section I would shorten travel time and congestion. These results are likely to result in lower fuel consumption, and hence in lower fuel taxes. The size of this reduction is uncertain, since it depends on the volume of traffic, vehicle fuel economy, and the fuels used by travelers on Saddle Road. Table 3.4.2 provides a rough estimate of D the impact of the project for State and County fuel tax collections, assuming that the current tax structure remains in place. These impacts on State funds would be offset by State revenues associated with construction of the project, shown in Table 3.4.3. DFor the State of Hawaii, the net impact of building W-7 from the cash flows estimated here would be positive — although it could be less than the State's share of Saddle Road DFor construction costs, depending on how the project is funded. the County of Hawaii, reduced fuel consumption could result in lower fuel tax nrevenues totaling at least $1.3 million (2008 dollars) over a twenty-year period. 3.4.2.4 Mitigation Measures No mitigation measure is necessary. The analysis shows that State tax collections associated with construction would more than offset reduced revenues from fuel taxes. While no new revenues have been identified to offset County fuel tax revenues lost, Saddle Road improvements would offer Hawaii Island residents greater mobility, and hence contribute to the quality of life and economic activities that can generate County tax revenues. D t 111, 1 1 DPage 3-49 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.4.2 Estimated Fuel Tax Reduction A. Impact of Saddle Road Alternatives on Fuel Consumption Number of parties affected 1,434,653 gallons Early years (1) 2,830 vehicles/clay Later years (2) 4,990 vehicles/clay Average time saved per trip (3) 25 minutes Average speed 50 miles per hour Reduced fuel consumption per trip $0.09 per gallon @ 15 miles per gallon 1.39 per gallon @ 30 miles per gallon 0.69 per gallon @ 50 miles per gallon 0.42 per gallon Reduced annual fuel consumption Early scenario (early volume, @ 15 mpg) 1,434,653 gallons Low later scenario (later volume, @ 50 mpg) 758,896 gallons High later scenario (later volume, @ 30 mpg) 1,264,826 gallons B. Fuel Taxes (as of 2008) State County of Hawaii Gasoline $0.17 $0.09 per gallon Ethanol $0.02 $0.01 per gallon Biodiesel (4) $0.04 $0.00 per gallon Diesel (4) $0.17 $0.09 per gallon Tax Impacts of scenarios Early, with 90% gasoline, 10% ethanol $222,945 $115,490 per year Late, low, with 15% gasoline, 85% ethanol $34,833 $18,403 per year Estimated average annual impact over 20 years, with gradual change from highest to low tax impact $128,889 $66,946 per year Estimated impact over 20 years $2.6 $1.3 million (2008) Notes: Figures in this table are based on estimates of ADT on Saddle Road from Julian Ng, Inc. South Kohala Regional Traffic Forecasts. 2002, which are about 40% lower than current ADT estimates. (1) Daily parties added to Saddle Road travel, for "2005" in traffic study. (2) Daily parties added to Saddle Road travel, for "2025" in traffic study. (3) Time saved would vary greatly depending on destination and time of travel. The figure used here could be high, but represents a large enough saving to motivate drivers to switch to Saddle Road from other routes. (4) Taxes on biodiesel and diesel are not used in computations, but are included to illustrate the range of alternatives being modeled. Conversion from gasoline to diesel would have no impact. Conversion to biodiesel, instead of ethanol, would increase State tax collections but decrease County collections. Page 3 -SO 1 LI 1 1 t 1 0 0 1 t r t t 1 I Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.4.3 State Revenues Associated with Construction Construction cost $58.4 million (2008) Construction -related wages $35.9 million (2208) Excise taxes on construction $2.3 million (2008) on workers' spending $1.4 million (2008) Personal income tax $1.7 million (2008) Corporate income tax $51 thousand (2008) Total State revenues $5.5 million (2008) Notes: (1) Estimated as 4% of construction cost. (2) Estimated as 4% of the share of workforce income subject to taxation. That share (61.6%) calculated from average spending data for 2004-2005 by Honolulu consumers. (3) Estimated at 4.8% of wages, based on State data incomes and income. taxes gathered in 2005. (4) Estimated as 0.1% of corporate revenues (in this case, construction cost), from State data on corporate revenues and income taxes gathered for 2002. Sources: DBEDT, 2008b, State Department of Taxation, 2005, 2008. 3.4.3 Tourism 3.4.3.1 Affected Environment The -importance of tourism to the island economy is reflected in the services and retail sectors. As depicted in Table 3.3.9, above, data from the 2000 Census show that the accommodation and food services sector accounted for 14.9 percent of all island employment followed by the retail sales sector with 12 percent. On the district level, however, almost 19 percent of the jobs in North Kona and 32 percent of the jobs in South Kohala are within the accommodation and food services sector, indicating the great reliance on the visitor industry. Statistics from the Hawaii State Department of Economic Development and Tourism (http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/visitor-stats/ni-stats/Biglsland.xls) show that in 2007, 1,324,302 total visitors came to the Island of Hawaii, with the large majority staying on the west side, although almost half ended up visiting the east side. Most stayed in hotel rooms at least part of the time, and many stayed in visitor condominiums, time-shares, and bed and breakfasts. Tourism on the west side of the island began in earnest in the early 1970s with the development of resorts along the Kona Coast. As of 2008, there were 6,665 hotel rooms on the west side compared to about 1,085 rooms on the east side. In addition, there were over 4,000 condominiums, time-shares and individual vacation units, most of which were located on the west side (Hawai`i State DBEDT 2008). Page 3-51 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Despite the recent economic slowdown, the visitor count of the west side is expected to increase over the long-term, following the same trend of the past three decades, albeit at a slower rate. Historically, rental car contracts have prohibited travel on Saddle Road. Tourists are thus often obliged to take the northern or southern routes for cross -island travel, which requires additional time. Some tourists do not include cross -island trips in their itineraries because of the extra time, while a small portion violate the rental agreement and use Saddle Road. Twenty-five percent of visitors surveyed in 1999 reported having used Saddle Road, mostly in order to save time. Many who travel the road, however, also take advantage of its attractions. A large number reported visiting Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Mauna Kea State Park. The main reason cited in the survey for not using Saddle Road was the car rental contract prohibition. Few cited safety as a restricting factor. When asked if they would have traveled on Saddle Road if it had been safer and more accessible (and presumably permitted under their rental contract), a large majority indicated that they would do so. A recent informal phone survey of rental car companies in Hilo indicates that many now allow travel on the Saddle, but not to the Mauna Kea summit or other off-road Saddle destinations. Completion of the remaining segments of the Saddle Road Improvement Project would further encourage removal of this prohibition. 3.4.3.2 Environmental Consequences Completion of this segment of the project, combined with the already improved Sections II and III, would likely induce more rental car companies to remove driving restrictions on Saddle Road. Improvements would decrease the travel time for tourists traveling between the east and west sides of the island, as discussed below in Section 3.4.4. An improved Saddle Road would thus probably increase the number of tourists visiting the east side of the island since, at present, only about one-third include the Hilo area in their itineraries. Visitation to attractions accessed by Saddle Road would also increase. Tourist expenditures would be expected to increase on the east side of the island with increased visitation. A concern expressed at public meetings for the project in the 1990s that continues to be occasionally heard relates to potential reduction of drive-by traffic on the Hamakua Coast and Waimea. This issue is important because of the job losses triggered by the closure of sugar plantations in the 1990s, which have never fully been replaced, especially in Hamakua. A number of gas stations, general/convenience stores, and snack shop/restaurants rely on drive-by traffic for a substantial part of their total business. With improvements to Saddle Road, some commuters that currently use SR 19 would be expected to use Saddle Road instead and would thus not contribute to drive-by business. In assessing the magnitude of such an impact, consideration must be given to the overall increase in traffic expected for SR 19 despite the expected absolute and relative increase in the share of cross -island traffic using Saddle Road. In the 1999 FEIS, it was estimated Page 3-52 1 1 1 r 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 r t 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement that Average Daily Traffic would increase from 1992 levels of between 5,000 and 9,000 (depending on location) to between 14,000 and 20,000 by the year 2020 (REF: FEIS - Part I, 3.4). In the long run, the customer base for roadside businesses will grow substantially rather than decline. The Plantation Heritage Corridor Cultural Trail, an outgrowth of the 1995 Hamakua Strategic Plan, has gradually expanded the visitor industry in Hamakua. Waimea continues to grow in importance as a visitor destination. The Saddle Road will likely become part of a "loop" that includes SR 19 or SR 11, rather than the only highway used by residents or visitors as they travel across the island. This should more than offset any loss in drive-by traffic. With the projections in growth in traffic on SR 19, no decrease in drive-by business would be anticipated as a result of completing the Saddle Road Improvements in Section I. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in economic impacts between W-3 and W-7. 3.4.3.3 Mitigation Measures No mitigation measures related to tourism are merited. Impacts would be beneficial. 3.4.4 Time Savings 3.4.4.1 Affected Environment Important routes used by frequent cross -island travelers are Hilo -Waimea, Hilo- Waikoloa, and Hilo-Kailua-Kona. Three routes can be used for travel to cross -island destinations: SR 19, SR 11 and Saddle Road. However, SR 11 is from 30 to 100 miles longer than the other two routes, and is generally not used by frequent travelers (Table 3.4.4). Table 3.4.4 Estimated Travel Time in Minutes *Same as W-3 Page 3-53 Estimated Travel Time (Minutes) Route/Action Hilo - Waimea Hilo - Waikoloa Alternative SR 19 73 97 Saddle Road in 2003, previous to 82 95 any improvements Existing Saddle Road (only Sections '78 91 II and III improved) With addition of W-7* 67-71 64-67 *Same as W-3 Page 3-53 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Prior to improvements on Sections II and III of Saddle Road, most travelers preferred SR 19 because the road was safer and higher average speeds could be attained and this route is comparable in distance to Saddle Road. In addition, SR 19 offers more roadside amenities and improved driving conditions. According to traffic studies conducted for the 1999 EIS (ref: FEIS, Part III), average speeds of 50 to 55 MPH were common on SR 19 compared to average speeds of about 45 MPH on Saddle Road. The combination of average speed and distances led to slightly to substantially longer times to travel between Hilo and various West Hawaii destinations prior to improvement of Saddle Road. 3.4.4.2 Environmental Consequences Completion of Section I using the W-7 alignment would decrease travel times and, for some destinations, distances for cross -island travelers. The distance between Hilo and Kailua-Kona would be shortened by about nine miles, and between Hilo and Waikoloa by about one mile. The travel distance between Hilo and Waimea using Saddle Road would not change, if travelers used the existing route through Waiki`i, and would be five miles longer, but safer, if using W-7. Decreased distances coupled with higher average speeds from improved road conditions would result in reduced travel time between these destinations, as shown in Table 3.4.4. Travel time under existing conditions along Saddle Road is estimated to be 91 minutes for Hilo to Waikoloa. Using W-7, the time between Hilo and Waikoloa would be reduced by approximately 30 minutes. Time savings has an economic value for both business and non -business travelers. Less time spent driving may be used to increase productivity in the work place, increase leisure activities, etc. An exact value is difficult to determine because of the large number of possible activities and associated values. Nevertheless, an estimate has been made of the value of saving approximately 30 minutes (considering the project altogether, with improvements completed in Sections II, III and IV of Saddle Road) on a one-way trip for travelers using Saddle Road based on available information. W-7 versus W-3 There is no appreciable differences in time savings between W-3 and W-7. 3.4.4.3 Mitigation Measures No mitigation measures related to time savings are merited. Impacts would be beneficial. 3.4.5 Safety Although the economic benefits of increasing the safety of a highway are difficult to quantify, the 1999 Final EIS used a formula of accident data per million vehicle miles traveled and estimates of the monetary value of accidents to calculate then -current losses Page 3-54 1 1 1 t 0 1 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to property, health, and lives. Interested readers may refer to Section 3.4.4 of the 1999 Final EIS. The conclusion was that the planned improvements to Saddle Road would raise the LOS from E to B (in the year 2014), and that the value of reducing the accident rate from present levels to the State average is estimated to have a present value of $43.1 million over a 20 -year period. These savings would be shared by individuals, families, the County, and the State. This SEIS has not updated these figures, but the general conclusion that improving safety not only saves lives but also dollars remains valid. There are no differences in the improvements to safety between W-3 and W-7. 3.5 RIGHT-OF-WAY AND RELOCATION 3.5.1 Affected Environment The right-of-way (ROW) along the existing Saddle Road Section I corridor is 100 feet wide. In a number of places, the existing ROW is not centered on the existing roadway. W-7 is contained entirely on military land, and there are no structures within the entire study corridor. 3.5.2 Environmental Consequences Construction of Section I of Saddle Road using the W-7 alignment would not require any relocations, but it would require acquisition of a limited area of private property within currently unoccupied ranch lots in association with intersection improvements west of Mamalahoa Highway. Right-of-way within the Ke`amuku parcel, which is owned by the Army, would be acquired through perpetual easement. In the Ke`eke`e section of PTA, which the Army leases from the State, the State DOT would acquire ROW from DLNR, which would be subdivided out of the parent parcel. There are no differences in ROW or relocation impacts between W-3 and W-7. 3.5.3 Mitigation Measures The acquisition of property necessitated by the project would be completed in accordance with Federal Uniform Relocation and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-646), as amended, and applicable State regulations. 1 1 Page 3-55 Since 1971, the acquisition of private land for government programs and projects has been subject to the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act (URARPAPA) of 1970 (amended and updated by Congress in 1987). The URARPAPA provides for fair and equitable treatment of persons whose property would O be acquired, or persons who would be displaced because of federally funded programs or projects. aThe URARPAPA has three parts or Titles. Title I contains general provisions and definitions. Title II has provisions for relocation assistance for persons displaced because oof Federal and federally assisted programs. Title III, the Uniform Real Property 1 1 Page 3-55 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Acquisition Policy, contains the provisions for consistent treatment of owners whose private property is acquired by the government. All Federal, state and local public agencies, in addition to others receiving Federal financial assistance for public programs and projects requiring the acquisition of real property, must comply with the policies and provisions set forth in the URARPAPA and its amendments. The acquisition of private property does not need to be directly Federally funded for the rules of URARPAPA to apply. If Federal funds are used in any phase of the program or project, the URARPAPA applies. Its rules encourage acquiring agencies to negotiate with property owners in a prompt and amicable manner so that litigation can be avoided. 3.6 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE FACILITIES AND USE 3.6.1 Affected Environment Saddle Road has not been used extensively by bicyclists, pedestrians, or for other non -motorized modes of transportation. A motorist on a typical trip across the Saddle will observe very few, if any, pedestrians, bicyclists, or equestrians above Kaumana City. There are no developed bike or pedestrian trails within the Saddle Road or W-7 corridor. Substantial change in elevation along the length of the road, foggy and rainy weather (especially on the eastern side), and the lack of adequate shoulders produce difficult conditions. Prior to completion of the project between MP 19 and 41, the only substantial stretch with improved shoulders was between MP 11 and 19, where shoulders consisted of five feet of pavement. The construction has improved conditions, but more use by non -motorized traffic probably awaits completion of the entire project. Saddle Road currently provides access to two identified mountain bike trails. One trail is the access road to Ahumoa/Pu`u La`au which intersects existing Saddle Road at MP 43. The other trail is the Keanakolu Road which intersects with the Mauna Kea Access Road near its terminus at MP 28. Neither trail traverses the existing road or the W-7 alignment. Saddle Road is occasionally used by some bicycle road racers for training purposes, including those training for the Ironman Triathlon, held annually in Kona in October. Usage of this type is on a non -regular basis, and is generally more concentrated in the months leading up to the Triathlon. The Mauna Kea Relay, a 100 -kilometer road race from Hilo to Waimea formerly held annually in April, traversed Saddle Road. The event attracted between a few dozen and a few hundred runners during its existence from the 1970s to the 1990s. This event appears to have terminated, at least in a formal sense, and no organized road races using Saddle Road are known. Pedestrian use of the shoulders of Saddle Road occurs during gathering of traditional plant material. This is especially frequent before hula festivals between approximately MP 22 and 8, and does not occur in the W-7 corridor, which is within a military base. Horses and equestrian trails are common in many parts of the Big Island, which has an extensive ranching and rodeo tradition. Horses are occasionally seen in side -trails in the Saddle Area. The existing road within Section I completely lacks shoulders and is Page 3-56 1 1 1 0 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement dangerous for equestrian activities, although horses are in use for work and recreation in Parker Ranch and lots within the Waiki`i Ranch subdivision. 3.6.1.1 Government Plans and Policies Related to Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities There are several State and County plans that discuss bicycling and pedestrian facilities. HDOT's bicycle masterplan, Bike Plan Hawaii (HDOT 1994) (updated in 2003 on a web publication at http://hawaii.gov/dot/highways/Bike/bikeplan/index.htm) identifies Saddle Road as a future "Shared, Signed Proposed Bike Route." A signed shared roadway is a street or highway that is specifically designated by signs as a preferred route for bicycle use. Signed facilities generally should meet or exceed widths of 14 feet for curb lanes or 4 feet for paved shoulders. This route is identified as a Priority III, which is expected to be implemented beyond a ten-year planning horizon. It is identified as a Class A facility, which indicates that once the Saddle Road Improvement Project is completed, only minor work would be necessary to upgrade the existing facility to appropriate standards. D The County of Hawaii General Plan is a policy document expressing the broad goals and polices for the long-range development of the Island of Hawaii. The plan was originally adopted by ordinance in 1967, and was most recently amended in 2005. The General Plan is organized into thirteen elements, with goals, policies, standards and recommended courses of action for each. The Transportation Element of the General Plan establishes the following policy with regard to pedestrian and bicycle facilities: "Explore means and opportunities to enhance the shared use of the island's roadways by pedestrians and bicyclists, in coordination with appropriate government agencies and organizations." D3.6:2 Environmental Consequences D Construction activities often present obstacles to pedestrians and bicyclists crossing the highway, and can temporarily prevent use of the road for walking or biking in the immediate vicinity of construction work. Because of the location of the construction on new alignment within a military base, very little interference is expected, except briefly at D the termini on the existing Saddle Road and Mamalahoa Highway. Construction -related impacts would be short-term and temporary in nature. OThe design parameters and controls that would be implemented with the proposed project would markedly improve safety characteristics of Saddle Road. Even though traffic volumes would increase in the future, widened, paved shoulders proposed for the project O would minimize the hazards to pedestrians and bicyclists using Saddle Road, and would enhance safety. As shown in Figures 2.2.1a -b, all Typical Sections include, from inside to outside, a travel lane, a travel line edge stripe, a 4 -inch gap, and then rumble strip millings 12 inches wide spaced 12 inches apart. These extend for 47 feet with a 13 -foot gap, and then resume again. After construction, HDOT would provide standard signage oand denoting a shared, signed bike path. With the proposed construction of wider travelways paved shoulders along the entire corridor, use of Saddle Road by bicyclists and Page 3-57 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement pedestrians would be expected to increase. While recreational ridership may increase, the steep grades and inclement weather are daunting, and much of the increased ridership would likely be from expert riders training for races and competitions. The one sector where more than occasional use would possibly occur is commercial bike tours, which could transport bicyclists to the higher elevations of Saddle Road. This is already an important recreation/visitor activity on other islands in Hawaii. Although there were formerly operators who conducted downhill tours from Mauna Kea, these have not operated for many years (pers. comm., Stephanie Nagata, Office of Mauna Kea Management, to Ron Terry, August 2009). Upon improvement•of the road, it is possible that such usage could increase, including use of the Mauna Kea Access Road as well. Riders would then coast downhill to a pick-up point at either end of Saddle Road. The construction of Saddle Road on the W-7 alignment would be result in a long-term decrease in traffic volumes within Waiki`i, since through -traffic would use the new alignment, enhancing the opportunity for rural bicycling on this stretch of Saddle Road. In a January 22, 2008 letter responding to the EISPN, the organization People's Advocacy for Trails Hawaii (PATH) and another commenter (see Appendix A2) urged FHWA to develop Saddle Road as a "complete street... designed for all users, including motorists, transit, pedestrians and bicyclists." They specified shoulder bikeways, and, where necessary because of steep grades, a separate curvilinear "Shared Use Path System" that would be parallel to the existing road and could accommodate bikes and pedestrians and meet AASHTO standards for bikeways. These paths would closely follow the route of the highway but could more closely follow the natural terrain. Optional "green drainage" sections would provide equestrian opportunities. They also asked for consideration of motorized off-road users by lightly grading the area to the north of the highway and removing collision hazards. PATH noted that this could become a dedicated travel route for "off-road vehicles." The Saddle Road improvements would have a signed, shared route on the shoulder for bicycles and pedestrians, a great improvement from existing conditions. However, land on both sides of W-7 is off limits to the general public, used for military training and wildfire -sensitive, and thus inappropriate for off-road vehicles or equestrian paths. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences in pedestrian and bicycle impacts, which are beneficial, between W-3 and W-7. 3.6.3 Mitigation Measures • The project will accommodate bicycles and pedestrians through a signed, shared route on the shoulder. • Project construction will include provisions for pedestrian and bicycle crossings of Saddle Road during construction periods. Page 3-58 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.7 AIR QUALITY 3.7.1 Affected Environment 1 1 1 1 1 I. 1 1 In the project area, volcanic emissions of sulfur dioxide convert into particulate sulfate, which causes a volcanic haze (vog) to blanket the area, primarily during occasional episodes when trade winds are not present. The major industrial source for air pollution is oil -fired power plants, which emit SO2, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Motor vehicles emit CO, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons (an ozone precursor), and smaller amounts of other pollutants. Except for periodic vog and possibly occasional localized impacts from traffic congestion, local industrial sources, and dust from farms and ranches during very windy periods, the present air quality of the project area is believed to be relatively good. There are no air quality monitoring data from DOH for the Waimea or Saddle area, but the limited air quality data that are available for other locations on Hawaii Island suggest that (despite the vog) pollutant concentrations are generally well within State and national air quality standards. 3.7.1.2 Mobile Source Air Toxics Controlling air toxic emissions became a national priority with the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, whereby Congress mandated that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulate 188 air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants. Toxics originate from on -road mobile sources, non -road mobile sources (e.g., airplanes), area sources (e.g., dry cleaners) and stationary sources (e.g., factories or refineries). The EPA has assessed this expansive list in their latest rule on the Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources (Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 37, page 8430, February 26, 2007) and identified a group of 93 compounds emitted from mobile sources that are listed in their Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.html). Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) are compounds emitted from highway vehicles and non -road equipment. Some toxic compounds are present in fuel and are emitted to the air when the fuel evaporates or passes through the engine unburned. Other toxics are emitted from the incomplete Page 3-59 3.7.1.1 Criteria Pollutants The 1999 Final EIS contained a discussion of the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, including National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and lead. Some of these standards have since been modified. That discussion is not repeated in this SEIS. It is important to note that the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 0 authorized the EPA to designate those areas that had not met the NAAQS as "non -attainment" and to classify them according to their degree of severity. States that n fail to attain the NAAQS for any of the criteria pollutants are required to submit. State UImplementation Plans (SIPS) which outline those actions which would be taken to attain compliance. There are no non -attainment areas in the State of Hawaii. 1 1 1 1 1 I. 1 1 In the project area, volcanic emissions of sulfur dioxide convert into particulate sulfate, which causes a volcanic haze (vog) to blanket the area, primarily during occasional episodes when trade winds are not present. The major industrial source for air pollution is oil -fired power plants, which emit SO2, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Motor vehicles emit CO, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons (an ozone precursor), and smaller amounts of other pollutants. Except for periodic vog and possibly occasional localized impacts from traffic congestion, local industrial sources, and dust from farms and ranches during very windy periods, the present air quality of the project area is believed to be relatively good. There are no air quality monitoring data from DOH for the Waimea or Saddle area, but the limited air quality data that are available for other locations on Hawaii Island suggest that (despite the vog) pollutant concentrations are generally well within State and national air quality standards. 3.7.1.2 Mobile Source Air Toxics Controlling air toxic emissions became a national priority with the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, whereby Congress mandated that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulate 188 air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants. Toxics originate from on -road mobile sources, non -road mobile sources (e.g., airplanes), area sources (e.g., dry cleaners) and stationary sources (e.g., factories or refineries). The EPA has assessed this expansive list in their latest rule on the Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources (Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 37, page 8430, February 26, 2007) and identified a group of 93 compounds emitted from mobile sources that are listed in their Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.html). Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) are compounds emitted from highway vehicles and non -road equipment. Some toxic compounds are present in fuel and are emitted to the air when the fuel evaporates or passes through the engine unburned. Other toxics are emitted from the incomplete Page 3-59 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement combustion of fuels or as secondary combustion products. Metal air toxics also result from engine wear or from impurities in oil or gasoline. The 2007 EPA Rule also identified seven compounds with significant contributions from mobile sources that are among the national and regional -scale cancer risk drivers from their 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/natal999/). These are acrolein, benzene, 1,3 -butadiene, diesel particulate matter plus diesel exhaust organic gases (diesel PM), formaldehyde, naphthalene, and polycyclic organic matter. While FHWA considers these the priority MSATs, the list is subject to change and may be adjusted in consideration of future EPA rules. The 2007 EPA rule mentioned above requires controls that will dramatically decrease MSAT emissions through cleaner fuels and cleaner engines. According to an FHWA analysis using EPA's MOBILE6.2 model, even if national vehicle activity (vehicle -miles traveled, VMT) increases by 145 percent as assumed, a combined reduction of 72 percent in the total annual emission rate for the priority MSAT is projected from 1999 to 2050 (FHWA 2009). 3.7.1.3 Depleted Uranium Another air quality issue that emerged subsequent to the 1999 Final EIS was the potential presence of depleted uranium (DU). The Army conducted training at PTA during the mid-1960s using the M 10 1 spotting round of the Davy Crockett Weapon System. The training missions used depleted uranium to simulate the trajectory of real nuclear rounds. The M101 spotting round was a small (20mm) low speed projectile that was about seven inches long and weighed approximately one pound. Each round contained approximately one half -pound of D38 U Alloy (92 percent DU and 8 percent molybdenum) (Rubin 2008). This spotting round was designed to mirror the flight characteristics of larger caliber rounds and was fired to identify the correct range and bearing for those larger caliber rounds. This round was not an armor piercing penetrator and was not designed to burn. These rounds typically broke into large fragments after use. In August 2007, Army contractors discovered one intact M 10 1 spotting round during a screening survey of the remote Impact Area at PTA. The recovered fragment consisting of depleted uranium (DU) was nearly completely unoxidized and found lying on a bare rock lava surface. Subsequent surveys uncovered aluminum firing tubes for the spotting round, but no additional spotting rounds themselves. Only three pieces of the radioactive material have been found at PTA, although others may have fallen into lava cracks. Ten soil samples were collected by the US Army from sites where sediment had collected from past runoff/erosion events around the perimeter of PTA. Radiometric analysis of those samples found only natural U abundances and 214U/211U isotopic composition (Rubin 2008). The Army has no record or estimate of how many of the rounds were fired or how much depleted uranium may be on the surface. According to a newspaper account of the discovery (Bret Yager, Hawai `i Tribune Herald, 8/26/07): Page 3-60 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement "The material's hazard level is a point of contention. The Army maintains that the DU at Pohakuloa presents no public health threat and that exposure to airborne DU or contaminated soil has not been shown to cause observable effects on health or reproduction. Clean-up contractors say that intact chunks of depleted uranium have such a low radioactive reading they can be safely handled without protective gear. The World Health Organization states that grams of DU dust would have to be breathed to present a lung cancer risk. But the Army acknowledges that the material is considered a chemical hazard. Big Island activists and others say the material may not present a radiation hazard when handled, but that bits of DU dust lodged in the lungs can present real health problems, constantly bombarding cells with alpha radiation." Although the Army acknowledges that DU material is considered a chemical hazard, it maintains that DU at Pohakuloa does not pose a risk to public health and that insufficient quantities have been detected to pose a risk to human health. Prior to the effort conducted for this SEIS, sampling and analytical data for DU were not available in areas where W-7 is to be constructed. Because of the controversy and uncertainty regarding DU that existed as SEIS research began in 2008, the highway agencies responsible for this SEIS contracted for a study to address the public's concern that depleted uranium originating from military operations at PTA may impact the health of workers building Saddle Road as well as future motorists. The study consisted of surface soil sampling in the general vicinity of W-7, a source determination and background evaluation, and a Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment (BHHRA) for uranium (U) isotopes. The study is contained in full in Appendix E and is summarized below. The risk assessment considered both chemical and radiological toxicity from uranium. This document was prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). Methods and Results Natural uranium is a mixture of three types (or isotopes) of U, written as 234 U, 235U, and 238U. Although these isotopes are different radioactive materials with differing radioactive properties, they are the same chemically. Because U normally occurs at very low concentrations in natural materials at Earth's surface, (less than 5 parts per million by weight, ppm), geochemists refer to it as a "trace element." Uranium is a naturally occurring heavy metal. Rocks, soil, coral, water, air, plants and animals all contain varying amounts of U. Uranium ores and U -rich minerals do not occur in Hawaii, but U is dispersed at low abundance in normal rock -forming minerals. Uranium occurs naturally in trace amounts in Hawaiian rocks, soils and waters at or below concentrations of 1 to 3 ppm by weight (Rubin 2008). Uranium may also occur in soils due to anthropogenic action, such as from military use or as a byproduct of nuclear energy generation. Determining the source of U isotopes detected along the proposed Saddle Road alignment was one objective of this study. Page 3-61 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The U sample locations included four sites along the length of the W-7 alignment and one near the rock quarry that lies between the W-7 alignment and the Impact Area of PTA where the DU was found (Figure 3.7.1). Two methods can be utilized to determine whether detected U originates from natural or DU or enriched U (EU) sources. The SEIS study utilized both methods of evaluation. The first method involves a simple comparison of site U concentrations to U concentrations found in typical unimpacted environmental media. The second method compares isotopic abundance (isotope ratios) from site-specific media to the isotope abundance in typical unimpacted environmental media. An industrial process called enrichment is used to concentrate 234U and 235U, producing enriched uranium (EU) used for nuclear fuel. The material left over from the enrichment process is called DU because it has lower concentrations of these two isotopes than natural uranium. DU is thus a modified form of U from which these lighter and more radioactive isotopes have been partially removed, creating a substance that has more 238U than natural U. The resulting change in the isotopic composition makes it possible to distinguish naturally occurring U from enriched and depleted forms. In June 2008, concentrations of 234U, 235U and 238U isotopes in surface soil were collected and analyzed. The first method to evaluate uranium isotope concentrations, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP -MS), was utilized to provide precision and low detection limits for the 235U and 238U isotopes. Results for the ICP -MS method verify the presence of 238U, but resulted in non -detects for the 234U and 235U isotopes, indicating that they were either not present or below their respective minimum detection limits. These data were considered but not used in the background analysis and risk assessment because the assessments require data input by activity and/or mass concentration. The second analytical method utilized in the study was alpha spectrometry. The alpha spectrometry results were expected to provide the greatest precision and lowest detection limit for the 234U isotope. Results of the alha spectrometry analysis indicate the presence of all three isotopes in site soils. ?315 Uranium was detected in only one of the five locations sampled. Given that data for all three isotopes was available for the alpha spectrometry method, data obtained from this method were utilized for both the background analyses and human health risk assessment. Two methods were employed to evaluate uranium isotope source. The first method compared site-specific total U mass concentrations to naturally occurring U mass concentrations in Hawaii. Total U was determined by summing the isotopic concentrations of 234U, 235U and 238U detected at each of the five independent sample sites. Results of this analysis indicated that total U in the vicinity of the W-7 alignment is at or below the level of.] to 3 ppm by weight occurring naturally in Hawaiian soils. Total U based on alpha spectrometry analyses ranged from 0.428 parts per million (ppm) at location DUO03 to 1.32 ppm at DU001. The average at all five locations was 0.798 ppm. The second method used to determine whether detected U originates from natural or DU sources was the evaluation of isotope abundance. Except in extremely rare circumstances (not found in Hawai`i), natural U dispersed in rocks and soils has a comparatively greater 234U/238U and 235U/238U ratio than those originating from DU. 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UState standards. Furthermore, as projected traffic volumes for the 2034 are now That is the case here and as such, the 234U/238U ratio was used as the second method to substantially lower than those estimated in the 1999 FEIS, emission of criteria pollutants 238 fingerprint U source. Naturally occurring 234 U/ U ratio in soil has been determined to !� 215U/231U 234U/23'U is considered a more precise measurement than the ratio in isotopic Lf normal traffic flow. Temporary, localized impacts to air quality would be anticipated during construction, associated with the generation of fugitive dust and the emissions fingerprinting of U contamination, the 234U/238U ratio utility is significant when 235U data generated by construction equipment and vehicles. Short-term impacts to PMIo could is not available or when concentrations of the 235U isotope are too low to detect. This is (� be in the range of 0.5 to 1.2 (Sansone et al. 2001). 234U/238U ratios on W-7 ranged from U 0.74 to 1.79, with an average ratio across all five sample locations of 1.16. Assuming the average ratio across the five sites is representative of the proposed alignment, these (� results indicate that the 234U/238U isotopic ratio is within the background range. Analysis Ubased on the surface soil samples has determined that uranium detected at the site originates from natural sources. 3.7.2 Environmental Consequences O3.7.2.1 Criteria Pollutants The air quality analysis performed in the 1999 Final EIS for assessing impacts from the D(ref. proposed Saddle Road improvements focused on vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide FEIS, Part I, 3.7.2). Other pollutants, such as particulate matter (PMIo) and oxides of nitrogen are also components of vehicular emissions; however, the impacts of carbon monoxide are most easily assessed and provide a convenient measure of air quality D impact. Ozone, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons are pollutants that are regional in nature, and as such, meaningful evaluation at the project level is not possible. At the time of the 1999 FEIS, the EPA was developing procedures for analyzing microscale particulate pollution impacts, but since guidance was not available at this time, an analysis for PMIo was not performed. The analysis concentrated on the local impact of carbon monoxide emissions estimated for the existing conditions, and for the No Action and Action Alternatives in 2014. The details of the analysis are contained in the 1999 Final EIS and are not repeated here. f� To summarize, the predicted maximum 1 -hour concentrations for 2014 associated with U the proposed improvements to Saddle Road was predicted to increase slightly over the No Action Alternative due to the increase in the predicted traffic volume; however, (� predicted concentrations were extremely low and did not exceed either the Federal or UState standards. Furthermore, as projected traffic volumes for the 2034 are now substantially lower than those estimated in the 1999 FEIS, emission of criteria pollutants would likely be substantially less than estimated in the FEIS. Short-term impacts to CO could also occur during construction due to the interruption of a normal traffic flow. Temporary, localized impacts to air quality would be anticipated during construction, associated with the generation of fugitive dust and the emissions generated by construction equipment and vehicles. Short-term impacts to PMIo could o also occur during the construction phase, but these would normally be reduced through the standard Best Management Practice of watering for dust -control measures. 0 Page 3-65 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.7.2.2 Mobile Source Air Toxics A qualitative analysis provides a basis for identifying and comparing the potential differences among MSAT emissions, if any, from the various alternatives. The qualitative assessment presented below is derived in part from a study conducted by the FHWA entitled A Methodology for Evaluating Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions Among Transportation Project Alternatives, found at: www. fhwa.dot. gov/environment/airtoxie/msatcompare/msatemissions.htm. The amount of MSATs emitted (as compared to the No Action Alternative) by vehicles on Saddle Road would be proportional to the vehicle miles traveled, or VMT, assuming that other variables such as fleet mix are the same. The overall ADT (average daily traffic) for W-7 would be 80 percent higher than ADT if W-7 is not built (see Section 1.4.3, above). VMT would not rise in exact proportion, however, because the ultimate travel distances for most motorists, who are bound between Hilo and Waikoloa or Kona, would be reduced. The higher VMT with the project would also be accompanied by somewhat higher average travel speeds due to the improved traffic flow. MSAT research has not yet established the relationship between travel speed and MSAT emission rates. If it is assumed that the average travel speed is not a factor, then the increase in MSATs relative to No Action would probably be just slightly less than the 80 percent increase in ADT. It is also important to note that much of the increase in traffic would be vehicles withdrawn from SR 19, leading to little net increase in VMT. Public exposure would be mitigated by the isolation of Saddle Road from residences and commercial areas, especially compared to SR 19, which passes through a number of populated areas with residences and commercial activities directly adjacent to the highway, notably Waimea. Furthermore, regardless of whether the project is built, emissions would likely be lower than present levels in the design year (2034) as a result of EPA's national control programs that are projected to reduce MSAT emissions by 57 to 87 percent from 2000 to 2020. Local conditions may differ from these national projections in terms of fleet mix and turnover, VMT growth rates, and local control measures. The magnitude of the EPA -projected reductions is so great (even after accounting for VMT growth) that MSAT emissions in the.study area are likely to be lower in the future in virtually all locations. Incomplete Or Unavailable Information For Project -Specific MSAT Health Impacts Analysis In FHWA's view, information is incomplete or unavailable to credibly predict the project -specific health impacts due to changes in MSAT emissions associated with a proposed set of highway alternatives. The outcome of such an assessment, adverse or not, would be influenced more by the uncertainty introduced into the process through assumption and speculation rather than any genuine insight into the actual health impacts directly attributable to MSAT exposure associated with a proposed action. Page 3-66 t Page 3-67 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for protecting the public health and welfare from any known or anticipated effect of an air pollutant. It is the lead authority for administering the Clean Air Act and its amendments and have specific statutory obligations with respect to hazardous air pollutants and MSAT. The EPA is in D the continual process of assessing human health effects, exposures, and risks posed by air pollutants. It maintains the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), which is "a compilation of electronic reports on specific substances found in the environment and their potential to cause human health effects" (EPA, http://www.epa.fzov/neea/iris/index.html). Each report contains assessments of non- cancerous and cancerous effects for individual compounds and quantitative estimates of risk levels from lifetime oral and inhalation exposures with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude. Other organizations are also active in the research and analyses of the human health 0 effects of MSAT, including the Health Effects Institute (HEI). Two HEI studies are summarized in Appendix D of FHWA's Interim Guidance Update on Mobile Source Air Toxic Analysis in NEPA Documents. Among the adverse health effects linked to MSAT O compounds at high exposures are cancer in humans in occupational settings, cancer in animals, and irritation to the respiratory tract, including the exacerbation of asthma. Less obvious are adverse human health effects of MSAT compounds at current environmental concentrations (http://pubs.healtheffects.org/view.php?id=282) or in the future as vehicle emissions substantially decrease (http://pubs.healtheffects.org/view.php?id=306). The methodologies for forecasting health impacts include emissions modeling, dispersion modeling, exposure modeling, and then final determination of health impacts, with each step in the process building on the model predictions obtained in the previous step. All are encumbered by technical shortcomings or uncertain science that prevents a more complete differentiation of the MSAT health impacts among a set of project alternatives. These difficulties are magnified for lifetime (i.e., 70 year) assessments, particularly o because unsupportable assumptions would have to be made regarding changes in travel patterns and vehicle technology (which affects emissions rates) over that time frame, since such information is unavailable. The results produced by the EPA's MOBILE6.2 D model, the California EPA's Emfac2007 model, and the EPA's DraftMOVES2009 model in forecasting MSAT emissions are highly inconsistent. Indications from the development of the MOVES model are that MOBILE6.2 significantly underestimates diesel particulate matter (PM) emissions and significantly overestimates benzene emissions. Regarding air dispersion modeling, an extensive evaluation of EPA's guideline o CAL3QHC model was conducted in an NCHRP study that documented poor model performance at ten sites across the country - three where intensive monitoring was conducted plus an additional seven with less intensive monitoring a (http://www.epa.gov/scramOOI/dispersion—alt.htm#hyroad). The study indicates a bias of the CAL3QHC model to overestimate concentrations near highly congested U t Page 3-67 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement intersections and underestimate concentrations near uncongested intersections. The consequence of this is a tendency to overstate the air quality benefits of mitigating congestion at intersections. Such poor model performance is less difficult to manage for demonstrating compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards for relatively short time frames than it is for forecasting individual exposure over an entire lifetime, especially given that some information needed for estimating 70 -year lifetime exposure is unavailable. It is particularly difficult to reliably forecast MSAT exposure near roadways, and to determine the portion of time that people are actually exposed at a specific location. There are considerable uncertainties associated with the existing estimates of toxicity of the various MSAT, because of factors such as low-dose extrapolation and translation of occupational exposure data to the general population, a concern expressed by HEI (http://pubs.healtheffects.org/view.php?id=282 ). As a result, there is no national consensus on air dose -response values assumed to protect the public health and welfare for MSAT compounds, and in particular for diesel PM. The EPA (http://www.epa.gov/risk/basicinformation.htm#g ) and the HEI (http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=395) have not established a basis for quantitative risk assessment of diesel PM in ambient settings. There is also the lack of a national consensus on an acceptable level of risk. The current context is the process used by the EPA as provided by the Clean Air Act to determine whether more stringent controls are required in order to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent an adverse environmental effect for industrial sources subject to the maximum achievable control technology standards, such as benzene emissions from refineries. The decision framework is a two-step process. The first step requires EPA to determine a "safe" or "acceptable" level of risk due to . emissions from a source, which is generally no greater than approximately 100 in a million. Additional factors are considered in the second step, the goal of which is to maximize the number of people with risks less than 1 in a million due to emissions from a source. The results of this statutory two-step process do not guarantee that cancer risks from exposure to air toxics are less than 1 in a million; in some cases, the residual risk determination could result in maximum individual cancer risks that are as high as approximately 100 in a million. In a June 2008 decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld EPA's approach to addressing risk in its two-step decision framework. Information is incomplete or unavailable to establish that even the largest of highway projects would result in levels of risk greater than safe or acceptable. Because of the limitations in the methodologies for forecasting health impacts described, any predicted difference in health impacts between alternatives is likely to be much smaller than the uncertainties associated with predicting the impacts. Consequently, the results of such assessments would not be useful to decision makers, who would need to weigh this information against project benefits, such as reducing traffic congestion, accident rates, and fatalities plus improved access for emergency response, that are better suited for quantitative analysis. Page 3-68 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.7.2.3 Depleted Uranium Although, as discussed in Section 3.7.1.3 above, the level of uranium detected in the general vicinity of the W-7 alignment appears to be consistent with background levels, a baseline human health risk assessment (BHHRA) was performed to evaluate the potential risk posed by the uranium isotopes detected. The alignment was evaluated as a single decision unit represented by five distinct sampling locations. Receptors were assumed to be exposed to the lesser of the maximum concentration of each isotope detected or the 95 percent UCL of the mean. Risks were evaluated for the following receptors: • A construction worker scenario assumed to be on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1 year and assumed to contact surface and subsurface soil. • A recreational user of the road assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 a hours a day, as a child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 -year recreational tenure. n Recreational receptors were assumed to contact just the surface soil. Potential estimated Ulifetime cancer risks were calculated using the RESidual RADioactivity (RESRAD) computer code, Version 6.4, developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL 2007). Carcinogenic risks were compared to the USEPA regulatory level of concern of one in one million and one in ten thousand. Estimated noncarcinogenic risks posed from the chemical toxicity of uranium are presented as total site Hazard Indices and were n calculated by summing the pathway -specific Hazard Quotients. A total Hazard Index of was considered to be the regulatory level of concern. U1 The results for each receptor are presented below. Neither was found to exceed the most D conservative USEPA lifetime cancer risk regulatory level of concern of one in one million or the noncarcinogenic Hazard Index regulatory level of concern of 1. Construction worker. The Construction Worker scenario is assumed to be on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in one year and contact surface and subsurface soil. The construction worker was found to have a carcinogenic risk of one in ten million, and a noncarcinogenic risk of four in one thousand. Recreational/Commuter. This receptor is a user of the road on a daily basis. The recreational receptor is assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 -year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact just the surface soil. The carcinogenic risk associated with this receptor was found to be four in one hundred million for the O Child Receptor and one in ten million for the Adult Receptor. These carcinogenic risks can be summed for a total carcinogenic risk of two in ten million for the full 30 - year tenure. The noncarcinogenic risk was calculated to be three in one thousand for the Child Receptor and one in one thousand for the Adult Receptor. 1 1 0 Page 3-69 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Potential noncancer health risks from the ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact of soil along the proposed alignment are below the EPA's acceptable risk level of concern. Potential cancer risks from radiological activity of the detected U isotopes are below the most conservative regulatory criteria. In terms of risk from future use of DU in training, the Army reports that it prohibited all training with DU in 1996. Resuming such training would require a site license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to do so, which the Army does not possess or intend to obtain. Any abatement of the DU hazard at PTA that might be conducted in the future would be required to utilize safeguards to ensure that DU would not leave the site. 3.7.2.4 Conformity Since 1977, Federal agencies and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) have been required by Section 176c of the Clean Air Act to ensure that all transportation projects conform to the approved air quality State Implementation Plans. The Clean Air Act Amendments enacted in 1990 defined conformity to a SIP as meaning "conformity to a SIP's purpose of eliminating or reducing the severity and number of violations of the NAAQS" (Federal Register, November 30, 1993). The conformity determinations for Federal actions related to transportation projects must meet the requirements of 40 CFR Part 51, subpart T. There are no non -attainment areas in Hawaii and resulting SIP. W-7 versus W-3 There are no substantial differences in any aspect of air quality between W-3 and W-7, although there are marginally more dust -generating soils in the W-3 corridor. 3.7.3 Mitigation Measures Standard dust control and construction equipment emission control measures will be implemented as necessary to reduce temporary impacts to air quality during construction activities. Water or a dust palliative will be applied as necessary to minimize particulate pollution. Areas to receive such treatment will include unpaved access roads, staging sites, and construction areas where the movement and operation of construction equipment produces airborne dust. Construction equipment will be required to meet all applicable emission standards. FHWA and HDOT will keep apprised of the results of monitoring for depleted uranium by the Hawaii State Department of Health and the Army and take any necessary precautionary measures. Page 3-70 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.8 NOISE 3.8.1 Affected Environment Ambient noise levels along Saddle Road within most of the existing Section I corridor are generally low, reflecting the light traffic volumes on Saddle Road and the undeveloped and unpopulated nature of much of the landscape. Noise levels in the vicinity of PTA o can be periodically high in association with military training activities (e.g., live firing of artillery) and low-flying aircraft, including helicopters and jet fighters. The 1999 Final EIS contained an extensive discussion of noise measurement fundamentals, modeling of noise impacts, and the requirements for study set forth in 23 CFR 772 and implemented in Hawai`i's Noise Analysis and Abatement Policy (HDOT n 1996) (ref FEIS, Part I, 3.8). That discussion is not repeated in this SEIS, but some concepts are reiterated. 0 1 1 U Page 3-71 Noise levels are described by a logarithmic scale in units of decibels (dB). The human ear perceives noises of different frequency in different ways. The A -weighted decibel scale (dBA) approximates human perception of the overall noise spectrum and is n I I therefore used in most noise studies. Small changes in noise levels (3 dBA or less) are not noticeable by the average person. Because human hearing approximates a logarithmic scale, a 10 dBA increase in noise level is generally perceived as a doubling of the sound. To quantify a noise level, an average noise level over a specified interval of O time can be used. This average over a 1 -hour period is referred to as the Leq(h). All noise levels in the 1999 Final EIS were reported in terms of peak hour dBA Leq. The FHWA has adopted Noise Abatement Criteria (NAC) that establish acceptable U lJ hourly, A -weighted dBA for various land use activity categories (Table 3.8.1). For the purposes of the 1999 Final EIS study, noise levels were considered to have an impact (� when they approached (came within 1 dBA Leq) or exceeded the NAC, or when the (� predicted noise levels substantially exceeded the existing noise levels. Noise abatement measures were considered for receptors with noise levels expected to approach or exceed the NAC or with expected substantial (15 dBA Leq or more) increases in noise. However, within the project area in Section I that would be affected by noise on alignment W-7, there is no developed land, as all land is devoted to military use except a for a small area of highway and unoccupied ranching lands at the western terminus. Nor are there any Category A lands, for which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary significance and serve an important public need. Therefore, there are no areas for which noise impacts require study. 0 1 1 U Page 3-71 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.8.1 Noise Abatement Criteria. Hourlv A -Weighted Sound Level - Decibels WBAI Activity Category Leg(h)l Description of Activity Category A 57 Lands on which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary (Exterior) significance and serve an important public need and where the preservation of those qualities is essential if the area is to continue to serve its intended purpose. B 67 Picnic areas, recreation areas, playgrounds, active sports (Exterior) areas, parks, residences, motels, hotels, schools, churches, libraries, and hospitals. C 72 Developed lands, properties or activities not included in (Exterior) Categories A or B above. D --- Undeveloped lands. E 52 Residences, motels, hotels, public meeting rooms, (Interior) schools, churches, libraries, hospitals, and auditoriums. Source: 23 CFR 772. ` (Leq(h)) = Average noise level over a one-hour period. 3.8.2 Environmental Consequences As there are no noise sensitive lands near the W-7 corridor, no adverse impacts are expected. There are no differences in noise impacts between W-3 and W-7. 3.8.3 Mitigation Measures As there are no impacts, no noise mitigation is required. Page 3-72 U Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.9 FIRE HAZARD 3.9.1 Affected Environment (� Primary responsibility for fighting,fires outside PTA rests with the Hawaii Department (J of Land and Natural Resources. PTA assists on fires that affect adjacent State and private lands as well. DWildfire Threat at Ke `dmuku a As with nearby areas, W-7 traverses very dry habitat. Most of it has undergone transition into alien -dominated plant communities, although areas above 4,800 feet in elevation may support communities largely dominated by natives. The entire project corridor is subject to wildfire. Before 2006 the property belonged to Parker Ranch and was razed b cattle stocked at P p Y g g Y various densities. Although fuel loads were reduced by grazing, areas with fountain grass aPage 3-73 Wildfire in Hawai `i In addition to the damage wildfire can inflict on urban areas and ranches in dry parts of Hawaii, it poses a grave threat to Hawaiian ecosystems by converting native habitats into D grasslands dominated by nonnative species. As in many other tropical areas, fires in Hawaii are usually caused by human activity. Because few native Hawaiian animals or plants are adapted to wildfires, they generally perish when exposed to fire. Native shrubs and trees may recover from fire to some degree, but native plant communities are often subsequently overwhelmed by more aggressive alien species. Many nonnative species, n such as fountain grass, are pyrophytic (fire adapted) and thrive in the aftermath of fires. UUnlike native shrubs and trees, many alien grasses recover quickly, increasing in ground cover and biomass after a fire. Fires encourage fountain grass by stimulating growth from the base of clumps and encouraging seed production. The establishment of 0 pyrophytic grasses increases the threat of additional fires. Fire represents a major disturbance, which encourages conversion of native -dominated communities into j� alien -dominated plant communities. —' The entire west side of the Big Island between the Ka`upulehu area of Kona in the south and Waimea in South Kohala in the north is subject to extensive wildfires. A map j� entitled Draft Kona Fire History (which also included the southern part of South Kohala) UU produced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2002 illustrated the boundaries of known fires by decade from the 1950s through the 1990s. Pu`uanahulu was "ground a zero' for many of the fires, which also affected the southern portion of Ke`amuku. Since 2002, several other fires have burned parts of Pu`uanahulu and Waikoloa. An arsonist set fires on Waikoloa Road, Mamalahoa Highway, and Saddle Road, charring limited 0 portions of Ke`amuku. The fire history map shows that sometimes the highways here act as barriers to fire movement, but at other times the fires cross highways. (� Primary responsibility for fighting,fires outside PTA rests with the Hawaii Department (J of Land and Natural Resources. PTA assists on fires that affect adjacent State and private lands as well. DWildfire Threat at Ke `dmuku a As with nearby areas, W-7 traverses very dry habitat. Most of it has undergone transition into alien -dominated plant communities, although areas above 4,800 feet in elevation may support communities largely dominated by natives. The entire project corridor is subject to wildfire. Before 2006 the property belonged to Parker Ranch and was razed b cattle stocked at P p Y g g Y various densities. Although fuel loads were reduced by grazing, areas with fountain grass aPage 3-73 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement would become dense after periods of adequate rain and Ke`amuku was highly subject to fire, especially in the southern and westernmost parts. The PTA Fire Department has primary responsibility for responding to and fighting fire within PTA. Current capabilities include: A fire station with a 25 -personnel firefighting detail, six to eight of whom are on duty at any given time, with specialties including wildland fire, EMS, structural fire, and airfield. Two 1,000 -gallon Engines, two 300 -gallon Brush Trucks, and one 3,000 -gallon Tank Truck. No helicopters are permanently assigned, but when troops are training one helicopter is available for initial firefighting attack and local helicopter operators are on contract to provide additional support. Eleven 80,000 -gallon dip tanks are located on PTA, three of which are under construction to support the Ke`amuku Training Area (see Figure 3.9.1). Since its purchase by the Army in 2006, Ke`amuku has been added to the area for which PTA is primarily responsible. In the last five years, the Army has committed to and begun implementation of various actions called for in the Integrated Wildland Fire Management Plan, Oahu and Pohakuloa Training Areas (IWFMP) (U.S. Army 2003). The Army recognizes that wildfire poses a significant threat to the sensitive ecosystems, cultural sites, and training lands of the U.S. Army, Hawaii, and that the munitions and weapons systems that are necessary for effective training often increase the chance of wildfire ignition. The actions outlined in the IWFMP are intended to minimize the occurrence and size of training -related fires within PTA, including the Ke`amuku Maneuver Area. They are also intended to prevent such fires from escaping beyond the PTA boundary, and to ensure that fires do not move onto the installation from outside and threaten operations and resources at PTA. These measures will include fire suppression, resource staffing procedures, training restrictions based on calculated fire danger rating, installation and maintenance of dip sites, fuel modifications, and weather stations. A portion of the IWFMP studied fire history at PTA, including the Ke`amuku area. The wildland fire fuel types found at PTA were mapped by Castillo et al. (1997) into six classes with different fuel and fire behavior characteristics. Two of the three types are common on the W-7 alignment: Type b. Perennial Grassland. Land dominated by perennial alien (Pennisetum setaceum) and native (predominately Eragrostis atropioides) grasses averaging about three feet high. Found primarily on older substrates having relatively developed soils (10,000 years old). However, some P. setaceum-dominated lands are found on younger lava. These grasslands extend downslope from PTA in the North Kona and South Kohala districts below 6,200 feet in elevation. Fine fuel loads are usually continuous and 0-3 inches. Grass litter accumulation is usually high. Page 3-74 Prior to human use of the area, fire in the PTA area was probably rare, limited to occasional volcanically started fires and lightning ignitions. Military use for live -fire exercises and target practice as well as roadside arson and accidental fires from catalytic converters has significantly increased ignition frequency, resulting in many small fires. The IWFMP researched fire history from existing fire records and documentation provided by various agency sources, although data for many fires was incomplete. A detailed analysis of fires at PTA between 1987 and 1999 indicated that there were Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Type c. Lowland Montane Shrubland. Land dominated by low -structure shrubs or a j1 mixture of low -structure shrubs and annual and perennial grasses. Includes Dodonaea �1 shrubland (as found in Ke`amuku), Myoporum shrubland and Chenopodium shrubland. Found primarily on Mauna Kea substrate with relatively developed soils. !� Grass and shrub litter accumulates to form continuous fine fuel loads, which carry �J flame lengths of 7-10 feet on average. These shrublands occupy portions of the Pohakuloa plain along Saddle Road (6,000 -foot elevation) and parts of Kipuka Kalawamauna downslope into the lowland regions of Pu`uanahulu and Pu`u Nohonaohae (2,500 feet). These shrublands burn as often as every 1-4 years. Prior to human use of the area, fire in the PTA area was probably rare, limited to occasional volcanically started fires and lightning ignitions. Military use for live -fire exercises and target practice as well as roadside arson and accidental fires from catalytic converters has significantly increased ignition frequency, resulting in many small fires. The IWFMP researched fire history from existing fire records and documentation provided by various agency sources, although data for many fires was incomplete. (only Mauna Kea and Kipuka Kalawamauna were considered to have a greater priority). A detailed analysis of fires at PTA between 1987 and 1999 indicated that there were between 16 and 98 fires every year. March and June were the most frequent months for fires to begin, and most fires ignited in the afternoon. The ignition source was generally j1 unknown or associated with tracer firing. Most of the fires were extremely small in area, �1 with only 10 percent becoming larger than an acre. Only a handful of fires burned more than 100 acres. The larger fires were generally associated with non-military ignition O sources. More than 7,700 acres, or 91 percent of all acres burned, were burned by fires caused by lightning, arson, or carelessly discarded cigarettes, and the largest of these started off of Army lands and later burned into PTA (U.S. Army 2003: p. 7-51). The west and north of PTA were determined to be the areas of greatest wildfire threat. _Ke`amuku will have a fairly high level of training activity, and grazing will be abarriers. discontinued, increasing fuel load. As the area also contains scattered populations of listed endangered plant species, Ke`amuku was assigned a high pre -suppression priority (only Mauna Kea and Kipuka Kalawamauna were considered to have a greater priority). 0 Page 3-75 Army Wildfire Mitigation at Ke `dmuku The IWFMP laid out specific guidance, procedures, and protocols in the prevention and suppression of wildfires on all U.S. Army Hawaii training lands with wildland fuels. Its goal was to convey the methods and protocols necessary to minimize fire frequency, severity, and size. The document defined the responsibilities of all offices, departments, and agencies involved, and described fire pre -suppression and suppression actions to be O taken on Army bases. Pursuant to the plan, the Army has implemented improvements to its land and firefighting resources that have enhanced the response and capabilities of firefighters. Firebreaks are defined as cleared -to -mineral -soil fire control lines. Fuelbreaks are strategically located blocks or strips within which vegetation has been manipulated to reduce fuel volume or flammability as an aid to fire control. Fuelbreaks abarriers. are most effective if they are linked to other natural or man-made fire containment Many firebreaks, fuelbreaks, and other fire management improvements that will 0 Page 3-75 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement aid firefighters in containing and suppressing fires have been or will be constructed. Some of these will also serve to help keep non-military ignited fires off Army lands. An important part of the IWFMP involves organization. A Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) Wildland Fire Coordinator has been hired to manage the numerous fire related projects and regular maintenance requirements there. The Range Control Office at PTA has implemented a Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS). This system restricts weapons fire and training depending on weather and vegetation conditions. As weather, topography, and fuel conditions make fire suppression at PTA difficult, adequate pre -suppression measures are vital for minimizing fire loss. Accordingly, access roads and firebreaks with appropriate planning and maintenance are priority measures. Pre -constructed firebreaks need to be negotiable by 4WD vehicles to facilitate fire and management access, and they need to meet with standards for firebreaks and fuelbreaks. At PTA, most firebreaks (which are generally narrow, 25-40 feet) are being combined with a fuelbreak (80-150 feet wide) to increase their effectiveness. In all, a total of six firebreaks are being built or will be built at PTA (Figure 3.9.1). Within or near Ke`amuku are the following: Western Firebreak. This break starts at the Ke`dmuku lava flow and proceeds south along the western boundary of PTA, between Kipuka Kalawamauna and Pu`u Anahulu, to the 1859 lava flow. It consists of a firebreak combined with a fuelbreak. The firebreak will vary in width, but will never be less than about 25 feet across. The associated fuelbreak will vary in width depending on the fuel type through which it is passing. In grassy areas it will be about 80 feet wide, while in shrub or forest areas it will be about 150 feet wide. Fuels within the fuelbreak will be maintained at less than 20 percent crown cover. Fuels will be kept discontinuous and pockets of fuels will be removed. The fuelbreak will be monitored annually via calibrated ocular estimation. Northern Firebreak. This break starts on the northern side of the Ke`amuku flow and travels north along Ke`eke`e road to an existing powerline road that runs along the northern side of the installation. It follows this to the eastern boundary of PTA where it turns south and follows the PTA boundary to Saddle Road. This firebreak will also be combined with a fuelbreak. The firebreak will be no less than about 15 feet wide, and the fuelbreak will vary from about 80 to 150 feet, as with the Western Firebreak. The function of this break will largely be replaced by the realigned Saddle Road in the future. The roadbed including shoulders will be greater than 15 feet wide. The fuelbreak will continue to be maintained along the south side of the road. Ke `dmuku Lava Flow Firebreak. This will extend from the end of the Ke`amuku flow to Mamalahoa Highway. The firebreak will be no less than about 15 feet wide, and the fuelbreak will vary from about 80 to 150 feet, as with the Western Firebreak, and will be maintained and monitored as described above. The firebreak will be extended Page 3-76 = s� �\\ \ \\ Y za z CL i \ / oA O S — N -�> _w w �r3'j ��Y o �zz W 1 111111111111 p ilili1i111111 =>I 1 1 1 1 111111 Q \ U N / 111111111111111 \ �\ z st� , 111111111111111 \ W�1i1i1i1iiililili \ ��•co � � 111111111111111111 [ J Z \ z ce � — _ 1111111111111111111 CD ( I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O � � � 11111111 1 111 11 � 11111 W 111 1111111111 Q �� � 1�11111111111111111i�111111 1 ����1 I'_I'111111111 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Y m 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 � d SPQ 111111111 1111111111111111111 11111111 111111 I 1111 *51 r 1 1-- 1 1 1 1 owg W �� 11111 111111111 1 1111111111111111 11111 11111111111¢I1�1 �� 8 F I I I I �� � 1111111111111111111 1 1 1 1 I I I M I I� I I I I IIII 111 111111111111111 I 1111111 111 111 I 111 111 11111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1111111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I W 111 111/1111 111111111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11�11 11 1 11 1 11 1 11� 111111111111 1111111111111111111 � C I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I 111111111111111111 m I I I I I I I IJ I� I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I W 1111111111 1 11 1111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111 111'1 11111111111111111 � D 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I IYI I I I I I I I I � 1.1,1,111 !` 1� F 1LTI I I I 1 1 1 1 1 Y� jr 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 t I I I I I„ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I wl I I I i l l l LJ y d'�8� 1111111 11111111111 1 1111111111111111R� P z 0 � 11111111111 11111111 -�ppJ. � � Y4- y�� IIIIIIIIII 1111111 V�� Wm F- - wLLJ � 1111111111111111111 I\l� J c�� 3 �i 11111111111111111 � � 0 o 111�1�1�1111 Q W 0 CD -0 C) \� O N O O' �a I 1 � C O o 0 CD C \ () \ }aalas— L ap!s }saM alPPos — VL J M ILLI LLJ �Z v 0 V 1.9 WG 1 1 W Z . O 0 J = i � O O N Z Q < � � Y a o x = 1 1 1� 3 ig loi 1 1 O o N Ix 1 1 1 to aN < 1\ Y 1 _ OF- Z (� 1 }aalas— L ap!s }saM alPPos — VL �Q (0 W „} H Ate. O A A. O '� (O (0 �_ O f0 p n f0 �. 1 1 t t r L 1 I r Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement as necessary to account for the encroachment of Pennisetum setaceum onto the Ke`amuku lava flow. Extensions will be added wherever crown cover of vegetation exceeds 20 percent. The flow will be monitored annually as described above. Ke `dmuku Pu `u Firebreaks. These two already constructed firebreaks will protect Nohonaohae cinder cone and Pu`u Papapa; which harbor a number of listed endangered plant species, from fires in the Ke`amuku Parcel. They are 15 feet wide and are maintained annually. These firebreaks have already demonstrated their effectiveness in protecting Nohonaohae from a fire that originated in the lands to the west. In addition, two fuelbreaks will be established within Ke`amuku itself- Mamalahoa tself Mamalahoa Highway Fuelbreak. A fuelbreak of about 80 to 150 feet wide will be established on the east side of Mamalahoa Highway within Ke`amuku. The width will vary depending on the vegetation as described above. Mamalahoa Highway will serve as the firebreak. Old Saddle Road Fuelbreak. A fuelbreak of the same dimensions will be established along the south side of the existing Saddle Road near Ke`amuku. It will be maintained annually. The fuelbreak will not be established within Waiki`i ranch property. The fuelbreak will be monitored annually and maintained as necessary to remain within specifications. The existing Saddle Road will serve as the firebreak. Another fire hazard mitigation program at PTA involves fuels modification. In Ke`amuku, grasses are the main fuel -related concern and their spread and accumulation increase ignition potential and provide contiguous fine fuel beds. Implementation of road/firebreak improvement and other recommendations of the IWFMP serve to reduce flashy fuels along high ignition risk roads and breakup contiguous fuel beds. Six fuel management corridors are being established and maintained to provide areas through which fire will not carry. These corridors will be aligned so as to provide several distinct areas of PTA within which fire may be contained. Each corridor will be approximately 325 to 775 feet wide, though terrain, safety concerns, or protected resources may constrain the width in some areas. Fuel specifications within the corridor require that canopy cover not exceed 20 percent. All corridors are located in areas with little or no existing fuel. These corridors are monitored biannually and treated whenever necessary to remain within specifications. Although not currently planned, grazing will also be open for consideration as an option to control fuels within fuelbreaks and perhaps other areas within Ke`amuku. The IWFMP continues to be reviewed and updated to ensure the latest information is consistently incorporated into Army wildfire prevention and suppression procedures. Page 3-79 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.9.2 Environmental Consequences It is first important to emphasize the context of any alignment (other than the existing Saddle Road) within Section I, which is an area that is under intensive wildfire management by the Army. The property adjacent to the road on all sides, including the community of Waiki`i, Parker Ranch, and lands across Mamalahoa Highway, will effectively be surrounded by one or multiple firebreaks and fuelbreaks. Nevertheless, there is a risk for fires associated with Saddle Road that may potentially affect military training land and spread into adjacent State and private lands. The proposed Saddle Road within Section I could increase the likelihood of wildfire caused by human activity. Construction equipment used during grading and paving as well as careless construction workers can cause fires. After construction, there would be a permanently heightened risk of wildfire ignition. Improvement of the road would substantially increase the number of vehicles traversing the area. Fires in dry areas of Hawaii have been ignited by construction activities, cigarettes thrown from car windows, by hot catalytic converters of vehicles pulling off of the pavement, and by arsonists. Construction fires can largely be controlled by proper management, and the chief fire risk is the increase in ignition potential from arson or accidental fires within an area that is currently not highly subject to fire starts. The presence of a modern highway within Ke`amuku would also bring fire -fighting benefits, including the following: Provide a highway firebreak and fuelbreak that would help impede the spread of fires from the north, where military activities occur, to the south, where the Pu`uanahulu GMA is located. The highway would help block fires from spreading from the Pu`uanahulu GMA to the main portion of Ke`amuku. Provide adequate and rapid access for firefighting equipment and personnel not only to Ke`amuku but also to the Pu`uanahulu GMA. Currently, both areas are inaccessible by paved road except at the far northern and western margins. With the PTA Fire Station less than 15 minutes away, firefighting crews could mobilize adjacent to Pu`uanahulu very quickly and more effectively deal with fires. The wide Typical Sections would facilitate staging of firefighting vehicles, equipment and personnel. W-7 versus W-3 The shift in alignment from W-3 to W-7 would bring the highway between 1;000 and 4,000 feet closer to the extremely fire -prone State lands in Pu`uanahulu, as noted by Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife personnel during meetings with FHWA and HDOT. This poses a greater hazard to Pu`uanahulu, but also provides better access and a highway firebreak/fuelbreak that is more effectively located for stopping fires from crossing back and forth between Pu`uanahulu and Ke`amuku. Page 3-80 w 1 1 1 1 r r t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Note that the indirect effects of wildfire and other aspects of the road to threatened and endangered species and critical habitat are covered in Section 3.18 of the SEIS. 3.9.3 Mitigation Measures In addition to the extensive actions called for in the Integrated Wildland Fire Management Plan Oahu and Pohakuloa Training Areas discussed in the above section, design measures being incorporated into the project's Typical Sections will mitigate for wildfire. The expanded and modified Typical Sections for the roadway would both reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition from unintentional road sources (car fires, catalytic converters, cigarettes, etc.) and assist in creating a firebreak and fuelbreak. The Typical Sections have been specially designed to reduce wildfire impacts, in ways specific to the segments of Section I through which they pass. All share the base characteristics of Typical Section A (Figure 2.2. La), which extends east from Mamalahoa Highway. It incorporates two 12 -foot travel lanes, two 8 -foot paved shoulders, and a passing lane for most of the length. To reduce the threat of wildfires between the eastern boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel and approximately MP 41, which passes adjacent to Palila critical habitat, B has additional features (Figure 2.2.1.b, Section B): Two 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders. An 8 -foot strip of pavement on the north side of the highway, which would serve as a firebreak, with a four -inch high curb on the outside. At the outside edge of the firebreak, a wire fence with metal posts would be constructed to a height of four feet on the edge of the pavement. Further east, as W-7 crosses the Ke`amuku and descends into lower elevations, the primary concern is to prevent fires from Saddle Road spreading southwards, towards the western boundary of the Ke`amuku Endangered Species Management Unit containing Haplostachys haplostachya. Typical Section C is illustrated in Figure 2.2. Lb, Section C, and is modified from Typical Section A as follows: • Three 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders, with a four -inch high extruded asphalt curb at the outside of the shoulder. In addition, the following mitigation measures are planned: • The PTA Fire Department will install additional fire risk signs along Saddle Road at the western boundary of PTA (one is currently present at the eastern end). Sign information will be based upon the National Fire Danger Rating. • To minimize the risk of wildfire during construction, the Special Contract Requirements will mandate that all construction activity shall be restricted to within the clearly delineated ROW and that entry and exit into the ROW by all a construction personnel and equipment shall be at previously identified and marked non -sensitive areas. Page 3-81 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.10 WATER RESOURCES 3.10.1 Affected Environment The receiving ocean waters for runoff in the South Kohala area are classified as "AA," or highest level of water quality. These coastal waters are important for fishing, recreation, visual quality, and traditional practices. The oceanic waters of Hawaii also support a number of endangered and threatened animals. Water pollution in certain streams and coastal waters of the State of Hawaii is an ongoing problem. The primary sources nowadays are polluted urban and agricultural runoff and groundwater. These coastal waters are a minimum of nine miles from the project area and there are no surface waterways that connect the W-7 corridor to the ocean. Water resources and drainage characteristics occurring along the length of the entire Saddle Road project are diverse. One contributing factor to this variation from one end of the project to the other is the amount of rainfall received. Average annual rainfall ranges within the Saddle Road corridor from less than 20 inches in Sections I and Il, to a high of more than 180 inches in Section III (UH Hilo 1998:57) On the Island of Hawaii, infiltration of the substrate is generally high, especially in the areas of recent lava flows. The high rate of infiltration of surface water serves to recharge the island's basal groundwater aquifers. In general, streams develop slowly on such surfaces because of high permeability of the surface materials. There are no perennial streams in the Section I project corridor, and the area traversed by W-7 has no continuous ephemeral streams. This area's drainages are essentially draws between lava flow hummocks that carry water in very heavy rains. None of the drainages in Ke`amuku flow more than a few days a year. These short drainages have accomplished only limited downcutting, and they all outlet onto flats where the water percolates rapidly into the ground, sinking thousands of feet to the basal groundwater lens that underlies the island. Any polluted runoff undergoes extensive natural filtration through percolation of water through soil and rock before reaching the basal (near sea -level) water table. Further. north, between a half -mile and three miles from W-7, are several large ephemeral drainages including Waiki`i, `Auwaiakeakua, Popo`o, Pohakuloa, and Waikahalulu Gulches, some of which have carved long, continuous channels that almost reach the sea. These latter drainages originate on the steep slopes of Mauna Kea and cross the existing Saddle Road at a number of bridges, culverts, and dips in the road. No intermediate lakes or ponds are present within the region. Since there are no perennial stream channels within the Saddle Road study corridor, no baseline data on surface water quality are available. There are baseline water quality data from the required sampling of drinking water wells. An existing private well at the Waiki`i Ranch subdivision is more than 2,700 feet deep. This well, located within 200 Page 3-82 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement feet of the existing Saddle Road, meets all of the Federal standards for safe drinking water. There is no recorded contamination associated with this well despite its vicinity to Saddle'Road. D According to the EPA, there are no principal or sole source aquifers designated under Section 1424(e) of the Safe Drinking Water Act on the island of Hawaii (http://www. epa.gov/safewaier/sourcewater/pubs/grg_ssamap_reg9. pdf). 3.10.2 Environmental Consequences a Construction of the proposed roadway improvements might have limited, short-term effects on surface water quality, particularly an increase in suspended sediments during and shortly after precipitation events during the construction phase. Construction of cuts D and fills would remove vegetation, disturb soils, and change overland flow characteristics, intensifying the effects of natural erosion until soils stabilize. Water would be consumed in the construction process, much of it for dust control. The specific source of water to be used for construction would be the responsibility of the contractor, but contractors to date on Saddle Road have purchased and trucked water mostly from County Department of Water Supply standpipes in Kaumana, above Hilo. U As the W-7 alignment is closer to Waimea, and the construction would involve an outlet U on the Mamalahoa Highway, Waimea may prove to be the best source. Regarding long-term effects, use of the W-7 alignment (or any alignment in the interior of Ke`amuku) relative to the existing Saddle Road would increase the extent of impermeable road surface due to a widened road and paved shoulders. An -enlarged area 1-1 of impermeable surfaces would increase surface water runoff during precipitation events. �l In addition, due to the geometry of roadways, an improved road would be expected to collect and concentrate stormwater runoff, potentially changing overland flow to a series aof more concentrated sources. Stormwater discharges to intermittent stream channels are regulated by the EPA through the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. Stormwater runoff from the roadway would be tributary to stream channels during construction of the road as well as after construction is complete. During n construction of the roadway, there is potential for degradation of stormwater quality from I� sediment as well as from construction materials mixing with stormwater. Page 3-83 Potential sources of pollution from the roadway after construction include solids, heavy a metals, and organics from fuels and motor oils. With an increase in the number of vehicles using Saddle Road, automobile accidents and vehicle breakdowns are expected to increase, which raises the potential for chemicals and petroleum residues to be deposited on the roadway. Stormwater flowing over impermeable surfaces may pick up petroleum residues, and, if not controlled, transport them off-site. Contaminated Ogroundwater stormwater could degrade the quality of surface waters or filter through soils and degrade resources. Page 3-83 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Although there is no empirical data regarding the effects of pollutants from the highway on the groundwater, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation publication Retention, Detention, and Overland Flow for Pollutant Removal from Highway Storm Water Runoff: Interim Guidelines for Management Measures, all highway runoff contains pollutants, but pollutant loading does not always cause a problem for receiving waters. The document cites studies that monitored highway pollutant impacts to receiving waters at sites with ADT volumes from 7,400 to 135,000 vehicles per day (vpd). Results showed that runoff from lower ADT rural highways did not cause discernable toxic stress to aquatic biota. Few significant impacts were detected for roadways with less than 30,000 ADT. The ADT on the realigned Section I of Saddle Road is estimated to reach 6,500 by the year 2034. As discussed above, W-7 would require construction of four culverts across minor ephemeral drainages; however, it deserves emphasis that there are no receiving surface waters in the area traversed by W-7. To determine the likelihood that runoff from Saddle Road would impact groundwater quality, the 1999 Final EIS reviewed other existing wells and shafts on the island. Wells or well shafts located adjacent to major highways that have been in existence for more than 20 years have experienced no known detrimental effects from surface runoff contamination. For example, the Kahalu`u well shaft located adjacent to Kamehameha III Road and Kuakini Highway in Kona, with a depth to groundwater of between 600 and 800 feet, has no record of groundwater quality contamination. Groundwater testing of all of the deep wells of the County of Hawai` is Department of Water Supply has not indicated any signs of groundwater contamination. Because similar wells positioned near highways have shown no signs of groundwater contamination and because best management practices (BNlPs) will be employed to control runoff, impacts to groundwater quality from the proposed project are not expected to be significant. Although the analysis is over ten years old, there do not appear to be any new data or concerns on highway -related pollution in similar environments. Without the improvement of Saddle Road, although no construction -related impacts to water quality would result, the inadequacy of existing drainage structures under Saddle Road would continue to allow stormwater to overtop the road, resulting in erosion and increased risk to motorists during flooding. W-7 versus W-3 There are no substantial differences between impacts to water resources between W-3 and W-7, although the few ephemeral drainages crossed by W-7 tend to be shallower have shorter distances to natural percolation basins than those of the W-3 corridor. Page 3-84 I,l u El E, 1 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.10.3 Mitigation Measures In order to comply with the Clean Water Act, measures must be provided both during and after construction to prevent pollutants, including sediment and hazardous chemicals, from degrading the quality of stormwater runoff. As required by EPA and State DOH regulations on stormwater discharges, stormwater pollution prevention measures called Best Management Practices (BMPs) would be required for the Saddle Road project both during and after construction. Unlike construction activity BMPs, the stormwater permanent BMPs are designed to remain part of the project features after the site grading operation is completed. The permanent BMPs are intended to reduce stormwater pollution typically associated with the increase in impervious surfaces. (Hawai`i State DOT 2007). The Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) will include the following types of BMPs: • Practices that prevent erosion, including the stabilization of cut and fill slopes by vegetative as well as non -vegetative means. • Practices that trap pollutants before they can be discharged, such as silt fences and sedimentation basins. • Practices that prevent the mixing of pollutants from construction materials and stormwater, such as providing protected storage for chemicals, paints solvents, and other toxic materials. • During construction, erosion will be minimized by applying temporary measures that will reduce the velocity of the runoff and retain sediment on-site. Examples of these measures include but are not limited to: silt fences, check dams, mulching, culvert outlet protection, and sedimentation basins. Construction materials will be stored in a protected area with measures in place to contain and clean-up spills. • Permanent pollution control measures will be applied to minimize degradation of stormwater quality after construction of the road has been completed. These measures include but are not limited to, the following examples: providing velocity reducers and/or settlement basins at culvert outlets, vegetating slopes, minimizing the steepness of slopes where possible, providing stream bank stabilization where required, and managing the use of chemicals for roadway maintenance. • Cut slopes will be revegetated to reduce highway runoff pollution. • If a major hazardous spill occurs, cleanup efforts will be coordinated through both the County of Hawaii Civil Defense Agency and the State of Hawaii DOH. Permitting requirements are provided in Section 1.7. During final design of individual 0 project segments, the SWPPP would be prepared as part of Section 401 permitting and submitted to DOH in accordance with USACE Section 404 permit procedures. 1 Page 3-85 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.11 WATERS OF THE U.S.ZWETLANDS A report describing the hydrology of the area with respect to regulations and policies implementing Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) was prepared in February 2009. This report is attached as a portion of Appendix B and is summarized below. 3.11.1 Affected Environment Waters of the United States (U.S.) is a regulatory term referring to surface waters that are under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Surface waters may include streams, streambeds, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, arroyos, washes, and other ephemeral watercourses and wetlands that have certain connections or relations to navigable waters of the U.S. Any actions that result in fill to waters of the U.S. require compliance with the CWA Section 404. Wetlands, as defined by the USACE, are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation adapted for life in water -saturated soils. Wetlands are classified as "Special Aquatic Sites" and are considered waters of the U.S. under most circumstances. For background, it should be noted that surveys conducted for the 1999 Final EIS determined that no waters of the U.S. were present in Section I or Section II of the project area. This was concurred with by the USACE, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (ref: USACE letter dated August 22, 1997, FEIS - Part II, 1.4.4, and EPA letter dated August 12, 1998, FEIS - Part II, 1.4.5). Part. III, Tech. App.). However, such determinations are only valid for a period of five (5) years. Since 1999, furthermore, regulations regarding waters of the U.S. have changed substantially and therefore additional fieldwork and analysis were required. Ephemeral drainages are present on the W-7 corridor, and as under some circumstances these may be considered waters of the U.S., they required investigation. Since 1999, when the original Saddle Road EIS was being developed, the USACE has substantially revised its practical definition of waters of the U.S. and also its methods for assessing them. The latest guidance is contained in JD Form Instructional Guidebook and the Approved Jurisdictional Determination Form; these digital files are available on the Honolulu District website (http://www.poh.usace.army.mil/EC-R/EC-R.htm) (Rev. 5/23/07). In this guidance, the USACE has reaffirmed that all traditional navigable waters (TN W) are jurisdictional, and that any stream that generally flows three continuous months of the year or more — called a relatively permanent water (RPW) — is also jurisdictional. It is understood that any wetlands adjacent to RPW, as well as non- RPW streams and wetlands adjacent to them, need to be evaluated to see if they have a significant nexus to a TNW. The USACE, interpreting a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, defines this as follows: "A significant nexus exists if the tributary, in combination with all of its adjacent wetlands, has more than a speculative or an insubstantial effect on the chemical, physical, and/or biological, integrity of a TNW. Principal considerations when Page 3-86 aPage 3-87 L. Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement evaluating significant nexus include the volume, duration, and frequency of the flow of water in the tributary and the proximity of the tributary to a TNW, plus the hydrologic, ecologic, and other functions performed by the tributary and all of its adjacent wetlands." Therefore, the first task was to identify within the W-7 corridor any TNWs, tributary RPWs, and tributary non-RPW streams, along with any wetlands or other special aquatic (� sites. After these are identified and mapped, certain waters will be by definition �f jurisdictional, and for others, the issue of a significant nexus must then be examined. After this, a jurisdictional determination can be made. ONo "blue -line" permanent or ephemeral streams are mapped on U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps along the route of the W-7 corridor (see Appendix B, Figure 3). There is a distinct geomorphological difference between the central and northern parts of the Ke`amuku property, which contain deep, blue -line gulches, and the southern part, which lacks them. This roughly corresponds to a geological difference between older and younger Mauna Kea flows. The very youngest flows — where there are no blue -line O streams whatsoever — are found on the southern margin of the Ke`amuku property, where W-7 is mostly located. The Ke`eke`e section consists of rough lava flows as well as Dcinder cone and Holocene surficial deposits. The topography of the area strongly reflects the geology. The area of the saddle at the base of Mauna Kea near Pu`u Ke`eke`e is fairly flat, with alluvial Pleistocene and later deposits over old lava flow and ash deposits from cones such as Puu Ke`eke`e, which exhibits typical cinder cone topography. The far southern portion of the Ke`amuku property, which contains most of W-7, has a surface in which the lobes of the lava flows .that flowed downslope are clearly visible, with little erosion or sediment build-up. Soil is -not.strongly developed and few erosional or alluvial features are evident. In the middle southern part of Ke`amuku, which contains the eastern (mauka) portion of W-7, the O topography generally has a smoother appearance, reflecting a cover of ash, cinders and sand of variable thickness on top of the bedrock lava flows. a Field investigations of a 500 -foot width within the W-7 corridor were undertaken on five days during August and September of 2008 by a team of two to four scientists and technicians. For all sites within the W-7 corridor where a drainage crossing appeared to (� have any potential to be considered as a water of the U.S., the site was first located using u a handheld global positioning system (GPS) device, then photographed and evaluated using the criteria in the USACE data sheets per the guidance referenced above. Three crossings were located (note that one of the four planned culverts discussed in Section 3.15 drains a small area that did not contain any recognizable channel). They are detailed in Table 3.11.1, mapped on Figure 3.15.1, and described below. The full records and photographs for each site are contained in Appendix B. aPage 3-87 L. Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.11.1 Drainage Crossing Details Name of Lat/Long (Decimal Average Substrate/Geometry crossing Degrees)* width/depth feet W-7-1 19.7940 155.6401 28/6 Shrub vegetation and grass, meandering W-7-2 19.7935 155.6413 20/3 Grass, meandering W-7-3 19.7935 155.6691 20/4 Grass and bedrock, meanderin Crossing W-7-1 has a bed that is a combination of bedrock and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) exhibiting no obvious signs of systematic erosion or deposition or high- water marks, although water clearly flows through on rare occasions. The sideslopes have kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), the common native shrub `a `ali `i (Dodonaea viscosa), and the herb fireweed (Senecio madagascarensis). Although only one of these plants is classified in the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands (Region H), (kikuyu grass, listed as FACU — a plant species that are likely to occur in uplands, but may occasionally be found in wetlands), none of the plants are associated with wetlands. All but `a `ali `i are alien introductions. The drainage outlets into a flat area dominated by kikuyu grass and disappears. Crossing W-7-2 is similar to W-7-1 but in an adjacent crease between lava flow hummocks. Crossing W-7-3 intersects the one drainage that had a length of more than about 600 feet. Vegetation is similar to above, with more fountain grass and `a `ali `i. This drainage runs more than a mile along the clear contact between a young, rocky lava flow (the most northern lobe of the younger flows on the southern end of Ke`amuku) that runs parallel to and about ten to twenty feet higher than an adjacent older lava flow mantled with ash. As the slope tilts slightly sideways towards the younger lava flow, runoff from occasional storms is channeled down and along this contact zone, where it has eroded some areas as deep as 15 feet. When the cross -slope topography no longer favors sheet flow in extreme rainfall events in the direction of the contact zone, the drainage disappears. None of the three crossings appears to meet the definition of a water of the U.S. All are extremely ephemeral and their channels essentially disappear into basins between hills. Thus, none are tributary in any way to any relatively permanent waters (RPWs), such as an intermittent stream, and thereby to potential traditional navigable waters (TNWs). Rather than intermittent streams, these drainage features are essentially the V-shaped contacts between hummocky lava flows. Almost all rainwater immediately sinks in youthful lava flows, but where ash has mantled the lava flows, a soil forms that is a little less permeable and some runoff occurs in heavy rains. This naturally gets funneled into these Vs, slightly eroding out the soil and ash and in places exposing the bedrock that lies Page 3-88 aSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement one to four feet beneath the surface. Where the Vs are naturally steep, the erosion is more intense, and where the Vs are gentle, deposition occurs rather than erosion, and the V tends to fill in. At some point along the contact the V will flatten out and disappear, and finally no channel at all is evident, as this runoff simply spreads and percolates. Typically, in between the sets of hummocky lava flows are plains or basins with minor LI U quantities of alluvium, colluvium, and aeolian deposits. The basins generally have no real outlet channel. OEven if these drainages were tributary to RPWs, it would be doubtful that they would have a significant nexus to a TNW. The amount and frequency of flows in such features �l is minor, and it is doubtful that sediment or water generated in these areas makes its way �J overland for any significant distance. The ground surface is highly permeable, and where overland runoff is generated, it percolates in natural basins. No habitat for native reptiles or amphibians (none of which exist in Hawai`i), waterbirds, fish, or invertebrates is present. No wetlands or riparian plants or vegetation are present. In sum, there would appear to be insubstantial effect on the chemical, physical, and/or biological, integrity of the Pacific Ocean, the nearest TNW, which lies a minimum of ten miles from the drainages. o Botanical investigations of W-7 (see Appendix C) determined that no wetlands of any type were present within or near the W-7 corridor. The area was found to completely lack the wetlands indicators of hydrophytic vegetation, areas that are inundated for any substantial period, and hydric soils. Moreover, no springs or other special aquatic sites were observed within the W-7 corridor covered during these field investigations, and none are known to exist in the general area. 0 In summary, no jurisdictional waters of the U.S. appear to be present, as no wetlands or special aquatic sites are present, and none of the highly ephemeral and poorly developed drainage features meets the criteria of a water of the U.S. for streams. Specifically, there D are no traditional navigable waters (TNWs), relatively permanent waters (RPWs), or non- RPW streams that are tributary to RPWs and/or have a significant nexus to a TNW. This finding was concurred with by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in a jurisdictional n determination of September 8, 2009 (see Appendix B). �J 3.11.2 Environmental Consequences No waters of the U.S. are located in or near the W-7 corridor, and therefore no impacts to waters of the U.S. would result from project implementation. DW-7 versus W-3 D As discussed in Appendix B, W-3 has a greater number of crossings than W-7, although they are identical in nature to those in W-7. HDOT and FHWA did not request jurisdictional determinations on any of the W-3 crossings. U Page 3-89 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.11.3 Mitigation Measures No impacts to waters of the U.S. would occur and no mitigation measures are required. 3.12 CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS 3.12.1 Affected Environment 3.12.1.1 Climate The climate of Hawaii is generally characterized by mild and fairly uniform seasonal temperatures; cloudy, humid conditions along the eastern coast and clear, dry conditions in the west; and a general dominance of trade -wind flow from the northeast. The rugged configuration of the island, however, produces large variations in climatic conditions. Precipitation amounts vary widely and both precipitation and temperature are affected by elevation, distance from the ocean and exposure to the trade winds. Section I of Saddle Road is on the west -facing slope of Mauna Kea, which is the leeward, dry slope. The annual rainfall on the W-7 corridor averages around 20 inches, and is somewhat dryer at the upper elevation and wetter at the lower. The range of elevation between about 2,600 feet and 5,800 feet above sea level in turn leads to variation in average daily high temperatures from the low 80s to the mid-70s Fahrenheit, and average nightly lows between the high and low 60s. The tropical location leads to only slight seasonal changes of about five degrees. Fog is essentially absent at sea level in Hawaii because of the radiative properties of the ocean and the abundant wind mixing, which combine to prevent surface temperature inversions. The natural cooling that takes place as air is forced to higher elevations promotes fog development, and many locations over 800 feet in elevation in Hawaii experience some fog. Driving conditions at high elevations on the Saddle Road can be dangerous due to frequent fog. The wind patterns on the island are also complex due to the mountainous terrain. Although the general trade winds are fairly constant, this flow is disrupted by the terrain and often replaced by winds from passing storms. In Section I, the wind tends to blow from the east (downslope) at night and in the early morning and from the west (upslope) for most of the day into the evening. Surface winds are generally fairly light but high winds over 20 miles per hour may occur because of storms, strong trade wind episodes, or during the peak of daytime upslope wind flow. 3.12.1.2 Geologic Formations Hawaii, the largest island of the Hawaiian Archipelago, covers an area of approximately 4,000 square miles. The island was formed by the activity of five shield volcanoes: Kohala (long extinct); Mauna Kea (active during recent geologic times); Hualalai (last erupted in 1801); and Mauna Loa and Kilauea (both still active). Page 3-90 7 7,777 gig d. Tf Z 5" F S CD p Q ui `'. a SmtFsr 4 y. "Al El � a le,', N 5� y �a• d LSM i fn Q i q h' " <• l �',,. C Q Q V Q J _ g 77 �M !1 O 0 C c Q a Q4) c 3 3 O A C ,v 3 3 O Q Q v Ai /4 �1 aCa,, qqC� pL� ID a 18 µ cDOQA b z 3 O0 A as v C! /1 V o. Q QNB 42 J J W W a- h► v AMN-.t E The W-7 corridor is generally underlain by four types of geologic materials, including Volcanic Ash Deposits, Cinder Sand Deposits, `A`a Lava Flows, and very limited amounts of Pahoehoe Lava Flows. U Volcanic ash deposits generally consist of near -surface brown to light brown silty fine sand and sandy silt soils intermixed with some `a`a basalt rock. In general, volcanic ash O deposits were observed as a dry and powdery soil cover, deposited in layers primarily as volcanic air -fall deposits generated from pyroclastic vents associated with Mauna Kea Volcano. Volcanic ash material is easily erodible. OCinder Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement sand deposits generally consist of poorly -graded to well -graded coarse sand and Section I is located mainly along the southwestern flank of Mauna Kea. The western end 0 of W-7 skirts the boundary between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea lavas (Figure 3.12.1). surface is typically barren and fairly level, rainfall is high, and surface runoff is low, as The majority of the surficial soil and rock of the W-7 corridor is derived from `a`a (the Hawaiian word that has become the scientific term for clinkery) lava flows of the D Hamakua and Laupahoehoe Volcanic Series of Mauna Kea Volcano, all older than 0 10,000 years. Recent historic eruptions from Mauna Loa have flowed north toward material and occasional dense basalt layers. The material forms a rough and broken Mauna Kea, where they were diverted downslope to the south. They typically consist of 0 pahoehoe (ropy or smooth) lava. A very small extent of these lavas is contained on the southern end of the W-7 corridor. The W-7 corridor is generally underlain by four types of geologic materials, including Volcanic Ash Deposits, Cinder Sand Deposits, `A`a Lava Flows, and very limited amounts of Pahoehoe Lava Flows. U Volcanic ash deposits generally consist of near -surface brown to light brown silty fine sand and sandy silt soils intermixed with some `a`a basalt rock. In general, volcanic ash O deposits were observed as a dry and powdery soil cover, deposited in layers primarily as volcanic air -fall deposits generated from pyroclastic vents associated with Mauna Kea Volcano. Volcanic ash material is easily erodible. OCinder sand deposits generally consist of poorly -graded to well -graded coarse sand and gravels, pumice cobbles, and volcanic ash, underlain by basalt rock formation. The surface is typically barren and fairly level, rainfall is high, and surface runoff is low, as evidenced by a general lack of erosional drainage features in these materials. `A`a lava flows generally consist of light gray to grayish brown basalt with clinker 0 material and occasional dense basalt layers. The material forms a rough and broken ground surface with high relief consisting of mounds or piles of very spiny plates and blocks of rock piled in tumbled heaps. Lava tubes and void spaces may occur within the 0 interior of `a`a flows, although less commonly than in pahoehoe lava. `A`a rock is generally easier to excavate except where the core of the flow is encountered. The core of the flow often requires greater effort to excavate, including blasting and intensive (� chipping and ripping. Pahoehoe flows generally consist of more fluid lavas of dense �J basalt interbedded with relatively small clinker seams. The rock varies from highly vesicular to massive, and the flows may contain lava tubes, blisters, and other void (� spaces. Voids are commonly encountered in pahoehoe flows during excavation work. u The pahoehoe rock is typically devoid of soil cover except in the forested areas of the eastern project area. DThere is a distinct geomorphological difference between the central and northern parts of the Ke`amuku parcel, which contain deep gulches, and the southern part, where the W-7 corridor is, that lacks these gulches. This roughly corresponds to a geological difference O between older and younger Mauna Kea flows. The far southern portion of the W-7 corridor has a surface in which the lobes of the lava flows that flowed downslope are Ocorridor clearly visible, with almost no erosion or sediment build-up. The Ke`eke`e section of the Ke`amuku consists of rough lava flows as well as cinder cone and east of t Page 3-93 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Holocene surficial deposits. This area is fairly flat, reflecting alluvial Pleistocene and later deposits over old lava flow and ash deposits from cones such as Pu`u Ke`eke`e, which exhibits typical cinder cone topography. 3.12.1.3 Geologic and Volcanic Hazards The Island of Hawaii is geologically the most active of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have been recorded on this island in historic times. Faults, rift zones, lava flows, lava tubes, and vents are present. Historical records of lava flows and seismic events provide some indication of the relative risk in various geographic areas of the island (Heliker 1990). While the entire island is considered a geologic hazard area, degrees of risk have been established in zones across the island. The USGS has classified the island into Lava Hazard Zones 1 through 9, in order of decreasing risk (Figure 3.12.2). The Lava Hazard Zone of highest volcanic risk, Zone 1, includes those areas where more than 25 percent of the land has been covered by lava since 1800. Zone 1 areas are immediately adjacent to the calderas and major rift zones of the active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea. Zone 2 areas represent lava flow inundations of 15 to 25 percent since 1800, and Zone 3 represents inundations of 1 to 15 percent. Zone 2 and 3 generally characterize areas of increasing distance downslope of active volcanoes. The W-7 project corridor crosses geologically older slopes of the dormant volcano Mauna Kea, within the relatively low risk Lava Hazard Zone 8. The western portion of W-7 is directly adjacent to Mauna Loa flows and is thus also directly adjacent to Lava Hazard Zone 3. Lava tubes are characteristic of relatively young pahoehoe lava flows and are important landforms on young volcanoes such as Mauna Loa. The W-7 corridor is mainly on ash - covered `a`a flows from Mauna Kea, and no significant lava tube caves (or any other types of caves) have been observed during field surveys. According to the USGS. (see letter in Appendix A2), maximum shaking in the project area has a 10 percent chance of exceeding accelerations of 0.4g within 50 years (Klein et al 2001; http:/pubs.ugs.gov.impa/i-274i/). 3.12.1.4 Soils The following general information on soils is based on a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii (USDA 1973). KZD - Kilohana Loamy Fine Sand, 12 to 20 Percent Slopes. The Kilohana series consists of somewhat excessively drained loamy fine sands that formed in volcanic ash, sand, and cinders. These soils are moderately steep, and are found on uplands at elevations ranging from 5,000 to 6,500 feet. They receive from 20 to 40 inches of rainfall annually and their soil temperature is between 50° and 53° F. The Kilohana loamy fine sand type is used for pasture, wildlife habitat, and recreation areas. There are cemented layers of sand in the lower part of the profile in some places. The soil is alkaline. Permeability is rapid, runoff is slow, and erosion hazard is slight. Page 3-94 1 1 t 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement PVD - Puu Pa Extremely Stony Very Fine Sandy Loam, 6 to 20 Percent Slopes. The Puu Pa series consists of well -drained stony very fine sandy loams that formed in volcanic ash. These soils are gently sloping to extremely steep, and most areas are extremely stony. They are on uplands at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 2,500 feet and receive from 20 to 35 inches of rainfall annually. Their mean annual soil temperature is between 69° and 71° F. The Puu Pa extremely stony very fine sand loam type is moderately deep to fragmental `a`a lava. The soil is moderately acid to slightly acid in the surface layer and neutral in the subsoil. The surface layer is silt loam in places. Permeability is moderately rapid, runoff is medium, and erosion hazard is moderate. rKED - Kaimu Extremely Stony Peat, 7 to 25 Percent Slopes. The Kaimu series consists of well -drained, thin organic soils over `a`a lava. These are gently sloping to moderately steep soils on uplands at elevations ranging from near sea level to over 1,000 feet. They receive from 40 to 60 inches of rainfall annually, and their mean annual soil temperature is between 72° and 74° F. The Kaimu extremely stony peat type is shallow to fragmental `a`a lava, but deep to underling bedrock. It occurs on moderately sloping to moderately steep uplands. The soil is neutral in reaction. Permeability is rapid, runoff is slow, and erosion hazard is slight. rVS - Very Stony Land. This unit consists of `a`a lava that has a thin covering of volcanic ash that locally extends deep into cracks and depressions. From 50 to 90 percent of the surface area is covered with stones and boulders. `A`a lava outcrops are common. The slope is between 10 and 15 percent. Between the lava outcrops and in the cracks of the lava, the soil material extends to a depth of 3 to 6 inches. Erosion hazard is slight. WLC - Waikaloa Very Fine Sandy Loam, 6 to 12 Percent Slopes. The Waikaloa series consists of well -drained very fine sandy loams that formed in volcanic ash. These soils are gently sloping to moderately sloping and found on uplands at elevations ranging from 1,500.to 4,500 feet, where precipitation is 20 to 30 inches annually. Their mean annual soil temperature is between 610 and 64° F. The Waikoloa very fine sand loam type occurs on moderately sloping uplands. The surface layer is neutral, and the subsoil is mildly alkaline. Permeability is moderate, runoff is medium, and erosion hazard is moderate. 3.12.2 Environmental Consequences The proposed project would have no impact on weather or climate along the W-7 corridor or within the region. Other than the issue of dust, discussed above in Section 3.7 in the context of air quality, the only climatic condition that requires special consideration is fog. The proposed realignment will lead to greater traffic levels and more driving in foggy conditions (although the cross -island alternative, SR 19, also experiences frequent fog between Honoka`a and Waimea). However, the project would also eliminate the sharp curves that make driving in the fog here such a special hazard, and would realign the road away from the "Seven Steps" area near the Kilohana Girl Scout Camp, thus Page 3-95 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement reducing the elevation of summit of the western part of the Saddle Road by about 200 feet, which will reduce the incidence of fog. Geologic hazards within the W-7 corridor include some steep slopes with a modest potential for instability and minor landslides. Based on the site reconnaissance and literature research conducted for the project, no significant geologic hazards were observed or identified along the proposed segments. Due to the presence of volcanic and seismic hazards in various locations along Saddle Road, the improved Saddle Road could be directly damaged in the future by lava flows and earthquake activity, temporarily resulting in road closures to repair damage or rebuild affected sections. This risk exists with or without implementation of the.proposed action, since Saddle Road is an existing transportation corridor through this region. However, because Section I is not highly subject to lava hazard, additional costs would likely be no greater than if W-7 were not constructed. The volcanic ash soils, when wetted, have relatively low strength characteristics and are highly susceptible to erosion in a dry state. If in-situ moisture contents are high enough, these soils become fluid and lose strength temporarily when remolded or disturbed (thixotropic soils). PVD and WLC soils present a moderate erosion hazard, and KTB soil presents a moderate to severe soil -blowing hazard. During construction activities, grubbing and earthwork would expose the soil and increase erosion potential. Soil erosion impacts would be localized and short-term, related to precipitation events during the construction phase. Construction of the road would involve paving the road surface and shoulders. No notable, long-term increase in soil erosion is anticipated with implementation of the action alternatives. Although the ash -covered `a`a that makes up most of the W-7 corridor generally does not support extensive lava tubes or lava tube caves, they are potentially present. No caves were observed during the extensive fieldwork by botanists, ornithologists, engineers, surveyors, and others. However, most lava tubes have no entrance or may have an entrance far from the survey area; accordingly, they cannot be surveyed before construction begins. Accidentally breaking through the roof of hidden caves would be hazardous to workers and detrimental to the cave and its resources. Breaks into caves would change the airflow patterns in the cave, usually making them less suitable for cave animals. Clearing vegetation for staging areas and other uses related to the road construction would reduce the amount and quality of food entering the cave ecosystem, especially in those areas of the W-7 corridor where native vegetation is present. Many Hawaiian cave animals are dependent on native plant species on the surface above their cave habitats. Changing water flow patterns and infiltration rates may desiccate some caves or flood others. Chemical spills and runoff may enter caves and have devastating effects on the fauna. The road may seal caves making them no longer available for study or enjoyment. Page 3-96 t 1 t 1 1 t 1 t 1 1 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement W-7 versus W-3 There are no substantial differences between the climate, soils or geologic hazard between W-3 and W-7. The W-7 alignment is slightly closer to areas of higher lava flow hazard. 3.12.3 Mitigation Measures • Prior to construction, a final review will be conducted to determine the probability of caves or lava tubes in the construction corridor. Should significant caves be present, final design and/or construction techniques will be developed to avoid or minimize impacts. • If a significant cave or lava tube is inadvertently encountered during construction, all construction activity will cease immediately at the location in question and the Project Engineer will be notified. Consultation will be conducted with appropriate resource or regulatory personnel to ensure that unique biological, cultural, or geological resources associated with these features are investigated and documented, and, if warranted, protected. • Construction specifications would be incorporated to minimize potential hazards of caves to construction workers. • During the rainy season, following completion of construction, slopes and denuded areas will be allowed to revegetate with natural seed sources, such as kikuyu grass and `a `ali `i, to minimize soil erosion. • FHWA will coordinate with HDOT regarding fog warning signs or systems during final design. 3.13 BOTANICAL RESOURCES A survey of the 500 -foot wide W-7 corridor was done in 2008 and 2009 by a team of professional botanists. The purposes of the study were to provide a baseline description of the plants and vegetation of the corridor and to locate and identify endangered plant species (if any), other rare species, and other valuable botanical resources within the corridor. The survey report is contained in full in Appendix C and is summarized below. The initial botanical survey of the entire alignment was conducted on four days in September 2008. The botanical surveys consisted of a 100 percent visual, walking survey. This means that the botanists walked along the entire alignment in an orderly manner that ensured visual observation of all parts of the study corridor. Surveys were conducted with three or four team members evenly spaced within one-half the width of the study corridor. The team then covered the rest of the corridor by reversing direction and spacing themselves between the centerline and the other outer limit. An additional survey was conducted on May 9, 2009. This survey was concentrated in one particular zone of the corridor and timed to follow the seasonal winter and spring rains to increase the probability that if any rare plants were present they would be actively growing and more readily found. Page 3-97 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.13.1 Affected Environment 3.13.1.1 Flora and Vegetation Types A total of 91 species of vascular plants was recorded within the study corridor during the field survey (see Appendix C for full list). Of these, 15 are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and 15 are indigenous, meaning they are native to Hawaii but occur naturally in other places as well. Sixty-one species are introduced, meaning they were brought to Hawaii by people. The introduced species include one of Polynesian origin. Only two of the endemic species, `aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense) and hard -stemmed lovegrass (Eragrostis atropioides), are common or dominant anywhere in the corridor. These two are dominant only between Ke`amuku and the existing Saddle Road. Seven of the 15 endemic species were recorded as uncommon within the corridor, meaning only one or very few individuals were observed. These findings show that endemic plants have been nearly extirpated from Ke`amuku during years of cattle -grazing. No plants listed as endangered or threatened by the State of Hawaii or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were found during surveys within the W-7 corridor. (NOTE: Section 3.18 of this SEIS deals specifically with the subject of direct and indirect impacts to threatened and endangered biological species.) A small population of a plant that appears to be Chamaesyce olowaluana was found in the corridor at 3,600 feet above sea level. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service unofficially named this as a "species of concern," meaning that it is somewhat rare and its numbers may be declining. The population consisted of four small individuals that have been grazed and one large, near -dead specimen. The large individual was six feet high and approximately five inches in diameter at the base, with only a few living leaves present. The poor condition of these plants precludes positive identification; the plants could also possibly be C. multiformis, a native species that is somewhat more common and not a species of concern. In any case, many individuals of C. olowaluana are present in other areas of PTA. 3.13.1.2 Vegetation Types Nearly all of the Ke`amuku parcel has been used for cattle production for many years. Thus, the vegetation of most of the area is pasture, made up of introduced grasses with varying numbers of scattered native shrubs, many introduced forbs (weeds) and a few introduced shrubs and trees. The general appearance is of rolling grasslands on the rugged slope of Mauna Kea with some extensive stands of the indigenous shrub `a `ali `i (Dodonaea viscosa). From Mamalahoa Highway up to about 4,600 feet above sea level, fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) is the single dominant pasture grass. Above this elevation, kikuyu grass (P. clandestinum) becomes the dominant pasture species. Page 3-98 1 t 1 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Seven different vegetation zones were recognized (Table 3.13.1), which are similar to vegetation zones previously reported by Arnett (2002). The zones generally correspond primarily to differences in human land -use patterns and secondarily to differences in the substrate. Four of the five zones within Ke`amuku (Fountain Grass with `A `ali `i, Native Shrubs Amidst Fountain Grass, Rangeland and `A `ali `i, and Moderate to Dense `A `ali `i) differ mainly in the balance between the two introduced pasture grasses (fountain grass and kikuyu grass) and the abundance of native shrubs. In general, native shrubs are more numerous and diverse where grazing has been less intense. Often, these areas are those with very rocky surface and rugged terrain that may impede access by cattle. The fifth vegetation zone within Ke`amuku is the Ke`amuku Lava Flow, a young, near -barren 'aa flow. Table 3.13.1 Ve etation Zones Alon W-7 Corridor `A `ali `i, an indigenous shrub, is common in much of the study area and is a dominant species in several vegetation zones in Ke`amuku. It is probable that this abundance is actually in response to disturbance of the natural vegetation by human actions and does not represent the foundation of a healthy native plant community. `A `ali `i is tolerant of the wildfires that are frequent in this environment and it is relatively unpalatable to cattle. Overgrazing may increase the abundance of this native shrub. In contrast, nearly all other native plants in this region decline in response to wildfire and cattle grazing. The two vegetation zones outside of the Ke`amuku parcel in the Ke`eke`e area near O Saddle Road (Eragrostis Grassland and `Aheahea Shrubland) are somewhat different, having a native grass and native shrubs among the dominant plants. Even here, however, introduced plant species outnumber the natives. U Page 3-99 Extent Acreage Elevation % % Native Community Location (linear feet) (feet above Native Importance sea level) Species Index Fountain Grass Ke`amuku 0-27,400 4.8 2,600-4,200 34 22 with A `ali'i (27,400) Ke`amuku Flow Ke`amuku ' 27,400-28,700 100.8 4,200-4,300 70 62 (1,300) Native Shrubs Ke`amuku 28,700— 34,600 21.7 4,300-4,600 28 25 Amidst (5,900) Fountain Grass Rangeland and Ke`amuku 34,600-44,700 37.2 4,600-5,100 39 26 A `ali `i (10,100) Moderate to Ke`amuku 44,700— 46,800 7.2 5,100-5,200 37 30 Dense A'ali'i (2,100) Eragrostis Ke`eke`e 46,800 — 51,000 15.5 5,200-5,600 37 38 Grassland (4,200) 'Aheahea Ke`eke`e 51,000— 54,400 12.1 5,600-5,800 21 27 Shrubland (3,300) `A `ali `i, an indigenous shrub, is common in much of the study area and is a dominant species in several vegetation zones in Ke`amuku. It is probable that this abundance is actually in response to disturbance of the natural vegetation by human actions and does not represent the foundation of a healthy native plant community. `A `ali `i is tolerant of the wildfires that are frequent in this environment and it is relatively unpalatable to cattle. Overgrazing may increase the abundance of this native shrub. In contrast, nearly all other native plants in this region decline in response to wildfire and cattle grazing. The two vegetation zones outside of the Ke`amuku parcel in the Ke`eke`e area near O Saddle Road (Eragrostis Grassland and `Aheahea Shrubland) are somewhat different, having a native grass and native shrubs among the dominant plants. Even here, however, introduced plant species outnumber the natives. U Page 3-99 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.13.1.2 Detailed Vegetation Description Along W-7 Corridor The following describes vegetation by elevational zones. 2,600-4,200 Ft. Elevation: Fountain Grass with `A `ali `i and Sparse Native Shrubs. This grassland with a small and inconspicuous component of shrubs and small trees prevails over the lower half of the proposed alignment, extending from the origin at Mamalahoa Highway for 27,400 linear feet. At the time of the survey it was being used for cattle pasture and had been for many decades. The vegetation is introduced grasses and forbs, with widely scattered native shrubs and a few introduced shrubs and trees. The substrate is very stony land partially covered by shallow, fine textured soil. At lower elevations, this covering soil is a fine sandy, mineral soil (Puu Pa soil series) but at higher elevation it is derived mostly from organic matter (Kaimu soil series) (U.S. Department of Agricultural 1973). The most common shrubs are the indigenous `a `ali `i and, somewhat less common, `ilima (Sida fallax). `A `ali `i is variable in cover, ranging from widely scattered to approaching 50 percent cover in a few places at higher elevation in this zone. Other native shrubs or trees include pukiawe (Leptecophylla tameiameiae), naio (Myoporum sandwicense), `ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia) , and na `ena `e (Dubautia cilliolata), all of which are very widely scattered. One individual, or one small population, was found of `akia (Wikstroemia pulcherrima) and `akoko (Chamaesyce olowaluana or multiformis), both endemic large shrubs. The conspicuous introduced European olive (Olea europaea) is common in the middle reaches of this zone. Introduced haole koa (Leucaena leucocephala), although less visible, is frequent at least in some areas, as is indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa), a much smaller shrub. Nineteen of the 56 plant species (34 percent) recorded in this zone are native species; the rest are introduced, including one of Polynesian introduction. However, the "index of importance," calculated using the estimated frequency values, is only 22 percent for native species (Table 3.13.1). This indicates that the 19 native species have disproportionately low cover and play a minor role in the vegetation ecology of this zone. 4,200-4,300 Ft. Elevation: Ke `amuku Lava Flow. A 1,300 -foot section of the centerline of the corridor traverses the sparsely vegetated Ke`amuku Lava Flow. Somewhat more of the southern edge of the corridor is also on this flow. This is the only part of the corridor that is situated on lava from Mauna Loa. The Ke`amuku Flow is very rugged 'aa lava dated to between 200 and 750 years before the present time (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The Ke`amuku Flow is very visible because the brown and nearly barren lava contrasts with the surrounding pastures and grasslands. Page 3-100 I 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 L Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The most conspicuous plant species on the Ke`amuku Flow is `ohi `a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha); however, only one individual of this native tree actually falls within the corridor. Other native trees and shrubs include naio and pukiawe, both of which are common. Many of the introduced plants that are dominant in the surroundings, especially fountain grass, fireweed (Senecio madagascarensis) and barbwire grass, are also found on the Ke`amuku Flow, in much lower densities. Seven of the ten plant species (70 percent) within the study corridor on the Ke`amuku Flow are native species. This is the highest percentage of native species of all the vegetation zones along the proposed alignment. Similarly, the index of importance for native species is the highest here, at 62 percent (Table 3.13.1). These high values for native plants point out that this young lava flow is not easily invaded by introduced plants and the native plants may be more tolerant of the harsh conditions of the barren lava. 4,300-4,600 Ft. Elevation: Native Shrubs Amidst Fountain Grass. The vegetation of this zone differs from the fountain grass pastures below the Ke`amuku Flow in that the native shrubs and trees are more dominant and conspicuous here. In places, the `a `ali `i forms about 50 percent cover and is up to five feet high. The other native shrubs, especially `ilima, pukiawe, and na `ena `e, are much more common than at lower elevations. In certain locations, especially silt -laden swales, the ground cover of fountain grass is replaced by kikuyu grass, fireweed, black medick, and scarlet sage (Salvia coccinea), all introduced plants. The surface in this zone is much more rocky and rugged than in the fountain grass grasslands at lower elevation and is mapped in the soil survey as Very Stony Land (Sato et al. 1973). This ruggedness probably accounts for the presence of more species of native plants here. This is the habitat type that supports two endangered native species, Haplostachys haplostachya and Stenogyne angustifolia, located as close as 500 feet south of the proposed alignment. About 5,900 feet of the W-7 corridor is within this vegetation type. I O Although native shrubs are an important component of the vegetation in this zone, there are many introduced plants, including fountain grass, kikuyu grass and fireweed, that rank among the dominants. Thirteen of the 46 plant species (28 percent) in this D zone are native. The index of importance of native species is even lower, at 25 percent. o Thirteen of the 29 plant species (45 percent) found in this vegetation zone are native. The index of importance of native species is somewhat lower at 33 percent (Table 3.13.1). The difference between these two indices reflects the findings that even O though there are many native species, more introduced plants are among the dominants. 1 0 Page 3-101 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 4,600-5, 100 Ft. Elevation: Rangeland and `A `ali `i. An extent of 10,100 linear feet of the corridor passes through this heavily degraded rangeland. This zone has the potential for good pasture because the soil here, mapped as Kilohana Loamy Fine Sand (Sato et al. 1973), is much less stony than at lower elevations along the corridor. This zone includes two subtypes with very different appearances: heavily grazed kikuyu grass pasture and dense stands of `a `ali `i that are four to five feet high and difficult to pass through. These two subtypes are included together because both appear to be the product of heavy cattle grazing over a period of time. `A `ali `i is one of the few native plant species that is relatively tolerant of both cattle grazing and fire. In this zone, the grass is currently cropped very short and appears overgrazed. Even in the grassy areas, shrubs of `a `ali `i are present, indicating that it is at least as tolerant of heavy grazing and the fires that occur in this zone as the introduced grasses. In fact, it appears that the dense stands of `a `ali `i are the product of years of overgrazing and probably frequent fire. These extensive areas are no longer of any value for grazing. If intensive grazing continues in the grassy areas, they may be converted to dense `a `ali `i stands. In these areas, the indigenous `a `ali `i behaves as a successional species and this vegetation type should not be considered a remnant of the original vegetation. Seven of the 18 (39 percent) plant species found in this zone are native. However, only one of these, `a `ali `i, has a high importance value. The trend noted above of native plant species having disproportionately low cover, and therefore importance values, is strongest in this vegetation zone, resulting in an index of importance for native plants of just 26 percent (Table 3.13.1). 5,100-5,200 Ft. Elevation: Moderate to Dense `A `ali `i. At this elevation, the vegetation is somewhat less degraded in that a few other species of native trees and shrubs are sparsely represented. These native plants include mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), ilima (Sida fallax), naio and a single specimen of pilo (Coprosma montana). These appear to be remnants of the original vegetation rather than reinvasion following degradation, as in the previous vegetation type. `A `ali `i is the dominant species in much of this zone, which also includes extensive areas of heavily gazed kikuyu grass with many introduced weeds, including fireweed, black mustard (Brassica nigra), stinkweed (Tagetes minuta) and crown -beard (Verbesina encelioides). Thirty-seven percent of the plant species recorded are native species; the index of importance for native species is somewhat lower at 30 percent (Table 3.13.1). An extent of 2,100 linear feet of the W-7 corridor passes through this vegetation type. The underlying soil is mapped as Kilohana Loamy Fine Sand (Sato et al. 1973). Page 3-102 t n Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement In this zone, 37 percent of the 38 species recorded are native, and the index of 5,200-5,600 Ft. Elevation: Eragrostis Grassland. At 46,800 linear feet from the 0 origin on Mamalahoa Highway, the W-7 alignment crosses Ke `eke `e Road and leaves the Ke`amuku parcel. This zone east of Ke `eke `e Road has not been grazed, at least in OPuu recent years. Here, the dominant grass is the endemic hard -stemmed lovegrass 0 (Eragrostis atropioides) which forms a near-complete cover in most areas. The terrain 5,600-5,800 Ft. Elevation: Aheahea Shrublands. At the top of this zone, the corridor is very rugged in the lower half of this zone and native shrubs are common, as are rejoins the existing Saddle Road and is superimposed over it for an extent of 3,300 some introduced weedy species. `A `ali `i is common and mamane, naio, and `ilima are linear feet before terminating. This zone has an unusual substrate and a unique set of frequent. Kikuyu grass is the most common of the introduced plants, but orchard forces of disturbance that support a unique combination of native and introduced plant grass (Dactylis glomerata), stinkweed and fireweed are also abundant. The upper part species. The surface is mapped as a deposit of alluvial and colluvial sand and gravel of the zone, nearing the existing Saddle Road, is a more level and smoother surface and also more disturbed and degraded by human activities. Here, the native shrubs are 0 less frequent and the weedy introduced species become more prevalent. O Roughly half of this area is heavily dominated by introduced species, including the invasive species fountain grass. The native communities that would be disturbed include shrublands dominated by `a `ali `i and aheahea and Eragrostis grassland. OBiodiversity refers to the value that individual species have because of their rarity, uniqueness or important role in supporting the ecosystem. A community with a unique 0 combination of plant species or which is habitat for valuable animal species also has biodiversity value. For the purposes of this assessment, only native plant species are 0 Page 3-103 In this zone, 37 percent of the 38 species recorded are native, and the index of importance for native species is 38 percent (Table 3.13.1). The soil in this zone is mapped as Keekee Loamy Sand, derived from cinder material erupted from nearby OPuu Ke`eke`e and other nearby cinder cones (Sato et al. 1973). 5,600-5,800 Ft. Elevation: Aheahea Shrublands. At the top of this zone, the corridor rejoins the existing Saddle Road and is superimposed over it for an extent of 3,300 0 linear feet before terminating. This zone has an unusual substrate and a unique set of forces of disturbance that support a unique combination of native and introduced plant species. The surface is mapped as a deposit of alluvial and colluvial sand and gravel 0 deposited by gravity and running water (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The dominant plant is the endemic shrub `aweoweo forming a stand about five feet 0 high. The native hard -stemmed lovegrass is also common. Research shows that both of these endemic species are tolerant of disturbance and resprout after fire (Lamb 1981, Sherry et al. 1999). It is probable that this community does not represent the 0 original indigenous plant community but is itself a product of disturbance. Other than those two hardy native species, the vegetation contains a large collection of introduced grasses and weeds, probably associated with continuing human disturbance near Saddle Road. One of the more conspicuous is Russian thistle (or tumbleweed) (Salsola kali). Between the shrubs and other plants, much of the surface is barren and dusty and there is much evidence of human activity. Twenty-one percent of the 24 0 species present are native and the index of importance for native species is only slightly higher at 27 percent (Table 3.13.1). O Roughly half of this area is heavily dominated by introduced species, including the invasive species fountain grass. The native communities that would be disturbed include shrublands dominated by `a `ali `i and aheahea and Eragrostis grassland. OBiodiversity refers to the value that individual species have because of their rarity, uniqueness or important role in supporting the ecosystem. A community with a unique 0 combination of plant species or which is habitat for valuable animal species also has biodiversity value. For the purposes of this assessment, only native plant species are 0 Page 3-103 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement considered to have biodiversity value. Introduced plants may have economic, soil conservation or scenic values, but they lack biodiversity value because they are abundant elsewhere in the world in their native ranges and their presence in Hawaii often displaces native plants and communities. Vegetation attributes with biodiversity value are: 1) rare or endangered native plants; 2) other native, especially endemic, plant species; 3) plant communities dominated by native plants, especially if the community is a combination of plant species found only in that area; and 4) plant communities, including those dominated by introduced plants, that support native animal species. 3.13.2 Environmental Consequences Direct Impacts No plants listed as endangered or threatened by the State of Hawaii or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were found within the study area. There are also a few individual plants that were in poor condition and thus could not be definitively identified, but which may be specimens of the rare species plant Chamaesyce olowaluana. This species is found in modest numbers further east in PTA, and even if these specimens are C. olowaluana, loss of a few plants in the W-7 corridor would not harm the species. Construction of the project would involve about 250 acres of ROW but less than 200 acres of actual vegetation disturbance. In general, the biodiversity value of the vegetation found in the corridor is low, although it increases with increasing elevation, as native plants become more common and vegetation has more integrity. The plant communities present, however, are not unique or high -diversity native plant communities, and none are restricted to the corridor. They are in fact common in the Saddle region and protected in a number of locations. Construction of this project would not eliminate any species or plant community type from the region. Therefore, it is concluded that the impact on biodiversity is minor. Indirect Impacts Secondary or indirect impacts to vegetation in the broader region beyond the corridor could occur through the spread of alien species, wildfire, and impacts to offsite endangered plant species. Wildfire is discussed in Section 3.9 of the SEIS, and threatened and endangered species are dealt with in Section 3.18. Construction and operation of highway projects have at least some potential to spread various alien species already present on the island to areas in which they are not now present. In some cases, where equipment, supplies or workers are brought in from other islands or the mainland, highway projects can introduce alien species new to the Page 3-104 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Hawaiian Islands. Alien species are partly responsible for the catastrophic decline of the native Hawaiian flora and fauna, and the cumulative impact of ongoing development in all areas of Hawai` i is likely to exacerbate the problem. Construction and operation of Saddle Road on W-7 are unlikely to lead to the severe spread of alien plant species in the region, because the area is already heavily invaded by those alien plants that thrive in the region. Furthermore, the general area is already O subject to land uses such as highways, grazing, military use, and hunting, which contribute in various degrees to the spread of alien species. As the area is a military base, motorists would not generally be stopping along the corridor. However, the general D increase in traffic through the Saddle region would inevitably bring with it more opportunities for transport of alien species seeds, spores, and plant parts. t t 1 0 1 1 t 1 1 r W-7 versus W-3 There are no substantial differences between the botanical communities or flora present along the W-3 corridor and documented in the 1999 FEIS and those determined to be present in the W-7 corridor. 3.13.3 Mitigation Measures • All equipment, material, and support structures will be stored and maintained within the ROW or in designated staging areas that have been approved as being areas where the storing, servicing, and staging of equipment and material will not adversely impact native species. These areas will be clearly demarcated and fenced prior to construction. • All construction activity will be restricted to the clearly delineated ROW. • A Project Engineer or representative will be on site at all times during construction to ensure implementation and compliance with environmental mitigation requirements as stated in the contract documents. • Contractors will be required to participate in an environmental quality control program similar to required safety programs contained in Contract Specifications. • Immediately after construction in this Section I is completed, in conformance with conditions of the NPDES permit, some areas in the margins of the roadway will be covered with stockpiled grubbed material to allow natural regeneration of vegetation. These areas will be irrigated for 30 days. In some areas of the Saddle Road Improvement project, native species such as `a `ali `i have taken hold in cut slopes with soil. • After construction, HDOT will maintain the area to keep the unpaved road edges vegetation -free or closely mowed, which will help reduce the spread of weeds. • The following standard management requirements will be implemented to prevent introduction of noxious weeds: o All heavy equipment will be cleaned prior to entering the project area; o All equipment entering the project area will be covered when loaded; and o All plant material used for erosion control and road maintenance will be certified weed -free. Page 3-105 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Additional mitigation measures pertaining to the reduction of impacts to biological resources are detailed in the sections of this chapter that deal with mitigation related to wildfire (Section 3.9.3) and threatened and endangered species (Section 3.18.3). 3.14 WILDLIFE AND OTHER FAUNAL RESOURCES 3.14.1 Birds A wildlife study including a survey for birds was conducted for the W-7 corridor in August 2009. The primary purpose of this survey was to document which species occur (or are likely to occur given the type of habitat available), provide some baseline data on the relative abundance of the species found, determine the presence of any native or listed threatened or endangered species, and identify and address potential conflicts between the proposed action and listed species. The survey report is contained in full in Appendix D and is summarized below. Note that scholarly references have been mostly removed in this summary; interested readers may consult the appendix. 3.14.1.1 Affected Environment Background Both the isolation of the Hawaiian Islands from continental land masses and their volcanic origin fosters a high degree of adaptive radiation and endemism. The adaptation and specialization displayed by many of Hawai`i's endemic avian species have contributed to their vulnerability in a rapidly changing world. To date, more than 60 percent of Hawai`i's endemic avifauna has become extinct. Within historical times, a total of 69 endemic avian species and sub -species have been described from Hawaii. Of these, 23 have gone extinct. Of the remaining 46, a total of 32 are currently listed as endangered or threatened by the USFWS. Thirteen of these are critically endangered or may in fact have already become extinct. Of the 32 currently listed endangered avian species and sub -species found in Hawaii, 13 are found on the Island ofHawai`i. Migratory waterbirds and shorebirds make up a large part of the winter avian population of Hawai' i. These annual visitors are found throughout the islands from August through May. Eighty-two separate migratory and extralimital waterbird and shorebird species have been documented from the Islands. Most of these species are generally associated with wetland habitat; however, two of them, Pacific Golden -Plover (Pluvialis fulva) and Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), are common winter migrants and are regularly found in open, grassy areas. During the last century more than 160 species of alien birds have been introduced to the Hawaiian Islands. Many of these species were game birds introduced by a combination of private landowners, the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry, and, following Page 3-106 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement statehood, by the State of Hawai'i DLNR Division of Forestry and Wildlife. These birds were introduced in the hope that they would become established and provide a recreational hunting resource which, in turn, would generate Federal funding through the Pittman Robinson Act for the maintenance of game bird hunting. Less than a quarter of O these introductions have been successful. On the Island of Hawaii more than 60 species of game birds have been introduced. Currently, 14 of these alien introductions have survived and are considered to be established on the Island. Little is known of the effect 0 that these species have on Hawai`i's native bird populations. Many of these alien birds out -compete Hawai`i's native species for food, cover, and nesting resources. They have been implicated in the spread of alien plant species, which has had a severely negative 0 effect on native ecosystems in Hawaii. Some of these species are thought to impact Hawai`i's endemic avifauna by spreading disease. 0 Survey Methods and Findings Forty-five avian count stations were sited along the W-7 corridor. Count stations were a placed at approximately 350 -meter intervals equally spaced along the proposed right-of- way. Six -minute point counts were made at each of the 45 count stations. Each station was counted once. Field observations were made with the aid of Leitz 10 X 42 D binoculars and by listening for vocalizations. Counts were concentrated between 6:30 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., the peak of daily bird activity. A total of 749 individual birds of 27 different species, representing 18 separate families, o were recorded during station counts (Table 3.14.1). Avian diversity and densities were low, though in keeping with the habitat present within the project area. No birds were at one of the 45 count stations. Two species, Sky Lark (Alauda arvensis), and House Finch a (Carpodacus mexicanus), accounted for slightly less than 54 percent of the total number of birds recorded during station counts. O Three of the species recorded, Pacific Golden -Plover, Ruddy Tumstone, and Short -eared Owl (Asio flammeus sandwichensis), are native species. The Pacific Golden -Plover and Ruddy Turnstone are indigenous migratory shorebird species that nest in the high Arctic (� during the late spring and summer months, returning to Hawaii and the tropical Pacific �J to spend the fall and winter months each year. They usually leave Hawaii for their trip back to the Arctic in late April or the very early part of May each year, though small O numbers of both of these species over -summer in Hawaii. The Hawaiian endemic sub- species of the Short -eared Owl, or Pueo, is a diurnal bird of prey, regularly seen within the grasslands of North and South Kohala. The remaining 24 avian. species detected are Oall considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands. aPage 3-107 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.14.1 Avian Snecies Detected on Saddle Road W-7 Corridor Common Name Scientific Name ST RA GALLIFORMES PHASIANIDAE - Pheasants & Partridges Phasianinae - Pheasants & Allies Gray Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus A 0.31 Black Francolin Francolinus,francolinits A 0.51 Erckel's Francolin Francolinus erckelii A 1.20 Japanese Quail Coturnix 'a onica A 0.11 Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus A 0.20 Melea ridinae - Turkeys Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo A 0.42 ODONTOPHORIDAE - New World Quail California Quail Calli e la calf ornica A 0.22 CHARADRIIFORMES CHARADRIIDAE - Lapwings & Plovers Charadriinae - Plovers Pacific Golden -Plover Pluvialis,fiilva IM 0.11 SCOLOPACIDAE - Sandpipers, Phalaropes & Allies Scolo acinae - Sandpipers & Allies Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria inter res IM 0.24 PTEROCLIDIDAE - Sand rouse Chestnut -bellied Sand rouse Pterocles exustus A 0.31 COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE - Pigeons & Doves Rock Pigeon Columba livia A 0.71 Spotted Dove Stre to elia chmensis A 0.11 Zebra Dove Geo elia striata A 0.38 STRIGIFORMES TYTONIDAE - Barn Owls Barn Owl T to alba A 0.04 Common Name Scientific Name ST RA STRIGIDAE - Typical Owls Short -eared Owl Asio ammeus sandwichensis ES 0.09 PASSERIFORMES ALAUDIDAE - Larks Sky Lark Alauda arvensis A 6.58 ZOSTEROPIDAE - White -Eyes Japanese White -eye Zostero s 'a onicus A 0.16 Page 3-108 II, LII 1 1 1 1 r Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Notes: ST = Status; A = Alien Species; IM = Indigenous Migratory Species; ES = Endemic Sub -species; RA = Relative Abundance — number of individual birds detected divided by the number of stations (45) No- species currently listed, or proposed for listing under either Federal or State of Hawai` i endangered species programs, were detected during the course of this survey. 3.1-4.1.2 Environmental Consequences O Table 3.14.1, continued corridor indicates that it is unlikely that any negative impacts on native bird species MIMIDAE -Mockingbirds & Thrushes and endangered bird species that were not detected but could potentially approach or Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglotios A 0.18 STURNIDAE - Starlings There are no substantial differences between the bird fauna present along the W-3 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis A 0.29 EMBERIZIDAE - Emberizids Mitigation measures pertaining to the reduction of impacts to threatened and endangered Saffron Finch Sicalis aveola A 0.27 CARDINALIDAE - Cardinals Saltators & Allies Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis A 0.20 FRINGILLIDAE - Fringilline And Cardueline Finches & Allies Carduelinae - Carduline Finches House Finch Car odacus mexicanus A 2.36 Yellow -fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus A 0.27 PASSERIDAE - Old World Sparrows House Sparrow Passer domesticus A 0.04 ESTRILDIDAE - Estrildid Finches Estrildinae - Estrildine Finches Red Avadavat Amandava amandava A 0.16 African Silverbill Lonchura cantans A 0.87 Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata A 0.31 Notes: ST = Status; A = Alien Species; IM = Indigenous Migratory Species; ES = Endemic Sub -species; RA = Relative Abundance — number of individual birds detected divided by the number of stations (45) No- species currently listed, or proposed for listing under either Federal or State of Hawai` i endangered species programs, were detected during the course of this survey. 3.1-4.1.2 Environmental Consequences O The relatively poor habitat and relative lack of native bird species within the W-7 corridor indicates that it is unlikely that any negative impacts on native bird species would result from the construction and operation of the roadway. Impacts to threatened and endangered bird species that were not detected but could potentially approach or overfly the corridor are contained in Section 3.18. Use of the W-7 alignment would not affect the ability of birds to spread the seeds of introduced plant species. There are no substantial differences between the bird fauna present along the W-3 corridor and documented in the 1999 FEIS and those determined to be present in the W-7 0 corridor. 3.14.1.3 Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures pertaining to the reduction of impacts to threatened and endangered birds that were not detected but could potentially approach or overfly the corridor are a contained in Section 3.18. t Page 3-109 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.14.2 Mammals A wildlife study including a survey for mammals was conducted for the W-7 corridor in August 2009. Because Hawaii has only one endemic terrestrial mammal, the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), the primary purpose of this survey was to determine the extent to which the species inhabits the project area. The survey of feral mammals was limited to visual and auditory detection, as well as observation of scat, tracks, and. road kills. No trapping study was conducted to determine their relative abundance. The survey report is contained in full in Appendix D and is summarized below. Note that scholarly references have been mostly removed in this summary; interested readers may consult the appendix. 3.14.2.1 Affected Environment A total of nine mammalian species were detected during the course of this survey. Several European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were seen at various locations within the site. Small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus) were seen at several locations, predominantly on the western third of the alignment. Several horses (Equus c. caballus) were seen within the Ke`amuku parcel. Pigs (Sus s. scrofa), domestic cattle (Bos taurus), feral goats (Capra h. hirca), and feral sheep (Ovis aries) were seen in numbers along the whole length of the Ke`amuku parcel. Additionally, tracks, scat and sign of dog (Canis f. familiaris), small Indian mongoose, cat (Felis c. catus), horse, pig, cattle, goat and sheep were encountered throughout the Ke`amuku parcel. Of particular note were the numerous very large herd of goats seen in the mid -to -upper elevation areas of the W-7 corridor; over 400 animals were seen each day. All of these mammalian species were introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by man. This process started when the first aboriginal settlers landed in the Islands some 1,500 years ago, bringing with them pigs, dogs, chickens, and Polynesian rats, along with non-native plants and insects of many kinds. Many of Hawai`i's endemic birds, especially the flightless and ground -nesting ones, were easy prey for the introduced dogs and hungry humans. Both the aboriginal people and their pigs proceeded to markedly alter the . endemic ecosystems. Humans cleared and burned the lowlands for agricultural purposes and the pigs moved into the wet forests, where they found abundant food in the myriad of endemic understory plants. The European arrival in the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1700s heralded another wave of introductions that included European rabbits, roof rats, Norway rats, European house mice, small Indian mongooses, cats, horses, cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep, as well as countless insect and plant species. Although not detected in the survey, it is likely that Hawaiian hoary bats overfly portions of the alignment on a seasonal basis. They may also forage for flying insects over portions of the project area on a seasonal basis, though the dry habitat lacking dense vegetation provides few food resources for bats. Page 3-110 a3.14.3.1 Affected Environment In general, all alternative alignment corridors studied as part of the 1999 FEIS in Section a I, where the W-7 corridor is located, had low diversity of native invertebrates and no rare, threatened or endangered species (Table 3.14.2). OSnails Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Section I harbored low diversity of land snails and slugs, except at its eastern end in 3.14.2.2 Environmental Consequences Ke`eke`e, where the study corridors for all alternative alignments overlapped that of W-7. o A relatively diverse assemblage of snails was found around rocky outcrops, including No adverse impacts to the introduced mammals detected in the survey are anticipated. Leptachatina sp. In Ke`amuku, which has more degraded habitats, only the two most Currently there is no suitable Hawaiian hoary bat roosting habitat along the entire length j of the project corridor, so it is unlikely that the clearing, grubbing construction and �J operation of a roadway through the area would result in deleterious impacts to this listed species. There are no anticipated effects on the introduction or spread of alien mammals. (1 There are no substantial differences between the mammalian fauna present along the W-3 LJ corridor and documented in the 1999 FEIS and those determined to be present in the W-7 corridor. 3.14.2.3 Mitigation Measures No mitigation is proposed for impacts to mammals. 3.14.3 Invertebrates Surveys for invertebrates were conducted as part of the 1999 Final EIS in August, September, and October 1996 (Hawai'i Biological Survey 1996). The surveys involved spot sampling of the fauna along the length of the existing Saddle Road and along the alternative new alignments. A total of 80 sites were investigated, 57 for land snails and slugs and 73 for insects and other arthropods. These sites were located in all sections of Orelated the corridor and on all alternative segments. Over 3,000 specimens of snails, insects, and arthropods were collected. In addition, previous work in the area was reviewed through literature and collections of Bishop Museum. The 1999 FEIS also involved a survey of cave habitats to investigate subsurface geological features that extend into the project area. Many rare and sensitive species are obligate cave species and restricted to IJ �J deep zone habitats. Deep zone habitats are moist still -air passages beyond direct environmental effects of climatic events on the surface. It is noteworthy that no caves (�l were detected in or near the W-7 corridor; archaeologists have found only one significant cave in Ke`amuku (Robins et al 2007). a3.14.3.1 Affected Environment In general, all alternative alignment corridors studied as part of the 1999 FEIS in Section a I, where the W-7 corridor is located, had low diversity of native invertebrates and no rare, threatened or endangered species (Table 3.14.2). OSnails and Slugs Section I harbored low diversity of land snails and slugs, except at its eastern end in Ke`eke`e, where the study corridors for all alternative alignments overlapped that of W-7. o A relatively diverse assemblage of snails was found around rocky outcrops, including Leptachatina sp. In Ke`amuku, which has more degraded habitats, only the two most n IU' common snails were found. No tree snails were seen. In general, the heavily grazed this extremely snail habitat. areas along segment are poor U Page 3-111 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.14.2 Invertebrate Native Species Recorded in Section I Snail and Slugs Succinea konaensis ?Striatura sp.* "tornatellinid" A "tornatellinid" B "tornatellinid" C Le tachatina sp. A Rare Native Insect Coleotichus blackburniae and Related Trupanea sp. 1 Arthropods Table Key: * Unclear Status or Origin; ' Rare. Insects and Related Arthropods Over 3,000 specimens of insects and related arthropods were collected during the 1996 survey of the entire Saddle Road. These comprised 215 species in 88 families and 14 orders. Due to the large number of insects and related arthropods collected and identified, the discussion in this SEIS and the list in Table 3.14.2 is limited to rare native species within Section I. While these species are not afforded legal protection under the Endangered Species Act, the list reflects endemic arthropods of note. Two somewhat rare insects were detected. The koa bug, Coleotichus blackburniae, was collected at several sites, in association with `a `ali `i shrubs. An undetermined species of the flower -head breeding fly Trupanea was collected at other sites. 3.14.3.2 Environmental Consequences For Saddle Road in general, invertebrate specialists determined that direct impacts of construction, especially on sedentary species including snails and non-volant insects, are likely. Populations of individual species may be highly localized. Road construction would impact the habitat and the animals associated with it. However, the habitat types of particular value for invertebrates are caves, lava tubes, kipuka, and mamane/naio forest, none of which is contained within Section I. Section I does not harbor many sensitive insect species and there are few concerns. Populations of two relatively common snails, Succinea konaensis and a specimen tentatively identified within the genus Striatura, might be impacted by construction, but they are widely distributed, so these impacts would not be notable. These species were found in highly localized rocky outcrops. However, it is expected that rock outcrops in similar locations outside the corridor would likely contain similar populations. Road construction in the W-7 route alignment could generate a corridor along which introduced species, both plant and animal, might be able more readily to gain access to native habitat. Numerous species of alien wasps and alien ants (including Argentine ants) exist along portions of the existing Saddle Road. However, the most valuable such habitat currently lies within a disturbed setting adjacent near Pu`u Ke`eke`e, crossed by Saddle Road and various Army roads, and thus already subject to invasion. Page 3-112 OSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement OThere W-7 versus W-3 are no substantial differences between the invertebrate fauna present along the W-3 corridor and documented in the 1999 FEIS and those determined to be present in the W-7 Ocorridor. Conservation Service (SCS) method was used instead (Table 3.15.1). Tributary 1 is the 3.14.3.3 Mitigation Measures OMitigation second (cfs). The other three tributaries are significantly smaller in drainage area with O measures in the 1999 Final EIS included avoidance or reduction of impacts to sensitive environments including kipuka and significant caves, measures which have been D implemented during construction of the project. No such resources are present in Section I, and no further mitigation measures for invertebrates are recommended. 0 3.15 FLOODPLAINS AND DRAINAGE' The following information on floodplains is based on a preliminary hydrologic research O of the W-7 corridor performed by the project engineers. This work reviewed and assessed aerial photographs and mapping to determine floodplains, flow patterns, major drainages, and potential hydraulic concerns. The work determined preliminary hydrology and hydraulics computations (50 -year storm) for all drainages with watersheds larger 0 than 25 acres. It defined storm frequency, delineated and measured major drainage areas, calculated discharges, proposed tentative structure types/sizes, and identified other 0 notable drainage requirements. 3.15.1 Affected Environment O The W-7 alignment traverses an uninhabited and undeveloped area formerly used for pasture and planned for military training. Because of this, the area has not been studied for floodplain determination by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), j 1 the County, or the State, and is within Zone X, outside of the designated 500 -year LJ floodplain. (� The W-7 corridor crosses several ephemeral drainages (Figure 3.15.1). The peak U discharges for all major ephemeral drainages along the study corridor were initially calculated using the regression equations for the 50- and 100 -year storms (FEMA n.d.). However, during the design phases, these flows were found to be too high and the Soil 0 Conservation Service (SCS) method was used instead (Table 3.15.1). Tributary 1 is the largest of four tributaries, with 796 acres and a 100 -year flow of 223 cubic feet per second (cfs). The other three tributaries are significantly smaller in drainage area with O lower flows. All other sections of W-7 would likely need only relief culverts spaced at intervals to be determined during the design phase. 1 0 Page 3-113 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 3.15.1 Drainage Flows Tributary Number 50 Year Flow cfs) Possible Culvert for 50 -year Flow 100 -year Flow(cfs) Possible Culvert for 100- ear Flow 1 135 60" dia. Plastic Pie 223 2-6'x4' Concrete Box 2 7 24" dia. Plastic Pie 13 24" dia. Plastic Pipe 3 6 24" dia. Plastic Pie 11 24" dia. Plastic Pipe 4 1 32 36" dia. Plastic Pie 56 2-36" dia. Plastic Pipes As discussed in Section 3. 10, all drainages are unnamed and undepicted on USGS maps. Rather than intermittent streams, these drainage features are essentially the V-shaped contacts between hummocky lava flows. Almost all rainwater immediately sinks into the recent lava flows, but where ash has mantled the lava flows, a soil forms that is a little less permeable and some runoff occurs in heavy rains. This naturally gets funneled into these Vs, slightly eroding the soil and ash over time, and in places exposing the bedrock that lies one to four feet beneath the surface. Where the Vs are naturally steep, the erosion is more intense, and where the Vs are gentle, deposition occurs rather than erosion, and the V tends to fill in. At some point along the contact the V tends to flatten out and disappear, and finally no channel at all is evident, as this runoff simply spreads and percolates. Typically, in between the sets of hummocky lava flows are plains or basins with minor quantities of alluvium, colluvium and aeolian deposits. The basins generally have no real outlet channel. In contrast, it should be noted that the drainages on the existing Saddle Road as it traverses Waiki`i originate on the steep slopes of Mauna Kea and cross the existing Saddle Road at a number of bridges, culverts, and dips in the road. These drainages form typical networks in which the main branch may incise deeply and extend many miles downslope. Although they are normally dry, they fill up rapidly during periods of high rainfall which sometimes result in flash floods. Continuing use of the existing Saddle Road exposes motorists to periodic drainage hazards, and widening of the existing route would entail numerous bridges and culverts. The expense and hazards associated with these drainages figured into the rationale for rejecting the No Action Alternative and the EX -1 Alternative in the 1999 Final EIS. 3.15.2 Environmental Consequences 23 CFR 650 states that is the policy of FHWA to encourage a broad and unified effort to prevent uneconomic, hazardous, and incompatible use and development of the nation's floodplains by avoiding significant encroachments on floodplains where applicable. An encroachment is any action within the limits of the base floodplain. A "significant" encroachment is defined as a highway encroachment and any direct support of likely base floodplain development that would involve construction or flood -related impacts after encroachment. Although W-7 crosses minor intermittent drainages, no FEMA designated floodplains or other significant drainages are involved. Page 3-114 1 W-7 versus W-3 No designated floodplains are present within either the W-3 or W-7 corridors. The W-3 corridor would have crossed three major ephemeral drainages (as well as other minor drainages requiring culverts (ref: FEIS Volume I, 3.15.2), as compared to the one medium-sized and three minor ephemeral drainages for W-7. E3.15.3 Mitigation Measures No mitigation measures are necessary for impacts to designated floodplains, which are anot present. • Saddle Road will be designed as an all-weather facility, with new drainage structures designed to handle the minimum 50 -year design storm in accordance with existing State requirements. (� 3.16 WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS lJ No Wild and Scenic Rivers are located within the project corridor or its vicinity. No impacts to Wild and Scenic Rivers are anticipated from construction and use of the W-7 alignment. t QPage 3-117 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The 50 -year design storm would be used for culvert design for the improved Saddle Road. Although bridges are currently not anticipated to be needed, the 100 -year design storm would be used for bridge design, in accordance with the HDOT's Design Criteria for Highway Drainage, if bridges are required. Drainage structures would be provided at a all drainage crossings to prevent water from flowing over the roadway during major storm events. The structures would be designed to accommodate the drainage without increasing existing flood elevations or altering existing drainage patterns. No floodplain D map revisions are anticipated. The design improvements proposed would serve to better protect the road base and surface from flood drainage and associated damage, and would decrease the likelihood that flood waters would inundate the roadway in the future. The installation of culverts and bridges would not result in the temporary or permanent loss of riparian vegetation associated with drainageways, as no such riparian vegetation exists within the W-7 corridor. There are no perennial streams within the W-7 corridor, a therefore, aquatic wildlife is not sustained. No impacts to aquatic wildlife are anticipated. W-7 versus W-3 No designated floodplains are present within either the W-3 or W-7 corridors. The W-3 corridor would have crossed three major ephemeral drainages (as well as other minor drainages requiring culverts (ref: FEIS Volume I, 3.15.2), as compared to the one medium-sized and three minor ephemeral drainages for W-7. E3.15.3 Mitigation Measures No mitigation measures are necessary for impacts to designated floodplains, which are anot present. • Saddle Road will be designed as an all-weather facility, with new drainage structures designed to handle the minimum 50 -year design storm in accordance with existing State requirements. (� 3.16 WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS lJ No Wild and Scenic Rivers are located within the project corridor or its vicinity. No impacts to Wild and Scenic Rivers are anticipated from construction and use of the W-7 alignment. t QPage 3-117 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.17 COASTAL BARRIERS/COASTAL ZONES 3.17.1 Affected Environment No Coastal Barriers are present in the State of Hawaii. The Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program was established in 1977 through the adoption of the Coastal Zone Management Act, incorporated in Chapter 205A HRS. Under the CZM program, Federal projects must conform with objectives and polices related to ten areas: recreation resources, historic resources, scenic and open space resources, coastal ecosystems, economic uses, coastal hazards, managing development, public participation, beach protection and marine resources. The CZM objectives are outlined as follows. • Recreational Resources. Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public. • Historic Resources. Protect, preserve, and, where desirable, restore those natural, man-made historic, and pre -historic resources in the CZM area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture. • Scenic and Open Space Resources. Protect, preserve, and, where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal scenic and open space resources. • Coastal Ecosystems. Protect valuable coastal ecosystems from disruption and minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems. • Economic Use. Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State's economy in suitable locations. • Coastal Hazards. Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream flooding, erosion, and subsidence. • Managing_ Development. Improve the development review process, communication, and public participation in the management of coastal resources and hazards. • Public Participation. Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal management, and maintain a public advisory body to identify coastal management problems and provide policy advice and assistance to the CZM program. • Beach Protection. Protect beaches for public use and recreation; locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open space and minimize loss of improvements due to erosion. • Marine Resources: Implement the state's ocean resources management plan. Chapter 205A also established the Special Management Area (SMA), which is an area of particular concern that requires a higher level of management to ensure the coastal resources are appropriately protected and managed. Accordingly, any development proposed within the SMA requires the approval of a minor or major use permit, dependent on the cost and impact of the proposed activity. No portion of the project area is within the SMA, which does not include any areas of the island of Hawaii farther than .one mile from the coast. Page 3-118 t r 1 r in r 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.17.2 Environmental Consequences All Federal projects require a determination to ensure that the proposed project is consistent with the objectives and polices of the CZM Program. With implementation of the project mitigation measures, the project has been determined to be consistent with the objectives and polices of the CZM Program. The formal determination has been made by the CZM agency based on submittal of the required CZM assessment form, which was documented in the 1999 Final EIS, in Part II, 1.4.6. Because the entire project area is outside of the established SMA, no review under the SMA Use Permit provisions is required for the project. The following relationships to the individual criteria are noted: • Recreational Resources. The proposed improvements to Saddle Road would not directly impact existing or potential future coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public, but would indirectly improve accessibility of these opportunities through a safer and more efficient cross -island route. • Historic Resources. One historic site partially within the W-7 corridor will be impacted by the proposed improvements to Saddle Road. An adverse effect would result, but the effect can be mitigated (see Section 3.19.2.2). Mitigation may include the construction of a vehicle Typical Sections and installation of interpretive signage for these features. • Scenic and Open Space Resources. The proposed improvements will affect the visual character and visual quality of the road corridor, but would allow improved access to the center of the island. With the road improvements, people in rental cars would be allowed to travel Saddle Road and enjoy the open space and scenic quality of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, forested vegetation, open grasslands, varying terrain, and distant views of the ocean. • Coastal Ecosystems. No direct impacts to coastal ecosystems would be anticipated with the proposed project. • Economic Use. The proposed improvements to Saddle Road would result in a notable, positive economic benefit to the island in employment and income, tourism, time -savings for cross -island travel, and safety (see Section 3.4.4). • Coastal Hazards. During natural disasters (tsunami, storm waves, stream flooding, lava flows, erosion, and subsidence), other key roads on the island (e.g. SR 19 and SR 11) may be blocked or partially destroyed. The improvement of Saddle Road will provide a safe and efficient alternative route to these roadways. In addition, improvements to Saddle Road and its drainage structures would minimize the risk of flooding and flood damage to the road base and surface. • Public Participation. The proposed highway is not inconsistent with the objective of stimulating public awareness, education, and participation in coastal management. • Beach Protection. No beaches are present or would be affected by the proposed project. • Marine Resources. The improved highway will not affect marine resources in any adverse way, will not adversely affect implementation of the state's ocean resources management plan, and is not inconsistent with this objective. Page 3-119 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement W-7 versus W-3 FHWA has determined that there are no differences between the use of W-3 and W-7 with respect to consistency with the Coastal Zone Management Act. This will be confirmed through review of the new corridor by the Hawaii CZM program, which has been supplied a copy of this SEIS. 3.17.3 Mitigation Measures The key mitigation measures related to the objectives and policies of the CZM program are listed in several sections of this SEIS: Section 3.19.3 relating to archaeological, historic, and traditional cultural properties; Section 3.21.3 relating to visual resources, Section 3.10.3 relating to water quality, Section 3.23.3 relating to construction impacts, Section 3.15.3 relating to floodplains, and Section 3.18.3 relating to threatened and endangered species. 3.18 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES During the course of the biological surveys conducted along the 500 -foot wide W-7 corridor, no botanical, avian or mammalian species currently listed as endangered, threatened or proposed for listing under either the federal or state of Hawai`i's endangered species statutes were recorded within or near the corridor itself (see Appendices C and D). These findings are not unexpected given the highly degraded nature of the habitat present within the corridor. A Biological Assessment (BA) was prepared for the project in association with the 1999 Final EIS project to address species afforded legal protection by the USFWS (ref. 1999 FEIS, Tech. App. Vol. III). The BA was based on the information provided by floral and faunal surveys prepared for this project (ref: 1999 FEIS Tech. App. Vol. II). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed the BA and issued a final Biological Opinion (BO) in July 1998 (ref: 1999 FEIS, Part III, BO). A supplemental BA was prepared in 2009 to address additional species and Critical Habitat that were listed and designated in Sections I1, III and IV of the Saddle Road project area between the issuance of the original BO in 1998 and the present. A BO was issued concluding the reinitiation of the second consultation in September 2009. A third BA has been prepared addressing this new alignment (Appendix G). A concurrence letter from the USFWS is expected to be issued within the next two months, and will be contained in the Final SEIS. Page 3-120 r 1 1 Ll 1 r E 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.18.1 Affected Environment Several endangered species are known from the general project area. A contiguous system of Endangered Species Management Units has been established within Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) at Kipuka Kalawamauna and Pu`u Ka Pele to protect habitat. These are the primary sites where honohono (Haplostachys haplostachya) survives within the Hawaiian Islands today. Pu`u Ka Pele is about 6,770 feet southeast, and Kipuka Kalawamauna is about 4,700 feet south of the proposed W-7 corridor. A third Endangered Species Management Unit has been designated within Ke`amuku itself to protect and manage both Haplostachys haplostachya and Stenogyne angustifolia, another endangered plant. At closest, this area is approximately 500 feet south of the proposed W-7 corridor (see Figure 1.3.1). These sites are managed by the U.S. Army to protect and stabilize endangered plant species. All three sites have been fenced to exclude feral ungulates. Although not detected during the course of the biological surveys conducted as part of the SEIS, the endangered Nene (Branta sandwichensis) has been recorded in low numbers within the Ke`amuku parcel. During the 1996 survey of two alignments (W-3 and W-4) that were located parallel to the W-7 corridor, one to the north and the other to the south, one Nene was seen in an area close to the W-7 corridor. Since the Army purchased the Ke'amuku parcel in 2006, their biologists have reported seeing two or fewer Nene on several occasions close to the western terminus of this corridor, including one apparent nesting attempt north of the W-7 corridor in 2008. The repeated sightings of Nene within the general area have apparently involved three separate individual birds (Lena Schnell, PTA biologist, pers. comm. to Reggie David, 2009). Additionally, it is possible that small numbers of the endangered endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and the threatened Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli) over -fly the project area between the months of May and November. Hawaiian Petrels were formerly common on the Island of Hawaii. This pelagic seabird reportedly nested in large numbers on the slopes of Mauna Loa and in the saddle area between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, as well as at the mid -to -high elevations of Hualalai. It has within recent historic times been reduced to relict breeding colonies located at high elevations on Mauna Loa and, possibly, Hualalai. Hawaiian Petrels were first listed as an endangered species by the USFWS in 1967 and by the State of Hawaii in 1973. Newell's Shearwaters were also once common on the Island of Hawaii. This species breeds on Kauai, Hawaii, and Molokai. Newell's Shearwater populations have dropped precipitously since the 1880s (Banko 1980b, Day et al., 2003). This pelagic species nests high in the mountains in burrows excavated underthick vegetation, especially uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) fern. Newell's Shearwater was listed as a threatened species by the USFWS in 1975 and by the State of Hawaii in 1973. Page 3-121 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The primary cause of mortality in both Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is thought to be predation by alien mammalian species at the nesting colonies. Collision with man-made structures is considered to be the second most significant cause of mortality of these seabird species in Hawaii. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. When disoriented, seabirds often collide with manmade structures, and if they are not killed outright, the dazed or injured birds are easy targets of opportunity for feral mammals. There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the W-7 corridor for either of these pelagic seabird species. The listed endangered Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius) and Blackburn's sphinx moth (Manduca blackburni) were also investigated for this project. There was no suitable habitat found for Hawaiian Hawks. Hawaiian Hawks are not known from the Ke`amuku area, and furthermore there are no suitable nest trees within, or close to the W-7 corridor. During the course of the biological surveys conducted for the project, project biologists observed neither the native host plants used by the sphinx moth nor the alien host plant, tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca). These species will not be further discussed in this analysis. 3.18.2 Environmental Consequences It is not expected that the construction and operation of Saddle Road along the W-7 alignment would result in direct impacts to any species currently listed as endangered, threatened or proposed for listing under either the federal or State of Hawaii endangered species statutes. Wildfire could spread to the Endangered Species Management Units within Ke`amuku and other parts of PTA from sources within Ke`amuku, other parts of PTA, or the Pu`uanahulu Game Management area, potentially threatening endangered plants. The extensive wildfire mitigation being undertaken by the Army and augmented by project mitigation measures, along�with the benefits the new highway would provide in terms of fighting fires, is discussed in Section 3.9. It should be borne in mind that the proposed road will be located within the PTA training facility, which has an. extensive fire minimization and mitigation program in place in accordance with the Biological Opinions that have been issued at the conclusion of the two Section 7 consultations that the US Army has recently completed. The proposed W- 7 alignment will create an additional firebreak within PTA, which will be between 40 and 52 feet wide. This road will also allow very rapid response by PTA and County of Hawaii firefighting personnel in the event that a fire does occur within the general Page 3-122 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement project area. To put that statement into perspective of fire responsiveness, the center of the W-7 alignment is approximately 10 miles from the PTA fire station, and approximately the same distance from the Waikoloa fire station. As the new highway will be designed to accommodate 60 MPH traffic, both fire stations could respond very quickly to any wildfire that might occur within the general project area. These areas would otherwise be extremely difficult to access from the existing Saddle Road, thus result in extremely long response times. Additionally, the Army is currently constructing three firefighting dip tanks within the Ke`amuku parcel to provide onsite water to be used to fight any wildfires that may ignite within the general area. D Given the above considerations and the proposed mitigation measures, the FHWA has determined that the project may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect, any listed species. The FHWA is currently in informal consultation with the USFWS. A concurrence letter is expected prior to the release of the Final SEIS and will be included in that document. If nighttime activity, whether actual construction or equipment maintenance, is proposed during the construction phase of the project, lighting that may be required as part of those activities has the potential to attract Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, which may become disoriented by the lighting, resulting in birds being downed. If streetlights are installed in conjunction with the new road they too pose a potential threat to Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters if they are not adequately shielded. W-7 versus W-3 nFrom a biological perspective, there is no significant difference between alignments W-3 U and W-7. Potential impacts to threatened or endangered species within the project area would be essentially the same no matter which alignment is actually constructed. 3.18.3 Mitigation Measures The following minimization measures will be implemented to ensure that the construction and operation of the proposed highway within Section I does not result in deleterious impacts to threatened and endangered species that are present within the greater project area. • To avoid the potential downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters by their interaction with external construction lighting, no construction or unshielded equipment maintenance lighting will be permitted after dark between the months of April and October. This prohibition will be one of the Special Contract DRequirements, which will be incorporated in the construction contract documents. 1 aPage 3-123 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement No nighttime construction will occur during the peak seabird fallout period, from September 15 to December 15 annually. Any streetlights that may be installed as part of this action will be shielded to reduce the potential for interactions of nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures. This minimization measure would both minimize the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters and fully comply with Hawaii County Code § 14 — 50 et seq., which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. To minimize collateral damage to areas outside of the ROW and the risk of wildfire during construction, the Special Contract Requirements will mandate that all construction activity shall be restricted to within the clearly delineated ROW and that entry and exit into the ROW by all construction personnel and equipment shall be at previously identified and marked non -sensitive areas. Special Contract Requirements will be incorporated into the construction documents directing the contractor's work consistent with specific minimization commitments that are outlined in this section and in the BO for the project. The Contracting Officer will have the authority to shut down construction should violations of Special Contract Requirements be detected; furthermore, the project engineer will be responsible for ensuring compliance with all environmental restrictions and minimization measures. Additional construction mitigation measures that, among other effects, would reduce the possibility of wildfire, are listed in Section 3.23, The Typical Sections for the project are discussed and depicted in Section 2.2.1, above. The expanded and modified Typical Sections for the roadway would both reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition from unintentional road sources (car fires, catalytic converters, cigarettes, etc.) and assist in creating a firebreak and fuelbreak. The Typical Sections have been specially designed to reduce wildfire impacts, in ways specific to the segments of Section I through which they pass. All share the base characteristics of Typical Section A (Figure 2.2.1.a), which extends east from Mamalahoa Highway. It incorporates two 12 -foot travel lanes, two 8 -foot paved shoulders, and a passing lane for most of the length. To reduce the threat of wildfires between the eastern boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel and approximately MP 41, which passes adjacent to Palila critical habitat, B has additional features (Figure 2.2.1.b, Section B): Two 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders. • An 8 -foot strip of pavement on the north side of the highway, which would serve as a firebreak, with a four -inch high curb on the outside. • At the outside edge of the firebreak, a wire fence with metal posts would be constructed to a height of four feet on the edge of the pavement. Page 3-124 1 ESaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Further east, as W-7 crosses the Ke`amuku and descends into lower elevations, the aprimary concern is to prevent fires from Saddle Road spreading southwards, towards the western boundary of the Ke`amuku Endangered Species Management Unit containing Haplostachys haplostachya.,kTypical Section C is illustrated in Figure 2.2.1.b, Section C, Oand is modified from Typical Section A as follows: • Three 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders, with a four -inch high extruded asphalt curb at the outside of the shoulder. At the current time there is no known conflict between Nene and the proposed W-7 a alignment. If such a conflict arises, FHWA will address the issue with a multi -pronged approach utilizing measures detailed in the September 11, 2009 BO for activities in the recently constructed Section II of Saddle Road designed to minimize vehicle -Nene D interactions. Field trials are being implemented between approximately MP 29 and MP 30.2, which may modify the measures, but as currently formulated, these include: 1 t t EPage 3-125 • The erection of a permanent fence along both the north and south sides of the Q roadway within any section that appears to attract Nene on a regular basis. The fence will be placed as close to the roadside as permissible under ASHTO federal safety guidelines. D • Vegetation will be removed between the aforementioned fence and the edge of the roadway by the use of herbicides or by paving the area. • The loose gravel along the roadside in any such identified area will be secured with a tacking agent, or asphalt paving, so that Nene are unable to gather gravel for use in their crops. • FHWA will install enhanced Nene crossing and traffic advisory signs to warn motorists of the potential danger they pose to Nene along any such identified roadway section. 1 t t EPage 3-125 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.19 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORIC, AND TRADITIONAL CULTURAL RESOURCES An Archaeological Inventory Survey and Traditional Cultural Study designed to meet applicable State and Federal requirements was prepared for the entire Saddle Road project. This study, the fieldwork for which was performed in 1996, was contained in Part III of the 1999 Final EIS. Although much of the background research remains valid, the shift of route to the W-7 alignment required a new inventory survey. The inventory survey report is contained in Appendix F and is summarized in the sections below, which also contain relevant information from the 1999 Final EIS; most scholarly references, which can be consulted in the appendix, have been removed from this summary. Furthermore, as part of Army efforts, archaeological studies were conducted on the entire Ke`amuku property (Robins et al. 2004 and 2007), which were consulted during the preparation of the current inventory survey. The fieldwork consisted of a 100 -percent pedestrian survey of the W-7 corridor in order to locate and evaluate all cultural resources for eligibility for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), as outlined in 36 CFR 800.4. The fieldwork was conducted by archaeologists in 2009. Previous studies addressing the prehistoric use of the project area by native Hawaiians were reviewed. 3.19.1 Background 3.19.1.1 Prehistoric Background Archaeological evidence suggests Hawaii was first settled between A.D. 0 and 700 by people sailing from the Marquesas (Cordy 2000). Early settlements on the Island of Hawaii were founded on the windward shores in likely places such as Waipi`o, Waimanu, and Hilo Bay. The windward or ko `olau shores receive abundant rainfall and have numerous streams that facilitated agricultural and fishpond production. The windward shores also provide rich benthic and pelagic marine resources. The dry leeward shores of Hawaii Island presented a very different environment requiring a modified set of subsistence strategies. Archaeologists and historians are uncertain about the circumstances that led to the establishment and spread of settlements on the leeward side of Hawai` i, but archaeological evidence suggests the process was underway between the A.D. 900s and 1100s (Cordy 2000). The lands of Ke`amuku were traditionally used as pili (a native grass used for thatch) lands by the people of Waikoloa and Waimea. Prehistoric trails crossed the general area of the project, running west to east and south to north. The trails enabled travel between districts and access to interior resources. Ke`amuku was probably too dry to have been exploited by Hawaiians for agriculture. The dry upland forest was mainly used by birdcatchers who sought the `Ua `u (Dark-rumped Petrel), Nene (Hawaiian Goose) and Page 3-126 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Koloa (Hawaiian Duck) for meat, and various smaller birds for their feathers. The Ke`amuku area would have provided access to these and other interior resources, such as the adze quarry at the summit of Mauna Kea to the north. Adzes made from Mauna Kea �I basalt were distributed throughout the Island of Hawai` i and beyond. U 3.19.1.2 Historic Background 1 EPage 3-127 The arrival of Europeans and the Hawaiian people's introduction to world markets drastically altered the distribution of population centers, agriculture, and cultural practices in Hawaii. In the Waimea-Waikoloa region, maritime trade and ranching slowly replaced traditional fishing, aquaculture and farming practices as chief economic activities. During the nineteenth century, traditional Hawaiian use of interior resources gave way to Western -inspired exploitation. Herds of wild cattle, sheep, and goats flourished on grasslands of West Hawai'i and the interior of the island. Much of Waikoloa was overrun by wild cattle. John Parker was granted permission to hunt wild bullock for the crown in 1822. Wild cattle were captured in bullock pits seven to eight feet long by four feet wide covered with braches and a thin layer of dirt. They were also hunted with guns and were lassoed after the arrival in Hawaii of vaqueros, later known as paniolo. Large portions of the Kohala and Hamakua districts eventually came under the control of Parker Ranch, centered at Waimea. Kamehameha I gave a large portion of the good grazing lands of Waik6loa, including Ke`amuku, to his trusted advisor Isaac Davis, as an `ili kupono for services rendered D during the conquest of the Hawaiian Islands. His son, George Davis Hu`eu, made a Land Commission Claim for this land, and in 1865 Royal Patent Grant 5671 was granted to him as an unsurveyed Land Commission Award (852113). Ke`amuku, as recorded on the n first survey map and all since, translates as "cut-off lava" and refers to the lava flow and j� low prominence west of the Ke`amuku Sheep Station (Pukui et al. 1974: 102). This portion of Hu`eu's property eventually became the lands of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station, which were developed and used by various individuals, partnerships and companies through the last half of the 19th century. Parker Ranch acquired the land in 1904. Ranching played a major role in shaping the historic landscape of the Saddle. OPasture lands were demarcated with barrier walls made of stone. In addition to ranching, transportation also has left its mark on the historic landscape. During prehistory, foot travel took place over unmodified pahoehoe, grassland, and on stepping stones over rough `a`a flows. Trails were modified and/or built with basalt cobbles in thin, meandering pathways during historic times, to facilitate the movement of horses, mules, and cattle. Carts and wagons required different paths. New trails and aexisting trails facilitated the movement of cowboys and stock across the island, from pasture to market and between pastures. The old wagon road between Waimea and nHumu`ula U was built to carry wool from the Humu`ula Sheep Station to the harbor at 1 EPage 3-127 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Kawaihae west of Waimea. Once automobiles were brought to the island, the wagon road was used by tourists. Road development was further stimulated by World War II. Since a Japanese attack could have hindered travel along the coast, there was a need to develop alternative routes through the interior. Roads capable of carrying cars, trucks, and tanks were created by bulldozing. The path chosen for the World War II -era Saddle Road included portions of the old wagon road to the west, some previously unmodified areas in the Saddle, and portions of the Hilo-Pu`u `O`o trail on the east. Historic walls associated with earlier ranching activities were breached. Later on, maintenance and upgrades of Saddle Road resulted in some deviation from the original World War II route. The primary World War II military headquarters on the island of Hawaii were located at Camp Tarawa in Waimea, about 10 miles north of the W-7 corridor. Tank training maneuvers and artillery practice took place at Camp Pohakuloa, located in the same area as the present cantonment area of the PTA. Structures associated with this war training include tents, a few Quonset huts, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp house located east of the PTA, at the site of the current Mauna Kea State Park. The current airfield and cantonment were built during the early and mid 1950s. Structures used in field training are located within and beyond the limits of the PTA. These include walls of various shapes (C-shaped, L-shaped, linear), low enclosures, refuse disposal, and filled excavations (foxholes). 3.19.2 Archaeological Sites 3.19.2.1 Affected Environment The area ofpotential effect (APE) for the project was defined in consultation with the Hawai'i State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for the 1996 survey effort (consultation with the SHPO may be reviewed in the 1999 Final EIS, particularly Part II, 1.4.4). Because several different types of sites were encountered, it was decided to define the APE according to the type of site. The APE for archaeological sites was defined as the staked roadway corridor (200 feet in width along the existing alignment and 350 to 400 feet in width along proposed new alignments). For the 2009 inventory survey of the W-7 corridor, a 500 -foot wide APE was uniformly used for archaeological sites. The actual area of disturbance of the proposed project would be limited to the proposed ROW, which averages approximately 150 feet in width within the staked roadway corridor. Not all portions of a site within the defined APE would necessarily be impacted by the proposed project. The APE for burial and ritual sites is discussed in Section 3.19.3.2.1, below. No burials or ritual sites were discovered in either the 1996 or 2009 surveys. During the 1996 survey, a total of 19 archaeological sites were observed and recorded within the APE of the Selected Alternative from Hilo to Kona; two of these were present in the Section I portion of this Selected Alternative, which utilized the W-3 alignment. Both sites on W-3 were considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Page 3-128 1 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Significance assessments for these sites were made in consultation with the Hawai'i SHPO. As with many of the sites that were to be impacted by the Saddle Road undertaking, the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (50-10-21-20855) is long and linear with a relatively small width. Only short portions of the long sites are within the APE. Consequently, identification, assessment of site integrity, and significance evaluation efforts was confined to those portions of the site that were within and adjacent to the APE. Other criteria of significance may apply to these sites beyond the APE. Like the other 18 archaeological sites, Site 20855 was considered eligible under Criterion d only; it contained important information pertaining to prehistory or history. Places (NRNP). The two sites within the APE of W-3 were the Old Waimea -Kona Belt a Age Road (State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] Site 50-10-21-20855) and a historic Road mounds correspond very roughly to the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station habitation/animal enclosure (50-10-21-20854) (hereinafter in this document, SIHP Site is and ranch lands to the southwest. This area is also the boundary between Waik6loa omitted before site numbers). The former is a historic -era linear site that runs parallel to and Pu`uanahulu ahupua `a. Site 26875 contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll the Mamalahoa Highway more or less continuously for many miles between Waimea and lJ U Kona. The 2009 inventory survey determined that W-7 corridor also crosses this site. intersection of two ranch roads along the southeast side of the Ke`amuku cattle station This old roadway is a two -track, unpaved pathway on pahoehoe, built at grade within the O Rock Mound W-3 corridor. The roadway has been used for access to ranching operations since its Oit 26876 abandonment. There is a hand -built stone causeway culvert along this site within the Boundary APE of the W-3 corridor. One bridge and eight culverts similar in architecture and (� Rock Mound varying in size were observed along the roadway within a one -mile sample of the road U 26878 near W-3. Significance assessments for these sites were made in consultation with the Hawai'i SHPO. As with many of the sites that were to be impacted by the Saddle Road undertaking, the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (50-10-21-20855) is long and linear with a relatively small width. Only short portions of the long sites are within the APE. Consequently, identification, assessment of site integrity, and significance evaluation efforts was confined to those portions of the site that were within and adjacent to the APE. Other criteria of significance may apply to these sites beyond the APE. Like the other 18 archaeological sites, Site 20855 was considered eligible under Criterion d only; it contained important information pertaining to prehistory or history. t r 1 1 is Table 3.19.1 Sites Found in the 2009 Inventory Survev Site T pe An additional six sites were found in the 2009 survey of the W-7 corridor, including five Age rock mounds, and remnants of a ranching -era fence (Table 3.19.1). Four of the rock Road mounds correspond very roughly to the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station Dlands and ranch lands to the southwest. This area is also the boundary between Waik6loa Fence Line and Pu`uanahulu ahupua `a. Site 26875 contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll Historic of galvanized fence wire in its construction. A fifth rock mound (Site 26876) marks the j1 intersection of two ranch roads along the southeast side of the Ke`amuku cattle station U lands. The ranching -era fence (Site 23452) appears to have been used early in the history Rock Mound of sheep and cattle ranching at Ke`amuku. The original fence wire has been removed and Oit 26876 passes through the middle of several more recently fenced paddocks. t r 1 1 is Table 3.19.1 Sites Found in the 2009 Inventory Survev Site T pe Function Age 20855 Road Transportation Historic 23452 Fence Line Boundary Historic 23528 Rock Mound Boundary Historic 26875 Rock Mound Boundary Historic 26876 Rock Mound Boundary Historic 26877 Rock Mound Boundary Historic 26878 Rock Mound Boundary Historic Page 3-129 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.19.2.2 Environmental Consequences FHWA, in consultation with the SHPO in 1997, determined that the effects to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (50-10-21-20855) in W-3 were adverse but could be mitigated. The Hawai'i SHPO concurred with the FHWA's determination and signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the FHWA and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) to mitigate adverse effects to Site 50-10-21-20855. Mitigation consists of preparation of a mitigation plan which provides for a pull -off and interpretive sign to be constructed adjacent to the site. Similarly, it is the finding of the FHWA, as lead agency, for the purpose of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, that the W-7 Alternative will adversely affect the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. The Old Waimea - Kona Belt Road (Site 50-10-21-20855) was previously determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under criterion "d" by the FHWA following the cultural resource survey of the W-3 Alternative. The five rock mounds and historic fence line are within the study corridor, but are located outside of the APE, and will be avoided with the current preliminary highway design. For the six sites that are outside of the APE, FHWA has issued a finding "no historic properties affected." 3.19.2.3 Mitigation Measures The archaeological report discussing historic properties is being provided to various agencies and groups, including the State Historic Preservation Division, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Hawaiian Civic Clubs, the Royal Order of Kamehameha, and others, for their comment, as part of consultation under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (see Appendix F2 for list of groups and letter). The Final SEIS will present the results of this coordination. For reference concerning the larger Saddle Road project, it should be noted that an MOA was executed among the FHWA, SHPO, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), HDOT, and OHA agreeing upon mitigation treatment procedures for the historic sites contained in various portions of the Recommended Alternative (which included W-3 in Section I). The MOA stipulated how each archaeological site will be treated and provided a schedule for plan development and review procedures in the mitigation process. Subsequent construction of the improvements to Saddle Road has fulfilled all the requirements of the MOA prior to construction of applicable segments. For the W-7 Alternative, the remaining task is to amend the existing MOA to mitigate the adverse effect of the W-7 Alternative to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt road (Site 50-10-33- 20855). The mitigation plan includes construction of a Typical Sections adjacent to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road and fabrication of an interpretative sign, which provides a history of the road, for the general public. Page 3-130 IJ U One historic property, the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (Site 50-10-21-20855), is located partially within the W-7 Alternative and would be subject to Section 4(f) use. The r , remaining six boundary sites would be avoided, as part of final design of the actual 200 - foot ROW corridor within the 500 -foot study corridor in which the sites are located. A full Section 4(f) analysis is contained in Chapter 7 of this document. D3.19.3 Traditional Hawaiian Cultural Sites 3.19.3.1 Consultation Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.19.2.4 Section 4(f) The purpose of 49 U.S.C. Section 103, generally known as Section 4(f), is to ensure that l l l the U.S. DOT makes special efforts to protect public parks and recreation lands, wildlife 0 and waterfowl refuges, and historic properties. The law states that the Secretary of (� Transportation shall approve a project which requires the use of publicly owned land L 1 from a public park, recreation area, wildlife or waterfowl refuge, or from an historic O property of significanceonly if; (1) there is no prudent and feasible alternative to such (� �f use, and (2) the project includes all possible planning to minimize harm to the resource being affected by use. It is the responsibility of the FHWA to determine whether any (� potential Section 4(f) properties are present and will be used by a highway project. This U determination is made through thorough examination of the resources and consultation with agencies that have jurisdiction over potential Section 4(f) properties. It should be noted that there are no public parks, recreation areas, or wildlife or waterfowl refuges in or near Section I of the project area. Of potential Section 4(f) resources, only archaeological sites are present. U One historic property, the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (Site 50-10-21-20855), is located partially within the W-7 Alternative and would be subject to Section 4(f) use. The r , remaining six boundary sites would be avoided, as part of final design of the actual 200 - foot ROW corridor within the 500 -foot study corridor in which the sites are located. A full Section 4(f) analysis is contained in Chapter 7 of this document. D3.19.3 Traditional Hawaiian Cultural Sites 3.19.3.1 Consultation OPage 3-131 The traditional Hawaiian cultural sites known to occur in the very broad saddle region include native Hawaiian burials and native Hawaiian ritual sites of several kinds. As part of the research effort for the 1999 Final EIS, 24 individuals were contacted who l l l provided information about the potential for such sites. Information provided was used to determine the broad historical patterns of land ownership, settlement, and land use in the (� project area. This effort was designed to provide the historical context and to gain L 1 information about specific historic sites within the project area. The oral history research was started by initiating consultation with native Hawaiian organizations and by (� �f networking to find knowledgeable informants. Initial consultation with native Hawaiian organizations is mandated by the 1992 amendment to the NHPA, Sect. 301. The amendment requires that the project O investigator notify native Hawaiian organizations at the start of the project and ask for their advice on finding expert informants. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) and Hui Malama i Na Kupuna O Hawai'i Nei were notified by letter at the start. Hui Malama recommended that Mr. Henry Auwae be interviewed regarding the project. Other organizations including the Waimea Hawaiian Civic Club, Waimea Homesteaders Association, Kona -Hawaiian Civic Club, Hilo Hawaiian Civic Club, Prince David OPage 3-131 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Kawananakoa Hawaiian Civic Club [of Hilo], and Ka Lahui Hawai'i were consulted. None of these other organizations responded with the names of additional Hawaiian kupuna (elders) who had knowledge of traditional native Hawaiian sites in the project area. Consultation with native Hawaiian organizations is included in the 1999 Final EIS (ref: FEIS, Vol. IV). The late Mr. Henry Auwae was interviewed on five occasions for this project, and two helicopter trips were made to attempt to locate the sites. Mr. Auwae's knowledge of these sites may be unique. He was the only informant recommended through contact and coordination with native Hawaiian organizations. Mr. Auwae attained his knowledge about ritual sites and burials from his great-grandparents, who adopted him and imparted their knowledge to him. At the time of interviews in the 1990s, Mr. Auwae believed he was the only individual who still had knowledge of either the burials or the ritual sites. Subsequent to speaking with Mr. Auwae, however, attempts were made to locate additional informants with knowledge of native Hawaiian sites in the project area, without success. Older Hawaiians in Waimea and Hilo and native Hawaiian organizations in both areas were asked if they knew of any individuals who might have such knowledge. Surviving relatives of Hawaiian cowboys who had worked at Parker Ranch or Pu`u `O`o Ranch were contacted, but no knowledge of cultural sites had been passed down to them. As discussed in Section 3.19.2.3, the archaeological report for the new W-7 alignment was provided to various agencies and groups, including the State Historic Preservation Division, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Hawaiian Civic Clubs, the Royal Order of Kamehameha, and others, for their comment (see Appendix F2 for list of groups and letter). The Final SEIS will present the results of this coordination. 3.19.3.2 Affected Environment 3.19.3.2.1 Burials Native Hawaiian burial sites over 50 years old are protected under the Hawaii State historic preservation law, Chapter 6(E), Sect. 43. Under that law, decisions on the treatment of native burials are made by an island -level burial council. Any burial located within the project area would have to be removed and relocated, or the road be rerouted. Burials outside the project area might be left in place, but there still would be some potential for disturbance of any burial located adjacent to the road corridor. As part of the work conducted for the 1999 Final EIS, the APE (area of potential effect) for burials was 200 feet from the proposed centerline in order to provide for a buffer between the burials and the potential project impacts. In addition to extensive archaeological work, Mr. Auwae was consulted regarding potential locations of burials. Mr. Auwae knew of two areas where people used to live and where there were Hawaiian burials, one on the west side and one in the central Saddle. Mr. Auwae said there were Hawaiian graves in the area near the west side of Page 3-132 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement alternative routes W-2 and W-3. In the Saddle, Mr. Auwae said there once were "villages" north of the present Saddle Road on the lower slopes of Mauna Kea, at an elevation where several springs existed, and he knew of Hawaiian burials in that area. He said there had also been many Hawaiian burials in the area of Bradshaw Army Airfield in the PTA, and to the southeast of Mauna Kea State Park in the PTA. Both areas were heavily bulldozed by the DOA after World War II and he believed nothing would be left of the graves. Attempts were made to determine the relationship of the alternative alignments in Sections I and II to any burial sites in the vicinity of the project area by means of two helicopter trips. The corridors were flown to determine whether any of the burials known to Mr. Auwae lay within or close to the corridors. One burial was identified as being in the vicinity of the project area, near Segment W-2. The distance of the burial site from the corridor boundary was measured to be more than 300 feet. No burials were indicated to be present in or near the W-7 corridor, although this area was not specifically flown. 3.19.3.2.2 Ritual Sites For native Hawaiian ritual sites, a variable APE was defined. Such ritual sites would generally be considered "traditional cultural properties," as described in National Register Bulletin 38 of the National Park Service. A ritual site used by native Hawaiians could be adversely affected by a nearby road even if it was outside the road corridor. Ritual activity could be compromised by the sight and sound of a nearby road, or by passing motorists. It was reasoned that such adverse effects would extend much farther in the area of open terrain of the West Side than in the forested terrain of the East Side. For these reasons, the APE for potential effect for ritual sites was extended to 500 feet from the proposed centerline in forested areas and to 2,600 feet from the proposed centerline in open terrain in order to provide for a buffer between the sites and any audiovisual impacts of the proposed project. Attempts were made to determine the relationship of the proposed road corridors to any ritual sites by means of two helicopter trips. Early in this century when Mr. Auwae was a boy, he journeyed several times through the Saddle together with his great-grandparents. His great-grandmother was an expert healer (kahuna la'au lapa'au) and his great-grandfather a prophet (kula), who came from a line of prophets. In her role as a healer, his great-grandmother traveled to see people who were sick and to collect medicinal plants. His great-grandparents had specialist knowledge of four of these areas for collection, which may be considered ritual sites. When the three of them traveled together, they shared this knowledge. Mr. Auwae had not revisited the sites since that time. Mr. Auwae designated approximate locations for the sites, which were in the eastern part of the Saddle above Hilo, but was unable to definitively locate any of the gathering sites. The designated approximate locations are not near Ke`amuku and thus well outside of the APE for all the corridors studied in the 1999 Final EIS and the W-7 corridor as well. Page 3-133 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Since none of the four sites in question has been definitely located and inspected to determine physical integrity, none of them can be evaluated as eligible for the register. All four sites lie outside the APE established for the proposed project for native Hawaiian ritual sites, and in fact are dozens of miles from the W-7 corridor. 3.19.3.2.3 Mauna Kea As part of the 1999 Final EIS, intensive consultation and research occurred concerning two areas that merited consideration as traditional cultural properties (TCP) under the NHPA: the mamane-naio forest, which lies east of the cantonment and airfield in PTA, and Mauna Kea, the mountain. Research with informants and consultation with Native Hawaiian organizations was undertaken from January to May 1998, designed to (1) evaluate the two areas with regard to their potential eligibility for the NRNP, and (2) determine, if the areas were eligible, the effect of the project and how to mitigate any adverse effect. As neither of these properties lies within or near the W-7 corridor, only a summary of this issue is presented below. Interested readers are referred to Section 3.1.9.3.1.3 of the 1999 Final EIS. Based on the guidelines published in National Register Bulletin 38 (Parker and King 1992), it was concluded that the mamane-naio forest in question was not eligible for the NRHP as a TCP. The evidence and the issues involved in considering Mauna Kea as a TCP and the effects of Saddle Road improvement project on Mauna Kea were very complex. This is partly because there are many specific Hawaiian cultural sites on Mauna Kea to be considered and evaluated and partly because Mauna Kea is already being managed by various state entities, including the University of Hawai'i and several divisions of the DLNR. It was difficult to separate the current adverse effects on Mauna Kea sites that came from then -inadequate State of Hawaii management from those potential adverse effects that would result from the implementation of improvements to Saddle Road. As a result of this ethnographic research, it was recommended that the summit area of Mauna Kea is eligible for the NRHP as a TCP. It was also recommended that the boundary of this upper zone be defined by further consultation between Native Hawaiian organizations and ritual practitioners, and the University of Hawai'i and DLNR. As of 2009, three sites on the summit of Mauna Kea — Lake Waiau, the collection of cinder cones at the summit known as Pu`u Kukahau`ula, and the cinder cone Pu`u Lilinoe — have all been designated as TCPs by the State Historic Preservation Division. A priority goal of the Mauna Kea Cultural Resources Management Plan is to support designation of the summit region of Mauna Kea as a TCP on the National Register of Historic Places (PCSI 2009: iii). Page 3-134 U Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Environmental Consequences n3.19.3.3 U No direct or indirect impacts to identified Hawaiian burials, ritual sites or TCPs are anticipated as a result of shifting the alignment in Section I from W-3 to W-7. No (� Hawaiian burials or ritual sites are known to be located within the Area of Potential �J Effect. As indicated in the MOA from 1999, all parties agreed that the effects of the entire Saddle Road project on the Mauna Kea TCPs are indirect, and mitigation of any potential effects should be addressed as part of the University of Hawai`i's new management structure, which has resulted in a comprehensive plan for Mauna Kea (UH Hilo OMKM 2009). This plan has been developed in consideration of the cumulative effects of all activities on the Mauna Kea summit and its resources, and includes D consideration of access to the TCPs. An access plan is currently under development under the oversight of the Office of Mauna Kea Management, the Native Hawaiian council Kahu Ku Mauna, and the community representatives on the Mauna Kea Management Board. 3.19.3.4 Mitigation Measures • In case of discovery of native Hawaiian burials or ritual sites, construction activities will cease in the vicinity of the site until appropriate regulatory and resource personnel are contacted and a determination has been made. All requirements of Chapter 6E, HRS and the administrative rules relating to burials will be satisfied. n• In order to ensure the protection of archaeological and paleontological remains during construction, Section 107.02, "Protection of Property and Landscape" Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal O Highway Projects, FPJ-96, 1996, FHWA will be followed. • During clearing, grubbing, and excavation, FHWA and HDOT will provide a full- time archaeological monitor on the project site. 0 3.20 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE �y This section first deals with usual hazardous materials and toxic substances, and then discusses the special situation of unexploded ordnance. The subject of depleted uranium Dis discussed above, in Section 3.7, in the context of air quality. 3.20.1 Hazardous Materials and Toxic Substances U 3.20.1.1 Affected Environment A Phase I Site Assessment was performed in 1996 as part of the 1999 Final EIS to identify possible hazardous material sites, petroleum hydrocarbon sites, and underground 1 U Page 3-135 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement storage tank (UST) locations (Rust 1996). The survey consisted of a records search, visual survey of a 400 -foot wide corridor around all alternative segments, and interviews with Federal, State, and County officials, industry representatives, and DOA representatives. The investigation did not evaluate the presence of any unexploded ordnance. Records reviewed at the Hawai'i Department of Health, Environmental Management Division, include the Hawai'i Spill Reports Database, the Hawai'i Solid and Hazardous Waste Database, and the Underground Storage Tank Database. No spills or solid and hazardous waste facilities were reported in the vicinity of the W-7 alignment. No sites were recorded in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System, the Emergency Response and Notification System, or the National Priority List (NPL) database. Furthermore, no sites were recorded in the Federal Non -ASTM records including Corrective Action Reports, Facility Index System, Hazardous Materials Information Reporting System, Material Licensing Tracking System, NPL Liens, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) Activity Database System, RCRA (Resource Conservation Recovery Act) Administrative Action Tracking System, Records of Decision, Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System, and Toxic Substances Control Act, Active Leaking Underground Storage Tank Log Listing, State Hazardous Waste Sites, Solid Waste Facilities/Landfill Sites, or Listing of Underground Storage Tanks. Finally, no hazardous waste issues were identified through contacts with EPA (Honolulu); the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Honolulu); the State of Hawai'i Department of Health; the State of Hawai'i Department Land and Natural Resources; the County of Hawai'i Department of Public Works; the County of Hawai'i Fire Department; Hawaii Electric Light Company (Hilo and Kona) utility company; PTA; or the Army. Although the Phase I ESA is outdated and no replacement study was conducted either by the Army as part of the EIS for the Army Transformation of the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team, or for this SEIS, no new activities have been conducted on or near the W-7 corridor in the interim, and the conclusions of the report are almost certainly still valid. Field inspection by the SEIS team in 2009 revealed no areas of stained soil, discarded containers or drums, Underground or Aboveground Storage Tanks, or other relevant materials or conditions. 3.20.1.2 Environmental Consequences There was no indication in the 1996 Phase I ESA records search or site reconnaissance of hazardous waste and no activities with the potential to produce recognized environmental conditions have occurred in the area since that time. Visual reconnaissance of the survey corridor in 2009 revealed no conditions or materials. It is therefore unlikely that any adverse impacts from construction or use of Saddle Road in the W-7 alignment would occur related to hazardous materials or toxic substances resulting from existing conditions. Page 3-136 t 1 1 t 1 1 1 t 1 t J 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Military training has the potential to introduce hazardous materials or toxic substances, as discussed in the EIS for the Army Transformation of the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team. Although in other parts of Pohakuloa Training Area, such hazards may include ongoing ordnance and explosives and lead and other contaminants from ammunition, live -fire training exercises will not be undertaken in Ke`amuku. Materials such as fuels, battery fluid, petroleum lubricants, solvents, paint products, and coolants may be used and could potentially spill. All hazardous material and waste management will follow Army, Federal, and State regulations in order to prevent impacts on human health or the environment. The Army maintains site-specific spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) plans and pollution prevention plans that regulate the storage and use of petroleum products and hazardous materials. Various Army regulations, pamphlets, training manuals, instructions, and codes address the safe storage, use, and transport of ammunition. At PTA, military unit training includes a 40 -hour Hazardous Waste Operations Course, and the units deploy to PTA with spill containment and clean-up kits to immediately address any spills during training exercises. W-7 versus W-3 There are no known differences with respect to hazardous materials between W-3 and W- 7. 3.20.1.3 Mitigation Measures If previously unidentified hazardous substances or petroleum products are found within the W-7 corridor that indicate an existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release of any hazardous substance or petroleum products into the corridor, further investigation will be pursued, as warranted. If previously unidentified hazardous waste is discovered during project construction, work will cease at that location and appropriate regulatory or resource personnel will be contacted. • In areas where ROW is needed outside of that already surveyed, the project area will be further investigated prior to land acquisition or construction to confirm the absence of hazardous waste. 3.20.2 Unexploded Ordnance 3.20.2.1 Affected Environment Unexploded ordnance (UXO) is explosive ordnance that has been primed, fused, armed, or otherwise prepared for action, and that has been fired, dropped, launched, projected or placed in such a manner as to constituted a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause. Page 3-137 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Much of South Kohala is known to contain unexploded ordnance left over from training during World War II. The U.S. Navy utilized 91,000 acres in Waikoloa in December of 1943 for an artillery firing range and troop maneuvers. In preparation for the Saipan - Tinian campaign, the military developed Camp Tarawa in Waimea. It was the largest military encampment on the island of Hawaii, consisting of approximately 467 acres of tents and Quonset huts. Property comprising the Waikoloa Maneuver Area was surrendered back to Parker Ranch in September 1946. At least two ordnance clearance efforts were conducted, one in 1946 just prior to the departure of the 5th Marine Division, and the other in 1954 following accidental detonation of a dud fuse or shell killing two civilians and seriously injuring three others. UXO continues to be discovered at the former Waikoloa Maneuver Area as land development progresses. In order to address this problem, the U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Honolulu District, teamed to produce a Phase II Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis (EE/CA) for the Former Waikoloa Maneuver Area and Nansay Sites, Island of Hawai `i, Hawai `i (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2002). The report documented the decision process to determine the most appropriate UXO response actions for the former Waikoloa Maneuver Area (WMA) and Nansay Sites. The project has been expanded from 123,000 acres to 135,000 acres in recognition of concern over UXO between Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway and the sea, where resorts continue to develop. A program of UXO removal was developed and is currently in implementation. Over a six-year period from 2002-2008, two contracts were awarded totaling $60 million to perform Munitions and Explosives of Concern removal response actions in the WMA. The USACE awarded a five-year, $50 million contract to a private firm to initiate removal of the UXO in the WMA. The USACE oversaw completion of the first phase of ordnance clearance on 927 acres in Waikoloa, Waimea and Lalamilo in August 2004. The second phase involved more than 1,000 acres in Waikoloa, Waimea and `Ouli. According to USACE officials, as of June 2009, more than 10,600 acres have been cleared, 2100 Munitions and Explosives of Concern items and 260 tons of military debris removed, and $82 million expended for all services removed. Ordnance removed includes 60- and 80 -mm mortar high explosives; 75-, 105 - and 155 -mm projectiles; 2.36 -inch rocket propelled anti-tank rounds, U.S. Mk II hand grenades, MI anti-tank mines, and Japanese ordnance. To continue the effort, the USACE solicited proposals in February 2009 for contracts totaling $100 million over five years. Even after the current five-year contract to remove UXO is complete, it is unlikely that all unexploded ordnance will have been removed and additional work will be necessary (pers. comm. Gary Shirakata, USACE, to Ron Terry, August 2009). Sector 3 of the Waikoloa Maneuver Area study area covers about 28,058 acres of Ke`amuku. Parts of it were once used as a live -fire impact area, but there have been no reported discoveries of UXO in this area (U.S. Army COE 2002: 2-18). A risk-based analysis assessed this area as a low probability of UXO exposure. Until the Army Page 3-138 t 1 1 1 X91 t ''I 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement acquired the area, about 1,467 acres were used for military maneuvers and training exercises under a master lease agreement between the Army and Parker Ranch. A former tank road from Kawaihae to PTA cuts through this area, crossing the W-7 alignment. PTA trains soldiers how to identify UXO as well as the proper safety procedures for reporting UXO. 3.20.2.2 Environmental Consequences Where present, UXO is a definite threat to humans or animals for explosive hazard. The environment is also at risk by the presence of UXO and ammunition, as chemicals such as lead and explosives propellant could leach into the soils and groundwater. Environmental surveys conducted to date by biologists and geologists familiar with the appearance of UXO have not revealed the obvious presence of any UXO in the W-7 corridor. Given the lower risk context, the primary concern would be safety of the construction operation. It should be noted that pre -construction sweeps for work on other parts of the Saddle Road Improvement Project from 2003 to 2009 successfully located and cleared training rounds and UXO, and there have been no UXO-related incidents. W-7 versus W-3 There are no known differences with respect to UXO presence or removal between W-3 and W-7. 3.20.2.3 Mitigation 1 U Page 3-139 • Prior to construction, FHWA will conduct a UXO survey. If the risk of �J U encountering UXO is low, then the USACE will be consulted to provide UXO construction support. If the risk of encountering UXO is high, then full UXO (� clearance will be performed to ensure the safety of the site. The Army will U document UXO surveys and removal actions in full accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and guidance. All ordnance found will be removed from the project area in accordance with DOA regulations in coordination with USAG-HI. • In all training activities at Ke`amuku and other areas of PTA, the Army will continue to educate soldiers on how to identify UXO and the proper safety procedures for marking and reporting UXO, in order to reduce impacts not only to Usoldiers but also to motorists on W-7. 1 U Page 3-139 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 3.21 VISUAL A visual resource impact assessment prepared for the entire Saddle Road project is contained in Volume VII of the 1999 Final EIS, which interested readers may consult. The methodology used was based on the FHWA's Visual Impact Assessment for Highway Projects procedures and the USDA -Forest Service's National Forest Landscape Management -Roads, which was prepared to assess the visual impacts of roads. The visual landscape of the W-7 corridor is essentially identical to that of the adjacent W-3, and therefore the conclusions of the 1999 assessment for W-3 are discussed below, adjusted as necessary. 3.21.1 Affected Environment 3.21.1.1 Existing Visual Character Elevational differences ranging from 2,500 to 5,500 feet above sea level and open vegetation provide panoramic vistas with interesting landscape features. Rolling hills, cone-shaped pu `u (hills), broad valleys, and mountains are examples of the diverse landforms found within the corridor (Figure 3.21.1). Notable landforms or water features visible along or from the W-7 corridor include Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Hualalai, the Kohala Mountains, Haleakala, Pu`u Wa`awa`a, Pu`u Nohonaohae, Pu`u Ke`eke`e, Pohakuloa Gulch, and the Pacific Ocean. Rock outcrops of basaltic lava, native shrublands, and grasslands that change hue from brown to green in times of rain are visible along the corridor. Within the corridor there are only subtle cultural modifications of the natural landscapes, including rough unpaved roads, fence lines, and water tanks and troughs. Visual resources are defined in terms of two primary elements, visual character and quality. The landscape components of landforms, water features, .vegetation types, and cultural modifications, as well as the patterns they create, provide the basis for defining the project area's visual character. The quality of the visual resources in the project area varies because of changes in the landscape components and their patterns. The visual quality of an area is rated in terms of such criteria as the landscape's distinctiveness, its visual integrity, and the compatibility of its components. Visual quality is expressed as very high, high, moderately high, moderate, moderately low, low, and very low. Page 3-140 0 0 r. r 0 J 0 0 0 0 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Figure 3.21.1a Page 3-141 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 0 Figure 3.21.1b Photographs of W-7 Landscape Page 3-142 1 QSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The western, low -elevation portion of this segment is a broad, open valley. The visual Dpattern of this area of the project corridor is characterized by expansive views with Hualalai, Kohala Mountains, and the coastline as the backdrop, and the grassy rolling hills dotted with mature trees. The landscape consists of a predominantly pastoral setting with few built features. Fencing visible in the area blends with the natural setting. Construction of the proposed roadway would result in a substantial change in visual character due to the introduction of a paved road to the existing pastoral setting. The visual impact assessment performed in 1999 predicted that this imposition of a two-lane O highway would impact visual character in various ways and severely lower the existing visual quality of the foreground area. This was based partly on the appearance of the paved surface, but also on cut and fill slopes. Over its length, fill slopes would range from 6 to 40 feet, and cut slopes would range from 6 to 35 feet, although treatment of these slope faces would minimize the change in visual quality and character. a The visual appearance of the improved Saddle Road in other segments, illustrated above in Figure 1.4.1, has demonstrated that preliminary concerns about severe impacts have not been borne out, and that the road in general matches its surroundings. In addition, the OPage 3-143 At and above about the 4,500 -foot elevation, the low -growing `a `ali `i shrub becomes as 0 common as fountain grass. The transition from grassland to shrubland gives the landscape a darker color and more irregular texture. The terrain remains distinctly hilly. The character of the setting changes to a landscape with broad expansive views outward, D gently rolling terrain, short green grasses, and a scattering of shrubs and rock outcrops. An overhead transmission line and ranch roads contrast with the landscape, but do not spatially dominate the setting. As the W-7 alignment crosses uphill from Ke`amuku into the Ke`eke`e area, the land is dotted with outcrops of black lava rocks. The combination 0 of landscape elements in this area of the W-7 alignment forms a moderately memorable pattern. The built elements are noticeable and attract some attention, but the natural setting remains dominant. Overall, the existing visual quality of this area as measured by 0 the FHWA methodology was evaluated as moderate to moderately low. n3.21.1.2 Characteristics of the Viewer U Visual assessment also considers the level of sensitivity or attitude that the viewer would have in response to the change in appearance of the existing landscape. Identification of viewer groups, duration of viewer exposure, and type of viewer activity provide an U indication of the level of viewer response. The majority of the viewers now and in the future would travel the highway by vehicle, viewing the landscape at speeds of about 50- 55 MPH. Other viewers are those from military facilities and, on occasion, from the dry hunting land to the south. These groups view the landscape (including the roadway) from different viewpoints, and have a stationary view rather than a changing one. O3.21.2 Environmental Consequences Construction of the proposed roadway would result in a substantial change in visual character due to the introduction of a paved road to the existing pastoral setting. The visual impact assessment performed in 1999 predicted that this imposition of a two-lane O highway would impact visual character in various ways and severely lower the existing visual quality of the foreground area. This was based partly on the appearance of the paved surface, but also on cut and fill slopes. Over its length, fill slopes would range from 6 to 40 feet, and cut slopes would range from 6 to 35 feet, although treatment of these slope faces would minimize the change in visual quality and character. a The visual appearance of the improved Saddle Road in other segments, illustrated above in Figure 1.4.1, has demonstrated that preliminary concerns about severe impacts have not been borne out, and that the road in general matches its surroundings. In addition, the OPage 3-143 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement lack of vantages providing views of the W-7 alignment means that there are virtually no "views" of the area to be adversely affected; in fact, the new highway would open scenic vistas to motorists that have never before been available. The project would not interfere with vistas of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Hualalai, or the Kohala Mountains, the major scenic resources in the area, regardless of viewer location. W-7 versus W-3 There are no substantial differences between the scenic resources or impacts of W-3 and W-7. 3.21.3 Mitigation Measures The degree of visual impact is generally lessened by minimization of the amount of cut and fill slopes, revegetation of disturbed areas, and by blending any proposed improvements into the surrounding landscape. The intent of visual impact mitigation measures is to reduce the contrast between the proposed improvements and the existing landscape. The following mitigation measures will be employed: • Final cut and fill slope faces will be made to blend with the surrounding landscape. The natural appearance of the slopes will be improved by rounding the toe and top of slopes, warping, blending the ends of slopes, varying the slope ratios, utilizing staggered ledges, and roughening the face of cut slopes, either by ripping or blasting, where appropriate. (Warping results in a slope face that is not parallel to the roadway. Slope rounding refers to blending the slope into the natural terrain by excavating additional area at the top of the cut slope. Laying back the ends of slopes or blending provides a smooth transition to adjacent cut, fill, or drainage area by flattening the slope ratio at the ends of slopes. Varying slope ratios leaves an irregular, undulating or roughened appearance with staggered ledges rather than a uniform grade. Staggered ledges are benches with varying dimensions and heights on the cut face which do not cross the entire face.) The slope ratios will vary from the top to the bottom of the slope face as well as horizontally along the face, if practicable and feasible. • Rock slope surface treatment will be applied to cut slopes in competent rock areas as identified in the geotechnical testing results. These treatments include roughening of the cut face to incorporate short, staggered ledges, minor warping, and other irregularities in the rock that take on a natural appearance. • In areas not recommended for revegetation, the top three feet of lava material in disturbed areas will be stockpiled prior to construction. After construction, the stockpiled material will be used as plating material. The plating material will be placed over slope faces to resemble the adjacent, undisturbed ground surface conditions or used as rip rap material along ledges and outside of ditch backslopes. • Intercepted drainages on cut slopes will be cut at the angle to existing joints, planes or rock features, and drainage patterns. These features will be incorporated into the NPDES SWPPP. Page 3-144 1 aSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • Where guardrails are needed, natural -appearing guardrail material, such as blend Dnaturally weathered steel or a material approved by HDOT, will be used to more effectively with the surrounding landscape. • To reduce contrast and blend more effectively with the surrounding landscape, aesthetic fencing materials will be used, such as naturally weathered metal or steel, or painted or wooded posts, as approved by HDOT. • Clearing of trees and large shrubs along an irregular edge adjacent to the recovery 0 zone will be done to create a gradual transition or feathered edge. • As determined appropriate during final design, the project may include informal scenic Typical Sections s with interpretive signage in a few locations, such as the DOld Waimea -Kona Belt Road and the overlook above Ke`amuku Village. 3.22 ENERGY Energy There are two primary energy demands associated with the proposed project. would be consumed in construction activities and in operation of vehicles once the O highway is open. The 1999 Final EIS calculated energy expenditures for the entire project based on existing technologies. Energy use per section was not calculated. Interested readers are referred to Section 3.22 of the 1999 Final EIS. Then -current engineering data were used to estimate the total earthwork, aggregate base course, and pavement area for each segment. Based on the generalized working efficiency of various pieces of construction equipment (e.g., grader, roller, D-9 bulldozer, a scraper), the estimated fuel consumption for construction of the entire proposed Saddle Road was calculated at approximately 0.6 to 0.7 million gallons. The energy use required for construction of W-7 was not recalculated as part of this SEIS, but there are essentially O no differences between it and W-3. The cumulative use of energy for construction combined with other users on the island during the last six years of construction on awhich Saddle Road has not exceeded the capacity of fuel or electricity supplies in the area, periodically support multiple large construction projects. This should not represent a problem in the future. aIn the 1999 FEIS, since there were no data available on levels of fuel consumption in passenger vehicles or trucks on Saddle Road, estimates were made based on estimated ADT, the average length of trips on Saddle Road, and motor fuel consumption data for the County of Hawai' i as a whole. The then -current ADT of 900 was compared with the then -projected ADT of 14,000 in 2014, which obviously resulted in a large increase in fuel consumption. However, the proposed project would conserve fuel in individual vehicles by improving the LOS and travel time, reducing curves and grades, providing safe opportunities for passing, and reducing the trip length to most destinations. Vehicles traveling at steady highway speeds use less fuel than those traveling at variable speeds due to excessive curves and steep grades. t 0 Page 3-145 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement W-7 versus W-3 The substitution of W-7 for W-3, which are almost equal in length, does not result in any differences with regard to energy consumption. The conclusion that the project would conserve fuel in individual vehicles remains valid. Mitigation measures associated with construction equipment are presented in Section 3.23.2. No other mitigation measures related to fuel consumption are recommended. 3.23 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS 3.23.1 Environmental Consequences Environmental impacts associated with the construction phase of a project are generally localized and temporary in nature. Construction impacts anticipated include noise from heavy construction equipment, fugitive dust from earthmoving activities, air pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines, and soil erosion and sedimentation. Construction activities would include mobilization, clearing and grubbing, excavating and filling of earth, foundation construction, drainage structure construction or installation, preparation of highway base, paving, and cleaning up. Highway construction also generates solid waste in the form of packaging for building materials, detergents, paint, metals, solvents, and demolition of existing materials at intersections. Due to the 47 -mile length of Saddle Road, it has not been feasible to construct the entire project at one time. Each construction project has improved a 5- to 9 -mile section of the highway. Because of the staggering of construction, with implementation of mitigation, construction -related impacts have not been significant and are not expected to be significant for Section I. W-7 versus W-3 There are no differences between the construction impacts of W-3 and W-7. 3.23.2 Mitigation Measures The following mitigation measures have been identified to minimize potential impacts. These activities will be noted as mandatory in Special Contract Requirements. The total amount of land disturbance will be minimized. The construction contractor will be limited to the delineated construction work areas within the ROW or clearly marked staging areas. Construction traffic will be limited to military roads and the construction area as much as possible, particularly traffic related to hauling of crushed rock and asphalt, to minimize interaction with vehicular traffic on the existing Saddle Road. Traffic control will assure a safe and timely flow of traffic on the adjacent Page 3-146 1 t I 1 0 1 1 t t t 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement sections of Saddle Road during construction. Traffic control plans will be an integral part of the construction documents and enforced by the Project Engineer. Construction activities and traffic control will be coordinated with the Office of Mauna Kea Management to avoid potential conflicts with their observatory construction projects. • Environmental awareness materials will be provided to all persons, agency personnel, construction workers, subcontractors, inspectors, and others on the project. These materials will be prepared in a checklist format and will address issues related to caves, sensitive species, cultural resources, spill management, delineation of authorized work area, pollution prevention through recycling and other efforts required by the Pollution Control Act of 1990, and other relevant factors. Contract specifications addressing environmental mitigation and procedural requirements will also be included in the contract documents and will be enforced by the on-site project engineer throughout the duration of the construction contract. • Trucks will be covered when hauling loose material on public roads. • Unused materials and excess fill will be removed and disposed of at an authorized waste disposal site. • Dust control measures will be implemented. These will include, but are not limited to, the use of water trucks, the stabilization of the surfaces of stockpiled materials, and the treatment of unpaved routes with dust suppressants. • Clearing and grubbing of construction work areas will be conducted in such a manner as to minimize the amount of exposed soil at any one time. • Stationary equipment will be kept as far from sensitive noise receptors as practical. • No smoking will be permitted during construction within the construction site, nor will any fires be permitted within the project corridor. • All exhaust systems will be maintained in good working order. Properly designed engine enclosures and intake silencers will be used. Equipment will be maintained on a regular schedule. • During construction, emergency spill treatment, storage, and disposal of all hazardous materials, both within construction limits and at staging areas, will be handled in accordance with the most recent version of FHWA's Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, (www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/manuaITp96.pdf), federal acquisition regulations, and appropriate EPA regulations. Special Contract Requirements shall specify that the construction contractor shall develop and adhere to "Good Housekeeping" and Spill Prevention Plans for all appropriate substances. Elements of the plan may include standards, procedures or activities such as: o Onsite storage of the minimum practical quantity of hazardous materials necessary to complete the job; o Storage and inventory of hazardous materials will be performed by designated and properly trained personnel; o Storage of all materials in a neat and orderly manner, under roof and/or enclosed as appropriate and practical, as required by applicable OSHA and EPA rules; Page 3-147 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement o Products will be kept in their original containers unless unresealable, and original labels and safety data will be retained; o Whenever possible, a product will be completely consumed before disposing of empty container; o Disposal of surplus will follow manufacturer's recommendation and adhere to all regulations; o Manufacturers' recommendations for proper use and disposal will be strictly followed; o Daily inspection by contractor to ensure proper use and disposal; o Onsite vehicles and machinery will be monitored for leaks and receive regular maintenance to minimize leakage; o Manufacturer's recommended methods for spill clean-up will be clearly posted, and site personnel will be informed of the procedures and the location of the information and clean-up supplies; o Materials and equipment necessary for spill clean-up will be kept in the material storage area onsite; o All spills will be cleaned up immediately after discovery, using proper materials that will be properly disposed of; o The spill area will be kept well -ventilated, and personnel will wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent injury from contact with hazardous substances; o Regardless of size, spills of toxic or hazardous materials will be reported to the appropriate government agency; o Should spills occur, the spill prevention plan will be adjusted to include measures to prevent spills from re -occurring and for modified clean-up procedures. A description of the spill, its cause, and clean-up measures used will be included. If a major hazardous spill occurs, clean-up efforts will be coordinated through the Hawaii County Fire Department and Civil Defense Agency, and the Hawaii State Department of Health; o The contractor will coordinate spill prevention and clean-up efforts. In addition, the contractor will designate at least three site personnel to receive spill prevention and clean-up training; these individuals will each be responsible for a specific phase of prevention and clean-up. The names of responsible spill personnel will be posted in the material storage area and in the office trailer onsite; o HDOT will encourage through contract specifications the use of durable materials that will require less frequent replacement, reducing the amount of construction waste generated over time; o HDOT will encourage through contract specifications the use of material with recycled content, such as glassphalt, where possible and in accordance with accepted standards; and o HDOT will encourage through contract specifications the reuse in other jobs rather than disposal of project materials such as metal, wood, paper. Mitigation measures related to construction impacts are also provided in other sections of this chapter, including 3.1.1.3, 3.3.3.3, 3.3.4.3, 3.6.3, 3.7.3, 3.12.3, 3.13.3, and 3.18.3). Page 3-148 t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL O SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY A comparison of short-term use versus long-term productivity considers the commitments of resources that would directly or indirectly result from the project. For example, typical mining operations might significantly contribute to local short-term productivity of a land resource, but generally do not contribute to the maintenance and enhancement of its long-term. productivity. For the purpose of this discussion, short-term D refers to the construction phase and the first 5 to 10 years of the- project. Long-term refers to the estimated life cycle of the project, or 20 years. The proposed project would continue the ongoing improvements on Saddle Road from Mamalahoa Highway to MP 6, specifically by constructing the new W-7 alignment in place of the selected W-3 alignment in Section I of the project. The work would include the rebuilding of the existing road with major grade and alignment improvements and the realignment of portions of the road. Because the project as a whole has taken advantage of an existing road corridor for much of its length, the proposed project is considered an aefficient means to achieve State and County transportation goals. The project would require the direct taking or conversion of existing land uses into this O transportation corridor use and the commitment of resources for road construction and regular maintenance. It would be expected to increase the number of cross -island vehicle trips, resulting in substantial changes in roadway use and traffic levels. It would O strengthen economic conditions and increase access to public lands within the area. The improvement of Saddle Road is not expected to foster new development along Saddle Road, as most land is within highly restrictive (State Land Use Conservation District) or aalready prescribed (U.S. military) uses. Approval and implementation of the Section I phase of the proposed project would begin the process of ROW acquisition and construction of the road over a period of about three years. Over the life of the project, the construction phase would likely represent the period of most concentrated impact to the natural, biological, and social environment. Construction -related impacts, such as soil erosion and sedimentation, the generation of 0 air pollutants and dust, traffic congestion due to detours and delays, and noise from construction equipment, would be considered temporary and would not be expected to aaffect the area's long-term productivity. The conversion of existing land use, the direct loss or displacement of native plants, the degradation of historic properties, and the modification of the visual environment would 0 occur immediately; these impacts would not be retrievable for the long-term productivity of the area. Any inadvertent introduction or spread of aggressive alien species would be expected to result in a long-term impact to the region's biological resources. Page 4-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Economic benefits associated with the construction efforts would occur immediately upon initiation of the project. Those economic benefits associated with increased cross -island connectivity and time -savings would begin following the construction period and would be expected to increase over time, contributing to the long-term productivity of the area. Mitigation measures committed for the project would be initiated and maintained over time as appropriate. The mitigation measures already in place were designed to contribute to the establishment of a second population of the endangered Palila and to provide a higher degree of fire protection to existing Palila habitat. These have contributed to the maintenance and enhancement of the region's long-term productivity. No plant or wildlife species is expected to become extinct as a direct result of project activities. Proposed improvements would enhance safety and reduce travel time for many cross -island commuters. While taking advantage of an existing road facility, the short-term use of project resources represents an efficient means to achieve a primary transportation goal. Page 4-2 0 D Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 5 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE oCOMMITMENT OF RESOURCES ' Resources committed to the project would be material and nonmaterial, including financial. An irreversible commitment of resources refers to resources, which once committed to the proposed project, cannot be restored to their pre -project condition. An irretrievable commitment of resources refers to resources used, consumed, destroyed, or degraded by implementation of the proposed project such that the resource cannot be retrieved or replaced in any form. As an example, while the crushing of stone to create an aggregate base is irreversible, the commitment of the resource is only irretrievable for o the life of the project. Although the crushed stone cannot be un -crushed, it could be put to another use after the life of the project. O The proposed construction of Section I of Saddle Road is planned for completion in roughly three years. The life cycle of a completed roadway segment spans a period of 20 years. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources for the proposed project oare summarized in Table 5.1. 1 I'I t 1 1 1 1 1 t Page 5-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 5.1 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources Section I, with W-7 Alignment Resource Type of Commitment Irreversible Irretrievable Land Use Exclusion of Future Military Project Life Only Project Life Only Uses in Corridor Farmland No Loss of Use (No Use At Present or in Foreseeable N/A N/A Future) ROW/Relocation Property Acquisition Only Yes Project Life Only Air Quality Degradation of Air Quality Construction Phase Construction Phase Only Only Noise Noise Level Exceeding Yes Project Life Only Ambient (But No Sensitive Uses) Fire Hazard Change, Both Beneficial and Yes Project Life Only Adverse, During Life of Project Water Resources Sedimentation Yes Construction Phase Only Wetlands, Waters of No Loss U.S. and Floodplain N/A N/A Geology and Soils Loss From Construction Yes Yes Biological Resources Modification of Habitat, Loss Yes Yes of Flora and Fauna Cultural Resources Disturbance or Modification Yes Yes Of One Site Native Hawaiian No Modification or Loss Resources N/A N/A Visual Degradation of Natural Scenic Project Life Only Project Life Only Quality and Viewshed Intrusion Construction Materials, Use of. Aggregate Yes No Fuels and Energy Water Yes Yes Steel Yes No Concrete Yes No Wood Yes No Fossil Fuels Yes Yes Page S-2 1 t I t Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Introduction Both the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Hawaii Environmental Policy Act (Chapter 343, HRS) require that the direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of proposed actions be assessed and disclosed. The NEPA definition of a cumulative impact, which is also used in Hawaii, comes from the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), which defines a cumulative impact as: O ...the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non -Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative O impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time (40 CFR § 1508.7). O Cumulative impacts encompass the total effect on a natural resource, ecosystem, or human community due to past, present, and future activities or actions of federal, non-federal, public, and private entities. Cumulative impacts may also include the effects of natural processes and (1 events. Accordingly, there may be different cumulative impacts on different environmental U resources. A cumulative impact is defined in both spatial (geographic) and temporal terms (i.e., timeframes in which to identify past, present, and reasonably foreseeable actions). One analytic measure of cumulative impact is the health or status of an individual resource, which can help O determine if it is in a sustainable state given past, present, and reasonably foreseeable actions. According to the U.S. EPA, an ecologically sustainable system will support biological processes; maintain its level of productivity; function with minimal external management; and repair itself when stressed (U.S. EPA 1999). For human resources such as archaeological sites, sustainability is more a matter of identification and care for resources. In any case, conservation actions or aresource recovery plans identified by agencies or communities that are reversing a declining trend for the helping make it sustainable must also be taken into consideration. and The cumulative impact analysis approach undertaken in this SEIS is derived from several sources (Caltrans 2009; USEPA 1999; and CEQ 1997). It has been developed interactively with the direct and indirect impacts analyses from the 1999 FEIS, scoping for the SEIS in 2007, and later resource studies. The early focus on cumulative impacts helped in designing the W-7 alternative so as to avoid or minimize impacts. The analysis for identifying and assessing cumulative impacts followed here consists of seven steps: 0 8. Identification of resources in consultation with agencies, groups, individuals and reliable information sources. 9. Identification of the direct and indirect impacts of the proposed project that might (� contribute to a cumulative impact on the identified resources. U 10. For all resources that have a potential to be impacted by the project, definition of a geographic boundary or Resource Study Area (RSA) for each resource to be addressed. (� 11. Description of the current health and the historical context of each resource. OPage 6-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 12. Identification of the set of other current and reasonably foreseeable future actions or projects and their associated environmental impacts to include in the cumulative impact analysis. 13. Assessment of the potential cumulative impacts. 14. Assessment of the need for mitigation and the potential to avoid, minimize, rectify or compensate for impacts. The sections in this chapter correspond to these steps. Rather than a comprehensive list of issues that have little relevance to the effect of the proposed action or the eventual decisions, this cumulative impacts analysis "counts what counts," in accordance with federal guidance (CEQ 1997). 6.1 Identification of Resources The initial identification of resources in an EIS looks broadly at the universe of natural and cultural resources that may be present in the broader project area, generally during early coordination or scoping. These resources are intensively studied during EIS development, often through on -ground field studies that tend to concentrate on direct and secondary impacts. Table 6.1 provides an overview of resources in a wide area of the north central portion of the Island of Hawaii, extending from East to West Hawai` i and from the summit of the mountains to the sea. Because of their importance, all these resources have been studied for the project corridor, as described in Chapter 4. 6.2 Identification of Direct and Indirect Project Impacts Using the foundation of resources of concern established in the previous section, the cumulative impact analysis focused on identifying resources impacted by the project in a more than insubstantial way. For those resources for which the project will not cause direct or indirect impacts, the project will not contribute to a cumulative impact on that resource, and the resource does not require further discussion in the context of cumulative impacts. Table 6.2.1 summarizes direct and indirect impacts as described in Chapter 4. Those resources denoted with italics in the "Resource" column of Table 6.2.1 were found to be impacted by the project in a more than insubstantial way and were carried forward for further cumulative impact analysis. These resources include Floodplains and Drainage Areas, Native Ecosystems, Threatened and Endangered Species, Historic Properties, and Visual Quality. Page 6-2 I Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 6.1.1 Dncn.vvoae fnr Initial ('mmilative Tmnactc (..nnsideratinn Resources of Special Concern for Cumulative Impacts in Project Area Resource Distribution Critical Issues of Concern Surface Watersheds. North slopes of Mauna Kea and Water quality, including sedimentation, southeastern slopes of Kohala Mts. nutrients, microbial pollution. Avoiding floodplain effects. Groundwater. Aquifers, mostly basal, under all areas. Protecting sustainable yield and water quality. Native Ecosystems. Concentrated at shoreline fringe and Protecting the integrity of the ecosystems from elevations higher than 5,000 feet on fragmentation, loss of rare species, invasive leeward slopes, higher than 2,000 to species invasions, and overall habitat diversity 3,000 feet on windward slopes. and value. Threatened and Various forest birds and seabirds Protection of existing populations from a Endangered Species. primarily in wetter forests, with Palila variety of threats including predation, in dry forest. Plants have complex competition with introduced species, and distribution, primarily found in dry habitat alteration/ destruction. forests and rainforests at elevations greater than 2,000 feet. Important Farmland. Primarily on lower northern and Protection from development, particularly near western slopes of Mauna Kea and urban areas. Rural areas have seen large scale southeastern slope of Kohala Mts. abandonment of grazing and farming uses in Grazing land of some value also last two decades. present on western slopes of Mauna Kea. Community Character, Existing communities of Waimea, Maintaining character of community, including Socioeconomic Health, Waiki`i, Waikoloa, and other areas avoiding growth induction from highway Economy. indirectl accessed by Saddle Road. projects. Maintaining health economy. Recreational Areas. Hunting areas and park land on Mauna Loss of hunting land for conservation uses. Kea, Mauna Loa, and coastal areas. Historic Properties. All parts of island. Loss of some of the tens of thousands of uninventoried archaeological sites from historic and pre -Western contact era due to development, natural decay. Areas for Practice of All parts of island. Loss of gathering and other cultural areas due to Traditional Culture. I development, particularly on coast. Visual Quality. Places visible from Saddle Road Degradation of scenic resources due to development. Resources not of Special Concern for Cumulative Impacts in Project Area Air Quality. Saddle Road and adjacent areas. Air quality meets all standards by large margin. REF: 3.71. Noise. Saddle Road and adjacent areas. Area not affected by high noise levels. [REF: 3.8.1 Wild and Scenic All parts of island. None present in State of Hawaii. [REF: 3.161 Rivers. Coastal Coastlines of island. Project is located over nine miles from coast Barriers/Coastal with no surface water connection. No coastal Environments. barriers present in State of Hawaii. [REF: 3.17.1 Page 6-3 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 6.2.1 Pro,iect's Direct and Indirect Impacts on Resources of Special Cumulative Imnact Concern Resource General Nature of Impact to Impacted Resources in Impacts of Saddle Road Resources from Highways Project Area Project on W-7 Alignment Surface Highway runoff to receiving None. [REF: 3.10.1, 3.11. 1] Insubstantial, as no project Watersheds. waters such as streams, ponds, runoff can reach any sensitive wetlands, and coastal waters. resource. REF: 3.10.2, 3.11.2 Floodplain Designated floodplains and No designated floodplains, Adding runoff to drainage areas, and Drainage other areas with existing but swales that convey increasing drainage quantities in Areas. drainage patterns. drainage exist. REF: 3.10.1 swales. REF: 3.10.2 Groundwater. Migration of pollutants from Basal aquifers, 2,500 to Insubstantial, as runoff is filtered roadway runoff through 5,000 feet below land through soil and thick column of round into aquifer surface. REF: 3.10.1 aerated rock. REF: 3.10.2 Native Direct loss of acreage, rare Largely native ecosystems at Direct loss of 45.0 acres of Ecosystems. species, fragmentation of highest elevations of project; Dodonaea shrubland, 12.1 acres communities, loss of habitat semi -native ecosystems in of Chenopodium shrubland and value, invasive species, and elevations just below. [REF: 15.5 acres of Eragrostis wildfire. 3.13.11 grassland. REF: 3.13.2 Threatened & Loss of existing populations Two endangered plants: Potential for impact due to Endangered from habitat take and indirect Haplostachys haplostachya wildfire in threat not minimized. Plant and threats such as introduction of and Stenogyne angustifolia [REF: 3.18.2] Animal invasive species and increased within 500 feet of W-7 Species. ro ensi for wildfire. F: 3.18.1 Important Direct take of farmland and Other Important Land No loss of farmland that can be Farmland. indirect effects to ability to (grazing) in W-7 alignment used for farming because of use farmland. in military use, unavailable dedication to military use. [REF: for farming in foreseeable 3.2.1] future. F: 3.2. 11 Community Dividing communities; No communities adjacent to Benefits to Waiki`i through Character, presenting barriers to travel, W-7 alignment; Waiki`i traffic reduction; minimal Socioeconomic walking, or biking; inducing within 2 miles, and growth induction potential Health, inappropriate growth; Waikoloa within 6 miles. minimal because of existing land Economy. bypassing communities. [REF: 3.3.2.1, 3.3.3.1, use regulations and lack of 3.3.3.11 infrastructure in areas newly accessed. Drive-by business in existing commercial areas on island will not be reduced [REF: 3.3.2.2, 3.3.3.2, 3.4.3.2 Recreational Direct take of recreational No hunting or other Project will not involve loss of Areas. areas or indirect impacts on recreational land, as land is hunting land or other recreational quality of recreational areas. in military use. [REF: land and may open up new 3.3.4.1] hunting land. REF: 3.3.4.2 Historic Direct destruction of historic Archaeological sites from Destruction of a portion of one Properties. properties and indirect effects ranching era in W-7 archaeological site, a road on qualities that give historic alignment area and adjacent alignment from the early 201h property its significance. areas. REF: 3.19.2.11 century. REF: 3.19.2.2 Areas for Direct loss of gathering and No gathering or other No impacts. [REF: 3.19.3.2] Practice of other cultural areas, and cultural areas identified in Traditional indirect impacts to quality of area on or near W-7 Culture. experience due to noise, corridor. [REF: 3.19.3.1] increased access, etc. Visual Quality. Loss or degradation of quality Project would insert built Potential for degradation of of scenic landmarks, landscape in area currently scenic resources. [REF: 3.21.2] viewpoints, vistas, and without structures. [REF: general landscape. 3.21.1 Notes: REF = SEIS Section reference. Resources in italics in Column 1 carried forward for further analysis. Page 6-4 I I � I I ,-QW � i li iii N 0 W N ' y ra OS W 0 N Y W � �N� M N p W o r - z Z� r '1o's CO WUQ 0 rc\`-, U N Q W Yi �LLJ(_ZOW :i g � Z LLJAli b > \ _ :2 C'n v Q O ck:LO J / n �� W \L1J C \ � � z J o \ O. _ d L 04 Q / Q \ \ W J \ 0 \\ n a a LQJ U� "i w (( LLJ CD 5 \ `a 1 T€ v � c `s N V u LL h --- Y W Ln�/ o LLJ DO 3 �� 0 W "L.Li> \� z VJ � a g Z � \ W LL!o = I f'- z C9 Q w Q z � wO f= N 3 o I a = L� \� �Q � na z �a �'- � N \ �z > 0-5 Zm 0 >o acn 0 :DW W o 111 Q� \\\ U W� �f2' Q� 20. a O `\ �Z C) U) ow LL, Y z �Q �� w n>-» wLLJ ♦ J \i o ao fo dp\:o \ 6MP' l'£'9 a1n6i�\sa�n6i�\513S\S13SaP.S 1 sa M a IPP S — V L 1066\I f\. I v.\upro�\Joel\99011A — Soddle West Side i \ Z 0 COM r49 / A _ D D ll u re a (N II D o r <�c\\ AT S. P a O I ' c 0 D \\� D c o Z L� Z Z /1 N o rn ® _� � r0 X O . � o o - D� Z y Zr� M O r D c' e � .� _ _� O m - �� -- v a _ - , � o O � - \ o i r 1 l S X 01 M a J S 00,� c r, / 'zc >z \� '' me v , Ilsy D 1 �wrn D = v Nr- �'� z O O N < o Q \ r*IZCX o m c I l® % O � �� n" n \ CA p 1 Z \ }3 r r _ » .000101 �. 110� _ f r D rS rn mm -"ii a Z a = •Qa SS30 o vC.) F� to o C ITI O rt �� rn Z Z i t 1 1 J n 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 6.3 Delineation of Resource Study Areas for Impacted Resources Cumulative impacts need to be considered within spatial (geographic) and temporal boundaries. It is usually necessary to define a unique study area for each resource rather than a single, consolidated study area. To clearly understand the health of a resource, the resource must be viewed in its appropriate geographical context. A Resource Study Area (RSA) was defined for each resource for which the project had an adverse impact that might accumulate with impacts from other projects. The RSAs provided a logical unit for analysis of the existing state of a resource and effects to it. These RSAs were determined in consideration of scoping comments, subsequent agency communications, and the specialist resource studies contained in the appendices to this SEIS. Table 6.3.1 lists RSA by resource, and Figures 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 provide maps that illustrate each RSA. Table 6.3.1 TT_A" - 4Z+.vAv fnr Cumulative Impacts Resource Stud Areas Resource ror xesuul CuS Uu. 1 - Description of Study Area Mauka ranching areas of Northwest Hawaii from Pu`u Wa`awa`a to Waimea to Humu`ula Sheep Station. Historic Properties Native Ecosystems Areas on slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa and saddle between them, particularly on PTA, supporting Dodonaea and Chenopodium shrubland and Era rostis grassland. which includes current and much of historic range of Ha lostach s ha lostach a and Steno ne an usti olia. Drainages crossed by W-7 alignment, which are potentially affected by increase in road runoff. Threatened andPTA, Endangered Ptecies Drainage Are Visual Quality Viewshed for drivers and others on Mamalahoa Highway and existing Saddle Road towards the coast and the mountains Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Hualalai. The rationale for each RSA is discussed below: Historic Properties RSA. Relatively few pre -Western contact historic properties are present in the area, but there are abundant archaeological sites and other historic properties reflecting the long history of ranching. The area encompassing Waimea, Puu Wa`awa`a and the Humu`ula Sheep Station was united by ranch ownership, trade, transportation, and social relationships during the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, and similar historic properties and values are present. Drainage RSA. Because of the recent lava substrate, which readily soaks up rainwater, the only areas potentially affected by additional runoff quantities generated by the road are the four ephemeral drainages into which a portion of the runoff will be directed. These ephemeral drainages are short, ending in natural settling basins between lava flow hummocks. There are no FEMA -designated and mapped floodplains in the RSA. Page 6-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Native Ecosystems RSA. The vegetation types with moderate ecosystem value in the W-7 area are Dodonaea and Chenopodium shrubland and Eragrostis grassland. These types are well - mapped within Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) but not mapped intensively outside PTA, although they exist. For this reason, the RSA concentrates on the distribution within PTA, though the analysis discusses the wider range of these types. Threatened and Endangered Plant Species RSA. The current range of these plants is well known and they are exclusively found within several sites in western PTA. For this reason, the entire PTA serves as an appropriate RSA. Visual Quality RSA. The viewshed for drivers and others on Mamalahoa Highway and existing Saddle Road towards the coast and the mountains Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Hualalai was selected as the RSA because these are the viewpoints from which the landscape alterations produced by the W-7 alignment will occur. This broad area offers unique, far- ranging scenic vistas with brown and black lava flows, straw-colored grasslands, rounded cinder cones, snow-capped mountains, and distant glimpses of turquoise coastal waters and expanses of the open ocean. 6.4 Description of Current Health and Historical Context of Each Resource The next step in the cumulative impact analysis consisted of describing the current health, condition, or status of each affected resource within its respective RSA, including the recent trends. "Health," as it is used here, refers very broadly to the overall condition, stability, or vitality of a resource, regardless of whether it is natural, cultural or social. To provide a deeper context, the analysis looks at historical trends to evaluate how each resource got to its current state. The health of each resource within its RSA is discussed below. Health of Historic Properties in the RSA. No full database of ranching archaeological sites in this broad area appears to exist, but project archaeologists believe that tens of thousands of features have been inventoried as part of resource studies over the last 40 years for proposals for land development, public infrastructure, military activities, and other projects. These included fences, trail markers, temporary camps, corrals, work areas, and other sites. Many archaeological sites and other historic properties from the ranching era in Waimea, Ke`amuku, Waiki`i, Pu`u Wa`awa`a and Humu`ula have been preserved as part of community planning and private efforts for the major historical ranches that anchored the economy and social life of the area from as early as 1830 until a few decades ago. Table 6.4.1 lists selected historic properties related to ranching in the RSA, whether they have been formally inventoried or not. Based on the extensive preservation of major representative elements of the ranching era with substantial information content or interpretive value, the resource can be described as in good health. Page 6-8 1 1 0 OR on x Y 0� >� oN o � 0 UIn o toN t4 00 U C's tu C 04o v rl In In x " (-U -o > wa $ ::s bb C4 $ o as 0 0 C/I 'CIS iCd o Cd z x CZ cl d3 , n 1 i o on � en cd o it z Cx kn p" s•' O d• N 40,, � O� ,� (/j N �rcd' ti 0 •O .� GO R U C13ica O O ° 0 > 0 Fi ,-`OG cd N N N c b 3. tO cC p YCd +� P x 0 o -0_o � � 3 a o� o� o4, Y Y �xUx � � � O ° bo 03 -;U b 0 �y� o a° l �C90 a Y o O ^ v 00In �.O ° y C bA N ..�a• f� N DC7 GN .-, rn� oo�Ux c X30 0 3 x a a U . � ; a alo � a� o U `� o o 0Cd c v 23�d o> o 0 3 0 0 0 y a^ W C to 3❑ o °�'bo 0 8 or, U ❑ '� O,x Y O�� N ami 040 oU�`� o U m C7,cd a o °� -s-o`ncCyCcoc 0 v 0 0o o $ ca �z Uo C O O ac U xc �=Id i d �i� 0 U O N � c° N� OOp cu o. x an x O oaF x o ed U C]i;5 -O 3(0, cd 0 a, axe av OR a >t Y o a�4,cl `. M U O rd a) X c O a, E at 7 ° ° -0 o Y Q °= ti`p o a � b U o ci0. 0u tn cqj ai a 0 b Y p O •= 1:3 cdM° C O a o • ;: ti. b ^ R. °' p, a) s n 0 " • C > ° P, cd 4:1° is ic3 y �" x a CD .Q v Y -0 vi o 00 .? 0 0 o 0 o x •� Icd to N 3 0� okf) QA; ° Con vi CTyC4 cd C4E O cad +' M C13 .O O. N M `n CN 110 N �. cn O° p 00 a0i C0 C13 U -g, -C NNCd N Ncu Cd a' 0 0 c Q C o c') o :.I C* as y `—d ° o b ty 0 w. > 0 E-- 0 19 1a .0 a 0 o U -d o a0i b N o .� cn Cd a, xUcn 3rn °CIS , ami w ° 7: —' C ca ro avi 3 u 3 oQ o Q a� a j a0i2.1 Q 0 aq � `d o0 Q5 0 0 0 0 0 ° 't3 W o G. 3 0 ° o C= o a0i . o 3b00 ca'a '3 3 p �3� cd :� E ° C m .r ao c o°n ca w o o amiCd }; 0 c a' C 3 ❑ > 0 3 a o ?a;x �� =-oma �.=—vi Cd im cu" O C U O oo n.:�LL" ca 14 cd a3 A a s ate' .c "" c. '� •� S a c y 'rJ p U LQ c4 O O\ 3• 3v�o y+ bA 1=1 =3 'b O N R a O NO ami cn `d rncd eta a o ° ;a 8 e ° ° ¢ 3 G• DO Cd y D .� iccJ ca 3 w cd � a� O O IU x o¢x� "w� baa '3rx 3xx4-ocon x> CAo QSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Health of Drainage Resources in RSA. As discussed above, the recent lava substrate readily soaks up rainwater, and there are few areas of widespread flooding or ponding. Ephemeral gulches run during extremely heavy rains, but since they are geologically young, they have not carved continuous courses to the sea and they outlet after short distances in natural settling jbasins between lava flow hummocks. None of the drainage that would outlet from the current U W-7 area is known to affect any area outside the Ke`amuku section of Pohakuloa Training Area. The Ke`amuku property has been used for ranching for over a century, and military use to date has been light. The effects of overgrazing of the property by cattle and wild goats is apparent in places, but no quantitative or qualitative assessment of erosion rates or risk has ever been undertaken. Despite some degree of overgrazing, the health of the natural drainage in the area can be assessed as relatively good. Health of Native Ecosystems in the RSA. All areas within these vegetation types have been moderately to heavily invaded by introduced species, particularly fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum). This grass promotes fire, compounding the invasiveness and threat it poses. Domestic cattle and feral goats, pigs and sheep heavily graze natives, nearly or completely extirpating many sensitive species already threatened by other factors and radically changing species composition, promoting introduced species or hardy natives such as Dodonaea viscosa. This is one reason that the shrubland dominated by this plant is so pervasive in the area and can be said to be in a sustainable, if not entirely natural, state. The type found in the D project area may be more specifically classified as Dodonaea Montane Shrubland, and it is found widely on various slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa as well as in the saddles between these mountains and between Mauna Loa and Hualalai (Wagner et al 1990:95). Under natural conditions, it appears to be a successional vegetation type that occurs in time between a forest with limited soil and a grassland (Shaw 1997). This type grades into a O subalpine variety at higher elevations and a lowland type at lower elevations (Wagner et al 1990: 71, 95). On PTA alone, not counting Ke`amuku, ecologists have calculated that Dodonaea shrubland makes up 6,500 acres (Shaw 1997: Table 1). In various forms, shrubland dominated by Dodonaea occupies tens of thousands of acres in surrounding areas, and the health of this vegetation type can be considered to be good. The other two plant communities present — Chenopodium shrubland and Eragrostis grassland — occur only on Mauna Kea and in the saddle adjacent (Ibid: 94) and are described as "rare communities" by (� the Hawaii Natural Heritage Program. Eragrostis grassland has been damaged by grazing. �) Chenopodium shrubland is a subalpine community that is best developed on the flats at the base of Mauna Kea and immediately adjacent areas of the saddle, a relatively limited area (Wagner et al 1990:109). The historic range of both of these communities has been reduced, replaced by new communities dominated by fountain grass and other introduced species, and the health of these species within the ecosystems they still dominate is threatened by the factors discussed above. However, the conservation efforts within PTA have helped stabilize this community type to some degree. On PTA alone, not counting Ke`amuku, Chenopodium shrubland accounts for about 354 acres, and. Eragrostis grassland makes up about 1,166 acres n (Shaw 1997: Table 1). Relatively little land outside of PTA contains these vegetation types, �f although the slopes of Mauna Kea just north of PTA may support several hundred acres of each type. Page 6-11 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Health of Threatened and Endangered Plant Species in the RSA. The historic ranges of the two endangered species found near the W-7 alignment are not fully known. Haplostachys haplostachya was collected on ridges on Kauai and various elevations on Maui, and from the Nohonaohae cinder cone in Ke`amuku. In recent times, at least in the wild, it has been restricted to Kipuka Kalawamauna in PTA (Wagner et al 1990: 799). Stenogyne angustifolia was collected in the past on Molokai and Maui in addition to the various locations in the Big Island. Today it is restricted to PTA (Wagner et al 1990: 835). Endangered Species Management Units have been established within PTA at Kipuka Kalawamauna and Pu`u Ka Pele, and these are the primary sites where Haplostachys haplostachya survives within the Hawaiian Islands today, whether wild or in propagation. Pu`u Ka Pete is about 6,770 feet southeast, and the 1,400 -acre Kipuka Kalawamauna is about 4,700 feet south, of the proposed W-7 corridor. A third Endangered Species Management Unit has been designated within Ke`amuku itself to protect and manage Haplostachys haplostachya and Stenogyne angustifolia, another endangered plant (see Figure 6.3.1). Conservation efforts within PTA, which include fencing of various areas containing endangered species, outplanting of endangered species, and periodic monitoring and remediation when necessary, are helping to stabilize the populations of these two endangered plants. Visual Quality RSA. The viewshed for drivers and others on Mamalahoa Highway and existing Saddle Road towards the coast and the mountains Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Hualalai has experienced very little alteration during the last century aside from highway development, which is the only way that most Hawaii residents and visitors would experience the views in this formerly remote area. There are no residential areas aside from the historic ranch homes and more recent ranch lots in Waiki`i. Military buildings, the airport, fencing and other infrastructure at PTA are utilitarian and visually obtrusive to passing motorists, but it is relevant that the whole purpose of the original road was to access the military base; without PTA, there may never have been a Saddle Road. No commercial development is present, and there is virtually no agriculture apart from low-density grazing. A cement plant, rock quarry and asphalt plant are present within a mile of existing roads but are sufficiently set back from highways that they are almost invisible. Views in all directions from nearly every road in the RSA are panoramic and dramatic. This resource can be considered to be in good health. 6.5 Identification of Other Reasonably Foreseeable Projects This step of the cumulative impact analysis identified current and reasonably foreseeable transportation and non -transportation projects within the RSA for each resource. Reasonably foreseeable actions are those that are likely or probable, rather than those that are merely possible. Table 6.5.1 includes a discussion of reasonably foreseeable projects within the RSA of all resources for which the Saddle Road project has an adverse effect. These are mapped on Figure 6.5.1. Data concerning these projects is from the Hawaii State OEQC Environmental Notice, newspaper articles, various websites, and interviews with knowledgeable individuals. 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DDDDD DDD , ;;; Ri; D D C> D '^1 Y/ � O L,i II 1'I Ili4t'L'I i'ili' Y DDDDD D D D Q D D \ OI �t D D x °_ LLJ� a xo Q 0 o a z a Iu - -C a d z o x \\� ° W Yoo N x Q Y O Y � 0 0 r 0 0 10 a) CO 00 0 0 0 Y Ip. 0 0 r A. <k 1 0 N N 0_ C 0 J 0 C 7 0 P i p o:300 0- � y / 'ool< _g 2 � 0ZZ No - O 34 C Q, .00017=.l. :aloos •llo•}oalas-t'bij\sajnb'3\Sl3S\S13S aplS lsaM alppoS - VL ZX` x °_ LLJ� a xo Q 0 o a z a Iu - -C a d z o x 0 x Q Y Y � Y � •llo•}oalas-t'bij\sajnb'3\Sl3S\S13S aplS lsaM alppoS - VL b 00 m a A H ,� t Li 0 it Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 6.5.1 Description of Reasonably Foreseeable Project in Resource Study Areas SR 19 Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway) Widening; Keahole Air ort to Waikoloa Road Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Would widen highway from two to four lanes with separate None yet proposed. turning lanes at major intersections for a length of 17 miles; Visual Impacts: Create more urban appearance for drivers on and viewers of highway. SR 19 Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway) Widening; Waikoloa Road to Kawaihae Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Would widen highway from two to four lanes for a length of 7 None yet proposed. miles with separate turning lanes at major intersections. Visual Impacts: Create more urban appearance for drivers on and viewers of highway. Mamalahoa Highway Widening in Waimea Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Widen from two lanes to four lanes with separate turning lanes Project would likely at major intersections inside existing urban area of Waimea; avoid historic Historic Properties Impacts: Would approach historic buildings present buildings, in keeping near Lindsey Road. with previous widening projects. Saddle Road Extension Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: New two-lane highway from western terminus of Saddle Road Project will minimize Realignment on Mamalahoa Highway to Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway. cut and fill to avoid Visual Impacts: Insert urban feature in landscape that currently has no landscape scarring. development; would be highly visible from Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Historic sites have been Highway, parts of Waikoloa Road. assessed and largely Historic Properties Impacts: one ranching feature may be destroyed. avoided. Native Ecosystems Impacts: Eastern portion of project includes about Project will include 50 acres of Dodonaea shrubland clearing. landscaping with native species. Waimea Connector Road Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: New 1.2 mile two-lane street in urban Waimea with separate Routed to avoid turning lanes at major intersections from Mamalahoa Hwy/Kamamalu Puhihale Pen, a historic intersection to Kamuela Racetrack. stone enclosure from Historic Properties Impact: Approaches historic sites. 19th century near Lindsey Road. Page 6-15 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 6.5.1, continued Lalamilo Connector Road Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: New 1.7 mile two-lane street in urban Waimea from Kawaihae None proposed yet. Road near Waiaka Bridge to Mamalahoa Hwy at Kamuela Racetrack. Historic Sites Impacts: None known. Kawaihae Bypass Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: A new $38.0 M, 15 -mile major arterial highway with truck None proposed yet. climbing lanes that realigns existing Kawaihae Road, from Waimea to Kawaihae. DEIS slated for March 2010. Historic Sites Impacts: Under study. Visual Impacts: Insert urban feature in landscape that currently has limited development; corridor would not likely be visible from existing or new Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway, or Waikoloa Road. Paniolo Avenue Project Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: $55.4 M extension of Paniolo Avenue in Waikoloa north as a None proposed yet. 4 -lane arterial to connect to planned Kawaihae Bypass Road and existing Kawaihae Road (and possibly Kohala Ranch). Historic Sites Impacts: Not yet studied. Visual Impacts: Insert urban feature in landscape that currently has limited development; corridor would not likely be visible from existing or new Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway, or Waikoloa Road (outside urban Waikoloa Village). Ke Kumu Housing Area Connector Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: New two-lane access road from Ke Kumu Housing area onto None proposed yet. Paniolo Drive in Waikoloa. Visual Impact: Generally within existing urban area, and corridor would not likely be visible from existing or new Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway, or Waikoloa Road (outside urban Waikoloa Village). Paving of existing Saddle Road near Waiki`i Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Gradual paving of existing Section I of Saddle Road for safety None. purposes. Historic Properties Impacts: None, as it involves existing paved area and shoulder. Visual Impacts: Insubstantial. Page 6-16 1 C 1 0 U r 1 71 U F-11 U Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 6.5.1, continued Hawaiian Home Lands Lalamilo Residential Lots 11 Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: $28.2 M construction of 400 residences with 10,000 sf lots. Historic Properties: Phase I of this project is underway with construction of 36 residences. impacts mitigated by The 37 -unit Phase 1 is under construction; some units already data recovery and occupied. Phase 2 has an offsite water systems, and 3 increments with a preservations. total of about 320 lots, with the final increment to be complete in 2014. Visual Impacts: Historic Sites Impacts: 75 sites with 818 features present, few from mitigated by open historic era and no preservation ranching sites. space, landscaping, and Visual Impacts: Changes character of Waimea by expanding urban area covenants. by 250 acres. Would not be visible from existing or new Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway, or Waikoloa Road. Wehilani, Kikaha and Makani Kai at Waikoloa Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Total of about 700 units on 256 acres adjacent to Golf Course. Visual Impacts: Said to require "live-in" residents — no part-timers. "Entry-level," mitigated by open "mid -market," and "upper market" homes are all planned. Started in space, landscaping, and 2005, not complete. No budget available. Current status of project is covenants. uncertain. Visual Impact: Adds substantially to existing urban area at Waikoloa. May be partially visible from new Saddle Road. Bridge Aina Le`a 13 Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: 3,000 acres at Puako Mauka. Up to 1,924 homes and several Visual Impacts: golf courses are permitted. 384 affordable units, 25 -acre commercial. mitigated by open Current status of project is .uncertain. space, landscaping, and Visual Impacts: Adds substantially to existing urban area below covenants. Waikoloa Village and east of coastal resorts. May be partially visible from new Saddle Road. Waikoloa Heights, Waikoloa Ma Lai LLC 14 Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: A 570-640 unit development is planned beginning soon on 800 Visual Impacts: acres, 1St phase about 2750 units. The Paniolo Road Extension is mitigated by open required as part of the project. Current status of project is uncertain. space, landscaping, and Visual Impacts: Adds substantially to existing urban area at Waikoloa. covenants. May be partially visible from new Saddle Road. Waikoloa Makai, Waikoloa Land and Cattle Com any 15 Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: 140-160 condominium units, 10 lodges, an 11,500 square -foot Visual Impacts: (so spa facility, a 7,500-sf restaurant, a 3,000-sf recreation center, and mitigated by open a 4,000 sf admin and service facility on 27 acres near Ku`uali`i Pl. off space, landscaping, and Waikoloa Beach Dr. Current status of project is uncertain. covenants. Visual Impacts: Adds substantially to existing urban area at Waikoloa resort area. May be partially visible from new Saddle Road. Page 6-17 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Tahle 6.5.1. continued Hawaii County/ Workforce Housing Project Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: 1,000-1,200 units including small family homes and condos on Visual Impacts: 260 acres. Project has been seriously delayed; funding and timeline are mitigated by open not yet certain Current status ofproject is uncertain. space, landscaping, and Visual Impacts: Adds substantially to existing urban area at Waikoloa. covenants. May be partially visible from new Saddle Road. Kilohana Kai; Hawaiian Island Homes 17 Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: 250 lots in Waikoloa. Initial phase 31 homes. Current status Visual Impacts: of project is uncertain. mitigated by open Visual Impacts: Adds substantially to existing urban area at Waikoloa. space, landscaping, and May be partially visible from new Saddle Road. I covenants. Department of Hawaiian Home Lands `Aina Mauna Legacy Program Projects at Humu`ula.18 Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: DHHL is rethinking its plans for 56,200 acres in Humu`ula/ Historic Properties: Pi`ihonua, adjacent to Saddle on northeast slopes of Mauna Kea. Preservation and Includes economically self-sustaining improvement and preservation adaptive re -use planned program for natural and cultural resources, with invasive species for Humu`ula Sheep eradication, native ecosystem restoration, revenue generation, Station. reinvestment in land to sustain activities, alternative/renewable energy projects, and educational and cultural opportunities, and ecotourism. Historic Properties: Historic properties at Humu`ula Sheep Station involved. Master Plan for West Hawaii Sanitary Landfill Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: In early stages of formulation for providing for additional None proposed yet. reuse and recycling services. Visual Impacts: Would alter existing land near landfill with up to 100 acres of additional solid waste features such as scrapyards, greenwaste facilities. Page 6-18 DSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement t 1 0 U 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 Table 6.5.1, continued Mauna Kea Management Plan 70 Summary of Protect and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Implementation of plans for managing cultural and natural None needed. resources. Visual Impact: Will assist in minimizing visual impact of proposed facilities. 21 Thirty Meter Telescope Summary of Protect and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Construction and operation of a $1 billion, 30 -meter diameter Facility surface is primary mirror optical/infrared observatory and ancillary facilities on 5 reflective to reduce acres on north slope of Mauna Kea, with access way, improvements to overall visibility Hale Pohaku; a Headquarters above UH Hilo campus; and a Satellite against sky. Office in Waimea. Visual Impact: 180 -foot tall facility will be dramatically visible from RSA. Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System Pan-STARRS Summary of Protect and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Institute for Astronomy (IfA) project on Mauna Kea within Dome designed to fit in footprint of the existing UH 2.2m telescope. Pan-STARRS technology a reduced 3-D footprint consists of four optical segments, each with digital camera, with goal to of existing UH 80 -inch discover and characterize asteroids and comets that might pose a scope; dome rotates to danger to Earth. avoid sunglare to Visual Impact: On summit and will be only minimally visible from sensitive receivers. RSA. Waimea Town Center(Parker Ranch 2020 Summary of Protect and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Ongoing (Parker Ranch Center completed), commercial Key component of the operations and industrial park planned. Further residential Parker Ranch Trust is development also planned. I to "Protect historical Historic Properties Impacts. Numerous ranching -era and other historic and cultural resources properties in area. through the preservation of important sites and areas." Industrial Use Development; Bay Pacific Development 24 Summary of Protect and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Project: Industrial development on 14 acres near Waikoloa (TMK 6-8- None known to be 2:33). proposed. Visual Impacts: Adds substantially to existing urban area at Waikoloa. May be partially visible from new Saddle Road. Page 6-19 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Table 6.5.1, continued Expansion of Military Training at PTA into Ke`amuku and Intensification of Training Elsewhere 25 Summary of Project and Impacts Summary of Mitigation Components include: Transformation of 2" Brigade, Visual: establish minimum 1,000 -foot noise 251h Light Infantry Division (L) to Stryker Brigade buffer around the Waiki`i Ranch property and Combat Team. Army has acquired 23,000 acres and is the Kilohana Girl Scout Camp. Consider starting to build and modernize training facilities and training guidelines to minimize nighttime infrastructure. "Ground softening" would bulldoze lava training activities that involve weapons fire or for a softer training surface. Training activities to avoid aviation activity within a minimum of 2,000 rare species or cultural features. No live -fire. feet of those properties. Substantial rise in barge, tank trail and air traffic. Project Native ecosystems: wherever practicable: described elsewhere in this SEIS. construct military vehicle trails to conserve Native Ecosystems Impacts: military training may affect existing natural features including terrain and Dodonaea shrubland. Two rarer vegetation types are on vegetative cover, follow slope of land, blend main part of PTA (outside Ke`amuku), where training cut slopes into landscape. already occurs. Fence or flag any sensitive plant communities Threatened and Endangered Plant Species Impacts: from activities. endangered species have been inventoried, marked, and Use native plants in any new landscaping or protected in preserves. planting efforts. Historic Properties Impacts: all historic sites have been Keep natural habitats intact or restore adjacent inventoried, protected and are being preserved. areas would be restored as habitat. Visual Impacts: addition of built features, dust - generating activity. Only impacts and mitigation that correspond to appropriate Resource Study Areas are included. Superscript numbers also correspond to Key Number on Figure 6.5.1. Sources and notes: 1 Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT), Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan HLRLTP 2 HDOT; HLRTP; 3 HDOT/County of Hawaii Project Updates website (CofH); HLRTP 4 HLRTP; CofH 5 HDOT, HLRTP, EIS in preparation. 6 http://www.waimeaplan.org/issues/roadways/lalamilo_connector.html 7 HDOT IHLRHP, & Federal Register, 11/29/02 (V. 67, #230). OEQC Env. Notice 4/23/09 8 County RCGP, HLRTP; Noted as Waikoloa Village-Kawaihae Connector "C-26 Proposed Road" in Hawaii County General Plan (RCGP), Transportation - Roadways, map F. 9 County HCGP. 10 Ongoing existing County project. 11 DHHL Hawaii Island Plan, 2002 (project in progress) 12 Castle and Cooke, Waikoloa Village Association; Waimea CDP comm. " http://Iuc.state.hi.us/ & Waimea CDP com; latest plan update in OEQC Env. Notice 12/28/07. 14 Source: Lynch Investments, Waikoloa Village Association, Honolulu Star Bulletin, Waimea CDP comm. 15 OEQC Env. Notice 10/7/05. 16 Waikoloa Village Association; Waimea CDP comm. 17 Waimea CDP comm. 18 `Aina Mauna Legacy Program Executive Summary — 8/31/09. https://secure.loamein.com/Vk-ov2- zF W9RdP22KDVgEGf2LChg3,gVNkp04UM05iVb4 19 County of Hawaii (pers. comm. M. Dworsky, Solid Waste Div., to R. Terry). 20 University of Hawaii. OEQC Env. Notice 4/23/09. 21 University of Hawaii. OEQC Env. Notice 5/23/09. 22 University of Hawaii. OEQC Env. Notice 1/8/07. 2s http://www.parkerranch.com/Parker-Ranch/214/waimea-town-center-plan 24 http://hawaiicounty.com/planning/commission/transcripts/013004/BayPacific0l3004.pdf 25 http://www.ttsfo.com/sbcteis/feis/index.htm 6.6 Assessment of Potential Cumulative Impacts Table 6.6.1 summarizes the manner in which impacts from the proposed project will combine and interact with those of other projects. The table is followed by a discussion of the principal cumulative impacts. Page 6-20 r t 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 A 1 1 1 1 Iq r O ' b y C13 y aqi 44 O a y Cdc o W~ p 00 .2 b4 R W a ti N N c>C U_ +C8 R Q 'y R R O N y O N ^•. C i 43 DO O eqa Q � b o �' o cd coN Sti ..Ci w w al 0 O y U N ;> 6� .3 •b `� •+„� f1. Cd � O d bq rn 7R. C's o "� N (C CCt ��+ U "O+ •� 'O '3-1 iQ > aW 80--gA -WG�, a� O R N QLd' rn !~ N O U �4> cd .o ;W a.Q'nC�WovbyRW�a.�u A .o � o � ci M W ^O O CC�C ,� •� aqi w � aqi y� F,. ice' .4 •r,,, CL 0 030 0 y WN CCS O Cd M w p u w C v U O � q ci' ca Qto b11 Cr u E OW d 0.O J" UUr� 6�! CP o o o it 3 0_ a o uto 0 s y y ••a o� U U � � y Y U Q cl 41 °�•"+ °4)o 'o 0 o , y y F"Y yca Q bC'sb'3ON� 4.oQ � tao a)o> � cc y y bA by >�:a y Q CC L .� •iC � ,C,,,•" Cd N •.ti ��y Cll Q U bu cd W 'O N ° O y y �yO W w M 0 CZ •y. 4-i � y s.., .ti, .a G � N ° O ° •y L7 ria O W � % 'B L rn 'C3 ,L }• U � y U Y y Q > O Y t.., O N L y U C a C�' (� U - >i '" Cl L a s O C1.— -y. � Op Om y Y W ¢„ .9 y 0. 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Y 'C '� a 3° p >. u ° Q C cd .� a Ct ; v ° Y x e°e w W O O bq U '� o �; 'ai y a Gz, bA ¢, y p R' �» > a w o k '" o a o b o ayw3U�,��m�y d °' c° y 3= cc CIS d p O 'b w -- y w O ° 'Cl o a —, 0 Cd W. cc 04 p id cd 0o p o cd fl 'CS w 'a ° bq fi a� O ,� O O— w Cd Cd O !Y b b Cd CU O y O. u O O O fi p^ Q ~ 'B u r� > � •� > 'O y i C"" L u =_ C cc•`n a C, w u ayi S Q o�Uw w w :� ¢.5 3w'3 wad3�.5 a, U > wdQ '� L ^' G -O cd 'O �••bb O CQ V] .0 cu Cady W y td .-moi is ❑ s. Q .La Y W 1 C% co y N Y U .� -o :� a o z olabt � U U '> a . v•a U UW a78 °xx U wW ti �r+ y y bD u O O •�+ Cd te �". C6 .� L+ � CC S -J cc d O fl y Cwt O bA °-tv aLi bA o o u u •O Cd CU Cd o .Y. V •O O "a ~V�l '(��' .3 V •O M L O U .� y U U rte+ Cl. ty L '� •�., �" :� bb;: xUQ aniww xUv) 4L4 n L J Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 6.7 Need for and Potential Efficacy of Mitigation FHWA's NEPA implementing regulations call for the consideration of mitigation for all adverse impacts. With cumulative impacts, determining feasible mitigation measures is often difficult. In many cases, a cumulative impact results from the combined actions of numerous agencies and private entities. The requirement to implement a potential mitigation measure to address a cumulative impact is often beyond the jurisdiction of D highway or cooperating agencies. Therefore, development of mitigation for cumulative impacts is not based on or limited to specific mitigation measures that can be implemented by the lead agency. However, a project may provide opportunities for the project proponent to propose innovative cumulative impacts solutions. If it is not possible to identify a mitigation measure, the discussion may consist of listing the agencies that have regulatory authority over the resource and recommending actions those agencies could take to influence the sustainability of the resource. By doing so, the Q needed mitigation would be disclosed to the public and reviewing agencies even though it could not be implemented by the lead agencies. Once disclosed, the information could be used to influence future decisions or to help identify opportunities for avoidance and minimization when other projects are proposed. The following provides a discussion of proposed mitigation, if any, by resource category. For the resources of historic properties and drainage areas, there are no adverse cumulative impacts that require mitigation. The primary cumulative impact on native ecosystems and threatened and endangered species attributable to the Saddle Road Improvement Project and other foreseeable projects, particularly the Saddle Road Extension and increased military training at PTA, is additional wildfire ignition sources. Extensive wildfire mitigation is in place for military training, as described in Section 3.9. The Saddle Road Improvement project design has included coordination with the Army to determine a Typical Section design nthat would be effective in preventing fires and maximizing fire -fighting benefits of the �J road corridor. Additional proposed mitigation is for the Saddle Road Extension to continue coordination with the Army, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the (� Department of Land and Natural Resources to formulate Typical Section design, and �j other mitigation if necessary, that takes into account the cumulative effects on wildfire. The cumulative impact to visual quality is primarily a concern at and near the junction of the W-7 alignment and Mamalahoa Highway. Design for Saddle Road has included minimization of the amount of cut and fill slopes, revegetation of disturbed areas, and blending any proposed improvements into the surrounding landscape. Specific measures Q are outlined in Section 3.21.3. It is recommended that the Saddle Road Extension adopt these design methods to minimize visual impact, particularly in the area within a mile of Mamalahoa Highway, where all three highways will be highly visible. As the Saddle Road Extension is an HDOT project, the mitigation related to fire and visual impacts is likely to occur and to be effective if the project occurs. DPage 6-23 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [This page intentionally left blank] Page 6-24 1 II 0 11 1 1 0 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 7 DRAFT SECTION 4(i) EVALUATION Section 4(f) statute. language (49 USC Section 303) states that the Department of Transportation may not approve the use of land from a significant publicly owned public park, recreation area, or wildlife and waterfowl refuge, or a significant historic site unless it determined that: 1) there is no feasible and prudent alternative to the use of Section 4(f) land; and (2) the project includes all possible planning to minimize harm to any such 4(f) facility. A project may also be approved if it has only de minimus impacts to a resource, as defined in the statute. Due to the sensitive nature of historic sites, information that would reveal their exact locations are not included in this evaluation. Maps showing cultural resource locations are provided in the report entitled An Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for 600 Acres Located on Lands of Ke `dmuku, Waikoloa Ahupua `a, South Kohala District, Hawai `i Island [TMK (3) 6-7-001:09]. 7.1 Background and Proposed Action Saddle Road is the shortest and most direct route across the island of Hawaii, linking the historical main population centers of the island in East Hawaii with the growing west side, where the economy is anchored by tourism. It extends 47 miles from Kaumana, above Hilo, to an intersection with Mamalahoa Highway 7 miles south of Waimea (Figure 7-1). It is the only road serving the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA), the Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory Complex, the Mauna Loa atmospheric observatory complex, the ranching and residential areas of Waiki`i Ranch and Kaumana City, Mauna Kea State Park and other recreational areas. Built by the Army to access PTA in World War II, it was not originally designed to State highway standards. In 1992, when project planning began, the entire Saddle Road was a narrow, winding, two-lane road with steep grades, sharp curves, poor pavement conditions, substandard drainage, and high accident rates. Despite its poor conditions, Saddle Road was becoming increasingly important for access to PTA, Mauna Kea, and outdoor recreation areas. Furthermore, its role was increasing as a cross -island transportation route linking East and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism/recreation, shopping, and for daily commuting. In response to these problems, the Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal (� Lands Highway Division (FHWA), in cooperation with the Hawaii State Department of Transportation (HDOT) and the U.S. Department of the Army (the Army), Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC), initiated the Saddle Road Improvement (� Project. In 1994, the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process began. The EIS was funded through the Defense Access Road (DAR) program, in which FHWA served as co -administrator with SDDC. A Draft EIS released in 1997 examined the No Action Alternative and twelve action alternatives incorporating various combinations of the existing alignment and potential Page 7-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement new alignments in four different sections of the road, Sections I, 11, III and IV. All action alternatives planned to reconstruct the roadway to a two-lane highway with climbing lanes where appropriate, paved shoulders, and a design speed of 60 miles per hour (MPH). All alternative alignments included improved pavement conditions, increased safety and capacity, improved quality of traffic flow, decreased cross -island travel times, and the stimulation of economic growth and development. Two alternative alignments were evaluated in detail for Section I, the area under consideration in this document. W- 2 traversed northwest through the center of a property known as the Ke`amuku parcel, which then belonged to Parker Ranch, and terminated on Mamalahoa Highway at the Waikoloa Road intersection (Figure 7-1). W-3 headed more directly west, terminating on Mamalahoa Highway about three miles south of Waikoloa Road. The Final EIS was released in September 1999, presenting a Recommended Alternative that included an alignment termed W-3 in Section 1. The Record of Decision (ROD) was released in October 1999, selecting W-3 as the alignment within Ke`amuku. After this time, final highway design proceeded and the necessary construction and land use permits were obtained to begin construction. The first segment built was a 6.5 -mile portion of Saddle Road in Section II from Milepost (MP) 28 to 35 within PTA, which was opened to traffic in May 2007. Construction for the portion in Section III between MP 19 and 28 was completed in October 2008. The final part of Section II, north of the PTA cantonment area from MP 35 to 41, was completed and opened in August 2009. A portion of Section III between MP 11 and 19 is scheduled to begin construction in late 2009 and be completed in 2011. The remainder of the eastern side of project — i.e., the portion in Sections III and IV from MP 6 to MP 11 — is in final design but has not yet been fully funded for construction. In 2006, the Department of the Army (the Army) purchased the Ke`amuku parcel for military training. The W-3 alignment, selected for Section I of the improved Saddle Road in the 1999 ROD, essentially divides the Ke`amuku parcel in half (see Figure 7-1). In order to provide a safe separation of civilian transportation and military training, the Army requested that FHWA and HDOT investigate another alternative alignment near the southern boundary of Ke`amuku for the realignment of this section of Saddle Road. The Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (DSEIS) of which this analysis is a part describes and evaluates the impacts associated with a new alternative alignment, termed W-7, for the proposed improvement of Section I of Saddle Road, which extends from Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) near MP 53, to MP 41. The existing Saddle Road, which passes through the ranching community of Waiki`i, would remain open for local access. The improvements within Section II have been totally funded through the DAR program; DAR funding must be authorized and appropriated by Congress on an annual basis. The improvements within Section III and IV are being funded with HDOT Federal -aid highway funds. HDOT has also committed to funding Section 1. Additional or other funding of construction within Section I is pending the outcome of this SEIS, which will determine whether W-7 is an acceptable substitute for the 1999 ROD -selected W-3. Page 7-2 rn 0 O N 0 flz— z lic 0 CL > �_ ° c o a U in_°a ° m — �° OE Ia a F- a) u N'p c ° 0 31 o a- x 00 Y per. o CI- LL o� o —o= ] Q Y<o w 0 a F- = 3 O r rz J o W �z JLLJ W N ti < Ul � n_ Z N 00 rJ m J_- Ip / (n a r �� \ 2 h� o o, I r ✓/ — 0 Lij % J IlJ i L1iJp\\ ,� ° -' ° a f SSM Q �1P�NA KEp��\� ATCESS R / CL LLj D' -V)J/ _ �1 l Q �Ya I Z 1 $ ,QJ `` Q Q W i �' 'R`' 11 0 \ � CQ— QF -F- LLJ Q / O DD'DDD'D U DDDD D �� �I DODO DD O ,DODODODOD ODOD D Q. \rte 7' " ' D D D DODOD ODODO DDD I Z S i Wi', il,I''�GOD ` D Z .DDDDDDDD 04 pOpp D DDDD 1 O I I \ �_r ' DDDD DDD\pD-Z 'Op D D D DDDDD DD�OD DD DD DDP \ `v pDpDD`DDDD> Op D> pDD O D �D Dp pp pp I - / DDDDDDD�.DOD�D�D�DOODODODODD D 1 O'O , / li''11D pppDpD DD DOD DO DODODpDp Dp D, D- \ \ D D D D D K \ % T T J ^ 7�'� DODODODOD¢�p• �Q DODOD OO DD DDDDp I�i® '''1D pD DDDDDDDD� I'�a)y]'Dp C> F- D D O \\ \ \ C~ a.a%•p DpDDD pPDOD pppDp p J�L C DOD ODODO C>',> C D D D R \ \� D D D pDu D D D D D DDD DDDDD� \ D DpDDD Q 'DDDD DODO DODOD DOD OppDp \ � DDD O DO pDDDD DOD \\ \ J I Y �l .1 • �, �;y�'�,'�T; ;';'' J D D D D D� D D DDDD D D\� * \ .DDDDDDD Q Y D D D 'vi'i'i' Qt 3 h /Cl, 11 i; .9 0 T. D QCo pa 0 1/ S LLJ 0\�� O W 'Q t 0 J \' 'ZI W O 1yy� Q I. b� i o = a p o 10 �\ \\ \l \ ( ! R N O Y \ \ I g p m m p \ 1 I g Y a°� o 0 0 ICL o _ 2 o J \ o c ° m \ O o 3 \z� o� x `x01 e a� 4-9 kd ,000'CZ=. L :aloaS Em W 6Mp•)Io,}oaias- t'6!3\sain6!3\SI3S\SI3S aP!S IsaM alppoS - VL 1066\ v �a y b t� ara �� e� r.. 0 ry �C efl C' ... A� �" u =3 p 0 p b 0 '� '� Q e �' m C) Q (0 (0 ry Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement D7.2 Purpose and Need The purpose of the overall Saddle Road Improvement Project is to provide a safe and n efficient route for access to land uses along Saddle Road and for cross -island traffic �J between East and West Hawaii. The ongoing and planned improvements to Saddle Road would also address five general types of needs: roadway deficiencies; conflicts and n hazards with military operations; capacity; safety; and social demand and economic JU' development. QRoadway Deficiencies With horizontal and vertical alignment deficiencies, the unimproved sections of Saddle Road have steep grades and sharp curves, which in many places prevent motorists from nbeing able to see an adequate distance ahead to stop safely. Deterioration of the U pavement has reduced much of the road to one asphalt travel lane, 12 to 15 feet wide, with deteriorated shoulders two feet in width. Motorists tend to drive in the center of the road, increasing the potential for accidents, including head-on collisions. The 11 -mile stretch of Saddle Road in Section I contains seven one -lane bridges. (� (� Conflicts/Hazards with Military Operations Prior to the realignment of Saddle Road in Section II, live fire and aerial and ground (1 exercises created conflict between the traveling public and military training, which (� presented serious safety hazards to both the motoring public and military units training at PTA. The conflicts also reduced the quality of some of the training undertaken at PTA. To address this safety concern and impacts to training, Saddle Road was realigned to north of the base to avoid public traffic from passing through PTA in Section II. Subsequent to the Army's acquisition of the Ke`amuku parcel in 2006, a realignment is Dnow sought for Section I to reduce similar potential conflicts if alignment W-3 was used. Capacity The existing capacity is currently inadequate. Level of Service, which measures the quality of traffic flow, is currently E, or poor. Without improvements, LOS is expected to decline to F, the worst level. Traffic volumes are expected to almost triple from the current average daily traffic (ADT) of 1,400 to 4,058 by 2013, because of improvements taking place in the other sections of Saddle Road. After this, traffic volumes would depend on whether the highway is realigned: i If Section I is realigned on either W-3 or W-7, ADT would increase on the realigned highway to 4,211 by 2020, and to 6,500 by 2034. The existing Saddle would see a drop to 840 ADT after construction. URoad U • If the highway is not realigned and improved in Section I, traffic is forecast to rise to about 4,172 by 2020 and 4,400 by 2034. Page 7-5 0 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement With realignment and improvements, LOS would be at B upon completion of the improvements, and would remain at least C, which is acceptable, throughout the design life of the project, on the realigned highway. Safety Roadway deficiencies, conflicts/hazards with military operations, and capacity limitations contribute to safety concerns on Saddle Road. Analysis of accidents indicates that the most important factors are the horizontal and vertical alignment (leading to limited sight distance), road width, and pavement conditions. Social Demand and Economic Development A safe and efficient Saddle Road is needed for access to employment and recreation areas located between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, and more importantly, as a cross -island transportation route to connect East and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism/recreation, shopping, and commuting. East and West Hawaii differ in economic and development patterns and opportunities. Most government functions and the main University of Hawaii system campus on the island are located in Hilo, where housing costs are generally lower. Over the last thirty years, however, much of the tourism -related growth in employment and the economy has been occurring in West Hawaii. Tourists currently do not have easy access to the interior of the island. Even with the improvements made to date, some automobile rental agencies still restrict or prohibit use of their vehicles on the road due to the condition of the unimproved sections of Saddle Road, preventing many tourists from experiencing the attractions within the saddle area and from easily traveling between East and West Hawaii. 7.3 Alternatives This SEIS considers only Section I of Saddle Road, as the remainder of Saddle Road has already mostly been built using the alternative alignments selected in the 1999 ROD. Various alternatives for Section I that were developed as part of the 1999 FEIS or later were initially evaluated early in the SEIS process for their potential to satisfy the purpose and need. In the end, only one alternative, W-7, has been advanced for consideration. The No Action Alternative, which was not selected in the 1999 ROD for reasons of safety for motorists and non -motorized traffic, circulation, and land use impacts, would continue use of the existing alignment. As it has already been rejected, the No Action Alternative is not under consideration in this SEIS and is referenced for baseline purposes only, as is W-3. If it is not feasible to construct W-7, FHWA and HDOT expect to build W-3. Under Alternative W-3, a 10.3 -mile route would extend almost due west from MP 41 for 1.2 miles on the foothill slopes of Pu`u Ke`eke`e. Once inside the Ke`amuku parcel, W-3 turns west by northwest and roughly keeps this bearing over the next eight miles to Mamalahoa Highway, passing about a half mile south of the old Ke`amuku ranch village. Page 7-6 1 (�1 The No Action Alternative would have maintained the westernmost section of Saddle Road as it was prior to the start of the project and included the completion of short-term, or minor, maintenance and restoration activities. The No Action Alternative was rejected Q because it failed to meet the purpose and need, and is included for comparison purposes only. Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Construction of W-3 would require ROW land conversion of approximately 250 acres. D The estimated construction cost for alternative alignment W-3 was $39 million in 1999 dollars and the estimated cost for mitigation was $500,000. The W-7 Alternative traverses the Ke`amuku parcel in a westerly direction, roughly paralleling the southern boundary of Ke`amuku until near Mamalahoa Highway, where it veers slightly north to O take advantage of more favorable terrain for a major highway intersection. About 250 acres of right-of-way would be required. Mamalahoa Highway would be crossed at - n grade or by a grade -separated structure. The total length is approximately 10.3 miles. l� Construction would cost about $58 million in 2007 dollars. (�1 The No Action Alternative would have maintained the westernmost section of Saddle Road as it was prior to the start of the project and included the completion of short-term, or minor, maintenance and restoration activities. The No Action Alternative was rejected Q because it failed to meet the purpose and need, and is included for comparison purposes only. U The Old Waimea -Kona Belt road intersects the W-7 alignment at Station 9+00. The �j proposed W-7 alignment will adversely affect a small portion of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. The W-7 alignment right of way is 200 feet wide. The Old Waimea -Kona Q Belt Road is 16 feet wide. Consequently, the W-7 alignment will take 3,200 square feet of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. This take is approximately 0.1 percent of the total area of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. Page 7-7 7.4 Section 4(f) Properties One historic property, the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (Site 50-10-21-20855), is located partially within the W-7 Alternative project corridor and would be subject to Section 4(f) use. This site has been determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. This site is a 39 -mile -long historic road from Waimea to Kona and corresponds in many locations to the Mamalahoa Highway. The road dates to about 1920. In 1909, O the road was just a wagon track through the pasture where the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road now runs. The first paved road was built by Hawaii County, from Waimea to n Ka`upulehu, during the years 1916 to 1922, mostly using prison labor (Territory of J� Ji Hawai'i 1916 to 1922). One camp for the prisoners who built the road was located on the down slope side of the existing Saddle Road intersection, where a grove of eucalyptus n trees stands today. They built the road from there south, to near the Waikoloa- 'I Pu`uanahulu boundary (492 feet north of the W-3 alignment) setting rocks, rolling with a steam roller, and pouring tar heated in a pot. From Pu`uanahulu south to Pu`u Wa`awa`a, the road was built under the direction of Eben Low, by prisoners living at a second camp fl located downslope of the road, at Ke`enaki, at the 18 -mile marker. In 1939, the Waimea - Kona road was rebuilt and straightened, in the area down slope from the Ke`amuku Sheep Station, by contractor Medeiros, leaving the old road to the east. 7.5 Impacts on Section 4(f) Properties U The Old Waimea -Kona Belt road intersects the W-7 alignment at Station 9+00. The �j proposed W-7 alignment will adversely affect a small portion of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. The W-7 alignment right of way is 200 feet wide. The Old Waimea -Kona Q Belt Road is 16 feet wide. Consequently, the W-7 alignment will take 3,200 square feet of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. This take is approximately 0.1 percent of the total area of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. Page 7-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement The W-3 alignment would also cross the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. It would also result in a Section 4(f) take. Since the W-3 right of way is also 200 feet wide, the W-3 alignment would also result in a 3,200 square foot take. There are no unique features or attributes at either alignment's crossing. 7.6 Avoidance Alternatives The historic Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road is a linear resource that runs perpendicular to and crosses both the W-3 and W-7 alignments. Several other alignments considered in the EIS process that would lie north or south of W-3 or W-7 also could not avoid this resource because of the perpendicular nature of the resource. All potential alternative alignments would result in the same or very similar amounts of take, because the standard right-of-way for Saddle Road is 200 feet wide. The alignment of the historic Waimea -Kona Belt Road is perpendicular to and crosses the W-7 Alternative at Station 9+00. To avoid the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road, a new alignment would have to be located several miles to the north or south of the W-7 alignment. It would have to go around either Waimea or Kona. This would not be prudent because the road would cease to function as a logical cross -island route, which is a primary purpose of the project. Traffic would more logically use Highway 19, which cannot meet the capacity needs of the island. This would result in a much longer alignment, which would have severe impacts to both the natural environment, in terms of the expanded footprint of the road, and to the economic setting, in terms of drive time. In short, realigning around the feature would compromise the project to a degree that it is unreasonable to proceed with the project in light of its stated purpose and need. Another potential avoidance alternative would be to construct Saddle Road with an overpass for the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. However, that alternative would not be prudent. Since there is not a topographic feature that necessitates an overpass, the fill structure needed to raise Saddle Road to go over the road would be very costly (approximately $2.5 million) and would have a footprint of approximately four times the currently proposed footprint, with commensurate impacts to vegetation and scenic resources. In addition, the creation of an overpass without the associated change in terrain would create a severe visual impact associated with a massive out -of -character structure in a relatively undeveloped area. Consequently there is no feasible or prudent alternative that would avoid the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road or eliminate a take of 3,200 square feet of this historic property. 7.7 Measures to Minimize Harm The archaeological report discussing historic properties was provided to various agencies and groups, including the Hawaii State Historic Preservation Division, the Office of Page 7-8 1 t 1 t 1 1 1 1 t r 1 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Hawaiian Affairs, Hawaiian Civic Clubs, the Royal Order of Kamehameha, and others, for their comment, as part of consultation under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The Final SEIS will present the results of this coordination. For reference concerning the larger Saddle Road project, it should be noted that an MOA was executed among the FHWA, SHPO, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACNP), HDOT, and Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) agreeing upon a mitigation plan to mitigate adverse effects to historic sites contained in various portions of the Recommended Alternatives (which included W-3 in Section 1). The mitigation plan prescribes how each archaeological site will be treated and provides a schedule for plan development and review procedures in the mitigation process. The requirements of the MOA applicable to each segment have been fulfilled prior to construction of improvements in the segment. Because the W-3 Alternative would also intersect the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road, a Section 4(f) analysis was completed in the 1999 Final EIS and mitigation measures provided to address adverse effects to the site. For the W-7 alternative, the remaining task is to amend the existing MOA to mitigate the adverse effect of the W-7 Alternative to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (Site 50-10-33-20855). The mitigation plan includes fabrication of an interpretative sign, which provides a history of the road, and a pullout adjacent to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road for the general public. 7.8 Least Harm Analysis All potential viable alternatives have the same amount of harm to the Section 4(f) resource. However, the W-7 alternative best meets the project's purpose and need. 7.9 Coordination The FHWA as lead agency, for the purpose of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, has found that the W-7 alternative will adversely affect Waimea -Kana Belt road (Site 50-10-21-20855). The FHWA has consulted with the Hawaii State Historic Preservation Office and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs on the adverse effect. The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation has been notified of the adverse effects in accordance with 36 CFR 800.11(e). The FHWA is currently in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office to amend the existing MOA for the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road. Page 7-9 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [This page intentionally left blank] Page 7-10 0 t 0 1 ILIM � 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 t 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY OF MITIGATION COMMITMENTS Resources for which mitigation commitments have been made are listed, as well as the associated mitigation measures. In the event that no mitigation commitments are necessary, the resource is not included in this section. LAND USE AND RELATED GOVERNMENTAL PLANS AND POLICIES Construction contract conditions will require access to public use and recreation areas, ranching operations, residences, and the PTA to be maintained at all times during construction. SOCIOECONOMIC • HDOT will install signage to remind visitors that there are no services on Saddle Road. COMMUNITY IDENTITY AND COHESION • A traffic control plan will be developed to outline the steps needed to minimize congestion and maintain access to adjacent properties at all times during construction. • As feasible, construction -related delays will be minimized during normal rush hours for commuters. • Since construction work on W-7 would avoid the existing Saddle Road alignment, construction impacts are expected to minimal on cross -island traffic. However, if delays or closures are anticipated at the project corridor's intersections with Mamalahoa Highway or Saddle Road, information will be publicized on a regular, on-going basis through posted advertisements, radio and newspaper bulletins, and road signs at each end of Saddle Road and along Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) and Kaumana Drive in Hilo. OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES AND HUNTING The traffic control plan will specify that during construction, access will be maintained at all times to areas of Saddle Road that serve recreational areas, including hunting units. PUBLIC SERVICES, COMMUNITY CENTERS AND LOCAL BUSINESSES • Emergency service providers, including the Hawaii County Fire Department, the Hawaii Police Department, and the PTA, will be kept informed on the location and schedule of construction along the length of the project. Page 8-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • Traffic control plans prepared for construction of Saddle Road will include provisions for allowing emergency vehicles to pass through construction zones without delays and to have unimpeded access to roadside facilities at all times. NATIVE HAWIIAN CULTURES AND VALUES As has occurred previously when newly -constructed segments of Saddle Road were opened for public use, proper cultural protocol will be completed by a native Hawaiian who follows the ways of the old culture to release and sanctify or bless the construction project. RIGHT-OF-WAY AND RELOCATION • The acquisition of property necessitated by the project would be completed in accordance with Federal Uniform Relocation and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-646), as amended, and applicable State regulations. PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE FACILITIES AND USE • The project will accommodate bicycles and pedestrians through a signed, shared route on the shoulder. • Project construction will include provisions for pedestrian and bicycle crossings of Saddle Road during construction periods. AIR QUALITY • Standard dust control and construction equipment emission control measures will be implemented as necessary to reduce temporary impacts to air quality during construction activities. Water or a dust palliative will be applied as necessary to minimize particulate pollution. Areas to receive such treatment will include unpaved access roads, staging sites, and construction areas where the movement and operation of construction equipment produces airborne dust. • Construction equipment will be required to meet all applicable emission standards. • FHWA and HDOT will keep apprised of the results of monitoring for depleted uranium by the Hawaii State DOH and the Army and take any necessary precautionary measures. FIRE HAZARD The Typical Sections for the project are discussed and depicted in Section 2.2.1, above. The expanded and modified Typical Sections for the roadway would both reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition from unintentional road sources (car fires, catalytic converters, cigarettes, etc.) and assist in creating a firebreak and fuelbreak. The Typical Page 8-2 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Sections have been specially designed to reduce wildfire impacts, in ways specific to the segments of Section I through which they pass. All share the base characteristics of Typical Section A (Figure 2.2. La), which extends east from Mamalahoa Highway. It incorporates two 12 -foot travel lanes, two 8 -foot paved shoulders, and a passing lane for most of the length. To reduce the threat of wildfires between the eastern boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel and approximately MP 41, which passes adjacent to Palila critical habitat, B has additional features (Figure 2.2.1.b, Section B): Two 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders. An 8 -foot strip of pavement on the north side of the highway, which would serve as a firebreak, with a four -inch high curb on the outside. At the outside edge of the firebreak, a wire fence with metal posts would be constructed to a height of four feet on the edge of the pavement. Further east, as W-7 crosses the Ke`amuku and descends into lower. elevations, the primary concern is to prevent fires from Saddle Road spreading southwards, towards the western boundary of the Ke`amuku Endangered Species Management Unit containing Haplostachys haplostachya. Typical Section C is illustrated in Figure 2.2. Lb, Section C, and is modified from Typical Section A as follows: • Three 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders, with a four -inch high extruded asphalt curb at the outside of the shoulder. In addition, the following mitigation measures are planned: The PTA Fire Department will install additional fire risk signs along Saddle Road at the western boundary of PTA (one is currently present at the eastern end). Sign information will be based upon the National Fire Danger Rating. To minimize the risk of wildfire during construction, the Special Contract Requirements will mandate that all construction activity shall be restricted to within the clearly delineated ROW and that entry and exit into the ROW by all construction personnel and equipment shall be at previously identified and marked non -sensitive areas. WATER RESOURCES The Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) will include the following types of BMPs. • Practices that prevent erosion, including the stabilization of cut and fill slopes by vegetative as well as non -vegetative means. • Practices that trap pollutants before they can be discharged, such as silt fences and sedimentation basins. Page 8-3 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • Practices that prevent the mixing of pollutants from construction materials and stormwater, such as providing protected storage for chemicals, paints solvents, and other toxic materials. • During construction, erosion will be minimized by applying temporary measures that will reduce the velocity of the runoff and retain sediment on-site. Examples of these measures may include but are not limited to: silt fences, check dams, mulching, culvert outlet protection, and sedimentation basins. Construction materials will be stored in a protected area with measures in place to contain and clean-up spills. • Permanent pollution control measures will be applied to minimize degradation of stormwater quality after construction of the road has been completed. These measures include but are not limited to, the following examples: providing velocity reducers and/or settlement basins at culvert outlets, vegetating slopes, minimizing the steepness of slopes where possible, providing stream bank stabilization where required, and managing the use of chemicals for roadway maintenance. • Cut slopes will be revegetated to reduce highway runoff pollution. • If a major hazardous spill occurs, cleanup efforts will be coordinated through both the County of Hawaii Civil Defense Agency and the State of Hawaii Department of Health. CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS • Prior to construction, a final review will be conducted to determine the probability of caves or lava tubes in the construction corridor. Should significant caves be present, final design and/or construction techniques will be developed to avoid or minimize impacts. • If a significant cave or lava tube is inadvertently encountered during construction, all construction activity will cease immediately at the location in question and the Project Engineer will be notified. Consultation will be conducted with appropriate resource or regulatory personnel to ensure that unique biological, cultural, or geological resources associated with these features are adequately protected, or investigated and documented. • Construction specifications would be incorporated to minimize potential hazards of caves to construction workers. • During the rainy season, following completion of construction, slopes and denuded areas will be allowed to revegetate with natural seed sources, such as kikuyu grass and `a `ali `i, to minimize soil erosion. Page 8-4 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement BOTANICAL RESOURCES • All equipment, material, and support structures will be stored and maintained within the ROW or in designated staging areas that have been approved as being areas where the storing, servicing, and staging of equipment and material will not adversely impact native species. These areas will be clearly demarcated and fenced prior to construction. • All construction activity will be restricted to the clearly delineated ROW. • A Project Engineer or representative will be on site at all times during construction to ensure implementation and compliance with environmental mitigation requirements as stated in the contract documents. • Contractors will be required to participate in an environmental quality control program similar to required safety programs contained in Contract Specifications. • Immediately after construction in this Section I is completed, in conformance with conditions of the NPDES permit, some areas in the margins of the roadway will be covered with stockpiled grubbed material to allow natural regeneration of vegetation. In some areas of the Saddle Road Improvement project, native species such as `a `ali `i have taken hold in cut slopes with soil. These areas will be irrigated for 30 days. • After construction, HDOT will maintain the area to keep the unpaved road verges vegetation -free or closely mowed, which will also aid in reducing the spread of alien weeds. • The following standard management requirements will be implemented to prevent introduction of noxious weeds: o All heavy equipment will be cleaned prior to entering the project area; o All equipment entering the project area will be covered when loaded; and o All plant material used for erosion control and road maintenance will be certified weed free. WILDLIFE AND OTHER FAUNAL RESOURCES All mitigation committed to in the original ROD is still applicable to the project. Additional measures are provided under the Threatened and Endangered Species section. FLOODPLAINS AND DRAINAGE • Saddle Road will be designed as an all-weather facility, with new drainage structures designed to handle the minimum 50 -year design storm in accordance with existing State requirements. Page 8-S Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES • To avoid the potential downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters by their interaction with external construction lighting, no construction or unshielded equipment maintenance lighting will be permitted after dark between the months of April and October. This prohibition will be one of the Special Contract Requirements, which will be incorporated in the construction contract documents. • No nighttime construction will occur during the peak seabird fallout period, between September 15 and December 15 annually. • Any streetlights that may be installed as part of this action will be shielded to reduce the potential for interactions of nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures. This minimization measure will minimize the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters and also comply with the Hawaii County Code § 14 — 50 et seq., which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. • To minimize collateral damage to areas outside of the ROW and the risk of wildfire during construction, the Special Contract Requirements will mandate that all construction activity shall be restricted to within the clearly delineated ROW and that entry and exit into the ROW by all construction personnel and equipment shall be at previously identified and marked non -sensitive areas. • Special Contract Requirements will be incorporated into the construction documents directing the contractor's work consistent with specific minimization commitments that are outlined in this section and in the BO for the project. The Contracting Officer will have the authority to shut down construction should violations of Special Contract Requirements be detected; furthermore, the project engineer will be responsible for ensuring compliance with all environmental restrictions and minimization measures. Additional construction mitigation measures that, among other effects, would reduce the possibility of wildfire, are listed in Section 3.23 and above, under Fire Hazard. At the current time there is no known conflict between Nene and the proposed W-7 alignment. If such a conflict arises, FHWA will address the issue with a multi -pronged approach utilizing measures detailed in the September 11, 2009 BO for activities in the recently constructed Section 11 of Saddle Road designed to minimize vehicle -Nene interactions. Field trials are being implemented between approximately MP 29 and MP 30.2, which may modify the measures, but as currently formulated, these include: The erection of a permanent fence along both the north and south sides of the roadway within any section that appears to attract Nene on a regular basis. The fence will be placed as close to the roadside as permissible under ASHTO federal safety guidelines. Vegetation will be removed between the aforementioned fence and the edge of the roadway by the use of herbicides or by paving the area. Page 8-6 1 �} Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • The loose gravel along the roadside in any such identified area will be secured with a tacking agent, or asphalt paving, so that Nene are unable to gather gravel for use in their crops. n • FHWA will install enhanced Nene crossing and traffic advisory signs to warn Umotorists of the potential danger they pose to Nene along any such identified roadway section. ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORIC, AND TRADITIONAL CULTURAL RESOURCES 1 t 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 • To comply with the MOA, the project will provide a pullout adjacent to the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road and fabrication of an interpretative sign, which will provide a history of the road. • In case of discovery of native Hawaiian burials or ritual sites, construction activities will cease in the vicinity of the site until appropriate regulatory and resource personnel are contacted and a determination has been made. All requirements of Chapter 6E, HRS and the administrative rules relating to burials will be satisfied. • In order to ensure the protection of archaeological and paleontological remains during construction, Section 107.02, "Protection of Property and Landscape" Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, FPJ-96, 1996, FHWA will be followed. • During clearing, grubbing, and excavation, FHWA and HDOT will provide a full- time archaeological monitor on the project site. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE If previously unidentified hazardous substances or petroleum products are found within the W-7 corridor that indicate an existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release of any hazardous substance or petroleum products into the corridor, further investigation will be pursued, as warranted. If previously unidentified hazardous waste is discovered during project construction, work will cease at that location and appropriate regulatory or resource personnel will be contacted. 0 Page 8-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Prior to construction, FHWA will conduct a UXO survey. If the risk of encountering UXO is low, then the USACE will be consulted to provide UXO construction support. If the risk of encountering UXO is high, then UXO clearance will be performed to ensure the safety of the site. The Army will document UXO surveys and removal actions in full accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and guidance. All ordnance found will be removed from the project area in accordance with DOA regulations in coordination with USAG-HI. In all training activities at Ke`amuku and other areas of PTA, the Army will continue to educate soldiers on how to identify UXO and the proper safety procedures for marking and reporting UXO, in order to reduce impacts not only to soldiers but also to motorists on W-7. VISUAL • Final cut and fill slope faces will be made to blend with the surrounding landscape. The natural appearance -of the slopes will be improved by rounding the toe and top of slopes, warping, blending the ends of slopes, varying the slope ratios, utilizing staggered ledges, and roughening the face of cut slopes, either by ripping or blasting, where appropriate. (Warping results in a slope face that is not parallel to the roadway. Slope rounding refers to blending the slope into the natural terrain by excavating additional area at the top of the cut slope. Laying back the ends of slopes or blending provides a smooth transition to adjacent cut, fill, or drainage area by flattening the slope ratio at the ends of slopes. Varying slope ratios leaves an irregular, undulating or roughened appearance with staggered ledges rather than a uniform grade. Staggered ledges are benches with varying dimensions and heights on the cut face which do not cross the entire face.) The slope ratios will vary from the top to the bottom of the slope face as well as horizontally along the face, if practicable and feasible. • Rock slope surface treatment will be applied to cut slopes in competent rock areas as identified in the geotechnical testing results. These treatments include roughening of the cut face to incorporate short, staggered ledges, minor warping, and other irregularities in the rock that take on a natural appearance. • In areas not recommended for revegetation, the top three feet of lava material in disturbed areas will be stockpiled prior to construction. After construction, the stockpiled material will be used as plating material. The plating material will be placed over slope faces to resemble the adjacent, undisturbed ground surface conditions or used as rip rap material along ledges and outside of ditch backslopes. • Intercepted drainages on cut slopes will be cut at the angle to existing joints, planes or rock features, and drainage patterns. These features will be incorporated into the NPDES SWPPP. • Where guardrails are needed, natural -appearing guardrail material, such as naturally weathered steel or a material approved by HDOT, will be used to blend more effectively with the surrounding landscape. Page 8-8 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement O • To reduce contrast and blend more effectively with the surrounding landscape, aesthetic fencing materials will be used, such as naturally weathered metal or steel, or painted or wooden posts, as approved by HDOT. Q • Clearing of trees and large shrubs along an irregular edge adjacent to the recovery zone will be done to create a gradual transition or feathered edge. • As determined appropriate during final design, the project may include informal (�} scenic Typical Sections s with interpretive signage in a few locations, such as the U Old Waimea -Kona Road and the overlook above Ke`amuku Village. CONSTRUCTION • The total amount of land disturbance will be minimized. The construction contractor will be limited to the delineated construction work areas within the O ROW or clearly marked staging areas. • Construction traffic will be limited to military roads and the construction area as much as possible, particularly traffic related to hauling of crushed rock and asphalt, to minimize interaction with vehicular traffic on the existing Saddle Road. Traffic control will assure a safe and timely flow of traffic on the adjacent Dintegral sections of Saddle Road during construction. Traffic control plans will be an part of the construction documents and enforced by the Project Engineer. • Construction activities and traffic control will be coordinated with the Office of O Mauna Kea Management to avoid potential conflicts with their observatory construction projects. • Environmental awareness materials will be provided to all persons, agency personnel, construction workers, subcontractors, inspectors, and others on the project. These materials will be prepared in a checklist format and will address issues related to caves, sensitive species, cultural resources, spill management, delineation of authorized work area, pollution prevention through recycling and other efforts required by the Pollution Control Act of 1990, and other relevant t J U factors. Contract specifications addressing environmental mitigation and procedural requirements will also be included in the contract documents and will be enforced by the on-site project engineer throughout the duration of the lJ U construction contract. • Trucks will be covered when hauling loose material on public roads. a • Unused materials and excess fill will be removed and disposed of at an authorized waste disposal site. • Dust control measures will be implemented. These will include but are not 0 limited to the use of water trucks, the stabilization of the surfaces of stockpiled materials, and the treatment of unpaved routes with dust suppressants. • Clearing and grubbing of construction work areas will be conducted in such a manner as to minimize the amount of exposed soil at any one time. • Stationary equipment will be placed as far away from sensitive noise receptors as practical. 0 0 Page 8-9 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement No smoking will be permitted during construction within the construction site, nor will any fires be permitted within the project corridor. All exhaust systems will be maintained in good working order. Properly designed engine enclosures and intake silencers will be used. Equipment will be maintained on a regular schedule. During construction, emergency spill treatment, storage, and disposal of all hazardous materials, both within construction limits and at staging areas, will be handled in accordance with the most recent version of FHWA's Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, (www.efl.thwa.dot.gov/design/manual/Fp96.2df), federal acquisition regulations, and appropriate EPA regulations. Special Contract Requirements shall specify that the construction contractor shall develop and adhere to "Good Housekeeping" and Spill Prevention Plans for all appropriate substances. Elements of the plan may include standards, procedures or activities such as: o Onsite storage of the minimum practical quantity of hazardous materials necessary to complete the job; o Storage and inventory of hazardous materials will be performed by designated and properly trained personnel; o Storage of all materials in a neat and orderly manner, under roof and/or enclosed as appropriate and practical, as required by applicable OSHA and EPA rules; o Products will be kept in their original containers unless unresealable, and original labels and safety data will be retained; o Whenever possible, a product will be completely consumed before disposing of empty container; o Disposal of surplus will follow manufacturer's recommendation and adhere to all regulations; o Manufacturers' recommendations for proper use and disposal will be strictly followed; o Daily inspection by contractor to ensure proper use and disposal; o Onsite vehicles and machinery will be monitored for leaks and receive regular maintenance to minimize leakage; o Manufacturer's recommended methods for spill clean-up will be clearly posted, and site personnel will be informed of the procedures and the location of the information and clean-up supplies; o Materials and equipment necessary for spill clean-up will be kept in the material storage area onsite; o All spills will be cleaned up immediately after discovery, using proper materials that will be properly disposed of, o The spill area will be kept well -ventilated, and personnel will wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent injury from contact with hazardous substances; o Regardless of size, spills of toxic or hazardous materials will be reported to the appropriate government agency; Page 8-10 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 1 1 1 t 1 t 11 Page 8-11 o Should spills occur, the spill prevention plan will be adjusted to include D measures to prevent spills from re -occurring and for modified clean-up procedures. A description of the spill, its cause and clean-up measures a used will be included. If a major hazardous spill occurs, clean-up efforts will be coordinated through the Hawaii County Fire Department and Civil Defense Agency, and the Hawaii State Department of Health; o The contractor will coordinate spill prevention and clean-up efforts. In addition, the contractor will designate at least three site personnel to receive spill prevention and clean-up training; these individuals will each be responsible for a specific phase of prevention and clean-up. The names 0 of responsible spill personnel will be posted in the material storage area and in the office trailer onsite; o HDOT will encourage through contract specifications the use of durable nmaterials that will require less frequent replacement, reducing the amount �J of construction waste generated over time; o HDOT will encourage through contract specifications the use of material a with recycled content, such as glassphalt, where possible and in accordance with accepted standards; and o HDOT will encourage through contract specifications the reuse rather than disposal of project materials such as metal, wood, paper in other jobs where practical. 1 1 1 t 1 t 11 Page 8-11 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [This page intentionally left blank] Page 8-12 1 t t 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 a a a a H U b 9n ^OO N byA •y O Q U ami � 'o � ani aoi d � � ,� •ia v a da•o �w w x a a a H� u Cd tm O'M o o ea 3 N cK .2 U N 2 cC 3 d to U ° a o4 bA x bU R bn to Q CD d)O 3 a�. j bA • O y toto bA • O U tc U, �w °'r. ��' U QCd M�.°Na U eC bo CN cC O C) O U L O\ pp o o v' ? 3 Cd 3 G >� .o x� Cjx > o .- c r a u" • L bb cC 3> y O o O a o cy Ocd ¢, v2 Z *4 ' r. x ��, � O � w mca�� o��a x W x U b0A c.> o b> d o > o o �01�wa -cl� d ^Lj °�Dou W w w aid C6 �D U OO :a ai aS ai ai w � a 0 U U c0 O � cC cd Q 0 Cc U q Ly O C ,Z° Q c7 ZaA Qa PO a c d bq Au LOO bA it �y (/n o d 40 W O O O 100 � U p c Cd yr 4� 0 1-0 bA bD U A. b W c c'a . v O. 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V� O U CN �—+ " —= 4, bb O p O j •� O j .� O � O ,j O j C •� C p j .� dj N � m O Uci00 �x oQvi� w oaa, as d a vn air�aaai�w�craaxaav�a'�.aiU� a� as bU � •� cn a � N E" � W `� N ..d CC "" U QI ~ ccn e F" 6n vii ° G o o ti to p Z w0 C04 P2 U C7 OF U 04 w C4cn DC7 a 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 t 1 11 1 I 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 10 CONSULTATION HISTORY AND LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS TO WHOM THE DRAFT EIS WAS SENT The Federal Highway Administration and the State Department of Transportation are serving as joint lead agencies to prepare an SEIS in compliance with both NEPA and State requirements. The following sections provide a chronology of the consultation and coordination events that were conducted as part of the preparation of this document. 10.1 1999 EIS Public Involvement This section briefly summarizes the project's development leading up to the 1999 FEIS, emphasizing those actions related to the agency and public involvement process. The input received during this process was voluminous and extremely varied in content regarding issues and concerns. For this reason, the reader is referred to Part II of the 1999 FEIS for additional, more detailed information. To incorporate input from participating agencies throughout the project development process, a Social, Economic, and Environmental Team (SEE Team) was established in 1990. The SEE Team is comprised of representatives from each participating agency (ref: FEIS - Part II, 1.2.2). A series of SEE Team meetings were held from January 1990 to March 1998 (ref: FEIS - Part II, 1.1). In May 1993, various citizens of the County of Hawaii were invited by U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye to form the Saddle Road Task Force to solicit and disseminate information about the project within the community (ref. FEIS - Part II, 1.2.1). A series of SRTF meetings were held from June 1993 to July 1999. From January 1994 to 1999, numerous one-on-one meetings were held upon request with interested individuals, agency representatives, and public and private organizations to provide project briefings and/or receive input on project issues and concerns. These included groups such as community councils, community associations, chambers of commerce, and clubs. A Letter of Intent was sent to all interested parties, agencies, and organizations, and a Notice of Intent was published in the Federal Register, March 1994 (ref FEIS - Part II, 1.4.1). Notifications of public scoping meetings were mailed in April 1994 (ref: FEIS, Part II, 1.4. 1) and Public Scoping Meetings were held in Hilo (May 10), Kona (May 11), and Waimea (May 12). An Interagency Scoping Meeting was held in Hilo (May 10). In July 1994, project information centers were maintained in Hilo and Kona for several months to make project information available to interested persons and to receive comments. Notices of these centers were published in Hilo and Kona newspapers. Newsletters were prepared and distributed to a mailing list of over 1,500 people. The first was published in November 1994. To report on the progress of the project, four additional newsletters were subsequently published and distributed, from November 1996 through August 1999 (ref: FEIS - Part II, 1.5). Page 10-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement In October 1995, pursuant to State law, an Environmental Assessment and Notice of Preparation of an EIS was submitted to the State of Hawaii Office of Environmental Quality Control (ref: FEIS, Part II, 1.4.2). This notice was published in their environmental bulletin which is monitored regularly by interested agencies, organizations, and the public. In May 1996, sixteen invitations were extended Cooperating Agency status on the project. Only three agencies acknowledged receipt of the invitation. In the summer and fall of 1998, numerous meetings and exchange of correspondence occurred between FHWA and the USFWS, the EPA, and numerous other agencies to resolve issues related to Section 7 Endangered Species Act consultation and Palila mitigation, as well as Section 404 Clean Water Act compliance. The results of this consultation and coordination are contained in the USFWS Final Biological Opinion (BO), the Palila MOU, and the 404 (b)(1) Analysis Report (ref FEIS - Part III). A formal public comment period began with the issuance of the DEIS in October 1997 and the publishing of the Notice of Availability in the Federal Register and Hawaii Office of Environmental Quality Control Bulletin (ref: FEIS - Part II, 2.1). Two public hearings were held (Waikoloa - Thursday, December 11, 1997 and Hilo - Saturday, December 13, 1997) during this comment period to provide information and solicit formal comments on the project. The hearing transcripts are included in the FEIS (ref: Part II, 2.2). Approximately 100 members of the public provided written comments on the DEIS; roughly 20 individuals presented oral comments at the Waikoloa hearing and approximately 30 individuals presented oral comments at the Hilo hearing. All public and agency comments are included in their entirety in the FEIS (ref: Part I1, 2.2, 3.2, and 4.2). A summary of agency comments and associated responses was also prepared and included in the FEIS (ref: Part II, 3.1). Public comments were also summarized, resulting in nearly 320 representative comments, (ref: FEIS - Part I1, 4.1). In response to agency and public comments received on the DEIS, the FHWA project team undertook. additional studies and analyses as warranted, prepared responses, and incorporated additional information into the FEIS. The release of the FEIS was announced in the Federal Register on September 3, 1999, and in the Hawai` i State Office of Environmental Quality Control's Environmental Notice on September 8, 1999. The Final EIS presented a Recommended Alternative that consisted of E-3 in Section IV, EX -3 in Section II, PTA -1 in Section II, and W-3 in Section I (see Figure 1.1.2). The Recommended Alternative minimized conflicts between military and public uses within the PTA, minimized socioeconomic disruption in the Kaumana area of Hilo, and provided an outlet to Mamalahoa Highway that met the destination needs of motorists while minimizing impact to homes in the Waiki`i area. Substantive environmental issues, which included protected species of flora and fauna, critical habitat for the endangered bird Palila, wetlands and biological habitats of importance, archaeological resources, fire hazards, hunting lands, access to trails and Page 10-2 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement �} roads, and potential noise increases, were investigated and resolved. A Record of UDecision (ROD), finalized on October 30, 1999, presented the selection of the Recommended Alternative by the agencies and formalized the mitigation commitments. The Saddle Road Task Force has continued to meet during the permitting and construction of the various phases of Saddle Road from 1999 to 2009 in order to provide 0 citizen input and disseminate information about the project to the public. 10.2 Notice of Intent and SEISPN D After determining that an SEIS would be necessary because of the proposed use of W-7 instead of W-3, the responsible agencies published a Notice of Intent (NOI) in the Federal Register on December 10, 2007, and issued an SEIS Preparation Notice (SEISPN) on January 8, 2008 (see copy of Federal Register and OEQC publication notice in Appendix A1). D The publication of these documents allowed the public the opportunity to provide comments. Two comments, one from the federal Environmental Protection Agency and one from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, were received in response to the NOI; these (� are included in Appendix A2. The publication of the SEISPN initiated a 30 -day �J comment period per State of Hawaii law. Twenty comment letters were received in response to the SEISPN. These comments and the responses of HDOT to each O commenter's letters are attached as Appendix A2. The following agencies, organizations and individuals commented on the SEISPN: 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 t Federal: U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory State of Hawai `i: • Office of Hawaiian Affairs • Department of Accounting and General Services • Department of Human Service, Hawaii Public Housing Authority • Department of Defense, Office of Civil Defense • Department of Health County of Hawaii: • Department of Water Supply • Planning Department Department of Environmental Management Department of Research and Development Organizations and Individuals: • Sierra Club • Hawai`i Island Chamber of Commerce • People's Advocacy for Trails Hawaii Page 10-3 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement • Malu `Aina • Big Island Bird Hunters • South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee • Waiki`i Ranch Homeowners' Association • Paul Normann • Aaron Stene • Robert Ward The major issues brought up in the comment letters are presented below. Suggestions for study: • Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices and Traditional Cultural Properties. • Direct and wildfire impacts on endangered plant species. • Waters of U.S., particularly in relation to Corps of Engineers Rapanos guidance. • Quantification and analysis of impacts to waters of U.S. impacted. • Analysis of indirect and cumulative impacts. • Potential for depleted uranium. Suggestions for inclusion in the project: • Constructing the bike lanes specified in the Bike Plan Hawaii. • Shared -use path system, with a winding trail parallel to highway with pedestrian, bicycle, and equestrian facilities, with provision for motorized off-road vehicles. • Grade -separated interchange at Mamalahoa Highway. • Design for a four -lane divided highway. • Wide right-of-way to account for future expansion. • A design that minimizes civilian and military interference. • Scenic Typical Sections s. • Illustrations of location of military trail(s) and grade -separated crossing(s). • Adherence to all laws and regulations concerning water quality. • Utilization of native vegetation and measures to avoid spread of invasives. • Follow NEPA-404 Memorandum of Understanding Procedures for waters of U.S. • Avoidance measures if waters of U.S. impacted. • BMPs for reduction of air quality impacts. • Provide affected environmental justice populations opportunities for public input. • Avoid infringement of Ka`ohe Game Management Area between MP 41 and Ke`amuku Page 10-4 I t I 1 t t r 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Other comments: OHA requested Section 106 consultation. Provision of references for seismic information. • Urge timely completion of road. The Draft SEIS has attempted to address each of these issues. 10.3 Planned Post -Draft SEIS Consultation and Coordination The availability of the Draft SEIS will be announced in the Federal Register and in the Hawaii State Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC) Environmental Notice. This will initiate a 45 -day comment period during which agencies and the public are invited to provide written comments. Two public hearings, one in Hilo and one in West Hawaii, will be held during the comment period at a time and place to be announced in local media. The Final SEIS will contain an appendix containing comments to the Draft SEIS along with detailed response letters to each individual comment. This appendix will also contain a transcript of the public hearings. This chapter will be augmented in the Final SEIS to include a section providing a detailed summary of issues raised in comments and at the public hearing. 10.4 List of Parties to Whom Draft SEIS Was Sent The following agencies, organizations, and individuals have been provided with a copy of the Draft SEIS and/or provided with the website address where the document is available for review. FEDERAL AGENCIES George P. Young, Chief District Chief Chief Operations Branch U.S. Department of the Interior Bldg. 230, Room 202 Geological Survey (USGS) U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu Water Resources Division Fort Shafter HI 96858-5440 677 Ala Moana Blvd Ste 415 Honolulu HI 96813 Dr. James Kauahikaua, Scientist -in -Charge Lawrence Yamamoto, State Conservationist United States Geological Survey Pacific Islands Area Hawaiian Volcano Observatory USDA, Natural Conservation Resource Service Hawaii National Park HI 96718-0051 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 4-118 Honolulu HI 96850 Q Frank R. Hayes, Pacific Area Director U.S. Department of Interior National Park Service, Pacific Area 300 Ala Moana Blvd. P.O. Box 50165 Honolulu HI 96850 0 Jon Jarvis, Director National Park Service, Pacific West Regional Office 1111 Jackson Street, Suite 700 Oakland CA 94607 Page 10-5 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Dr. Willie R. Taylor U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Department of the Interior Office of Federal Activities Office of Environmental Policy and NEPA Compliance Division, EIS Filing Compliance Section Main Interior Bldg., MS -2340 Ariel Rios Building (South Oval Lobby) 1849 C Street, NW, Room 2024 Mail Code 2252-A, Room 7241 Washington D.C. 20240 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington D.C. 20044 Mr. David Farrel, Chief Director Office of Federal Activities Department of the Interior U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Policy and 75 Hawthorne Street Compliance San Francisco CA 94105-3901 Main Interior Building MS 2340 Washington D.C. 20240 Ms. Mary Ann Naber Connell Dunning Advisory Council on Historic Preservation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Program Review Federal Activities Program The Old Post Office Building Cross Media Division 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, #809 75 Hawthorne Street Washington D.C., 20004 San Francisco CA 94105 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Wendy Wiltse 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC 20004 P.O. Box 50003 Attn: IMPC-HI-ZA Honolulu HI 96850 Loyal Mehrhoff Lt. Col. Jon J. Chytka, Commander Division of Ecological Services U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Pacific Island Ecoregion Honolulu Engineering District U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Building 230, Room 203 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3122 Fort Shafter Honolulu HI 96850 Honolulu, HI 96858 Mr. Darryl Hampton, PE Mr. Jonathan Wung, Chief Master Planning SDDCTEA Planning Branch ATTN: SDTE-SA U.S. Army Pacific, Hawaii 709 Ward Drive, Bldg 1990 Attn: IMPC-PWD-M Scott AFB IL 62225 Building 104 FortShafter HI 96858-5100 Col. Matthew T. Margotta, Commander LTC Warline Richardson, Commander HQ, U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii HQ, PTA, USARG-HI Office of the Garrison Commander Bldg 238A Attn: IMPC-HI-ZA Milepost 36, H200 (Saddle Road) 851 Wright Ave., WAAF (Stop 107) Hilo HI 96720 Schofield Barracks HI 96857-5000 Page 10-6 t 1 r 0 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Director Lt. Col. William Ryan III, Director USGS Biological Resource Division Wheeler Army Airfield Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center Building 104 677 Ala Moana Blvd., Suite 615 Honolulu HI 96857 Honolulu HI 96813 NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory 1437 Kilauea Avenue, Room 102 Hilo HI 96720 STATE AGENCIES Katherine Puana Kealoha, Director Dr. John Harrison Hawaii State Office of Environmental Quality Environmental Coordinator Control Hawaii State Environmental Center 235 South Beretania Street, Suite 702 Krauss Annex 19, 2500 Dole Street Honolulu HI 96813 Honolulu HI 96822 Sharyn L. Miyashiro, Executive Director Ted Liu, Director Housing and Community Development Corp. Hawaii DBEDT of Hawaii P.O. Box 2359 677 Queen Street, Suite 300 Honolulu HI 96804 Honolulu HI 96813 Hawaii DBEDT Hawaii DBEDT-Library Energy, Resources and Technology Division 250 South Hotel Street P.O. Box 2359 Honolulu HI 96813 Honolulu, HI 96804 Sandra Kunimoto, Director Hawaii Department of Agriculture 1428 South King Street Honolulu HI 96814 Clyde Namu`o, Administrator Office of Hawaiian Affairs 711 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 500 Honolulu HI 96813 Edward Teixeira, Vice Director of Civil Defense Vice Director of Civil Defense Hawaii Department of Defense 949 Diamond Head Road Honolulu HI 96816-4495 Kaulana Park, Chairman Hawaiian Homes Commission Hawaii Dept. of Hawaiian Home Lands P.O. Box 1879 Honolulu HI 96804 Karl Motoyama, Manager Environmental Planning Office Hawaii State Department of Health 919 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 312 Honolulu HI 96814 Ernest Lau, Public Works Administrator Hawaii Dept. of Accounting and General Services P.O. Box 119 Honolulu HI 96813 Page 10-7 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Laura Thielen, Director Department of Land and Natural Resources 1151 Punchbowl Street Rm 325 Honolulu HI 96813 Paul Conry, Administrator Division of Forestry and Wildlife Department of Land and Natural Resources 1151 Punchbowl Street Rm 325 Honolulu HI 96813 Pua Aiu, Ph.D, Administrator State Historic Preservation Division Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources 601 Kamokila Blvd., Room 555 Kapolei HI 96707 Orlando Davidson, Executive Officer State Land Use Commission Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism P.O. Box 2359 Honolulu HI 96804-2359 Marc Miranda Governor's Liaison 75 Aupuni Street Hilo HI 96720 University ofHawai`i Water Research Center Holmes Hall, Room 283 2540 Dole Street Honolulu HI 96822 Chancellor Rose Tseng University of Hawaii at Hilo 200 W. Kawili Street Hilo HI 96720 Rob Pacheco, Hawaii Island Board Member Board of Land and Natural Resources P.O. Box 621 Honolulu HI 96809 Dan Quinn, Administrator Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of State Parks 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 310 Honolulu HI 96813 Ken Kawahara, P.E., Deputy Director Commission on Water Resource Management Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources P.O. Box 621 Honolulu HI 96809 Abbey Seth Mayer, Director Office of Planning Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism P.O. Box 2359 Honolulu HI 96804-2359 Andy Smith Governor's Liaison 75-5722 Kuakini Highway, Suite 215 Kailua-Kona HI 96740 Rolf Kudritzki, Director IFA Director Institute for Astronomy University of Hawaii at Manoa 2680 Woodlawn Drive Honolulu HI 96822 Stephanie Nagata, Interim Director Office of Mauna Kea Management 640 N. A`ohoku Place, Room 203 Hilo HI 96720 Page 10-8 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement `J COUNTY AGENCIES �1 Bobby Jean Leithead-Todd, Director Hawaii County Planning Department (�1 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 U Hilo HI 96720 Chief Harry Kubojiri Hawaii County Police Department n 349 Kapiolani St. Hilo HI 96720 Quince Mento, Director o Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency 920 Ululani Street Hilo HI 96720 OMilton Pavao, Manager Hawaii County Dept. of Water Supply D 345 Kekuanaoa Street, Suite 20 Hilo HI 96720 Stephen Arnett, Administrator Hawaii County Office of Housing and �f U Community Development 50 Wailuku Drive n Hilo HI 96720 `J INDIVIDUALS/ORGANIZATIONS �1 Saddle Road Task Force Walter Kunitake (Co -Chair) (�1 76-5861 A Mamalahoa Highway U Holualoa HI 96725 Alvin Chong, Sr. P.O. Box 312 Kamuela HI 96743 Robert Kim 82-1075 Kinue Road Captain Cook HI 96704 DDwayne Mukai 100 Pauahi Street, Suite 109 n Hilo HI 96720 L�1 Warren Lee, Director Hawaii County Department of Public Works 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 7 Hilo HI 96720 Thomas Brown, Transit Administrator Hawaii County Mass Transit Agency 630 E. Lanikaula Street Hilo HI 96720 Robert Fitzgerald, Director Hawaii County Parks and Recreation Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 6 Hilo HI 96720 Darryl Oliveira, Chief Hawaii Fire Department 25 Aupuni Street Hilo HI 96720 Randy Kurohara, Director Hawaii County Department of Research and Development 25 Aupuni Street Hilo HI 96720 Arnold Okamura (Co -Chair) 212 Pohakulani Street Hilo HI 96720 Marni Herkes P.O. Box 571 Holualoa HI 96725 William Moore 159 Halai Street Hilo HI 96720 Charles Young P.O. Box 505 Honaunau HI 96726 Page 10-9 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Traffic Organizations Chair Hawaii County Advisory Committee on Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety 25 Aupuni Street Hilo HI 96720 Laura Dierenfield, Executive Director PATH PO Box 62 Kailua-Kona HI 96745 Community Associations Waimea Community Association C/O Friends of the Future P.O. Box 2655 Kamuela HI 96743 Jim Whillock, Association Manager Waikoloa Village Association 68-1792 Melia Street P.O. Box 383910 Waikoloa, HI 96738 Business Organizations Jacqui Hoover, President Hawaii Leeward Planning Conference P.O. Box 2159 Kamuela HI 96743 Bill Sanborn Kona-Kohala Chamber of Commerce 75-5737 Kuakini Highway, #208 Kailua-Kona HI 96740 Eugene Nishimura, President Japanese Chamber of Commerce 400 Hualani Street, Suite 20B Hilo HI 96720 Mike Price, Chair South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee PO Box 383375 Waikoloa HI 96738 T.J. McAniff, Vice President Waiki`i Ranch Homeowners Association P.O. Box 6389 Kamuela, HI 96743 Mary Begier, President Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce 106 Kamehameha Ave. Hilo HI 96720 Kohala Coast Resort Association 68-1310 Mauna Lani Dr., Suite 101 Kohala Coast Island of Hawaii 96743 Page 10-10 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Environmental Organizations Waimea Outdoor Circle P.O. Box 6144 Kamuela HI 96743 Jim Albertini, Malu Aina P.O. Box AB Kurtistown, HI 96760 Utilities HELCO P.O. 1027 Hilo HI 96721 Hunting Organizations Steve Hurt Big Island Bird Hunters Association 17-124 Palaai Street Keaau HI 96749 Alan Nakagawa P.O. Box 1825 65-1156 Spencer Road Kamuela HI 96743 Landowners Eleanor Mirikitani, Manager Waikoloa Land Company 150 Waikoloa Beach Drive Waikoloa, HI 96738 Pu`uiwaiwa LLC C/O Pacific Rim Land PO Box 220 Kihei HI 96753 Parker Ranch P.O. Box 458 Kamuela HI 96743 Sierra Club P.O. Box 1137 Hilo HI 96721 Mary Steiner, CEO The Outdoor Circle 1314 South King Street, Suite 306 Honolulu HI 96814 Hawaiian Telcom 1177 Bishop Street Honolulu HI 96813 Thomas Lodge, President Hawaii Hunting Association 16-1596 Pahoa Hwy Keaau HI 96749 Roger Harris P.O. Box 803 Kamuela H196743 Robert Acree 59-916 Kohala Ranch Road Kamuela 96743 Page 10-11 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Others Aaron Steene Robert Ward 73-4181 Malino Place 77-6526 Ho`olaupa`i Street Kailua-Kona HI 96740 Kailua-Kona 96740 LIBRARIES Hawaii State Library Hilo Public Library Hawaii Documents Center 300 Waianuenue Avenue 478 South King Street Hilo HI 96720 Honolulu HI 96813 Kailua-Kona Public Library University of Hawaii at Hilo 75-135 Hualalai Road Edwin Mookini Library Kailua-Kona HI 96740 200 W. Kawili Street Hilo HI 96720 University of Hawaii at Manoa Kaimuki Regional Library Hamilton Library 1041 Koko Head Avenue 2550 McCarthy Mall Honolulu HI 96816 Honolulu HI 96822 Pearl City Regional Library Kaneohe Regional Library 1138 Waimano Home Road 45-829 Kamehameha Hwy Pearl City HI 96782 Kaneohe HI 96744 Kahului Regional Library Hawaii Kai Regional Library 90 School Street 249 Lunalilo Home Road Kahului HI 96732 Honolulu HI 96825 Lihue Regional Library Legislative Reference Bureau 4344 Hardy Street HI State Capitol, Room 005 Lihue HI 96766 Honolulu HI 96813 Honolulu Star Bulletin, City Desk Honolulu Advertiser, City Desk 500 Ala Moana Blvd., Suite 7-210 P.O. Box 3110 Honolulu HI 96813 Honolulu HI 96802 Hawaii Tribune Herald West Hawaii Today P.O. Box 767 P.O. Box 789 Hilo HI 96721 Kailua-Kona HI 96745 Patricia Tummons Environment Hawaii 72 Kapiolani Street Hilo, HI 96720 Page 10-12 w 5 f U E, E, u in N 5 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement ELECTED OFFICIALS Honorable Daniel K. Inouye Prince Kuhio Federal Building 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 7-212 Honolulu HI 96850-4975 Mr. Delbert Nishimoto Field Representative Office of U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye 101 Aupuni Street, Suite 205 Hilo HI 96720-4221 The Honorable Maizie Hirono Prince Kuhio Federal Building 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 5-104 Honolulu HI 96850 The Honorable Faye P. Hanohano, District 4 Hawaii State House of Representatives 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol #303 Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Denny Coffman, District 6 Hawaii State House of Representatives 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol #317 .Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Russell S. Kokubun, District 2 Hawaii State House of Representatives 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol 9407 Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Josh Green, M.D., District 3 Hawaii State Senate 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol #223 Honolulu HI 96813 Mr. Wayne Tanaka Field Representative Office of Senator Inouye P.O. Box 41 Kealakekua HI 96750 The Honorable Daniel K. Akaka Prince Kuhio Federal Building 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-106 Honolulu HI 96850 The Honorable Linda Lingle Governor, State of Hawaii State Capitol, Executive Chambers Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Clift Tsuji, District 3 Hawaii State House of Representatives 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol #317 Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Jerry Chang, District 2 Hawaii State House of Representatives 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol #435 Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Mark M. Nakashima, District 1 Hawaii State House of Representatives 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol #319 Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Robert Herkes, District 5 Hawaii State House of Representatives 415 South Beretania Street Hawaii State Capitol #303 Honolulu HI 96813 The Honorable Dwight Y. Takamine, District 1 The Honorable William P. Kenoi Hawaii State Senate Mayor, County of Hawaii 415 South Beretania Street 25 Aupuni Street Hawaii State Capitol #204 Hilo HI 96720 Honolulu HI 96813 Page 10-13 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement E Council Chair Hawaii County Council 25 Aupuni Street Hilo HI 96720 Page 10-14 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 11 UNRESOLVED ISSUES 11.1 UNRESOLVED ISSUES No unresolved issues exist. Page I1-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [This page intentionally left blank] Page 11-2 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement INDEX A `Aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense) S-18, 3-98 Air Quality S-12, 3-59 Alignment W-2 S-1,2-2 Alignment W-3 S- 1, 2-2 Alignment W-7 S-2, S-7,2-11 Alternatives S-7, 2-1 Archaeology 5-124, 3-126 Archaeological Monitor S-25, 3-135 Area of Potential Effect 3-128 Army Purchase of Ke`amuku Parcel S-1, 1-7 Average Daily Traffic (ADT) S-5, 1-15 B Best Management Practices (BMPs) S-15,3-65, 3-84 Bike Plan Hawaii, HDOT S-12,3-57 Birds S-20, 3-106, 3-108 Blackburn's Sphinx Moth 3-122 Botany 5-18, 3-97 Bridge Aina Le`a 6-17 Burials 3-132 Business, Local 3-52 r� Capacity S-5, 1-14 Caves 3-94 Chamaesyce olowaluana S-19,3-98 Clean Air Act 3-59, 3-67, 3-70 Clean Water Act 5-16, 3-85, 3-86 Climate S-17,3-90 Coastal Barriers 5-22, 3-118 Coastal Zone Management (CZM) S-22,3-118 Community Identity and Cohesion 3-34 Conflicts/Hazards with Military Operations S-5, 1-14 Conformance with Land Use Plans and Policies 3-15 Conservation District Use Permit S-6 Construction Cost S-7, 2-9 Construction History 1-7 Construction Impacts 5-29, 3-146 Consultation History 10-1 County of Hawaii General Plan S-8, 3-9 County of Hawaii Zoning 3-13 Cumulative Impacts S-30,6-1 CZM Federal Consistency S-7 D Defense Access Road (DAR) Program S-1, 1-2, 1-11 Depleted Uranium (DU) S-12,3-60,3-69 Design Criteria 2-11 Draft EIS, 1997 S-1, 1-2 Drainage S-21, 3-82,3-113 Economic Impacts S-10, 3-46 Emergency Vehicles S-9, 5-10 Energy S-29,3-145 Environmental Justice 3-43 F Farmland S-8, 3-16 Farmland Protection Policy Act S-8, 3-16 Fauna 5-20,3-106 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) S-1 Final EIS, 1999 S-1, 1-2 Fire Hazard 5-14, 5-23, 3-73, 3-81 Fiscal Impacts 3-48 Floodplains S-21, 3-113 Fog 3-90 Funding S-2, 1-11 General Plan LUPAG and Facilities Map Geology S-17,3-90 Governmental Plans and Policies S-7 Groundwater 5-15, 3-82 H Haplosaachys haplostachya S-23,2-10,3-121 Hawaii Island Long Range Land Transportation Plan (HLRLTP) 3-9 Hawaii State Department of Transportation (HDOT) S-1 Hawaii State Transportation Functional Plans S-8,3-8 Hawaii State Land Use Law 3-12 Hawaii State Plan S-8, 3-7 Hawaii Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) 1-11 Hawaiian Hawk 3-122 Hawaiian Hoary Bat S-20 Hawaiian Petrel S-23, 3-121 Hazardous Materials and Toxic Substances S-25,3-135 Hilo 3-36 Page Index -1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Historic Sites Review S-6 Humu`ula Sheep Station 6-10 Hunting S-9,3-38 I Integrated Wildland Fire Management Plan Oahu and Pohakuloa Training Areas (IWFMP) 5-14,3-74 Invertebrates S-21,3-111 Island of Hawaii Long Range Highway Plan S-8 K Kailua-Kona 3-36 Kaumana 3-36 Kawaihae Road Bypass S-6,1-21 Ke`amuku Parcel S-1, 1-7 Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station 6-10 Kona Community Development Plan (CDP) S-8,3-13 L Labor, Construction S-9, 3-20, 3-22, 3-47 Lalamilo Connector Road 6-16 Land Use S-7,3-1 Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map 3-11 Lava Hazard Zones S-17,3-94 Lava Tubes 3-94, 3-96 Level of Service (LOS) S-5, 1-16 List of Parties Receiving Draft EIS 10-5 Lovegrass (Eragrostis atropioides) S-18,3-98 M Mammals S-21,3-110 Mass Transit 2-6 Mauna Kea 3-38,3-45,3-134 Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory Complex S-1,1-1 Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan 3-38,6-19 Mauna Kea, Office of Mauna Kea Management 3-38,3-135 Mauna Loa Atmospheric Observatory Complex S-1, 1-I Mining 3-5 Mitigation Summary 8-1 Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) S-13,3-59, 3-66 N National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) S-6 Native Hawaiian Culture 3-44 Need for Supplemental EIS 1-8 Nene S-23, 3-125 Newell's Shearwater 5-23, 3-121 No Action Alternative S-7, 2-1, 2-7 Noise S-13, 3-71 Notice of Intent, 2007 10-2 O Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road 3-130,7-7 P Parker Ranch S-7, 6-9 Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities 5-12, 3-56 Permits and Approvals S-6, 1-22 Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) S-1,3-2,3-74 Population and Settlement Patterns 3-17 Population Projections 3-20 Preparers of EIS 9-1 Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area (GMA) S-7, 5-14, 2-9,3-39 Pu`u Wa`a Wa`a Ranch 6-10 Puainako Street Widening and Extension S-6, 1-21 Public Lands 3-5 Public Services and Community Centers 3-41 Purpose and Need S-2 1-12 Q Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway Widening 6-15 R Ranching 3-1 Record of Decision (ROD), 1999 S-1, 1-2 Recreation S-3, 3-38 Related Transportation Projects S-6, 1-21 Responsible Agencies 1-8 Right -of -Way and Relocation S-11,3-55 Ritual Sites 3-133 Roadway Deficiencies 1-12 S Saddle Road Extension S-6, 1-21, 6-15 Saddle Road Task Force 2-9, 3-35, 10-1 Safety 1-17, 3-54 Schedule 1-21 Schools 3-41 Section 106 Consultation, NHPA 5-24, 3-131 Section 4(F) S-33, 3-131, 7-1 SEIS Preparation Notice (SEISPN) 10-3 Social Demand and Economic Development 1-18 Social, Economic, and Environmental Team (SEE Team) 2-2, 10-1 Page Index -2 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 1 EPage Index -3 Socioeconomic Characteristics 3-23 j Socioeconomic Impacts S-8 U Soils 5-17 D Sole Source Aquifer 3-83 Threatened or Endangered Species S-19, 5-20, South Kohala Community Development Plan a(CDP) S-8,3-13 Stenogyne angustifolia 5-23, 3-121 Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) D S-16,3-85 Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) (U.S. Army) S-1, 1-11 1 EPage Index -3 T j Taxes 5-11 U Thirty Meter Telescope 6-19 D Waikoloa Maneuver Area 5-26 Threatened or Endangered Species S-19, 5-20, Waimea 3-35 Water Resources S-15,3-82 5-22, 3-109, 3-120 Time Savings 3-53 Tourism S-11,3-32,3-51 D Transformation of the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT) 1-7,6-20 Transportation System Management (TSM) 2-6 Travel Time 5-11 U U U.S. Army Corp of Engineers 3-86 U.S. Department of the Army (the Army) S-1, 1-7 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) S-26,3-137 Uniform Relocation and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act 5-12, 3-55 O Unresolved Issues S-34, 11-1 Visual Impacts S-27, 3-140 1 EPage Index -3 w j Waiki`i 3-36,6-9 U Waikoloa 3-35 Waikoloa Maneuver Area 5-26 O Waimea 3-35 Water Resources S-15,3-82 Waters of the U.S./Wetlands S-16,3-86 West Hawaii Sanitary Landfill 6-18 Wild and Scenic Rivers S-22,3-117 D Wildlife S-20,3-106 1 EPage Index -3 [This page intentionally left blank] aPage R-1 aSaddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement REFERENCES AASHTO. Roadside Design Guide. 2005. a ANL 2007. RESRAD Computer Code, Version 6.4. Argonne National Laboratory. December 19, 2007. 0 Arnett, M. 2002. Report of survey for rare plants on the Ke `amuku parcel, Island of Hawaii. Prep. for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado. aBanko, "Population W. E. 1980a. Histories — Species Accounts Seabirds: Hawaiian Dark- rumped Petrel (`Ua`u)." Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of 0 Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #5B. . 1980b. "Population Histories — Species Accounts Seabirds: Newell's Shearwater (`A`o)." Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at a Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #5A. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). 2005. Guidance for Preparers of Cumulative Impact Analysis. Sacramento, CA. 0 Cordy, R. 2000. Exalted Sits the Chief The Ancient History of Hawai `i Island. Mutual Publishing. Honolulu. David, R. E. 1990. Ornithological and Mammalian Survey of the Proposed Extension of the Multi -Purpose Range Complex, Pohakuloa Training Area, Hamakua, Hawaii. U U Prepared for: Wilson Okamoto & Associates & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division (POD). ODavid, R. E. 1996. Ornithological and Mammalian Surveys of the Proposed Improvement and Realignment Corridors of the Saddle Road (State of Hawaii Route 200), Island of Hawai `i, Hawaii. Prepared for: Rust E&I & The Federal Highways Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division. . 1999. A Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species Associated with the Waikoloa Maneuver Area, Phase II: Waikoloa Village and Surrounding Areas, Island of Hawai 'i, Hawai `i. Prepared for: Edward K. Noda & Associates and the U.S. Army Corps of DEngineers, Pacific Ocean Division. . 2002. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Saddle n Road Extension Project: Queen Ka `ahumanu Highway to Mamalahoa Highway South UKohala & North Kona Districts, Hawai `i. Prepared for: Okahara & Associates, and Hawaii Department of Transportation, Highways Division. aPage R-1 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement . 2004. A Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species Associated with the Ordnance Avoidance and Environmental Survey of Sector 15 of the former Waikoloa Maneuver Area, Phase III. South Kohala and Hamakua Districts, Island of Hawai `i. Prepared for: Donaldson Enterprises Inc. & the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. 2009b. Unpublished Field Notes — Island of Hawaii: 1985-2009. David, R., and E. B. Guinther. 2006a. A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Waikoloa Highlands Subdivision, South Kohala District, Island of Hawai `i. Prepared for: R. M. Towill Corporation, and the Vitoil Corporation. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and T. C. Telfer. 2003. Decline ofTownsend's (Newell's Shearwaters (Pufnus auricularis newelli) on Kauai, Hawaii. The Auk 120: 669-679. Escott, G.E. 2006. Phase HArchaeological Investigations at State Sites 50-10-21-23499, 50- 10-21-23515, 50-10-21-23516, 50-10-21-23517, and 50-10-21-23539 on Lands of the Ke amuku Sheep and Cattle Station Located in the Ahupua `a of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawai `i [TMK (3) 6-7-001: 09]. DLNR. Kapolei. Gagne, W., and Cuddihy, L. 1990. "Vegetation," pp. 45-114 in W.L. Wagner, D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, eds., Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai `i. 2 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Hawaii County, Department of Research and Development (R&D). (var. years) Hawai `i County Data Book. Hilo. Hawaii County, Planning Department. 2005. The General Plan, County of Hawai `i. Hilo. 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Honolulu: IARII. Ketner, A, Rechtman, R. and A. Yoklavich. 2008. "An Archaeological Inventory Survey of TMK:3-7-1-01:003 and Portions of Parcels 002 and 006, Pu`u Wa`awa`a Ahupua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawai`i." Rechtman Consulting Report RC -0464. Prepared for Envision Design, Honolulu. Klein F. W, Frankel, A. D., Mueller, C. S., Wesson, R. L. and P.O.Okubo, 2001. "Seismic Hazard in Hawaii: High Rate of Large EartI iquakei and Probabilistic Ground - Motion Maps". Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica. 91(3):479-498. Lamb, S. H. 1981. Native trees and shrubs of the Hawaiian Islands. The Sunstone Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Lum, T.M. and T.J. Ohashi. Hawai `i Hunter Survey, 1985-1986. Hawaii State Dept. of O Land and Natural Resources, Div. of Forestry and Wildlife and Hawaii Chapter, The Wildlife Society. Honolulu. 1989. D Maly, K. 1999. Pu `uwa `awa `a and Pu `uanahulu (Napu `u), at Kekaha-Kona, Hawai `i. Prepared for Pu`uanahulu `Ohana. Kamuela, Hawai'i. Maly, K. and O. Maly. 2002 He Wahi Mo `olelo No Ka `Aina A Me Na `Ohana O Waiki `i Ma Waikoloa (Kalana O Waimea, Kohala), A Me Ka `Aina Mauna: A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts of the Lands and Families of Waiki `i at Waikoloa 0 (Waimea Region, South Kohala), and the Mountain Lands, Island of Hawai `i (TMK Overview Sheet 6-7-01). Kumu Porto Associates. Hilo. 1 1 Page R-3 Pacific Consulting Services, Inc. (PCSI). 2009. A Cultural Resources Management Plan for the University of Hawaii Management Areas of Mauna Kea. Prep. for Office of Mauna Kea Management, UH -Hilo. Palmer, D. D. 2003 Hawai `i's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, HI. Pukui, M., Elbert, S., and Mo`okini, E. 1974. Place Names of Hawaii. Revised and Expanded Edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Q Robins, J.J., K.A. Desilets, and A.L. Gonzalez. 2007. Final: Intensive Phase II Survey for Significance Determinations of Cultural Resources, Ke `dmuku Land Acquisition Area (WPAA) for the Stryker Brigade Combat TEAM (SBCT), U.S. Army Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawai `i Island, Hawai `i (TMK: 3-6-7-001:03). Prep. for Hawaii SHPO, Kapolei, HI. 1 1 Page R-3 Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Rubin, Kenneth H., Ph.D. 2008. Depleted Uranium, Natural Uranium and Other Naturally Occurring Radioactive Elements in Hawaiian Environments. Rust Environment and Infrastructure. 1994. Traffic Study, Saddle Road, Hawai `i. . Preliminary Geotechnical/Materials Report, Proposed Saddle Road Project, Mamalahoa Highway to Hilo, Island of Hawai `i. 24 July 1996. Sansone, U., Stellato, L., Jia, G., Rosamilia, S., Gaudino, S., Barbizzi, S., and Belli, M. 2001. Levels of Depleted Uranium in Kosovo Soils. Shaw, Robert. 1997. Rare Plants ofPohakuloa Training Area. Technical Publication Series 97-24, CEMML, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO. Sherry, K., J. M. Castillo, R. B. Shaw. 1999. Effects of wildfire on vegetation and rare plants in and montane shrublands. Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii. 1999 Hawaii Conservation Conference, Honolulu, HI. Transportation Research Board (TRB), National Research Council (NRC). 1994. HCM Special Report 209, Third Edition. Washington D.C. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 1987. Wetland Delineation Manual, Technical Report. 2002. Phase III Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis Work Plan Former Waikoloa Maneuver Area Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Prepared for USACE, U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center by USA Environmental, Inc. U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii, HQ. 2003. Integrated Wildland Fire Management Plan Oahu and Pohakuloa Training Areas. Prep. by the Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Fort Collins, Colorado. . N.d. Draft Ecosystem Management Plan for PTA. Honolulu. 2004. Final EIS for the Army Transformation of the 2"d Brigade, 25`h Infantry Division (Light) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SECT). Honolulu. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1973. Soil Survey of the Island of Hawai `i, State of Hawai `i. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2000 U.S. Census of Population. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1987. Management Practices for Mitigation of Highway Storm -water Runoff Pollution. June 1987. Page R-4 El r 1 DPage R -S Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 1996. Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects. 1996. . 2006. Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control, NCHRP Report 565, 2006. http://www.trb.oriz/news/blurb detail.asp?id=7184 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1999. Consideration of Cumulative OImpacts in EPA Review of NEPA Documents (EPA 315-R-99-002). .2009. Interim Guidance Update on Mobile Source Air Toxic Analysis in NEPA Documents, September 30. 2009. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2002. Draft Kona Fire History (map). USFWS Pacific Island Office, Honolulu. .2009. USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS). Washington: GPO. http://ecos.fws.gov/tess public/StartTESS.do `i. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Dept. of Geography. 1998. Atlas of Hawai 3rd ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Office of Mauna Kea Management (OMKM). 2009. Comprehensive Management Plan, Mauna Kea. Prep. by Ku`iwalu for OMKM. Hilo, OHawaii. Wagner W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of U Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press/Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. U Wolfe, E.W., and Morris, J. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island ofHawai `i. USGS Misc. aInvestigations Series Map i -2524-A. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. El r 1 DPage R -S Saddle Road Improvement Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [This page intentionally left blank] Page R-6 'E j I SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) U Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii L� FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the aFederal U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division n and LJ STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) r} ttJJ Highways Division DU.S. Cooperating Agencies Army Garrison, Hawaii VOLUME II APPENDICES LIST OF APPENDICES l Ld Appendix A Public Involvement and Agency Coordination Al: Notice of Intent in Federal Register and EISPN Notice in OEQC Bulletin A2: Comments to NOI/EISPN and HDOT Responses A3: 9/6/09 Letter, U.S. Army Garrison to HDOT Appendix B Waters of U.S. Report and Correspondence Appendix C Botanical Report Appendix D Vertebrate Fauna Report Appendix E Depleted Uranium Report Appendix F1 Archaeological Report Appendix F2 Section 106 Correspondence Appendix G Section 7 ESA Reports and Correspondence 1 1 [This page intentionally left blank] q 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 t n 1 SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division Cooperating Agencies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix A Public Involvement and Agency Coordination Al: Notice of Intent in Federal Register and EISPN Notice in OEQC Environmental Notice [This page intentionally left blank] E I r 1 t 0 0 1 1 1 i r ij 11 1� I 69726 Federal Register / Val. 72, No. 236/Monday, December 10, 2007/Notices foreign nationals begin participation in this program each year. In February 2004, the Department announced a pilot program whereby Department designated an pair sponsors could request the extension of program participation beyond the original 12 - month maximum period afforded au pair participants. In June of 2006, following a review of the two-year pilot program, the Department amended program regulations to permit designated sponsors to submit requests to the Department for consideration of program extensions for six, nine or 12 month durations for first-year au pair participants beyond the maximum duration of participation allowed under the existing regulations. As the au pair program enters its twentieth year of operation, the Department has been asked to consider amending the age eligibility requirement for an pair participants by increasing the age limitation from 26 to 30. Further, the Department has been asked to consider permitting foreign nationals who previously participated in the an pair program to repeat program participation. The Department hereby solicits comments from the general public and other interested parties regarding these two issues. This certification will be published in the Federal Register, Dated: November 26, 2007 Stanley S. Colvin, Director, Office of Exchange Coordination and Designation, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Department of State. [FR Doc. E7-23883 Filed 12-7-07; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4710-05-P TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, as Amended by Pubic Law 104-13: Proposed Collection; Comment Request AGENCY: Tennessee Valley Authority. ACTION: Proposed Collection; comment request. SUMMARY: The proposed information collection described below will be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35, as amended). The Tennessee Valley Authority is soliciting public comments on this proposed collection as provided by 5 CFR 1320.8(d)(1). Requests for information, including copies of the information collection proposed and supporting documentation should be directed to the Agency Clearance Officer: Alice D. Witt, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1101 Market Street (EB -513), Chattanooga, TN 37402-2801; (423) 751-6832. (SC: 0003D1Z) Comments should be sent to the Agency Clearance Officer no later than February 8, 2008, SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Type of Request: Regular submission; proposal for a reinstatement of a previously approved collection (OMB control number 3316-0009). Title of Information Collection: Salary Surveys for Engineering Association (EA) and Law Enforcement Employee Association (LEEA) Bargaining Unit Employees. Frequency of Use: Annually. Type of Affected Public: State or local governments, Federal agencies, non- profit institutions, businesses, or other for-profit. Small Businesses or Organizations Affected: EA: 45; LEEA: 30. Federal Budget Functional Category Code: 999. Estimated Number of Annual Responses: EA: 30; LEEA: 20. Estimated Total Annual Burden Hours: EA: 120; LEEA: 60. Estimated Average Burden Hours Per Response: EA: 4; LEEA: 3. Need For and Use of Information: TVA conducts an annual salary survey for employee compensation and benefits as a basis for labor negotiations in determining prevailing rates of pay and benefits for represented salary policy employees. TVA surveys firms, and Federal, State, and local governments whose employees perform work similar to that of TVA's salary policy employees. Steven A. Anderson, Senior Manager, IT Planning & Governance, Information Services. [FR Doc. E7-23828 Filed 12-7-07; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 8120--08-P DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration Environmental impact Statement: Hawaii County, HI AGENCY: Federal Highwav Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division (CFLHD), DOT. ACTION: Notice of intent. SUMMARY: FHWA-CFLHD is issuing this notice to advise the public that a supplemental environmental impact statement will be prepared for a proposed highway project in Hawai'i County, Hawai'i. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ricardo Suarez, Division CFLHD Engineer, 12300 West Dakota Avenue, Lakewood, CO 80228 and/or Ronald F. Tsuzuki, State Department of Transportation, Highways Division, Planning Branch, 869 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, HI 96813. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The FHWA, in consultation with the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT), will prepare a supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS) for an ongoing project to improve and realign the Saddle Road (State Highway 200), an existing highway in Hawaii County, Hawaii, The purpose of the project is to provide a safe and efficient route for access to land uses along Saddle Road and for cross -island traffic between East and West Hawaii. The ongoing and planned improvements to Saddle Road would also address five general types of needs: Roadway deficiencies, conflicts and hazards with military operations, capacity, safety, and social demand and economic development. The final environmental impact statement (EIS) for the project was completed August 9, 1999, and the Record of Decision (ROD) was signed on October 30, 1999. The project began construction in 2004 and approximately 30% of the project has been completed or is now under construction. In 2006, the Department of the Army (Army) purchased a Parker Ranch property known as the Ke'amuku parcel. This property included the area planned for the selected alternative (W-3) for western section of the Saddle Road. On September 6, 2006, the U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii, requested that HDOT and FHWA consider relocating the highway about a mile southwest towards the southern boundary of Ke'amuku. This would allow the Army to maximize its training opportunities and minimize conflict with the traveling public. This request meets one of the original purposes of the Saddle Road EFS, which was to minimize conflict between civilian and military uses in the area, and FHIAJA and HDOT thus have determined that it is prudent to re- examine the alternatives for the western section of the EIS. Alternatives under consideration at this time include (1) taking no action; (2) using the alternative for the western section of the project that was recommended in the Final EIS and selected in the ROD; and (3) relocating this segment of the highway nearer the southern boundary of the Ke'amuku parcel. The SEIS will also reconfirm the reasons that alternatives for the western section were dropped from consideration in the Federal Register/ Vol. 72, No. 236/Monday, December 10, 2007/Notices 69727 original EIS, and reconsider them; if appropriate. Because public scoping meetings for the Saddle Road Improvements project were held in Hilo, Kona and Waimea during the development of the original EIS, no additional scoping is required for an ongoing project, where an SEIS is prepared that does not involve a reassessment of the entire action. However, letters describing the proposed action and soliciting comments will be sent to appropriate Federal, State and local agencies, and to private organizations and citizens who have previously expressed or are known to have interest in this proposal. Public hearings will be held in both West and East Hawaii. Public notice will be given of the time and place of the hearings. The draft SEIS will be available for public and agency review and comment prior to the public hearing. To ensure that the full range of issues related to this proposed action are addressed and that all significant issues are identified, comments and suggestions are invited from all interested parties. Comments or questions concerning this proposed action and the SEIS should be directed to the FHWA-CFLHD or the HDOT at the addresses provided above. (Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Program Number 20.205, Highway Planning and Construction. The regulations implementing Executive Order 12372 regarding intergovernmental consultation on Federal Programs and activities apply to this program) Issued on: November 27, 2007, Ricardo Suarez, P.E., Division Engineer, CFLHD. (FR Doc. 07-5988 Filed 12-7-07; 8:45 am) BILLING CODE 4910-22-001 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Denial of Motor Vehicle Defect Petition AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Department of Transportation. ACTION: Denial of petition for a defect investigation. SUMMARY: This notice sets forth the reasons for the denial of a petition submitted pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 30162 by Mr. Richard H. McSwain of McSwain Engineering Inc. to NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation (ODI), received June 29, 2007, requesting that the agency commence a proceeding to determine the existence of a defect related to motor vehicle safety with respect to the manual seatback recliner mechanism in model year 1989-1992 Ford Probe vehicles (subject vehicles). After a review of the petition and other information, NHTSA has concluded that further expenditure of the agency's investigative resources on the issues raised by the petition does not appear to be warranted. The agency accordingly has denied the petition. The petition is hereinafter identified as DP07-001. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Steve Chan, Safety Defects Engineer, Defects Assessment Division, Office of Defects Investigation, NHTSA, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590. Telephone: (202) 366-8537. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On June 29, 2007, NHTSA received a petition from Mr. Richard H. McSwain of McSwain Engineering Inc., requesting that the agency investigate the failure of the seatback recliner mechanisms in the subject vehicles. The petition is based on an examination of a passenger side front seat recliner mechanism from a subject vehicle involved in a multi - vehicle collision, of an exemplar seat, as well as mechanical testing of a seat from a subject vehicle. The petitioner identified a failure mode involving bypass of the seatback stop pin (inside the recliner mechanism) during forward movement of the seatback, such as when entering and exiting the rear seat. The petition stated that stop pin bypass allows the recliner mechanism sector gear to over -travel with respect to the pawl. Return of the seatback to the upright position .may then bend the first tooth of the pawl, resulting in a false or partial engagement of the sector and pawl teeth. This false engagement condition is transmitted to the opposing recliner mechanism via a mechanical communication cable. According to the petition, the ultimate result is the inability of the recliner mechanism to support the seatback during a collision event. The petitioner concluded that the stop pin bypass that initiated the failure mode is a result of inadequate height of the pin and the resulting inadequate contact between the pin and seatback stop. The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 207 "Seating Systems," specifies that seats in passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses must meet certain static force test requirements. However, for seats that hinge on folding seatbacks, the restraining device, once engaged, shall not release when a force equal to twenty times the weight of the seatback is applied through the center of gravity for the seat in the direction the seat is facing. It is not uncommon to see the seatbacks of new vehicles moved from their initial positions after a FMVSS simulated vehicular collision. The identified failure mode may be the result of progressive wear and tear of the seatback stop pin, the seatback stop, and other seat components in vehicles that are, on average, 17 years old. Available data do not suggest that this has occurred with a notable frequency. ODI reviewed its consumer complaint data received over the last nineteen years and found no complaints of seatback collapse (with or without a vehicle collision) in the subject vehicles. In view of the foregoing, and considering the advanced age of the subject vehicles, it is unlikely that NHTSA would issue an order for the notification and remedy of the alleged defect as defined by the petitioner at the conclusion of the investigation requested in the petition. The statutory requirement that the manufacturer provide a free remedy does not apply if the vehicle was bought by the first purchaser more than 10 calendar years before an order is issued. Therefore, in view of the need to allocate and prioritize NHTSA's limited resources to best accomplish the agency's safety mission, the petition is denied. Authority: 49 U.S.C. 30162(d); delegations of authority at CFR 1.50 and 501.8. Issued on: December 4, 2007, Daniel C. Smith, Associate A dministrator for Enforcement. (FR Doc. E7-23853 Filed 12-7-07; 8:45 amt BILLING CODE 4919-69-P DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (Docket No. NHTSA-2007-0042; Notice 11 General Motors Corporation, Receipt of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential Noncompliance General Motors Corporation (GM) has determined that certain model year 2005, 2006 & 2007 Cadillac STS passenger cars equipped with sunroofs do not fully comply with paragraph S4(e) of 49 CFR 571.118, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 118 Power -Operated Window, Partition, and Roof Panel Systems. GM has filed an appropriate report pursuant to 49 CFR Part 573, Defect and Noncompliance Responsibility and Reports. Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 30118(d) and 30120(h), GM has petitioned for an exemption from the notification and 0 1 1 1 FJ I I (3) Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (HRS 343 FEA-EISPN) District: South Kohala TMK (31):6-7-001:003 Proposing Bld. Ctyd. B-102, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Agency: State of Hawaii, Department of Transporta- Determination tion, Highways Division, 869 Punchbowl Street, Agency: Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813. Contact: Ronald F. Consultant: Tsuzuki(808-587-1830) Accepting Hawaii 96721. Contact: Ron Terry (808-969- Authority: The Honorable Linda Lingle, Governor, State Public Comment of Hawaii, Executive Chambers, State Capitol, Deadline: Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Consultant: DMT Consultant Engineers, 677 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 703, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813. Contact: Bruce K. Meyers (808-961-5527) Status: Final Environmental Assessment and Environ- Permits mental Impact Statement Preparation Notice, Required: pending 30 -day public comment. Address com- ments to the applicant with copies to the ac- cepting authority, consultant and OEQC. Public Comment Works Grading Permit, Driveway Permit and Deadline: January 22, 2008 (Request for 45 -day comment period) Permits Required: Fed Clean Water Act Section 404 Permit*; Sec- tion 106 concurrence. State Highways Permit, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys- tem Permit, Coastal Zone Management Con- sistency; Conservation District Use Permit* (for portion). County: Grading Grubbing, Ex- cavating and Stockpiling Permits; Subdivision Approval (* - not yet determined) In 1996, Saddle Road was a narrow, two lane road with steep grades, sharp curves, poor pavement, and substandard drain- age. The road had become vital for access to the U.S. Army's Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA), Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, out- door recreation areas, ranch lands, and the communities of Waiki `i Ranch and Kaumana. Its role was increasing as a cross island transportation route linking East and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism/recreation, shopping, and commuting. The Saddle Road passed through key training areas of PTA, creating conflicts between motorists and military training units. Roadway deficiencies also hindered the response of emergency vehicles responding to fires and ac- cidents along Saddle Road. A project to improve Saddle Road was initiated by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), in cooperation with the State Department of Transportation (HDOT) and the U.S. Army. An EIS was completed in 1999, and since that time 6 miles of the 47 -mile road have been built, with another 15 miles now in construction. In 2006, the Army purchased a Parker Ranch property known as the Ke`amuku parcel, which included the area planned for the western section of the Saddle Road. The Army intends to incor- porate the property within PTA and use it for military training. In 2006, the Army requested that the HDOT and FHWA consider relocating about 9 miles of the proposed highway about a mile southwest towards the southern boundary of Ke`amuku. As this would minimize conflict between military and the traveling December 8, 2007 public, the agencies have agreed to the request. The joint State - federal SEIS will examine the differences in environmental impact between the originally proposed route and a new route to be identified near the southern boundary of Ke`amuku. (4) University of Hawaii, Hilo College of Hawaiian Language Facilities (HRS 343 DEA) District: South Hilo TMK (3'x'):2-4-01:07 Proposing Agency: University of Hawaii, Office of Capital Im- provements, 1960 East West Road, Biomed Sci. Bld. Ctyd. B-102, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Contact: Maynard G. P. Young (808-956-4071) Determination Agency: Same as above. Consultant: Geometrician Associates, PO Box 396, Hilo Hawaii 96721. Contact: Ron Terry (808-969- 7090) Public Comment Deadline: January 7, 2008 Status: Draft environmental assessment (DEA) notice pending 30 -day public comment. Address com- ments to the proposing agency with copies to the consultant and OEQC. Permits Required: Hawaii County: Planning Department Ap- proval Plan Approval and Building Permit; Plan- ning Commission Height Variance; Public Works Grading Permit, Driveway Permit and Drainage Approval; State: DOH NPDES The University of Hawai `i at Hilo proposes to develop facili- ties to house Ka Haka `Ula O Ke`elik6lani, the College of Hawai- ian Language. The facilities will expand educational opportuni- ties and help revitalize Hawaiian language and culture. The Col- lege was established at UH Hilo in 1997 and includes the Hawai- ian Studies Division, the Hawaiian Language Center Division, the Laboratory School Division and an Outreach Program. The College's facilities are currently spread among five existing build- ings at UH Hilo and another building located six miles from cam- pus. The new facility will accommodate the current programs as well as future growth. Phase 1 is currently in design and will include a two-story building for administrative offices and class- rooms and two one-story daycare/preschool structure, connected by covered walkways, with associated parking, utilities, and land- scaping. Later phases will accommodate the teacher training program, media/telecommunications services, and graduate stu- dents. The College is being developed within the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Program. It will incor- porate many environmentally sustainable features and will meet standards for a silver certificate in this "green building" rating system. Construction would have a minor and easily mitigable effect on traffic. Long-term traffic impacts would be minimal and mitigated through proper design of entry/exit points. Short-term noise, air, and water quality impacts associated with grading and landscaping would be mitigated. A Storm Water Pollution Pre- vention Plan (SWPPP) to contain sediment and storm water run- off during grading and construction will be developed and imple- mented. The site has been mostly graded or otherwise disturbed [This page intentionally left blank] 0 OSADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 0 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the (� U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Ll Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division Cooperating _A eg_ncies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix A Public Involvement and Agency Coordination A2: Comments to NOI/EISPN and HDOT Responses J 0 [This page intentionally left blank] ( FEB -05-2008 17:12 From:186631669ee Pa9e:3/46 aHarry Kim '' Christopher J. Yuen Mayor O�NR Dirermr Brad Kurokawa, ASLA LEEDO AP 010u Itv of Aa><fuaii DepwNDirector DPLANNING DEPARTMENT 101 PAualhl Street, Suite 3 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4224 (808) 961-8288 • FAX (808) 961-8742 Q U January 22, 2008 Mr—Ron Terry Geometrician Associates PO Box 396 Iiilo, HI 96721 Dear Mr. Terry_ tJ Subject: Consultation for the Preparation of a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) Project: Saddle Road (SSR 200) between Mile Post 42 and Mamalahoa Highway Tax Man Keay: (3) 6-7-1: portion of 3• Kc'gmuku South Kohala, Hawaii We have reviewed the Lnvirontrtelltal Tmpact Statement Preparation Notice dated December 6, 2007 for the construction of Saddle Road (SR 200) on the Kc'amuku parcel between Mile Post 42 and Mamalahoa Highway and have the following comments to offer. DThe .Bike Plan Hawaii lists bicycle lanes on Saddle Road between Mainalahoa Highway and Hilo as a long-term priority that could be implemented with minor improvcmcnts to the existing roadway. Although bicycle lanes are not discussed in the EIS Preparation Notice, the SEES should discuss the feasibility of incorporating bicycle lanes into the proposed project. Due to the topography in the prt}ject area it is likely that with construction of the selected alignment a new scenic view phare will he created 1"or motorists, To enhwice the experience of WUrism travelers, HDOT should consider constructing roadside turnouts for scenic viewing purposes. 1 0 Hawai7 County u an Egriu! ppporlunity Provider and Employer. L FEB -05-2008 17:12 From:18663166988 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates Page 2 .January 22, 2008 Fage: 4"46 To reduce conflicts between civilian and military vehicles, grade -separated structures such as overpass or rurderpass crossings should be constructed at all intersections of the selected Saddle Road alignment with the former tank road, which the Army proposed using in their FIS to ttanspoit Stryker vehicles from Kawaihae Harbor to PTA. Please provide an illustration in the SETS ol*thc W-7 and W-3 alignments in relation to the military trail that will be used to transport Stryker vehicle:,. Please provide this office with a copy of the draft FA upon its publication. Should you have questions, please contact Maija Cottle of my staff at 961-8258 extension 253. Sincerely, CHRISTOPHER J. YULA Planning Director MJC:cs P.\u•pwiiiOO\ lai.jaNt1A-LIS%Pro-Consult Commentt\%addle Road MP 42 in Mamalahm 6-7-1-3 PTe{rnnI; dLw xc; Mr. Nelson Sagum Hawai'i State Department of Transportation llighways Division 869 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813 Director Office of Envirotunentsil Quality Control 235 South 13eretania Street, Suite 702 IIonolulu, HI 96813 0 Thank you for your letter, dated January 22, 2008, in which you provided us with your D comments regarding the subject project. A brief statement from your comments and our LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR t { H, � 19 �sya..�� BRENNON T. MORIOKA iNTERIMOIRECTOR proposed project. i 1 l g Deputy Wed= MICHAEL D. FORMBY the development of the project's Supplemental EIS. However, at the moment, the ` �'+m FRANCIS PAUL KEENO o on each side of the highway, which may be used by bicyclists and are favored by the State Department of Transportation ( p ...rag.• `• BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: D DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7123 FEB 2.1 2008 0 n Mr. Christopher J. Yuen UDirector Planning Department County of Hawaii 0 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 oDear Ms. Yuen: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) DOT). D2. ... DOT should consider constructing roadside turnouts ... The project's Supplemental EIS will include a discussion of the scenic turnouts o along the proposed highway and will consider several possible locations for these facilities. Although there seems to be widespread support of scenic turnouts, these facilities may be costly to construct and operate. 0 3. To reduce conflicts between civilian and military vehicles, grade -separated structures such as overpass or underpass crossings should be constructed at all intersections of the selected Saddle Road alignment with the former tank road ... 0 1 Thank you for your letter, dated January 22, 2008, in which you provided us with your D comments regarding the subject project. A brief statement from your comments and our tentative responses are provided below: 1. The SEIS should discuss the feasibility of incorporating bicycle lanes into the proposed project. Bicycle lanes along the proposed highway will be further evaluated during the development of the project's Supplemental EIS. However, at the moment, the typical section of the proposed highway will definitely include 8 -foot shoulders on each side of the highway, which may be used by bicyclists and are favored by the State Department of Transportation ( DOT). D2. ... DOT should consider constructing roadside turnouts ... The project's Supplemental EIS will include a discussion of the scenic turnouts o along the proposed highway and will consider several possible locations for these facilities. Although there seems to be widespread support of scenic turnouts, these facilities may be costly to construct and operate. 0 3. To reduce conflicts between civilian and military vehicles, grade -separated structures such as overpass or underpass crossings should be constructed at all intersections of the selected Saddle Road alignment with the former tank road ... 0 1 U Christopher J. Yuen HWY-PA Page 2 2.7123 One of the primary reasons in favor of the relocation of the proposed Saddle Road involves the reduction of conflicts with military vehicles and the necessity to construct such grade -separated structures. We are very (� hopeful that military training maneuvers will be confined to areas north of U the proposed highway and crossings will be infrequent; ai locations where multiple or frequent crossings are anticipated, grade -separated structures will be considered. Please also note, upon its completion, a copy of the draft Supplemental EIS will be forwarded to your office for your review and comments. D If you have any other questions or issues concerning this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, �1 our project manager, at (808) 587-1834. (� Very truly yours, �f .���--ijj........,....- BREMORIOKt�;•P�.D., P.E. Interim Director of Transportation Q be: HWY-PA NS:th 1 L 1 t OFEB -05-2008 17:13 From:18663166988 Pa9e:6,46 0 0 0 i l'. 0 1�or01 M�j,4 } LINDA LIN43LE GOVEMNO" a1n.o�. ev� STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT DF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL. SERVICES PO. BOX Ili), HONOLULU, HAWAII MA10 JAN 2 2 2008 RU88 K. SA TO COMPTROLLFH BARBARA A. ANNIS DEPUTY COMPTPOLLEA Mr. Pon Terry ('geometrician Associates Y.U. Box 396 Hawaii 96721 bear Mr, Terry: Subject:. Supplemental Environmental impact Statement Preparation Notice Saddle Road (Route 200), Mamalahoa Rightway (State Route 1.90) Island of Hawaii, Kohaia TMK: (3) 6-7-001:003 Thank you for the opportunity to review the information regarding the subject project. The project does not impact any of the Department of Accounting and General Services' prgjeu-ts or existing facilities slid we have no comments to offer. Ifthere are any questions regarding the above, please have your staff call Mr. David DePonte of the Planning Branch at 586-0492. Sincerely, , f� A hRN1:S'F 1,A11 Public Works Administrator DD:vca c: Mr. Laurence K. Lau, Director, OEQC Mr. Nelson Sagum, 1)0-1' - Highways Mr. Glenn Okada, DAGS Hawaii Distrha Office (P) I OZ2.8 LINDA LINGLE •c ~�h BRENNON T. MORIOKA O GOVERNOR INTERIM DIRECTOR Deputy Olredors I MICHAEL 0. FORMBY J FRANCIS PAUL KEENO `'�•,,® ate•`• BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7130 FEB 2.1 2008 a Mr. Ernest Lau O Public Works Administrator State of Hawaii O Department of Accounting and General Services . P.O. Box 119 Honolulu, Hawaii 96810 O Dear Mr. Lau: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) o Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 22, 2008, in which you stated that our proposed highway project would not impact any of the Department of Accounting and General Services' projects or existing facilities. If you have any questions or issues concerning this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, our project manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, n BRENNON T. MORIOKA' ., P.E. Interim Director of Transportation 0 bc: HWY-PA NS:th 1 11 DFEB -05-2008 17:12 From:18663166988 Pa9e:2,46 1 1 t Marry Kim Muyur County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 25 Aupunt Street, Room 109 f Hilo. ltawaii 96720-4252 (809)961-83660 Fuz (808) 435-1205 Frnail� c11re5dcv0eo.1)awaii.l1i.us January 11, 2008 ORon Terry Geometrician Associates P. 0. Box 396 �j U Hilo, Hawaii 96721 RE: Environmental Impact Statement preparation Notice Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) D to Milepost 42 Kohala District, Hawaii Island DDear Mr. Terry: Thank you for providing the County of Hawai'i's Department of Research and Development with an opportunity to review and provide comments on the lJ U Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice for the proposed realignment of Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42, Kohala District, Hawaii Island. Our Department has no comments or concerns at this time. Sincerely, Kt 6x� n Diane Ley !J Deputy Director DC: Director, Office of Environmental Quality Control Nelson Sagum, Highways Division, Hawaii Department of Transportation Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider 8nd Employer a Jane H. Testa Director Diane L. Ley Deputy DIft'.I LINDA LINGLE t� o e N� BRENNON T. MORIOKA n GOVERNOR INTERIM DIRECTOR (J JI Deputy Directors 3 MICHAEL D. FORMBY e FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7133 FEB 2.1 2008 (� Ms. Diane Ley D Deputy Director Department of Research and Development County of Hawaii O 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Ms. Ley: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 11, 2008, in which you stated that you had no continents Q to offer regarding the Supplemental EISPN for this project. We appreciate your review of this document. O If you have any questions or issues concerning this project, we encourage you to contact Nelson Sagum, our project manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Interim Director of Transportation be: HWY-PA NS:th Ell OFEB -05-2008 17:12 From: 18663166988 1 t Page:5/46 DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY • COUNTY OF HAWA141 145 KF.KUANAO`A STREET, SUITE 20 • Hit O, HAWAII 96720 TELEPHONE (808) Uul-aaaa - FAX (800) 981-8057 Q Mr. Ron Terry 0 Geometrician Associates, .LLC P.U. Box 396 lii.lo, HT 96721 January 28, 2008 SU.PP1,14,MENTAL ENVIRONMENTA[, IMPACT STATEMENT PREPARATION NOTICE SADDIX ROAM (STA'iE R01TrF 200) MAMAI,AHOA HIGHWAY (STATE ROUTE 190) TO O MILEPOST 42 7'AX MAP KEY 6-7-(101:003 aThis is in response to the subject Supplemental EIS Prepration Notice. Please be informed that there are no existing Department of Water Supply facilities within the project area. Therefore, we will not necLl to review the Draft Supplemental RTS for this project when it is completed. Should there he any questions, please contact Mr. Finn McCall of our Water Resources and Planning OBranch at 961-8070, extension 255. Sincerely yours, /LoinPa, vao, P. E. IvTz�nagcr I- M:dfg O copy - 0[lice of L;nvirortmental Quality Control State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Itil hways Division 1 Wf/ter t.?rinp progrej i... 0 Thu Deprrrinic-nl nt Water Supply is an Equal Opportunity providor and omployor To filo a cumpluinl of disaiminution. wrilu USDA Diroclor. Offico of Civil Rights, Room 376-W, Whitten Building. 14th and Indupundunuc Avenuc. SW, Washington DC 20250 9410 Or call (M) 720.59134 (voiu: and TDD) 1 LINDA LINGLE s K OF ti� BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR 4� .,1.°bq �� INTERIM DIRECTOR t Deputy Directors p MICHAEL D. FORMBY oq FRANCIS PAUL KEENO A.m. BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET 11Wy-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7132 FEB 2 1 2006 Mr. Milton D. Pavao Manager Department of Water Supply County of Hawaii 345 Kekuanao'a Street, Suite 20 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Pavao: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Marnalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 28, 2008, in which you stated that there are no County of Hawaii, Department of Water Supply facilities in the project area, and consequently, your subsequent review of the draft Supplemental EIS will not be necessary. We appreciate receiving this information, and at this time, we will not be forwarding a copy of the draft Supplemental EIS to your office. If you have any questions or issues concerning this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, our project manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, � I.•�-.�.-�:_...°....� BRENNON T. MORIOK�-i.D., P.E. Interim Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA NS:th FEB -05-2808 17:11 From:18663166988 Page: 1/46 } 1a� Bobby Jean Leithead-Todd Hurry Kim Mrrvur 'oi"d► r` Nelson Ho f puty Direetnr DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 25 Anpuni Street • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 (808) 961-8083 • Fax (909) 961-8086 bLfr //gn li ti%h!.ug/directory/dir envrnn&; htnl December 13, 2007 Mr, Ron Tcrry Geometrician Associates P. Q. Box 396 Hilo, HT 96720 SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PREPARATION NOTICE SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200), MAMALAHOA HIGHWAY (STATE ROUTE 190) TO MILEPOST 42 TMK: 6-7-001:003 We have reviewed the subject request and have no comments to offer. Thank you for allowing us to comment on this project, BobbV Jean Leithead Todd DIRECTOR cc: Director, OEQC: Hawaii State DOT, Highways Division County of f lawaN is mt lAunt oppnmtnnity Pir,vldci and Eatpluyca. LINDA LINGLE 1c 00' +.� GOVERNOR �� �95a �� BRENNON T. MORMA INTERIM DIRECTOR n • U Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY $ FRANCIS PAUL KEENO �ffag.®.WYA' BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA a HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7134 FEB 2 1 2008 0 Ms. Bobby Jean Leithead-Todd Director a Department of Environmental Management County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street, Room 210 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 a Dear Ms. Leithead-Todd: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) a Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) o Thank you for your letter, dated December 13, 2007, in which you stated that you had no comments to offer regarding the Supplemental EISPN for this project. We appreciate your o review of this document. If you have any questions or issues concerning this project, we encourage you to contact Nelson Sagum, our project manager, at (808) 587-1834. a Very truly yours, U t BRENNON T. MORIOKAD., P.E. Interim Director of Transportation a bc: HWY-PA NS:th a t OFEB -05-2008 17:13 From: 18663166988 0 J c Apr', i STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF CIVIL DEFENSE 3949 DIAMOND HEAD ROAD HONOLULU, HAWAII 96810-4495 January 3, 2008 Pa9e:?,46 PHDNE (AOA) /3;1.4'jou rAx (808) 7334287 0 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates, LLC P, 0. Box 396 Hilt), Hawaii 96721 Dear Mr_ Terry: Supplemental Environmental impact Statement {� Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 42 U TMK (3rd).- 6-7-001:003 D Thank you fair the opportunity to comment on this Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEES)_ After careful review of the documents for this Saddle Road realignment, State Civil Defense (SCD) recommends that the developer not be required to install an outdoor warning siren. SCD already has a siren simulator installed at the Pohakuloa Training Area Military Police office. If you have any questions, please Gall Mr. Norman Ogasawara, Assistant Telecommunication n Officer, at (909) 733-4300, ext_ .531 _ U Sincerely, "'ZEDWAR.1) '1'. TF,iXEiRA Vice Director of Civil Defense Enc. o: Hawaii Civil Defense Agency SCD Radio Shop 0 LINDA LINGLE a GQVFRNOR MAJOR AEHEAAL 1409ERT G. F. LEE DIRECTOR Or CIVIL DEFENSE EDWARD T. TEIKEIRA VICE DIRECTOR OF CIVIL DthF1JSI: 0 J c Apr', i STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF CIVIL DEFENSE 3949 DIAMOND HEAD ROAD HONOLULU, HAWAII 96810-4495 January 3, 2008 Pa9e:?,46 PHDNE (AOA) /3;1.4'jou rAx (808) 7334287 0 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates, LLC P, 0. Box 396 Hilt), Hawaii 96721 Dear Mr_ Terry: Supplemental Environmental impact Statement {� Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 42 U TMK (3rd).- 6-7-001:003 D Thank you fair the opportunity to comment on this Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEES)_ After careful review of the documents for this Saddle Road realignment, State Civil Defense (SCD) recommends that the developer not be required to install an outdoor warning siren. SCD already has a siren simulator installed at the Pohakuloa Training Area Military Police office. If you have any questions, please Gall Mr. Norman Ogasawara, Assistant Telecommunication n Officer, at (909) 733-4300, ext_ .531 _ U Sincerely, "'ZEDWAR.1) '1'. TF,iXEiRA Vice Director of Civil Defense Enc. o: Hawaii Civil Defense Agency SCD Radio Shop 0 LINDA LINGLE c o: BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR R*•'"-,asa ' �� INTERIM DIRECTOR fi Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY may, FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7124 FEB 2 7 2008 Mr. Edward T. Teixeira Vice Director of Civil Defense State of Hawaii Department of Defense 3949 Diamond Head Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96816-4495 Dear Mr. Teixeira: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your January 3, 2008 letter that advises us that the State Civil Defense has installed a siren simulator at the Pohakuloa Training Area. Therefore, our contractor will not be required to install an outdoor warning siren. If you have any questions or issues concerning this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, our project manager, at 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Interim Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA NS:th DFEB -05-2008 17:13 From:18663166988 Pase:8/46 O SUBJECT; Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice for Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Project Keamuku, South Kohala, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii TMK: (3) 6-7-001: 003 Thank you for allowing us to review and comment on the subject document. The document was (� routed to the various branches of the Department of Health (null) Environmental Health �I Administration. We have the following Clean Water Branch and General comments. 1 t 1 1 1 1 Clean Water Branch Please note that our review is based solely on the information provided in the subject document and its compliance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapters 11-54 and 11-55. You may be responsible for fulfilling additiunal requirements related to our program. We recommend that you also read our standard comments on our website at http://www.hitwaii-gov/health/environmental/env-planninallanduse./CWB-standaTdcomment pdf. 1. Any project and its potential impacts to State waters must meet the following criteria: a. llntidegradation policy (HAR, Section 11-54-1.1), which requires that the existing uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses of the receiving State water be maintained and protected. h. Designated uses (HAR, Section 11-54-3), as determined by the classification of the receiving State waters. c. Water quality criteria (RAR, Sections 11-54-4 through 11-54-8). or LINDA LINGLE OF HAWAII } 4 . CNL. H NO� M.pGOVERNOR UIRK ION OFNEALTh STATE OF HAWAII a DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH In reply. please rotor to. P.O. eox 3378 HONOLULU. HAWAII 96801-3VA EPO -07-228 OJanuary 22, 2008 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates P.U. Box 396 Hilo, Hawaii 96721 DDear Mr. Terry: O SUBJECT; Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice for Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Project Keamuku, South Kohala, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii TMK: (3) 6-7-001: 003 Thank you for allowing us to review and comment on the subject document. The document was (� routed to the various branches of the Department of Health (null) Environmental Health �I Administration. We have the following Clean Water Branch and General comments. 1 t 1 1 1 1 Clean Water Branch Please note that our review is based solely on the information provided in the subject document and its compliance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapters 11-54 and 11-55. You may be responsible for fulfilling additiunal requirements related to our program. We recommend that you also read our standard comments on our website at http://www.hitwaii-gov/health/environmental/env-planninallanduse./CWB-standaTdcomment pdf. 1. Any project and its potential impacts to State waters must meet the following criteria: a. llntidegradation policy (HAR, Section 11-54-1.1), which requires that the existing uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses of the receiving State water be maintained and protected. h. Designated uses (HAR, Section 11-54-3), as determined by the classification of the receiving State waters. c. Water quality criteria (RAR, Sections 11-54-4 through 11-54-8). FEB -05-2008 17:13 From:10663166988 Pa9e:9/46 Mr. Terry ,January 22, 2008 Page 2 2. The project was granted a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) individual permit for the section of the project from Milepost 28-42 and Phase 3. This permit is set to expire on November 29, 2009. NPDES general permit coverage for the portion of the project from MP 19-28 expired on November 6, 2007. The CWB has not received a Notice of Intent to renew this coverage and if construction is ongoing as stated in the subject document, then it is considered to be a violation of HAR, Chapter 11 -55. 3. Please note that all discharges related to the project construction or operation activities, whether or not NPDES permit coverage and/or Section 401 Water Quality Certification are required, must comply with the State's Water Quality Standards. Noncompliance with water quality requirements contained in LIAR, Chapter 11-54, and/or permitting requirements, specified in HAR, Chapter 11-55, may be subject to penalties of $25,000 per day per violation, If you have any questions, please visit our website at http://www_hawaii.9-ov/health/envi.ronniental/water!cleanwater/1ndex.html, or contact the Engineering Section, CWB, at 586-4309. General We strongly recommend that you review all of the Standard Comments on our website: www.titalc,hi.iis/hea.ltl�lenviro�unental/env-planningll�uidusz/1�nduse.httnl. Any comments specifically applicable to this project should be adhered to. If there are any questions about these comments please contact Jiacai Liu with the Environmental Planning Office at 586-4346. Sincerely, KOWINV���� K EL VIN H. SUNADA, MANAGER Environmental Planning Oflice c: EPO CWB EH -Hawaii 1 LINDA LINGLE BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI 'r°•Pca•#'�. STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7279 MAR 1 9 2008 Mr. Kevin H. Sunada, Manager D State of Hawaii Department of Health Environmental Planning Office D P.O. Box 3378 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801-3378 0 Dear Mr. Sunada: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 22, 2008, which commented on the Supplemental EIS O Preparation Notice based on Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapters 11-54 and 11-55. Your letter also provided us with a website containing your standard comments for projects and we are indeed grateful for this information. Brief statements from the comments of your letter, along with our tentative responses, are provided below: 1. Anti -degradation policy, designated uses as determined by classification of the receiving waters, and water quality criteria. O This project will fully comply with the Consent Decree, dated January 2006, in regards to requirements of Clean Water Act and the regulations developed in accordance with this Act. At this point, it appears that the project will not affect (� any State waters, and consequently, efforts to comply with Consent Decree may U be minimal. O 2. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) general permit coverage for the portion of the project from MP 19-28 expired on November 6, 2007. U According to our records, the Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division, filed a Notice of Intent (NOI) to develop a NPDES general permit with your agency in September 2007. A Department of Health letter, dated October 4, 2007, granted an administrative extension of NPDES general permit, until your agency is able to complete its processing of the NOI. Mr. Kevin H. Sunada Page 2 HWY-PA 2.7279 3. ... all discharges related to the project construction or operation activities, .. . must contply with the State's Water Quality Standards. Again, we do not anticipate that this project will affect any waters of the State of Hawaii. In the event that State waters may be impacted, appropriate construction methods will be utilized to control discharges from the project site, which should assure compliance with the State's Water Quality Standards and the Consent Decree, as prepared pursuant to the Clean Water Act. We appreciate your assistance. If any questions or problems arise, please feel free to contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at 587-1834. Very truly yours, � z BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA NS:th FEB -05-2008 17:14 From:18663166988 Pa9e:10/46 f� LINDA LINGLE�1 �!� !� CHAD K. TANIGUCHI GUVtFINOH I ;•: i4 CXEI:(JI IVf- DIRF.!'TOR ;... STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES IN REPLY REFER TO HAWAII PUBLIC HOUSING AUTHORITY 1002 NORTH SCHOOL STREET 07:CMS/0291 P.Q. FK)X 17907 Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 December 14, 2007 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates, LLC P.Q_ Box 396 Hilo, Hawai 96721 Dear Mr. Terry: Thank you for your letter dated December 6, 2007 regarding the Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Project in the County of Hawaii. We have no comments on the Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice for the above project. Should you have any questions, please call me at 832-6020. Sincer, Derek H. Fujikami Construction Management Section Chief c: Director, Office of Environmental Quality Control Mr. Nelson Sagum, Hawaii State Dept. of Transportation LINDA LINGLE s s 0c GOVERNOR cfasa STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 March 25, 2008 Mr. Derek H. Fujikami Construction Management Section Chief State of Hawaii, Department of Human Services Hawaii Public Housing Authority F.O. Box 17907 Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 Dear Mr. Fujikami: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) BRENNON T. MORIOKA DIRECTOR Deputy Direclum MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI IN REPLY REFER TO: HWY-PA 2.7278 Thank you for your letter, dated December 14, 2007, in which you stated that you had no comments to offer regarding the Supplemental EISPN for this project. We appreciate your review of this document. In the future, if you have any questions or issues concerning this project, we encourage you to contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA NS:th 1 1 1 LIM 1 1 FEB -05-2008 17:14 PHONE (808) 594-1888 January 225, 2008 From:1866316698e Tion Terry Geometrician Associates LLC P.O. Box 396 Hilo, H1 4' �yaeu•o� STATE OF HAWAII OFFICE" OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS 711 KAPVOLANI BOULEVARD, SUITE NO HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813 Pa 9e: 11/46 FAX (808) 594-1885 HRD07/3273C n ItE: Request for comments on the preparation notice for the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 DDear Ron Terry, The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) is in receipt of the above-reterenccd request. The federal a and state departments of transportation are planning to develop a new alternative path for a section of the Saddle Road improvement project. The 1999 Saddle Road FIS analyzed two alternative routes for the Saddle Road improvernent project. That study will now be revisited by the Supplemental RTS because both alternative routes from the 1999 EIS run through a large Cproperty that the t.J_S_ Army purchased from Parker Ranch in 2006 for the Stryker Transformation Project_ The Supplemental E.IS will invesligat.e a new alignment located near the southern boundary of the Army's newly -acquired. 23,977-aerc Kc`amuku parcel. The new route is expected to lower the frequency -of interactions between nulittry training, that will occur in the Ke`dmuku parcel and Saddle Road motorists. OIIA offers the following comments - OT -TA looks forward to participating, in all ccrosultatiuns for this prajccL that are conducted in c(.)mpliance with Section 106 of the National llistoric Preservation Act. We also request to be involved in any consultations that occur relating to the 2004 Programmatic Agreement regrarding the Section 106 responsibilities for the Army's proposed ti-ansfomiation of the 2"`' Brigade, 25`h D Infantry Division to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team. OHA is a concurring party to that agreement. We also anticipate that the Supplemental ITIS will address the irrtpacts the project will have on Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices and rights, as well as any n Traditional Cultural Properties, as defined by National Register Bulletin 38 (National Park LJ Service 1990). t FEB -05-2008 17:14 From:18663166988 Pa9e:12�46 Ron Terry Geometricimi Associates t.t.0 January 25,_ 2008 Page 2 Finally, OHA asks to be infonned on future public meetings regarding this issue in advance so that we rrtay attend. We look forward to reviewing the Supplemental HIS, when it becomes available, Thank you for the opportunity to comment, if you have further questions, please contact Sterling Wong (80R) 594-0248 or e-mail him at stcrlingw@tjl a.sag . Sincerely, Clyde . N�iriui`o Administrator C: Nelson Sagurn State Department of Transportation Highways Division 869 Punchbowl Street #301 Honolulu, Hi 9681:3 Director Office of Environmental (duality Control 235 South Rcrctania Street, Suite 702 Honolulu, 11196813 Ruby McDonald Office of Hawaiian Affairs 75-570611anatna PI., Ste. 107 Kailua-Kona, ill 96740 Lukela Ruddy. Office of Hawaiian Affairs 162 A Baker Avenue Hilo, HI 96720-4869 O LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR 1 1 1 1 I I 1 BRENNON T. MORIOKA DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO; DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7277 MAR 1 9 2008 Mr. Clyde W. Namuo Administrator State of Hawaii Office of Hawaiian Affairs 711 Kapolei Boulevard, Suite 500 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Dear Mr. Namuo: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 25, 2008, which commented on the proposed Saddle Road and its potential impact on both Native Hawaiian practices and rights and traditional cultural properties in the project area. We appreciate your willingness to participate in the consultation processes for this project, which will be conducted in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Our archaeological/cultural consultants will be contacting you in order to properly schedule this meeting. We have not been directly involved in the 2004 Programmatic Agreement regarding the U.S. Army's transformation of the 2❑d Brigade, 25`h Infantry Division to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team. A copy of your letter will be forwarded to the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, for their information and ittrther action. In addition, we assure you that every effort will be made to notify the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Oof our future public meetings for this project. If any other questions or issues arise regarding this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, Project (� Manager, at 587-1834. U Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, D., P.E. 0 Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA (� NS:th FEB -05-2008 17:15 From:18663166988 Page: 13/46 United States Department of the Interior N! FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 100 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, Box 50088 Honolulu. Hawaii' Hawaii 96850 to Reply Refor To: JAN 14 Woo 20084A.0087 (SR 0711059) Mr. Ricardo Suarez, P. E. Division CFLHD Engineer 12300 West Dakota Avenue Lakewood, Colorado 80228 Subject: Preparation of Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Realignment of Saddle Road (Keamuku Parcel), kiawaii Dear Mr. Suarez: The U. S. I?ish and Wildlife Service reviewed the Federal Highway Administratinn notice in the Federal Register dated December 10, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 236, Page 69726-£9727). The following information is to assist you and the Hawaii Department of Transportation, in preparing the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SETS) for the realigned portion of Saddle Road. The purpose of the project is to provide a safe and efficient route for access to land uses along Saddle Road and for cross -island traffic between Fast and West Hawaii. We bave reviewed the information in the Record of Decision (ROD) (October 30,1999) and pertinent information in our files, inch,dinb data compiled by the Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program, the Hawaii Geographic Analysis Program, and the interagency West Hawaii Wildfire Management Group's wildland fire history. We offer the following recommendations as potundal issues to be reviewed and addressed in the SEIS. The southwestern portion of the Keamuku parcel harbors a significant concentration of plant species that arc federally listed as threatened or endangered including Naploslachys haploslachya, Silene lanceolat and Stenogyne, angustifulia. If alternative three from the Federal Register Notice is chosen, "relocating this segment of the highway nearer the southern boundary of the Keamuku parcel" the highway could directly impact listed plants species. We recommend current botanical survey information (i.e., within the last year) be included in the SEIS. 2. The proposed project is located on the dry leeward side of West Hawaii, where wildland fires may affect endangered species and critical habitat. Since the time the original ROT) for was finalized in 1999, the threat of wildland fire has increased significantly in West TAKE PRIDE" ax J INAMERICA t;� FEB -05-2008 17:15 From:186631669e8 Page: 14/46 Mr. Ricardo Suarez 2 Hawaii. Measures for wildland fire prevention and suppression should be addressed in the SETS. 3. We have taken a broad look at the general area of influence for this project, including areas that may potentially be impacted by wildland fres interdependent with the realigned Saddle Road. The following is a list of threatened and endangered species that could be, impacted by this project ([ able 1). We hope this information assists you in drafting the Saddle Road SETS. If you have questions regarding these comments, please contact Dr. Jeff Zimpfer, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, Technical Assistance and Consultation Program (phone: 808/792-9400; fax; 808/792-9581). Sincerely, Patrick Leonard Field Supervisor Enclosure cc: OEPC, Vijai N. Rai FEB -05-2000 17:15 From:186631%9B8 Page: 15/46 Mr. Ricardo Suarez 3 Table 1. Threatened and endangered species within the area of potential influence of Saddle Road. Scientific Name Common Name Status raants --- Ar&roxiphium sandwicense neve, Hawaiian goose Endangered subsp. sandwicense ahinahina, silversword Endangered Asplenlum peruvianum akiapolaau Endangered var. insulare C.'lermontia lindseyana uo common name oha, oha wai Endangered (,lermontia peteana Hawaii akepa Endangered subsp_ singuliflora oha, oha wai Endangered Haplostachvs haplostachya no common name Fndangcred Aodendrlon hosakae aupaka Endangered Melanthera venosa nehe Endangered Portulaea ,Selerocarpa ihi Endangered Silene hawaiiensis no common name Threatened Silene lanceolata no common name Endangcred Solanum incompletum popolo ku mai Endangered Stenogyne angustifolia Tetramolopium arenarium no common name Fndangered var. canfertum Vigna o-wahuensis no common name no Endangered common name Fndangercd Birds Brantasandvicensis neve, Hawaiian goose Endangered Duteo solitarius Hawaiian hawk, io Endangered Hemignaduo; rnunroi akiapolaau Endangered Loxioide,s hadleul palila Endangcred Loxops coccineus coccineur Hawaii akepa Endangered Oreomystis mans Hawaii creeper Endangcred Pterodroma.sandwichensis Ilawaiian dark-rumped petrel, uau Endangered Mammals Lasiurus cinereus .semotus Hawaiian hoary bat, opeapea Endangcred Critical Habitat Loxioides bailleui palila Isodendrion hosakae aupaka Vilna o-wahuensis no common name t LINDA LINGLE UGOVERNOR 1 1 J 11 •{.__!=�s. 1 BRENNON T. MORIOKA DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL 0. FORMBY +e FRANCIS PAUL KEENO 3ip.; j., BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET MW -PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2,7276 MAR 19 2008 Mr. Patrick Leonard Field Supervisor Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122 Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 Dear Mr. Leonard: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 14, 2008, which provided us with your recommendations and requirements for this project's Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Your letter also provided us with a listing of threatened and endangered species in the vicinity of this project, and we appreciate receiving this information. In accordance with Section 7, of the Endangered Species Act, botanical surveys will be conducted along the proposed corridors of this project and the results of these surveys will be included in the project's Supplemental EIS. At the moment, we are proposing that these surveys extend 250 feet from the centerline of each alternative alignment, with an expanded width in the southwestern portion of Keamuku. As stated in your letter, fire risk and wildfire mitigation and suppression will be discussed in the U Supplemental EIS. The development of this highway will also be coordinated with the State LJ Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, as they share your concerns on the growing frequency of wildfires in the project area. We assure you that a every effort will be made, to reduce wildfires along the proposed highway and minimize the effects of these fires on our protected wildlife in the project area. 1 t rl i If you have any other questions or cominents regarding this project, please feel free to contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIO Z.D.l P.E. Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA NS:th FEB -05-2008 17:15 From:18663166988 United States Department of the Interior U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Hawaiian Volcano Observatory P.O. Box 51 Hawaii National Park, H[ 96718-0051 (808)967-8824 FAX (808) 967-8890 EMAIL jimknusgs.gov Pa9e:16/46 N IMAM ausua scFeace �aracharr�in� world To: Geometrician Associates From: Jim Kauahikaua,`SIC Date. December 28, 2007 Subject: comments on Supplemen, Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice, Saddle Road (State Route 200).. . F HWA Project No. 200(00) There is a misunderstanding about earthquake shaking probabilities in the following section - 11. 1 ection: 2.1.1 Geologic Resource and Hazards The Uniform Building Code (UDC) is not a "seismic probability rating," but is a set of minimum construction standards intended to ensure that a building be located, designed, and constructed so that any threat to life, health, and welfare of its occupants and the public is minimized or prevented. Its provisions specify ways to make buildings resistant to damage from earthquakes and are based on expected shaking intensities. The Island of Hawaii is in UBC Zone 4 it, which construction is intended to resist a 10% chance of shaking equivalent to 0,4g within 50 years, where g is the acceleration of gravity. Recent work shows that maximum shaking on areas of Hawaii island south of Waikoloa Village (including this study area) have a 10% chance of exemAing accelerations of 0.4g within .50 years (Klein and others, 2001; also see http: i�nihs.u; �v_�c>�:�imal� i-? 7 �� �, Tf designers want to utilize the best estimates on probable future shaking, they should consult these references. Klein F. W., Frankel A. D., Mueller C. S., Wesson R. L. and P. G. Okubo, 2001. Seismic Hazard in Hawaii: High Rate of Large Earthquakes and Probabilistic Ground -Motion Maps. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91, 3, pp. 479-498. Cc: Director, Office of Environmental quality Conrol Hawai'i State Department of Transportation, Highways Division El 1 0 r It LINDA LINGLE�, GOVERNOR'", V y -� }lily<;;. L i.'Fk 134 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 ',LAK 2 0 ZU08 Dr. James Kauahikaua Scientist -In -Charge Hawaii Volcano Observatory U. S. Geological Survey P. O. Box 51 Hawaii National Park, Hawaii 96718-0051 Dear Dr. Kauahikaua: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) BRENNON T. MORIOKA DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMSY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI IN REPLY REFER TO: HWY-PA 2.7275 Thank you for your memorandum, dated December 28, 2007, which commented on the the Supplemental EISPN and minimum design standards as stated in the Uniform Building Code (UBC). Our statements regarding the UBC will be corrected in the draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and this information will be passed on to our project design engineers. We appreciate your concern for your community. If any other issues or problems arise, please feel free to contact Nelson Sagurn, our project manager, at 587-1834. �Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOI A, .D., P.E. Director of Transportation be: HWY-PA NS:th LINDA LINGLE o _F BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR y \jJ DIRECTOR - s? J Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO VrQ4.�,, Q,eNFP BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7490 March 25, 2008 Ms. Susan Sturges, Life Scientist Environmental Review Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IX 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, California 94105-3901 Dear Ms. Sturges: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Notice of Intent Thank you for your letter, dated January 9, 2008, which provided scoping comments pursuant to our Notice of Intent to prepare a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for this project. The EPA comments, essentially involved four (4) major issues, which will be addressed in the project's draft Supplemental EIS and/or in the development of this document, and the final Supplemental EIS. These critical issues include the Memorandum of Understanding of National Environmental Policy Act and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act; Invasive Species; Air Quality; Indirect and Cumulative Impacts; and Environmental Justice. As recommended, we will be coordinating with appropriate governmental agencies to obtain their input to these processes. We believe that the proposed highway is highly desired by our residential and visitor commuters on the island of Hawaii, and consequently, we appreciate your support of this project. If any questions or problems arise, please contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. VV Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA NS:th aFEB -05-2008 17:16 From:i%63166988 Pa9e:17,146 leo aryr r"' - UNITED sTATEs ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Q rpt aPo4, REGION IX 75 Hawthorne Strast San Francleco, CA 94105.8801 January.9, 2008 Richard Suarez Ronald F. Tsuzuki Federal Highway Administration Hawaii Department of Transportation n Central Federal Lands Highway Division Highways Division - Planning Branch 12300 West Dakota Avenue 869 Punchbowl Street, Room 301 Lakewood, CO 80228 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Subject: Scoping Comments for Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42, Hawaii County, Hawaii DDcar Mr. Suarez and Mr. Tsuzuki: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reviewed the Federal Register Notice published on December 10, 2007, and associated project materials submitted To our agency requesting comments on the Federal Highway Administration (F1IWA) and Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) decision to prepare a Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (Draft SLIS) for Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Hi ghway (Statc. Route 190) to Milepost 42. n In 1999, the FRWA published a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for Saddle Road, from Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 6. In 2006, The U.S. Army Garrison, Hawai' i, acquired the Keamuku parcel which is traversed by the proposed western section of Saddle Road (W-3). The SEIS will evaluate western alignment alternatives to maximize army training opportunities on the parcel and minimize conflict with the traveling public. EPA commented on the original Saddle Road Draft Environmental Impact Statement and FEIS. EPA also provided feedback on the original project through the interagency 1995 National Environmental Policy Act and Clean Water Act lection 404 Integration Process jar Surface Transportation Projects in the State u%Hawaii .Memorandum or Understanding (NEPA/404 MOU). To ensure that a revised alignment is the least environmentally damaging and practicable alternative (LEDPA) and to streamline resource and regulatory agency feedback on the supplemental NEPA analysis, EPA recommends following the NFPA/404 MOU process as applicable. We encourage FKWA and HDOT to contact the NEPA/404 signatory agencies so D that the appropriate concurrence points can be addressed as early as possible in the NEPA Process. EPA scoping comments are provided pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations (40 CPR Parts 1500-1508) and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act. 0 1 �1 Printed on Reewled Paper FEB -05-2008 17:16 From:18663166%8 Page: 18/46 Clean Water Act Section 404 Avoidance and Minimization of Impacts to Waters The Draft SEES should disclose the approximate area of waters of the United States that occur within the study area of the proposed project, including intermittent and ephemeral streams and wetlands. The Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines (Guidelines) at 40 CFR Part 230,10(a) state that "... no discharge of dredged or fill material shall be permitted if there is a practicable alternative to the proposed discharge which would have less adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem, so long as the alternative does not have other significant adverse environmental consequences" FllWA and HDOT will have to demonstrate that potential impacts to waters of the United States have been avoided and minimized to the maximum extent practicable prior to obtaining a CWA Section 404 permit (40 CFR 230.10(a) and 230.10(d)) from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). We urge taH WA and HDOT, in planning alternative designs for the prgject, to incorporate the following recommendations into the Draft SEIS: • Demonstrate that all potential impacts to waters of the Unitcd Statcs have been avoided and minimized_ If these resources cannot be avoided, the project -level analyses should clearly demonstrate how cost, logistical, or tee;hnological constraints preclude avoidance and minimization of impacts. Propose mitigation to offset impacts to waters of the United States. * Quantify the benefits from measures and modifications designed to avoid and minimize impacts to water resources for each alternative studied; for example, number of stream crossings avoided, acres of waters of the United Sates avoided, etc. • Identify all protected resources with special designations and all special aquatic sites' and waters within state, local, and federal protected lands. Additional steps should be taken to avoid and minimize impacts to these areas. Rapanos Guidance In light of the recent Supreme Court decision in the consolidated cases Rapanos v. United States, and Carabell v. United States, 126 S, Ct. 2208 (2006) (jointly hereafter Rapanos), E1'A and the Corps are required to coordinate an Jurisdictional Determinations (JDs) under CWA Section 404 in certain situations under joint agency guidance issued on June 5, 2007 (See httP://www.wRge.army.miVcw/ceewo/reg,/cwa ¢uidelrananos moa Ob-OS-07.pd . EPA recommends HDOT �tnd FHWA involve the Corps and EPA as early as practicable in your review of potentially jurisdictional waters to facilitate their coordination on waters subject to the guidance. For Section 404 coordination, please contact Wendy Wiltse of EPA's Region 9 Hawaii Field Office at 805-541-2752 or wiltse.wcndyAepa.gov. 'Special aquatic sites are defined at 40 CFR 230.40 —230.45 and includc wetlands, tnnd flats, vegetated shallows, coral rccfg, and riffle and pool cotr►plexes. aFEB -05-2008 17:16 From:18663166988 Page: 19/46 Invasive SDecies �1In accordance with Executive Order 13112, EPA recommends that the Draft. SEIS 1J identify proposed methods to minimize the spread of invasive species and utili're native plant and tree species where revegetation is planned, The islands of Hawaii are particulariy vulnerable to invasive species, and construction associated with the project has the potential to_aid in the establishment of invasive plants along any newly disturbed corridors, EPA recommends that rHWA and HDOT coordinate invasive species management with local agencies and organizations to stop established invasive species from spreading on Hawaii. Measures to reduce the potential for the spread of invasive species will be more effective when they are coordinated with other ongoing planning efforts, Resources related to Federal and State programs to address invasive species can be;found at: htip://www.invasivcspec. info.gov/ Air Quality D Construction activities may result in short and long-term impacts on air quality — particularly emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx - an ozone precursor), particulate matter less than 1.0 microns in sire (PM10), and carbon monoxide. 11te Draft SEIS should discuss the general air quality impacts of the project and discuss options for mitigating these impacts. To reduce n construction -related air quality impacts, EPA recommends that the Draft SEIS address the U feasibility of implementing air quality -related mitigation to reduce emissions of Diesel Particulate Matter (DPMI) and, other pollutants from construction, including; I� Fugitive Dust Source Controls: Stabilize open storage piles and disturbed areas by covering and/or applying water or chemical/organic dust palliative where appropriate. This applies to both inactive and �Jactive sites, during workdays, weekends, holidays, and windy conditions. J AP Install wind fencing and phase grading operations where appropriate, and operate water trucks for stabilisation of surfaces under windy conditions, When hauling material and operating non -earthmoving equipment, prevent spillage and limit speeds to 15 miles per hour (mph). Limit speed of earth -moving equipment to 10 mph. 1 Mobile and Stationary Source Controls: Reduce use, trips, and unnecessary idling from heavy equipment, Maintain and tune engines per manufacturer's specifications to perform at EPA certification levels and to perform at verified standards applicable to retrofit technologies. Employ periodic, unscheduled inspections to limit unnecessary idling and to ensure that construction equipment is properly maintained, tuned, and modified consistent with established specifications. • Prohibit any tampering with engines and require continuing adherence to manufacturer's recommendations • If practicable, lease new, clean equipment meeting the applicable Federal Standards. Tn general, only Tier 2 or newer engines should be employed in the construction phase. 1 FEB -05-2008 17:17 From:186631669ee Pa9e:20/46 + Utilize FPA -registered particulate traps and other appropriate controls where suitable to reduce emissions of diesel particulate matter and other pollutants at the construction site. Analysis of Indirect and Cumulative Impacts N)rPA requires evaluation of indirect and cumulative effects which are caused by the action (40 CFR Parts 1508.8(b) and 1508.7). "Indirect effects may include growth inducing effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems." CEQ regulations also state that an FIS should include the "means to mitigate adverse environmental effects." (40 CFR 1502.16(h)). This provision applies to indirect effects as well as direct effects. Induced commercial, recreational, and residential growth can adversely affect water quality, wetlands, and other natural resources. The Draft SEIS should evaluate the increased rates of growth for commercial, recreational, or residential purposes indirectly caused by the proposed changes to the project. Specifically, the Draft SEIS should estimate reasonably foreseeable changes in land use patterns, as well as the increased number of automobile and truck trips associated with new land uses. Impacts to cultural, water, socioeconomic, and community resources associated with new development and increased vehicle miles traveled should be specifically addressed in the Drat SEIS. Appropriate mitigation to minimize impacts should be included. Cumulative impacts are defined in the CrQ NEPA regulations as the impact on the environment that results from the incremental impact of the action when added to the other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of what agency (Federal or non - Federal) or person undertakes such actions (40 CFR 1508.7). These actions include both transportation and non -transportation activities. The cumulative impact analysis should consider all nearby projects such as a4iacent roadway improvements, military initiatives, residential development, and other projects that are reasonably foreseeable and are identified in the surrounding area, including those that have occurred or are planned since the 1999 FEIS. Where adverse cumulative impacts are identified, the Draft SEIS should identify appropriate mitigation measures, even if the mitigation is the responsibility of other entities. Disclose the parties that would be responsible for avoiding, minimizing, and mitigating those adverse impacts (CEQ's Forty Most Frequently Asked Questions #19). EPA recommends using the California Department of Transportation Indirect and Curnulativc Impacts Analyses, which are co-authored by FPA and FHWA and ane applicable to irnpaet analyses for projects outside of California. This guidance can be found at jhitp://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/cumulative_guidance/purpose.htm] and [http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/Growth-related IndirectlmpaCtAnalysis/gri_guidance.htm]. Environmental Justice Executive Order 12898 addresses Environmental Justice in minority and low income populations, and the Council on Environmental Quality has developed guidance concerning how to address 1~nvironmental Justice in the environmental review process 4 0 FEB -05-2008 17:17 From:18663166988 Pa9e:21,"46 0 1 1 II t 11 5 '.I 1 (http://eeq.eb,doe.gov/nepa/regslejrjjustice.pdO. Community involvement activities supporting the project should include opportunities for incorporating public input into the facility area design and location process, especially from any members of the community who may benefit or be adversely affected by the project. The Draft SEIS should identify whether the proposed changes may disproportionately and adversely affect low income or minority populations it, the surrounding area and should provide appropriate mitigation measures for any adverse impacts. We appreciate the opportunity to provide comments on the preparation of the Draft SEIS, and look forward to continued participation in this process as more information becomes available. Please send hard copies of materials to the address above (mail code CED -2) and email information to the email addresses provided above. If you have any questions, please contact me, the lead reviewer for this project. I can be reached at 415-947,418 9 or sturges.susan@epa.gov. Sincerely, &474- Susan Sturges, Life Sci ntist Environmental Review Office CC: Susan Meyer, Army Corps of Engineers Michael Molina, US Fish and Wildlife Service FEB -05-2008 17:21 From:18663166988 BIG ISLAND BIRD HUNTERS 17-124 Palaai Street Keaau, HI 96749 December 7, 2007 Geometrician Associates PO Box 396 Hilo, HI 96721 Attn: Ron. Terry Subject: SEISPN Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamatahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of liawaii, State of Hawaii I.-DWA Project No. 200(00) Pa9e:33/46 Due to the preliminary nature of the information included in the SF,ISPN, we wish to reserve our comments until more definitive information becomes available. However, we do have a definite interest in the proicct and request informal meetings to establish dialogue and input before the Draft EIS is compiled. Further, we ask to be included on a mailing list to receive all publicly issued documents and announcements related to the project. We also petition to become a C'ONSUL'TED PARTY for this project as allowed in the state Department of Health Administrative Rules (11-2001 SA). We base this request on the following_ Our members have had historical hunting use of the Kaohe Game Management Area (GMA) and the Puuanahulu GMA. The Kaohe GMA is adjacent to the extension of the proposed Saddle Road neat mile post 42, and the Puuanahulu GMA immediately abuts the Keamuku land corridor proposed for route W-7. Should the final realipment of Saddle Road from mile post 42 to Mamalahoa Highway infringe on the use of any part of the Kaohe or Puuanahulu GMA, it would deny our members access to our aevcpted cultural practices and resources. • Our organization has worked cooperatively with the state DLNR, Division of Forestry and Wildlife and voluntarily installed rain catchment structures and water storage tanks within both Kaohe and Puuanahulu GMA with the intent of + l FEB -05-2008 17:21 From:18663166988 Paee:34/46 �J supplying water for the wildlife population- Additionally, we want to eventually brush establish tree and outplantings, aided in growth by the water from these catchment systems. These outplantings could then potentially collect dew from 1'og in the area to further increase moisture collection and serve as windbreaks to create a more hospitable environment for flora and fauna. n Thank you for providing this opportunity to correspond with you, and we look forward to Uestablishing dialogue with you. L Sincerely, Steven Hurt President l.J E, 0 0 :S LINDA LINGLE o. BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR �* �o7y6a��_ y DIRECTOR Deputy Diredo MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWy-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7493 April 1, 2008 Mr. Steven Hurt, President Big Island Bird Hunters 17-124 Palani Street Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Dear Mr. Hurt: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated December 7, 2007, which provided us with your comments pursuant to the Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice for this project. Your organization will be included in our listing of consulted parties for this project, and consequently, you should be furnished with a copy of our draft Supplemental EIS and other project documents and notices. In addition, we do not anticipate any infringement of the Kaohe Game Management Area (GMA) and the proposed highway is just northerly of the Puuanahulu GMA as it approaches Mamalahoa Highway. In the vicinity of Mamalahoa Highway, the proposed highway was located as far south as possible in order to intersect Mamalahoa Highway at an appropriate angle. We appreciate the efforts of your organization regarding the preservation of your hunting areas. We will conscientiously evaluate any impacts and propose mitigation, if these impacts will have an adverse effect on the game management areas for the island of Hawaii. If you have any questions, please call Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, B ON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation be: HWY-PA NS:th r 0 rL , 1 1 FEB -05-2088 17:22 From:18663166988 Pa9e:35,46 altii:tt ()F'.— WFO It:k{ :.k�N}f , F 2007-08 Board Presiilem Robed Williams President -Elect Barbara A. Ilastings face Presidcnr Maty Hegicr Treasurer hnr Miyata Pu,'r President David IM 117.I1'. U Directors c. 1 1 IN t 1 1 Vaughn ('trek Gary Fuiihnm tit in7 ortunrL Jr. Judith Fox -Goldstein Mike Gleason Joseph Hanley. Jr .fan Iligashi Jim Kenncdy Randy Kurohara Warren Lee Bany Miramar Seth Murashier lreno Nae= Sharon Schecic Ron Schurra Steve Yuvpshire Alice Sledge Mele Spcncer Arl hurigucht hose I seq., fh.1). Jew Usui Carol Vim tamp Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce January 19, 2008 Nelson Sagum Hawai' i Sttdc Department of Tran portation Highways Division 869 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Director Office of Environmental Quality Control 235 S. Beretania, Suite 702 1lonolulu, TTawai`i 96813 Ron Terry Geometrician Associates PO Box 396 Ililo, Hawaii 96721 Aloha. io6 Kamehantelia Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Phone: (8oS) 935-7178 Fax: (8o8) 961-44:35 8-miail: admin@,hice-biz unuto. We. 1z On behalf of the I1'awaii Island Chamber of Commerce, our leadership l,as considered the Supplemental Environment i.l Irnpaet Statement Preparation Notice l''ur the Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42, FWA Project No. 200(00). It has been clear for -,erne time that improvements are needed to the Saddle Road. The improvements will make the road safer for trans -island trail ic, and make it easier for a growing number of commuters, including shortening the drive lime. An improved Saddle Road will be good for our workforce, many who find affordable housing on the Last Side, but find employment on the West Side. Nor can we discount that reduced travel time also means fuel energy savings in tenns of fewer utiles driven for these commuters. While we support careful planning and consideration of all impacts, we urge a timely completion of improvements to this road- It remains one of themed dangerous rural roads in our %talc. The 109 -year-old IIawaii island Chamber of Commerce represents more than 330 businesses and nearly 700 mcn,bers- Sincerely, Lo�(A Barbara A. Hastings Chair, Govermnent Affairs .G' LINDA LINGLE 4 BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR h y:ti�`lgi; DIRECTOR S Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7492 March 25, 2008 Ms. Barbara A. Hastings Chair, Government Affairs Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce 106 Kamehameha Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Ms. Hastings: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 19, 2008, which provided us with your comments for this project pursuant to this project's Supplemental EISPN. We are appreciative of your review of this document. We are also deeply appreciative of the support of the Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce for the proposed Saddle Road, and indeed, we are very hopeful of the timely completion of this study. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, 2NN=ORIOO, PhD., P.E. Director of Transportation be: HWY-PA NS:th 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 i 1 0 1 1 0 FEB -05-2008 17:22 From:18663166968 Pa9e:36-'46 ----Original Message -•--- P.o tNWNW TO: rterrv0hawaii.rr.com Sent: Tuesday, January 22, 2008 3:35 PM Subject: Comments On Saddle Road Project Ron Terry, Here are my comments concerning the Saddle Road realignment. There are serious health concerns for anyone working on road construction in the area of Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA). Of primary concern at this time are the potential risks posed by airborne Depleted Uranium dust, something neither the Hawaii health department nor the military have tested for in any methodological way. I strongly urge that air monitoring stations, testing for airborne Depleted Uranium dust particles, be set up along the proposed route of the Saddle Road realignment. The monitoring should start before construction begins and continue throughout the duration of the project. The data from these air monitors should published both in paper form and on the internet where they should be accessible to the general public in real time, 24 / 7. Further, the contractors or engineers working on this project should work with Dr. Lorrin Pang to design and scientifically sound sampling methodology to test for the presence of DU. Such monitoring will help protect the safety of the workers who will be exposed to windblown dust throughout the project. Paul Normann Kurtistown, HI 966-7622 Nelson Sagum/HWY/HIDOT 02/29/2008 03:46 PM Dear Mr. Normann: To "Paul Normann" <paulwnormann@yahoo.com> cc Brennon Morioka/ADMIN/HIDOT@HIDOT, Glenn Yasui/HWY/HIDOT@HIQOT, Dina Lau/HWY/HIDOT, bcc rterry@hawaii.rr.com, bmeyers@okahara.com, Subject Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 42 Your email to Mr. Ron Terry, dated January 22, 2008, has been forwarded to the State Department of Transportation (DOT), for our consideration and response. We are certainly aware of the depleted uranium (DU) issue in the project area, and we appreciate your concern for our construction workers in this vicinity. Undoubtedly, we would be seeking the assistance of the U.S. Army in regards to a satisfactory resolution this problem; however, the U.S. Army has been proactively engaged in gathering information on the level and effects of DU in the vicinity of the Pohakuioa Training Area. According to their records, approximately "$5.5 million and countless manhours" have been spent in this study, and we are hopeful that the U.S. Army will continue to monitor the radioactivity in the project area throughout the construction period of the proposed Saddle Road. For your information, the State DOT will also be preparing an independent study which will focus on a risk assessment involving the probable adverse effects from DU at Pohakuloa. This study will be included in the Supplemental Environmental Impact Study for this project and will be available for review by Dr. Lorrin Pang and other interested parties. We appreciate your participation in this project. If you have any other comments or questions, please contact me at nelson. saoum hao5z 4ov, or (808) 587-1834. Aloha, Nelson Sagum J FEB -85-2008 17:24 From:18663166986 Pa9e:45/46 a SUBJECT: Saddle Raad (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (NRS 343 FEA-FISPN) Department of Transportation, Highways Division Attn: Ronald F. Tsutuki 869 v1.1nchbriw1 Street I� Honolulu. H! 06813 O )M_ f Consultant [ngine"s Attr:, Bruer 9. Meyers 677 Ala %Aoana BOUlevard. 5urte til; Honolulu. HI ri681 office of Environmental t:lu:rlity C'orill'Ot Attn: Leiopapa A Kameharne ha 235 South Beretania Street, Suite 702 }Honolulu. Ht 96813 V SUBJECT: Saddle Raad (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (NRS 343 FEA-FISPN) t am a member of the Hawail County Transportation Commission, the Hawaii County Highway Safetv Council, and the Hawaii County Bicycle/Pedestrian Advisory Committee. I am providing the following cornm(ints an the proposed mipplemental Environmental impart Statement for the realignment of Saddle Road, not on behalf of thew hoarOs t)ut a, an individual seeking the best solutii)ns to ;=.xomrnndatr all rnodes of travel I I Robert *Ward �J 17.6526 Hv'nlaupa"r streei Militia zona, 111 957,40 0 0 FEB -05-2008 17:25 From:18663166988 Pase:46x46 SUBJECT; Saddle Read (State Route 700), Mornalahoa Highway {HR$ 34� tEA-EISPN) I would like to take the time to offer a few comments on the proposed supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the realignment of Saddle Road. Regional trdnsportation is an important issua today and will become even rnore important in the future as we explore other opportunities including increased transit operations and freight hauling (perhaps including solid waste). Because of the heavy potentia) use, the design of this transportation corridor will have a significant impact on its users rather ancillary functions of thg corridor including vogpt;%tinn manag&n.ent, fire breaks grid ernr,rgenry access are important considerations as %yell. CorriMencing with the Federal Highway Administrations edicts issued at the beginning of this millennium, moving through the State 00T level with Bike plan Hawaii, and all the way to the County of Hawai i Genaral Plan, the need te, iod-lude. facilities for dll mo8e3, of travel in roadway dp.;ign rs essential Conventional highway travel lanes with paved shoulders can accommodate motor vehieles and tate shoulder bikeways may be used by bicyclists that can negotiate tht 8% gradients. Something more is required if we avant tri ar.Cornmodate all modes of interurban transportation. Improving the right-of-way corridors adjacent to the central highway cross-section t.vuld provide a iow cost solution and ultimately create a "Complete highway" The portion of corridor laying northerly of the highway cross-section could he lightly graded with major collision hazards rernoved. This could become a dedicated travel route for "off-road vehicles". Occupying the space between a major highway and a live -fire training facility would be ideal strategic plocement and provide compatible land use. This would essentially widen the corridor to provide a much needed expanded fire break. The second supplemental corridor would include a paved Shared -Use Path and unpaved equestrian trail. These could be curvilinear in design (particularly in areas where the highway maximum grade approach 8%) to achieve a 5 percent grade that is more desirable for cyclists and would also be fully ADA compliant. These paths would closely follow the route of the highway but could more closely follow the natural terrain, The path would further expand the fire break but some trees could remain as a wind break and provide shade for the users as well; without increasing roadside hazards. i:uturc Options could include extending the supplemental corridors a!ong the r;urmnt I tz iiiiahoa Highway between the e.xisting saddle road and the new intersection :kith the relwated Saddle Road This would specifically conform to the DOT Bike Plan Hawaii which intended to utilize the remnants of the old ivtamalal oa Highway. The Bike Plan elorrient was pianned as a Shared-UsP Path with construction in 7013 or later twhi[Il could r-oinnde with thre proposed Saddle goad reahunment) Total construction costs and phasing are concerns that must be evaluated. Certain elements of thf: supplemental corridors might lag behind that actual highway construction for various reasons, and could require some funding from alternative sources. However, it is imperative that the planning, right-of-way and design phases incorporate all facilities. Robert Ward K.ailua Kona, M 0 LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR I. OF. p4 4� h .19 5.9y� BRENNON T. MORIOKA INTERIM DIRECTOR i j fa Deputy Oiredl MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO X �'®,gp•pev� BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 HWY-PA 2.7121 0 FEB 2 5 2008 Mr. Robert Ward Commissioner Hawai'i County Transportation Commission 77-6526 Ho'olaupa'i Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Dear Mr. Ward. 0 Subject: Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 42, Project No. DP -11I-0200(5) Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice Thank you for your letter and comments, which indicated your concern for bicyclists and other modes of transportation that may be using the proposed Saddle Road, from Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) to Milepost 42. l� Your letter stated that our proposed right-of-way width and the design of the highway should consider its use by off-road vehicles, recreational bicyclists and equestrians. Please note that the proposed minimum right-of-way width is 200 feet which should be sufficient to accommodate various facilities for these modes of transportation. However, our participation in the construction of adjacent facilities is very dependent on the results of our studies, which should be developed pursuant to the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for this project. Furthermore, if you have any records or surveys, or if you know of the availability of any information which would be of assistance to us, please provide them to us or let us know of its location. As you have also indicated, the proposed typical section for the highway will include 8 -foot shoulders, which will also be available to island bicyclists. We sincerely appreciate your participation in this project. If you have any other comments or questions, please contact us at your earliest opportunity. Very tru rs, DBRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Interim Director of Transportation bc: HWY-PA NS:th 0 FEB -05-200e 17:22 From:18663166988 Pase:37/46 PA SH 5nare thl". P004 with 010hal PATH — PEOPLES ADVOCACY FOR TRAMS HAWACI I &.)uiclot Oiret.-toM PO SOX 62 4k KAJLIIA-KoNA, HAWAI'l 94745 + 808 -3214710 Department of Tran.sportatiQn, FlighWayS Division Attn: Ronald F. Tqu7uki 8(59 punchbowl Street Honolulu', 111 96813 n'. DMT Consultant Engineers Attn., Bruce K. Meyers 677 Ala Mouria, Boulevard, Suite 703 Honolulu, H) 96813 bgal Adviser Office of Environmental Quality Control ):xortifive Cjb-ectoi, Attn: Leiopapa A Kameharneha 235 South Bemtania Strect, Suite 702 Q.0multants IlOnOlUlu, HI 96813 January 22, 2008 Regarding: - Saddle Road (State. Route 200), Mgmatuboa Highway (WAS 343 FEA-EISIIN) Mission c PATH, a grassroots bicycle and pedestrian advocacy organization, wishes to bring to the attention of the DOT and 0EW the tremendous opportunity to create safe inter- modal regional transportation facilities with the realignment of the Saddle Road in Keamuk.u- Ser%Ang Tito mission of the State of I lawali's Depattinent ol'Trausportation Highway Division is to; "Provide a Safe, and efficient and accessible highway system through the Utili6ation ofavailahle resources in -the maintenance, enhancement and support of land transportation NAlitieq." The Saddle Road and connecting Mainalahoa Highway represent two HDOT assets that encapsulate this mission with the potential to becollic a "complete highway, serving all users through this regioki of. island. Similar to the notion of `Complete Streets 'designed for a] I users, including motorists, transit, pedestrians and bicyclists, a Complete Highway would provide access, safety and efficiency to all u6cm of the transportation system. It would also serve the very necessary functions of fire control, vegetation management and emergency access. Such a complete highway draws -upon available resources within DOT and results in a value-added transportation facility that contributes to quality oflite and sustaina' ' sustainability for the island. FEB -05-2008 17:23 From:18663166988 Pa9e:38/46 `Complete Highway' design for Saddle (toad is supported at the federal level through FHWA's flexible design guidelines, the State of Hawaii's Bike Plan and the Hawaii County General Plan and emerging Roadway Standards and Community Development Plans. D We urge DOT to envision Saddle Road as a "Complete Highway" with the following components: :a.-; Shoulder bikeways. Just as the mission states, use. of existing resources within DOT provides the mmi. efficient and cost effective solation in providing safe, accessible and efficient transportation facilities. The new sections of Saddle road that are completed from Mauna Kea State Park to the Mauna Kea Acems Road include lJ shoulder bikeways Suitable for bicycling, emergency breakdown and shoulder stabilization for long term roadway maintenance. We urge the, continuation of this design for the west side sections. 'rhis provides bicycle facilities within the existing highway right of way and adds tremendous value to the transportation Dfacility with. minimal additional investment in the form of signage and striping. _ Shared Use Path System. That ling aid, conventional highway travel lanes with paved shoulders can irrr:nmmodate motor vehicles and the shoulder bikeways !nay be used by bicyclists that cin negotiate the 8% gradients, Something more is required if we want to accommodate all modes of irrterurban transportation up the 3,0W ascent from Marnalahoa Hwy to Kilohana (Girl scout camp). 'rhis section would require a curvilinear path to meet PASHTO bicycle guidelines and AOA requirements for pedestrians on the 3,000 ascrrrt from Mamalahoa Highway. UUU Such a shared use pathway along Saddle Road would then connect with several Bike flan Hawaii projects that identify old remnants of Mamalahoa Highway. This stretches from Parker Ranch's rodeo grounds in �j Waitnea to the new Saddle Road r'ealignnwrit in Keamuku. From there sections of Old Mamalahoa as n well as fire break roads continue to Puu Waawaa and Puu Anahulu and on to icons. J The Shared -Use Path serves a broader spectrum of poUntial users (and can provide both ernergency access and firebreaks). Conventional paved Shared -Use Paths can accommodate most bicyclists and pedestrians. Optional 'green drainage" sections provide a unique equestrian opportunity. Even the growth of motorized off-road users could be accommodated on some segments (specifically the portion of the corridor laying northerly of the highway cross-section could be lightly graded with major collision haz,ards removed. This could become a dedicated travel route for "off-road vehicles". Occupying the (� space between a major highway and alive -fire training facility would be ideal strategic placement and provide compatible land use.) These paths would closely follow the route of the highway but could more closely follow the natural terrain. The path would further expand, the fire break but some [tees could rurrrain as a wind break and provide shade for the users as,well, without Increasing roadside fi=vds. 1 1 1 1 1 in order to move forwaW. with a ,(,Q1tp1cte I lighway" concept, it is critical that planning, right -or -way acquisition and design incorporate shoulder bikeways and shared use patbs as identified in Bike Plan i-lawaii. We urge DOT to take these: steps now to insure the NO chance of success in creating a "Complete Highway" for 110waii island. Kind Regards, Laura Dierenfield Executive Director PATi-1 Peoples Advocacy for Trails Hawaii LINDA LINGLE t� 0."4 BRENNON T. MORIOKA GOVERNOR %959 • y DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO ..sea - BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7491 APR -• 12008 Ms. Laura Dierenfield Executive director PATH Peoples Advocacy for Trails Hawaii P. O. Box 62 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 Dear Ms. Dierenfield: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your letter, dated January 22, 2008, which provided us with your comments regarding the proposed Saddle Road, pursuant to the Supplemental EISPN for this project. We appreciate your review of the Supplemental EISPN, and we have the following responses in regards to each of your comments: The proposed typical section for the highway will include 8 -foot shoulders. The use of these 8 -foot shoulders will be shared by both island bicyclists and motorists. In addition, your letter stated that our proposed right-of-way width and the design of the "complete highway" should consider its use by off-road vehicles and recreational bicyclists. Please note that the proposed minimum right-of-way width is 200 feet which should be sufficient to accommodate various facilities for these modes of transportation. However, our participation in the construction of "shared use pathways" is very dependent on the results of our studies, which should be developed in sequence with the Supplemental $IS for this project. Hence, if you have any records or surveys, or if you know of the availability of any information which could be of assistance to us, please provide them to us or let us know of its location. We sincerely appreciate your participation in this project. If you have any other comments or questions, please contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, B NNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation bc: HW .-PA, NSA OFEB -05-2008 17:23 From:18663166gee Paae:39MG u i PRESS RELEASE IMMEMATE RELEASE Contact person, Cory Harden a Sierra Club, Moku Loa group P.0 Box 1137 Hilo, Hawai'i 96721 806-968-8965 mhfc"Zinterpat.net D d4P__LIWtrw.hi..rracl_ 0,org0,org OJanuary 15. 2008, Hilo, Hawat'i Sierra Club, citing risks of dispersing depleted uranium at Pohakalon, called on the Army to haft both a planned February training. and practice bombing with 2000 -pound inert bombs "We are extremely concerned," said Cory Harden of the Club's Moku Loa group, "because minute amounts of DU can impact health, DU can be transported for miles in the air, and DU can be D dispersed by rodents." The Army does not yet know the exact locations of all the DU, or whether it can be completely cleaned up. Sierra Club is also calling for air monitoring funded by the Army and designed to detect intermittent spikes in radiation, with results immediately available on the Internet. investigation for decay products of DU; and an information meeting in Hilo by mid-February. n i E 0 r L1 LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR Ms. Cory Harden Sierra Club, Moku Loa Group P. O. Box 1137 Hilo, Hawaii 96721 Dear Ms. Harden: Ss Or k -q BRENNON T. MORIOKA �� •°sD DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL 0. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7507 April 7, 2008 Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental IIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for a copy of your press release and its enclosures, dated January 15, 2008, regarding military activities and the existence of depleted uranium (DU) in the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) of the U.S. Army. For your information, the State Department of Transportation also has several questions regarding the DU in PTA, and consequently, we have initiated an independent study which would develop a risk assessment regarding the adverse effects of the DU that may occur as a consequence of the construction and operation of the proposed Saddle Road. All of our studies and its findings will be included in the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for this project. In addition, your comments have been forwarded to our environmental and risk assessment subconsultants, who will evaluate them during the preparation of their studies for the project's Supplemental EIS. We intend to include your press release in the Supplemental EIS; however, because of our copyright concerns, your enclosures will not be duplicated in this document. If you have any questions or issues concerning this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, B NNON T. MQRIQKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation bc:''HWY-PA> NS:dn QFEB -05-2008 17:24 From:1866316698e Pa9e:43,46 t a ----- Original MesNage ----- From: "Aaron Stene" <aaron@hawaiiantcl.rrct> To: "Ron Terry" .merry%�hawaiixrxont> Sent: Saturday, December 1.5, 2007 9:32 AM Subject: Re: Saddle Road 1 Ell 1 1 1 Aloha Ron, O > I'm not sure it the supplernental EIS (for the rn.rn 41 to Mamalahoa highway) would address this. But I'll give it a shot. aI assume the alignment of this segment of roadway would be addressed in the SETS. So I'd like to put my .02 in. I think the alignment that would minimize the the civilian/Arnay interaction and not i.rtipact the alignment of the Saddle Road extension would be the best alignment. I tried looking for the map of the different aligtunents (in WIIT). I couldn't find it. But I believe O this is the W-7 alignment. > Would you suggest T e-mail I c -mail the QEQC and DOT my thoughts too. > D > Aaron > } > Aaron Stene > Kailua-Kona. Hawaii > ltttp;//thekonahlo -wot-dpress.coiiV 7 ******* 1 Ell 1 1 1 U I Nelson Sagum/HWY/HIDOT To "Aaron Stene" <aaron@hawaiiantel.net> 02/27/2008 03:57 PM cc Brennon Morioka/ADMIN/HIDOT@HIDOT, Glenn Yasui/HWY/HIDOT@HIDOT, Dina Lau/HWY/HIDOT, rterry@hawaii.rr.com bcc Subject Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Hwy to Milepost 42; Dear Mr. Stene: Your email to Mr. Ron Terry, dated December 15, 2007, has been forwarded to the State Department of Transportation, for our consideration and response. First of all, we appreciate your interest in the proposed Saddle Road, from Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 42. We believe that island residents and tourists should indeed benefit from the construction of this facility. Secondly, we are grateful for your support of alignment W-7, and we also believe that this alignment will minimize civilian and military interaction. It should also be noted that at least one grade -separated military crossing will be provided for this highway section. If you have any additional comments or questions, please forward them to me at nelson,. um0ahawaii.pov or call me at (808) 587-1834. Aloha, Nelson Sagum FEB -05-2008 17:24 From:18663166988 Paae:44,146 D � AWAIT o RANCH HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATION Copies to: U D i recto r Office of Environmental Quality Control 235 South Beretania St., Suite 702 Honolulu, H1 96813 0 January 16, 2008 n Mr. Ron Terry U 869 Punchbowl St HI 96813 Geometrician Associates PO Box 396 O Hilo, HI 96721 Dear Mr. Terry: These are the comments of the Waiki'i Ranch Homeowners' Association regarding the Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice for the D Saddle Road, Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 42 Project. O The Waiki'i Ranch Homeowners' Association (WRHOA) supports the W-7 Proposed SEIS Alignment of the New Saddle Road. A correction needs to be mane on page 14 of the SEIS Preparation Notice. a There are two wells at Walki'i Ranch. The depth is 4,300 feet below ground elevation of 4,260 feet. The water level is 2,730 feet below ground elevation. Sincerely yours, D. McAnif Vice President, WRHOA Copies to: U D i recto r Office of Environmental Quality Control 235 South Beretania St., Suite 702 Honolulu, H1 96813 0 Nelson Sagum Hawaii State Dept. of Transportation Highways Division QHonolulu, 869 Punchbowl St HI 96813 U P.0, Box 6389 • F anluel<t, HI 96743 • (808) 883-4884 • FAX (808) 885-0433 0 LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR 4� 1DbD bb r STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 April 1, 2008 Mr. T. J. McAniff Vice President Waiki'i Ranch Homeowners' Association P. O. Box 6389 Kamuela, Hawaii 96743 Dear Mr. McAniff Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) BRENNON T. MORIOKA DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI M REPLY REFER TO; HWY-PA 2.7505 Thank you for your letter, dated January 16, 2008, which commented on the Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice for this project. We appreciate your review of this document. We are also grateful for your indication of the support of the Waiki'i Ranch Homeowners' Association (WRHA) for alignment W-7 and for your efforts involved in correcting the misinformation contained in this Supplemental EISPN, regarding the number of wells at Waiki'i Ranch. We look forward to hearing from you and the WRHA as this project develops. If you have any questions or comments concerning this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation be HWi' PA NS:dn 0 QFEB -05-2008 17:23 From:18663166988 Pa9e:40/46 1 t t 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 0 1 South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee P_b. Box 383375 Waikoloa, HI 96738 January 15, 2008 Mr. Nelson Sagum State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Highways Division, Planning Branch 869 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates P.Q. Box 396 Hilo, HI 96721 - Director Office of Environmental Quality Control 235 South Beretania Street, Suite 702 Honolulu, HI 96813 RE: Saddle Road, Mamalahoa to Milepost 42 to Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway Project Comments Dear Mr_ Sagum; At the January 8, 2008 Meeting of South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee safety and other concerns related to the Saddle Road, Mamalahoa to Milepost 42 to Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway Project were discussed by the membership. A major concern is that this new road will be a heavily used connector between East and West Hawall. As the Island population grows, future traffic on this road will increase substantially. Many members remember the light use at first of the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. Today this is a heavily used congested 2 lane route with many safety issues. Most members feel strongly that this project should be designed for the future potential and planned growth. Procurement of a wide Right of Way now will avoid rising procurement costs and access problems in the future. The current situation with the State Waimea Bypass, Project is a good example of the problems that can be avoided by establishing a ROW adequate for the future. If funding is not available to build a "super highway now", design and procure the necessary ROW now is the point_ The following comments were made by the membership for your review and consideration; FEB -05-2008 17:23 From:18663166988 1. Interchanges: a. Grade separated interchanges are preferred. Right of Way and design should be for future needs. b. Waikoloa Village, Waikoloa Beach Resort Node and other future subdivision development and the existing Saddle Road are along the route. These properties need interchange access now and accommodation for future growth. None of these mentioned subdivisions are built out at present. Future expanded growth should be in the design. c. Design and coordinate with Hawaii County Dept. of Public Works an interchange for a proposed future County Road extension of Paniolo Avenue or KilaKila Street in Waikoloa Village, to run south and connect to the Saddle Road Extension. d. Design an interchange for connecting the existing Saddle Road to the new proposed Saddle Road alignment. 2. Slow traffic lane for trucks to pull off on steep grades. 3. Runaway truck ramps designed and constructed concurrently with roadway. 4. Pull offs for tourists to look at views, or tired drivers to rest. Design for future rest stop with restrooms. 5. Need for smooth flow of commercial and military traffic. Road will traverse some steep terrain. No stop lights are preferred to keep trucks and buses moving. Keep traffic moving with separated grade interchange ramps for smooth transition of commercial trucks and other vehicles into and out of traffic flow. 6. Divided highway. Build two lanes now. Eventually build two more as a divided highway with planted medians so that two lanes will be westbound, and two eastbound. This will provide slow and tum lanes while maintaining a free flow lane. Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway design has resulted in too many head on collisions. 7. ROW width should be at least 250 to 300 Feet wide like the present Queen Ka'ahumanu HWY improvement project alignment. Pa9e:41/46 '11 t 1 1 1 1 1 r E, 0 1 1 1 1 FEB -05-2008 17:24 From:1866316698e S. Build the highway beyond present needs - triple what we seem to need now. Build for future needs and expansion. 9. Accentuate SAFETY in designing grade, and for mix of use: workers, residents, tourists, bicyclists and commercial tracks including trucks hauling fuel. Pa9e:42/46 We appreciate the opportunity to comment on this long awaited project and hope you will keep South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee informed as the project progresses. Hopefully the end result will be a well designed, safe roadway that serves present and future needs. Mahalo for your consideration of these comments. Sincerely, Mike Price -Chair South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee CC: State Representative Cindy Evans Councilman Pete Hoffmann Brennon Morioka -Interim Director DOT Highways Division Stanley Tamura -District Engineer DOT Highways Division Bruce McClure -Director County Department of Public Works Galen Kuba-Division Chief County Department of Public Works Engineering Division Bruce Tsuchida-Townscape-SKCDP Andrew Choy-Townscape-SKCDP LINDA LINGLE t o o e V GOVERNOR � F STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 April 7, 2008 Mr. Mike Price, Chair South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee P. O. Box 383375 Waikoloa, Hawaii 96738 Dear Mr. Price: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) BRENNON T. MORIOKA DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI IN REPLY REFER TO: HWY-PA 2.7504 Thank you for your letter, dated January 15, 2008, which compiled the comments made by your membership regarding the proposed Saddle Road, from Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 42, EISPN. For each of these comments we have the following: 1. Purchase additional right-of-way to accommodate future growth. The proposed right-of-way width should be at least 250 to 300 feet wide. At the moment, our proposed minimum right-of-way width is 200 feet, which should be sufficient for anticipated traffic growth. It should be noted that the U.S. Army currently owns the land which may be acquired for the highway, and they are very mindful about preserving an adequate training area and the lessening of the effects of this training on the proposed highway. 2: Interchanges are preferred. Interchanges are very costly to construct, and consequently, such facilities will usually be implemented only where they may be feasible or significantly improve highway safety. Currently, an interchange will be considered for the Saddle Road/Mamalahoa Highway crossing; however, this interchange will be evaluated as part of the proposed Saddle Road Extension, from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Mamalahoa Highway. We also believe that an interchange at the junction of the proposed Saddle Road and the old Saddle road may be infeasible; however, additional right-of-way may be acquired in the vicinity of the old Saddle Road intersection in the event that an interchange may be needed. 1 0 6. When four (4) lanes are being proposed for Saddle Road, the proposed facility Mr. Mike Price HWY-PA DPage 2 2.7504 D Interchanges for Waikoloa Village, Waikoloa Beach Resort and Paniola Avenue will also be considered during the development of the proposed Saddle Road Extension, from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Mamalahoa Highway. 0 3. A truck climbing lane is needed. We agree with your statement and are proposing that a truck climbing lane be 0 suitable for all travelers along this highway. One of the primary purposes of this provided for the length of this project. project is to improve travel safety for all users, and the design of the highway will 4. Emergency escape ramps are needed. OAt leas/ ne (1) emergency ramp will be constructed along the proposed Saddle - Road Extension, from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Mamalahoa Highway. addition, the proposed minimum right-of-way width for this highway may be Additional emergency ramps may be installed, should more of these ramps be O or off-road enthusiasts also express an avid interest in traveling alongside this necessary. aThe 5. Scenic turnouts or rest stops should also be provided. Supplementary EIS will have a discussion regarding rest stops, which will include a diagram of possible locations for these facilities. We also agree that a D rest stop is needed; however, there may be issues regarding the availability of adequate infrastructure and the concerns of the U.S. Army. 1 t 6. When four (4) lanes are being proposed for Saddle Road, the proposed facility should be a divided highway. n We agree with this statement; however, we believe that this discussion is more %I likely to occur during the development of another project in the near future. 7. Accentuate safety, and its use by bicyclists and commercial trucks, during your layout of the of this highway. proposed grade The proposed maximum grade of this highway is 7 percent, which should be fl suitable for all travelers along this highway. One of the primary purposes of this project is to improve travel safety for all users, and the design of the highway will be reflective of this. DIn addition, the proposed minimum right-of-way width for this highway may be able to accommodate an adjacent facility in the event that recreational bicyclists or off-road enthusiasts also express an avid interest in traveling alongside this D highway. 1 t Mr. Mike Price HWy-PA Page 3 2.7504 We trust that we have satisfactorily addressed your concerns and the concerns of the South Kohala Traffic Safety Committee, and we appreciate your continuing interest in our highway projects. If you have any other questions or comments, please contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation bc: HWY=PA NS:dn DFEB -05-2008 17:17 From:18663166988 Paee:22/46 a Aloha Ron, D Please include the material below in the record for the Saddle Rd. EIS. The Keamuku parcel where the road is intended to go is normally directly downwind of the PTA impact area and may be contaminated with radiation from uranium weapons training. Radiation has been confirmed at aThe PTA on August 20, 2007_ most serious health hazard involvos the inhalation of uranium oxide particles. I'll include comments by Dr. Lorrin Pang, MD of Maui who I recommend as a consultant on the 0 medical effects issue. He has given me permission to circulate his comments about the military's position on radiation, Lorrin Pang is highly critical of the military and the Hawaii State Dept, of Health not addressing the serious issue of uranium oxide. DJim Albertini Malu 'Aina Center For Non-violent Education & Action P.O. Dox AD 'O1a'a (Kurtistown), Hawaii 96760 O Phone 808-966-7622 email is@interpac,net www.malu-aina_ora OComments by Dr. Lorrin Pang, MD January 19, 2008 1 have offered to constructively contribute to this effort by joining the investigative committee but this was denied by the Gov. I can now only criticize what has transpired but will try to remain Oconstructive. It has repeatedly been the community request that a survey be done which will detect markers for all forms of uranium weaponry, both Davey Crocketts( ballast) and penetrators (ballistic, as Army defines). It has always been pointed out that the ballistic type are far more dangerous - releasing far traveling plumes of oxides and nano -particles, which become inhaled then very slowly cleared from the body with a distinct type of distribution (macrophage/lymphatic system), Nano toxicity remains unknown. In contrast the ballast forms released metallic U shrapnel of limited migration, D risk of inhalation, with rapid clearance (unless permanently imbedded shrapnel) and more of a blood borne distribution in the body. 0 1 1 1 Initially the Army said they knew of AT LEAST ballast weaponry but now their latest brochure (Information Booklet - Depleted Uranium in Hawaii, no date but distributed at the JUan 2008 Hawaii legislative meeting) implies that they ONLY address ballast, page 12,. 1 am rather disappointed that the Army is not willing to address the more dangerous from of U radiation based on the "best of their knowledge" which initially proved incorrect with even ballast usage. A good (epidemiologic and statistically sound) survey for ballistic markers (oxides) at ballistic distances would go a long way to appease the critics. Is this intended in the final report (item 4 page 10)? Many of the brochure's claims shout minimal migration of U contamination, heavier non migrating particles, claims of safety based on extrapolation from other U experiences, detection at points far from the target zones, etc. etc seem erroneous until it is pointed out near the end of the brochure they only address ballast weaponry (page 12 last item). That only ballast weaponry is addressed should be in the title of the brochure, The justification for this limited search should be on page 2 - as it is contrary to Army policy for procedures to survey for contamination (which is based on survey rather than the more fallible historical knowledge). Even IF only ballast weaponry was used - the decades' subsequent conventional explosives used on the target sites could have rendered the initially ballast forms of U airborne with conversion to the more dangerous plumes and oxides. FEB -05-2008 17:18 From:18663166988 Paee:23/46 The public should only be satisfied with comprehensive surveys which will include the search for U Oxides contamination and at distances beyond conventional ballast scattering. The dust samples form the particulate survey could be used for that. If oxides or evidence of extensive migration of ANY U compounds are found, regardless of the pruported source, one must set the objective of the survey as one of contamination (comparison to control sites, IAW Army regulation) rather than health threshold set by the NRC (since these may not be extrapolable to nano U or U oxide toxicity). Some to the responses to public concerns are misleading and unscientific - for example page 10 item 5: If there Is a questions of the high reading one should question the specificity (possibility of false positive) instead the Army makes the argument that the detectors aro insensitive (false negatives). For a high reading the correct response should have been to see if the reading could be repeated at the same site with more sensitive equipment and greater statistical sensitivity. Community volunteers perfomed this at the Kona site with tens of thousands of air samples (counts or decays per minute, GPM readings) using the best detectors available to them. At my own expense and as a private citizen I presented on the Big Island a written analysis with statistical interpretation to the public, Sen Inouye's representative and the media (Army and pOH were invited, though not personally by me, but did not attend). Most importantly I answered questions from the public on the spot (in contrast to the recent legislative hearing). The results were reassuring. There is an Army/UGH claim that repeated sampling was done with sophisticated equipment. We have repeatedly asked for details to examine analysis (for example, means vs frequencies of CPM data), statistical power and scheme to insure sensitive (for example wind/dust conditions) sampling sites. To date this has not been made availabe to the public, hopefully it will be presented in the final report. We seem to always be arguing that it would be wrong to only nm the analysis on means. As cited above this would base the risk on the NRC recommendations for health risks based largely on non oxide U forms from other situations. But of course if one chooses to ignore the U oxides based on the presumption that only ballast forms were used then we have a self fulfilling "confirmation' of safety. The argument that General Lee was so concerned seems a bit odd. No one from the Army attended my presentation of the community survey which I presented in Hilo. He would have been happy with my conclusions and could have presented his survey methods and results at the same time. Maybe we might have disagreed on how to proceed, maybe not. To me it seems very strange that all the collaborators (especially the CDC and NRC) would not have raised the above concerns with the brochure. Again I offered to collaborate up front but was denied this. As i understand it Sec Davis was willing but not Gov Lingle thought there was enough expertise elsewhere. Allow me at least this constructive criticism before the final report, as I too am a land owner (small vacant plot) on the Big Island. Finally, I am a stakeholder with no conflict of interest who is trying to uphold federal regulations of safety. I have been warned by colleagues to "watch my back" that I am a "marked" man but have told them that whistle blower laws protect me against retaliation. I have confidence in Sec Davis on this point. Lorrin Pang, MD, MPH (as private citizen) Retired Army Medical Corp Best Doctors of America list 2006-8 Consultant WHO (since 1985) Consultant Glaxo Smith Kline Below are comments by Jim Albertini and dialogue with Russ Takata of the Hawaii Dept. of Health. Jim, DFEB -05-2008 17:18 From:18663166988 Pase:24,146 a Russ, Mahalo for your answers. The truth is you don't have the facts. You do not know how much DU has been used at PTA. You do not have comprehensive monitoring data - Show us the data about no radioactivity above background levels. How many readings did you a take, for what time frame, and where, under what wind conditions. We have obtained 75 counts per minute (3-4 times background levels) at Mauna Kea State park on May 29, 2007 with dust devils coming right off the PTA impact area. Normally you will get background level readings. Averaging won't cut it. It is the spikes that concerns us. Alt that it takes are small O particles, carried by the winds, of inhalled DU to cause health problems. That's why we need 360 degress monitoring around PTA with a paper trail and the data available to citizens via home computers. Put the heat on Dan Inouye to come up with the funding for first class monitoring of the military radiation contamination on our Island home. D Then we'll have the facts. Mahalo. Jim Albertinl O Malu 'Aina Center For Non-violent Education & Action P.O. Box AB 'Ola'a (Kurtistown), Hawaii 96760 Phone 808-966-7622 O email ia�+r interpec.net www.malu-aing.QM ----- Original Message ----- :. Frtyrtn;_'�"fikata:_I�irstai3ll$.e;:.-.•:. .. �= �:-:.:; ::, • ..:::. :. .:• . ........ .. •- 'Jim To:Albertinl ; imcom-pacific-du@hawaii.armv_miI Cc: Faye Hanohano ; Dwipht Takamine ; Cindy Evans; Robert N. Herkes ; Jerry L. Chang: Russell S. Kokubun ; L rrainne R. Inou e ; Harry Kim ; Alan McNarie ; PCRC ; A P: advertiser ; Garden Ise; Garden Island ; Hawaii island Journal; Hilo Trib ; Hono Weekly; Honolulu_Star- O Bulletin ; Ian Lind; KBOO ; Kevin Dayton; k mb tv - khnl tv ; KP A ; Maui news; namaka� inierpao.net ; Rod ThompAq ; Audrey McAvoy , WBstHawaii Today -, Honolulu Advertiser ; Pacific l3usin,-e s News ; i Yoshimoto ; Brenda Ford: Emily Naeole : Dominic Yaoona Bob Jacobson *.Anggl Pilaq_o ; Donald Ikeda; Pete Hoffmann, Stacy K. Higa ; Andv.Levin ; O; Janet Snyder ; Barbara Bell ; Nelson Ho ; Chris. Yuen ; Charmaine Shigemura Sent: Wednesday, January 18, 2008 1:43 PM Subject: RE: No answers to DU questions Jim, Here are my answers: See below in blue. Russ a From: Jim Albertini [maiito:ja@interpac.net] n Sent: Wed 1/16/2008 12:06 PM lUl To: Takata, Russell S.; 1mco _q�jDc duCo)hawaii.army.mil Cc: Faye Hanohano; Dwight Takamine; Cindy Evans; Robert N. Herkes; Jerry L. Chang; Russell S. Kokubun; Lorrainne R. Inouye; Harry Kim; Alan Made; PCRC; A P; advertiser; Garden Ise; n Garden Island; Hawaii Island Journal; Hilo Trib; Hono Weekly; Honolulu Star -Bulletin; Ian Lind; u KBOO; Kevin Dayton; kgmb tv9; khnl tv8; KPUA; Maui news; Lia makaftinterpac.net; Rod Thompson; Audrey MrAvoy; WestHawaii Today; Honolulu Advertiser; Pacific Business News; j Yoshimoto; Brenda Ford; Emily Naeole; Dominic Yagong; Bob Jacobson; Angel Pilago; Donald Ikeda; Pete Hoffmann; Stacy K. Higa; Andy Levin; Janet Snyder; Barbara Bell; Nelson Ho; Chris Yuen; Charmaine Shigemura Subject: No answers to DU questions L� 1 FEB -05-2008 17:19 From:18663166988 Pa9e:25/46 It's been nearly two months since these questions were presented Nov. 18, 2007 to Army Col. Killian, DOH Russ Takata, Cindy Evans, etc. No answers. How come? questions for Meetings on Depleted Uranium Nov. 2007 STATE ONLY ANSWERS 1. Why have you (State & military) refused balanced forums with presenters including Dr. Lorrin Pang, MD, Peace activist Jim Albertini and others? Will not debate the facts, 2. You have downplayed the health hazards of DU. Isn't that misleading the public? No, I have not downplayed the health effects. In fact, health effects were covered in my Powerpoint presentation. 3. Where is the data to support your claims minimizing DU health risks? No evidence of radioactivity above background levels. 4. Did any DU particles on -the -ground become airborne and blow off -base on Oct. 23, 2007 when several 2000 -pound bombs were dropped on Pohakuloa (PTA) by 8.2 bombers. There has been no change in background levels in populated areas outside of PTA. 5. Disclose all five -fire weapons and number of rounds fired at PTA, and other training there since DU has been confirmed at PTA on Aug. 20, 2007. Army 6. isn't it time we start operating on the precautionary principle. Stop all live -tire at PTA for the following reasons: 1. we have a reasonable suspicion of harm from the possible spread of DU particles; 2, there is uncertainty about the full extent and nature of the DU contamination at PTA; 3. we have a duty to take action to prevent harm to human health and the environment; 4 the cause and effect relationships are not fully known and established scientifically concerning DU. There has been no radioactivity over normal background levels. 7. Is Army Regulation 700-45 being violated? AR 700-48 ...2-4 Handling of RCE (radiologically contaminated equipment)... During peacetime or soon as operational risk permits, the Corps/JTF/Division Commander's RSP (Radiation Safety Officer) will identify, segregate, isolate, secure, and label all RCE. Procedures to minimize the spread of radioactivity will be implemented as soon as possible. Army 0 FEB -05-2008 17:19 From:186631669e8 Pase:26/46 U 12. The Davy Crockett spotting rounds containing DU used at PTA was one of 8. Is there any use of DU (past, present, and/or planned) and/ or other activities O approximately 60 different nuclear weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal during such as Stryker training at Pohakuloa that could result in the spread of the 1960s and 70s. Have other spotting rounds involving other weapon systems aerosolized DU, and/or DU compounds? D Army said spotting rounds were shipped to Hawaii. How many 9 Summarize the results of research -past, present and/or planned - on health risks from 1. live munitions exploding on top of DU left on the ground in Hawaii, during forty years of training; 2. vaporized and/or aerosolized DU; 3. OU O nanotoxicity. Nanoparticles of a substxnr(; may have properties different from U those of the original substance, such as becoming toxins or super -catalysts; 4. DU oxides which are insoluble and so are not excreted from the body. O Army DU exposure for military and civilian personnel, and/or private contractors at 10. Describe past, present, and/or planned use of radioactive substances at PTA. a been exposed? Army O 11. Large areas of PTA and Makua are off-limits because of ICM )Improved Conventional Munitions) which are cluster bombs. Some type of cluster bombs such as ADAM (Area Denial Anti-personnel Mine) Contain DU. Is there any use (past, present, and/or planned) at PTA and/or Makua of cluster bombs containing DU Army (� 12. The Davy Crockett spotting rounds containing DU used at PTA was one of U approximately 60 different nuclear weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal during the 1960s and 70s. Have other spotting rounds involving other weapon systems been used at PTA that contain DU? News reports (7/4/07 Big Is. Weekly, p.5) 714 Davy Crockett DU said spotting rounds were shipped to Hawaii. How many remain unaccounted for? Where else have DU Davy Crockett spotting rounds been shipped around the U.S. and outside of the U.S? Identify the sites and the nnumbers shipped_ Army U 13. Will the military pay for 24 hour mass spectrometer independent testing for a DU exposure for military and civilian personnel, and/or private contractors at PTA, Schofield, and civilians around such bases who believe they may have been exposed? a Army 14. Have tree bark, animal droppings, and vehicle air filters been tested for DU O presence at PTA? Not by State 15. Why did the Army deny the use of DU In Hawaii for years? Why did the Army fail to publicize the 2005 discovery of DU at Schofield until after citizen groups made the facts known? a 1 1 FEB -05-2008 17:19 From:18663166988 Army Pase:27/46 16. If State incursion on Federal property is illegal how is it the State is involved in ongoing D.0 testing? The State was invited by the Army to participate in activities to obtain a human health risk assessment, The State is not independently conducting DU testing on military property. 17. If the State, CDC, NRC and Army disagree on what should be told to the public; will one party be allowed to speak independently? The State speaks independently. Military Clean -Up NOT Build Upl Contact: Malu 'Aina Center For Non-violent Education & Action Y.O. Box AB Ola'a (Kurtistown), Nawai i 96760. Phone (808) 966-7622. Email, ja@interpac.net <mailto Ja@int.erpac.net� httpJlwww,malu-aina UIe "Assuming the machinery is accurate and that the sampling site is truly down wind of the traget site, how many samples (CPM or DPM) will be done? The sampling number should be based on the statistical power to detect the frequency of high CPM above some threshold (say 2 SD's above the mean of background). That frequency based on what Jim first saw in Waikii (4/500) would be quite a bit smaller than 1 %. To use tho means of CPM is misleading if a one time inhalation exposure is not cleared from the body for such a long time (U oxides with 5 half lives approx several decades) and If the distribution in the body is fixed to a few selected cells." Lorrin Pang, MD ----- Original Message ----- To: Takata, Russoll S. Cc: Bob Jacobson: Clifton Tsuii conaresswomanmaziehirono congressionalemaildispatcher com ; Harry Kim ; Josh Green ; Cindy Evans; Alan McNarle : P RC : A P : advertiser: Garden Ise; Garden Island; Hawaii Island Journal; Hilo Trib ; Hono Weekly ; Honolulu Star -Bulletin ; Ian Lind; KBOO ; Kevin Dayton kgmb tv9 : khni tv8 ; KPUA ; Maui news; namaka(&InterVi&net : 8od Thompson ; Audrev MCAyoy ; WestHawaI! Today; Honolulu Advertiser; Pacificusine News ;Shannon rudolnh ; Dr. Lorrin Pana Sent: Wednesday, January 16, 2008 11:00 PM Subject: Re: Action on DU Russ, We are not dealing with radiation from a nuclear blast of cold war nuclear weapon testing. DU is much more sinister. It is the inhalation of small DU oxide particles that is of greatest concern. Alpha particles breathed in, not external exposure. You just can't go around and check for an hour here and there and conclude nothing above background therefore PTA can continue business as usual with DU contamination present. We know the DU is there. We do not know the full extent of the contamination. Likely there are hundreds of Davy Crockette spotting rounds given what was shipped to Hawaii and perhaps other DU rounds as well. The only way to tell if it is going off base (and we have readings to suggest it is) is to encircle the base with high tech 2417 air monitors with a paper trail and citizen computer access to the data at all times. Otherwise we simply are not going to buy your claims, and the 0 FEB -05-2008 17:20 From:18663166988 Page:2e/46 1 - --- Original Message ----- military claims, of no problem. The cost of such monitors is peanuts to the $2 billion the military O To: Jim Albertini spends PER QAYI waging war and spreading opala like they're doing at PTA. Cc: Bob Jacobson ; Clifton Tsuii ; O The scientific reason for you to pursue cessation of activity at PTA is the DU present could be spread off base by live -fire, and other activities that puts dust into the air. We have already sent you material by radiation expert Dr. Rosalie Bertell strongly critiquing the Army's 6 page DU (� tv9 ; khnl tv8 ; KPUA ;Maul news; namaka in r ac.net ; Rod Thompson; Audrey November 2007 handout. We also sent you material by Dr. Leonard Dietz and DU being carried U more than 26 miles from a plant that simply manufactured 30 -mm DU rounds near Albany, N.Y. That plant has been shut down because it exceeded a NY state radioactivity limit of 150 n microcuries (387 g of DU metal) for airborne emissions in a given month. One DU aircraft 30 -mm D Too little? This monitoring system provided key data to the Environmental Radiation Ambient round contains 272 g of DU metal. By the way, what is Hawaii's radioactivity limit for airborne Monitoring System for most of the Cold War period! You have no idea of the requisite emissions in a given month? Is there a federal standard as well? You have plenty of scientific material to Call for a halt to B-2 bombing at PTA and the upcoming The bottom line is that there has been no radioactivity detected above background levels in our major live -fire in February 2008. ambient surveys of the adjacent proximity of PTA on Saddle Road and the communities in From the Dept. of the Army, sadly, we expect very little. From the Dept. of HEALTH, we expect more. 0lo. Jimim Alhertinl OAs Main 'Aina Center For Non-violent Education & Action P -Q. Box AB 'Ola'a (Kurtistcwn), Hawaii 96760 Phone 808-966-7622 D email jaOinterpaac.net www.malu-aina.orn 1 - --- Original Message ----- ..... To: Jim Albertini Cc: Bob Jacobson ; Clifton Tsuii ; O conoresswomanmaziehironoCCconaressionalemaildispatcher com ; Harry Kim ; Josh Green; Cindy Evans; Alan McNar!e ; 2 RC ; A P ; advertiser; Garden is ; Garden !eland ; Hawaii Island Journal; Hilo Trib; Mono Weekly ;Honolulu Star -Bulletin; Ian Lind; KM; Kevin Dayton tv9 ; khnl tv8 ; KPUA ;Maul news; namaka in r ac.net ; Rod Thompson; Audrey akymb McAvov ; WestHawaii Today; Honolulu Advertiser; Pacific Business News Sent: Wednesday, January 16, 20013 12,58 PM Subject: RE: -Action on DU n Jim, LJ Too little? This monitoring system provided key data to the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System for most of the Cold War period! You have no idea of the requisite actions necessary to ensure the public's health and safety. But, I will ignore your comment and continue to pursue my efforts to seek the facts for public health and safety. The bottom line is that there has been no radioactivity detected above background levels in our ambient surveys of the adjacent proximity of PTA on Saddle Road and the communities in Konawaena, Kealakekua, Holualua, Watkoloa, Waikii Ranch, and the Girl Scout camp! As a matter of fact, the background is quite low. And therefore, there is no scientific reason for me to pursue cessation of activity at PTA. OAs I noted In earlier conversations with you, I will give you the facts and will not compromise my integrity for anyone. Have a good day, D Russ 1 FEB -05-2008 17:20 From:18665166988 Paee:29/46 From; Jim Albertini [mailto:jaCc@interpac.net] Sent: Wed 1/16/2008 11:56 AM To; Takata, Russell S. Cc: Bob Jacobson; Clifton Tsuji; congresswomanmaziehironoacongressiona emaildispatcher.com; Hang Kim; Josh Green; Cindy Evans; Alan McNarie; PCRC; A P; advertiser; Garden Ise; Garden Island; Hawaii Island Journal; Hilo Trib; Hono Weekly; Honolulu Star -Bulletin; Ian Lind; K800; Kevin Dayton; kgmb tv9; khnl tv8; KPUA; Maui news; namaka@interpac.net; Rod Thompson; Audrey McAvoy, WestHawaii Today; Honolulu Advertiser; Pacific Business News Subject! Re: Action on DU Aloha Russ, My initial reaction to your news of an initial air monitoring is that it's something but too little. We citizens, with our own community experts, want in on the decision making process- We want timely access to all the data as well. The key thing at the moment is to STOP all activity at PTA (B-2 bombing and major live -fire planned for Feb.) and other places that could spread the radioactivity before a compolete assessment is completed. You only know that Davy Crockette DU spottings rounds are at PTA. You have no idea if other DU rounds are there and how many. You, and elected officials need to speak out on this to the media if you want to maintain any credibility in the community. Otherwise health and safety of the community is taking a back seat to imperial warmaking. Is there any meaning left to "national security?' Jim Albertini Malu 'Aina Center For Non-violent Education & Action P.O. Box AB 'Ola'a (Kurtistown), Hawaii 96760 Phone 808-966-7622 email iaCoDinteroac.net www.malu-aina.ora ----- Original Message ----- 1•'iVrrt�;i.tk�ttRe.l-lurl iit:474. .7a • To: Jim Albertini :.. Cc: Bob Jacobson; Clifton Tsui! ; congresswomanmaziehironoracongressionalemaildisnatcher pom ; Harry Kim ; Josh Green ; Cindy Evans Sent: Wednesday, January 16, 2008 7:56 AM Subject: RE: Action on DU Jim, Happy New Year to you too. I have made arrangements with EPA to start initial air monitoring using a well validated protocol and monitor for ambient levels. We will shake down the equipment and procedures, identify an initial site, and begin operating within thirty days. More later. Russ From: Jim Albertini [mailto:ja@interpac.net] Sent: Tue 1/15/2008 9:31 PM To: Takata, Russell S. Cc: Bob Jacobson; Clifton Tsuji; congresswomanmaziehirono@oongressionalemaildispatcher.com; Harry Kim; Josh Green; Cindy Evans Subject: Action on DU Aloha Russ, Happy New Year to you. Below is a copy of a recent email I sent to Col. Killian. 1 t 1 1 1 E, L 1 E t 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 FEB -05-2008 17:20 From:18663166988 Page:30,146 I hereby request you contact U.S. Sen. Dan Inouye and seek funding for first class citizen high tech DU monitors around all confirmed or suspected bases where DU has been used in Hawaii_ Afterall, billions are spent on the war and military build up in Hawaii. A few million should be available for monitors. if my math is correct it costs $135,000 in fuel for a B-2 bomber to fly from Guam to Hawaii to drop 2000 Ib bombs at PTA risking the spread of DU contamination. Just stopping a few of those bombing flights would help pay for some monitors. Russ, we want some positive action. Stop the live fire military plans for Feb. at PTA. You and the Army do not even know the full extent of the DU contamination at PTA. To go forward with live -fire is nuts and shows contempt for the health and safety of the troops who will train there and the citizens of this island. You need to speak up and stand up now for public health now. Mahalo. Jim Albertini Malu 'Rina Center For Non-violent Education & Action P_O. Box AB '01a'a (Kurtistown), Hawaii 96760 Phone 808-966-7622 email iaginterpac.net www.malu-aina.oro Aloha Col. Killian: This is to again put in writing our organization's "Citizen DU Action Demands" that were circulated after the confirmation of DU at Pohakuloa in Aug. 2007 and again presented to you and State DOH employee Russ Takata at the one sided Nov. 18, 2007 meeting on DU. (See below). I also want to again request a response in writing to the questions I submitted at the Nov. 18, 2007 meeting on DU. To date I have not received any response. You give lip service to concerns for health and safety but your actions and lack of actions speak otherwise. I look forward to a more positive attitude from you and other military people toward the citizens of Hawaii in 2008. Jim Albertini Malu 'Rina Center For Non-violent Education & Action P.O. Box AB '01a'a (Kurtistown), Hawaii 96760 Phone 808-966-7622 email is . interpac.net www.malu-aina.orq RADIATION MONITORING IN HAWAII! On Monday, August 20, 2007 the U.S. Army confirmed the presence of depleted uranium (DU) at the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) in the center of Hawaii Island. See <http,//www_ormytimes.com/news/2007/0$/ap_hawaiiuranium_070821/} The DU confirmation came after years of the military denying its presence. Citizen groups kept the pressure on the military and began doing their own radiation monitoring. Also see http://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/articles/2007/08/26/local news/loca103.prt lhttp://www.hawaiitribu ne-herald.com/articles/2007/08/26/local_news/loca103.prt> <http://www.teawaiitribu ne-herald.com/articles12007/08/26/local_news/loca104. prt> DU is primarily U -23B, the isotope of uranium that remains after the fissionable isotope, U-235 has been extracted from natural uranium ore, DU has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. The military has used DU in spotting rounds for the Davy Crockett nuclear weapon system and these spotting FEB -05-2008 17:21 From:1%63166988 Pase:31/46 rounds have been fired at Schofield Barracks on Oahu and at PTA on Hawaii Island, perhaps other firing ranges in Hawaii and elsewhere too. Other DU spotting rounds may have been fired. Davy Crockett was just one of approximately 60 different kinds of U.S. nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal Training with a wide range of weapon systems has taken place at PTA and other live -fire areas throughout Hawaii. The Davy Crockett may just be the tip of a much larger radiation nightmare for Hawaii residents and visitors alike The military says it has no records on the issue. The U.S_ used DU armor and bunker piercing weapons in Iraq, Afghanistan and Kosovo. For more on DU weapons and its hazards See<http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/articleJS242.htm> On Tuesday, May 29, 2007 a citizen radiation monitor recorded elevated radiation readings at Mauna Kea State Park adjacent to the military's Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) in the center of Hawaii Island. The wind on 5/29 blew directly off the live -fire training areas at PTA and dust devils of suspended topsoil were visible in the air. The elevated radiation readings were as high as 75 counts per minute when normal background is 5-20 counts per minute. A number of private citizens are now doing radiation monitoring on Hawaii Island_ It should be noted that Hawaii Island already has a dubious distinction of the nuclear age. According to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, of 65 randomly selected worldwide soil samples tested for accumulation of long-lasting plutonium radiation contamination from atmospheric nuclear weapon testing, our Big Island soil ranked NUMBER ONE! Plutonium is one of the most potent carcinogenic substances known. Less than one -millionth of a gram is capable of producing cancer after close exposure. Plutonium has a half-life of 24,000 years, which means it is potentially toxic to humans for at least a half million years. As plutonium is concentrated in the ecological food chain, people can absorb significant quantities. It is preferentially stored in the liver and bone marrow and can cross the placenta into the unborn fetus. (To read the above AEC report see Nature Magazine, Vol. 241, February 16, 1973.) It should also be noted that the Navy acknowledges discharging millions of gallons of radioactive liquid waste into Pearl Harbor on Oahu and dumping over two thousand 55 -gallon steel drums of radioactive solid waste on the ocean floor off Hawaii's shores. What effects such pollution may have on marine life and, in turn, the health and safety of Hawaii's people is simply not clear. But it is commonly accepted that there is no safe level of radiation. (See the book "The Dark Side of Paradise" by Albertini, et. all page 18.) Military Clean -Up NOT Build -Up! CITIZEN ACTION DEMANDS 1. Immediate halt to all live -fire and any activity that creates dust at Schofield Barracks, Pohakuloa and other military ranges In Hawaii until there is a complete assessment and clean up of the DU present. Further live -fire and other activities could result in the spread of airborne DU particles which are particularly hazardous if Inhaled. 2. Citizen monitors, Including Dr. Lorrin Pang MD, former attorney, OHA trustee, and nuclear worker Clarence Ku Ching, and Jim Atbertinil or some other representative from the peace movement to be Involved In the DU assessment and monitoring process to assure transparency and community confidence. 3. The establishment of permanent, continuous, high tech counts per minute (cpm) monitors (at the Army's expense) but Independently operated around range Impact area where the real-time data is available to the public on line. DFEB -05-2008 17:21 From:1866316698B [l Pa9e:32,'46 0 a. Testing (at Army expense) for DU exposure of PTA and other military personnel, and members of the civilian community who feel they may have been exposed to DU. (The U.S. is spending $2 billion a day on the military. There should be funds available to see if citizens are being contaminated by its own radioactive weapons.) S. Ongoing public balanced informational and Q & A meetings Involving the Army, State a Dept. of Health, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Dr. Lorrin Pang and other community resource people. J r El I] v LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR BRENNON T. MORIOKA 4� t9aa DIRECTOR Deputy Directors MICHAEL D. FORMBY FRANCIS PAUL KEENO BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI �a® tam 'N STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HAT -PA HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 2.7506 April 7, 2008 Mr, Jim Albertini Malu `Rina Center for Non -Violent Education & Action P. O. Box AB Kurtistown, Hawaii 96760 Dear Mr. Albertini: Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 Supplemental EIS Preparation Notice (EISPN) Thank you for your e-mail/commentary, as addressed to Mr. Ron Terry, our project subconsultant, regarding the existence of depleted uranium (DU) in the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA), of the U.S. Army. For your information, the State Department of Transportation also has several questions regarding the DU, and consequently, we have initiated an independent study which would develop a risk assessment regarding the adverse. effects of the DU, that may occur as a consequence of the construction and operation of the proposed Saddle Road. All of our studies will be included in the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for this project. In addition, your comments have been forwarded to our environmental and risk assessment subconsultants, who will evaluate them during the preparation of their studies for the project's Supplemental EIS. We believe that most of your comments will also be included in the Supplemental EIS. We appreciate your attendance and the participation of your organization at our meeting with Mr. Terry in January 2008. If you have any questions or comments concerning.this project, please contact Nelson Sagum, Project Manager, at (808) 587-1834. Very truly yours, BRENNON T. MORIOKA, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Transportation bc: ,HWY-PA;;:;; NS:dn SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 (� County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii U FHWA Project No. 200(00) D SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the (� U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION �J Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII n Department of Transportation (HDOT) �J Highways Division Cooperating Agencies �1 U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix A Public Involvement and Agency Coordination A3: 9/6/09 Letter, U.S. Army Garrison to HDOT 1 1 r [This page intentionally left blank] a 0 D,14 q`1 (� DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U ¢� HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES ARMY GARRISON, HAWAII SCHOFIELD BARRACKS, HAWAII 96857-5000 'r o `, / REPLY TO ? ! > % ATTENTION OF September 8, 2006 !li t f. Office of the Garrison Commander D Mr. Rodney Haraga a .Director, Department of Transportation State of Hawaii 869 Punchbowl Street = s; P Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 .D y `R C Dear Mr. Haraga: `— n C1 The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Central Federal Lands Highway I5t�isia, in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) has proposed to improve Saddle Road (State Route 200 from Hilo to Mamalahoa Highway) on the Island of Hawaii (FHWA Project No. A-AD-6(l)). The proposed Section I of the realignment goes through the newly acquired "Keamuku Maneuver Area" which is part of the Army's Pohakuloa U Training Area (PTA). (� The US Army Garrison, Hawaii (USAG-HI) totally supports the Saddle Road Improvement �( Project in its entirety. The road will greatly benefit the local community by decreasing cross - island travel times and improving traffic safety. However, with the recent acquisition of the Keamuku Maneuver Area, the Army requests that FHWA/HDOT review the selection of route W-3 as preferred Saddle Road realignment alternative as identified in the Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), dated August 1999. This recommended realignment bisects the Ell Keamuku Maneuver Area and divides the maneuver area into two sections. Maneuver trails would have to cross route W-3 at several grade separated underpasses that -Impose administrative restrictions during training exercises and severely impacts training realism. oTo minimize the impact on training, the US Anny is requesting that FHWk.,HDGT consider a new route that runs along the southern boundary of the Keamuku Maneuver Area (see enclosed D marl. The intent o. the prop used newroute is not to adversely affect trt . l t1TT1es or publ'c safety. As in the earlier planning effort, the —mly is willing to sen`e as a cooperating agency in the Supplemental EIS process. aIn order to coordinate the connection of this new route with the HDOT's Saddle Road Extension Project (Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Mamalahoa Highway), please contact Mr. Michael Kumabe, Chief, Planning Division, Directorate of Public Works at 656-1410 ext. 1207. The US Army greatly appreciates your consideration of this request. 1 -2- A similar fetter is being sent to the GO -pr on this project: ids. Clara H. Conner, Director, Program Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration, 12300 West Dakota Avenue, Lakewood, Colorado $0223-2633. A copy of both letters is being sent to Mr. Peter Cline, Highways for National Defense - Defense Access Roads Program, Military Surface Deployrn ent aaid Distribution Command (SDRC), 720 Thimble Shoals Boulevard, Suite 130, Newport ?dews, "VA 23606-45370550111. Sincerely, Howard . Killian Colone , US Army Commanding Enclosure 1 1 5 0 5 11 New Proposed Alignment US Army's Proposed Alignment [This page intentionally left blank] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division Cooperating Agencies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix B Waters of U.S. Report and Correspondence [This page intentionally left blank] 0 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, HONOLULU DISTRICT A . ,k FORT SHAFTER, HAWAII 96858-5440 REPLY TO September 10, 2009 ATTENTION OF: l Regulatory Branch File No. POH-2008-00021 Mr. Glenn M. Yasui lJ U Administrator, Highways Division State of Hawaii Department of Transportation 1 U 869 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813-5097 n Dear Mr. Yasui: O This is in response to your March 18, 2009 letter requesting a Department of the Army (DA) Jurisdictional Determination (JD) for the Saddle Road realignment and improvement project. Your request is specifically for Section I of the project between Mileposts (MP) 42 to MP 53, the westernmost portion of Saddle Road, ending at the Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190). Based on our review of the information you furnished, our staff visit to the site, and other (� resources available to our office, we have determined that your proposed project would not involve the discharge of fill material into waters of the U.S. under our regulatory jurisdiction. a DA permit is not required. nTherefore, U Your proposed project was reviewed pursuant to Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (Section 10) and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (Section 404). Section 10 requires (� that a DA permit be obtained for certain structures or work in or affecting navigable waters of the l�J United States (U.S.), prior to conducting the work (33 U.S.C. 403). Navigable waters of the U.S. are those waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide shoreward to the mean high water mark in waters determined to be navigable by the Honolulu District. Your project is not within Section 10 jurisdiction. Section 404 requires that a DA permit be obtained for the placement or discharge of dredged and/or fill material into waters of the U.S., including wetlands, prior to conducting the work (33 U.S.C. 1344). The three crossings proposed between MP 42 and MP 53 do not impact any water of the U.S. (see attached JD). This determination is valid for a period of five (5) years from the date of this letter. You have the opportunity to submit a formal Administrative Appeal of this Approved JD. Your Request for Appeal (RFA) must be submitted within 60 days of this letter. Should you D wish to submit a RFA, please contact this office and we will provide you with the appropriate form detailing the Appeal process. 1 1 -2 - Thank you for your cooperation with our regulatory program. Please be advised you can provide comments on your experience with the Honolulu District Regulatory Branch by accessing our web -based customer survey form at htttp://per2.nwa.usace.army.mil/survey.html. If you have questions, please contact Mr. Robert Deroche of my staff at 808-348-2039 (FAX: 808-438-4060) or by email at robert.d.deroche2(a),usace.armv.mil. Please refer to File No. POH-2008-21 in all future correspondence with this office regarding this project. Sincerely, George P. Young, P.E. Chief, Regulatory Branch Enclosure Copy Furnished (w/encl): Mr. Ron Terry, Ph.D., Geometrician Associates, LLC., P.O. Box 396, Hilo, HI 96721 Mr. Donald K. Okahara, P.E., Okahara & Associates, Inc., 677 Ala Moana Blvd., Suite 703, Honolulu, HI 96813-5419 Mr. Dave Gedeon, U.S. Department of Transportation, 12300 West Dakota Avenue, Suite 280, Lakewood, CO 80228-2583 1 5 1 1 APPROVED JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION FORM U.S. Army Corps of Engineers This form should be completed by following the instructions provided in Section IV of the JD Form Instructional Guidebook. SECTION I: BACKGROUND INFORMATION A. REPORT COMPLETION DATE FOR APPROVED JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION (JD): September 9, 2009 B. DISTRICT OFFICE, FILE NAME, AND NUMBER: CEPOH-EC-R SADDLE ROAD REALIGNMENT 2008-21 C. PROJECT LOCATION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Mile Posts 42 thru 53 O State: Hawaii County/parish borough: Hawaii City: Center coordinates of site (lat/long in degree decimal format): Lat. 19.8020 ° Long. -155.6894 ° Universal Transverse Mercator: 5 Name of nearest waterbody: None 1 =11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 0 Name of nearest Traditional Navigable Water (TNW) into which the aquatic resource flows: Pacific Ocean Name of watershed or Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC): 20010000 Check if map/diagram of review area and/or potential jurisdictional areas is/are available upon request. Check if other sites (e.g., offsite mitigation sites, disposal sites, etc...) are associated with this action and are recorded on different JD form. D. REVIEW PERFORMED FOR SITE EVALUATION (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY): Office (Desk) Determination. Date: September 9, 2009 Field Determination. Date(s): August 10, 2009 SECTION II: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS A. RHA SECTION 10 DETERMINATION OF JURISDICTION. There ="navigable waters of the U.S." within Rivers and Harbors Act (RHA) jurisdiction (as defined by 33 CFR part 329) in the review area. [Required] Waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide. Waters are presently used, or have been used in the past, or may be susceptible for use to transport interstate or foreign commerce. Explain: B. CWA SECTION 404 DETERMINATION OF JURISDICTION. There I="waters of the U.S." within Clean Water Act (CWA) jurisdiction (as defined by 33 CFR part 328) in the review area. [Required] Waters of the U.S. a. Indicate presence of waters of U.S. in review area (check all that apply): TNWs, including territorial seas Wetlands adjacent to TNWs Relatively permanent waters2 (RPWs) that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs Non-RPWs that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs Wetlands directly abutting RPWs that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs Wetlands adjacent to but not directly abutting RPWs that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs Wetlands adjacent to non-RPWs that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs Impoundments of jurisdictional waters Isolated (interstate or intrastate) waters, including isolated wetlands b. Identify (estimate) size of waters of the U.S. in the review area: Non -wetland waters: linear feet: width (ft) and/or acres. Wetlands: 6.0 acres. c. Limits (boundaries) of jurisdiction based on: Elevation of established OHWM (if known): Non-regulated waters/wetlands (check if applicable):3 Potentially jurisdictional waters and/or wetlands were assessed within the review area and determined to be not jurisdictional. Explain: . Boxes checked below shall be supported by completing the appropriate sections in Section III below. z For purposes of this form, an RPW is defined as a tributary that is not a TNW and that typically flows year-round or has continuous flow at least "seasonally" (e.g., typically 3 months). 3 Supporting documentation is presented in Section III.F. SECTION III: CWA ANALYSIS A. TNWs AND WETLANDS ADJACENT TO TNWs The agencies will assert jurisdiction over TNWs and wetlands adjacent to TNWs. If the aquatic resource is a TNW, complete Section III.A.1 and Section HI.D.1. only; if the aquatic resource is a wetland adjacent to a TNW, complete Sections III.A.1 and 2 and Section III.D.1.; otherwise, see Section III.B below. 1. TNW Identify TNW: Summarize rationale supporting determination: 2. Wetland adjacent to TNW Summarize rationale supporting conclusion that wetland is "adjacent': B. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBUTARY (THAT IS NOT A TNW) AND ITS ADJACENT WETLANDS (IF ANY): This section summarizes Information regarding characteristics of the tributary and its adjacent wetlands, if any, and it helps determine whether or not the standards for jurisdiction established under RapaRoshave been met. The agencies will assert jurisdiction over non -navigable tributaries of TNWs where the tributaries are "relatively permanent waters" (RPWs), i.e. tributaries that typically flow year-round or have continuous flow at least seasonally (e.g., typically 3 months). A wetland that directly abuts an RPW is also jurisdictional. If the aquatic resource is not a TNW, but has year-round (perennial) flow, skip to Section III.D.2. If the aquatic resource is a wetland directly abutting a tributary with perennial flow, skip to Section HI.D.4. A wetland that is adjacent to but that does not directly abut an RPW requires a significant nexus evaluation. Corps districts and EPA regions will include In the record any available information that documents the existence of a significant nexus between a relatively permanent tributary that is not perennial (and its adjacent wetlands if any) and a traditional navigable water, even though a significant nexus finding is not required as a matter of law. If the waterbody" is not an RPW, or a wetland directly abutting an RPW, a JD will require additional data to determine if the waterbody has a significant nexus with a TNW. If the tributary has adjacent wetlands, the significant nexus evaluation must consider the tributary in combination with all of its adjacent wetlands. This significant nexus evaluation that combines, for analytical purposes, the tributary and all of its adjacent wetlands is used whether the review area identified in the JD request is the tributary, or its adjacent wetlands, or both. If the JD covers a tributary with adjacent wetlands, complete Section IH.B.1 for the tributary, Section III.B.2 for any onsite wetlands, and Section I LB.3 for all wetlands adjacent to that tributary, both onsite and offsite. The determination whether a significant nexus exists is determined in Section III.0 below. 1. Characteristics of non-TNWs that flow directly or indirectly into TNW (1) General Area Conditions: Watershed size: Drainage area: IM Average annual rainfall: inches Average annual snowfall: inches (ii) Physical Characteristics: (a) Relationshig with TNW: ❑ Tributary flows directly into TNW. ❑ Tributary flows through JIM tributaries before entering TN W. Project waters are river miles from TNW. Project waters areriver miles from RPW. Project waters are aerial (straight) miles from TNW. Project waters are aerial (straight) miles from RPW. Project waters cross or serve as state boundaries. Explain: Identify flow route to TNW 5: Tributary stream order, if known: ' Note that the Instructional Guidebook contains additional information regarding swales, ditches, washes, and erosional features generally and in the arid West. 5 Flow route can be described by identifying, e.g., tributary a, which flows through the review area, to flow into tributary b, which then flows into TNW. 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 I 0 (b) General Tributary Characteristics (check all that apply): Tributary is: ❑ Natural ❑ Artificial (man-made). Explain: ❑ Manipulated (man -altered). Explain: Tributary properties with respect to top of bank (estimate): Average width: feet Average depth: feet Average side slopes: IM Primary tributary substrate composition (check all that apply): ❑ Silts ❑ Sands ❑ Concrete ❑ Cobbles ❑ Gravel ❑ Muck ❑ Bedrock ❑ Vegetation. TypeJ% cover: ❑ Other. Explain: Tributary condition/stability [e.g., highly eroding, sloughing banks). Explain: Presence of run/n*fflclpool complexes. Explain: Tributary geometry: Tributary gradient (approximate average slope): % (c) Flow: Tributary provides for. Estimate average number of flow events in review area/year: Describe flow regime: Other information on duration and volume: Surface flow is: Characteristics: Subsurface flow: Explain findings: ❑ Dye (or other) test performed: Tributary has (check all that apply): ❑ Bed and banks ❑ OHWM6 (check all indicators that apply): ❑ clear, natural line impressed on the bank ❑ ❑ changes in the character of soil ❑ ❑ shelving ❑ ❑ vegetation matted down, bent, or absent ❑ ❑ leaf litter disturbed or washed away ❑ ❑ sediment deposition ❑ ❑ water staining ❑ ❑ other (list): ❑ Discontinuous OHWM.7 Explain: the presence of litter and debris destruction of terrestrial vegetation the presence of wrack line sediment sorting scour multiple observed or predicted flow events abrupt change in plant community If factors other than the OHWM were used to determine lateral extent of CWA jurisdiction (check all that apply): in High Tide Line indicated by: 0 Mean High Water Mark indicated by: ❑ oil or scum line along shore objects . ❑ survey to available datum; ❑ fine shell or debris deposits (foreshore) ❑ physical markings; ❑ physical markingstcharacteristics ❑ vegetation lines/changes in vegetation types. ® tidal gauges ❑ other (list): (iii) Chemical Characteristics: Characterize tributary (e.g., water color is clear, discolored, oily film; water quality; general watershed characteristics, etc.). Explain: Identify specific pollutants, if known: 6A natural or man-made discontinuity in the OHWM does not necessarily sever jurisdiction (e.g., where the stream temporarily flows underground, or where the OHWM has been removed by development or agricultural practices). Where there is a break in the OHWM that is unrelated to the waterbody's flow regime (e.g., flow over a rock outcrop or through a culvert), the agencies will look for indicators of flow above and below the break 'Ibid. (iv) Biological Characteristics. Channel supports (check all that apply): ❑ Riparian corridor. Characteristics (type, average width): ❑ Wetland fringe. Characteristics: ❑ Habitat for. ❑ Federally Listed species. Explain findings: ❑ Fish/spawn areas. Explain findings: ❑ Other environmentally -sensitive species. Explain findings: ❑ Aquatic/wildlife diversity. Explain findings: 2. Characteristics of wetlands adjacent to non-TNW that flow directly or indirectly into TNW (i) Physical Characteristics: (a) General Wetland Characteristics: Properties: Wetland size: acres Wetland type. Explain: Wetland quality. Explain: Project wetlands cross or serve as state boundaries. Explain: (b) General FIg)y Relationship with Non-TNW: Flow is: ` . Explain: Surface flow is: EM Characteristics: Subsurface flow: IM. Explain findings: ❑ Dye (or other) test performed: (c) Wetland Adig_cency Determination with Non-TNW: ❑ Directly abutting ❑ Not directly abutting ❑ Discrete wetland hydrologic connection. Explain: ❑ Ecological connection. Explain: ❑ Separated by berm/barrier. Explain: (d) Proximity (Relationship) to TNW Project wetlands are river miles from TNW. Project waters are aerial (straight) miles from TNW. Flow is from Estimate approximate location of wetland as within the JIM floodplain. (ii) Chemical Characteristics: Characterize wetland system (e.g., water color is clear, brown, oil film on surface; water quality; general watershed characteristics; etc.). Explain: Identify specific pollutants, if known: (iii) Biological Characteristics. Wetland supports (check all that apply): ❑ Riparian buffer. Characteristics (type, average width): ❑ Vegetation type/percent cover. Explain: ❑ Habitat for: ❑ Federally Listed species. Explain findings: ❑ Fish/spawn areas. Explain findings: ❑ Other environmentally -sensitive species. Explain findings: ❑ Aquatic/wildlife diversity. Explain findings: 3. Characteristics of all wetlands adjacent to the tributary (if an All wetland(s) being considered in the cumulative analysis:SM Approximately ( ) acres in total are being considered in the cumulative analysis. 1 UFor each wetland, specify the following: Directly abuts? (YIN) Size (in acres) Directly abuts? (Y/N) Size (in acres) 0 Summarize overall biological, chemical and physical functions being performed: DC. SIGNIFICANT NEXUS DETERMINATION A significant nexus analysis will assess the flow characteristics and functions of the tributary itself and the functions performed by any wetlands adjacent to the tributary to determine if they significantly affect the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of a TNW. For each of the following situations, a significant nexus exists if the tributary, in combination with all of its adjacent wetlands, has more than a speculative or insubstantial effect on the chemical, physical and/or biological integrity of a TNW. Considerations when evaluating significant nexus include, but are not limited to the volume, duration, and frequency of the flow of water in the tributary and its proximity to a TNW, and the functions performed by the tributary and all its adjacent wetlands. It is not appropriate to determine significant nexus based solely on any specific threshold of distance (e.g. between a tributary and its adjacent wetland or between a tributary and the TNW). Similarly, the fact an adjacent wetland lies within or outside of a floodplain is not solely determinative of significant nexus. D Draw connections between the features documented and the effects on the TNW, as identified in the Rapanos Guidance and discussed in the Instructional Guidebook. Factors to consider include, for example: • Does the tributary, in combination with its adjacent wetlands (if any), have the capacity to carry pollutants or flood waters to TNWs, or to reduce the amount of pollutants or flood waters reaching a TNW? O • Does the tributary, in combination with its adjacent wetlands (if any), provide habitat and lifecycle support functions for fish and other species, such as feeding, nesting, spawning, or rearing young for species that are present in the TNW? • Does the tributary, in combination with its adjacent wetlands (if any), have the capacity to transfer nutrients and organic carbon that support downstream foodwebs? • Does the tributary, in combination with its adjacent wetlands (if any), have other relationships to the physical, chemical, or biological integrity of the TNW? Note: the above list of considerations is not inclusive and other functions observed or known to occur should be documented below: 1. Significant nexus findings for non-RPW that has no adjacent wetlands and flows directly or indirectly into TNWs. Explain findings of presence or absence of significant nexus below, based on the tributary itself, then go to Section III.D: 2. Significant nexus findings for non-RPW and its adjacent wetlands, where the non-RPW flows directly or indirectly into TNWs. Explain findings of presence or absence of significant nexus below, based on the tributary in combination with all of its adjacent wetlands, then go to Section IIID: 3. Significant nexus findings for wetlands adjacent to an RPW but that do not directly abut the RPW. Explain findings of presence or absence of significant nexus below, based on the tributary in combination with all of its adjacent wetlands, then go to Section III.D: U D. DETERMINATIONS OF JURISDICTIONAL FINDINGS. THE SUBJECT WATERS/WETLANDS ARE (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY): (� 1. TNWs and Adjacent Wetlands. Check all that apply and provide size estimates in review area: I� 1I TNWs: linear feet width (ft), Or, acres. Wetlands adjacent to TNWs: acres. 0 2. RPWs that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs. Tributaries of TNWs where tributaries typically flow year-round are jurisdictional. Provide data and rationale indicating that tributary is perennial: Tributaries of TNW where tributaries have continuous flow "seasonally" (e.g., typically three months each year) are jurisdictional. Data supporting this conclusion is provided at Section III.B. Provide rationale indicating that tributary flows seasonally: 1 Provide estimates for jurisdictional waters in the review area (check all that apply): Tributary waters: linear feet width (ft). Other non -wetland waters: acres. Identify type(s) of waters: 3. Non-RPWss that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs. Waterbody that is not a TNW or an RPW, but flows directly or indirectly into a TNW, and it has a significant nexus with a TNW is jurisdictional. Data supporting this conclusion is provided at Section III.C. Provide estimates for jurisdictional waters within the review area (check all that apply): Tributary waters: linear feet width (ft). Other non -wetland waters: acres. Identify type(s) of waters: 4. Wetlands directly abutting an RPW that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs. In Wetlands directly abut RPW and thus are jurisdictional as adjacent wetlands. Wetlands directly abutting an RPW where tributaries typically flow year-round. Provide data and rationale indicating that tributary is perennial in Section III.D.2, above. Provide rationale indicating that wetland is directly abutting an RPW: Wetlands directly abutting an RPW where tributaries typically flow "seasonally." Provide data indicating that tributary is seasonal in Section III.13 and rationale in Section III.D.2, above. Provide rationale indicating that wetland is directly abutting an RPW: Provide acreage estimates for jurisdictional wetlands in the review area: acres. 5. Wetlands adjacent to but not directly abutting an RPW that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs. n Wetlands that do not directly abut an RPW, but when considered in combination with the tributary to which they are adjacent U and with similarly situated adjacent wetlands, have a significant, nexus with a TNW arejurisidictional. Data supporting this conclusion is provided at Section III.C. Provide acreage estimates for jurisdictional wetlands in the review area: acres. 6. Wetlands adjacent to non-RPWs that flow directly or indirectly into TNWs. Wetlands adjacent to such waters, and have when considered in combination with the tributary to which they are adjacent and with similarly situated adjacent wetlands, have a significant nexus with a TNW are jurisdictional. Data supporting this conclusion is provided at Section III.C. Provide estimates for jurisdictional wetlands in the review area: acres. 7. Impoundments of jurisdictional waters? Asa general rule, the impoundment of a jurisdictional tributary remains jurisdictional. Demonstrate that impoundment was created from "waters of the U.S.," or Demonstrate that water meets the criteria for one of the categories presented above (1-6), or Demonstrate that water is isolated with a nexus to commerce (see E below). E. ISOLATED [INTERSTATE OR INTRA -STATE] WATERS, INCLUDING ISOLATED WETLANDS, THE USE, DEGRADATION OR DESTRUCTION OF WHICH COULD AFFECT INTERSTATE COMMERCE, INCLUDING ANY SUCH WATERS (CHECK ALL THAT APPLYWO which are or could be used by interstate or foreign travelers for recreational or other purposes. from which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and sold in interstate or foreign commerce, which are or could be used for industrial purposes by industries in interstate commerce. Interstate isolated waters. Explain: Other factors. Explain: Identify water body and summarize rationale supporting determination: Nee Footnote # 3. 9 To complete the analysis refer to the key in Section III.D.6 of the Instructional Guidebook. t0 Prior to asserting or declining CWA jurisdiction based solely on this category, Corps Districts will elevate the action to Corps and EPA HQ for review consistent with the process described in the Corps/EPA Memorandum Regarding CWA Act Jurisdicdon Following Rapanos. 1 1 (� Provide estimates for jurisdictional waters in the review area (check all that apply): U Tributary waters: linear feet width (ft). Other non -wetland waters: acres. Identify type(s) of waters: Wetlands: acres. F. NON -JURISDICTIONAL WATERS, INCLUDING WETLANDS (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY): If potential wetlands were assessed within the review area, these areas did not meet the criteria in the 1987 Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual and/or appropriate Regional Supplements. Review area included isolated waters with no substantial nexus to interstate (or foreign) commerce. ❑ Prior to the Jan 2001 Supreme Court decision in ` SWANCC," the review area would have been regulated based solely on the O"Migratory Bird Rule" (MBR). . Waters do not meet the "Significant Nexus" standard, where such a finding is required for jurisdiction. Explain: Other: (explain, if not covered above): Provide acreage estimates for non jurisdictional waters in the review area, where the sole potential basis of jurisdiction is the MBR O factors (i.e., presence of migratory birds, presence of endangered species, use of water for irrigated agriculture), using best professional udgment (check all that apply): Non -wetland waters (i.e., rivers,. streams): linear feet width (ft). Lakes/ponds: acres. Other non -wetland waters: acres. List type of aquatic resource: Wetlands: acres. Provide acreage estimates for non jurisdictional waters in the review area that do not meet the "Significant Nexus" standard, where such a finding is required for jurisdiction (check all that apply): Non -wetland waters (i.e., rivers, streams): linear feet, width (ft). Lakes/ponds: acres. Other non -wetland waters: acres. List type of aquatic resource: Wetlands: acres. �) SECTION IV: DATA SOURCES. A. SUPPORTING DATA. Data reviewed for JD (check all that apply - checked items shall be included in case file and, where checked and requested, appropriately reference sources below): Maps, plans, plots or plat submitted by or on behalf of the applicant/consultant: Geometrician Associates LLC. Data sheets prepared/submitted by or on behalf of the applicant/consultant. ® Office concurs with data sheets/delineation report ❑ Office does not concur with data sheets/delineation report. Data sheets prepared by the Corps: . Corps navigable waters' study: n U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas: u ❑ USGS NHD data. ® USGS 8 and 12 digit RUC maps. U.S. Geological Survey map(s). Cite scale & quad name: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey. Citation: NRCS, Web Soil Survey. National wetlands inventory map(s). Cite name: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Wetlands Online Mapper (Scale: 1:36,710). State/Local wetland inventory map(s): FEMA/FIRM maps: (� 100 -year Floodplain Elevation is: (National Geodectic Vertical Datum of 1929) Iul Photographs: ® Aerial (Name & Date): Google Earth Copy 2007; USACE GIS DOQQ 1977. or ® Other (Name & Date): Site photographs contained in "Report on Waters of the U.S. Within Proposed Saddle Road Corridor, Section I (MP 42-53) Island of Hawai'i", State of Hawaii, submitted by Geometrician Associates, Hilo, Hawai'i dated n February 2009. IUI Previous determination(s). File no. and date of response letter. Applicable/supporting case law: Applicable/supporting scientific literature: Other information (please specify): -USACE personnel site visit of 10 August, 2009 -Atlas of Hawaii, 2°d Edition, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, 1983. 1 [This page intentionally left blank] 1 0 Report on Waters of the U.S. D Within Proposed Saddle Road Corridor, Section I (MP 42-53) Island of Hawaii. State of Hawaii Geometrician Associates, Hilo, Hawaii February 2009 O This report summarizes an evaluation by Geometrician Associates of Waters of the U.S. potentially present on a highway improvement project on the island of Hawai'i. The project title is Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 6 Project (FHWA Project No. A -AD -6(1). The work was conducted under a 2008 contract amendment with DMT Consultant Engineers and on behalf of the Hawai'i Department of Transportation (HDOT). OProject Overview O A Final Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed Saddle Road Improvements project (as it is commonly known) was released in September 1999, followed by the issuance of a Record of Decision (ROD) for the Saddle Road improvements on October 30, 1999. The EIS process included consideration of twelve action alternatives incorporating use of the existing alignment and potential new alignments between Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) to Milepost (MP) 6. The project was divided into four different sections (Sections I, II, III and IV, from west to east) to consider and select D various alternative routes and to assist in project scheduling. These sections and the Selected Alternative are illustrated in Figure 1. Construction of the entire 48 miles is being done in phases. After receiving appropriate permits and approvals, including a D jurisdictional determination finding no Waters of the U.S. in the portions between Milepost 14 and 53 as part of the EIS process in 1999, construction began in 2004 on a 6.5 -mile part of Section II from Milepost 28 to 35. This segment was opened to public traffic in n May 2007. The remainder of Section II between MP 35 and 42 is expected to be finished �} by fall 2009. A subsequent project that opened to public traffic in October 2008 is the section in Section III from Milepost 19 to 28. The western portion of the project, Section I, Q from the "Seven Steps" near MP 42 to Mamalahoa Highway, has not yet been scheduled for final design or construction. O HDOT is working with the Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division (FHWA-CFLHD) to prepare a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SETS) for Section I, the western section of the Saddle Road Improvements O Project. The SEIS is necessary because the U.S. Department of the Army Garrison Hawaii purchased property from Parker Ranch known as the Keamuku parcel (State of Hawaii TMK (3rd.) 6-7-001:041) through which the Section I Saddle Road Improvements is proposed to pass (Figure 2). The U.S. Army has incorporated this property into the Pohakuloa Training Area and use it for military training. 1 DSaddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page I a`o Im Z ] m O O to 0 C F o I- �Illlls2 U W N Q N O 10� CL A} N 6" d o Y P°°° I If170 o c : O (� ° LWU +O+ J _O N Sa O O a Of J_ In 33 1✓ fl r ,C w��.��,�� a (,i li10 o .1' 6" 1j�jljl P°°° I If170 o H (� ° LWU .1' r T > _O N++O Co r 13 ca O a v co U) v (D U N '4) VJ 1j�jljl P°°° K`•� r T > _O N++O Co r 13 ca O a v co U) v (D U N '4) VJ This property included the area in which the western section of the Saddle Road was D planned to pass, along the alignment termed W-3, which was selected in the Record of Decision. In 2006, the U.S. Army requested that HDOT and FHWA-CFLHD relocate the road as close as practical to the southern boundary of the Keamuku property. In 0 response to that request, HDOT has developed a new alternative called W-7, the location of which is approximate until further design is completed (see Figure 2). Both alternatives, the 9.7 -mile long W-3 and the 10.3 -mile W-7, are under consideration in the SEIS for Section I. Note that the common connection point of both W-3 and W-7 to existing the Saddle Road near MP 42 is outside the Keamuku property; both alignments include approximately 0.6 mile within the Ke`eke`e area. This report is intended for use as background for a letter requesting jurisdictional determination (JD) for potential Waters of the U.S. from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Honolulu District, for Section I of the Saddle Road. It is understood that as more than five years have passed since the original jurisdictional determinations were made as part of the 1999 EIS, a new JD will be required for this section of the Saddle Road between milepost 42 and SR 190. The JD is requested to Ocover both of the SEIS alternatives under consideration, W-3 and W-7. n Regulatory Background U Waters of the United States (U.S.) is a regulatory term referring to surface waters that are under the jurisdiction of the USACE. Surface waters may include streams, streambeds, D rivers, lakes, reservoirs, arroyos, washes, other ephemeral watercourses and wetlands. Any actions that result in effects on Waters of the U.S. require compliance with the Section 404 of the Clean Water Act The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) made jurisdictional determinations for the original study routes in Section I (W-2 and W-3, the latter of which was selected in the O Record of Decision for the proposed Saddle Road project in the 1990s. No Waters of the U.S. were identified within this section of the study corridor (USACE letter dated August 22, 1997, reproduced in FEIS - Part II, 1.4.4, and EPA letter dated August 12, 1998, FEIS - Part II, 1.4.5) (Exhibit A). The EIS reported that although the proposed road corridor Dcrossed several major intermittent drainages, many of which were formed by glacial meltwater at the end of the Pleistocene Era 10,000 years ago, it contained no Waters of the U.S. Since 1999, when the original Saddle Road EIS was being developed, the USACE has substantially revised its practical definition of Waters of the U.S. and also its methods for assessing them. The latest guidance is contained in JD Form Instructional Guidebook and the Approved Jurisdictional Determination Form; these digital files are available on the Honolulu District website (http://www.poh.usace.army.miI/EC-R/EC-R.htm). This areport utilizes the methodology and forms referenced above. 0 Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 3 of W (D r' CL 0 0, rf O O Ca :* co CD "IO 3 CylCO 3 C 6z 0 { � £ o y � d y O x Wf tt ( \ i... lei, U) y m { 0 N {j i O 6 T • , z a jf' O J d d Z i Y. O. r /` r l a. 613 It d —7777 j C T I � , , i 0 { � £ o y � d y O x Wf tt ( i... U) y m { 0 N i { {j O 6 T • z a jf' /` r l 1 t 1 1 1 1 In particular, the methodology utilized in this analysis has been consistent with the latest guidance, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jurisdictional Determination Form Instructional Guidebook (Rev. 5/23/07). In this guidance, which is available on USACE websites, the USACE has reaffirmed that all traditional navigable waters (TNW) are jurisdictional, and that any stream that generally flowed three continuous months of the year or more — called a relatively permanent water (RPW) — is also jurisdictional. It is understood that any wetlands adjacent to RPW, as well as non-RPW streams and wetlands adjacent to them, need to be evaluated to see if they have a significant nexus to a TNW. The USACE, interpreting a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, defines this as follows: "A significant nexus exists if the tributary, in combination with all of its adjacent wetlands, has more than a speculative or an insubstantial effect on the chemical, physical, and/or biological, integrity of a TNW. Principal considerations when evaluating significant nexus include the volume, duration, and frequency of the flow of water in the tributary and the proximity of the tributary to a TNW, plus the hydrologic, ecologic, and other functions performed by the tributary and all of its adjacent wetlands." Therefore, the first task of our work in Section I of the Saddle Road has been to identify (� within the affected W-3 and W-7 corridors all TNWs, tributary RPWs, and tributary non- RPW streams, along with any wetlands or other special aquatic sites. After these are identified and mapped, certain waters will be by definition jurisdictional, and for others, the issue of a significant nexus must then be examined, and then a jurisdictional determination should be made. DGeological Setting As shown on the attached USGS maps (Figure 3), no blue -line streams are crossed by o either the W-3 or W-7 corridors within the Keamuku property or the Ke`eke`e section There is a distinct geomorphological difference between the central and northern parts of the Keamuku parcel that contain deep, blue -line gulches and the southern part that lacks them. This roughly corresponds to a geological difference between older and younger Mauna Kea flows, as shown in the attached geologic map (Figure 4). The very youngest flows — where there are no blue -line streams whatsoever — are found on the southern margin of the Keamuku property, where W-7 and a portion of W-3 pass. The Ke`eke`e Osection consists of rough lava flows as well as cinder cone and Holocene surficial deposits. U The topography of the area strongly reflects the geology. The Saddle Road area near �J Pu`u Ke`eke`e at the base of Mauna Kea is fairly flat, reflecting alluvial Pleistocene and later deposits over old lava flow and ash deposits from cones such as Puu Ke`eke`e, (� which exhibits typical cinder cone topography. The far southern portion of the Keamuku LJ property, which contains most of W-7 and the western (makai) segment of W-3, has a surface in which the lobes of the lava flows that flowed downslope are clearly visible, with j little erosion or sediment build-up. Soil is not strongly developed and few erosional or �J alluvial features are evident. 0 Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 5 a' 'N"", ''EA s' - i p Cl) co Q 4,`Y�� yi�fr �)z r n ,sT w 3 Q ti F I' .�`.h p ® 1T f d' 71 z 4 In CD LO • y 1 a e z O O Zi g rR,z) fit.{ 4 4 �., i ( j €, r e N U N t �E Te .:,' t f 3`E o' Z G f "x, C- S F " 57< vet r v LLJ nl d '�ruc a n d U) CT cn LL 00 Uj RA 25 ifr ? #} � ��� �� ? � °1 �• s.l ate` i� €.� 7"�,;#i L v �g9 N .s ° I.. \ s. k r` u"F *ri € y ". .r `f`• f ! .� 1 iw '"`•',•hi 3§ `iz b `� # 'J,se""v . IA' i r l_"' W`"'`frdb rte,\ cn 41116 "Y4 W W N 2E -O N7 v Q °';'. � ti ¢,. '°*� �,�'& �� �`r �� xf : �' f�"� � f F s t 'v.i :F -•C z �a v Oa� a r Qi _ M '^ VJ 3 O LL VOA "�•� ,� ,�S ��.'. rte. `��,�v"a € �y� ��m... / T �aa,,3 +. � pii NY NOW ri +` O 'te r s 3 !Nr 4` Cy W n r T �' ,.) t h£a.� �/ SSS �� b e•.?. V O a O �4 r �• yt z s a y ..- - O aur z t a �v€ skt 3 hof s M W O vl t- t,+via �rL Zy .mss I O �w Q V) LOF rel °i (n cn W LT co Wit e „xis € F y� s rx Ol ®i Ol O J it � � � ���s �. �� �i� � ���� �f�rxg �` •sem_, � � X X C C Q LLJ on o r u c®v o :j o-pu _ a� r k� •V C C Q Q1 O L O srLOL ! � 5? Fri � O V V m O O 1 c Ol m 0 0 0 01-% CLO e « PZ C fides Mti% " Ui aV O O O ID �� 5 O N O m '` •LOO OIs W W c— r v a- cc �" '« F �• a h ` aro . r�` g O 6S V C C 0 Cd / _ cc c O In the middle southern part of Keamuku, which contains the eastern (mauka) portion of W-7 and most of W-3, the topography generally has a smoother appearance, reflecting a cover of ash, cinders and sand of variable thickness on top of the bedrock lava flows. A satellite -based aerial image of the eastern portion of the study.area draped over a digital terrain model and rotated to provide an oblique view reveals these differences in the topography (Figure 5). Note the complete lack of apparent drainages in the southern portion (where the main portion of W-7 lies), the hummocky terrain with small, discontinuous drainages between some of the hummocks in the southern part of the central area, and the true intermittent gulch in the northernmost part (neither the W-3 nor W-7 alignment crosses such a gulch). Soil patterns are highly complex, but some generalizations can be made. Soil in the southern parts of Keamuku varies from non-existent, on rough lava land, to minimal, on rough stony land, to thin organic soils over `a`a (Kaimu Series), to stony soils about 20-30 inches deep formed in ash (Pu`u Pa Series). Some inclusions of deeper soils formed in ash are also present (Waikaloa Series). Minimal erosion and deposition is evident on most of the areas covered by these soils. Soils on the middle and northern parts of Keamuku include both the Kaimu and Pu`u Pa Series, but are dominated by soils of the Waikaloa and Waimea Series, the latter of which is the thickest (and possibly oldest) of all these soils and is heavily dissected by intermittent or ephemeral streams in places. In the Ke`eke`e area near Saddle Road there are a number of soil types, but in general the soil is thin and highly stony. Where W-7 and W-3 diverge as they proceed east, W-7 lies well south of W-3 and lies atop the rockiest soils with little erosion or deposition evident. Where W-3 is farthest from W-7, in the middle section of Keamuku, the thickest and least stony soils occur. FIELD METHODOLOGY On five separate days during August and September of 2008, a team of two to four scientists and technicians led by Ron Terry, Ph.D., systematically walked and closely examined both the W-3 and W-7 corridors from their common terminus with the Saddle Road near MP 42 to the Mamalahoa Highway, a distance of about 11 miles. The width of the W-3 corridor was 200 feet (the study corridor for the 1999 EIS), and the width of the W-7 corridor was 500 feet, which is the refined corridor width for all environmental studies being conducted for the current SETS. For all sites within the right-of-way of a drainage that appeared to have any potential to be considered as a Water of the U.S., the site was first located using a handheld global positioning system (GPS) device, then photographed and evaluated using the criteria in the USACE data sheets referenced above. FINDINGS We encountered nine crossings of drainage features during the field surveys described in the previous section that merited measurement and study, six on W-3 and three on W-7. They are detailed in Table 1, mapped on Figure 6, illustrated by representative photos in Figures 7a -f, and discussed below. The full records for each site are contained in the data sheets and photographs attached as Exhibit B to this report. Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 8 t t t 1 0 1 1 1 IBJ t 1 0 1 1 r 5 Figure 5 Aerial Imagery of Eastern Part of Study Area from Microsoft Virtual Earth Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 9 Figure 6a Drainage Crossings on W-3 and W-7, Mauka Section Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 10 Figure 6b Drainage Crossings on W-3 and W-7, Makai Section Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Pagel] Table 1 Drainage Crossing Details Name of crossing Lat/Long (Decimal Degrees)* Average width/depth feet Substrate/Geometry W3-1 19.7941 155.6393 15/3 Grass, shrubs and bedrock, meandering W3-2 19.7996 155.6522 30/3 Grass, meandering W3-3 19.8172 155.6798 27/6 Grass and bedrock, straight W3-4 19.8195 155.6843 11/2 Grass, meandering W3-5 19.7938 155.6366 20/3 Grass, meandering W3-6 19.8372 155.7335 10/2 Grass, meandering W7-1 19.7940 155.6401 28/6 Ve , meandering W7-2 19.7935 155.6413 20/3 Grass, meandering W7-3 1 19.7935 155.6691 1 20/4 Grass and bedrock, meandering *Derived by handheld GPS. No high water indicators present at any sites, and all drainages were highly ephemeral. Channel slopes were the same as regional slopes. Individual drainage crossings are described below: • Crossing W3-1 is typical of most of the other drainages, in that it has a bed that is a combination of bedrock and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) exhibiting no obvious signs of systematic erosion or deposition or high-water marks, although water clearly flows through on rare occasions. The sideslopes have kikuyu grass, fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), the common native shrub a'ali'i (Dodonea viscosa), and the herb fireweed (Senecio madagascarensis). Although only one of these plants is listed in the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands (Region H), (kikuyu grass, listed as FACU — a plant species that are likely to occur in uplands, but may occasionally be found in wetlands), none of the plants are associated with wetlands. All but a'ali'i are alien introductions. The drainage outlets in a flat area dominated by kikuyu grass and disappears. • Crossings W3-2, W3-3, and W3-4 are very similar to Crossing W3-1. • Crossing W3-5 is similar to Crossing W3-1 in most respects but is on the footslope of the steep cinder cone Pu'u Ke'eke'e and has slightly higher sideslopes. This drainage outlets into the same channel crossed at W3-1 and W7-1. • Crossing W3-6 is in the drier, lower, western half of Keamuku and has only kikuyu grass and fountain grass. In other respects it is similar to the other crossings. This small swale drains into a small flat depression that outlets into an ephemeral gulch that has a number of tributaries and is mapped as a blue -line (but unnamed) stream on USGS maps. This gulch eventually disappears about two miles downhill, approximately eight miles from the Pacific Ocean and any other TNW or RPW. W3-6 is the only crossing over a swale that is tributary to another drainage. • Crossing W7-1 is almost identical to W3-1 and in fact is in a different location on this same short channel. • Crossing W7-2 is similar to W7-1 but in an adjacent crease between lava flow hummocks. Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 12 Figure 7b Typical "bed' of drainage shows no evidence of flow at Crossing WJ-Uj. Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 13 Figure 7c As hummock contrast varies, "channels" may disappear and any ephemeral flows widen out Figure 7d Downslope view of basin at Crossing W3-02, below drainage shown in Figure 7c. No channel is present in this basin, which contains alluvial, colluvial and aeolian deposits. Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 t Iu 1 1 1 1 Figur Figure 7f Relatively deep incising has occurred in spots on a V-shaped contact zone between a prominent younger` a`a flow type on the south and the ash -covered surface of the central area, at Crossing W7-03. Cattle and goats erode banks with trails and utilize caves seeking shade. Despite apparent prominence, this "drainage" disappears shortly downhill. Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 15 Crossing W7-3 crosses the one drainage that had a length of more than about 600 feet (see Figure 7f). This drainage runs approximately a mile along the clear contact between a young, rocky lava flow (the most northern lobe of the younger flows on the southern end of Keamuku) that runs parallel to and about ten to twenty feet higher than an adjacent older lava flow mantled with ash. As the slope tilts slightly sideways towards the younger lava flow, runoff from occasional storms is channeled down and along this contact zone, where it has eroded some areas as deep as 15 feet. When the cross -slope topography no longer favors sheet flow in extreme rainfall events in the direction of the contact zone, the drainage disappears. None of the nine crossings appear to meet the definition of a Water of the U.S. All are extremely ephemeral, and the channels of all but one (W3-6) essentially disappear into basins between hills after running for distances of dozens to hundreds of feet. Thus, eight of the drainages are not tributary in any way to any relatively permanent waters (RPWs), such as an intermittent stream, and thereby to potential traditional navigable waters (TNWs). The only exception, the swale crossed in W3-6, drains into a small flat depression that outlets into an ephemeral gulch that has a number of tributaries and is mapped as a blue -line (but unnamed) stream on USGS maps, but which eventually disappears approximately eight miles from the Pacific Ocean and any other TNW or RPW. Rather than intermittent streams, these drainage features are essentially the V-shaped contacts between hummocky lava flows. Figures 7a -f illustrate essential elements of these drainage features. Almost all rainwater immediately sinks in youthful lava flows, but where ash has mantled the lava flows, a soil forms that is a little less permeable and some runoff occurs in heavy rains. This naturally gets funneled into these Vs; slightly eroding out the soil and ash and in places exposing the bedrock that lies one to four feet beneath the surface. Where the Vs are naturally steep, the erosion is more intense, and where the Vs are gentle, deposition occurs rather than erosion, and the V tends to fill in. At some point along the contact the V will flatten out and disappear, and finally no channel at all is evident, as this runoff simply spreads and percolates. Typically, in between the sets of hummocky lava flows are plains or basins with minor quantities of alluvium, colluvium, and aeolian deposits. The basins generally have no real outlet channel. Even, if these drainages were tributary to RPWS, which all but one is not, it would be doubtful that they would have a significant nexus to a TNW. The amount and frequency of flows in such features is minor, and it is doubtful that sediment or water generated in these areas makes its way overland for any significant distance. The ground surface is highly permeable, and where overland runoff is generated, it percolates in natural basins. No habitat for native reptiles or amphibians (none of which exist in Hawai`i), aquatic birds, fish, or invertebrates is present. No wetlands or riparian plants or vegetation are present. In sum, there would appear to be insubstantial effect on the chemical, physical, and/or biological, integrity of the Pacific Ocean, the nearest TNW, which lies a minimum of ten miles from this area. The reasoning for this lack of a significant nexus is also true for W3- 6, the one drainage that is tributary to any other drainage, as it does not connect directly or indirectly to a TNW. Saddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 16 1 1 1 t 1 It is important to note that there are drainages to the north of the area traversed by W-3 and W-7 that vary between highly ephemeral, with flows occurring during a few hours a year, to intermittent, flowing for several days a year. Even there, however, no RPW is present, as no drainage with a flow more than three months per year (or in fact, more than a few days per year) exists in that area. The largest such drainage is Auwaikeakua Gulch, which may have short -duration but impressive flows during heavy rains and has caused floods downstream in Waikoloa Village. None of the tiny drainages intersected by W-3 or W-7 flow into Auwaikeakua Stream or similar gulches. No springs, wetlands or special aquatic sites were observed within the entire study area covered during these field investigations, and none are known to exist in the general area. SUMMARY In summary, no jurisdictional Waters of the U.S. appear to be present, as no wetlands or special aquatic sites are present, and none of the highly ephemeral and poorly developed (� drainage features meets the criteria of a Water of the U.S. for streams. Specifically, there U are no traditional navigable waters (TNWs), relatively permanent waters (RPWs), or non- RPW streams that are tributary to RPWs and/or have a significant nexus to a TNW. t t 1 t 1 1 1 1 OSaddle Road Section I Waters of U.S. Report Page 17 [This page intentionally left blank] r_. SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 O County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the (� U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION U Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division O and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) OHighways Division (� Cooperating _A eg_ ncies �J U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii aAppendix C Botanical Report a 0 [This page intentionally left blank] Botanical Study for Proposed Alignment W-7 for the Realignment of Saddle Road (State Route 200) May 28, 2009 Prepared for: Hawaii Department of Transportation Highways Division and U:S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Central Federal Lands Highway Division Prepared by: Grant Gerrish, Ph.D Laupahoehoe, HI and DMT Associates Honolulu, HI Botanical Study for Proposed Alignment W-7 for the Realignment of Saddle Road (State Route 200) Executive Summary This botanical study covers a proposed alternative alignment, identified as Alignment W7, of the portion of the Saddle Road 7 that extends from Mamalahoa Highway eastward to a point on the existing Saddle Road, within the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA). The project area is on the leeward (dry) slope of Mauna Kea on open land between about 2600 and 5800 feet above sea level. The annual rainfall is around 20 inches. Approximately 8.9 miles is within Ke`amuku and 1.4 miles is within PTA. After years of military training activities, many of the plant communities of PTA are still dominated by native plants and numerous endangered plants are known from various parts of PTA. In contrast, decades of cattle -grazing in Ke`amuku have profoundly changed the composition and appearance of the vegetation. Three endangered plant species (Haplostachys haplostachya, Stenogyne angustifolia, and Vigna o-wahuensis) were discovered in near the southern border of the Ke`amuku property. The proposed W-7 alignment was carefully positioned to avoid all of the known locations of these endangered species. No endangered plants were found within the proposed project area during the current botanical survey. No other plants or plant communities with significant value for conservation were found within the study area. The vegetation within the Ke`amuku parcel has been extensively altered by years of cattle -grazing and is now largely pasture land The general appearance is of rolling grasslands on the rugged slope of Mauna Kea with some extensive stands of the indigenous shrub `a `ali `i . The dominant pasture grasses are two widely -spread introduced species, fountaingrass and kikuyugrass. A small number of mostly common, native shrubs and trees are scattered within these grasslands. The vegetation within PTA is only somewhat more intact. Human activity has altered the vegetation, introducing numerous weedy introduced plants but leaving a couple of native species as still dominant plants. Three Endangered Plants Habitats protecting endangered species are near the proposed W-7 Alignment. It is recommended that, if selected, the roadway should be built and managed to reduce the risk of fire spreading from the roadway to these protected areas. - 1 - DSaddle Road W-7 Alignment t t 1 1 1 t t i El t 1 1 1 i; Botanical Report Botanical Study for Proposed Alignment W-7 for the Realignment of Saddle Road (State Route 200) Introduction This botanical study has been conducted in conjunction with a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed realignment of a portion of Saddle Road (State Route 200). Specifically, this botanical study covers a proposed alternative, identified as Alignment W-7, that extends from Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) eastward to a point between mileposts 41 and 42 of the existing Saddle Road (State Route 200), within the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA). Approximately 8.9 miles of this 10.3 mile -long route traverses TMK parcel 6-7-001:041, within the 23,977 acre land known as Ke`amuku, within the ahupua`a of Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawaii County. The remaining 1.4 miles is within the Pohakuloa Training Area. The purposes of this botanical study are to provide a baseline description of the plants and vegetation of the study area and to locate and identify endangered plant species (if any), other rare species, and other valuable botanical resources within the study area. Numerous endangered and rare plants are known from PTA (USACH 1977; Shaw 1997, and many others). After many years of military training activities, many of the plant communities of PTA are still dominated by native plants and largely native in character. The Ke`amuku parcel has a significantly different land -use history than PTA. Within Ke`amuku, decades of cattle -grazing have profoundly changed the composition and appearance of the vegetation. A recent survey of the Ke`amuku parcel (Arnett 2002) found three endangered species near the southern border of the Ke`amuku property. These are Haplostachys haplostachya, (common name: honohono) a perennial mint with showy white flowers; Stenogyne angustifolia (no common name) a twining mint, and Vigna o-wahuensis (no common name) a very rare legume vine. Prior to 2002, Haplostachys and Stenogyne were only known to exist within PTA and nowhere else. Arnett (2002) recorded and mapped the location of over 8,000 Haplostachys, 11 Stenogyne, and 74 Vigna within Ke`amuku. The proposed W-7 alignment was carefully positioned to avoid all of the known locations of these endangered species. Saddle Road W-7,4 lignment Methods General Description of the Project Area Botanical Report The project area is on the west -facing slope of Mauna Kea. This is the leeward and, therefore, dry slope. This proposed road project traverses open land between about 2600 feet and 5800 feet above sea level. The annual rainfall is around 20 inches, perhaps somewhat dryer at the upper elevation and wetter at the lower. The great majority of the site is on lava flows erupted from Mauna Kea more than 10,000 years ago. A few slivers are on the Ke`amuku flow which came from Mauna Loa 200 to 750 years ago (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The indigenous vegetation would probably have been classified as montane dry shrublands, montane dry grasslands and subalpine dry shrublands. However, the vegetation within the Ke`amuku parcel has been extensively altered by years of cattle -grazing and is now largely a pasture of introduced grasses with scattered shrubs and a very few trees. The indigenous vegetation within PTA is only somewhat more intact. Study Corridor The study corridor follows the proposed W-7 Alignment a distance of 54,400 feet from its origin at Mamalahoa Highway to a terminus on the existing Saddle Road within PTA. The study corridor traverses 46,800 linear feet through Ke`amuku and another 7500 linear feet through PTA. The centerline of the proposed right-of-way and the outer limits of the 500 foot - wide study corridor were surveyed and staked by land surveyors before the commencement of this botanical survey. Numbered stakes were placed every 300 feet along the centerline and limits. Field Survey All vascular plant species observed within the study corridor were identified and recorded. Taxonomy of flowering plants follows Wagner et al. (1990), for the most part, and ferns are named according to Palmer (2003). Estimates of the abundance of each species and vegetation descriptions were also recorded allowing the study corridor to be subdivided into a number of vegetation zones. The abundance estimates integrated observations within each zone. Abundance was recorded as "common," meaning dominant in all or most of the zone; "frequent," meaning occurring in most parts of the zone but usually with relatively little biomass; "infrequent," meaning individuals were seen in only a few parts of the zone or were sparsely scattered within the zone; and "rare," meaning only one or a few individual plants were seen in only one location. An "index of importance" was calculated by arbitrarily assigning the value of 5 to each common species, 3 to frequent species, 1 to infrequent species, and 0 to rare species. These values were totaled and partitioned between native and introduced species in order to give an index of the relative importance, based on abundance. These values are used as a general -3- 1 aSaddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report indicator of the importance of native species in each zone, but cannot be used as quantitative ameasures of abundance or biomass. Level of Effort The initial botanical survey of the entire alignment was conducted on the 5th, 6th, 10th, and 12th of September, 2008. The field team was led by botanist, Grant Gerrish, who accompanied the technicians on the alignment at all times during the survey. The technicians for the September, 2008, survey were J. Johansen, J. Schulten, and E. Hansen, all graduates or students of the Biology Department, University of Hawaii at Hilo. All have had previous field experience with Hawaiian vegetation. Prior to beginning the survey, all the technicians examined living specimen of the rare plants in the greenhouse at PTA. The botanical survey consisted of a 100% visual, walking survey. This means that the botanists walked along the entire alignment in an orderly manner that ensured visual observation of all parts of the study corridor. Surveys were conducted with three or four team members evenly spaced within one-half the width of the study corridor. That is, the team members were spaced between the staked centerline and the staked outer limit, walking roughly in parallel along the alignment. The team then covered the rest of the corridor by reversing direction and spacing themselves between the centerline and the other outer limit. With a team of three, spacing was approximately 83 feet between workers, requiring each to survey a swath 42 feet wide on either side of him/herself. With a four -member team, spacing was 62 feet between workers and each responsible for 31 foot -wide swaths on either side. The four member team was Oused on September & when surveying vegetation similar to nearby habitat known to support the endangered plants, Haplostachys and Stenogyne. D The leader and technicians spent a total of 88 hours in the study corridor. Total area of the study area is calculated as 54,400 linear feet multiplied by 500 foot width or 624.4 acres. This area was surveyed at the rate of 56.8 acres per person day (624.4 acres/88 person hours X 8 person hours per person day = 56.8 acres/person day.) This level of effort and intensity of coverage provided a good probability that a shrub or (� tree extending above the prevailing grasses would be seen and identified. The probability that a �J small, solitary plant would be seen if it were lower in height than the prevailing grasses is lower. An additional survey was conducted on May 9, 2009. This survey was timed to follow the seasonal winter and spring rains to increase the probability that any rare plants that might be in the study corridor would be actively growing and more readily found. This survey was Oconducted along the proposed alignment within the "Native Shrubs Amidst Fountaingrass" vegetation zone (Table 1). Two endangered plants, Haplostachys and Stenogyne, occur within this vegetation type not far from the study corridor. For this survey, the team consisted of Grant Gerrish and four technicians who are employed with the Natural Resources Division at Pohakuloa Training Area. All four technicians have field experience searching for and working with Haplostachys and other endangered plants at PTA. This survey covered approximately 6,000 feet of the study corridor with team members spaced 50 feet apart. O Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Results Rare and Endangered Plants Botanical Report No plants listed as endangered or threatened by the State of Hawaii or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were found within the study area. A small population that appears to be Chamaesyce olowaluana was found in the study corridor at 3600 feet above sea level (24,900 feet from the origin). This is a species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has unofficially named as a "species of concern," meaning that it may be declining. The population consisted of four small individuals that have been grazed and one large, near -dead specimen. The large individual was 6 feet high and approximately 5 inches in diameter at the base, with only a few living leaves present. These plants are tentatively identified as C. olowaluana based on leaf form and the large size of the near -dead, mature specimen. However, the poor condition of all the plants precludes positive identification; the plants could possibly be C. multiformis, a native species that is somewhat more common and not a species of concern. Plant Species of the Proposed W-7 Alignment Study Area A total of 91 species of vascular plants were recorded within the study corridor during the field survey (Appendix). Of these, 15 are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and 15 are indigenous, meaning they are native to Hawaii and they occur naturally in other places, too. Sixty-one species are introduced, meaning they were brought to Hawaii by people, including one of Polynesian introduction, `ihi `ai (Oxalis corniculata). Only two of the endemic species, `aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense) and hard -stemmed lovegrass (Eragrostis atropiodes), are common or dominant anywhere in the study area. These two are dominant only where the study corridor leaves Ke`amuku and enters PTA as it approaches the existing Saddle Road. Seven of the fifteen endemic species were recorded as rare within the study area, meaning only one or very few individuals were observed. These fmdings show that endemic plants have been nearly extirpated from Ke`amuku during years of cattle -grazing. Vegetation of the Proposed W-7 Alignment Study Area Overview of the Ve eta�tion Nearly all of the Ke`amuku parcel has been used for cattle production for many years. Thus, the vegetation of most of the area is pasture, made up of introduced grasses with varying numbers of scattered native shrubs, many introduced forbs (weeds) and a few introduced shrubs and trees. The general appearance is of rolling grasslands on the rugged slope of Mauna Kea with some extensive stands of the indigenous shrub `a `ali `i (Dodonaea viscosa). From Mamalahoa Highway up to about 4600 feet above sea level, fountaingrass (Pennisetum -5- aSaddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report setaceum) is the single dominant pasture grass. Above this elevation, kikuyugrass (P. clandestinum) becomes the dominant pasture species. Seven different vegetation zones were recognized (Table 1, Figurel). These are similar to the vegetation zones reported by Arnett (2002). The zones generally correspond primarily to differences in human land -use patterns and secondarily to differences in the substrate. Four of the five zones within Ke`amuku (Fountaingrass with `A `ali `i, Native Shrubs Amidst Fountaingrass, Rangeland and `A `ali `i, and Moderate to Dense `A `ali `i) differ mainly in the balance between the two introduced pasture grasses (fountaingrass and kikuyugrass) and the abundance of native shrubs. In general, native shrubs are more numerous and diverse where grazing has been less intense. Often, these areas are those with very rocky surface and rugged terrain that may impede access by cattle. The fifth vegetation zone within Ke`amuku is the Ke`amuku Lava Flow, a young, near -barren `a `a flow. A `ali `i, an indigenous shrub, is common in much of the study area and is a dominant species in several vegetation zones in Ke`amuku. It is probable that this abundance is in response to disturbance of the natural vegetation by human actions and does not represent the foundation of a healthy native plant community. `A `ali `i is tolerant of the wildfires that are frequent in this environment and it is relatively unpalatable to cattle. Overgrazing may increase the abundance of this native shrub. In contrast, nearly all other native plants in this region decline in response to wildfire and cattle grazing. The two vegetation zones outside of the Ke`amuku parcel near Saddle Road (Eragrostis U Grassland and Aheahea Shrubland) are somewhat different having a native grass and native U shrubs among the dominant plants. Even here, however, introduced plan species outnumber the natives. U �I Description of the Vegetation Along the Proposed W7 Alignment U 2600-4200 Ft. Elevation: Fountaingrass with `A `ali `i and Sparse Native Shrubs This vegetation type prevails over the lower half of the proposed alignment, extending from the origin at Mamalahoa Highway for 27,400 feet. The overall appearance is of a vast grassland with a small and inconspicuous component of shrubs and small trees. This area is now (� used for cattle pasture and has been for many decades. The vegetation is introduced grasses and Uforbs, with widely scattered native shrubs and a few introduced shrubs and trees. This vegetation type is underlain by very stony land partially covered by shallow, fine textured soil. In the lower O elevation portion, this covering soil is a fine sandy, mineral soil (Puu Pa soil series) but at higher elevation it is derived mostly from organic matter (Kaimu soil series) (Sato et al. 1973). I Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report Table 1. Plant Communities recognized along the W7 Alignment; their location and extent beginning at Mamalahoa Highway; elevation, percentage of total community species that are endemic or indigenous (native), and an index weighted by plant abundance of the importance of native species within the community. Throughout this zone, fountaingrass is the ever-present dominant plant, usually covering 90% or more of the surface. In swales where the surface has been covered by silt, other grasses dominate. At lower elevations, these swales are marked by buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and guinea grass (Panicum maximum), at higher elevations within this zone, kikuyugrass dominates these small areas. Natal redtop (Rhynchelytrum repens) and barbwire grass (Cymbopogon refractus) are two other introduced grasses that are relatively wide spread. The most common of the introduced forbs are the ubiquitous and toxic yellow -flowered fire weed (Senecio madagascarensis), Tinaroo glycine (Neonotonia wightii), and black medick (Medicago lupulina) the latter two of which were probably intentionally seeded to improve the quality of the pasture. The most common shrubs are the indigenous `a `ali `i and, somewhat less common, `ilima. A `ali `i is variable in cover, ranging from widely scattered to approaching 50% cover in a few places at higher elevation in this zone. Other native shrubs or trees include pukiawe (Leptecophylla tameiameiae), naio (Myoporum sandwicense), `ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia) , and na `ena `e (Dubautia cilliolata), all of which are very widely scattered. One individual, or one small population, was found of 'akia (Wikstroemia pulcherrima) and `akoko (Chamaesyce olowaluana), both endemic large shrubs. The introduced European olive (Olea europaea) is frequently seen in the middle reaches of this zone. It is conspicuous amidst the sea of fountaingrass because its foliage is dense and dark in -7- Extent Elevation % % Native Community Location (linear feet) (feet above Native Importance sea level) Species Index Fountaingrass with Ke`amuku 0-27,400 2,600-4,200 34 22 Aali `i 27,400 Ke`amuku Flow Ke`amuku 27,400-28,700 4,200-4,300 70 62 1,300 Native Shrubs Ke`amuku 28,700— 34,600 4,300-4,600 28 25 Amidst Fountaingrass 5,900 Rangeland and `a `ali `i Ke`amuku 34,600— 44,700 4,600-5,100 39 26 10,100 Moderate to Dense Ke`amuku 44,700— 46,800 5,100-5,200 37 30 `a `ali `i 2,100 Eragrostis Grassland PTA 46,800 — 51,000 5,200-5,600 37 38 4,200 Aheahea Shrubland PTA 51,000— 54,400 5,600-5,800 21 27 (3,300) Throughout this zone, fountaingrass is the ever-present dominant plant, usually covering 90% or more of the surface. In swales where the surface has been covered by silt, other grasses dominate. At lower elevations, these swales are marked by buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and guinea grass (Panicum maximum), at higher elevations within this zone, kikuyugrass dominates these small areas. Natal redtop (Rhynchelytrum repens) and barbwire grass (Cymbopogon refractus) are two other introduced grasses that are relatively wide spread. The most common of the introduced forbs are the ubiquitous and toxic yellow -flowered fire weed (Senecio madagascarensis), Tinaroo glycine (Neonotonia wightii), and black medick (Medicago lupulina) the latter two of which were probably intentionally seeded to improve the quality of the pasture. The most common shrubs are the indigenous `a `ali `i and, somewhat less common, `ilima. A `ali `i is variable in cover, ranging from widely scattered to approaching 50% cover in a few places at higher elevation in this zone. Other native shrubs or trees include pukiawe (Leptecophylla tameiameiae), naio (Myoporum sandwicense), `ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia) , and na `ena `e (Dubautia cilliolata), all of which are very widely scattered. One individual, or one small population, was found of 'akia (Wikstroemia pulcherrima) and `akoko (Chamaesyce olowaluana), both endemic large shrubs. The introduced European olive (Olea europaea) is frequently seen in the middle reaches of this zone. It is conspicuous amidst the sea of fountaingrass because its foliage is dense and dark in -7- 0 m o o W O W��'002� mCO O Z w o Z LL.L_ c3LILJa0005 2d a o _ Y Z OOg� Q o W 9b p CL 009h m 2 I 0OV1� a �� DDVV o I w = acOOZV \ , Z 03n Q Q Y J !� 0 04 009E U) W O 9£� .�,�� w Z W W z Z N 0� W 3 as r. Il oti£ Q --n N � ui Dec r1 w OOZE o 000E ui 0092 Y 000E (D LL s* 0092 i Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report color. Introduced haole koa (Leucaena leucocephala), although less visible, is frequent at least in some areas, as is indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa) a much smaller shrub. Nineteen of the fifty-six plant species (34%) recorded in this zone are native species; the rest are introduced, including one of Polynesian introduction. However, the "index of importance," calculated using the estimated frequency values, is only 22% for native species (Table 1). This indicates that the nineteen native species have disproportionately low cover and play a minor roll in the ecology of the vegetation of this zone. 4200-4300 Ft. Elevation: Ke`amuku Lava Flow A 1300 -foot section of the centerline of the study area traverses the sparsely vegetated Ke`amuku Lava Flow. Somewhat more of the southern edge of the study area is also on this flow. This is the only part of the study corridor that is situated on lava from Mauna Loa. The Ke`amuku Flow is very rugged `a `a lava dated to between 200 and 750 years before the ;present time (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The Ke`amuku Flow is very visible because the nearly -barren, brown lava contrasts with the surrounding pastures and grasslands. The most conspicuous plant species on the Ke`amuku Flow is `ohi `a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), however only one individual of this native tree actually falls within the study corridor. Other native trees and shrubs include, naio (Myoporum sandwicense) and pukiawe (Leptecophylla tameiameiae), both of which are common. Many of the introduced plants that are dominant in the surroundings, especially fountaingrass, fireweed and barbwire grass, are also found on the Ke`amuku Flow, however, in much lower densities. Seven of the ten plant species (70%) within the study corridor on the Ke`amuku Flow are native species. This is the highest percent native species of all the vegetation zones along the proposed alignment. Similarly, the index of importance for native species is the highest here, at 62% (Table 1). These high values for native plants point out that this young lava flow is not easily invaded by introduced plants and the native plants may be more tolerant of the harsh conditions of the barren lava. 4300-4600 Ft. Elevation: Native Shrubs Amidst Fountaingrass The vegetation of this zone differs from the fountaingrass pastures below the Ke`amuku Flow in that the native shrubs and trees are more dominant and conspicuous here. In places, the `a `ali `i forms about 50% cover and is up to 5 feet high. The other native shrubs, especially `ilima, pukiawe, and na `ena `e, are much more common than at the lower elevation. In certain locations, especially silt -laden swales, the ground cover of fountaingrass is replaced by kikuyugrass, fireweed, black medick, and scarlet sage (Salvia coccinea), all introduced plants. The surface in this zone is much more rocky and rugged than in the fountaingrass grasslands at lower elevation and is mapped in the soil survey as Very Stony Land (Sato et al. 1973). This ruggedness probably accounts for the presence of more species of native plants here. This is the habitat type that supports two endangered native species, Haplostachys haplostachya and r Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report Stenogyne angustifolia, a short distance south of the proposed alignment. About 5900 feet of the U proposed alignment is within this vegetation type. �J Although native shrubs are an important component of the vegetation in this zone, there is a large number of introduced plants, including fountaingrass, kikuyugrass and fireweed that rank among the dominants. Thirteen of the 46 (28%) plant species in this zone are native. The index of importance of native species is even lower at 25%. Thirteen of the twenty-nine (45%) plant species found in this vegetation zone are native. The index of importance of native species is somewhat lower at 33% (Table 1). The difference between these two indices reflects the findings that even though there are a substantial number of native species, more introduced plants are among the dominants. These 4600-5100 Ft. Elevation: Rangeland and `Aa `ali `i An extent of 10,100 feet of the study corridor passes through this heavily degraded Drangeland. This zone has the potential for good pasture because the soil here, mapped as Kilohana Loamy Fine Sand (Sato et al. 1973) is much less stony than at lower elevations along the study corridor. This zone includes two subtypes with very different appearances: heavily D grazed kikuyugrass pasture and dense stands of `a `ali `i, that is four to five feet high and difficult to pass through. These two subtypes are included together because it appears that they both are the product of heavy cattle grazing over a period of time. A `ali `i is one of the few native plant species that is relatively tolerant of both cattle grazing and fire. In this zone, the grass is currently cropped very short and appears overgrazed. Even in the grassy areas, shrubs of `a `ali `i are present, indicating that it is at least as tolerant as the introduced grasses of heavy grazing and the fires that occur in this zone. In fact, it appears that the dense stands of `a `ali `i are the product of years of overgrazing and probably frequent fire. These extensive areas are no longer of any value for grazing. If intensive grazing continues in the grassy areas, they may be converted to El dense `a`ali`i stands. In these areas, the indigenous `a`ali`i behaves as a successional species and this vegetation type should not be considered a remnant of the original vegetation. Seven of the eighteen (39%) plant species found in this zone are native. However, only U one of these, `a `ali `i has a high importance value. The trend noted above of native plant species having disproportionately low cover, and therefore importance values, is strongest in this n vegetation zone, resulting in an index of importance for native plants of just 26% (Table 1). n 5100-5200 Ft. Elevation: Moderate to Dense `A `ali `i UAt this elevation, the vegetation is somewhat less degraded in that a few other species of native trees and shrubs are sparsely represented. These appear to be remnants of the original Dvegetation rather that reinvasion following degradation, as in the previous vegetation type. These native plants include mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), ilima (Sida fallax), naio and a single specimen of pilo (Coprosma montana) seen during the survey. D -10- Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report `A `ali `i is the dominant species in much of this zone; however, it also includes extensive areas of heavily gazed kikuyugrass with many introduced weeds, including fireweed, black mustard (Brassica nigra) , stinkweed (Tagetes minuta) and crown -beard (Verbesina encelioides). Thirty-seven percent of the plant species recorded are native species; the index of importance for native species is somewhat lower at thirty percent (Table 1). An extent of 2100 linear feet of the study corridor passes through this vegetation type. The underlying soil is mapped as Kilohana Loamy Fine Sand (Sato et al. 1973). 5200-5600 Ft. Elevation: Eragrostis Grassland At 46,800 linear feet from the origin on Mamalahoa Highway, the study corridor crosses Ke `eke `e Road and leaves the Ke`amuku parcel. This zone east of Ke `eke `e Road has not been grazed, at least in recent years. Here, the dominant grass is the endemic hard -stemmed lovegrass (Eragrostis atropioides) which forms a near-complete cover in most areas. The terrain is very rugged in the lower half of this zone and native shrubs are common, as are some introduced weedy species. `A `ali `i is common and mamane, naio, and `ilima are frequent. Kikuyugrass is the most common of the introduced plants, but orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), stinkweed and fireweed are also abundant. The upper part of the zone, nearing the existing Saddle Road, is a leveler and smoother surface and also more disturbed and degraded by human activities. Here, the native shrubs are less frequent and the weedy introduced species become more prevalent. In this zone, thirty-seven percent of the 38 species recorded are native, and the index of importance for native species is 38% (Table 1). The soil in this zone is mapped as Keekee Loamy Sand, derived from cinder material erupted from nearby Puu Ke`eke`e and other nearby cinder cones (Sato et al. 1973). 5600-5800 Ft. Elevation: `Aheahea Shrublands At this elevation, the study corridor rejoins the existing Saddle Road and is superimposed over it for an extent of 3300 linear feet before terminating. This zone has an unusual substrate and a unique set of forces of disturbance that support a unique combination of native and introduced plant species. The surface is mapped as a deposit of alluvial and colluvial sand and gravel deposited by gravity and running water (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The dominant plant is the endemic shrub `aweoweo forming a stand about five feet high. The native hard -stemmed lovegrass is also common. Research shows that both of these endemic species are tolerant of disturbance and resprout after fire (Lamb 1981, Sherry et al. 1999). It is probable that this community does not represent the original indigenous plant community but is itself a product of disturbance. Other than those two hardy native species, the vegetation contains a large collection of introduced grasses and weeds, probably associated with continuing human disturbance near Saddle Road. One of the more conspicuous is Russian thistle (or tumbleweed) (Salsola kali). Between the shrubs and other plants, much of the surface is barren and dusty and there is much evidence of human activity. Twenty-one percent of the twenty-four species present are native and the index of importance for native species is only slightly higher at twenty-seven percent (Table 1). -11- i ESaddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report Discussion of Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Action and DRecommendations O No endangered plant species or unique, sensitive native plant communities were found g within the study corridor. Endangered Plant Habitats have been established within PTA at Kipuka Kalawamauna and Puu Ka Pele. These are the primary sites where honohono (Haplostachys) survives within the Hawaiian Islands (and on Earth) today. Puu Kapele is about 6770 feet southeast and Kipuka Kalawamauna is about 4700 feet south of the proposed W-7 alignment. A third Endangered Plants Habitat has been designated within Ke`amuku to protect and manage Haplostachys and Stenogyne angustifolia. This site is approximately 500 feet west of the proposed W-7 alignment. These sites are managed by the U.S. Army to protect and recover endangered plant species. All three sites have been fenced to exclude feral ungulates. Recommendation These three Endangered Plants Habitats should be protected from any increased risk of wildfire that may originate from the proposed road. Protection should include constructing features in the roadway that minimize the probability that fire will spread from the road, management of roadside vegetation to reduce available fuel, if needed, and a well-designed and Q well -supported fire suppression plan specifically for the Endangered Plants Habitats. Specific fire protection plans are discussed in the Supplemental EIS. III 10 t L 1 0 -12- Saddle Road W-7 Alignment References Botanical Report Arnett, M. 2002. Report of survey for rare plants on the Ke`amuku parcel, Island of Hawaii. Prep. for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado. Lamb, S. H. 1981. Native trees and shrubs of the Hawaiian Islands. The Sunstone Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 158 p. Palmer, D. D. 2003 Hawal'i's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, HI. 324 p. Sato, H. H., W. Ideda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr. 1973. Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.0 Shaw, Robert. 1997. Rare.Plants of Pohakuloa Training Area. Technical Publication Series 97- 24, CEMML, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO. Sherry, K., J. M. Castillo, R. B. Shaw. 1999. Effects of wildfire on vegetation and rare plants in and montane shrublands. Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii. 1999 Hawaii Conservation Conference, Honolulu, HI. Wagner W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. Wolfe, E. W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey. 3 sheets + booklet. USACH 1977. Environmental Impact Statement for Pohakuloa Training Area. -13- Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report APPENDIX Vascular plant species found within the Proposed W7 Alignment, Saddle Road. Estimated abundance given for each Vegetation Zone traversed by the study corridor. ORGN = Origin (E = endemic, I = indigenous, P= Polynesian introduction, A = introduced); LF = Life Form (T = tree, S = shrub, H = herb, G = grass or grass -like, F = fern, L = liana or vine). VEGETATION ZONES ABUNDANCE WITHIN ZONES 1 - Fountaingrass with Acili `i C - Common 2 - Ke`amuku Flow F - Frequent 3 - Native Shrubs Amidst Fountaingrass I - Infrequent 4 - Rangeland and A `ali `i R - Rare 5 - Moderate to Dense A `ali `i 6 - Eragrostis Grassland 7 - Aheahea Shrubland BOTANICAL NAME VEGETATION ZONES ORGN LF COMMON NAME _1 2 1 3 4 1 5 A F Adiantum hispidulum Sw. I I rough maidenhair fern A S Ageratina riparia (Regel) R R. King & H. Robinson Hamakua pamakani A H Anagalis arvensis L. I I pimpernel I F Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. I F I I `iwa `iwa E F Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. densum R R I maidenhair spleenwort E H Argemone glauca Pope R R I pua-kala A G Avena fatua L. I wild oat -14- I F Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Vascular plant species found within the Proposed W7 Alignment. (Continued) BOTANICAL NAME OR GN TF C OMMClN NAMF Botanical Report VEGETATION ZONES E S Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen 'aheahea -15- I F C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A H Bidens alba (L.) DC I beggar's tick E S Bidens menziesii (Gray) Sherff R subsp. filiformis ko'oko'olau A H Bidens pilosa L. R I I I ki nehe, Spanish needle A H Brassica nigra (L.) W.Koch I I F F F black mustard A G Bromus rigidus Roth I [ ripgut grass A G Bromus willdenowii Kunth I I 1 rescue grass E G Carex wahuensis C. A. Mey. R R R no common name A G Cenchrus ciliaris L. C buffelgrass A H Centaurea melitensis L. I yellow star thistle A H Centaureum erythraea Rafn. I F I I I bitter herb A H Chamaecrista nicitans (L.) Moench F partridge pea E T Chamaesyce olowaluana (Sherff) R Croizat & Degener `akoko A H Chenopodium ambrosioides L. I 1 Mexican tea E S Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen 'aheahea -15- I F C Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report Vascular plant species found within the Proposed W7 Alignment. (Continued) BOTANICAL NAME VEGETATION ZONES ORGN LF COMMON NAME 1 2 1 3 4 1 5 61 7 A H Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. I C C bull thistle F I L Coculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC I huehu A H Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. I hairy horseweed A H Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. I horseweed E T Coprosma montana Hbd. Pilo A H Crotolaria pallida Aiton R smooth rattlepod A G 'Cymbopogon refractus (R. Br.) A. Camus F F barbwire grass A G Dactylis glomerata L. I orchardgrass A H Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey. R Spanish clover I S Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. C C `a `ali `i E S Dubautia cilliolata (DC) Keck R na'ena'e E G Eragrostis atropioides Hillebr. hard -stemmed lovegrass A T Eucalyptus cf. citridora Hook. lemon -scented gum A H Galium divaricatum Pourr. ex Lam. bedstraw A H Geranium homeanum Turcz. I cranesbill -16- F F I C I I C C F F I F C C F R I R I I I C C I I C C Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Vascular plant species found within the Proposed W7 Alignment. (Continued) BOTANICAL NAME ORGN IF COMMON NAMF Botanical Report VEGETATION ZONES -17- 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 A H Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Cass. I ]: stinking everlasting A H Heterotheca grand ora Nutt. I F F telegraph plant A G Holcus lanatus L. I I velvetgrass A S Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. F indigo I V Ipomoea indica (J. Burm.) Merr. I morning glory A H Lepidium virginicum L. I I C C F I pepperwort I S Leptecophylla tameiameiae I C I (Cham. & Schltdl.) C.M. Weiller pukiawe A S Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit F koa haole I H Lythrum maritimum Kunth R I pukamole A H Marrubium vulgare L. I common horehound A H Medicago lupulina L. I F I I black medick A H Medicago polymorpha F F bur clover A H Melilotus alba Medik. R white sweet clover A G Melinis minutiora Beauv. I I molassesgrass -17- Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report Vascular plant species found within the Proposed W7 Alignment. (Continued) BOTANICAL NAME VEGETATION ZONES ORGN LF COMMON NAME 1 2 1 3 4 1 5 6 1 7 E T Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. var. incana I 'ohi'a-lehua I T Myoporum sandwicense A. Gray I F naio A H Neonotonia wightii (Am.) Lackey C Tinaroo glycine A T Olea europaea L. I 'oliw, olive I S Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (Sm) Lindl. I `ulei A T Oppuntia ficus-indica(L.) Mill. I panini P H Oxalis comiculata L. I 'ihi'ai, yellow wood sorrel A G Panicum maximum Jacq. C Guinea grass A L Passiflora suberosa L. R huehue haole I F Pellaea ternifolia (Cay.) Link R F cliffbrake A G Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. F kikuyugrass A G Pennisetum setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov. C C fountaingrass I H Peperomia leptostachya Hook & Arnott R `ala `ala wai nui A H Petrorhagia velutina (Gaus.) Ball&Heyes. childing pink -18- ON R I R I I I C C C F II I I I C C F I Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Vascular plant species found within the Proposed W7 Alignment. (Continued) BOTANICAL NAME C1R(:N T F COMMON NAMR Botanical Report VEGETATION ZONES small -flowered catchfly -19- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A H Picris hieracioides L. I hawkweed I F Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. R moa A H Plantago lanceolata L. I I I I narrow -leaved plantain I F Pleopeltis thunbergiana Kaulf F I F I pakahakaha E F Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn I I var. decompositum (Gaud.) Tryon bracken A G Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb. F F F F a Natal redtop A H Rumex acetosella L. I sheep sorrel E S Rumex giganteus W. T. Aiton I pawale A H Salsola kali L. I I C Russian thistle A H Salvia coccinea B.Juss ex Murray F scarlet sage E T Santalum paniculatum Hook. & Arnott R 'iliahi A H Senecio madagascariensis Poiret F C C C C F F Madagascar ragwort, fireweed I S Sida fallax Walp. I I C I I F I 'ilima A u Q;7 17; T T small -flowered catchfly -19- Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Botanical Report Vascular plant species found within the Proposed W7 Alignment. (Continued) BOTANICAL NAME VEGETATION ZONES ORGN LF COMMON NAME 1 2 1 3 4 1 5 I H Solanum americanum Mill. I popolo, nightshade A H Sonchus oleraceus L. pualele E T Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem I mamane A G Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. I West Indian dropseed A H Tagetes minuta L. stinkweed A H Verbascum thapsus L. common mullein A H Verbena litoralis Kunth I vervain A H Verbesina encelioides (Cay.) Benth.&Hook I crown -beard A H Vicia villosa Roth I hairy vetch A G Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray brome fescue A H Wahlenbergia gracillis no common name I S Waltheria indica L. I uhaloa E S Wikstroemia pulcherrima Skottsb. R 'akia -20- R I I I I I I IF F I I F F I I I F F F I F I F [This page intentionally left blank] SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division Cooperating Agencies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix D Vertebrate Fauna Report Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species Surveys Conducted on the W-7 Alignment of the Hawaii State Route 200 - Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 6 Saddle Road Realignment Project North Kona District, Island Of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Central Federal Lands Highway Division Project No. A -AD -6 (1) Prepared by: Reginald E. David Rana Biological Consulting, Inc. P.O. Box 1371 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 Prepared for: DMT Associates 677 Ala Moana Blvd, Suite 703 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 September 22, 2009 Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 1 1 1 0 1 5 1 E, 1 t t 1 n F1 U Table of Contents Tableof Contents..................................................................................................... 2 Introduction............................................................................................................. 3 General Site and Project Description...................................................................... 6 Mammalian Survey Methods................................................................................... 6 MammalianSurvey Results...................................................................................... 8 AvianSurvey Methods.......................................................................................... 10 AvianSurvey Results.............................................................................................. 10 Discussion.............................................................................................................. 12 Mammalian Resources................................................................................ 12 AvianResources.......................................................................................... 13 Potential Impacts to Protected Vertebrate Species ............................................... 15 HawaiianHoary Bat.................................................................................... 15 Nene............................................................................................................ 13 Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shearwater ................................................. 15 Recommendations.................................................................................................. 15 Glossary................................................................................................................. 16 LiteratureCited..................................................................................................... 17 Figures & Tables Figure S-1. Saddle Road overall map................................................................................. 4 Figure1. W-7 Alignment................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Fountain grass dominated western end of W-7 .................................................. 7 Figure 4. A `ali `i and grass shrubland W-7................................................................................7 Figure 5. Heavily grazed grass land with Madagascar ragwort upper third of W-7 ........... 8 Figure 6. Goats (Capra h. hirca) Mid level W-7............................................................. 10 Table 1. Mammalian Species Detected Saddle Road W-7 Alignment .............................. 9 Table 2. Avian Species Detected Saddle Road W-7 Alignment ....................................... 11 Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 2 Introduction The State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Highways Division (HDOT), in consultation with the Federal Highways Administration (FHWA), Central Federal Lands Highway Division is proposing to realign and improve the Saddle Road (State Route 200), from Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 6 on the Hilo side of the island, (hereinafter Saddle Road Improvement Project) (Figure S-1). A Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Record of Decision for the Saddle Road improvements were completed in 1999 (FHWA, et al. 1999). As part of the EIS process, twelve action alternatives incorporating use of the existing alignment and potential new alignments were considered. The project was divided into four different sections (Sections I, II, III, and IV) for purposes of alternative development and selection, as well as project scheduling (Figure 1). In the intervening years since the release of the EIS, the Department of the Army has purchased a large section of land in the Ke`amuku area from Parker Ranch. This development has rendered the selected alignment, W-3, in Section I to no longer fulfill one of the key purposes and needs of the proposed improvement project, namely the separation of military training activity from the general driving public using the Saddle Road. Another alignment, W-7, has been proposed and studied to fulfill the need to separate civilian traffic from military training activities. This report documents the avian and mammalian studies that were conducted as part of the revised project and will be included in the supplemental EIS that is currently being prepared. The primary purpose of the survey that I report on in this document was to determine if there were any avian or mammalian species currently listed as endangered, threatened, or proposed for listing under either the federal or the State of Hawai`i's endangered species programs on, or within the immediate vicinity of the proposed W-7 alignment. Federal and State of Hawaii listed species status follows species identified in the following referenced documents (Division of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) 1998, Federal Register 2005, U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) 2005, 2009). Fieldwork was conducted in June 2009. Avian phylogenetic order and nomenclature follows The American Ornithologists' Union Check- list of North American Birds 7`h Edition (American Ornithologists' Union 1998), and the 42nd through the 49`h supplements to Check -list of North American Birds (American Ornithologists' Union 2000; Banks et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). Mammal scientific names follow Mammals in Hawaii (Tomich 1986). Place names follow Place Names of Hawaii (Pukui et al. 1974). Hawaiian and scientific names are italicized in the text. A glossary of technical terms and acronyms used in the document, which may be unfamiliar to the reader, are included at the end of the narrative text on Page 16. 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Gill (editors). The Birds of North America, No. 345. The Academy of O Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. and the American Ornithologists Union, Washington, D.C. (—j Sincock, J. L. 1981. Saving the Newell ` s Shearwater. Pages 76-78 in Proceedings of the Hawaii UForestry and Wildlife Conference, 2-4 October 1980. Department of Land and Natural Resources State of Hawaii, Honolulu. 0 Telfer, T. C. 1979. Successful Newell's Shearwater Salvage on Kauai. `Elepaio 39:71 Telfer, T. C. , J. L. Sincock, G. V. Byrd, and J. R. Reed. 1987. Attraction of Hawaiian seabirds O to lights: Conservation efforts and effects of moon phase. Wildlife Society Bulletin 15:406-413. 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tomich, P.Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 37 pp. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) 1983. Hawaiian Dark-Rumped Petrel & Newell's Manx Shearwater Recovery Plan. USFWS, Portland, Oregon. February 1983. _. 2005. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. 50CFR 17:11 and 17:12 (Tuesday, November 1, 2005). 2009. USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS), online at http://ecos.fws.gov/tess public/StartTESS do Wagner, W.L., D.R Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai `i. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii 1854 pp. Wagner, W.L. and D.R. Herbst. 1999. Supplement to the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai `i, pp. 1855-1918. In: Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Wilson, S. B., and A. H. Evans. 1890-1899. Aves Hawaiiensis: The birds of the Sandwich Islands. R. H. Porter, London. Wolfe, E. W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geological Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 21 (Puffinus auricularis newelli) on Kauai, Hawaii. The Auk 120: 669-679. Department of Land and Natural Resources. (DLNR). 1998. Indigenous Wildlife, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, and Introduced Wild Birds. Department of Land and Natural Resources. State of Hawaii. Administrative Rule §13-134-1 through §13-134-10, dated March 02, 1998. Federal Register. 1967. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Appendix D — United States List of Endangered Native Fish and Wildlife; Federal Register, 32 (March 11, 1967) : 4001. 1975. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, List of Endangered and Threatened Fauna. Federal Register, 40 No. 205 (September 25, 1975): 44149- 44151. 2005. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 50 CFR 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Review of Species That Are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petition; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Federal Register, 70 No. 90 (Wednesday,.May 11, 2005): 24870-24934. Hadley, T. H. 1961. Shearwater calamity on Kauai. Elepaio 21:60. Harrison, C. S. 1990. Seabirds of Hawaii: Natural History and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithica, N.Y. 249 pp. Henshaw, H.W. 1902. Complete list of birds of the Hawaiian Possessions with notes on their habits. Thrum, Honolulu. 146 pp. Hue, D., C. Glidden, J. Lippert, L. Schnell, J. MacIvor and J. Meisler. 2001. Habitat Use and Limiting Factors in a Population of Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrels on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. , in:: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22. Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg. 234-242). Jacobs, D. S. 1994. Distribution and Abundance of the Endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus, on the Island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, Vol. 48, No. 2: 193-200. Podolsky, R., D.G. Ainley, G. Spencer, L. de Forest, and N. Nur. 1998. "Mortality of Newell's Shearwaters Caused by Collisions with Urban Structures on Kauai". Colonial Waterbirds 21:20-34. Pukui , M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini. 1976. Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 289 pp. Reed, J. R., J. L Sincock, and J. P. Hailman 1985. Light Attraction in Endangered Procellariform Birds: Reduction by Shielding Upward Radiation. Auk 102: 377-383. Simons, T. R., and C. N. Hodges. 1998. Dark -tamped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia). In A. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 20 1 O Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and R. J. Blaha. 2003a. Movement Patterns of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters on the Island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, 57, 2:147-159. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and T. C. Telfer. 2003b. Decline of Townsend's (Newell's Shearwaters O OSaddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 19 Cooper, B. A and R. H. Day. 1998. Summer Behavior and Mortality of Dark-rumped Petrels and Banko, P. C., R. E. David, J. D. Jacobi, and W. E. Banko. 2001. Conservation Status and Recovery Strategies for Endemic Hawaiian Birds, In:: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van a Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22. Cooper's Ornithological O Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg. 359-376). ODavid, Cooper, B.A., R.E. David, and R.J. Blaha. 1995. Radar and Visual Surveys of Endangered Seabirds and Bats in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii, During Summer 1995. O Prepared for R.M. Towill Corporation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Division (POD). O Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and R. J. Blaha. 2003a. Movement Patterns of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters on the Island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, 57, 2:147-159. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and T. C. Telfer. 2003b. Decline of Townsend's (Newell's Shearwaters O OSaddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 19 Cooper, B. A and R. H. Day. 1998. Summer Behavior and Mortality of Dark-rumped Petrels and Newells' Shearwaters at Power Lines on Kauai. Colonial Waterbirds, 21 (1): 11-19. David, R. E. 1990. Ornithological and Mammalian Survey of the Proposed Extension of the O Multi -Purpose Range Complex, Pohakuloa Training Area, Hamakua, Hawaii. Prepared for: Wilson Okamoto & Associates & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division (POD). ODavid, R. E. 1996. Ornithological and Mammalian Surveys of the Proposed Improvement and Realignment Corridors of the Saddle Road (State of Hawaii Route 200), Island of O Hawaii, Hawaii. Prepared for: Rust E&I & The Federal Highways Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division. 99pp. . 1999. A Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species Associated with the Waikoloa a Maneuver Area, Phase II: Waikoloa Village and Surrounding Areas, Island of Hawai'i, Hawaii. Prepared for: Edward K. Noda & Associates and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. 2002. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Saddle Road Extension Project: Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway to Mamalahoa Highway South Kohala & North Kona Districts, Hawaii. Prepared for: Okahara & Associates, and Hawaii nDepartment U of Transportation, Highways Division. . 2004. A Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species Associated with the Ordnance Avoidance and Environmental Survey of Sector 15 of the former Waikoloa Maneuver O Area, Phase III. South Kohala and Hamakua Districts, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: Donaldson Enterprises Inc. & the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. n U 2009b. Unpublished Field Notes — Island of Hawaii: 1985-2009. David, R., and E. B. Guinther 2006a. A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian O Species for the Waikoloa Highlands Subdivision, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: R. M. Towill Corporation, and the Vitoil Corporation. O Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and R. J. Blaha. 2003a. Movement Patterns of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters on the Island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, 57, 2:147-159. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and T. C. Telfer. 2003b. Decline of Townsend's (Newell's Shearwaters O OSaddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 19 Literature Cited: Ainley, D. G, R. Podolsky, L. Deforest, G. Spencer, and N. Nur. 2001. The Status and Population Trends of the Newell's Shearwater on Kaua'i: Insights from Modeling, In: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22:. Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. (Pg. 108-123) American Ornithologist's Union. 1998. Check -list of North American Birds. 7th edition. AOU. Washington D.C. 829pp. 2000. Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 117:847-858. Banks, R. C., C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, A. W. Kratter, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., J. D. Rising, and D. F. Stotz. 2002. Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 119:897-906. 2003 Forty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 120:923-931. _. 2004 Forty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 121:985-995. _. 2005 Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 122:1031-1031. _. 2006 Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 123:926-936. Banks, R. C., C. R. Terry Chesser,. C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, A. W. Kratter, I. J. Lovette, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., J. D. Rising, and D. F. Stotz. 2007 Forty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithologist Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 124:1109-1115. Banks, R. C., C. R. Terry Chesser, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, A. W. Kratter, I. J. Lovette, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., J. D. Rising, and D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2008 Forty- ninth supplement to the American Ornithologist Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 125:758-768. Banko, W. E. 1980a. Population Histories- Species Accounts Seabirds: Hawaiian Dark- rumped Petrel (`Ua`u). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #513. 1980b. Population Histories- Species Accounts Seabirds: Newell's Shearwater (`A`o). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #5A. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 18 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 11 t t 1 1 1 I 1 Fj 1 1 1 t t u l� 1 ►li t Glossary: A `a — Clinker lava formed by slow moving lava flows Alien — Introduced to Hawaii by humans Commensal - Animals that share humans' food and shelter, such as rats and mice Crepuscular — Twilight hours Diurnal — Daytime Endangered — Listed and protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended as an endangered species. Endemic — Native and unique to the Hawaiian Islands Indigenous — Native to the Hawaiian Islands, but also found elsewhere naturally Mauka — Upslope, towards the mountains Makai — Down-slope, towards the ocean Nocturnal — Night-time, after dark Pahoehoe — Sheet lava formed by relatively fast moving lava flows `Ope `ape `a — Hawaiian hoary bat Pelagic — An animal that spends its life at sea — in this case seabirds that only return to land to nest and rear their young Phylogenetic — The evolutionary order that organisms are arranged by Pueo — Hawaiian endemic sub -species of the Short -eared Owl Sign — Biological term referring tracks, scat, rubbing, odor, marks, nests, and other signs created by animals by which their presence may be detected Threatened — Listed and protected under the ESA as a threatened species Volant — Flying, capable of flight, as in flying insect Xeric - Extremely dry conditions or habitat ASL — Above mean sea level DLNR — Hawaii State Department of Land & Natural Resources TMK — Tax Map Key USFWS — United State Fish & Wildlife Service Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 17 1 Since there are potential issues associated with Nene, Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shearwaters it is recommend that the project consult with the USFWS under Section 7 of the endangered species act, to ensure compliance with that statute. 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 r 1 t 1 Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 16 1 1 1 1 Potential Impacts to Protected [vertebrate Species Hawaiian Hoary Bat As previously discussed, it is likely that Hawaiian hoary bats overfly portions of the alignment on a seasonal basis. They may also forage for volant insects over portions of the project area on a seasonal basis, though the xeric nature of the habitat present and the lack of dense vegetation within the site likely means that there is little in the way of food resources that might attract a bat to the area. Currently there is no suitable bat roosting habitat along the entire length of the project corridor, so D it is unlikely that the clearing, grubbing construction and operation of a roadway through the area will result in deleterious impacts to this listed species. aRecommendations If nighttime construction activity, be it actual construction activity or equipment maintenance is D proposed during the construction phase of the project, all associated lights should be shielded, and when large flood/work lights are used they should be placed on poles that are high enough to allow the lights to be pointed directly at the ground. t r 1 If streetlights are installed in conjunction with the new road, it is recommended that lights be shielded to reduce the potential for interactions of nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures (Reed et al. 1985, Telfer et al. 1987). This minimization measure would serve the dual purpose of minimizing the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, while at the same time complying with the Hawaii County Code § 14 — 50 et seq. which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 15 Nene The principal potential risk that the operation of the proposed roadway poses to Nene is that birds may be attracted to the roadway following build out in search of water, heat and gravel along the roadbed. Motorists on several of the Big Islands roadways have hit Nene over the past few years. Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shearwater (� The principal potential impact that construction and operation of the proposed alignment poses to UHawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is the increased threat that birds will be downed after becoming disoriented by lights associated with the project. OThe two main project specific actions that pose a potential threat to these nocturnally flying seabirds are: 1) during construction if it is deemed expedient, or necessary to conduct nighttime construction activities, 2) if streetlights are required for traffic safety reasons following build -out a of the roadway. aRecommendations If nighttime construction activity, be it actual construction activity or equipment maintenance is D proposed during the construction phase of the project, all associated lights should be shielded, and when large flood/work lights are used they should be placed on poles that are high enough to allow the lights to be pointed directly at the ground. t r 1 If streetlights are installed in conjunction with the new road, it is recommended that lights be shielded to reduce the potential for interactions of nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures (Reed et al. 1985, Telfer et al. 1987). This minimization measure would serve the dual purpose of minimizing the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, while at the same time complying with the Hawaii County Code § 14 — 50 et seq. which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 15 survey of two alignments (W-3 and W-4) that were located parallel to the W-7 alignment, one to the north and the other to the south, I saw one Nene in an area close to the current alignment. Since the Army purchased the Ke'dmoku parcel their biologists have reported seeing < 2 Nene on several occasions close to the western terminus of this alignment, including one apparent nesting attempt north of the W-7 alignment in 2008. The repeated sightings of Nene within the general area have apparently involved three separate individual birds (Lena Schnell 2009, personnel communication). Although not detected during this survey, it is possible that small numbers of the endangered endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), and the threatened Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli), over -fly the project area between the months of May and November (Banko 1980a, 1980b, Harrison 1990, Cooper et al., 1992, Day et al., 2003a). Hawaiian Petrels were formerly common on the Island of Hawaii (Wilson and Evans 1890- 1899). This pelagic seabird reportedly nested in large numbers on the slopes of Mauna Loa and in the saddle area between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea (Henshaw 1902), as well as at the mid -to - high elevations of Mount Hualdlai. It has, within recent historic times, been reduced to relict breeding colonies located at high elevations on Mauna Loa and, possibly, Mount Hualdlai (Banko 1980a, Banko et al. 2001, Cooper and David 1995, Cooper et al. 1995, Day et al. 2003a, Harrison 1990, Simons and Hodges 1998). Hawaiian Petrels were first listed as an endangered species by the USFWS) in 1967 and by the State of Hawaii in 1973 (Federal Register 1967, DLNR 1998) Newell's Shearwaters were formerly common on the Island of Hawaii (Wilson and Evans 1890- 1899). This species breeds on Kauai, Hawaii, and Molokai. Newell's Shearwater populations have dropped precipitously since the 1880s (Banko 1980b, Day et al., 2003b). This pelagic species nests high in the mountains in burrows excavated under thick vegetation, especially uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) fern. Newell's Shearwater was listed as a threatened species by the USFWS in 1975 and by the State of Hawaii in 1973 (Federal Register 1975, DLNR 1998). The primary cause of mortality in both Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is thought to be predation by alien mammalian species at the nesting colonies (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1983, Simons and Hodges 1998, Ainley et al. 2001, Hue et al., 2001). Collision with man-made structures is considered to be the second most significant cause of mortality of these seabird species in Hawaii. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. When disoriented, seabirds often collide with manmade structures, and if they are not killed outright, the dazed or injured birds are easy targets of opportunity for feral mammals (Hadley 1961, Telfer 1979, Sincock 1981, Reed et al. 1985, Telfer et al. 1987, Cooper and Day 1998, Podolsky et al. 1998, Ainley et al. 2001). There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the proposed project site for either of these pelagic seabird species. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 14 1 '' 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 t t 1 ,'I 1 1 1 11 1 D Dfly Although not detected during the course of this survey, it is likely that Hawaiian hoary bats over- portions of the proposed right-of-way on a seasonal basis, as bats have been documented within mauka portions of the PTA facility, and south of the western terminus in Waikoloa Village on a seasonal basis (Jacobs 1994, Cooper et al., 1992, David 2009). There is no suitable Hawaiian hoary bat roosting habitat present within, or close to the W-7 alignment. Several European house mice were detected at several locations along the corridors surveyed. D Additionally, it is likely that roof rats (Rattus r. rattus), Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), and possibly Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans hawaiiensis) utilize resources within the general project site on a seasonal basis within the project area. DAll of the other mammalian species recorded during the course of this survey are commonly occurring species present on farmland, pasturage and the grasslands present in the general project 0 area. All of these mammals are considered alien to the Hawaiian Islands, and none are protected under either state or the federal endangered species statutes. 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 Avian Resources The findings of this survey are consistent with at least one other avian surveys conducted on portions of the W-7 alignment (David 1996a), as well as with several other surveys conducted within similar habitat in the South Kohala District, or on lands that are adjacent to portions of the project alignments within the recent past (David 1999b, 2002, 2004, David and Guinther 2006). During the course of this survey I recorded a slightly higher number of avian species and numbers than I did during the 1996 survey of the same general area. These findings are not surprising as the habitat present on the site during 1996 was even more depauperate than encountered during this survey; many areas within the Ke`dmuku parcel were bare ground in 1996, due to a multi- year drought. The vegetation present on the site during the course of this survey was verdant when compared to that found in 1996. The Ke`amuku parcel is as green as I have seen it in the 35 years that I have lived on the island. A total of 27 -different avian species were recorded during the time spend within the project area (Table 2). Three of the species recorded, Pacific Golden -Plover, Ruddy Turnstone, and the Hawaiian endemic sub -species of the Short -eared Owl are considered to be native to the Hawaiian Islands. As previously stated Pacific Golden -Plover and Rudy Turnstone are regularly seen throughout Hawaii between the months of July and early May, though as evidenced by this surveys results small numbers of both of these species over -summer in Hawaii. Short -eared Owls are an uncommon, irruptive diurnal owl species that are still found in goodly numbers on the Big Island, where it is most frequently encountered in open grassland areas, though usually in somewhat less xeric conditions that present within most of this project area. The remaining 24 avian species detected are all considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands. No species currently listed, or proposed for listing under either the US Federal or the State of Hawaii endangered species programs was detected during the course of this survey. Although not detected during the course of this survey the endangered Nene (Brants sandwichensis) has been recorded in low numbers within the Ke`amuku parcel. During the 1996 Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 13 Common Name Scientific Name ST PYA STRIGIDAE - Typical Owls Short -eared Owl Asio flammeus sandwichensis ES 0.09 PASSERIFORMES ALAUDIDAE - Larks Sky Lark Alauda arvensis A 6.58 ZOSTEROPIDAE - White -Eyes Japanese White -eye Zosterops japonicus A 0.16 MIMIDAE -Mockingbirds & Thrushes Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos A 0.18 STURNIDAE - Starlings Common Myna Acridotheres tristis A 0.29 EMBERIZIDAE - Emberizids Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola A 0.27 CARDINALIDAE - Cardinals Saltators & Allies Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis A 0.20 FRINGILLIDAE - Fringilline And Cardueline Finches & Allies Carduelinae - Carduline Finches House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus A 2.36 Yellow -fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus A 0.27 PASSERIDAE - Old World Sparrows House Sparrow Passer domesticus A 0.04 ESTRILDIDAE - Estrildid Finches Estrildinae - Estrildine Finches Red Avadavat Amandava amandava A 0.16 African Silverbill Lonchura cantans A 0.87 Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata A 0.31 KEY TO TABLE I ST Status A Alien Species IM Indigenous Migratory Species ES Endemic Sub -species RA Relative Abundance — number of individual birds detected divided by the number of stations (45) Discussion Mammalian Resources The findings of the mammalian survey are consistent with at least one other faunal survey conducted on portions of the W-7 alignment (David 1996a), as well as with several other surveys conducted within similar habitat in the South Kohala District, or on lands that are adjacent to portions of the project alignments within the recent past (David 1999b, 2002, 2004, David. and Guinther 2006). Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 12 South Kohala. The remaining 24 avian species detected are all considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands. Avian diversity and densities were low, though in keeping with the habitat present within the project area. I recorded no birds at one of the 45 -count station. Two species, Sky Lark (Alauda arvensis), and House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), accounted for slightly less than 54% of the total number of birds recorded during station counts. The most common avian species recorded was Sky Lark, which accounted for slightly less than 40% of the total number of individual birds recorded. An average of 17 individual birds were recorded per station count. Table 2 - Avian Species Detected Saddle Road W-7 Alignment, Uommon Name Scientific Name ST RA GALLIFORMES PHASIANIDAE - Pheasants & Partridges Phasianinae - Pheasants & Allies Gray Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus A 0.31 Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus A 0.51 Erckel's Francolin Francolinus erckelii A 1.20 Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica A 0.11 Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus A 0.20 Meleagridinae - Turkeys Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo A 0.42 ODONTOPHORIDAE - New World Quail California Quail Callipepla californica A 0.22 CHARADRIIFORMES CHARADRIIDAE - Lapwings & Plovers Charadriinae - Plovers Pacific Golden -Plover Pluvialis fulva IM 0.11 SCOLOPACIDAE - Sandpipers, Phalaropes & Allies Scolopacinae - Sandpipers & Allies Ruddy Tumstone Arenaria interpres IM 0.24 PTEROCLIDIDAE - Sandgrouse Chestnut -bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus A 0.31 COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE - Pigeons & Doves Rock Pigeon Columba livia A 0.71 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis A 0.11 Zebra Dove Geopelia striata A 0.38 STRIGIFORMES TYTONIDAE - Barn Owls Barn Owl Tyto alba A 0.04 Table 2 continued Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 11 Figure — 6 Goats (Capra h. hirca) Mid level W-7 Avian Survey Methods Forty-five avian count stations were sited along the W-7 alignment. Count stations were placed at approximately 350 -meter intervals equally spaced along the proposed right-of-way. Six -minute point counts were made at each of the 45 -count stations. Each station was counted once. Field observations were made with the aid of Leitz 10 X 42 binoculars and by listening for vocalizations. Counts were concentrated between 06:30 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., the peak of daily bird activity. Avian Survey Results A total of 749 individual birds of 27 different species, representing 18 separate families, were recorded during station counts (Table 2). Three of the species recorded, Pacific Golden -Plover (Pluvialis fulva), Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), and Short -eared Owl (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) are native species. The Pacific Golden -Plover, and Ruddy Turnstone are indigenous migratory shorebird species that nests in the high Arctic during the late spring and summer months, returning to Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific to spend the fall and winter months each year. They usually leave Hawaii for their trip back to the Arctic in late April or the very early part of May each year, though as evidenced by this surveys results small numbers of both of these species over -summer in Hawaii. The Hawaiian endemic sub -species of the Short -eared Owl, or Pueo is a diurnal bird of prey, regularly seen within the grassland areas in North and Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 10 Table 1 - Mammalian Species Detected Saddle Road W-7 Alignment Common name I Scientific name I I Det/Type Key To Table 1 Det/Type Detection type V Visual — animals that were seen Skel Skeleton — animals that were detected through observation of skeletal remains A Audio — animals that were detected by sound Si Sign — animals that were detected by seeing tracks, scat and other sign 7777777777777777.. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 9 RODENTIA - Gnawers Muridae - Old World Rats & Mice European house mouse Mus musculus domesticus V CARNIVORA- Flesh Eaters Canidae - Wolves, Jackals & Allies Domestic dog Canis f. familiaris Si Viverridae - Civets & Allies Small Indian mongoose Herpestes a. auropunctatus V, Si, Skel Felidae- Cats House cat Felis catus Si PERISSODACTYLA - Odd -Toed Ungulates Equidae - Horses, Asses & Zebras Domestic horse Equus c. caballus V Si ATRIODACTYLA - Even -Toed Ungulates Suicidae - Old World Swine Pig Sus s. scrofa V Si Bovidae- Hollow -horned Ruminants Domestic cattle Bos taurus V, Si, Skel Goat Capra h. hircus V, Si, Skel Domestic sheep Ovis aries V, Si, Key To Table 1 Det/Type Detection type V Visual — animals that were seen Skel Skeleton — animals that were detected through observation of skeletal remains A Audio — animals that were detected by sound Si Sign — animals that were detected by seeing tracks, scat and other sign 7777777777777777.. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 9 Figure - 5 Heavily grazed grass land with Madagascar ragwort upper tmru of w - Mammalian Survey Results A total of nine mammalian species were detected during the course of this survey (Table 1). U Several European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were seen at various locations within the site. Small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus) were seen at several locations, predominantly on the western third of the alignment. Several horses (Equus c. caballus) were seen within the Ke`amuku parcel. Pigs (Sus s. scrofa), domestic cattle (Bos taurus), and feral goats (Capra h. hirca), and feral sheep (Ovis aries) were seen in numbers along the whole length of the Ke`amuku parcel. Additionally, tracks, scat and sign of dog (Canis f. familiaris), small Indian mongoose, cat (Felin c. catus), horse, pig, cattle, goat and sheep were encountered throughout the Ke`amuku parcel. Of particular note were the numerous very large flocks of goats seen in the mid -to -upper elevation areas of the alignment; over 400 animals were seen a day (Figure 6). All nine of the mammals recorded are considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands. Hawai`i`s O sole endemic terrestrial mammalian species, the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, was not detected during the course of this survey. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 - 8 t 1 t I 1 1 E, i r figure — s r ountam grass dominated western end of W-7 Figure — 4 A'ah'i and grass shrubland W-7 aSaddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys - 2009 - General Site and Project Description The W-7 alignment gently slopes from east to west, from an elevation of — 1765 meters (5800 - feet), above mean sea level (ASL), along the existing Saddle Road, down slope to where it will intersect the existing Mamalahoa Highway at — 760 meters (2493 -feet) ASL. The alignment is roughly 10.3 miles long, with approximately 8.9 miles within TMK: 6-7-001:041: the remaining 1.4 miles of the alignment goes through a portion of the main P6hakuloa Training Area (PTA) (Figure 1). The project area is on the west -facing slope of Mauna Kea, on the leeward side of the island. Annual rainfall is in the neighborhood of 50 centimeters (20 -inches) a year, with the upper reaches somewhat drier. The terrain present along the alignment is composed of a mix of `a `a and pahoehoe lava flows disgorged from Mauna Kea more than 14,000 and 65,000 years ago during the Pleistocene Age. Additionally there are surficial alluvial deposits in many areas, which were washed down from Mauna Kea at the end of the last ice age. Along the southern boundary of the area several small fingers of `a `a from the Ke`amuku flow, deposited by Mauna Loa between 200 and 750 years ago overlay portions of the older Mauna Kea flows (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The vast majority of the site has been extensively altered by decades of cattle grazing and is now largely a pasture of introduced grasses with scattered shrubs and very few trees. The vegetation between the eastern terminus of the project and approximately the 4200 foot level is dominated by fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), with sparse amounts of `a `alil `i (Dodenea viscose), and numerous other alien grasses and Madagascar ragwort (Senecio madagascariensis) (Figure 2). At the lower elevations in this section there are also pockets buffelgrasss (Cenchrus ciliaris), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), and Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Between the 4300 foot and 4600 foot elevation the makeup of the vegetation is similar to that found in the lower section, except that in this zone the native species are dominate, with large dense stands of `a `ali `i making up to 50% of the ground cover (Figure 3). Between the 4300 -foot elevation and the boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel and PTA proper the habitat is similar to the previously described ones, but with varying densities of the component species, as is to be expected in pastureland that is grazed on a rotational basis (Figure 4). Between approximately 5200 -feet ASL and the eastern terminus of the project the substrate is markedly different than that found lower on the alignment, in this area is made up of alluvial and colluvial sand and gravel deposited by the erosion of Mauna Kea by the melting of the last ice cap. On this substrate the dominate plant is the endemic shrub `aheahea (Chenopodium oahuense). Mammalian Survey Methods With the exception of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), or `ope `ape `a as it is known locally, all terrestrial mammals currently found on.the Island of Hawaii are alien species. Most are ubiquitous. The survey of mammals was limited to visual and auditory detection, coupled with visual observation of scat, tracks, and other animal sign. A running tally was kept of all vertebrate species observed and heard within the project area. Saddle Road W-7 - Faunal Surveys — 2009 1 1 1 SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division Cooperating _A encies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix E Depleted Uranium Report [This page intentionally left blank] yei Table of Contents EXECUTIVESUMMARY.....................................................................................I....................... 1 SECTION1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1-1 1.1 General Site Setting.........................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Description of Problem.................................................................................................... l-1 SECTION2 SITE DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Site History......................................................................................................................2-1 2.2 Geology and Soils............................................................................................................2-1 2.3 Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................2-2 2.4 Hydrology........................................................................................................................2-2 2.5 Climate.............................................................................................................................2-3 SECTION 3 SOIL SAMPLING PROGRAM AND RESULTS...................................................3-1 SECTION 4 BACKGROUND EVALUATION.......................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Sources of Radiation in the Environment........................................................................4-1 4.2 Natural, Depleted, and Enriched Uranium....................................................................... 4-2 4.3 U Mass Concentration...................................................................................................... 4-3 4.4 Isotopic Fingerprinting.....................................................................................................4-3 4.5 Site Specific U Source Identification...............................................................................4-4 4.5.1 U Mass Concentration..........................................................................................4-4 4.5.2 Isotopic Fingerprinting 4-4 SECTION 5 Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment................................................................ 5-1 5.1 Hazard Identification.......................................................................................................5-1 5.1.1 Summary of Available Site Data.........................................................................5-1 5.1.2 Selection of COPCs.............................................................................................5-1 5.1.3 Analysis of Lead..................................................................................................5-2 5.1.4 Analysis of Uranium............................................................................................5-2 5.2 Dose -Response Assessment.............................................................................................5-3 5.2.1 Noncarcinogenic Dose-Response........................................................................5-3 5.2.2 Carcinogenic Dose-Response..............................................................................5-5 5.3 Exposure Assessment.......................................................................................................5-6 5.3.1 Potential Exposure Scenarios...............................................................................5-6 5.3.2 Current and Future Exposure Scenarios.............................................................. 5-6 5.3.3 Identification of Potential Exposure Pathways .................................................... 5-7 5.3.4 Conceptual Site Model.........................................................................................5-7 5.4 Exposure Point Concentrations....................................................................................... 5-7 5.5 Exposure Factors............................................................................................................ 5-12 5.5.1 Body Weight......................................................................................................5-12 5.5.2 Duration of Exposure.........................................................................................5-12 5.5.3 Exposure Frequency 5-14 5.5.4 Amount of Soil and Sediment Ingested............................................................. 5-14 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment i Saddle Road October 2009 5.5.5 Body Surface Area Exposed to Soil/Groundwater............................................ 5-14 5.5.6 Lifetime..............................................................................................................5-14 5.5.7 Soil Adherence Rate.......................................................................................... 5-14 5.6 Relative Absorption Factors.......................................................................................... 5-15 5.7 Method to Estimate Average Daily Dose...................................................................... 5-15 SECTION 6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Noncarcinogenic Risk Assessment.................................................................................. 6-1 6.2 Carcinogenic Risk............................................................................................................ 6-2 SECTION 7 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS................................................................................ 7-1 7.1 Hazard Identification....................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Dose -Response Assessment............................................................................................. 7-1 7.3 Exposure Assessment....................................................................................................... 7-2 7.4 Risk Characterization....................................................................................................... 7-3 SECTION8 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................... 8-1 SECTION9 REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 9-1 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 III List of Figures Figure 1: Site Location Map ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- 1-3 Figure 2: Sample Location Map .................... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-3 Figure 3: Conceptual Site Model----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-8 List of Tables Table 1: Summary of Analytical Results.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-2 Table 2: Nonearcinogenic and Carcinogenic Dose Response -------------------------------------------------------5-4 Table 3: Exposure Point Concentrations....................................................................... -.--. 5-11 ------------ Table 4: Exposure Factors------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- 5-12 Table 5: Summary of Potential Hazard Indices ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ 6-2 Table 6: Summary of RESRAD Analysis----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------6-4 Table 7: Final Summary -------------- .................................... 6-4 List of Appendices APPENDIX A: Analytical Sampling Results APPENDIX B: Chemical Assessment Risk Characterization Spreadsheets APPENDIX C: Radiological Assessment Risk Characterization Reports Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 1 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS, TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS Dµg/m3 �J - Micrograms of compound per cubic meter of air. 234Th - Thorium -234 234U - Uranium -234 238U - Uranium -235 238U - Uranium -238 U ADD - Average Daily Dose. A compound- and facility -specific value generated by an equation lJ designed to estimate a receptor's potential daily intake from exposure to compound with potential noncarcinogenic effects. n ANL - Argonne National Laboratory ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U BHHRA - Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 0 C - Carbon oCERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act COPC - Compounds of Potential Concern - Those site -related compounds examined in detail (—? in the quantitative risk assessment. cm - centimeter CSF - Cancer Slope Factor - A numerical estimate of the carcinogenic potency of a compound. CSFs are developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Human Health DAssessment Group for both oral and inhalation routes of exposure. CSM - Conceptual Site Model d - day Dose - Concentration of a compound to which a receptor may be exposed. Dose is usually expressed in units of milligrams of compound per kilogram of body weight per day. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment iv Saddle Road October 2009 Dose -Response Evaluation - The process of quantitatively evaluating toxicity information and characterizing the relationship between the dose of the compound and the likelihood and magnitude of adverse health effects in the exposed population. From the quantitative dose - response relationship, toxicity values are identified and used in the risk characterization step to estimate the potential for adverse effects occurring in the receptors evaluated in the risk assessment. DU - Depleted Uranium EPC - Exposure Point Concentration EU - Enriched Uranium F - Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit HEAST - Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables HI - Hazard Index - The sum of the compound -specific hazard quotients for a particular exposure pathway. HQ - Hazard Quotient - The ratio of the calculated Chronic Average Daily Dose to the Reference Dose for a particular compound. A Hazard Quotient of less than one indicates that the Reference Dose for that compound has not been exceeded. Therefore, it can be assumed with a high degree of certainty that no adverse noncarcinogenic health effects are expected to occur as a result of exposure to that particular compound via that particular route. Because the reference dose is derived using multiple safety factors, a Hazard Quotient greater than one does not indicate that health effects are expected but rather that further analysis is warranted. IRIS - Integrated Risk Information System - A computerized database of toxicological information maintained by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. K - Potassium LADD - Lifetime Average Daily Dose - A compound- and facility -specific value generated by an equation designed to estimate a receptor's potential daily intake from exposure to potentially carcinogenic compounds. LOAEL - Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level - The lowest experimental dose above the NOAEL at which a statistically significant difference in response between the control and exposed group is discernable. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment v Saddle Road October 2009 mg/cO kg g - Milligrams gr s of compound per kilogram of medium. ame mg/kg-day - Milligrams of compound per kilogram of body weight per day. mg/1- Milligrams of compound per liter of water. NCP - National Contingency Plan O NOAEL - No Observed Adverse Effect Level - An experimental dose greater than zero at which no statistically significant difference in response can be detected between the control and exposed groups. DNoncarcinogenic Effects - Category of adverse health effects that does not include cancers (e.g., liver effects, changes in blood enzyme levels, variances in body weight). QNRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission QNTP - National Toxicology Program pCi/g - picocuries per gram ppm - part per million PELCR - Potential Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk - An estimate of the increased probability of developing cancer given exposure to particular doses of particular compounds via specific exposure scenarios. The likelihood, over and above the background cancer rate, that a receptor Owill develop cancer in his or her lifetime as a result of facility -related exposures to compounds in various environmental media. PRG - Preliminary Remediation Goal PTA - Pohakuloa Training Area Quantitative Risk Assessment - The mathematical and scientific procedure by which compounds present in environmental media are evaluated for their potential to adversely impact LJ the health of individuals who may contact them. LJ Ra - Radium ORn - Radon RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RESRAD - Residual Radioactivity Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment vi Saddle Road October 2009 Response - Carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic health effect associated with exposure to a compound RfC - Reference Concentration - An experimentally derived level of a compound in air modified by multiple safety factors of ten. It is the air concentration at which no statistical difference in response is expected to occur for an exposed population. The RfC is a toxicity value for compounds with noncarcinogenic effects via the inhalation route of exposure, and is usually expressed in units of milligrams of compound per cubic meter of air. RfD - Reference Dose - An experimentally derived level of exposure, modified by multiple safety factors. The RfD is the dose predicted to produce no statistical difference in response for an exposed population. The RfD is a toxicity value for compounds with noncarcinogenic effects via the oral and inhalation routes of exposure, and is expressed in units of milligrams of compound per kilogram of body weight per day. RME - Reasonable Maximum Exposure SEIS - Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Th - Thorium Threshold - The level of exposure below which no adverse noncarcinogenic health effects are known or expected to occur. Total Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk - The sum of all pathway -specific Excess Lifetime Cancer Risks for a given receptor. Total Hazard Index - The sum of all pathway -specific Hazard Indices for a given receptor. Uncertainty Factor - An empirically -derived factor that is applied to a NOAEL or LOAEL in order to derive an RfD. Uncertainty factors account for some of the uncertainties associated with extrapolating information in a dose -response study to the general population. U - Uranium UCL - Upper Confidence Limit USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment vii Saddle Road October 2009 U AN ame U EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of a surface soil sampling event, a source determination and background evaluation and Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment (BHHRA) for uranium (U) isotopes along the proposed Saddle Road alignment (State Route 200) bordering Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA). The assessment addresses the public's concern that depleted uranium O originating from military operations, at PTA may impact the health of those that may be involved in the construction of the proposed alignment as well as those that may use the road in the future. The risk assessment considers both chemical and radiological toxicity from nuranium. This document has been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the U Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the ONational Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). Site Description OSaddle Road is a narrow, winding, two-lane road with steep grades, sharp curves, poor pavement, and substandard drainage. Parts of the easternmost portion have been widened and n repaved by the County of Hawaii, but until the current effort dating from 1996, no attempt had ISI been made to correct deficiencies in vertical or horizontal curves, which reflected the original path built during World War II. Saddle Road has become increasingly important, for access to Othe U.S. Department of the Army's PTA, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea State Park, outdoor recreation areas used for hunting and gathering, ranch lands, and the communities of (� Waiki`i Ranch and Kaumana. Its role is increasing as a cross -island transportation route linking UEast and West Hawaii for business travel, the transport of goods and services, tourism/recreation, shopping, and to some extent for commuting. Currently, about six miles of Dthe improved Saddle Road have been completed, and another nine -mile section is nearly complete. A roughly five -mile section has been graded and is expected to be complete by the end of 2009, at which time another eight -mile section that is currently being designed and undergoing permit review is expected to begin construction. All of these segments are east of the roughly 12 -mile section mauka of Mamalahoa Highway that is the subject of the Supplemental OEIS to which this analysis pertains. 0 Proiect Background In August 2007, US Army contractors discovered one intact M101 spotting round during a screening survey of the remote Impact Area at PTA. The recovered fragment consisting of depleted uranium (DU) was nearly completely unoxidized and found lying on a bare rock lava Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment ES -1 Saddle Road October 2009 surface. Subsequent surveys uncovered aluminum firing tubes for the spotting round, but no additional spotting rounds themselves. Recently, ten soil samples were collected by the US Army from sites where sediment had collected from past runoff/erosion events around the perimeter of PTA. Radiometric analysis of those samples found only natural U abundances and 231U/231U isotopic composition (Rubin 2008). Irrespective, a portion of the proposed Saddle Road alignment is proposed to transverse the Ke'dmuku Parcel, a former Parker Ranch property recently deeded to the U.S. Army, which is downwind during times when the prevailing regional tradewinds are in effect, particularly at night or in the early morning before daytime heating causes a convectional sea breeze that blows from the west across Keamuku towards the saddle. The Hawaii State Department of Transportation, in consultation with the Saddle Road Task Force (a citizen group appointed by U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye to guide development of the project), determined that it would be prudent to examine the presence and risk of depleted uranium to human receptors who may construct or traverse Saddle Road, as part of the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) being prepared to address a modified route across this property. Analytical Methods and Results In June 2008, concentrations of 234U, 235U and 238U isotopes in surface soil along the proposed Saddle Road alignment were collected by AMEC and analyzed via two analytical methods. The first method to evaluate uranium isotope concentrations, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP -MS), was utilized to provide precision and low detection limits for the 235U and 238U isotopes. Results for the ICP -MS method verify the presence of 238U, but resulted in non -detects for the 234U and 235U isotopes indicating that they were either not present or below their respective minimum detection limits. The ICP -MS data was considered but not used in the background analysis and risk assessment as the assessments require data input by activity and/or mass concentration. The second analytical method utilized in this study was Alpha Spectrometry. The alpha spectrometry results were expected to provide the greatest precision and lowest detection limit for the 234U isotope. Results of the alpha spectrometry analysis indicate the presence of all three isotopes in site soils. 235U was detected in only one of the five (5) locations sampled. Given that data for all three isotopes were available for the alpha spectrometry method, data obtained from this method comprised the data set utilized for both the background analyses and human health risk assessment. Background Analysis Uranium occurs naturally in trace amounts in Hawaiian rocks, soils and waters at or below Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment ES -2 Saddle Road October 2009 amecO concentrations of 1 to 3arts per million p p (ppm) by weight (Rubin 2008). Uranium may also O occur in soils due to anthropogenic action, such as from military use or as a byproduct of nuclear energy generation. Determining the source of any uranium isotopes detected along the proposed Saddle Road alignment was one objective of this study. Two methods were employed to evaluate uranium isotope source. The first method compared site-specific total U mass concentrations to naturally occurring U mass concentrations in Hawaii. Total U was determined O by summing the isotopic concentrations of 234U, 235U and 238U detected at each of the 5 independent sites along the proposed Saddle Road alignment. Results of this analysis indicate that total uranium along the proposed Saddle Road alignment are at or below levels occurring naturally in native Hawaiian soils. Total U based on alpha spectrometry analyses ranged from 0.4 parts per million (ppm) at location DUO03 to 1.3 ppm at DU001. The average at all five locations was 0.8 ppm. The second method used to determine whether detected U originates from natural or DU sources O was the evaluation of isotope abundance. Except in extremely rare circumstances (not found in Hawai`i), natural U dispersed in rocks and soils have a comparatively greater 234U/238U and 235U/238U ratio than those originating from DU. Although use of the 131U/2 31U is considered a more precise measurement than the 234U/238U ratio in isotopic fingerprinting of U contamination, the utility of the 234U/23 'U ratio is significant when 235U data are not available or when n concentrations of the 235U isotope are too low to detect. This is the case here and as such, the U 234U/238U ratio was used as the second method to fingerprint the U source. The naturally O occurring 234U/238U ratio in soil has been determined to be in the range of 0.5 to 1.2 (Sansone et 2001). 234U/238U al. ratios at the Saddle Road alignment ranged from 0.74 to 1.79, with an average ratio across all five (5) locations of 1.16. Assuming the average ratio across the 5 sites is Drepresentative of the proposed alignment; these results indicate that the 234UP38U isotopic ratio is within the background range. (� (� Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment A baseline human health risk assessment (BHHRA) was performed to evaluate the potential risk posed by uranium isotopes detected at the proposed Saddle Road alignment. The alignment was evaluated as a single decision unit represented by five (5) distinct sampling locations. Receptors were assumed to be exposed to the lesser of the maximum concentration of each O isotope detected or the 95% UCL of the mean. Risks were evaluated for the following receptors: A construction worker scenario assumed to be on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1 year and assumed to contact surface and subsurface soil. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment ES-3 Saddle Road a October 2009 M. • A recreational user of the road assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact just the surface soil Potential estimated lifetime cancer risks were calculated using the RESidual RADioactivity (RESRAD) computer code, Version 6.4, developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL 2007). Carcinogenic risks were compared to the USEPA regulatory level of concern of 10.6 and 10-4. Estimated noncarcinogenic risks posed from the chemical toxicity of Uranium are presented as total site Hazard Indices and were calculated by summing the pathway specific Hazard Quotients. A total Hazard Index of 1 was considered to be the regulatory level of concern. The results for each receptor are presented below. Of the receptors analyzed, none were found to exceed the most conservative USEPA lifetime cancer risk regulatory level of concern of 10-6 or the noncarcinogenic Hazard Index regulatory level of concern of 1. Construction worker The Construction Worker scenario is assumed to be on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1 year and contact surface and subsurface soil. The construction worker was found to have a carcinogenic risk of 1E-06, and a noncarcinogenic risk of 4E-03. Recreational/Commuter This receptor is a user of the road on a daily basis. The recreational receptor is assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact just the surface soil. The carcinogenic risk associated with this receptor were found to be 3E--07 for the Child Receptor and 9E-07 for the Adult Receptor. These carcinogenic risks can be summed for a total carcinogenic risk of a lE-06 for the full 30 year tenure. The noncarcinogenic risk was calculated to be 3E-03 for the Child Receptor and IE -03 for the Adult Receptor. Lead Analysis In addition to the Uranium investigation and risk assessment, surface soils at all five (5) sample locations were analyzed for lead. Laboratory results can be found in Appendix A. Results were compared to the USEPA Region 9 residential Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) for lead in soil of 400 mg/kg. The maximum lead concentration detected at any site was 3.3 mg/kg at Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment ES -4 Saddle Road October 2009 a amecO sampling location DUO 04. All lead values were well below the screening level criteria and was oexcluded from further analysis. Conclusions aBased on the available surface soil data collected in June 2008 at five (5) locations along the proposed alignment, it has been determined that uranium detected at the site originates from a natural sources. Potential noncancer health risks from the ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact of soil along the proposed alignment are below USEPA's acceptable risk level of concern. Potential cancer risks from radiological activity of the detected U isotopes are below othe most conservative regulatory criteria. 0 0 O Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment ES -5 Saddle Road October 2009 0 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of a surface soil sampling event, a source determination and background evaluation, and a Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment for uranium (U) isotopes along the proposed Saddle Road alignment (State Route 200) bordering Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA). The assessment addresses the public's concern that depleted uranium originating from military operations at PTA may impact the health of those that may be involved in the construction of the proposed alignment as well as those that may use the road in the future. The risk assessment considers both chemical and radiological toxicity from uranium. This evaluation was prepared for the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, Highways Division and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Central Federal Lands Highway Division. 1.1 General Site Setting The Site is contained within or directly adjacent to the Ke`amuku parcel, a 23,977 -acre property (tax map key [TMK]: 3rd Div., 6-7-001:003) purchased in 2006 from Parker Ranch by the U.S. Army as an addition to its Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) (Figure 1 taken from Geometrician 2007). Although planned for military use, the Army currently allows grazing on the parcel as a fire mitigation measure. The parcel is bordered by the existing Saddle Road, the Waiki`i Ranch subdivision and nearby homes and farms on the north, by the remainder of PTA on the east, by the Pu`uanahulu Game Management Area on the south, and by private, undeveloped lands across Mamalahoa Highway on the west (Geometrician 2007). 1.2 Description of Problem A surface soils assessment, source analysis and baseline human health risk assessment was requested to support a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) that is being prepared for the Saddle Road extension and realignment, which will eventually bisect a portion of the PTA northwest of MP42 (proposed W-3 route) or possibly south of the W-3 route (proposed W-7 route. Note: W-7 is in the conceptual stage). These two areas (W-3 and W-7) are in proximity to Ke'dmuku on the western side of PTA. In August, 2007, U.S. Army contractors discovered depleted uranium (DU) fragments at PTA. Although the Army acknowledges that DU material is considered a chemical hazard, the Army maintains that DU does not pose a risk to public health and that insufficient quantities have been detected to pose a risk to human health. Sampling and analytical data for DU are not available in Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 1-1 Saddle Road October 2009 1 1 t t 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 0 0 areas where the proposed Saddle Road extension is to be constructed. In the absence of analytical data, the source of U as well as the potential risks to human receptors (construction workers that will be involved in the construction of the Saddle Road extension or occupants of vehicles that may use the road in the future) cannot be determined. The objective of this study was therefore to gather analytical data of sufficient quality and quantity necessary to support a background source evaluation and human health risk assessment. The background evaluation is designed to determine whether the source of uranium at the site was naturally occurring or if anthropogenic depleted uranium sources also contribute to uranium presence. The human health risk assessment determines the degree of risk, if any, that uranium and poses for construction workers and users/commuters who may use Saddle Road in the future. D Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 1-2 Saddle Road October 2009 D o s' ';E x Ills f—Jr O e i r rrrtu• rrY •rY•YrY 'Y 4 Y• •fie �F'. •Y��' ,� \�� ! Y Y Y :•: O ti +1'4� � 7 y ,l� o 41.0 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 1-3 Saddle Road October 2009 W D D amecO SECTION 2 DSITE DESCRIPTION This section presents background information relevant to the project including site history, Ddescriptions of geology and soils, hydrogeology, hydrology, and climate. 2.1 Site History DA portion of the proposed Saddle Road alignment is proposed to transverse the Ke'amuku Parcel, a former Parker Ranch property recently deeded to the U.S. Army, which is downwind Dfrom PTA. The Site is currently zoned for agricultural use and it is assumed to have been used for agricultural use throughout most of its recent history. The US Army conducted training at PTA during the mid-1960s using the M101 spotting round of the Davy Crockett Weapon System. The M101 spotting round was a small (20mm) low speed (velocity) projectile that weighed approximately 1 pound. Each round contained approximately one half pound D38 U OAlloy (92% DU and 8% molybdenum) (Rubin 2008). This spotting round was designed to mirror the flight characteristics of larger caliber rounds and was fired to identify the correct (� range and bearing for those larger caliber rounds. These rounds typically broke into large Dfragments after use. DIn August 2007, U.S. Army contractors discovered one intact M101 spotting round during a screening survey of the remote Impact Area at PTA. The recovered fragment consisting of depleted uranium (DU) was nearly completely unoxidized and found lying on a bare rock lava surface. Subsequent surveys uncovered aluminum firing tubes for the spotting round, but no additional spotting rounds themselves. Recently, ten soil samples were collected from sites Dwhere sediment had collected from past runoff/erosion events around the perimeter of PTA. Radiometric analysis of those samples found only natural U abundances and ...U/23.0 isotopic composition (Rubin 2008). No sampling has been performed along the proposed alignment. 2.2 Geology and Soils OThe Site is situated on late Pleistocene and Holocene lava flows from Mauna Kea covered with volcanic ash deposits (MacDonald 1983; Wolfe 1996). The topography reflects the hummocky n character of lava flows. The only major relief features are found in a few gulches and at several }ul 100 -foot plus high cinder cones, both of which are concentrated in the northern part of Ke`amuku. The surface has weathered through time to produce deep, well -drained soils D(Geometrician' 2007). Soil types anticipated to be encountered during this sampling effort include: Kilohana loamy fine sand, Pu`u Pa extremely stony very fine sandy loam, very stony O Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 2-1 Saddle Road October 2009 D land, and Kaimu extremely stony peat. In general, these soils exhibit fairly rapid permeability, slow runoff, and slight erosion potential (USDA 1973). 2.3 Hydrogeology According to Mink and Lau (1990), the area of concern overlies two different aquifers, the Anaeho`omalu aquifer system (Northwest Mauna Loa aquifer sector) and the Waimea aquifer system (West Mauna Kea aquifer sector). The aquifers are both classified as unconfined, high level aquifers in dike compartments and/or flank lava deposits. They are considered irreplaceable, fresh water aquifers (< 250 milligrams per liter [mg/L] chloride content) with. high vulnerability to contamination due to its proximity to the surface. Groundwater from portions of these aquifers is currently used as a drinking water source. 2.4 Hydrology According to maps in the Atlas of Hawaii, 3rd ed. (Juvik 1998), annual rainfall averages approximately 25 inches in Ke`dmuku overall, being slightly greater at higher elevations and less at lower elevations. Although no perennial streams, lakes, springs, or wetlands are present, the Ke`amuku property includes a number of ephemeral drainages mapped on U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps. These originate on the steep slopes of Mauna Kea and cross the existing Saddle Road at various bridges, culverts and dips in the road. There is a distinct shift in the amount of dissection in the Ke`dmuku property from north to south, as the terrain changes from highly -dissected, older Mauna Kea lava flows with many ephemeral streams in the. north to younger, lightly -dissected flows with few ephemeral streams in the south. The very youngest Mauna Kea flows are found on the southern margin of the Ke`amuku property, where the W-7 alignment is located. South of this are Mauna Loa lava flows, which also lack any stream dissection (Geometrician 2007). Since there are no perennial stream channels within the Ke`amuku area, no baseline data on surface water quality are available. All of the drainages within the study corridor ultimately discharge to the ocean or to littoral springs through subsurface flow (Geometrician 2007). The only baseline water quality data available for Ke`amuku are from required water sampling of a 2,500 -foot deep well that supplies water for the Waiki`i Ranch subdivision. The well is located within 200 feet of the existing Saddle Road and has been consistently found to meet all of the federal standards for safe drinking water. There is no recorded contamination associated with this well (Geometrician 2007). A second well which goes to a depth of 4,300 feet is also located in Waiki`i. No further information is provided for this well. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 2-2 Saddle Road October 2009 7 11 2.5 Climate The average maximum daily temperature in the Ke`amuku area varies from about 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, with an average minimum of 60 to 70 degrees. Ke`dmuku on average receives about 25 inches of rainfall annually, with greater totals at higher elevations and less at lower ones, according to maps in the Atlas of Hawaii, 3rd ed. (Juvik 1998). Winds vary between northeast trades funneled through the saddle between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea and upslope winds generated by heating of the land surface. Light and variable "kona" winds occasionally replace this pattern, most often in winter. According to site data, Morning winds are easterly at 15 to 25 knots (17-1/4 to 28-3/4 mph) and afternoon winds are westerly at 15 to 20 knots (17-1/4 to 23 mph). The entire Ke`dmuku parcel is subject to fog, which above 4,000 feet in elevation is frequent (Geometrician 2007). Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 2-3 R-11 M-ul SECTION 3 SOIL SAMPLING PROGRAM AND RESULTS The surface soil sampling program is described in its entirety in Final Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP), Depleted Uranium Risk Assessment (AMEC 2008). The Final SAP describes sample locations, sampling methods, data quality objectives, data quality indicators, desired levels of detection and analytical laboratory Standard Operating Procedures. Briefly, in June 2008, five (5) surface soil samples were collected, during a single environmental site investigation along the proposed Saddle Road alignment per the AMEC 2008 protocol (Figure 2). The soil samples were analyzed for Uranium by Alpha Spectrometry by USEPA Method :EML A-01 -R MOD, by ICP -MS by USEPA method SW846 6020, and for Percent Moisture by USEPA method MCAWW 160.3 MOD. Soil samples were also analyzed for Lead by USEPA method SW846 6020. Results Analytical laboratory data sheets are provided in Appendix A. Lead and Uranium were analyzed for and detected in surface soil at the Site. Summary analytical results are provided in Table 1. The first method to evaluate uranium isotope concentrations, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP -MS) was utilized to provide precision and low detection limits for the: 235U and 238U isotopes. Results for the ICP -MS method verify the presence of 238U, but resulted in non -detects for the 234U and 231U isotopes indicating that they were either not present or below their respective minimum detection limits. These data were considered but not used in the background analysis and risk assessment because the assessments require data input by activity and/or mass concentration. The second analytical method utilized in this study was Alpha Spectrometry. The alpha spectrometry results were expected to provide the greatest precision and lowest detection limit for the 234U isotope. Results of the alpha spectrometry analysis indicate the presence of all three isotopes in site soils. 235U was detected in only one of the 5 locations sampled. Given that data for all three isotopes were available for the alpha spectrometry method, data obtained from this method comprised the data set utilized for both the background analyses and human health risk assessment. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 3-1 Saddle Road October 2009 Table 1: Summary of Analytical Results *Samples DU0006 and DU0007 are replicate samples of DU0002. **Natural 234/238 Uranium Activity Ratio Ranges from 0.5 to 1.2 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 3-2 I ja Pty r�"`'' �"�''�,ttt • F Radiochemistryk �i`r'r 3-''•r"�-{a,. Results �` '� MasssY�,U/ , p 23 238 (1 Leads xlbr ..: �.r"`"'- Sample it`-:s'..� �Concenfration�� � ���, Isotope .-� � ,� � � I`sotope � Concegtratlon� �"Activ� -��oncentratton_� ��` 238 - *JG,.t"' '0368 �. 4..160 2388 ENE 109466";. �< 234 ND 234 0.157 0.0252 DU0002 1.180451 2.8 235 ND 235/236 ND NA 238 130 238 0.133 395.62 S�t234, "SND J� ` 234 O 118a 0 019 " a T 23 ND* 235/236ND .Wk �� "S.' 3 E' �. f-.;�."NA� kh � � 4. �� 2384xRM 238. h ei' 4� _. _ x 0.0231 234 ND 234 0.144 DUO064 1.107692 3.3 235 ND 235/236 ND NA 238 100 238 0.13 386.7 DTJ000 t low 4 2 � , v,,q 3 j�Tp235/26 MIN 'C 0, '3 77i�3=0 +aW "i'Ei Ai �iD �iyr ie..ty�' N � F38x S 140 II' i+:9'& 23f M -Y� � 0 26� 4 80011 µ 234 ND 234 0.123 0.0198 235 ND 235/236 0.018 8.29 DU0006* 1.008197 2.0 238 100 238 0.122 362.9 �34 .� N��234 0127 �0 0204 *Samples DU0006 and DU0007 are replicate samples of DU0002. **Natural 234/238 Uranium Activity Ratio Ranges from 0.5 to 1.2 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 3-2 I a Figure 2: Sample Location Map Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 3-3 Saddle Road October 2009 0 amecO 0 SECTION 4 U BACKGROUND EVALUATION U Two methods can be utilized to determine whether detected U originates from natural or DU or Oenriched U (EU) sources. The first method involves a simple comparison of site U concentrations to U concentrations found in typical unimpacted environmental media. The second method compares isotopic abundance (isotope ratios) from site-specific media to the isotope abundance in typical unimpacted environmental media. This study utilized both methods of evaluation. The following sections provide detailed information regarding sources of radiation oin the environment, a description of depleted and enriched uranium (DU and EU), and a site- specific source analysis of U at the proposed Saddle Road alignment. Sections 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 0 have been taken from Rubin (2008) and are consistent with Sansone et al. (2001), Stegnar and Benedik (2001), and ATSDR (1999). 0 4.1 Sources of Radiation in the Environment U is a naturally occurring heavy metal. Rocks, soil, coral, water, air, plants and animals all 0 contain varying amounts of U. Natural U is a mixture of three types (or isotopes) of U, written as 234U' 235U, and 238U. Although these isotopes are different radioactive materials with differing radioactive properties, they are the same chemically. Because U normally occurs at very low 0 concentration in natural materials at Earth's surface, (less than 5 parts per million by weight, ppm), geochemists refer to it as a "trace element". U ores and U rich minerals do not occur in 0 Hawaii, but U is dispersed at low abundance in normal rock forming minerals. There are many sources of radioactivity in the environment besides U — some are natural and (-1 some are manmade. An environmental assessment typically considers both natural and (� contaminant sources of radioactivity. There are multiple natural radiation sources that humans 0 come in contact with every day. Those most relevant to this assessment include the chemical elements thorium, radium, radon, potassium and carbon, which have the chemical symbols Th, Ra, Rn, K and C. Th is a heavy metal like U that occurs in rocks and soils at similar aconcentration to U. Th has one major isotope (232Th)and several minor ones, all of which are radioactive. Ra is a natural radioactive byproduct from the decay of U (and to a much lesser 0 extent, Th). It is in the same chemical family as the element calcium (Ca), and occurs at low levels in many materials at Earth's surface. Radon is a radioactive gas formed from Ra that continually seeps out of rocks, soils and waters. All of the atoms of U, Th, Ra, and Rn on Earth are radioactive. K and C are slightly different: 0 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 4-1 Saddle Road October 2009 0 these two elements are very common in materials found at Earth's surface, including the human body, yet they are only mildly radioactive because just a small fraction of the K and C atoms are radioactive (these radioactive isotopes are written as 4OK and 14C). Both elements are mostly made up of stable (non -radioactive) isotopes; some forms of carbon (such as coal and petroleum) have no t4C in them. The atomic age brought many new sources of radioactivity into our world. For instance, atmospheric atomic bomb tests in the 20th century produced radioactive isotopes of plutonium, strontium, cesium, and iodine (to name just a few) that were previously extremely rare or not found on Earth. Many of these bomb -test isotopes have since decayed away, although the longest -lived isotopes can still be found at shallow depths in soils, lake sediments, and glaciers around the world. Other modern activities also occasionally release artificial radio -isotopes into the environment, including everything from the nuclear power industry to nuclear medicine to the manufacture and disposal of household smoke detectors. A person exposed to high levels of radioactivity close to the source can suffer numerous possible toxic effects that depend on the type of radioactive material. This is why users of radioactive materials follow strict protocols (based on time, distance, and shielding) to minimize negative impacts on themselves or the general public, and why, for instance, highly radioactive patients undergoing nuclear medicine therapy are kept away from the general public. 4.2 Natural, Depleted, and Enriched Uranium New forms of U with isotopic compositions that differ greatly from natural U are another development of the atomic age. An industrial process called enrichment is used to concentrate 234U and 235U producing enriched uranium (EU) used for nuclear fuel. The material leftover from the enrichment process is called DU because it has lower concentrations of these two isotopes than natural uranium. DU is thus a modified form of U from which these lighter and. more radioactive isotopes have been partially removed, creating a substance that has more 211U than natural U. The resultant change in the isotopic composition makes it possible to distinguish naturally occurring U from enriched and depleted forms. EU is more radioactive than natural U, with more highly enriched forms being more radioactive than less enriched forms. Depending on the percent enrichment, EU can be used as nuclear fuel for power plants (less enriched, sometimes called "low EU") or atomic weapons (more enriched, sometimes called "high EU"). DU has numerous civilian and military uses that on occasion cause it to be introduced into the environment. Civilian uses include radiation shielding, gyroscopes, and stabilizers in aircraft. Past and present military uses include spotting rounds, Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 4-2 Saddle Road October 2009 I a / `e i munitions and as shielding in armored vehicles. O4.3 U Mass Concentration Uranium occurs naturally in trace amounts in Hawaiian rocks, soils and waters at or below concentrations of 1 to 3 parts per million (ppm) by weight (Rubin 2008). The sum of the 3 most prevalent isotopes (234U, 235U and 238U) can be used as to estimate total U concentrations. If site- ' O specific U concentrations are significantly greater than representative background U I i concentrations, one can surmise that additional sources of U exist. O4.4 Isotopic Fingerprinting The proportions of U isotopes in a substance can be used to determine the source of the U it Ocontains. If environmental U contamination is suspected, isotopic tests can determine if the U came from natural U ore or from non -natural DU or EU. Except in extremely rare cases (not found in Hawai`i), natural U dispersed in rocks, soils and waters at earth's surface today have the 0 same 235U/238U radioactivity ratio, even if the U concentration (by weight) is different between them. This fact provides a fingerprint of natural U isotopic composition. DU has comparatively less 235U and EU has more, giving this material non -natural 235U/238U ratio. There have been slight variations in the 235U depletion level in DU manufactured in different places and times, but D normally 235U has been reduced by at least 70% from its natural value. 234U is affected even more by depletion and enrichment than 235U. However, unlike 235U, the amount of 234U in a natural 0 material can vary relative to the amount of 238U due to natural processes, making the 234U/231U ratio less precise but still useful for isotopic fingerprinting of U contamination. The reason 234U/238U varies in nature and 235U/238U does not is that most 234U in a rock has been produced n there from decay of 238U and its immediate daughters, causing slight radiation damage to the Uplace in a mineral where it resides. 235U and 238U are not decay products of other isotopes on Earth so there is no radiation damage to their mineral residence sites. aThe 234U radiation damage from production increases with the age of the rock causing that 234U Dleaching atom to be more easily leached from the rock during rock weathering. The water that does the 234U/238U usually ends up with elevated and the rock and soil residues usually have lower ratios, although secondary mineral formation can affect rock and water ratios as well. ORecoil of 234U atoms as they are produced can also push "extra" 234U into soil water. The changes in 234U/231U from natural processes are usually smaller than the changes caused by the O manufacture of DU and EU, so 234U/231U is still useful for fingerprinting of U contamination in nature. O Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 4-3 Saddle Road October 2009 Contamination generally results in elevated U concentrations, although if U is leaching from the environment almost as fast as the contaminant is added, the isotopic composition is affected but the overall U concentration may not change as dramatically. If the contamination is from natural U (e.g., some phosphorous fertilizers or U ores) the U concentration will change but the isotopic composition will not. The isotopic composition will change if contamination is from DU or EU. If DU or EU contamination is present, U in environmental samples will be mixtures of natural and contaminant U, with intermediate isotopic composition, except in extremely contaminated cases. Mixing follows predictable trajectories. Laboratory measurements of U concentration and isotopic composition are used to determine the type and amount of contamination. 4.5 Site Specific U Source Identification Section 4.5.1 describes the site specific analysis of U mass concentration while sections 4.5.2 describes the use of isotopic fingerprinting to determine whether U at the site is from natural or anthropogenic sources. 4.5.1 U Mass Concentration Uranium occurs naturally in trace amounts in Hawaiian rocks, soils and waters at or below concentrations of 1 to 3 parts per million (ppm) by weight (Rubin 2008). Total U at the site was determined by summing the isotopic concentrations of 234U, 235U and 238U detected at each of the 5 independent sites along the proposed Saddle Road alignment. Results of this analysis indicate that total uranium along the proposed Saddle Road alignment are at or below levels occurring naturally in native Hawaiian soils. Total U based on alpha spectometry analyses ranged from 0.4 parts per million (ppm) at location DUO03 to 1.3 ppm at DU001. The average at all five (5) locations was 0.8 ppm. 4.5.2 Isotopic Fingerprinting The second method used to determine whether detected U originates from natural or DU sources was the evaluation of isotope abundance. Except in extremely rare circumstances (not found in Hawai`i), natural U dispersed in rocks and soils have a comparatively greater 234u/238u and 235 238 235 238 U/ U ratio than those originating from DU. Although use of the U/ U is considered a 2 more precise measurement than the 234 U/38 U ratio in isotopic fingerprinting of U contamination, the utility of the 234U/23 'U ratio is significant when 235U data are not available or when concentrations of the 235U isotope are too low to detect. This is the case here and as such, the 234U/238U ratio was used as the second method to fingerprint U source. Naturally occurring 234U/23sU ratio in soil has been determined to be in the range of 0.5 to 1.2 (Sansone et al. 2001). Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 4-4 Saddle Road October 2009 2s4U/ ..0 ratios at the Saddle Road alignment ranged from 0.74 to 1.79, with an average ratio across all five (5) locations of 1.16. Assuming the average ratio across the five (5) sites is representative of the proposed alignment, these results indicate that the 134U/ 11U isotopic ratio is within the background range. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 4-5 mi SECTION 5 Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment This section describes the HHRH processes and methodologies used to identify the hazards associated with potential uranium exposures for identified receptors. Information available regarding depleted uranium use was evaluated, a site characterization plan was formulated and implemented, constituents of potential concern (COPCs) were selected for quantitative risk assessment, receptors identified, and risk quantified. Additionally, a screening level lead assessment was performed to determine potential human health risk from lead detected at the site. 5.1 Hazard Identification In the Hazard Identification step, analytical data are evaluated and constituents of potential concern (COPC) are selected for quantitative risk assessment. Data have been collected during a single phase of investigation. Samples assessed include on -Site surface soil data only. In this risk assessment, subsurface soil concentrations were assumed to be equal to surface soil concentrations. This assumption was considered conservative (protective of human health) because the mobility of U in soils is considered low and it likely that subsurface soil concentrations would be reduced in comparison to surface soils at the same location (Rubin 2008). 5.1.1 Summary of Available Site Data Data were collected during a single post -remedial phase of investigation in June 2008. Environmental surface soil samples were collected from 10,000 square foot areas at five (5) distinct locations along the proposed alignment. Sampling locations can be found on Figure 2. The soil samples were analyzed for Uranium by Alpha Spectrometry by USEPA Method EML A -01-R MOD, by ICP -MS by USEPA method SW846 6020, and for Percent Moisture by USEPA method MCAWW 160.3 MOD. Soil samples were also analyzed for Lead by USEPA method SW846 6020. 5.1.2 Selection of COPCs Based on the nature of the site, problem and need to address public concerns two chemicals were 235 analyzed and considered for evaluation. They included lead and three U isotopes (234 U, U and 238U). Other chemicals may be present at the Site but were not included in this assessment. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-1 Saddle Road October 2009 L.1 5.1.3 Analysis of Lead amecO aAll five (5) soil sample locations were analyzed for lead. Results of the Analysis can be found in Appendix A. Results were compared to the USEPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals 0 (PRGs) for lead in soil of 400 mg/kg. Of the five (5) soil sample locations, the maximum detected was 3.3 mg/kg at sampling location DUO04 falling well below the PRG. Due to these low levels, lead was excluded from any further additional analysis. a5.1.4 Analysis of Uranium DFive (5) soil samples were analyzed for uranium by both Alpha Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP -MS). ICP -MS analysis is generally considered to have O the greatest precision and lowest detection limits for detecting the 135U and 238U isotopes. The ICP -MS results provided Non Detects for all the samples for the 234U and 235U isotopes. The highest reading for the 238U isotope was 0.16 mg/kg at sampling location DU001. Soil samples were also analyzed by Alpha Spectrometry to determine radiological activity. qty. Alpha Spectrometry is considered to have greater precision and lower detection limits for the U�i 234U. The highest detected 234U isotope was 0.436 pCi/g at sampling location DU001. The Alpha Spectrometry also has readings as high as 0.018 for 235U at sampling location DU002, and D 0.368 pCi/g for 235 at sampling location DU001. It should be noted though that all 235U results were still below the reporting limit. C Activity determined in the alpha spectrometry analysis was converted to a mass concentration by via the following formula: 234U )235U 238U UTatal —(6,25OpCilµg+ 2.16pCi/ + µg � 3.36 Ci/ P fig Qwhere: UTotai= Total mass concentration of uranium (mg/kg) 234U' 235U, and 238U = Isotopic radioactivity concentration (pCi/g) Based on conversion above, the highest mass concentration detected using Alpha Spectrometry analysis was 1.095 ppm at sampling location DU001. Because the results from the Alpha 0 Spectrometry analysis provide evaluation of the progeny Uranium, and overall recorded higher Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-2 Saddle Road October 2009 "MY activity and resulting mass concentrations, in order to be conservative, these results were used in lieu of ICP -MS results in the BHHRA. 5.2 Dose -Response Assessment The purpose of the Dose -Response Assessment is to identify both the types of adverse health effects a COPC may potentially cause, as well as the relationship between the amount of COPCs to which receptors may be exposed (dose) and the likelihood of an adverse health effect (response). The USEPA characterizes adverse health effects as either carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic and dose -response relationships are defined for oral and inhalation routes of exposure. The results of the toxicity assessment, when combined with the results of the exposure assessment (Section 5.3), provide an estimate of potential risk. This section provides dose -response information for COPCs evaluated in the risk assessment for the Site. Section 5.2.1 describes the USEPA approach for developing noncarcinogenic dose - response values. The carcinogenic dose -response relationships developed by USEPA are discussed in Section 5.2.2. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic dose -response values used in this risk assessment are presented in Table 2. Dose -response information used in this risk assessment was obtained from the following sources: • USEPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (USEPA 2008); • Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry's Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances (ATSDR 2007); • USEPA Region IX's Preliminary Remediation Goals (USEPA 2004). 5.2.1 Noncarcinogenic Dose -Response Constituents with known or potential noncarcinogenic effects are assumed to have a dose below which no adverse effect occurs or, conversely, above which an effect may be seen. This dose is called the "threshold dose". In laboratory experiments, this dose is known as the "no observed adverse effects level" (NOAEL). The lowest dose at which an adverse effect is seen is called the lowest observed adverse effects level (LOAEL). By applying uncertainty factors to the NOAEL or the LOAEL, the USEPA (and other regulatory agencies from which toxicity values used in this assessment were acquired) have developed reference doses (RfDs) for chronic exposures to constituents with potential noncarcinogenic effects. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-3 Saddle Road October 2009 El 1 1 r 1 A U Table 2: Noncarcinogenic and Carcinogenic Dose Response NA - Not Applicable . (a) U.S. EPA (2008). IRIS. (b) ATSDR MRLs (2008) (c) Derived from Inhalation RIC. Uncertainty factors account for unknowns associated with the dose -response value, such as the effect of using an animal study to derive a human dose -response value, extrapolating from the high doses used in the laboratory experiment to the low doses typically encountered in environmental settings, and evaluating sensitive subpopulations. For constituents with potential noncarcinogenic effects, the RfD provides reasonable certainty that if the specified exposure dose is below the RfD, then no noncarcinogenic health effects are expected to occur even if daily exposure were to occur for a lifetime. RfDs are expressed in terms of milligrams of constituent per kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg -day). The oral RfD for Uranium is 3E-03 mg/kg - day (IRIS 2008) and is used for oral and dermal routes of exposure. The inhalation RfD used was 8.6E-05 mg/kg -day and was derived from the ATSDR MRL inhalation reference concentration. a Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-4 Saddle Road October 2009 Mxi 5.2.2 Carcinogenic Dose -Response The underlying assumption of regulatory risk assessment for constituents with known or assumed potential carcinogenic effects is that no threshold dose exists. In other words, it is assumed that a finite level of risk is associated with any dose above zero. For carcinogenic effects, the USEPA uses a two-step evaluation in which the constituent is assigned a weight -of - evidence classification, and then a cancer slope factor (CSF) is calculated. The weight -of -evidence classification summarizes the evidence about the likelihood of the constituent being a human carcinogen. Group A constituents are classified as human carcinogens, Group B constituents are probable human carcinogens, Group C constituents are possible human carcinogens, Group D constituents are not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity, and, for Group E constituents, there is evidence of noncarcinogenicity for humans. In the second part of the evaluation, CSFs are calculated for constituents that are known or probable human carcinogens. The USEPA has developed computerized models that extrapolate observed responses at high doses used in animal studies to predicted responses in humans at the low doses encountered in environmental situations. The models developed by the USEPA assume no threshold and use animal or human data to develop an estimate of the carcinogenic potency of a constituent. The USEPA refers to this numerical estimate as the CSF. The computerized models used by USEPA assume that carcinogenic dose -response is linear at low doses. Uranium itself is not considered to be carcinogenic when inhaled ingested or contacted dermally. However, its radiological activity is assumed to have carcinogenic effects. Potential carcinogenic risks are therefore addressed using Argonne National Laboratory (ANL 2007) RESidual RADioactivity (RESRAD) computer code, Version 6.4. This software was developed in coordination with the Department of Energy (DOE), USEPA, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), as a tool for predicting human health risks due to residual radioactivity in soils. The code uses radionuclide CSFs presented in Federal Guidance Report (FGR) No. 13 (USEPA 2002), which incorporate HEAST 2001 risk coefficient values. RESRAD's computer code was developed to provide site-specific residual radioactive material guidelines as well as radiation dose and excess lifetime cancer risk to a chronic exposure. RESRAD uses a pathway analysis method in which the relation between radionuclide concentrations in soil and the does to a member of a critical population group is expressed as a pathway sum, which is the sum of products of "pathway factors." Pathway factors correspond to Uranium soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-5 Saddle Road October 2009 �a AAn amecky pathway y se gments connecting compartments in the environment between which radionuclides acan be transported or radiation emitted. Radiation doses, health risks, soil guidelines and media concentrations are calculated over user-specified time intervals. The source is adjusted over time n j J to account for radioactive decay and. ingrowth, leaching, erosion, and mixing. With few g exceptions, all RESRAD default parameters were used without site-specific modification. Site- specific exposure factors used in the RESRAD assessment are described in Section 5.5. i 5.3 Exposure Assessment The risk assessment process requires the creation of exposure scenarios to assess the potential for adverse health effects from constituents at or near the Site. While these scenarios represent hypothetical people and activities, they reflect the physical description of the Site and the surrounding residential, industrial and commercial areas, as well as the activities that may typically occur in these areas. Both current and reasonably foreseeable future potential Dexposures are evaluated. In,this assessment, past and current uses of the subject site were analyzed in order to determine the potential exposure scenarios relevant for the site. The exposure assessment is divided into D seven subsections. Section 5.3.1 describes the potential receptors and exposure scenarios selected for evaluation in the risk assessment. Section 5.3.3 presents the potential exposure �j UU pathways evaluated for the Site. Section 5.3.4 describes the conceptual site model. Section 5.4 describes the statistical methods used to estimate exposure-point concentrations. Section 5.5 D describes exposure factors used in the risk assessment. Absorption adjustment factors are discussed in Section 5.6 and dermal permeability constants are discussed in Section 5.7. Section 5.8 describes the methods used to estimate potential exposure doses. 5.3.1 Potential Exposure Scenarios In creating potential exposure scenarios for evaluation in the risk assessment, the likelihood of potential exposure to Site -related constituents via many pathways was considered. Some n pathways were excluded from further analysis because the route of exposure was physically �I impossible or highly unlikely given the conditions of the Site. Based on information about land use, topography, and current Site conditions, current and future exposure scenarios were U developed for the Site. 1J 5.3.2 Current and Future Exposure Scenarios As described in Section 1.1 the Site is located in and around the PTA (Figure 1). A general D Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-6 Saddle Road October 2009 a description of the property and an account of its history are provided. Likely current and future exposure scenarios evaluated include adult construction workers, working on the road, and a commuter, who uses the road on a daily basis. Construction workers were assumed to work on the site and excavate a large area for construction for 8 hours a day, 250 days a year for 1 year. Construction workers are expected to be exposed to both surface and subsurface soils, inhalation of soil derived dust, and any external gamma radiation. Recreational users are commuters assumed to contact surficial soils, breath soil derived dust, and are exposed to external radiation for 2 hours a day for 350 days per year for 30 years, 6 as a child and 24 as an adult. 5.3.3 Identification of Potential Exposure Pathways As described in Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume I - Human Health Evaluation Manual (USEPA 1989), four elements must be present in order for a potential human exposure pathway to be complete: 1. a source and mechanism of constituent release to the environment; 2. an environmental transport medium (e.g., soil, water or soil vapor); 3. an exposure point, or point of potential contact with the potentially affected medium; and 4. a receptor (e.g., human) with a route of exposure at the point of contact. Potential exposure pathways are the mechanisms by which potential receptors may be exposed to constituents. The potential exposure pathways included in this assessment were selected based on the most likely mechanisms of exposure and observations at the Site. The most likely potential exposure pathways at the Site are ingestion of and dermal contact with soil, exposure via inhalation of soil -derived dust, and exposure to external gamma radiation. A Conceptual Site Model summarizing exposure pathways is provided in Figure 3 5.3.4 Conceptual Site Model The CSM presents potential sources, release mechanisms, transport media, routes of migration through the environment, exposure media, and potential human receptors. The Conceptual Site Model also presents the possible human receptors evaluated in this assessment, and the potential exposure pathways available to these receptors. 5.4 Exposure Point Concentrations Exposure point concentrations for constituents detected in media at the Site were estimated using Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-7 Saddle Road October 2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 all relevant analytical data collected (as representative of current site conditions) from the single site investigation described in Section 3. As described, samples were collected from the surface soil only. - Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment $_g Saddle Road October 2009 F] 171 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-9 Saddle Road October 2009 M - n �► A N d � oc V O c6 a? O _ Cn — O d7 -C cd ♦r O 0 p O d cG U H`d a> ami tM U � _ w N N CDO Z O d Eo d t Q C CJ7 ILI o aai Q v7 F Qo �� N Ca mo o Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-9 Saddle Road October 2009 M - n �► A N � oc � d fR ' c6 a? O _ Cn — O d7 -C D d d � N 0 a> U � _ C O N N CDO Z O Eo d t Q C CJ7 ILI F Qo �� N Ca mo o Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-9 Saddle Road October 2009 M - n �► 00 � oc c6 a? O _ Cn — U CO O O U cxs CD 0 0 Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-9 Saddle Road October 2009 M - n 1 L Surface soil samples were used to estimate exposure point concentrations for direct contact exposure, inhalation of soil derived dust, and external radiation for these scenarios. For direct contact to construction workers, surface soil samples were conservatively used to estimate subsurface soil concentrations assuming the highest concentration of contaminants would be found at the surface as potential contamination was a result of deposition. In calculating exposure point concentrations, all replicate samples were averaged. Summary statistics (minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, frequency of detection, and 95% upper confidence limit on the arithmetic mean concentration [95% UCL]) were calculated for each U isotope detected in soil from the Site. The 95% UCL was calculated using USEPA's ProUCL software Version 4.0 (USEPA 2007). The USEPA has determined that the average concentration of a COPC represents a reasonable estimate of the concentration in an environmental medium that a receptor may potentially contact when that contact occurs at random over an extended period of time. For estimating exposures to COPCs in environmental media, USEPA has proposed various ways of estimating the exposure point concentration to account for the uncertainty due to incomplete sampling and/or analytical data variability. These range from using the maximum concentration when few samples have been collected from a potential exposure area to various methods of estimating a 95% UCL on the mean concentration. For data with a normal distribution, the 95% UCL of the mean is calculated using the t - distribution (Student's t -statistic) in the following algorithm: D95% UCL (ppm) = x + s t where: nx = arithmetic mean concentration (mg/Kg) U s = standard deviation (mg/Kg) t = Student's t distribution statistic n = number of data points OFor data that are log -normally distributed, USEPA recommends the use of the Land method based on the H -statistic for determining the 95% UCL of the mean. The algorithm supplied by USEPA for determining the 95% UCL when data are log -normally distributed is: {� Uranium Soils Investigation CJI Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-10 Saddle Road October 2009 UCL _ ei 0.5s2+�) where: x = arithmetic mean concentration (mg/Kg) s = standard deviation of log transformed data (mg/Kg) H= Land distribution statistic n = number of data points The H -statistic frequently estimates a 95% UCL of the mean that is greater than the maximum concentration observed at a site when the input data are highly variable (i.e., when the relative standard deviation (RSD) exceeds 100%) and, in some cases, estimates concentrations in excess of one part per part. In these cases, the biased estimates of the "average" concentration are likely reflecting datasets that include many samples collected from areas of higher concentrations and fewer samples collected from areas of lower concentrations. This is the case at most sites where sampling efforts have intentionally been focused in areas of expected contamination and their immediate vicinity, but often not in other portions of a site where concentrations are likely to be lower but where potential exposure may occur at equal or even higher frequency. In this case, the data distribution is controlled by the sampling strategy rather than any distribution in nature. That is, areas of high concentration are more frequently represented than areas of lower concentration, even though both may be equally likely to represent a contact pointby a hypothetical receptor. Therefore, the estimated exposure point concentration is biased high and does not represent the actual concentration that the receptor "encounters." The "distribution" observed in the biased dataset similarly does not represent the actual distribution of concentrations across the entire site or exposure area. Furthermore, a large part of the error in applying the H statistic lies in the inability of the algorithm to properly calculate the arithmetic mean when the data are not lognormally distributed. If the data were non -parametric in distribution (i.e., not normal or lognormal in distribution), the data were further evaluated to determine if the sample results represent highly skewed distributions. For datasets that are neither normal nor lognormal or are highly skewed in distribution, the 95% UCL on the mean was based on the higher of the values from the percentile or standard bootstrapping techniques. In cases where sufficient data to calculate a 95% UCL of the mean were not available, the exposure point concentration was based on the maximum detected concentration. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-11 Saddle Road October 2009 t 1 r 0 1 1 1 Appendix A presents the analytical results and summary statistics for each constituent detected in soil samples collected from the site. The 95% UCL was calculated for each isotope from the Alpha Spectrometry analysis. For 235U and 238U the calculated UCL exceeded the maximum value detected so the maximum detected activity was used as the EPC. For 234U, the data was found to be normally distributed and the EPC was based on the calculated t -statistic. Table 3 provides a summary of estimated exposure point concentrations used in the quantitative risk assessment for each sampling location. Table 3: Exposure Point Concentrations 5.5 Exposure Factors The exposure factors used in the quantitative risk assessment are summarized in Table 4. Individual exposure factors are discussed below. 5.5.1 Body Weight Body weights were derived from USEPA Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 1997) by averaging the male and female data for mean body weight. The average adult body weight used in this risk assessment was 71.8 kg. The average child body weight used in this risk assessment was 16 kg. 5.5.2 Duration of Exposure Exposure durations were taken from USEPA Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 1997). It is important to note that USEPA (1997) states that the average occupation job tenure is 6.6 years, which contrasts significantly from the standard default worker duration of 25 years. This value is the upper bound occupation job tenure, which is consistent with a Reasonable Maximum Exposure (RME) scenario. EFCfor`Sot!4i EPCs for Sot! ,;EPC ,* �$'i�.. Ma4ss Conversion{ �* u �,ux,� { t �Ct�� r '' 3 rz kart 4w; '� M i ,4 �'= t t' i -i 3 tri a •Che»ucal� {� `� u � ''Tota[ t�.� �,,���,�..,, 234,�Z7�..� , �-235f ITz _ ,s�238uU�u_ ��234. U,.,. ; „�.235,U�.._ �:.� 238 U� Uranium 0.925 0.006 0.310 0.0001 0.0028 0.9226 s, N-1— {'r+E."�.��'3,}';_u '7 ''•$"#:y v X0.436 r.!x �r.'Fy,�'$u-TSud�1.., 7 as 4 e, i F Acttvtt Ratzo a r 4 M X235 (r .23.$ 7.54E-05 3.00E-03 I 9.97E-01 1.41E+00 1.94E-02 5.5 Exposure Factors The exposure factors used in the quantitative risk assessment are summarized in Table 4. Individual exposure factors are discussed below. 5.5.1 Body Weight Body weights were derived from USEPA Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 1997) by averaging the male and female data for mean body weight. The average adult body weight used in this risk assessment was 71.8 kg. The average child body weight used in this risk assessment was 16 kg. 5.5.2 Duration of Exposure Exposure durations were taken from USEPA Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 1997). It is important to note that USEPA (1997) states that the average occupation job tenure is 6.6 years, which contrasts significantly from the standard default worker duration of 25 years. This value is the upper bound occupation job tenure, which is consistent with a Reasonable Maximum Exposure (RME) scenario. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-12 Saddle Road October 2009 ameO � Table 4: Exposure Factors Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-13 Saddle Road 0 October 2009 1 `� Exposure Time - vapor hr/d) 2 Activity Specific Value F¢ Exposure Time -dust (hr/d) 2 Activity Specific Value Exposure Time -dermal-water (hr/d) NA Activity Specific Value y„ Exposure Frequency -dermal (event/d) 1 AMEC Assumption .,F c 1 Exposure Frequency (d/y) 52 Activity Specific Value +� Exposure Duration p (y) 6 Activity Specific Value w _ Body Weight (kg) 16 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) Averaging Period - Cancer (d) 25550 USEPA - 70 years Averaging Period - Noncancer (d) 2190 Based on Exposure Duration Ingestion Rate (mg/d) or (L/d) 200 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) V� Inhalation Rate (m3 /hr) 0.417 USEPA -Exposure Factors (1997) Fraction from Site (unitless) 1 Activity Specific Value ,y Surface Area Exposed (cm2/d) 2800 USEPA - Region IX PRG #; z Soil -to -Skin Adherence Factor (mg/cm) 0.29 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) Exposure Time - vapor (hr/d) 2 Activity Specific Value kr aff,n Exposure Time - dust (hr/d) 2 Activity Specific Value 3 Exposure Time -dermal-water (hr/d) NA Activity Specific Value Exposure Frequency - dermal (event/d) 1 AMEC Assumption „..c Exposure Frequency (d/y) 52 Activity Specific Value o' Exposure Duration (y) 24 Activity Specific Value M 'C4 Body Weight (kg) 71.8 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) Averaging Period - Cancer (d) 25550 USEPA - 70 years 4I;'N Averaging Period - Noncancer (d) 8760 Based on Exposure Duration 2s Ingestion Rate (mg/d) or (L/d) 100 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) Inhalation Rate (m3/hr) 0.833 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) Fraction from Site (unitless) 1 Activity Specific Value i Surface Area Exposed (cm2 /d) 5700 USEPA -Region IX PRG Ma f, Soil -to -Skin Adherence Factor (mg/cm2) 0.29 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) Exposure Time - vapor (hr/d) 8 Activity Specific Value Exposure Time - dust (hr/d) 8 Activity Specific Value Exposure Time -dermal-water (hr/d) NA Activity Specific Value L Exposure Frequency - dermal (event/d) 1 AMSC Assumption Exposure Frequency (d/y) 250 Activity Specific Value 3o Exposure Duration (y) 1 Activity Specific Value µ' Body Weight (kg) 71.8 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) fi Averaging Period - Cancer (d) 25550 USEPA - 70 years �} u Averaging Period -Noncancer (d) 365 Based on Exposure Duration y o' Ingestion Rate (mg/d) or (L/d) 330 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) U Inhalation Rate (m3/hr) 0.833 USEPA - Exposure Factors (1997) h !� Fraction from Site (unitless) 1 Activity Specific Value Surface Area Exposed (cm2 /d) 3300 USEPA -Region IX PRG R N Soil -to -Skin Adherence Factor (mg/cm2) 0.29 1 USEPA Exposure Factors (1997) Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-13 Saddle Road 0 October 2009 1 U —ameco QThe construction worker scenario assumes an exposure duration for a single year. For the recreational user scenario, it is assumed that a visitor would be exposed to the environmental media for multiple years. The recreational scenario is split, assuming 6 years as a child and 24 years as an adult totaling a 30-year tenure. 5.5.3 Exposure Frequency The exposure frequency for the on-site worker is a standard Human Health Evaluation Manual: Supplemental Guidance: Standard Default Exposure Factors (USEPA 1991a) and Exposure D Factors Handbook (USEPA 1997). The Construction worker it is assumed a 250 day exposure frequency for the year they are on site. For the recreational scenario, an exposure frequency of 350 days per year is assumed. 5.5.4 Amount of Soil and Sediment Ingested 1 The mean adherence value from USEPA (1997) (0.29 mg/cm2) is assumed in this risk assessment. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-14 Saddle Road October 2009 In the interest of health protectiveness, AMEC has assumed that the typical adult soil ingestion rate for all workers to be 330 mg/day, recreational adults to be 100 mg/day, and 200 mg/day for recreational children. 5.5.5 Body Surface Area Exposed to Soil/Groundwater USEPA Region 9 PRG Guidance for Dermal Exposure Pathway (2004) recommends that the skin surface area for recreational adults be set as 5,700 cm2. This guidance also recommends a surface area for contact for recreational children of 2,900 cm2 and a surface area for construction workers of 3,300 cm2. 5.5.6 Lifetime For carcinogenic risk assessment, the lifetime average daily dose must be calculated. Based on recent studies, the Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 1997) recommends that risk assessors use the default value of 70 years. D5.5.7 Soil Adherence Rate 1 The mean adherence value from USEPA (1997) (0.29 mg/cm2) is assumed in this risk assessment. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-14 Saddle Road October 2009 5.6 Relative Absorption Factors To estimate the potential risk to human health that may be posed by the presence of COPC in soil, it is necessary first to estimate the potential exposure dose of each COPC. The potential exposure dose is similar to the administered dose or applied dose in a laboratory experiment. The animal -derived cancer slope factors (CSFs) and reference doses (RfDs) used in quantitative risk assessment are based on applied doses in most cases. However, the efficiency of COPC absorption via a particular route and from a particular matrix (e.g., soil, water) at the Site may differ from the absorption efficiency for the exposure route and matrix used in the experimental study that serves as the basis for the CSF or RfD. As recommended by USEPA (1989), Relative Absorption Factors (RAFs) for Site -related COPCs have been derived and used in the calculation of potential exposure doses presented above. RAFs allow risk assessors to make appropriate adjustments if the efficiency of absorption is known to or expected to differ because of physiological effects and/or matrix or vehicle effects. RAFs can be less than one or greater than one, depending on the COPC and potential routes of exposure at a site. When RfDs and CSFs are based on administered doses, the RAF is calculated as the ratio of the estimated absorption for the site-specific medium and route of potential exposure, to the known or estimated absorption for the laboratory study from which the RfD or CSF was derived. 'When absorption from the site-specific exposure is assumed to be the same as absorption in the laboratory study, then the RAF is 1.0. This assessment conservatively assumes absorption from all pathways (oral, inhalation and dermal) are equal to the oral absorption from the toxicity study in which the RFD was derived. All RAFs in this assessment were therefore conservatively set at 1.0 including the RAF for the dermal pathway. This almost certainly overestimates absorption and risk. It should also be noted that the Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) - Radionuclides Table (2001) provides a Gastrointestinal (GI) absorption fraction for Uranium of .02. This GI absorption factor represents the fraction of the radionuclide that may be absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into blood following an oral intake. 5.7 Method to Estimate Average Daily Dose Reasonable maximum exposure (RME) scenarios are evaluated in this risk assessment. Conservative exposure assumptions are used to construct a reasonable maximum exposure scenario. Most individuals will not be subject to all the conditions that comprise the RME scenario. Individuals who do not meet all conditions in the RME scenario have lower potential exposures to constituents, and therefore, lower potential risks associated with those exposures. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-15 Saddle Road October 2009 0 ame The Chronic Average ve age Daily Dose (CADD) is an estimate of a receptor's potential daily intake o from exposure to constituents with potential noncarcinogenic effects. Note that Average Daily Dose is a term used in risk assessment and does not represent a true average because the assumptions used to derive it do not represent "averages". According to USEPA (1989), the exposure dose should be calculated by averaging over the period of time for which the receptor is assumed to be exposed. The CADD for each constituent via each route of exposure is compared (—} to the RfD for that constituent to estimate the potential hazard index due to exposure to that l� constituent via that route of exposure. Hazard indices are presented and discussed in Section 5.1 (� For constituents with potential carcinogenic effects, the Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) is uan estimate of potential daily intake over the course of a lifetime. The LADD was not calculated in this assessment as it was assumed that there presently exists no carcinogenic effects from the chemical exposure to Uranium. Carcinogenic risks in this assessment were based on the radiological effects associated with the COPC. The equations for estimating a receptor's potential chronic average daily dose and the exposure parameters used are discussed in the following paragraphs. The calculations for all receptors evaluated in this risk assessment are presented in Appendix B (Risk Characterization Spreadsheets). Ingestion & Dermal Contact with Soil & Sediment o ADD (mg/kg -day) = Cx[(IRxFIxRAFo)+(SA xAFxFAxRAFdxEFDAxEFxEDxCF BW x AT awhere: ADD = Average Daily Dose (mg/kg -day) C = Chemical Concentration (mg/kg) IR = Ingestion Rate (mg/day) FI = Fraction Ingested from Site (unitless) RAFo = Relative Absorption Factor (Oral -Soil) (unitless) SA = Skin Surface Area (cm2) Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-16 Saddle Road October 2009 a AF = Adherence Factor (mg/cm2/event) FA = Fraction Absorbed from Site (unitless) RAFd = Relative Absorption Factor (Dermal -Soil) (unitless) EFD = Exposure Frequency - Dermal (event/day) EF = Exposure Frequency (days/year) ED = Exposure Duration (years) CF = Conversion factor (kg/mg) BW = Body Weight (kg) AT = Averaging Time (days) (ED x 365 days/yr, noncancer) (75 yr. x 365 days/yr, cancer) Inhalation of Soil Derived Dust Cdust x ]R x RAF. x ET x EF x ED ADD (mg/kg -day) = AT x B W where : ADD = Average Daily Dose (mg/kg -day) Cd„st = Chemical Concentration (mg/kg) IR = Ingestion Rate (mg/day) RAF; = Relative Absorption Factor (Inhalation) (unitless) ET = Exposure Time - dust (hr/d) EF = Exposure Frequency (days/year) ED = Exposure Duration (years) BW = Body Weight (kg) AT = Averaging Time (days) (ED x 365 days/yr, noncancer) (75 yr. x 365 days/yr, cancer) Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 5-17 Saddle Road October 2009 0 amecO 0 SECTION 6 ORISK CHARACTERIZATION Risk characterization is the step in the risk assessment process that combines the results of the exposure assessment and the toxicity assessment for each COPC to estimate the potential for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic human health effects from chronic exposure to that constituent. This section summarizes the results of the risk characterization. 6.1 Noncarcinogenic Risk Assessment oThe noncarcinogenic risk assessment for Uranium is generally characterized by combining exposure assumptions and toxicity data to derive Hazard Quotients (HQs) or Hazard Indices (HI). Noncarcinogenic health effects are estimated by comparing the Chronic Average Daily Dose (CADD) for each constituent with the Reference Dose for that constituent. The resulting ratio, which is unitless, is known as the Hazard Quotient (HQ) for that constituent. The HQ is ocalculated using the following formula: Hazard Quotient o A=B=C Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 6-1 Saddle Road October 2009 0 where: A = Hazard Quotient (unitless); B = Chronic Average Daily Dose (mg/kg -day); and C = Reference Dose (mg/kg -day). oWhen the Hazard Quotient for a given constituent and pathway does not exceed 1, the Reference Dose has not been exceeded, and no adverse noncarcinogenic health effects are expected to , occur as a result of exposure to that constituent via that pathway. The HQs for each constituent are summed to yield the HI for that pathway. A Total HI is then calculated for each exposure medium by summing the pathway -specific HIs. A Total HI that does not exceed 1 indicates that no adverse noncarcinogenic health effects are expected to occur as a result of that' receptor's potential exposure to the environmental medium evaluated. Hazard Indices associated with each receptor are presented below. Summary data is provided in .Table 5. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 6-1 Saddle Road October 2009 0 Table 5 Summary of Potential Hazard Indices Construction Worker The Construction Worker scenario assumed that the worker is on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1 year and assumed to contact surface and subsurface soil. The construction worker was found to have a nonearcinogenic HI of 4E-03, well below the USEPA accepted criteria of 1. Recreational/Commuter This receptor is a user of the road on a daily basis. The recreational receptor is assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact just the surface soil. The noncarcinogenic risk for this receptor was calculated to be 3E-03 for the Child Receptor and 1E-03 for the Adult Receptor. The higher of the two noncarcinogenic calculated risk is used to estimate the risk for the recreational/commuter receptor. Therefore the noncarcinogenic risk for the full 30 year tenure would be as a child at 3E-03, well below the USEPA accepted criteria of 1. 6.2 Carcinogenic Risk U is not considered to be carcinogenic. However, the radiological activity of its isotopes and daughter products is considered potentially cancer causing. The RESidual RADioactivity (RESRAD) computer code, Version 6.4 (ANL 2007), was used to estimate the radiological dose and total PELCR for both potential receptors. RESRAD was developed by ANL, in conjunction with the Department of Energy (DOE), USEPA and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as a tool for predicting human health risks due to radioactivity in soils. The code uses radionuclide CSFs presented in Federal Guidance Report (FGR) No. 13 (USEPA 2002), which incorporates HEAST 2001 risk coefficient values. To determine the dose and total excess cancer risk per unit concentration of U, the EPC in pCi/g was used as the source term for each uranium isotope. Where available, site specific data was Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 6-2 Saddle Road October 2009 .t Compound ,�' ChildsRecreahonal w�tdult'Recrea(tonal ��-�;�;,�K �* � ��,�- Uranium 3.E-03 1.E-03 4.E-03 Construction Worker The Construction Worker scenario assumed that the worker is on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1 year and assumed to contact surface and subsurface soil. The construction worker was found to have a nonearcinogenic HI of 4E-03, well below the USEPA accepted criteria of 1. Recreational/Commuter This receptor is a user of the road on a daily basis. The recreational receptor is assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact just the surface soil. The noncarcinogenic risk for this receptor was calculated to be 3E-03 for the Child Receptor and 1E-03 for the Adult Receptor. The higher of the two noncarcinogenic calculated risk is used to estimate the risk for the recreational/commuter receptor. Therefore the noncarcinogenic risk for the full 30 year tenure would be as a child at 3E-03, well below the USEPA accepted criteria of 1. 6.2 Carcinogenic Risk U is not considered to be carcinogenic. However, the radiological activity of its isotopes and daughter products is considered potentially cancer causing. The RESidual RADioactivity (RESRAD) computer code, Version 6.4 (ANL 2007), was used to estimate the radiological dose and total PELCR for both potential receptors. RESRAD was developed by ANL, in conjunction with the Department of Energy (DOE), USEPA and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as a tool for predicting human health risks due to radioactivity in soils. The code uses radionuclide CSFs presented in Federal Guidance Report (FGR) No. 13 (USEPA 2002), which incorporates HEAST 2001 risk coefficient values. To determine the dose and total excess cancer risk per unit concentration of U, the EPC in pCi/g was used as the source term for each uranium isotope. Where available, site specific data was Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 6-2 Saddle Road October 2009 1 incorporated into the model. Site specific parameters include the following: DPathways — External Gamma, Inhalation, and Soil Ingestion Cover/Hydrology — Windspeed was adjusted to a site specific value of 9.163 m/s (20.5 mph) D— Precipitation was adjusted to a site specific value of 0.635 m/year D Occupancy — Inhalation rate adjusted to be receptor dependent, 0.833 m3 per hour for adults and construction workers, and 0.417 m3 for children. s —Period of exposure adjusted to be site and receptor specific 350 days per (� year for children/adults, and 250 days per year for the worker U— Exposure duration adjusted to 6 years for children, 24 for adults, and 25 for the worker — Outdoor time fraction adjusted to 1, assuming that all exposure would be outdoors Where site-specific parameters were not available, the RESRAD default parameters were (� used as model input values. Results from the RESRAD analysis can be found in Appendix C. u In evaluating dose and risk due to the external gamma pathway, it was assumed that all receptors D received their exposure while outdoors. For each receptor, the maximum dose -to -source ratios and risk -to -source ratios over a period of 1,000 years were obtained from the corresponding RESRAD dose and health risk output report. Risks from each isotope and their progeny were summed to obtain the total risk for each receptor. Construction Worker The Construction Worker scenario was assumed to be on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1 year and assumed to contact surface and subsurface soil. Carcinogenic risk for the construction worker was 1 E-06. ORecreational/Commuter This receptor is a user of the road on a daily basis. The recreational receptor is assumed to use D the proposed alignment 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 6-3 Saddle Road October 2009 D D surface soil only. The carcinogenic risk associated with this receptor was found to be 3E-07 for the Child Receptor and 9E-07 for the Adult Receptor. These carcinogenic risks can be summed for a total carcinogenic risk of a 1 E-06 for the full 30 -year tenure. A summary of results from the RESRAD analysis can be found on Table 6. A final summary of both the chemical and radiological risk assessment can be found on Table 7. Table 6: Summary of RESRAD Analysis Table 7: Final Summary N25s h w i x-� ° w�' x T. n: Ac 227 Pa -231' 9 Pb 210` Ra -226 4 Y 4' q `.: _aTh-230. U-234 3r y! U 235. U-238 ,r Total" Groundn 11 5.01E 12 2:91E 15y 3.44E-11 9 ;44E 13 2.57E-09 7 53E 081 8.06E-07 Construction Recreational "" Recreatzonal�' Recreatcgnal.�� �Constructzon{ ' " Recreational � Recreational , `.Worker � o O1E14 1.69E 14 129E 16 7.06E-16 13 1.71E-09 2 1IE 11, 1.03E-09 3E 09T f Inhalatzonr�l F27E 03 ~z e� '4�41E13' - f Soil 7.11E 13 205E 13 1.83E-13 118E Il,v 8.34E-08 1 17E 09; 7.49E-08 2E 07n Qty ;Fin R f-'>a�•i�f'�"'} P' F , 4e .,+°��gta.k CDkrv� L W,�y z rpt hs y:E, • 1 f d `� .z -7,4i".1-R. Total Excess �, .� E 1 18E 11 5.74E 12 2;08E 3 3.46E-11 . # ki 1"30E 1*1 ' 8.77E-08 y 7 65E 0$ 8.82E-07 . 1'E 0M i c Ltfetzzn a Cancer j - Niy4 b'ry,.y�.. :: j ,Z &,'Ci. h i` t1E 4{ S� ff rr %r,K �'kK".,1wi.. r. z+ Rlsk .,{1. +', r , Ground 190E 13 2.98E-13 1a0E 17 4.85E-135-52E>14r 6.31E 10 1 85E 081 1.98E-07 a 4�A Inhalatzoii� 3 55E# 16 2.10E 15 102E1$ 2.10E-17 2 91E 14 8.80E-10 1 09E i ly 5.32E-10 1E 09 F 3.58E-14 6S�E'16 2.19E-15 586E 13 1.74E 08 2'44E`10� 1.56E-08 3E 08kx ��^ - 0!a }'�� GmAf,� 1 3't39 •r i {�.y.�}i' 4' r , ` gg +N 6 k 7o aCaExces 1Y97L 13< 3.35E 13 71E 16:. 4.88E-13 6{76"Bp 13 1.89E 08 1 i$ 7E 08 2.14E-07 3 L U7, MR P41 Cancer����r�� ., -Tl 02E rF1 4.63E-12 2'49T15g 3.05E-11 8'71E 13 2.47E 09 7 23E 0$ 7.75E-07 us °, :380E° Inhalatzo►l .x: 146.54E-14€ 6.54E 14 4; 62E 1 2.63E-15 9 19E 13 6.89E 09 8 53E 11 4.17E-09 t 1 E 08 o a� 67E13r 2.79E 13 7 434' 6.87E-14 3.40E 08 4y79E` j Q 3.05E-08 7, E O$n =d„ �azlrj_�1; 4.2E12 Oiqp Sil3 g q'�+GCyyi1d 4'. *�A i S Ott 41 a � 1 kik 7 �LHth�S . kr Id Total Excess 104E1 lt: 4.97E 12 7 73E14 3.05E 11 6 41E 12` 4.34E 08 7 29E 08 8.10E-07 4.E0 Ltfetrme Cancer "ix h-,,^'' ., . ,.Risk 1.-,_ Table 7: Final Summary Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 6-4 Saddle Road October 2009 ;Ezcessl`i etlime-Ca`ncer,R isk, _., . ` Ha zar,:d.lndez A'N Construction Recreational "" Recreatzonal�' Recreatcgnal.�� �Constructzon{ ' " Recreational � Recreational , `.Worker � , ' r `" ChildAdult:r r -Scenario Worker Chtld Adult, . 03 , , Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 6-4 Saddle Road October 2009 a ameco 0 SECTION 7 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS fl Within any of the four steps of the risk assessment process, assumptions must be made due to a lack of absolute scientific knowledge. Some of the assumptions are supported by considerable scientific evidence, while others have less support. Every assumption introduces some degree of auncertainty into the risk assessment process. Conservative assumptions are made throughout the risk assessment to ensure that public health is protected. Therefore, when all of the assumptions (� are combined, it is much more likely that actual risks, if any, are overestimated rather than underestimated. The assumptions that introduce the greatest amount of uncertainty in this risk assessment are discussed in this section. They are discussed in general terms, because, for most of the assumptions, there is not enough information to assign a numerical value that can be factored into the calculation of risk. 7.1 Hazard Identification Duringthe Hazard Identification step, media and constituents of concern are selected for p, o o inclusion in the quantitative risk assessment. In this assessment only lead and U were selected as COPCs. Uncertainty may be introduced due to this decision as additional chemicals may be present, but were not evaluated. Additionally, the analytical methods used to determine the aconcentration of lead or U may introduce significant uncertainty into the risk assessment process. To -'reduce laboratory method uncertainty, samples were analyzed by two independent methods. o They included ICP -MS and Alpha Spectrometry. ICP -MS was theoretically more precise and provided lower detection limits for 23.0 and 231U isotopes. Alpha Spectrometry was theoretically more precise and provided lower detection limits for 234U. The results indicate that ICP -MS was not the more sensitive method for any isotope, and the differences observed between methods provides some uncertainty as to the validity of our results. To address this uncertainty, this (� assessment utilized the alpha spectrometry results which overall provided more detailed results aas well as higher activity and resulting mass concentrations. Using the higher results may potentially overestimate the actual risk. a7.2 Dose -Response Assessment aDose -response values are usually based on limited toxicological data. For this reason, a margin of safety is built into estimates of both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk, and actual risks O Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 7-1 Saddle Road October 2009 a are lower than those estimated. The two major areas of uncertainty introduced in the dose - response assessment are: (1) animal to human extrapolation; and (2) high to low dose extrapolation. These are discussed below. Human dose -response values are often extrapolated, or estimated, using the results of animal studies. Extrapolation from animals to humans introduces a great deal of uncertainty in the risk assessment because in most instances, it is not known how differently a human may react to the constituent compared to the animal species used to test the constituent. The procedures used to extrapolate from animals to humans involve conservative assumptions and incorporate several uncertainty factors that overestimate the adverse effects associated with a specific dose. As a result, overestimation of the potential for adverse effects to humans is more likely than underestimation. Predicting potential health effects from the exposure to media on -Site requires the use of models to extrapolate the observed health effects from the high doses used in laboratory studies to the anticipated human health effects from low doses experienced in the environment. The models contain conservative assumptions to account for the large degree of uncertainty associated with this extrapolation (especially for potential carcinogens in the radiological risk assessment:) and therefore, tend to be more likely to overestimate than underestimate the risks. This risk assessment also utilized a conservative set of assumptions when evaluating the bioavailable fraction of COPCs available for absorption by the human body. Relative absorption factors (RAFs) estimate the amount a chemical that is absorbed by the body through different routes of exposure. As very little literature was available on the bioaccessible fraction from Uranium, AMEC used default ingestion, dermal and inhalation absorption fractions of 1, meaning the absorption in the animal study used to derive the toxicity value is identical to that in humans. More realistic bioavailable fractions for these pathways could be derived and would most likely reduce the estimate risk derived in this assessment. 7.3 Exposure Assessment During the exposure assessment, average daily doses of COPCs to which receptors are potentially exposed are estimated, which involves assumptions about how often exposure occurs. Such assumptions include location, accessibility, and use of an area. With this in mind, the receptor, or person who may potentially be exposed, and the location of exposure, were; both defined for this risk assessment. The locations where certain activities were assumed to take place have been purposely selected to be consistent with the use of the Site. ; Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 7-2 Saddle Road October 2009 a Mme D Theosure otential intake rates and ex frequencies and durations assumed in the risk assessment p p q were considered to be conservative. For example, a potential recreational scenario was assumed to be present at the Site in which a person may be present for 2 hours per day, 350 days per year for 6 years as a child and another 24 as an adult. Such assumptions almost certainly overestimate actual exposures. If more realistic and reasonable potential exposure assumptions had been employed in the risk assessment, the estimated risks would have been lower, perhaps O substantially lower. The construction worker scenario assumed an 8-hour workday, 250 days per year, for 1 year. O Exposure point concentrations are estimated values of what is a Reasonable Maximum Exposure across the entire site. Given that these are estimates, a significant amount of uncertainty can be introduced into the assessment. For the soil pathways, the surface soil was assumed to be equivalent to the subsurface soil. This assumes that all Uranium is evenly distributed to depth in the contaminated zone. This could potentially overestimate any exposure to subsurface soils assuming the highest concentrations would be at the surface due to deposition. Exposure Point Concentrations were also taken from either the calculated using. a 95% UCL or �1 the maximum detected activity between the five samples. With very few samples, the variability was high, and in most cases resulted in the EPC being taken from at or near the maximum activity detected. This more than likely overestimated actual site concentrations but, as the site was evaluated as a single decision unit, using statistical analysis to generalize the actual concentrations across the site could possibly overestimate or underestimate the calculated risk. U Additional uncertainty is also introduced by assuming non -detect laboratory results as present as zero. This assumption was based on the very limited and low concentrations detected across the site. Extensive analysis was performed on the sample results before making this assumption. Using half detection limits as a surrogate detection to calculate Exposure Point Concentrations resulted in unrealistic data results especially in the ICP -MS analysis. As there is no effective way to determine actual concentrations of contaminants below the reporting limit of the laboratory, this may potentially underestimate the concentration of contaminants. U Other exposure factors including inhalation rate, ingestion rate, soil adherence factor and body weight were all based on recommendation from the EPA Exposure Factors Handbook (1997), Owhich as closely represent actual site values as reasonably available. n7.4 Risk Characterization U The risk of adverse human health effects depends on estimated levels of exposure and on dose - Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 7-3 Saddle Road nOctober 2009 U response relationships. Once exposure to, and risk from, each of the selected constituents is calculated, the total risk posed by exposure to Site -related COPCs is determined by combining the health risk contributed by each constituent. Where COPCs do not interact, do not affect the same target organ or do not have the same mechanism of action, summing the risks for multiple COPCs results in an overestimate of risk posed by the Site. Because U and lead were assessed separately, little uncertainty is added in this phase of the assessment. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 7-4 Saddle Road October 2009 a ame a SECTION 8 OCONCLUSIONS This study has assessed the potential human health risks associated with Uranium and Lead exposures from surface soils at the proposed Saddle road alignment. Lead concentrations in all samples were well below the USEPA Region IX residential PRG of 400 parts per million, with the maximum lead concentration detected at any location of 3.3 mg/kg at sampling location DU004. oIncluded in this study was a uranium background level assessment to assess whether onsite uranium was from natural or anthropogenic sources. Two methods were employed to evaluate ouranium isotope source. The first method compared site-specific total U mass concentrations to naturally occurring U mass concentrations in Hawaii. Total U was determined by summing the o isotopic concentrations of 234U, 235U and 238U detected at 5 independent sites along the proposed Saddle Road alignment. Results of this analysis indicated that total uranium along the proposed Saddle Road alignment are at or below levels occurring naturally in native Hawaiian soils. Total U based on alpha spectroscopy analyses ranged from 0.4 parts per million (ppm) at location DUO03 to 1.3 ppm at DU001. The average at all five (5) locations was 0.8 ppm. The second o method used to determine whether detected U originates from natural or DU sources was the evaluation of isotope abundance. Except in extremely rare circumstances (not found in Hawai`i), natural U dispersed in rocks and soils have a comparatively greater 234U/238U and a 235 238 235 238 U U/ U ratio than those originating from DU. Although use of the U/ U is considered a more precise measurement than the 134U/23 'U ratio in isotopic fingerprinting of U 0 contamination, its utility is significant when 235U data are not available or when concentrations of the 235U isotope are too low to detect. This is the case here and as such, the 234U/238U ratio was used as the second method to fingerprint U source. The naturally occurring 234U/23 'U ratio ain soil has been determined to be in the range of 0.5 to 1.2 (Sansone et al. 2001). 234U/238U ratios at the Saddle Road alignment ranged from 0.74 to 1.79, with an average ratio across all five (5) locations of 1.16. These results indicate that the 234U/238U isotopic ratio across the proposed alignment is within the background range. A baseline human health risk assessment (BHI -IRA) was performed to evaluate the potential risk posed by uranium isotopes detected at the proposed Saddle Road alignment. The alignment was evaluated as a single decision unit represented by five distinct sampling locations. oReceptors were assumed to be exposed to either the maximum concentration of each isotope Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Hunan Health Risk Assessment 8-1 Saddle Road October 2009 a n detected or the 95% UCL of the mean. Risks were evaluated for the following receptors: • A construction worker scenario assumed to be on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1 year and assumed to contact surface and subsurface soil. 0 A recreational user of the road assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact just the surface soil The Construction Worker scenario assumed to be on site for 8 hours a day for 250 days in 1. year and assumed to contact surface and subsurface soil. The construction worker was found to have a carcinogenic risk of 1 E-06, and a noncarcinogenic risk of 4E-03. The recreational receptor was assumed to frequent the Site 350 days a year for 2 hours a day, as child for 6 years and as an adult for 24 years, totaling a 30 year recreational tenure. Recreational receptors were assumed to contact only surficial soils. The carcinogenic risk associated with this receptor was found to be 3E-07 for the Child Receptor and 9E-07 for the Adult Receptor. These carcinogenic risks can be summed for a total carcinogenic risk of a 1E-06 for the full 30 year tenure. The noncarcinogenic risk was calculated to be 3E-03 for the Child Receptor and 1E-03 for the Adult Receptor. The higher of the two noncarcinogenic calculated risk is used to estimate the risk for the recreational/commuter receptor. Therefore the noncarcinogenic risk for the full 30 year tenure would be as a child at 3E-03. Based on the available surface soil data collected in June 2008 at five (5) locations along the proposed alignment, it has been determined that uranium detected at the site originates from natural sources. Potential noncancer health risks from the ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact of soil along the proposed alignment are below USEPA's acceptable risk level of concern. Potential cancer risks from radiological activity of the detected U isotopes are below the most conservative regulatory criteria. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 8-2 Saddle Road October 2009 0 ameO 0 SECTION 9 oREFERENCES AMEC 2008. Sampling and Analysis Plan, Depleted Uranium Risk Assessment. Ke `amuku Parcel, DSouth Kohala District. Hawai `i Island, State of Hawai `i. ANL 2007. RESRAD Computer Code, Version 6.4. Argonne National Laboratory. December 0 19, 2007. ATSDR 1999. Toxicological Profile for Uranium. US Department of Health and Human Services. oATSDR 2008. Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. US Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/#bookmark0l. As of August 0 2008. Geometrician 2007. Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice, Saddle Road (State Route 200), Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42, County of Hawaii, State of Hawai `i. FHWA Project No. 200(00). Juvik, S.P., and Juvik, J.O. (eds.) 1998. Atlas of Hawai'i, Third Edition. University of Hawai'i oPress, Honolulu. U MacDonald, B., Abbott, A., and Peterson, F. 1983. Volcanoes in the sea, 2nd ed. Honolulu, OUniversity of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. Mink, J. F. and S. L. Lau 1993. Aquifer Identification and Classification for the Island of O Hawai'i: Groundwater Protection Strategy for Hawaii. Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, O Rubin, Kenneth H., Ph.D. 2008. Depleted Uranium, Natural Uranium and Other Naturally Occurring Radioactive Elements in Hawaiian Environments. O Sansone, U., Stellato, L., Jia, G., Rosamilia, S., Gaudino, S., Barbizzi, S., and Belli, M. 2001. Levels of Depleted Uranium in Kosovo Soils. O Stegnar, Peter and Benedik, Ljudmila 2001. Depleted Uranium in the Environment —An Issue of Concern? USDA 1972. Soil Survey of Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of OHawaii. United States Soil Conservation Service Washington, DC USEPA 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I, Human Health Evaluation oManual (Part A), EPA 540/1-89/002, PB90-155581. o Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 9-1 Saddle Road October 2009 0 USEPA 199 1. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I.• Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance. Standard Default Exposure Factors — Interim Final. OSWER Directive 9285.6-03. USEPA 1997. Exposure Factors Handbook, Volumes I, II, and III, USEPA/600/P-95/002Fa- c,EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. USEPA 2001. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables. Online database maintained by USEPA. (http://www.gpa.14ov/radiation/heast). As of April 2001. USEPA 2002. Federal Guidance Report No. 13: Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides. EPA -402/R-99-001. USEPA 2004. EPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goal Tables and User's Guide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9. USEPA 2007. Pro UCL Version 4.0, a Statistical Software, National Exposure Research Lab, EPA, Las Vegas Nevada. ProUCL 3.0 can be freely downloaded from the EPA website: http://www.epa.gov/nerlesdl/tsc/tsc.htm USEPA 2008. Integrated Risk Information System. Online database maintained by USEPA. (htip://www.epa.gov/iris). As of July 2006 Wolfe, E.W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island of Hawai `i. USGS Misc Investigations Series Map I -2524-A. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment 9-2 Saddle Road October 2009 Appendix A ANALYTICAL SAMPLING RESULTS Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 TestAmerica aTHE LEADER IN ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING ANALYTICAL REPORT PROJECT NO. PTA DU SAMPLING Soil Sampling Lot #: F8F190108 Jamie Anderson AM6C Earth & Environmental Airport Industrial Center 3375 Kbapaka St., Ste F251 Honolulu, HI 96819 TESTAME ICA y Clay Project Manager July 3, 2008 , INC. TestAmerica St. Louis 1 of 35 TestAmerica St. Louis O Case Narrative LOT NUMBER: F8F190108 This report contains the analytical results for the seven samples received under chain of custody by TestAmerica St. Louis on June 18, 2008. These samples are associated with your Soil Sampling project. The analytical results included in this report meet all applicable quality control procedure requirements except as noted on the following page. The test results in this report meet all NELAP requirements for parameters in which accreditations are held by TestAmerica St. Louis. Any exceptions to NELAP requirements are noted in the case narrative. The case narrative is an integral part of this report. All chemical analysis results are based upon sample as received, wet weight, unless noted otherwise. All radiochemistry results are based upon sample as dried and ground with the exception of tritium, unless requested wet weight by the client. Observations/Nonconformances Reference the chain of custody and condition upon receipt report for any variations on receipt conditions and temperature of samples on receipt. ICP -MS (6020) Batch: 8176078 1) The samples were analyzed at a dilution due to high concentrations of target analytes. The reporting limit has been adjusted only for those targets reported from the dilution run. 2) The ICB was above the reporting limit for uranium 238. However, the bracketing CCB's are all within limits. The CCB's are sampled from the same cup as the ICB, indicating the ICB failure is an anomaly. The sample results will be reported with this narrative. 3) The MS (MSD) recovery for uranium 235 and 238 is outside the established QC limits. The RPD is within method acceptance criteria indicating a possible matrix interference. Method performance is demonstrated by acceptable LCS recovery.. Affected Samples: FBF190108 (1): DU 001 F817190108 (2): DU 002 17817190108 (3): DU 003 F8F190108 (4): DU 004 F81F190108 (5): DU 005 F8F190108 (6): DU 006 F8F190108 (7): DU 007 r , Om W 1 Lot# FBF190108 2 of 350 OTestAmerica St. Louis 0 METHODS SURMRY F8F190108 o. oANALYTICAL PREPARATION PARAMETER METHOD METHOD Isotopic Uranium by Alpha Spectroscopy EML A -01-R MOD ICP -MS (6020) SW846 6020 Percent Moisture MCAWW 160.3 MOD MCAWW 160.3 MOD References: EML "ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY PROCEDURES MANUAL" HASL-300 28TH EDITION, VOLUME I and II DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY MCAWW "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes", EPA -600/4-79-020, March 1983 and subsequent revisions. SW846 "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods", Third Edition, November 1986 and its updates. 0 0� 0 I o 0 0 (� Lot# FBF190108 3 of 35 WO # SAMPLE# KP7GK 001 KP7HT 002 KP7HX 003 KP7H0 004 KP7H1 005 KP7H2 006 KP7H4 007 IENT SAMPLE ID DU 001 DU 002 DU 003 DU 004 DU 005 DU 006 DU 007 SAMPLE SUAWLARY F8F190108 TestAmerica St. Louis o I 1 SAMPLED SAMP DATE TIME 06/11/08 12:00 06/11/08 15:15 O 06/11/08 14:30 06/11/08 13:32 06/11/08 12:45 06/11/08 15:15 a 06/11/08 15:15 NOTE(S): n The analytical results of the samples fisted above are presented on the following pages. U All calculations are performed before rounding to avoid round -off errors in calculated results. Results noted as "ND" were not detected at or above the stated limit. This report must not be reproduced, except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory. Results for the following parameters are never reported on a dry weight basis: color, corrosivity, density, flashpoint, ignitability, layers, odor, paint filter test, pH, porosity pressure, reactivity, redox potential, specific gravity, spot tests, solids, solubility, temperature, viscosity, and weight. r Lot# F8F190108 4 of 35D TestAmerica St. Louis AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 001 TOTAL Metals Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-001 Matrix.......: SOLID Date'Sampled ... : 06/11/08 12:00 Date Received..: 06/18/08 $ Moisture_....: 1.0 REPORTING PREPARATION- WORK PARAMETER RESULT LIMIT UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # Prep Batch #...: 8176078 Lead 3.0 0.76 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 RP7GKIAD Uranium 234 ND Uranium 235 ND Uranium 238 0.16 Dilution Factor: 2.5 0.0051 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.0051 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.0051 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 NOTE (S) Results and repotting limits have been adjusted for dry weight a j� Lot# F8F190108 Analysis Time..: 00:36 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 16:09 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 16:09 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 16:09 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAF 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAG 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAH 5 of 35 o TestAmerica St. Louis o i AMEC Earth & Environmental Sample ID: DU 001 oClient General Chemistry Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-001 Work Order #...: KP7GK (� Matri.x.........: SOLID o Date Sampled...: 06/11/08 12:00 Date Received__: 06/18/08 t Moisture__._.: 1.0 PREPARATION- PREP PARAMETER RESULT RL UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # Percent Moisture 1.0 0.10 %. Dilution Factor: 1 MCAWW 160.3 Analysis Time..: MOD 06/20-06/23/08 00:00 8172171 0 o V 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lot# F8F190108 0 0 0 0 6 of 35(-} 0 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 002 TOTAL Metals Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-002 Date Sampled.__:. 06/11/08 15:15 Date Received..: 06/18/08 Moisture.____: 5.2 PARAMETER RESULT Prep Batch #...: 8176078 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix ------- : SOLID REPORTING PREPARATION- WORK LIMIT UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # Lead 2.8 0.79 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7HTIAD Dilution Factor: 2.5 Analysis Time..: 01:00 Uranium 234 ND 0.0053 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7HTIAF Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:32 Uranium 235 ND 0.0053 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7HTIAG Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:32 Uranium 238 0.13 0.0053 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7HTlAH Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:32 NOTE (S) Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight. oI 0 D a� (� Lot# F8F190108 7 of 35 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 002 General Chemistry Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-002 Work Order #...: KP7HT Date Sampled__.: 06/11/08 15:15 Date Received..: 06/18/08 % Moisture...._: 5.2 PARAMETER RESULT RL UNITS Percent Moisture 5.2 0.10 % Dilution Factor: 1 Lot# F8F190108 TestAmerica St. Louis a 0 Matrix........... SOLID PREPARATION- PREP a METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # MCAWN 160.3 MOD 06/20-06/23/08 8172171 a Analysis Time..: 00:00 D a 0 0 D a 0 a a 0 0 8 of 35(1 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 003 TOTAL Metals Lot -Sample #--- : F8F190108-003 Date Sampled___: 06/11/08 14:30 Date Received__: 06/18/08 % Moisture_____: 10 PARAMETER RESULT Prep Batch #._.: 8176078 Lead 1.8 Uranium 234 ND Uranium 235 ND Uranium 238 0.064 REPORTING LIMIT UNITS METHOD TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix.......: SOLID PREPARATION- WORK ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # 0.84 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H%lAD Dilution Factor: 2.5 Analysis Time..: 01:04 0.0056 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 K27HXlAF Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:37 0.0056 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7HXIAG Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:37 0.0056 mg/kg SW846,6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H%3-AH Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:37 NOTE (S) Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight. 0 o 0 0 (� Lot# F8F190108 9 of 35 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 003 General Chemistry Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-003 Work Order #...: KP7HX Date Sampled...: 06/11/08 14:30 Date Received..: 06/18/08 % Moisture._...: 10 PARAMETER Percent Moisture Lot# F8F190108 RESULT 10.2 RL UNITS 0.10 $ Dilution Factor: 1 TestAmerica St. Louis 0 0 Matrix........._: SOLID PREPARATION- PREP a METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # MCAWW 160.3 MOD 06/20-06/23/08 8172171 0 Analysis Time..: 00:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 of 35D AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 004 TOTAL Metals Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-004 Date Sampled___: 06/11/08 13:32 Date Received__: 06/18/08 g Moisture____.: 23 REPORTING PARAMETER RESULT LIMIT UNITS METHOD Prep Batch #___:,8176078 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix ------- : SOLID PREPARATION- WORK ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # Lead 3.3 0.98 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H01AD Uranium 234 ND Uranium 235 ND Uranium 238 0.10 Dilution Factor: 2.5 0.0065 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.0065 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.0065 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 NOTE(S): Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight O O aLot# F8F190108 Analysis Time..: 01:08 SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H01AF Analysis Time..: 16:43 SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H01AG Analysis Time_.: 16:43 SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H01AH Analysis Time..: 16:43 11 of 35 AMEC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 004 General Chemistry Lot -Sample #---: F8F190108-004 Work order #...: KP7H0 Date Sampled_._: 06/11/08 13:32 Date Received..: 06/18/08 t Moisture__...: 23 TestAmerica St. Louis D O D Matrix --------- : SOLID D PREPARATION- PREP 0 PARAMETER RESULT RL UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # Percent Moisture 23.3 0.10 % MCANK 160.3 MOD 06/20-06/23/08 8172171 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 00:00 0 Lot# F8F190108 J U� I.I 17 L �I f 12 of C' 3S AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 005 TOTAL Metals Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-005 Date Sampled._.: 06/11/08 12:45 Date Received_.: 06/18/08 % Moisture.....: 16 PARAMETER RESULT Prep Batch #___: 8176078 Lead 3.0 Uranium 234 ND Uranium 235 ND Uranium 238 0.14 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix ------- : SOLID REPORTING PREPARATION- WORK LIMIT UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # 0.89 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 2.5 0.006 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.006 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.006 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 NOTE(S): Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight. Ell I E ELot# F8F190108 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 01:12 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 16:48 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 16:48 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 16:48 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H11AD 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H11AF 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H11AG 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H11AH 13 of 35 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 005 General Chemistry Lot -Sample #.__: F8F190108-005 Work Order #...: KP7H1 Date Sampled.__: 06/11/08 12:45 Date Received__: 06/18/08 % Moisture_._._: 16 PARAMETER RESULT Percent Moisture 16.1 Lot# F8F190108 TestAmerica St. Louis 0 0 Matrix..........: SOLID a PREPARATION- PREP a _ RL UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # 0.10 % MCAWW 160.3 MOD 06/20-06/23/08 8172171 0 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 00:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 of 35a 0 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 006 TOTAL Metals Lot -Sample #...: FBF190108-006 Date Sampled...: 06/11/08 15:15 Date Received..: 06/18/08 % Moisture...... 5.8 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix ------- : SOLID NOTE (S) : Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight. a aLot# FBF190108 15 of 35 REPORTING PREPARATION- WORK PARAMETER RESULT LIMIT UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # Prep Batch #...: 8176078 Lead 2.0 0.80 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H23AD Dilution Factor: 2.5 Analysis Time..: 01:15 Uranium 234 ND 0.0053 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H21AF Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 17:13 Uranium 235 ND 0.0053 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H21AG Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 17:13 Uranium 238 0.10 0.0053 mg/kg SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H21AH Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 17:13 NOTE (S) : Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight. a aLot# FBF190108 15 of 35 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 006 General Chemistry Lot-Sample #___: F8F190108-006 Work Order #...: KP7H2 Date Sampled...: 06/11/08 15:15 Date Received__: 06/18/08 t Moisture...... 5.8 PARAMETER Percent Moisture Lot# F8F190108 TestAmerica St. Louis L� Matrix.........: SOLID PREPARATION- PREP RESULT RL UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # 5.8 0.10 g MCAWW 160.3 MOD 06/20-06/23/08 8172171 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: oo:oo E 16 of 35 E 5E AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 007 TOTAL Metals Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-007 Date Sampled_..: 06/11/08 15:15 Date Received..: 06/18/08 %- Moisture..._.: 6.3 PARAMETER RESULT Prep Batch #...: 8176078 Lead 2.4 Uranium 234 ND Uranium 235 ND Uranium 238 0.11 REPORTING LIMIT UNITS METHOD 0.80 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 2.5 0.0053 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.0053 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 0.0053 mg/kg Dilution Factor: 1 NOTE (S) Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight. SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 01:19 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 17:18 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 17:18 SW846 6020 Analysis Time..: 17:18 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix.......: SOLID PREPARATION- WORK ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H41AD 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H41AF 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H41AG 06/24-07/01/08 KP7H41AH aLot# FBF190108 17 of 35 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 007 General Chemistry Lot -Sample #...: F8F190108-007 Work Order #._.: KP7H4 I Date Sampled_..: 06/11/08 15:15 Date Received__: 06/18/08 $ Moisture...___ 6.3 PARAMETER Percent Moisture TestAmerica St. Louis a Matrix ......... _ SOLID PREPARATION- PREP RESULT RL UNITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # 6.3 0.10 % MCAWW 160.3 MOD 06/20-06/23/08 8172171 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 00:00 Lot# F8F190108 18 of 35a METHOD BLANK REPORT TOTAL Metals Client Lot #...: FSF190108 Calculations are performed before rounding to avoid round -off errors in calculated results. ELot# F8F190108 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix.........: SOLID PREPARATION- WORK ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAA 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAC 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAD 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAE 19 of 35 REPORTING PARAMETER RESULT LIMIT UNITS METHOD MB Lot -Sample #: F8F240000-078 Prep Batch #...: 8176078 Lead ND 0.30 mg/kg SW846 6020 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 00:28 Uranium 234 ND 0.005 mg/kg SW846 6020 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 15:58 Uranium 235 ND 0.005 mg/kg SW846 6020 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 15:58 Uranium 238 ND 0.005 mg/kg SW846 6020 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 15:58 Calculations are performed before rounding to avoid round -off errors in calculated results. ELot# F8F190108 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix.........: SOLID PREPARATION- WORK ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAA 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAC 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAD 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAE 19 of 35 LABORATORY CONTROL SAMPLE EVALOATION REPORT TOTAL Metals TestAmerica St. Louis D �D Client Lot #__.: F8F190108 Matrix_________: SOLID PERCENT RECOVERY PREPARATION - PARAMETER RECOVERY LIMITS METHOD ANALYSIS DATE WORK ORDER # i LCS Lot -Sample#: F8F240000-078 Prep Batch #...: 8176078 Lead 105 (82 - 118) SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAF Dilution Factor: 12.5 Analysis Time..: 00:32 Uranium 235 104 (80 - 120) SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4L1AH Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:03 Uranium 238 103 (80 - 120) SW846 6020 06/24-07/01/08 KQF4LIAJ Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:03 L U17J.Stb/ - Calculations are performed before rounding to avoid round -off errors in calculated results. Lot# F8F190108 20 of 35D MATRIX SPIKE SAMPLE EVALUATION REPORT TOTAL Metals Client Lot #.... F8F190108 Date Sampled._.: 06/11/08 12:00 Date Received..: 06/18/08 PERCENT RECOVERY RPD PARAMETER RECOVERY LIMITS RPD LIMITS METHOD MS Lot -Sample #: F8F190108-001 Prep Batch #...: 8176078 Lead 100 (75 - 125) SW846 6020 91 (75 - 125) 8.6 (0-30) SW846 6020 Dilution Factor: 2.5 Analysis Time..: 00:44 Uranium 235 44 (75 - 125) SW846 6020 42 (75 - 125) (0-30) SW846 6020 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:20 Uranium 238 37 (75 - 125) SW846 6020 35 (75 - 125) (0-30) SW846 6020 Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 16:20 NOTE(S): Calculations are performed before rounding to avoid round -off errors in calculated results. Results and reporting limits have been adjusted for dry weight. 0 TestAmerica St. Louis Matrix --------- : SOLID PREPARATION- WORK ANALYSIS DATE ORDER # $ Moisture...... 1.0 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAL 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAM 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAN 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAP 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAQ 06/24-07/01/08 KP7GKIAR aLot# F8F190108 21 of 35 Lot# F8F190108 22 of 35D TestAmerica St. Louis SAMPLE DUPLICATE EVALUATION REPORT 0 General Chemistry Client Lot #-.-: FBF190108 Work Order #...: KP7H4-SMP Matrix ------- : SOLID KP7H4-DUP i Date Sampled...: 06/11/08 15:15 Date Received..: 06/18/08 j e Moisture._...: 6.3 DUPLICATE RPD PREPARATION- PREP PARAM RESULT RESULT UNITS RPD LIMIT METHOD ANALYSIS DATE BATCH # Percent Moisture SD Lot -Sample #: F8F190108-007 6.3 7.5 17 (0-30) MCAWW 160.3 MOD 06/20-06/23/08 8172171 j Dilution Factor: 1 Analysis Time..: 00:00 n U Lot# F8F190108 22 of 35D 0 0 0 TestAmerica St. Louis AMEC Earth & Environmental Lab Sample ID: F8F190108-001 Work Order: KP7GK Matrix: SOLID Client Sample ID: DU 001 Radiochemistry Date Collected: 06/11/08 1200 Date Received: 06/18/08 0915 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. MDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. 0 Lot# FBF190108 23 of 35 Total Uncert. Prep Analysis Parameter Result Qual (2 (Y+/-) RL XDC Date Date iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pci/g Batch # 8175252 Yid o 80 Uranium 234 0.436 0.096 0.100 0.024 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 235/236 0.014 U 0.020 0.100 0.031 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 238 0.368 0.087 0.100 0.024 06/23/08 06/26/08 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. MDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. 0 Lot# FBF190108 23 of 35 AMSC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 001 DUP Radiochemistry Lab Sample ID: F8F190108-001X Date Collected: Work Order: KP7GK Date Received: Matrix: SOLID TestAmerica St. Louis Q 06/11/08 1200 06/18/08 0915 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. 1 l NIDC is determined by instrument performance only. `•/ Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. Lot# F8F190108 24 of 35a Total O IIacert. Prep Analysis Parameter Result Qual (2 (Y+/-) RL MDC Date Date Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pci/g Batch # 8175252 Yld <82 Uranium 234 0.300 0.076 0.100 0.025 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 235/236 0.003 U 0.011 0.100 0.028 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 238 0.298 0.076 0.100 0.027 06/23/08 06/26/08 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. 1 l NIDC is determined by instrument performance only. `•/ Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. Lot# F8F190108 24 of 35a TestAmerica St. Louis 0 AMEC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 002 Radiochemistry Lab Sample ID: F8F190108-002 Date Collected: 06/11/08 1515 Work order: KP7HT Date Received: 06/18/08 0915 Matrix: SOLID NOTES) 01 Data are incomplete without the case narrative. mDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC I U Result is less than the sample detection limit. aLot# F8F190108 25 of 35 Total Uncert. Prep Analysis Parameter Result Qual (2 a+/-) RL DMc Date Date Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pci/g Batch # 8175252 Yld % 92 Uranium 234 0.157 0.051 0.100 0.024 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 235/236 0.008 U 0.013 0.100 0.021 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 238 0.133 0.047 0.100 0.025 06/23/08 06/26/08 NOTES) 01 Data are incomplete without the case narrative. mDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC I U Result is less than the sample detection limit. aLot# F8F190108 25 of 35 AMEC Earth & Environmental Client Samnle ID: DU 003 Radiochemistry Lab Sample ID: F8F190108-003 Date collected: Work Order: KP7HX Date Received: Matrix: SOLID TestAmerica St. Louis 06/11/08 1430 06/18/08 0915 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. MDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the DMC ,n{ a Result is greater than sample detection limit but less than stated reporting limit. J U Result is less than the sample detection limit. Lot# F8F190108 26 of 35D Total Uncert. Prep Analysis a Parameter Result Qual (2 (Y+/-) RL MDC Date Date Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pci/g Batch # 8175252 Yld % 83 Uranium 234 0.118 0.047 0.100 0.029 06/23/08 06/26/08 a Uranium 235/236 0.017 U 0.022 0.100 0.031 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 238 0.066 1 0.035 0.100 0.023 06/23/08 06/26/08 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. MDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the DMC ,n{ a Result is greater than sample detection limit but less than stated reporting limit. J U Result is less than the sample detection limit. Lot# F8F190108 26 of 35D D TestAmerica St. Louis �I j AMEC Earth & Environmental Client Samule ID: DU 004 Radiochemistry Lab sample ID: F8F190108-004 Date Collected: 06/11/08 1332 Work Order: KP7H0 Date Received: 06/18/08 0915 Matrix: SOLID Total J Uncert. Prep Analysis Parameter Result Qual (2 a+/-) RL MDC Date Date J ' ISO URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pCi/g Batch # 8175252 Yld % 87 u Uranium 234 0.144 0.050 0.100 0.025 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 235/236 0.0050 U 0.0099 0.100 0.013 06/23/08 06/26/08 ni Uranium 238 0.130 0.047 0.100 0.018 06/23/08 06/26/08 0 0 0 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. DMC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. OLot# F8F190108 27 of 35 TestAmerica St. Louis AMEC Earth & Environmental Client Sample ID: DU 005 Radiochemistry Lab Sample ID: F8F190108-005 Date Collected: 06/11/08 1245 Work.Order: KP7H1 Date Received: 06/18/08 0915 Matrix: SOLID Total Uncert. Prep Analysis Parameter Result Qual (2 6+/-) RL MDC Date Date Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pCi/g Batch # 8175252 Yld % 76 Uranium 234 0.199 0.062 0.100 0.026 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 235/236 0.01 U 0.016 0.100 0.025 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 238 0.269 0.073 0.100 0.026 06/23/08 06/26/08 D D NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. MDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. Lot# F8F190108 28 of 350 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. iMDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC J Result is greater than sample detection limit but less than stated reporting limit. 0 Lot# FBF190108 29 of 35 TestAmerica St. Louis AMEC Earth & Environmental G Client Samnle ID: DU 006 Radiochemistry �! Lab Sample ID: F8F190108-006 Date Collected: 06/11/08 1515 Work order: KP7H2 Date Received: 06/18/08 0915 Matrix: SOLID Total Vncert. Prep Analysis Parameter Result Qual (2 a+/') RL MDC Date Date Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pci/g Batch # 8175252 Y1d % 72 C' Uranium 234 0.123 0.049 0.100 0.013 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 235/236 0.018 J 0.020 0.100 0.016 06/23/08 06/26/08 Uranium 238 i 0.122 - 0.049 0.100 0.021 06/23/08 06/26/08 NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. iMDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC J Result is greater than sample detection limit but less than stated reporting limit. 0 Lot# FBF190108 29 of 35 TestAmerica St. Louis AMEC Earth & Environmental U Client Samvle ID: DU 007 �} Radiochemistry �J Lab Sample ID: F8F190108-007 Date Collected: 06/11/08 1515 Work order: KP7H4 Date Received: 06/18/08 0915 j Matrix: SOLID Total Uncert. Prep Analysis Parameter Result Qual (2 a+/-) RL YM Date Data Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD Uranium 234 0.127 Uranium 235/236 0.0 U Uranium 238 0.154 NOTES) pci/g 0.048 0.100 0.0055 0.100 0.054 0.100 Data are incomplete without the case narrative. MDC is determined by instrument performance only. Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. Lot# F8F190108 Batch # 8175252 Yld %79 n 0.012 06/23/08 06/26/08 U 0.015 06/23/08 06/26/08 0.026 06/23/08 06/26/08 n U D 30 of 35� O CJI Client Lot ID I �i Matrix: l- J Parameter METHOD BLANK REPORT Radiochemistry F8F190108 SOLID Total uncert. Result 4ual (2 a+I-) RL MDC TestAmerica St. Louis Lab Sample ID Prep Analysis Date Date UIso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pci/g Batch # 8175252 Yld % 87 FSF230000-252B Uranium 234 0.007 U 0.015 0.100 0.027 06/23/08 06/26/08 I Uranium 235/236 -0.0012 U 0.0025 0.100 0.023 06/23/08 06/26/08 i Uranium 238 0.003 U 0.015 0.100 0.033 06/23/08 06/26/08 D D NOTES) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. MDC is determined using instrument performance only Bold results are greater than the MDC U Result is less than the sample detection limit. aLot# F8F190108 31 of 35 TestAm.erica St. Louis Laboratory Control Sample Report s Radiochemistry Client Lot ID: F8F190108 Matrix: i SOLID Total Lab S, le ID (-1 uncert. QC Control Ii)VIII Parameter spike Amount Result (2 (;+/-) MDC Yld % Rea Limits Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A-01-R MOD pci/g A-01-R MOD FSF230000-252C Uranium 234 19.6 20.1 2.8 0.3 86 103 (70 - 122) Uranium 238 19.6 17.4 2.5 0.3 86 89 (69 - 119) I E Hatch #: 8175252 Analysis Date: 06/26/08 �.1 i I NOTE(S) a Q, I f AIDC is determined by instrument performance only U Lot# F8F190108 32 of 35� 1 DUPLICATE EVALUATION REPORT Radiochemistry TestAmerica St. Louis Client Lot ID: F8F190108 Date Sampled: 06/11/08 Matrix: SOLID Date Received: 06/18/08 0 NOTE(S) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. �} Calculations are performed before rounding to avoid round -off error in calculated results UU Result is less than the sample detection limit. OLot# F8F190108 33 of 35 Total Total 4C Sample ID SAMPLE Uncert. DUPLICATE Uncert.- Precision ParameterResult (2a+/-) 9s Yld Result (2 6+/-) �z Yld Iso URANIUM (LONG CT) DOE A -01-R MOD pci/g A -01-R MOD F8F190108-001 Uranium 234 0.436 0.096 80 0.300 0.076 82 37 %RPD Uranium 235/236 0.014 U 0.020 80 0.003 U 0.011 82 139 %RPD Uranium 238 0.368 0.087 80 0.298 0.076 82 21 %RPD Batch #: 8175252 (Sample) 8175252 (Duplicate) 0 NOTE(S) Data are incomplete without the case narrative. �} Calculations are performed before rounding to avoid round -off error in calculated results UU Result is less than the sample detection limit. OLot# F8F190108 33 of 35 A t h O C z TestAmerica St. Louis Lot# F8F190108 34 of 35D � D U O � Y+ O h 's L�Iz d � c � 12 a � K W b �0 y m r c E E o Gi b U U U iv C V fg �X E m + dad aoµnloc�74 �sloy-daad : x x Y, X x X X •¢ m pupgpuuJua -dasd x x x X x x x U a (Rall `sEmn'rEtN luno) Buoy , x x x x x x X j ca ro ' a •aadt sgdry dq mmatun aldo)on x x X x x >< x d • (vozog) stv-JDI Sq mnluun aldolos7 . Y. x X X x X x QQ it u u C U a Y� v (tlOZ09) SW-dJ] �q P�'1 :. x X X X X x = on a °I7 0 —o. o �lirg ll. 4v 13 '�I .iia dl{IB as;+ N Q r_ •O G R' c d ��: �C 6 G G C V G � •o u u u u Q, �'l �H9a Lnm �%i b r%i u q ua a vi .. � g T T T O V 40 Q C O O O V a b Q a v 0 U h a w a01 u_ O IL c o 0 4 C o o O C d a q P PO rdd rl V j! m LL m m E Q F I'1 CCD - "is E }, •10L W F- '�+ C.. oro co "4 u ry r a x N cn m a c" Lot# F8F190108 34 of 35D TestAmerica St. Louis 11 1 0 0 0 Con Ton Circle "Y" for yes '•N•• for no ana tww Tor noc appmavicl: ,}A .�.yc1�...d.• 1..'s 1 •:tel 1�y .Lot#(s): _r�� %qUl U� - 327U - Y O .XHE'LEADCR IN ENVIfi61771 7 1117 l Y N 2. Y N� QUA the cooler? Do custody seals on cooler appear to O �V'' Y N COC/RFA No: Condition Upon Receipt Form ` tJ % Date: d be � ered with?U Were contents of cooler frisked after Client: >�� Quote No: i Q j Initiated By: Time: 3. N opening, but before un ackin ? 10. shipping Information Multiple Packages Y make note below Shipper Name: Shipping # (s):* G Sample received with Chain of Sample Teerature 1. m 6. Y NIf 1. Q2i) �Zyi 42 2. 6. . 2. . 8. U U 3' 8. 8 3. Does the Chain of Custody match 4. 9. 10. 4. 9. 5. 10. 5. **Sample must be received at 4TA: 2°C- If not, not contents below. Temperature Headspace in VOA or TOX liquid samples? (If *Numbered shipping lines correspond to Numbered Sample Temp lines variance does NOT affect the following: Metals -Liquid or Rad tests- Liquid or Solids 11 1 0 0 0 Con Ton Circle "Y" for yes '•N•• for no ana tww Tor noc appmavicl: Are there custody seals present on S Y O Are there custody seals present on bottles? l Y N 2. Y N� QUA the cooler? Do custody seals on cooler appear to 9 �V'' Y N Do custody seals on bottles appear to be tampered . be � ered with?U Were contents of cooler frisked after with? sample received with proper pH'? (If not, 3. N opening, but before un ackin ? 10. Y NWas make note below Sample received with Chain of 11. Y NIf N/A Was pH taken by original TestAmerica ' 4. Y N Custody?lab. 5. Y N N/A Does the Chain of Custody match 12. Y NJ Sample received in proper containers? sample ID's on the container(s)? � Headspace in VOA or TOX liquid samples? (If 6. Y Was sample received broken? 13. Y l� ! yesnotes le ID's below Is sample volume sufficient for 14. Y N as Internal COC/Workshare received? ?��, �j I'� anal sis? 'For Do&AL(Pantex,t.t N4banaralSLIM, pn----------- Notes, i i i Corrective Action: ❑ Client Contact Name: Informed by: ❑ Sample(s) processed "as is" ❑ sample(s) on hold until: If released, notify: 0 Lot# F8F190108 35 of 35 0 ameO a 1 t 1 0 Uranium Soils Investigation Appendix,13 DCHEMICAL Saddle Road ASSESSMENT RISK n CHARACTERIZATION SPREADSHEETS 1 1 'I 1 t Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 t 1 1 0 N 3; U O U r O O U r— 0— c0 M O. U U O .= M= O N w � O LL O m N M N M O N N n M LSO O N N N (n (n Un N fn (n ) a m m m U U U U U E E E E E L L L L t U U N N C U m N ? O U v — tt1 T N O y d C E U) v= Ox =c 6,0 Y 3 a 3« o a DwE m._ U EUu�nTw nrnm� E p 11 8 V LL Ev m E s cEi E c° -- w 0 II d C C II II N >$Eoy�o.0 ros mood .N- o U..) O G O U w Q j w t`y m H H C CD N N C U d Q j v y N M M O C to A UC O (D d O 0 0 y y N ttl U N C O QLOILu >>O�U N DU CLL. LL U)<�lL 0 W W Q QU d QU��LLL U)Q CC IQL W W w QU CLU HiQ oZ Un LL co U d ` U C N U 01 U f0 y a E v U W � U E U E `m tL cc LL _ v � U LL 9 c? W W 0 � r M M x x T ll'00 Y OI m x Q s E o Q Cl) x �� E U + m Q w U)LU Y E Q CE E 0 � M cn C _ O m w x Y Y X o ¢LU E E O U )Uw _ v x cn U am QQ U 2 Z w Y ¢ u 0, zw O 0 3 Tp c N Q Q U CC O L . O m N W o x =Q¢ M w O C m rn OCL U ZY o a c a NO OUN < N U C p �U) in��w ¢ xU N 3; U O U r O O U r— 0— c0 M O. U U O .= M= O N w � O LL O m N M N M O N N n M LSO O N N N (n (n Un N fn (n ) a m m m U U U U U E E E E E L L L L t U U N N C U m N ? O U v — tt1 T N O y d C E U) v= Ox =c 6,0 Y 3 a 3« o a DwE m._ U EUu�nTw nrnm� E p 11 8 V LL Ev m E s cEi E c° -- w 0 II d C C II II N >$Eoy�o.0 ros mood .N- o U..) O G O U w Q j w t`y m H H C CD N N C U d Q j v y N M M O C to A UC O (D d O 0 0 y y N ttl U N C O QLOILu >>O�U N DU CLL. LL U)<�lL 0 W W Q QU d QU��LLL U)Q CC IQL W W w QU CLU HiQ oZ Un LL co U d ` U C N U 01 U f0 y a E v U W � U E U E `m tL cc LL _ v � U LL 9 c? W W 0 � r M M .z W m a Y II w o Ex U w _ E v r Y W = N xCO LLJ l °C U W Y ZYS UU x m 0: m o co CC W ¢ SU H m m O C C O x Y X _ O b c E m Lr Y rn rn LU �o�, m x " EE o0 O n U o 5 U Q Q .z W Y QN II II U Q QN [c 0 r Y W = N CCS U W LL O `O ao QS ZYS UU ca a m a p N � m U ¢U) co CC W Q SU m ;, .2 W � r 0 0 Op .2 .2 O m ._ n M f0 LO m N QD OJ 10 m m m m p m m a U U U U U E E E E L L L L U—U U U E y TT ^ C U E y -\mo T N E - ca O O mo c ami x x E m y U) T T C m E c y m v m w� c o N� cO j T i t b N c m 2 v o o m I� cl o m a E d� E E L o 0 o� �< LLOccFH a din U V> N d? O CI� N d C - 7 7 _ 0I01 O >mUmoo_000.�mmpmU E U N S w W w_ Q a Cf 1 S .. a Q U U Q w W W Q Q m 2 U W W U a Z O Q N 2 0 Z a Y U W U Z a U J z W r �r O> aF W U O UO¢o x > co Q D Q U W W U a� J � aux¢ a u)U cn Un ui¢ rn O W U}) 0 F- Q N w U U ❑ Q m CE p U Y 0 Un 0 3:.2 O U r O O, U NW W O O w U U O pO CD O = ;C j mryNd NOQ NNQ aN d Un Un Un co w O roU ro U U U E E E E E L L L L L U U N C U co N C U v o _ O Z C T a Y O v v m `� c `m M ' Uo .0 ❑ v E M x T Y Y c o a n d in ❑ .n T (n N LL ro E Y oro n o o E o 2 c Z m m Y E v ❑ w E n,o d o n e Q o ? C y O Q U N a Q _2' N N U p 0 ti d LL a y La) m i t E E 0. ❑ o ❑ U ro Q U O Q .O p li ❑ OI H F C d O) roC > C C> Q N 0> C C N N N d E c0 O❑ d o n 0 >>. N N) C E U (nQ llw W W m<>< QULL CL Q U¢ LL U Q¢ LL W W W m Q Q U¢ U Un LL Un U n n 0 ¢ a L a N W d y U y 0 d O 0 ¢ NU N O ❑ N = U j X� W Q U 0 3:.2 O U r O O, U NW W O O w U U O pO CD O = ;C j mryNd NOQ NNQ aN d Un Un Un co w O roU ro U U U E E E E E L L L L L U U N C U co N C U v o _ O Z C T a Y O v v m `� c `m M ' Uo .0 ❑ v E M x T Y Y c o a n d in ❑ .n T (n N LL ro E Y oro n o o E o 2 c Z m m Y E v ❑ w E n,o d o n e Q o ? C y O Q U N a Q _2' N N U p 0 ti d LL a y La) m i t E E 0. ❑ o ❑ U ro Q U O Q .O p li ❑ OI H F C d O) roC > C C> Q N 0> C C N N N d E c0 O❑ d o n 0 >>. N N) C E U (nQ llw W W m<>< QULL CL Q U¢ LL U Q¢ LL W W W m Q Q U¢ U Un LL Un U 2 § LLJ § } ) /§} d "2k® ° J `0 ; LL ƒ E j / ¥0 § 0 LU \E 5{_ / ! \\ _ C, Z) x— ) ER (§ (� \\ 222 / u �o \/E / } �\ A3A / \} \)] cu j}\/ 0 )) 2 § LLJ § } ) /§} d "2k® ° J `0 ; LL ƒ E j / ¥0 § 0 1 0 1 1 t r 1 1 1 t 1 t 1 U W U Z 0 S Q S Z Q U Y U LU W U Q U J Q O Z W of UOm0 0 <�W o w�-jo CL S 0 aUQco r .V .0 .� .� x LL ^ m O d m T d N N itl U N L9 � N of U E U E U U E E L — U L U L L U U LL ¢F m a Y mEX a Y E o Q CO m X 3 ) – M– E M U +m OLL U) E N LU m E ro C m 0 2 x U a Q C V cX y Y 0 d >- U 4 ¢ E E m m 75 x p p U) co V Q Q 0 Z ma Qn 11 N N w d ¢ ¢ U D m 3 U J CO Q L V N W = Q ti d J IY/1 E 0 f m °o. 0 N c – Q Q OE [n U m X N [c w< 0 m m 10 .V .0 .� .� CI ^ m O d m d d N N itl U N L9 � N of U E U E U U E E L — U L U L L U U y U m C U y m m C N C C U m y U C V m Y O m _E itl w m = °' Lo co o O '� > J m ami `o X Y0 o3 a o 8-ZU lna E c Ec m° cEmE -'ouN LuZ' ro o v o 0 0.� v c m m E u Ol n7. do aN J N O OU� O oU- -> E o E u `o a J ro m m oo m U U ro Q O, U LL LL 2Q m a� LL m .0 H H C m E m o m ro° o.y y a ro ro m m c o > m oyi m .v c t m U X oo. o- -o `m v m ro ro o m OU Cll. 11 (.. LL Q w L.U. �wQ_Q u- QLLlL o 2m H-: �U Qa-�tLLw<mu-www¢QUecU a .o \ / \ <� R / LIJ \/ {_ �! §) -_ )( {� j \)j\ ) << () P 11< <<ca < mCc ` 5 &3s =0 / \§ \)\ \})\ )) < \ / \ <� R / t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Appendix C RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT RISK CHARACTERIZATION REPORTS Uranium Soils Investigation D Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 D Appendix C RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT RISK CHARACTERIZATION REPORTS I 1 1 f 1 1 RESRAD 0 CONSTRUCTION WORKER O J 1 1 t 1 1 Uranium Soils Investigation (1 Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment U Saddle Road October 2009 1 1 ESRAD, Version 6.4 T4 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 1 intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.PAD DTable of Contents DPart III: Intake Quantities and Health Risk Factors Cancer Risk Slope Factors ............................... 2 Etisk Slope and ETFG for the Ground Pathway .............. 4 Lount of Intake Quantities and Excess Cancer Risks Time= 0.000E+00 .................................... 5 Q Time= 1.000E+00 .'••• ............................... 8 Time= 3.000E+00 11 Time= 1.000E+01 .................................... 14 D Time= 3.000E+01 .................................... 20 Time= 1.000E+02 20 Time= 3.000E+02 .................................... 23 Time= 1.000E+03 .................................... 26 O 1 1 1 11-1 111 I 1 FIN! 1 1 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T't Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 2 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Cancer Risk Slope Factors Summary Table Risk Library: FGR 13 Morbidity Current I Base Parameter Menu Parameter I Value Case* Name Sf-1 Ground external radiation slope factors, 1/yr per (pCi/g): Sf-1 Ac -227+D I 1.47E-06 I 3.48E-10 I SLPF( 1,1) Sf-1 Pa -231 J 1.39E-07 I 1.39E-07 I SLPF( 2,1) Sf-1 Pb -210+D 4.21E-09 1.41E-09 SLPF( 3,1) Sf-1 Ra -226+D 8.49E-06 2.29E-08 SLPF( 4,1) Sf-1 Th -230 8.19E-10 8.19E-10 SLPF( 5,1) Sf-1 U-234 2.52E-10 2.52E-10 SLPF( 6,1) Sf-1 U -235+D 5.43E-07 5.18E-07 SLPF( 7,1) Sf-1 U-238 4.99E-11 4.99E-11 SLPF( 8,1) Sf-1 U -238+D 1.14E-07 4.99E-11 SLPF( 9,1) Sf-2 Inhalation, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-2 Ac -227+D 2.13E-07 1.49E-07 SLPF( 1,2) Sf-2 Pa -231 7.62E-08 7.62E-08 SLPF( 2,2) Sf-2 Pb -210+D 3.08E-08 1.58E-08 SLPF( 3,2) Sf-2 Ra -226+D 2.83E-08 2.82E-08 SLPF( 4,2) Sf-2 Th -230 3.40E-08 3.40E-08 SLPF( 5,2) Sf-2 I U-234 2.78E-08 I 2.78E-08 J SLPF( 6,2) Sf-2 U -235+D 2.50E-08 2.50E-08 SLPF( 7,2) Sf-2 U-238 2.36E-08 2.36E-08 SLPF( 8,2) Sf-2 U -238+D 2.36E-08 2.36E-08 SLPF( 9,2) Sf-3 Food ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 6.53E-10 2.45E-10 SLPF( 1,3) Sf-3 Pa -231 2.26E-10 2.26E-10 SLPF( 2,3) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 3.44E-09 1.18E-09 SLPF( 3,3) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 5.15E-10 5.14E-10 SLPF( 4,3) Sf-3 Th -230 1.19E-10 1.19E-10 ( SLPF( 5,3) Sf-3 U-234 9.55E-11 9.55E-11 SLPF( 6,3) Sf-3 U -235+D 9.76E-11 9.44E-11 SLPF( 7,3) Sf-3 I U-238 8.66E-11 8.66E-11 SLPF( 8,3) Sf-3 U -238+D 1.21E-10 8.66E-11 SLPF( 9,3) Sf-3 Water ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 4.86E-10 12.01E-10 SLPF( 1,4) Sf-3 J Pa -231 1.73E-10 1.73E-10 SLPF( 2,4) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 2.66E-09 8.81E-10 SLPF( 3,4) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 3.86E-10 3.85E-10 SLPF( 4,4) Sf-3 Th -230 9.10E-11 9.10E-11 SLPF( 5,4) Sf-3 I U-234 7.07E-11 17.07E-11 SLPF( 6,4) Sf-3 U -235+D 7.18E-11 6.96E-11 SLPF( 7,4) Sf-3 U-238 6.40E-11 6.40E-11 SLPF( 8,4) Sf-3 I U -238+D 8.71E-11 6.40E-11 SLPF( 9,4) Sf-3 Soil ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 6.53E-10 2.45E-10 SLPF( 1,5) Sf-3 Pa -231 2.26E-10 2.26E-10 SLPF( 2,5) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 3.44E-09 1.18E-09 SLPF( 3,5) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 5.15E-10 5.14E-10 SLPF( 4,5) Sf-3 Th -230 1.19E-10 1.19E-10 SLPF( 5,5) SRAD, FIE Version 6.4 T,t Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 3 rtrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD aCancer Risk Slope Factors Summary Table (continued) Risk Library: FGR 13 Morbidity Emenu Current I Base I Parameter I Parameter I Value I Case* I Name of-3 I U-234 19.55E-11 19.55E-11 I SLPF( 6,5) f-3 I U-235+D 19.76E-11 19.44E-11 I SLPF( 7,5) Sf-3 I U-238 18.66E-11 18.66E-11 I SLPF( 8,5) j—?f-3 I U-238+D 11.21E-10 I 18.66E-11 I I SLPF( 9,5) I U I Sf-Rn I Radon Inhalation slope factors, 1/(pCi): I I I Sf-Rn I Rn-222 11.80E-12 11.80E-12 I SLPFRN(1,1) f-Rn I Po-218 13.70E-12 13.70E-12 I SLPFRN(1,2) f-Rn I Pb-214 16.20E-12 16.20E-12 I SLPFRN(1,3) Sf-Rn I Bi-214 11.50E-11 11.50E-11 I SLPFRN(1,4) I I I I Of-Rn I Radon K factors, (mrem/WLM): I I I Sf-Rn I Rn-222 Indoor 17.60E+02 17.60E+02 I KFACTR(l,l) Sf-Rn I Rn-222 Outdoor 15.70E+02 15.70E+02 I KFACTR(1,2) ' DBase Case means Default.Lib w/o Associate Nuclide contributions. RESRAD, Version 6.4 T't Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 4 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Risk Slope and Environmental Transport Factors for the Ground Pathway Nuclide Slope(i)* ETFG(i,t) At Time in Years (dimensionless) (i) t= 0.000E+00 1.000E+00 3.000E+00 1.000E+01 3.000E+01 1.000E+02 3.000E+02 1.000E+03 Ac -227 3.480E-10 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 At -218 3.570E-09 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 Bi -210 2.760E-09 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 Bi -211 1.880E-07 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 Bi -214 7.480E-06 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 Fr -223 1.400E-07 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 Pa -231 1.390E-07 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 Pa -234 8.710E-06 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 Pa -234m 6.870E-08 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 Pb -210 1.410E-09 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 Pb -211 2.290E-07 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 Pb -214 9.820E-07 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 Po -210 3.950E-11 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 Po -211 3.580E-08 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 Po -214 3.860E-10 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 Po -215 7.480E-10 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 Po -218 4.260E-11 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 Ra -223 4.340E-07 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 Ra -226 2.290E-08 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 Rn -219 2.250E-07 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 Rn -222 1.740E-09 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 Th -227 3.780E-07 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 Th -230 8.190E-10 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 Th -231 2.450E-08 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 Th -234 1.630E-08 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 T1-207 1.520E-08 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 T1-210 0.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 U-234 2.520E-10 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 U-235 5.180E-07 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 U-238 4.990E-11 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.567E-01 9.702E-01 9.450E-01 9.453E-01 9.401E-01 9.502E-01 9.456E-01 9.400E-01 9.393E-01 9.813E-01 9.399E-01 9.456E-01 9.390E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.410E-01 9.390E-01 9.496E-01 9.524E-01 9.461E-01 9.370E-01 9.508E-01 9.588E-01 9.599E-01 9.610E-01 9.403E-01 1.000E+00 9.643E-01 9.520E-01 9.912E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.400E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 Units are 1/yr per (pCi/g) at infinite depth and area. Multiplication by ETFG(i,t) converts to site conditions. PESRAD, Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 5 ntrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD DAmount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Total Radio - Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ellc-227 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 EPb -210 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 ,2a-226 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.ODOE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 �U-234 2.529E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.597E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.597E+01 U'J-235 3.480E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.950E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.950E-01 �[7-238 1.798E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.558E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.558E+01 �* Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 0.000E+00 years (� Radionuclides U Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 UW.ter--,nd. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent water-dep. == Water -dependent 1 1 ERadio- Nuclide Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. IAc-227 1.139E-11 0.0000 1.012E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.414E-13 0.0000 Pa -231 5.014E-12 0.0000 1.686E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.112E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 2.907E-15 0.0000 1.287E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.049E-13 0.0000 nRa-226 3.438E-11 0.0000 7.062E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.829E-13 0.0000 Th -230 9.444E-13 0.0000 2.372E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.181E-11 0.0000 U-234 2.572E-09 0.0025 1.707E-09 0.0016 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.340E-08 0.0797 U-235 7.526E-08 0.0719 2.113E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.173E-09 0.0011 IIU-238 8.061E-07 0.7705 1.032E-09 0.0010 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.489E-08 0.0716 Total 8.840E-07 0.8449 2.760E-09 0.0026 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.595E-07 0.1524 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 6 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) D and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways D Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways- athways**Radio-Nuclide Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.184E-11 0.0000 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.742E-12 0.0000 D Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.080E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.456E-11 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.299E-11 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.768E-08 0.0838 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.646E-08 0.0731 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.O00E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.821E-07 0.8431 ( ) Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.046E-06 1.0000 +'lJll ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil I and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways yU( Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of U Radon and its Decay Products at t= 0.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.483E-14 4.982E-16 6.246E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 D Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 Total 2.483E-14 4.992E-16 6.246E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent 0 Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 2.608E-09 0.0025 1.707E-09 0.0016 2.533E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.341E-08 0.0797 D U-235 7.528E-08 0.0719 2.115E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.175E-09 0.0011 U-238 8.061E-07 0.7705 1.032E-09 0.0010 3.171E-19 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.490E-08 0.0716 D Total 8.840E-07 0.8449 2.760E-09 0.0026 2.533E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.595E-07 0.1524 D D DESRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 7 intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD DTotal Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years OWater Dependent Pathways. Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways 1iladio- uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. oj 234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.773E-08 0.0838 -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.648E-08 0.0731 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.821E-07 0.8431 otal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.046E-06 1.0000 U***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T'z Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 8 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio - Nuclide Inhalation Plant Total Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion - Ac -227 1.156E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.644E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.644E-07 Pa -231 7.347E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.045E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.045E-05 Pb -210 5.063E-14 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.201E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.201E-10 Ra -226 4.924E-12 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.003E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.003E-08 Th -230 2.274E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.234E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.234E-04 U-234 2.523E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.589E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.589E+01 U-235 3.472E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.938E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.938E-01 U-238 1.794E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.551E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.551E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+00 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.723E-06 2.658E-08 1.988E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.723E-06 2.658E-08 1.988E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat risk fract. risk fract. risk fract Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 1.269E-11 0.0000 1.127E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.918E-13 0.0000 Pa -231 5.406E-12 0.0000 1.818E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.669E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 3.378E-15 0.0000 1.496E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.381E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 3.863E-11 0.0000 7.934E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.055E-13 0.0000 Th -230 1.019E-12 0.0000 2.560E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.274E-11 0.0000 U-234 2.566E-09 0.0025 1.703E-09 0.0016 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.321E-08 0.0797 U-235 7.509E-08 0.0719 2.108E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.171E-09 0.0011 U-238 8.043E-07 0.7705 1.029E-09 0.0010 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 7.472E-08 0.0716 Total 8.820E-07 0.8449 2.754E-09 0.0026 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.591E-07 0.1524 F)", SRAD, Version 6.4 T't Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 9 1trisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD D C E adio- uclide Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. Milk All Pathways** risk fract. risk fract. j1c-227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.319E-11 0.0000 a-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.191E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.416E-13 0.0000 i Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.883E-11 0.0000 J -234 h-230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.402E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.748E-08 0.0838 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.628E-08 0.0731 n238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.800E-07 0.8431 U Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.044E-06 1.0000 �* Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 0 Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+00 years 0 Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 EWater-ind. 2.790E-14 5.597E-16 7.017E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 �IWater-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 UTotal 2.790E-14 5.597E-16 7.017E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent O Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) aand Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil [Radio- Nuclide risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. CI -234 2.606E-09 0.0025 1.703E-09 0.0016 2.846E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.322E-08 0.0797 U-235 7.510E-08 0.0720 2.111E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.172E-09 0.0011 rIJ-238 8.043E-07 0.7705 1.029E-09 0.0010 3.705E-19 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.472E-08 0.0716 `Total 8.820E-07 0.8449 2.754E-09 0.0026 2.846E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.591E-07 0.1524 O RESRAD, Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 10 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.753E-08 0.0839 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.630E-08 0.0731 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.800E-07 0.8431 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.044E-06 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides kq FIESPAD, Version 6.4 T4 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 11 1trisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD aAmount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+00 years Q Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Total Radio - Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Cc -221 1.011E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.439E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.439E-06 Pa -231 2.194E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.120E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.120E-05 Eb-210 1.342E-12 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.909E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.909E-08 a-226 4.419E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.289E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.284E-07 Th -230 6.806E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 9.680E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 9.680E-04 UPF-238 -234 2.511E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.572E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.572E+01 235 3.456E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.915E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.915E-01 1.786E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.540E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.540E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 0 Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Owater-ind. 2.443E-05 2.384E-07 1.784E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.443E-05 2.384E-07 1.784E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent a Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years OWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ell-dio- Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Inc -227 1.553E-11 0.0000 1.380E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.019E-13 0.0000 2a-231 6.185E-12 0.0000 2.080E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.774E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 4.482E-15 0.0000 1.985E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.160E-13 0.0000 E ta -226 9.808E-11 0.0000 9.875E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.557E-13 0.0000 'h-230 1.168E-12 0.0000 2.934E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.460E-11 0.0000 U-234 2.554E-09 0.0025 1.695E-09 0.0016 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.282E-08 0.0797 PJ7-235 7.473E-08 0.0719 2.098E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.165E-09 0.0011 1-238 8.005E-07 0.7705 1.029E-09 0.0010 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.437E-08 0.0716 Total 8.778E-07 0.8449 2.741E-09 0.0026 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.584E-07 0.1524 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T4 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 12 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways- Radio- Nuclide athways**Radio-Nuclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.614E-11 0.0000 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.083E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.207E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.833E-11 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.607E-11 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.707E-08 0.0838 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.592E-08 0.0731 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.759E-07 08430 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 1.039E-06 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of 0 Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 3.472E-14 6.966E-16 8.733E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 a 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0 Total 3.472E-14 6.966E-16 8.733E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent a Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil �'} I Radio- _ U Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 2.603E-09 0.0025 1.695E-09 0.0016 3.542E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.283E-08 0.0797 a U-235 7.476E-08 0.0720 2.101E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.167E-09 0.0011 U-238 8.005E-07 0.7705 1.025E-09 0.0010 4.968E-19 0'.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 7.437E-08 0.0716 Total 8.778E-07 00000 O 0.8449 2.741E-09 0.0026 3.542E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.584E-07 0.1524 �ESRAD, Version 6.4 T'-t Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 13 ntrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) n and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways �J Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways F adio- uclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. 6234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.713E-08 0.0839 -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.594E-08 0.0731 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.759E-07 0.8430 Eotal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.039E-06 1.0000 n***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides RESRAD, Version 6.4 T'2 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 14 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\S].TEl.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio - Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 1.021E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.452E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.452E-05 Pa -231 7.192E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.023E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.023E-04 Pb -210 4.669E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.641E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.641E-07 Ra -226 4.859E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.910E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.910E-06 Th -230 2.250E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.200E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.200E-03 U-234 2.470E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.513E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.513E+01 U-235 3.400E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.835E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.835E-01 U-238 1.756E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.498E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.498E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+01 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.685E-04 2.621E-06 1.961E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.685E-04 2.621E-06 1.961E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 2.764E-11 0.0000 2.456E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.071E-12 0.0000 Pa -231 8.853E-12 0.0000 2.977E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.256E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 1.037E-14 0.0000 4.590E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.309E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 9.106E-11 0.0001 1.870E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.843E-13 0.0000 Th -230 1.684E-12 0.0000 4.229E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.105E-11 0.0000 U-234 2.513E-09 0.0025 1.667E-09 0.0016 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.147E-08 0.0797 U-235 7.351E-08 0.0719 2.064E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.146E-09 0.0011 U-238 7.874E-07 0.7704 1.008E-09 0.0010 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.315E-08 0.0716 Total 8.636E-07 0.8449 2.696E-09 0.0026 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.558E-07 0.1524 FESRAD, Version 6.4 T'z Limit = 180 days 08/13/2006 16:18 Page 15 ntrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways U Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Iadio- uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. Fic-227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.873E-11 0.0000 a-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.014E-11 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.417E-13 0.0000 ,Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.154E-11 0.0001 Jh-230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.316E-11 0.0000 J�-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.565E-08 0.0838 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.468E-08 0.0731 Ef80.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.616E-07 0.8430 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.022E-06 1.0000 �* Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+01 years r Radionuclides �J Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 6.574E-14 1.319E-15 1.653E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 rl-�tal 6.574E-14 1.319E-15 1.653E -1B 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent E Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) (� and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years UWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Oadio-GroundInhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. CFJ-234 2.605E-09 0.0025 1.668E-09 0.0016 6.706E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.148E-08 0.0797 U-235 7.355E-08 0.0720 2.069E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.149E-09 0.0011 IJ -238 7.874E-07 0.7704 1.008E-09 0.0010 1.193E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.316E-08 0.0716 Notal 8.636E-07 0.8449 2.696E-09 0.0026 6.706E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.558E-07 0.1524 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T'-� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 16 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- _ Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.576E-08 0.0839 (� U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.472E-08 0.0731 I11JII U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.616E-07 0.8430 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.022E-06 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides a a 0 0 a FIE SRAD, Version 6.4 T# Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 17 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+01 years nWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* 1221 7.112E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.011E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.011E-09 Pa -231 2.058E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.927E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.927E-04 Ub-210 1.063E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.512E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.512E-05 a-226 4.245E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.037E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.037E-05 Th -230 6.594E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 9.376E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 9.378E-03 [11-23, 2.357E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.352E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.352E+01 235 3.243E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.613E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.613E-01 L238 1.676E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.383E+01 0.000E+00 O.DDOE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.383E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Q Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+01 years Radionuclides I Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 01.te-i.d_ 2.393E-03 2.286E-05 1.711E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.343E-03 2.286E-05 1.711E-08 O:000E+00 0.000E+00, 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water-dep. == Water -dependent Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Uladio- Nuclide Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. U4ac-227 7.912E-11 0.0001 6.586E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.873E-12 0.0000 Pa -231 1.599E-11 0.0000 5.378E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.269E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 5.034E-14 0.0000 2.229E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.549E-12 0.0000 C2a-226 2.950E-10 0.0003 6.060E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1,569E-12 0.0000 Ch -230 3.111E-12 0.0000 7.814E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.890E-11 0.0000 U-234 2.397E-09 0.0025 1.591E-09 0.0016 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.772E-08 0.0797 U-235 7.014E-08 0.0719 1.969E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.094E-09 0.0011 OJ -238 7.513E-07 0.7702 9.615E-10 0.0010 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.979E-08 0.0716 Total 8.242E-07 0.8450 2.573E-09 0.0026 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.487E-07 0.1524 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T''� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 18 } Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor U File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.706E-11 0.0001 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.831E-11 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.602E-12 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.966E-10 0.0003 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.279E-11 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.171E-08 0.0838 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.125E-08 0.0730 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.220E-07 0.8427 ( J 'I Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.754E-07 1.0000 JII ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil I and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 'lgJl Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of U Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+01 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.123E-13 4.258E-15 5.338E-18 0.000E+00 O.00DE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.123E-13 4.258E-15 5.338E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent n U Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- 10 Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 2.695E-09 0.0028 1.591E-09 0.0016 2.165E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.776E-08 0.0797 n + ` U-235 7.023E-08 0.0720 1.981E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.099E-09 0.0011 tJ U-238 7.513E-07 0.7702 9.616E-10 0.0010 6.452E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.980E-08 0.0716 8.242E-07 Total 0.8450 2.573E-09 0.0026 2.165E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.487E-07 0.1524 1 5 SRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 19 I trisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Iadio- !uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. 234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.205E-08 0.0841 1 i-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.135E-08 0.0731 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.220E-07 0.8427 Uotal O.Oo0E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.754E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides a a a a 0 a a a a a a a a RESRAD, Version 6.4 T' Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 20 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\S].TEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio - Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 3.802E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.407E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.407E-04 Pa -231 5.815E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.271E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.271E-04 Pb -210 2.369E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.369E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.369E-04 Ra -226 4.254E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.050E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.050E-04 Th -230 2.028E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.884E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.884E-02 U-234 1.999E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.843E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.843E+01 U-235 2.751E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.913E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.913E-01 U-238 1.422E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.022E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.022E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+02 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.327E-02 2.271E-04 1.699E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.327E-02 2.271E-04 1.699E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat Milk risk fract. risk fract. risk fract Soil risk fract_. risk fract. Ac -227 2.580E-10 0.0003 2.292E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.000E-11 0.0000 Pa -231 3.595E-11 0.0000 1.209E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.100E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 5.440E-13 0.0000 2.409E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.835E-11 0.0000 Ra -226 1.824E-09 0.0022 3.747E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.703E-12 0.0000 Th -230 7.608E-12 0.0000 1.911E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.512E-11 0.0001 U-234 2.033E-09 0.0025 1.349E-09 0.0016 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.593E-08 0.0795 U-235 5.950E-08 0.0717 1.670E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.277E-10 0.0011 U-238 6.373E-07 0.7684 8.156E-10 0.0010 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.921E-08 0.0714 Total 7.010E-07 0.8452 2.184E-09 0.0026 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.262E-07 0.1522 PESRAD Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 21 intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years 0 Water Fish Cladio- uclide risk fract Water Dependent Pathways Plant risk fract. risk fract Meat Milk risk fract. risk fract. All Pathways** risk Tract. Oc-227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.682E-10 0.0003 a-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.117E-11 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.892E-11 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.834E-09 0.0022 ih-230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.046E-10 0.0001 J-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.931E-08 0.0836 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.044E-08 0.0729 T238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.973E-07 0.8408 otal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.294E-07 1.0000 `* Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil Uand water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+02 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.303E-12 2.615E-14 3.278E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 �IWater-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 `Total 1.303E-12 2.615E-14 3.278E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent a Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. C1-234 3.865E-09 0.0047 1.351E-09 0.0016 1.330E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.606E-08 0.0796 U-235 5.979E-08 0.0721 1.705E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.428E-10 0.0011 [IJ -238 6.373E-07 0.7684 8.159E-10 0.0010 9.875E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.922E-08 0.0714 Total 7.010E-07 0.8452 2.184E-09 0.0026 1.330E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.262E-07 0.1522 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T1,2 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 22 I I Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor U File C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Dependent Pathways O Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.128E-08 0.0859 n U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.075E-08 0.0733 jUf U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.973E-07 0.8408 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.294E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides Q D D D PESRAD, fVersion 6.4 T', Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 23 trisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides '(i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+02 years 0 Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Cc -221 8.883E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.263E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.263E-03 Pa -231 1.088E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.547E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.547E-03 Fb-210 2.337E-07 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.324E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.324E-03 Lja-226 2.873E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.087E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.087E-03 Th -230 4.891E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.957E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.957E-02 U-234 1.249E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.777E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.777E+01 U235 1.720E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.446E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.446E-01 -238 8.885E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.264E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.264E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways O Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+02 years Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Radionuclides Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 (Water-ind. 1.541E-01 1.504E-03 1.125E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 (Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 1.541E-01 1.504E-03 1.125E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 �(�(Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent �'" Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years - 0 U adio- Nuclide Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. UF11c-2275.402E-10 0.0010 4.799E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.094E-11 0.0000 fa -231 6.232E-11 0.0001 2.096E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.841E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 4.364E-12 0.0000 1.932E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.077E-10 0.0006 42a-226 1.054E-08 0.0199 2.165E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.608E-11 0.0001 h-230 1.702E-11 0.0000 4.274E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.128E-10 0.0004 U-234 1.271E-09 0.0024 8.432E-10 0.0016 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.120E-08 0.0779 �J-235 3.719E-08 0.0703 1.044E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.798E-10 0.0011 FJ -238 3.983E-07 0.7534 5.098E-100.0010 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.700E-08 0.0700 Total 4.479E-07 0.8472 1.369E-09 0.0026 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.939E-08 0.1502 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T;i Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 24 I j�Jl Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\S:ETFI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) '(�I I 1 and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Dependent Pathways j h/1 Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- - n Nuclide risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.616E-10 0.0011 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.137E-11 0.0001 0 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.122E-10 0.0006 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.060E-08 0.0200 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.341E-10 0.0004 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.331E-08 0.01319 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.778E-08 0.0715 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.358E-07 08243 {� IU1 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.287E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil 0 and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+02 years Radionuclides i I +i�yll Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 7.382E-12 1.481E-13 1.857E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+b0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 7.382E-12 1.481E-13 1.857E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 1.183E-08 0.0224 8.474E-10 0.0016 7.529E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.175E-08 0.0790 n U-235 3.779E-08 0.0715 1.113E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.096E-10 0.0012 iiLJ11 U-238 3.983E-07 0.7534 5.103E-10 0.0010 1.473E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.703E-08 0.0700 4.479E-07 0.8472 1.369E-09 0.0026 7.530E-12 Total 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.939E-08 0.1502 Ej ESPLAD, Version 6.4 Ili Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 25 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD aTotal Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years DWater Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways 0ladio- uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. 234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.443E-08 0.1030 -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.841E-08 0.0727 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.358E-07 0.8244 Dotal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.287E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides V O i� U RESRAD, Version 6.4 T' -t Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 26 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 6.086E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.656E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.656E-04 Pa -231 6.948E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 9.882E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 9.882E-04 Pb -210 1.208E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.718E-02 0.000E+00 D.00OE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.718E-02 Ra -226 1.287E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.831E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.831E-02 Th -230 8.696E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.237E-01 0.000E+00 O.DOOE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 1.237E-01 U-234 2.410E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.427E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.427E+00 U-235 3.319E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.720E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 4.720E-02 U-238 1.715E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.439E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 2.439E+00 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+03 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 5.678E-01 5.542E-03 4.146E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 5.678E-01 5.542E-03 4.146E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. _= Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 3.585E-10 0.0024 3.185E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.390E-11 0.0001 Pa -231 3.869E-11 0.0003 1.301E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.489E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 2.120E-11 0.0001 9.386E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.494E-09 0.0102 Ra -226 4.474E-08 0.3042 9.189E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.380E-10 0.0016 Th -230 2.952E-11 0.0002 7.413E-12 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.690E-10 0.0025 U-234 2.451E-10 0.0017 1.626E-10 0.0011 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.946E-09 0.0540 U-235 7.176E-09 0.0488 2.014E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.119E-10 0.0008 U-238 7.687E-08 0.5227 9.838E-11 0.0007 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.141E-09 0.0486 Total 1.295E-07 0.8804 2.727E-10 0.0019 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.732E-08 0.1178 �ESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 27 iJntrisk Construction Worker Receptor File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+D3 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Eradio- uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. f �c-227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.727E-10 0.0025 a-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.431E-11 0.0003 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.517E-09 0.0103 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.497E-08 0.3058 Eli h-230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.060E-10 0.0028 -234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.354E-09 0.0568 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.290E-09 0.0496 238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.411E-08 0.5719 nTotal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.471E-07 1.0000 I j* Sum of water,windependent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil �JJJI and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of UUU Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+03 'years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Ol.t.,ind. 2.563E-11 5.142E-13 6.447E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 'O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 FT-1al 2.563E-11 5.142E-13 6.447E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) /-� and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years UWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil ORadio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. E' 234 4.501E-08 0.3060 1.716E-10 0.0012 2.613E-11 0.0002 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.003E-08 0.0682 U-235 7.574E-09 0.0515 2.463E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.313E-10 0.0009 [IJ -238 7.689E-08 0.5227 9.871E-11 0.0007 1.373E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.158E-09 0.0487 Total 1.295E-07 0.8602 2.727E-10 0.0019 2.615E-11 0.0002 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.732E-08 0.1177 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:18 Page 28 Intrisk Construction Worker Receptor S0 File C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) J and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways U Radio- - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.524E-08 0.3755 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.707E-09 0.0524 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.415E-08 0.5721 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.471E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 CHILD COMMUTER Uranium Soils Investigation Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 j� LJ CHILD COMMUTER 0IRESRAD, Version 6.4 TiLimit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 1 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Table of Contents Part III: Intake Quantities and Health Risk Factors ( -ancer Risk Slope Factors ............................... 2 Risk Slope and ETFG for the Ground Pathway .............. 4 [fount of Intake Quantities and Excess Cancer Risks Time= 0.000E+00 .................................... 5 Time= 1.000E+00 .................................... 8 Time= 3.000E+00 .................................... 11 O Time= 1.000E+01 .................................... 14 Time= 3.000E+01 .................................... 17 Time= 1.000E+02 .................................... 20 Q Time= 3.000E+02 .................................... 23 Time= 1.000E+03 .................................... 26 0 I', 0 0 0 0 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T4 Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 2 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Cancer Risk Slope Factors Summary Table Risk Library: FGR 13 Morbidity ( Current Base Parameter Menu Parameter Value Case* Name { I I U Sf-1 Ground external radiation slope factors, 1/yr per (pCi/g): Sf-1 Ac -227+D 1.47E-06 3.48E-10 SLPF( 1,1) Sf-1 Pa -231 1.39E-07 1.39E-07 SLPF( 2,1) Sf-1 Pb -210+D 4.21E-09 1.41E-09 SLPF( 3,1) Sf-1 Ra -226+D ( 8.49E-06 2.29E-08 SLPF( 4,1) Sf-1 Th -230 8.19E-10 8.19E-10 SLPF( 5,1) Sf-1 U-234 2.52E-10 2.52E-10 SLPF( 6,1) Sf-1 U -235+D 5.43E-07 5.18E-07 SLPF( 7,1) Sf-1 U-238 4.99E-11 4.99E-11 SLPF( 8,1) Sf-1 U -238+D 1.14E-07 4.99E-11 SLPF( 9,1) Sf-2 Inhalation, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-2 Ac -227+D 12.13E-07 1.49E-07 SLPF( 1,2) + Sf-2 Pa -231 7.62E-08 7.62E-08 SLPF( 2,2) ILJI Sf-2 Pb -210+D 3.08E-08 1.58E-08 SLPF( 3,2) Sf-2 Ra -226+D 2.83E-08 2.82E-08 SLPF( 4,2) Sf-2 Th -230 3.40E -OS 3.40E-08 SLPF( 5,2) O Sf-2 U-234 2.78E-08 2.78E-08 SLPF( 6,2) Sf-2 I U -235+D 2.50E-08 2.50E-08 SLPF( 7,2) Sf-2 U-238 2.36E-08 2.36E-08 SLPF( 8,2) a Sf-2 U -238+D 2.36E-08 2.36E-08 SLPF( 9,2) Sf-3 Food ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 6.53E-10 2.45E-10 SLPF( 1,3) Sf-3 Pa -231 2.26E-10 2.26E-10 SLPF( 2,3) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 3.44E-09 1.18E-09 SLPF( 3,3) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 5.15E-10 5.14E-10 SLPF( 4,3) Sf-3 Th -230 1.19E-10 1.19E-10 SLPF( 5,3) Sf-3 I U-234 9.55E-11 9.55E-11 SLPF( 6,3) Sf-3 U -235+D 19.76E-11 9.44E-11 SLPF( 7,3) Sf-3 I U-238 8.66E-11 8.66E-11 SLPF( 8,3) Sf-3 U -238+D 1.21E-10 6.66E-11 SLPF( 9,3) Sf-3 I Water ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 4.86E-10 2.01E-10 SLPF( V 1,4) Sf-3 Pa -231 1.73E-10 1.73E-10 SLPF( 2,4) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 12.66E-09 8.81E-10 SLPF( 3,4) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 3.86E-10 3.85E-10 SLPF( 4,4) Sf-3 Th -230 9.10E-11 9.10E-11 SLPF( 5,4) Sf-3 I U-234 7.07E-11 7.07E-11 SLPF( 6,4) Sf-3 I U -235+D 7.18E-11 6.96E-11 SLPF( 7,4) Sf-3 U-238 6.40E-11 6.40E-11 I SLPF( 8,4) Sf-3 U -238+D 8.71E-11 6.40E-11 SLPF( 9,4) n Sf-3 Soil ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): U Sf-3 Ac -227+D 6.53E-10 2.45E-10 SLPF( 1,5) Sf-3 Pa -231 2.26E-10 2.26E-10 SLPF( 2,5) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 3.44E-09 1.18E-09 SLPF( 3,5) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 5.15E-10 5.14E-10 SLPF( 4,5) Sf-3 Th -230 1.19E-10 1.19E-10 SLPF( 5,5) Sf-3 U-234 9.55E-11 9.55E-11 SLPF( 6,5) DiESRAD, Version 6.4 T'2 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 3 ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Cancer Risk Slope Factors Summary Table (continued) 0 Risk Library: FGR 13 Morbidity Current ease Parameter Menu I Parameter I Value Case* Name Sf-3 I U -235+D 9.76E-11 9.44E-11 SLPF( 7,5) U-238 8.66E-11 8.66E-11 SLPF( 8,5) EI3f-3 3f-3 U -238+D 1.21E-10 ( 8.66E-11 SLPF( 9,5) Sf-Rn Radon Inhalation slope factors, 1/(pCi): If -Rn Rn -222 1.80E-12 1.80E-12 SLPFRN(1,1) sf-Rn Po -218 3.70E-12 13.70E-12 SLPFRN(1,2) Sf-Rn Pb -214 6.20E-12 6.20E-12 SLPFRN(1,3) f -Rn Bi -214 1.50E-11 1.50E-11 SLPFRN(1,4) Sf-Rn Radon K factors, (mrem/WLM): Rn -222 Indoor 7.60E+02 7.60E+02 KFACTR(l,l) �Sf-Rn 13f-Rn I Rn -222 Outdoor 5.70E+02 5.70E+02 KFACTR(1,2) *Base Case means Default.Lib w/o Associate Nuclide contributions. O 0 0 0 0 Lit 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tk Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 4 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFTLES\SITEl.PAD Risk Slope and Environmental Transport Factors for the Ground Pathway Nuclide Slope(i)* ETFG(i,t) At Time in Years (dimensionless) (i) t= 0.000E+00 1.000E+00 3.000E+00 1.000E+01 3.000E+01 1.000E+02 3.000E+02 1.000E+03 Ac -227 3.480E-10 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 At -218 3.570E-09 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 Bi -210 2.760E-09 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 Bi -211 1.880E-07 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 Bi -214 7.480E-06 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 Fr -223 1.400E-07 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 Pa -231 1.390E-07 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 Pa -234 8.710E-06 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 Pa -234m 6.870E-08 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 Pb -210 1.410E-09 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 Pb -211 2.290E-07 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 Pb -214 9.820E-07 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 Po -210 3.950E-11 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 Po -211 3.580E-08 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 Po -214 3.860E-10 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 Po -215 7.480E-10 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 Po -218 4.260E-11 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 Ra -223 4.340E-07 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 Ra -226 2.290E-08 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 Rn -219 2.250E-07 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 Rn -222 1.740E-09 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 Th -227 3.780E-07 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 Th -230 8.190E-10 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 Th -231 2.450E-08 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 Th -234 1.630E-08 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 T1-207 1.520E-08 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 T1-210 0.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 U-234 2.520E-10 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 U-235 5.180E-07 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 U-238 4.990E-11 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.567E-01 9.702E-01 9.450E-01 9.453E-01 9.401E-01 9.502E-01 9.456E-01 9.400E-01 9.393E-01 9.813E-01 9.399E-01 9.456E-01 9.390E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.410E-01 9.390E-01 9.496E-01 9.524E-01 9.461E-01 9.370E-01 9.508E-01 9.588E-01 9.599E-01 9.610E-01 9.403E-01 1.000E+00 9.643E-01 9.520E-01 9.912E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.400E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 Units are 1/yr per (pCi/g) at infinite depth and area. Multiplication by ETFG(i,t) converts to site conditions. E E SRAD, Version 6.4 T% Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 5 ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) O As pCi/yr at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Litadio- iuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Water Dependent Pathways Fish Plant Meat Total Milk Ingestion* E�I-227 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 a-231 0.000E+00 0.000E+00' 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00.,.0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Ih-230 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 -234 5.313E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.052E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.052E+01 U-235 7.312E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 9.200E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.200E-01 El -238 3.778E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.170E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.170E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil Oand water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -219 Bi -219 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 (Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) )U` and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years 1 Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil I Radnuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 1.899E-13 0.0000 3.545E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.246E-15 0.0000 Ea -231 2.975E-13 0.0000 2.102E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.581E-14 0.0000 Pb -210 1.101E-17 0.0000 1.024E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.585E-16 0.0000 Ra -226 4.854E-13 0.0000 2.095E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.191E-15 0.0000 Th -230 5.521E-14 0.0000 2.913E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.857E-13 0.0000 J-234 6.312E-10 0.0025 8.800E-10 0.0035 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.737E -OB 0.0690 -235 1.847E-08 0.0734 1.089E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.443E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.978E-07 0.7864 5.319E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.559E-08 0.0620 EPotal 2.169E-07 0.8623 1.423E-09 0.0057 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.320E-08 0.1320 0 Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of 0 Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 0.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -219 Bi -219 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 (Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) )U` and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years 1 Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil I Radnuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 1.899E-13 0.0000 3.545E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.246E-15 0.0000 Ea -231 2.975E-13 0.0000 2.102E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.581E-14 0.0000 Pb -210 1.101E-17 0.0000 1.024E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.585E-16 0.0000 Ra -226 4.854E-13 0.0000 2.095E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.191E-15 0.0000 Th -230 5.521E-14 0.0000 2.913E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.857E-13 0.0000 J-234 6.312E-10 0.0025 8.800E-10 0.0035 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.737E -OB 0.0690 -235 1.847E-08 0.0734 1.089E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.443E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.978E-07 0.7864 5.319E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.559E-08 0.0620 EPotal 2.169E-07 0.8623 1.423E-09 0.0057 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.320E-08 0.1320 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 6 (� Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD - )U� Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.965E-13 0.0000 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.354E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.705E-16 0.0000 n Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.876E-13 0.0000 jlJ� Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.701E-13 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.888E-08 0.0750 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.872E-08 0.0744 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.139E-07 0.8505 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.515E-07 1.0000 0 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 0.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 7.374E-16 1.479E-17 1.855E-20 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 7.374E-16 1.479E-17 1.855E-20 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years �J Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. _ risk fract. risk fract. U-234 6.317E-10 0.0025 8.801E-10 0.0035 7.522E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.737E-08 0.0690 U-235 1.847E-08 0.0734 1.089E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.444E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.978E-07 0.7864 5.319E-10 0.0021 2.271E-21 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.559E -OB 0.0620 Total 2.169E-07 0.8623 1.423E-09 0.0057 7.522E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.320E-08 0.1320 0 a 2ESRAD, Version 6.4 T;1 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 7 I:ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD (� Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) 0 and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways lJ Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- G�uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. IILIJJ'',U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.888E-08 0.0750 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.872E-08 0.0744 1-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.139E-07 0.8505 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.515E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides RESRAD, Version 6.4 T,� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 8 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Radio - Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Total Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 2.428E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.395E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.395E-07 Pa -231 1.543E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.866E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.866E-06 Pb -210 1.064E-13 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.110E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.110E-10 Ra -226 1.034E-11 0.000E+00 ,0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.942E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.942E-08 Th -230 4.777E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.744E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 O.000E+00 2.744E-04 U-234 5.301E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.045E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.045E+01 U-235 7.295E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 4.190E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.190E-01 U-238 3.769E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.165E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.165E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+00 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 5.721E-06 5.583E-08 4.177E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 5.721E-06 5.583E-08 4.177E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 2.975E-13 0.0000 5.554E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.786E-15 0.0000 Pa -231 3.960E-13 0.0000 2.798E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.766E-14 0.0000 Pb -210 2.024E-17 0.0000 1.883E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.211E-15 0.0000 Ra -226 7.677E-13 0.0000 3.313E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.465E-15 0.0000 Th -230 7.355E-14 0.0000 3.881E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.803E-13 0.0000 U-234 6.297E-10 0.0025 8.780E-10 0.0035 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.732E-08 0.0690 U-235 1.843E-08 0.0734 1.087E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.438E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.974E-07 0.7864 5.306E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.556E-08 0.0620 Total 2.164E-07 0.8623 1.419E-09 0.0057 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.313E-08 0.1320 IESRAD, Version 6.4 T'. Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 9 !nttisk Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD n Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) IJ�'J�� and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years D Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.079E-13 0.0000 U-226 -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 4.465E-13 0.0000 -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.233E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.712E-13 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.926E-13 0.0000 EIE, 234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.883E-08 0.0750 I-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.868E-08 0.0744 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.134E-07 0.8505 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.510E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways D Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 n Water-ind. 1.166E-15 2.339E-17 2.933E-20 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 UWater-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 ETotal 1.166E-15 2.339E-17 2.933E-20 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years aWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil E �adio- Tuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. G)-234 6.306E-10 0.0025 8.780E-10 0.0035 1.190E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.733E-08 0.0690 I7-235 1.843E-08 0.0734 1.087E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.438E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.974E-07 0.7864 5.306E-10 0.0021 4.199E-21 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 1.556E-08 0.0620 Gotal 2.164E-07 0.8623 1.419E-09 0.0057 1.190E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.313E-08 0.1320 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 10 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways 0 Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. D U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.883E-08 0.0750 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.868E-08 0.0744 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.134E-07 0.6505 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.510E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides D D 0 D D D 0 D 0 D D D D ESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl- Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 11 -ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD D Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Ff adio- Total uclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Clac -227 2.125E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.221E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.221E-06 ?a-231 4.608E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.647E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.647E-05 Pb -210 2.820E-12 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.620E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.620E-08 7a-226 9.283E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.332E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.332E-07 11 Ch -230 1.930E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.213E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.213E-04 -234 5.276E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.031E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.031E+01 U -23S 7.260E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.170E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.170E-01 CJ -238 3.751E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.155E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.155E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil nand water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 0 o Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+00 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -219 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 5.133E-05 5.009E-07 3.748E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 n I (Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 5.133E-05 5.009E-07 3.748E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 UWater-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent 1 t Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Eclide risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 5.970E-13 0.0000 1.114E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.964E-14 0.0000 IPa -231 5.915E-13 0.0000 9.179E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.120E-14 0.0000 ' °b-210 5.384E-17 0.0000 5.008E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.221E-15 0.0000 Ra -226 1.572E-12 0.0000 6.783E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.095E-15 0.0000 IU -234 1.101E-13 0.0000 5.810E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.168E-12 0.0000 ,U-234 6.268E-10 0.0025 8.738E-10 0.0035 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.724E-08 0.0690 U-235 1.834E-08 0.0734 1.081E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.926E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.964E-07 0.7864 5.281E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.548E-08 0.0620 E7'.tal 2.159E-07 0.8623 1.913E-09 0.0057 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.297E-08 0.1320 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 12 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** a Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract, risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. O Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.178E-13 0.0000 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.669E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.279E-15 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.579E-12 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.336E-12 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.874E-08 0.0750 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.859E-08 0.0744 a U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.124E-07 0.8505 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.498E-07 1.0000 n U ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways O Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.387E-15 4.790E-17 6.005E-20 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 {� Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 IUI Total 2.387E-15 4.790E-17 6.005E-20 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent D Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) n I I U Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- _ Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. O U-234 6.284E-10 0.0025 8.739E-10 0.0035 2.435E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.724E-08 0.0690 U-235 1.834E-08 0.0734 1.082E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.427E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.969E-07 0.7864 5.281E-10 0.0021 1.130E-20 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.548E-08 0.0620 Total 2.154E-07 0.8623 1.413E-09 0.0057 2.435E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.297E-08 0.1320 a ESRAD, Version 6.4 T' -s Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 13 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEI.PAD D Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years D Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- Eluclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.875E-08 0.0751 �T-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.859E-08 0.0744 �J-238 .0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.124E-07 0.8505 1 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.498E-07 1.0000 D**CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides 0 0 0. 1 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 14 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio - Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 2.145E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.232E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.232E-05 Pa -231 1.511E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.679E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.679E-05 Pb -210 9.809E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.635E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.635E-07 Ra -226 1.021E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.863E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.863E-06 Th -230 4.727E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.715E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.715E-03 U-234 5.190E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.981E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.981E+01 U-235 7.142E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.102E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.102E-01 U-238 3.690E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.120E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.120E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathwav Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+01 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 5.641E-04 5.506E-06 4.119E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 5.641E-04 5.506E-06 4.119E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Ac -227 2.412E-12 0.0000 4.502E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.933E-14 0.0000 Pa -231 1.261E-12 0.0000 8.912E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.518E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 4.361E-16 0.0000 4.057E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.609E-14 0.0000 Ra -226 6.866E-12 0.0000 2.963E-16 0.0000" 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.099E-14 0.0000 Th -230 2.367E-13 0.0000 1.249E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.511E-12 0.0000 U-234 6.165E-10 0.0025 8.596E-10 0.0035 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.696E-08 0.0690 U-235 1.804E-08 0.0734 1.064E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.387E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.932E-07 0.7864 5.195E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.523E-08 0.0620 Total 2.119E-07 0.8623 1.390E-09 0.0057 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.243E-08 0.1320 `tESRAD, Version 6.4 T'h Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 15 ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways OWater Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- (-']uclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.496E-12 0.0000 rPa-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.422E-12 0.0000 �Ib-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.656E-14 0.0000 to -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.897E-12 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.872E-12 0.0000 E11-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.844E-08 0.0750 I-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.829E-08 0.0744 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.090E-07 0.8505 total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 2.457E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 0 Radon Pathway Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+01 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.042E-14 2.091E-16 2.621E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total1.042E-14 2.091E-16 2.621E-19 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 �J Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == water -dependent I Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) lUJ and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years OWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil E,�2adio- uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. V-234 6.236E-10 0.0025 8.597E-10 0.0035 1.063E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.000.0 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.696E-08 0.0690 I1-235 1.804E-08 0.0734 1.065E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.389E-10 0.0010 -238 1.932E-07 0.7864 5.195E-10 0.0021 9.579E-20 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.523E-08 0.0620 Ell otal 2.119E-07 0.8623 1.390E-09 0.0057 1.063E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.243E-08 0.1320 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tlh Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 16 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years o Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways �J Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. U U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.845E-08 0.0751 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.829E-08 0.0744 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 00000 2.090E-07 0.8505 0 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.457E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides 0 U O O I2E5RAD, Version 6.4 Tk, Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 17 ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESPAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD E(-j Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+01 years U, Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Auclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* EInc-227 1.494E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.582E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.582E-05 °a-231 4.324E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.484E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.484E-04 Pb -210 2.234E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.283E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.283E-05 8.917E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.122E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.122E-05 [Ra-221 Ch-230 1.385E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.957E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.957E-03 J-234 4.951E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.844E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.844E+01 U-235 6.814E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.914E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.914E-01 C,1-238 3.521E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.022E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.022E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil 0 and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways D Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+01 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 4.921E-03 4.803E-05 3.594E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 nWater-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.ODOE+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 4.921E-03 4.803E-05 3.594E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 OWater-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent O Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+0l years n Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) UGround Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil adio- Gquclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 1.194E-11 0.0001 2.228E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 O.D000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.926E-13 0.0000 EI�a-231 3.056E-12 0.0000 2.159E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.678E-13 0.0000 'b-210 5.792E-15 0.0000 5.388E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.465E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 4.233E-11 0.0002 1.827E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.910E-13 0.0000 Euh-230 5.870E-13 0.0000 3.097E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.227E-12 0.0000 -234 5.882E-10 0.0025 8.201E-10 0.0035 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.618E-08 0.0690 U-235 1.721E-08 0.0734 1.015E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.277E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.843E-07 0.7862 4.957E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.453E-08 0.0620 u.t.ll2.022E-07 0.8629 1.326E-09 0.0057 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.095E-08 0.1320 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 18 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEI.PAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) (� and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. n Ac-227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.235E-11 0.0001 U Pa-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.445E-12 0.0000 o Pb-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.528E-13 0.0000 Ra-226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.252E-11 0.0002 Th-230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.124E-12 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.759E-08 0.0750 a U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.745E-08 0.0744 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.994E-07 0.8503 n Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.345E-07 1.0000 U ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of ('1 Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+01 years QUI Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn-222 Po-218 Pb-214 Bi-214 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Water-ind. 6.417E-14 1.287E-15 1.614E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O Water-dep. 0..000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 6.417E-14 1.287E-15 1.614E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. _= Water-independent Water-dep. _= Water-dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) 0 Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. U-234 6.311E-10 0.0027 8.204E-10 0.0035 6.546E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.619E-08 0.0690 a U-235 1.723E-08 0.0735 1.019E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.285E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.844E-07 0.7862 4.957E-10 0.0021 1.449E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.453E-08 0.0620 Total 2.022E-07 0.8624 1.326E-09 0.0057 6.546E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.095E-08 0.1320 n l__J ESRAD, Version 6.4 T' Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 19 I\ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD O Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Dependent_Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- C7uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.764E-08 0.0752 CI -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.746E-08 0.0745 C,J-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.994E-07 0.8503 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.345E-07 1.0000 o°**CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl,� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 20 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio - Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 7.986E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.587E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.587E-04 Pa -231 1.222E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.018E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.018E-04 Pb -210 4.977E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.859E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.859E-04 Ra -226 8.937E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.133E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.133E-04 Th -230 4.260E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.447E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.447E-02 U-234 4.200E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.413E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.413E+01 U-235 5.780E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.320E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.320E-01 U-238 2.987E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.716E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.716E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+02 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 4.888E-02 4.771E-04 3.569E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.ODOE+DO 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 4.888E-02 4.771E-04 3.569E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. _= Water -independent Water-dep. _= Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat Milk risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract Soil risk fract. Ac -227 5.644E-11 0.0003 1.053E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.856E-12 0.0000 Pa -231 8.085E-12 0.0000 5.712E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.732E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 1.059E-13 0.0000 9.848E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.333E-12 0.0000 Ra -226 3.711E-10 0.0019 1.602E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.675E-12 0.0000 Th -230 1.690E-12 0.0000 8.920E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.793E-11 0.0001 U-234 4.990E-10 0.0025 6.957E-10 0.0035 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.373E-08 0.0689 U-235 1.460E-08 0.0732 8.610E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.932E-10 0.0010 U-238 1.564E-07 0.7846 4.205E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.233E-08 0.0618 Total 1.719E-07 0.8625 1.126E-09 0.0056 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.628E-08 0.1318 ESRAD, Version 6.4 T'h Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 21 ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Dependent Pathways DWater Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- Cluclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.840E-11 0.0003 rA,,a-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.116E-12 0.0000 b-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.449E-12 0.0000 a-226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.728E-10 0.0019 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.052E-11 0.0001 EJ-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.492E-08 0.0749 J -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.480E-08 0.0743 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.691E-07 0.8485 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.993E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways O Radon Pathway Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+02 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 nWater-ind. 5.576E-13 1.119E-14 1.402E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 I (Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.ODOE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 lIIJJJ Total5.576E-13 1.119E-14 1.402E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent water-dep. == Water -dependent CTotal Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years aWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Eadio_ Iduclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. !J-234 8.718E-10 0.0044 6.964E-10 0.0035 5.688E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.375E-08 0.0690 �IIJ-235 1.466E-08 0.0736 8.773E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.960E-10 0.0010 b-238 1.564E-07 0.7846 4.206E-10 0.0021 3.850E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.233E-08 0.0619 Dotal 1.719E-07 0.8625 1.126E-09 0.0056 5.688E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.628E-08 0.1318 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 22 0 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways 0 Radio- Nuclide risk fract, risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. 0 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.532E-08 0.0769 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.487E-08 0.0746 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 00000 1.691E-07 0.8485 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.993E-07 1.0000 �(�I ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides U 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESRAD, Version 6.4 T;I, Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 23 ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways FIadio- Total luclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* EC -227 1.866E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.072E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.072E-03 a-231 2.286E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.313E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.313E-03 Pb -210 4.910E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.820E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.820E-03 Ra -226 6.036E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.467E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.467E-03 h-230 1.028E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.903E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.903E-02 JI -234 2.625E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.508E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.508E+01 U-235 3.613E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.075E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.075E-01 E I -238 1.867E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.072E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.072E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of 0 Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+02 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 3.237E-01 3.159E-03 2.364E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 PWater-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 3.237E-01 3.159E-03 2.364E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 OWater-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years DWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- 114uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 1.282E-10 0.0010 2.393E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.216E-12 0.0000 a-231 1.483E-11 0.0001 1.048E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.786E-12 0.0000 'b-210 9.914E-13 0.0000 9.223E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.931E-11 0.0005 Ra -226 2.410E-09 0.0190 1.040E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.088E-11 0.0001 Th -230 4.000E-12 0.0000 2.111E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.243E-11 0.0003 O13-234 3.118E-10 0.0025 4.347E-10 0.0034 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.578E-09 0.0676 J-235 9.125E-09 0.0719 5.381E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.207E-10 0.0010 U-238 9.774E-08 0.7698 2.628E-10 0.0021 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.704E-09 0.0607 'otal 1.097E-07 0.8643 7.055E-10 0.0056 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.652E-08 0.1301 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl,� Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 24 o Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Dependent Pathways O Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. O Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.326E-10 0.0010 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.672E-11 0.0001 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.039E-11 0.0005 (� ) Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.421E-09 0.0191 U Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.854E-11 0.0004 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.324E-09 0.0734 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.251E-09 0.0729 O U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.057E-07 0.8326 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.270E-07 1.0000 O ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways O Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+02 years Radionuclides Radon 0 Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 3.550E-12 7.122E-14 8.928E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0 Total 3.550E-12 7.122E-14 8.928E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. _= Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent �J Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) U and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) 0 Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. O U-234 2.727E-09 0.0215 4.367E-10 0.0034 3.621E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.685E-09 0.0684 U-235 9.268E-09 0.0730 5.725E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.267E-10 0.0010 0 U-238 9.774E-08 0.7698 2.631E-10 0.0021 6.881E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.710E-09 0.0607 Total 1.097E-07 0.8643 7.055E-10 0.0056 3.621E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.652E-08 0.1301 O 0 ESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl,� Limit = 160 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 25 `ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- ]uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.185E-08 0.0933 [11-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.400E-09 0.0140 I1-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.057E-07 0.8326 J Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.270E-07 1.0000 D**CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides E 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T'-2 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 26 Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 1.279E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.344E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.344E-04 Pa -231 1.460E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.384E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.384E-04 Pb -210 2.537E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.457E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.457E-02 Ra -226 2.704E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.553E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.553E-02 Th -230 1.827E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.049E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.049E-01 U-234 5.062E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.908E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.908E+00 U-235 6.972E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.005E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.005E-02 U-238 3.602E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.069E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 2.069E+00 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+03 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.193E+00 1.164E-02 8.710E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 1.193E+00 1.164E-02 8.710E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 8.713E-11 0.0025 1.626E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.866E-12 0.0001 Pa -231 9.407E-12 0.0003 6.646E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.132E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 5.046E-12 0.0001 4.694E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.019E-10 0.0086 Ra -226 1.066E-08 0.3029 4.598E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.809E-11 0.0014 Th -230 7.068E-12 0.0002 3.730E-12 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.498E-11 0.0021 U-234 6.014E-11 0.0017 8.384E-11 0.0024 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.654E-09 0.0470 U-235 1.761E-09 0.0501 1.038E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.330E-11 0.0007 U-238 1.886E-08 0.5361 5.071E-11 0.0014 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.487E-09 0.0423 Total 3.145E-08 0.8939 1.405E-10 0.0040 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.593E-09 0.1021 DESRAD, Version 6.4 T' -s Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 27 ntrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- �l4uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.016E-11 0.0026 rPa-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.061E-11 0.0003 31b-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.074E-10 0.0087 ,ta-226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.070E-08 0.3043 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.578E-11 0.0024 I-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.798E-09 0.0511 -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.785E-09 0.0507 rU-236 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.040E-08 0.5798 'otal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.518E-08 1.0000 (�f** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 5 C Radon Pathway Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+03 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 (� Water-ind. 1.289E-11 2.587E-13 3.243E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total1.289E-11 2.587E-13 3.243E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. _= Water -independent Water-dep. _= Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years aWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground EI tadio- duclide risk fract Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. F J -234 1.072E-08 0.3047 8.833E-11 0.0025 1.315E-11 0.0004 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.076E-09 0.0590 I-235 1.858E-09 0.0528 1.268E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.729E-11 0.0008 U-238 1.887E-08 0.5361 5.089E-11 0.0014 6.859E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.490E-09 0.0423 otal 3.145E-08 0.8935 1.405E-10 0.0040 1.315E-11 0.0004 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.593E-09 0.1021 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T's Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:40 Page 28 D Intrisk : Child Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) (� and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Dependent Pathways a Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio - Nuclide risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. D - U-234 - - 0.000E+00 0.0000 - 0.000E+00 - - - - 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 - 0.000E+00 - 0.0000 - 0.000E+00 -- 0.0000 - 1.290E-08 0.3665 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.886E-09 0.0536 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.041E-08 0.5799 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.519E-08 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides U D D a a a E�SP.AD, Version 6.4 T'4 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 1 ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD—FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.PAD r. Table of Contents Part III: Intake Quantities and Health Risk Factors Dancer Risk Slope Factors ............................... 2 Risk Slope and ETFG for the Ground Pathway .............. 4 mount of Intake Quantities and Excess Cancer Risks Time= 0.000E+00 .................................... 5 Time= 1.000E+00 .................................... 8 Time= Time= 3.000E+00 .•.•.•.•.••....•...•...•.••.•..•..•. 11 1.000E+01 14 Time= 3.000E+01 .................................... 17 Time= 1.000E+02 .................................... 20 Time= 3.000E+02 .................................... 23 Time= 1.000E+03 .................................... 26 I� t 1 I 1 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 2 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Cancer Risk Slope Factors Summary Table Risk Library: FGR 13 Morbidity Current Base Parameter Menu Parameter Value Case* Name Sf-1 Ground external radiation slope factors, 1/yr per (pCi/g): Sf-1 Ac -227+D 1.47E-06 3.48E-10 SLPF( 1,1) Sf-1 Pa -231 1.39E-07 1.39E-07 SLPF( 2,1) Sf-1 Pb -210+D 4.21E-09 1.41E-09 SLPF( 3,1) Sf-1 Ra -226+D 8.49E-06 2.29E-08 SLPF( 4,1) Sf-1 Th -230 8.19E-10 8.19E-10 SLPF( 5,1) Sf-1 U-234 2.52E-10 2.52E-10 SLPF( 6,1) Sf-1 U -235+D 5.43E-07 5.18E-07 SLPF( 7,1) Sf-1 U-238 4.99E-11 4.99E-11 SLPF( 8,1) Sf-1 U -238+D 1.14E-07 4.99E-11 SLPF( 9,1) Sf-2 Inhalation, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-2 Ac -227+D 2.13E-07 1.49E-07 SLPF( 1,2) Sf-2 Pa -231 7.62E-08 7.62E-08 SLPF( 2,2) Sf-2 Pb -210+D 3.08E-08 1.58E-08 SLPF( 3,2) Sf72 Ra -226+D 2.83E-08 2.82E-08 SLPF( 4,2) Sf-2 Th -230 3.40E-08 3.40E-08 SLPF( 5,2) Sf-2 U-234 2.78E-08 2.78E-08 SLPF( 6,2) Sf-2 U -235+D 2.50E-08 2.50E-08 SLPF( 7,2) Sf-2 U-238 2.36E-08 2.36E-08 SLPF( 8,2) Sf-2 U -238+D 2.36E-08 2.36E-08 SLPF( 9,2) Sf-3 Food ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 6.53E-10 2.45E-10 SLPF( 1,3) Sf-3 Pa -231 2.26E-10 2.26E-10 SLPF( 2,3) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 3.44E-09 ( 1.18E-09 SLPF( 3,3) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 5.15E-10 5.14E-10 SLPF( 4,3) Sf-3 Th -230 1.19E-10 1.19E-10 SLPF( 5,3) Sf-3 I U-234 9.55E-11 9.55E-11 SLPF( 6,3) Sf-3 U -235+D 9.76E-11 9.44E-11 SLPF( 7,3) Sf-3 U-238 8.66E-11 8.66E-11 I SLPF( 8,3) Sf-3 U -238+D 1.21E-10 8.66E-11 SLPF( 9,3) Sf-3 Water ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi.): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 4.86E-10 2.01E-10 SLPF( 1,4) Sf-3 Pa -231 1.73E-10 1.73E-10 SLPF( 2,4) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 2.66E-09 8.81E-10 SLPF( 3,4) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 3.86E-10 3.85E-10 SLPF( 4,4) Sf-3 Th -230 9.10E-11 9.10E-11 SLPF( 5,4) Sf-3 U-234 7.07E-11 7.07E-11 SLPF( 6,4) Sf-3 U -235+D 7.18E-11 I 6.96E-11 J SLPF( 7,4) Sf-3 U-238 6.40E-11 6.40E-11 SLPF( 8,4) Sf-3 U -238+D 8.71E-11 6.40E-11 SLPF( 9,4) Sf-3 Soil ingestion, slope factors, 1/(pCi): Sf-3 Ac -227+D 6.53E-10 2.45E-10 SLPF( 1,5) Sf-3 Pa -231 2.26E-10 2.26E-10 SLPF( 2,5) Sf-3 Pb -210+D 3.44E-09 1.18E-09 SLPF( 3,5) Sf-3 Ra -226+D 5.15E-10 5.14E-10 SLPF( 4,5) Sf-3 Th -230 1.19E-10 1.19E-10 SLPF( 5,5) Sf-3 I U-234 9.55E-11 9.55E-11 SLPF( 6,5) a ameO 1 t U "SRAD ADULT COMMUTER a 1 1 1 5 (-1 Uranium Soils Investigation U Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment Saddle Road October 2009 2ESRAD, Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 3 'ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD—FAMILY\RFSRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD D Cancer Risk Slope Factors Summary Table (continued) Risk Library: FGR 13 Morbidity Current Base Parameter Menu I Parameter I Value Case* Name Sf-3 I U -235+D 9.76E-11 9.44E-11 SLPF( 7,5) Df -3 U-238 8.66E-11 8.66E-11 SLPF( 8,5) DI; f-3 U -238+D ( 1.21E-10 8.66E-11 SLPF( 9,5) Sf Rn Radon Inhalation slope factors, 1/(pCi): CIf -Rn Rn -222 1.80E-12 1.80E-12 SLPFRN(1,1) Sf-Rn Po -218 3.70E-12 3.70E-12 SLPFRN(1,2) Sf-Rn Pb -214 6.20E-12 6.20E-12 SLPFRN(1,3) f -Rn Bi -214 1.50E-11 1.50E-11 SLPFRN(1,4) Sf-Rn Radon K factors, (mrem/WLM): -Rn Rn -222 Indoor 7.60E+02 7.60E+02 I KFACTR(l,l) `>f-Rn �f I Rn -222 Outdoor 5.70E+02 5.70E+02 KFACTR(1,2) *Base Case means Default.Lib w/o Associate Nuclide contributions. Q 1 1 r, 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T# Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 4 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.PAD Risk Slope and Environmental Transport Factors for the Ground Pathway Nuclide Slope (i)* ETFG(i,t) At Time in Years (dimensionless) (i) t= 0.000E+00 1.000E+00 3.000E+00 1.000E+01 3.000E+01 1.000E+02 3.000E+02 1.000E+03 Ac -227 3.480E-10 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 9.567E-01 At -218 3.570E-09 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 9.702E-01 Bi -210 2.760E-09 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 9.450E-01 Bi -211 1.880E-07 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 9.453E-01 Bi -214 7.480E-06 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.401E-01 9.400E-01 Fr -223 1.400E-07 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 9.502E-01 Pa -231 1.390E-07 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 Pa -234 8.710E-06 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 9.400E-01 Pa -234m 6.870E-08 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 9.393E-01 Pb -210' 1.410E-09 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 9.813E-01 Pb -211 2.290E-07 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 9.399E-01 Pb -214 9.820E-07 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 9.456E-01 Po -210 3.950E-11 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 Po -211 3.580E-08 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 Po -214 3.860E-10 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 9.360E-01 Po -215 7.480E-10 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 9.410E-01 Po -218 4.260E-11 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 9.390E-01 Ra -223 4.340E-07 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 9.496E-01 Ra -226 2.290E-08 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 9.524E-01 Rn -219 2.250E-07 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 9.461E-01 Rn -222 1.740E-09 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 9.370E-01 Th -227 3.780E-07 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 9.508E-01 Th -230 8.190E-10 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 9.588E-01 Th -231 2.450E-08 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 9.599E-01 Th -234 1.630E-08 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 9.610E-01 T1-207 1.520E-08 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 9.403E-01 T1-210 0.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 U-234 2.520E-10 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 9.643E-01 U-235 5.180E-07 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 9.520E-01 U-238 4.990E-11 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 9.912E-01 * - Units are 1/yr per (pCi/g) at infinite depth and area. Multiplication by ETFG(i,t) converts to site conditions. F,ESRAD, Version 6.4 1 Tl,� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 5 trisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD D Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 0.000E+00 years o,,adio- Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) uclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Water Dependent Pathways Fish Plant Meat Milk Total Ingestion* c-227 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 a-231 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.DOOE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.DOOE+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 -226 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 h-230 Ca 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 U-239 1.063E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.526E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.526E+01 U�-235 1.462E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.100E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.100E-01 1-238 7.556E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.085E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.085E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 1 Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 0.000E+00 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 D.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 (Water-ind. _= Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent O Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years ElWater Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil U7fadio- uclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 1.017E-11 0.0000 3.797E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.672E-13 0.0000 E"1a-231 9.628E-12 0.0000 6.539E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.785E-13 0.0000 b-210 2.485E-15 0.0000 4.624E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.434E-14 0.0000 Ra -226 3.045E-11 0.0000 2.628E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.871E-14 0.0000 h-230 8.710E-13 0.0000 9.192E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.620E-12 0.0000 11-234 2.472E-09 0.0027 6.899E-09 0.0074 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.401E-08 0.0367 U-235 7.239E-08 0.0781 8.532E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.785E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.748E-07 0.8369 4.166E-09 0.0045 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.054E-08 0.0330 OF.tal 8.997E-07 0.9177 1.115E-08 0.0120 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.503E -OB 0.0702 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 6 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.PAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Radio - Nuclide risk fract Water Dependent Pathways Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.037E-11 0.0000 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.972E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.729E-14 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.052E-11 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.410E-12 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.337E-08 0.0468 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.290E-08 0.0787 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.095E-07 0.8744 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.258E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 0.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 9.242E-14 1.854E-15 2.325E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 9.242E-14 1.854E-15 2.325E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract U-234 2.504E-09 0.0027 6.894E-09 0.0074 9.428E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.401E-08 0.0367 U-235 7.235E-08 0.0781 8.542E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.789E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.748E-07 0.8369 4.167E-09 0.0045 1.133E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.054E-08 0.0330 Total 8.497E-07 0.9177 1.115E-08 0.0120 9.428E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.503E-08 0.0702 ESRAD, Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 7 ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD E Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 0.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- Eluclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.341E-08 0.0469 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.292E-08 0.0788 1i-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.095E-07 0.8744 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.258E-07 1.0000 pj** CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides 0 0 i 0 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl,� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 8 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 4.856E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.974E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.974E-08 Pa -231 3.087E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.433E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.433E-06 Pb -210 2.127E-13 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.055E -1D 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.055E-10 Ra -226 2.069E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.971E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.971E-08 Th -230 9.555E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.372E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.372E-04 U-234 1.060E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.522E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.522E+01 U-235 1.459E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.095E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.095E-01 U-238 7.538E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.082E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.082E+01 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+00 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.144E-05 1.117E-07 8.354E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 1.144E-05 1.117E-07 8.354E-11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 1.139E-11 0.0000 4.250E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.872E-13 0.0000 Pa -231 5.005E-12 0.0000 7.073E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.012E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 2.907E-15 0.0000 5.408E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.694E-14 0.0000 Ra -226 3.438E-11 0.0000 2.967E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.757E-14 0.0000 Th -230 9.429E-13 0.0000 9.950E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.001E-12 0.0000 U-234 2.466E-09 0.0027 6.877E-09 0.0074 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.393E-08 0.0367 U-235 7.217E-08 0.0781 8.512E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.774E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.730E-07 0.8369 4.157E-09 0.0045 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.047E-08 0.0330 Total 8.477E-07 0.9177 1.112E-08 0.0120 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.488E-08 0.0702 `ESRAD, Version 6.4 Tlt Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 9 !ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RFSRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD D Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years oWater Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- �luclide risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk Tract. J Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.161E-11 0.0000 [fa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.377E-12 0.0000 �b-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.038E-14 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.446E-11 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.939E-12 0.0000 Er - 234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.327E-08 0.0468 235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.273E-08 0.0787 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.076E-07 0.8743 [7-tal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.237E-07 1.0000 ( *** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil I and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway " Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+00 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.043E-13 2.093E-15 2.624E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total1.043E-13 2.093E-15 2.624E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 OWater- ind== Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t) - for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Ec dio- clide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. EJ-234 2.502E-09 0.0027 6.878E-09 0.0074 1.064E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.393E-08 0.0367 1-235 7.218E-08 0.0781 8.523E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.778E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.730E-07 0.8369 4.157E-09 0.0045 1.332E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.047E-08 0.0330 Dotal 8.477E-07 0.9177 1.112E-08 0.0120 1.064E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.488E-08 0.0702 0 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl-� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 10 n Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD FIJI Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+00 years jU{ Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways a Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. a U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.331E-08 0.0469 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000, 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.275E-08 0.0788 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.076E-07 0.8744 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.237E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides o 0 a a D a a a a a a a a a nESRAD, Version 6.4 Ili Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 11 l 1`ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) DAs pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+00 years C.�� Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathwaysadio- Total uclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* EC -22? 4.250E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.103E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.103E-07 a-231 9.217E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.324E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.324E-05 Pb -210 5.640E-12 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 B.099E-09 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.099E-09 1.857E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.666E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.666E-07 ih-230 2.860E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.107E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.107E-04 �ja-226 U-234 1.055E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.515E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.515E+01 U-235 1.452E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.085E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.085E-01 238 7.502E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.077E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.077E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways 1 Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+00 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.027E-04 1.002E-06 7.496E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 1.027E-04 1.002E-06 7.496E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 I (Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent I I Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) U and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years 0 Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil [Radio- luclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. )Ac -227 1.405E-11 0.0000 5.245E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.311E-13 0.0000 E1a-231 5.755E-12 0.0000 8.132E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.463E-13 0.0000 'b-210 3.901E-15 0.0000 7.258E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.167E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 4.315E-11 0.0000 3.724E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.737E-14 0.0000 [Th -230 1.086E-12 0.0000 1.146E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.760E-12 0.0000 '-234 2.455E-09 0.0027 6.845E-09 0.0074 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.377E-08 0.0367 U-235 7.183E-08 0.0781 8.472E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.751E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.694E-07 0.8369 4.137E-09 0.0045 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.032E-08 0.0330 EF -17EF -1718.437E-07 0.9177 1.107E-08 0.0120 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.457E-08 0.0702 1 t RESRAD, Version 6.4 T12 Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 12 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways- athways**Radio-Nuclide Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. O Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.433E-11 0.0000 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.182E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.213E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.325E-11 0.0000 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.992E-12 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.307E-08 0.0468 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.239E-08 0.0787 U-236 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.038E-07 0.8743 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.193E-07 1.0000 O ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+00 years Radionuclides Radon n Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 U Water-ind. 1.310E-13 2.627E-15 3.294E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 1.310E-13 2.627E-15 3.294E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. Water L� == -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) U and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) n I I U Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk. Soil Radio- - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. U-234 U-235 2.499E-09 0.0027 7.185E-08 0.0782 6.846E-09 9.485E-11 0.0074 1.336E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.377E-08 0.0367 4.757E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.694E-07 0.8369 4.137E-09 0.0045 1.807E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.032E-08 0.0330 Total 8.437E-07 0.9177 1.107E-08 0.0120 1.336E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.457E-08 0.0702 a a F2ESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 13 intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESPAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) l0 and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+00 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- 'iuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk Tract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.312E-08 0.0469 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.241E-08 0.0788 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.038E-07 0.8743 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.193E-07 1.0000 U-CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides i 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl,� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 14 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMTLY\RESPAD\USERFILES\STTEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 4.291E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.161E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.161E-06 Pa -231 3.022E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.340E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.340E-05 Pb -210 1.962E-10 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.817E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.817E-07 Ra -226 2.041E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.932E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.932E-06 Th -230 9.454E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.358E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.358E-03 U-234 1.038E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.491E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.491E+01 U-235 1.428E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.051E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.051E-01 U-238 7.380E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.060E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.060E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+01 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.128E-03 1.101E-05 8.238E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 1.128E-03 1.101E-05 8.238E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Ac -227 2.550E-11 0.0000 9.521E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.194E-13 0.0000 Pa -231 8.322E-12 0.0000 1.176E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.008E-13 0.0000 Pb -210 9.284E-15 0.0000 1.727E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.777E-13 0.0000 Ra -226 8.338E-11 0.0001 7.196E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.882E-13 0.0000 Th -230 1.582E-12 0.0000 1.669E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.390E-12 0.0000 U-234 2.415E-09 0.0027 6.733E-09 0.0074 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.322E-08 0.0367 U-235 7.066E-08 0.0781 8.334E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.674E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.568E-07 0.8368 4.070E-09 0.0045 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.983E-08 0.0330 Total 8.300E-07 0.9177 1.089E-08 0.0120 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.352E-08 0.0702 !ESRAD, Version 6.4 T'h Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 15 Untrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) 0 and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- Eucliderisk Tract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk Tract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.602E-11 0.0000 a-231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.941E-12 0.0000 b-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.887E-13 0.0000 ib -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.358E-11 0.0001 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.164E-11 0.0000 E1i1-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.237E-06 0.0468 -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.121E-08 0.0787 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.907E-07 0.8743 G'otal 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.044E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways O Radon Pathway Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+01 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 OWater-ind. 2.529E-13 5.074E-15 6.362E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 Total 2.529E-13 5.074E-15 6.362E-18 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years IIadio- uclide Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. r 1-234 2.500E-09 0.0028 6.735E-09 0.0074 2.580E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.322E-08 0.0367 LI1-235 7.069E-08 0.0782 8.355E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.683E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.568E-07 0.8368 4.070E-09 0.0045 4.466E-18 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.983E-08 0.0330 �Cotal 8.300E-07 0.9177 1.089E-08 0.0120 2.580E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.352E-08 0.0702 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T;i� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 16 O Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways O Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. (� IflJl� U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.246E-OB 0.0469 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.124E-08 0.0788 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.907E-07 0.8743 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.044E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides O O O �J a a 0 0 DESRAD, Version 6.4 T11 Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 17 ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) 0 As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Oluclide adio- Total Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* aC_227 2.988E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.291E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.291E-05 Ca -231 8.646E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.242E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.242E-04 Pb -210 4.468E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.416E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.416E-06 [Ra -221 1.783E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00, 0.000E+00 2.561E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.561E-05 h-230 2.770E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.978E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.978E-03 0-234 9.903E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.422E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.422E+01 U-235 1.363E-09 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.957E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.957E-01 EJ -238 7.041E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.011E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.011E+01 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil 0 and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of ORadon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+01 years Radionuclides Q Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -219 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 9.843E-03 9.606E-05 7.187E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 n Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 'U Total 9.843E-03 9.606E-05 7.187E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 OWater-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years 0 Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil jadio- iquclide risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 6.989E-11 0.0001 2.609E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.149E-12 0.0000 Ea -231 1.519E-11 0.0000 2.147E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.143E-13 0.0000 b-210 9.669E-14 0.0000 8.686E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.396E-12 0.0000 Ra -226 2.764E-10 0.0003 2.386E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.238E-13 0.0000 ITh -230 2.954E-12 0.0000 3.117E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.567E-11 0.0000 IJ -234 2.304E-09 0.0027 6.924E-09 0.0074 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.169E-08 0.0367 -235 6.741E-08 0.0781 7.951E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.459E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.221E-07 0.8365 3.883E-09 0.0045 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.846E-08 0.0330 C.'otal 7.921E-07 0.9177 1.039E-08 0.0120 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.062E-08 0.0702 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 18 O Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. __ 0 - Ac -227 - - - 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 - - - - - 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 - D.00OE+00 - 0.0000 - 7.130E-11 0.0001 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.632E-11 0.0000 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.452E-12 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.771E-10 0.0003 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.174E-11 0.0000 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.042E-08 0.0468 n U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.794E-08 0.0787 U U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.544E-07 0.8740 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.631E-07 1.0000 o Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways O Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+01 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 8.370E-13 1.679E-14 2.105E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 (-) Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+DO O.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 D.DOOE+00 0.000E+00 U Total 8.370E-13 1.679E-14 2.105E-17 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) U and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) (� U Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. O U-234 2.583E-09 0.0030 6.427E-09 0.0074 8.538E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.171E-08 0.0367 U-235 6.750E-08 0.0782 7.999E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.480E-10 0.0005 U-238 7.221E-07 0.8365 3.883E-09 0.0045 2.508E-17 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.846E-08 0.0330 Total 7.921E-07 0.9177 1.039E-08 0.0120 8.538E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.062E-08 0.0702 n O a ItESRAD, Version 6.4 T' -t Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 19 intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) 0 and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+01 years 0Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- C]uclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.072E-08 0.0472 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.803E-08 0.0788 )1-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.544E-07 0.8740 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.631E-07 1.0000 0** CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides t 1 1 i 5 r 11 1 G 0 1 0 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 20 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.PAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio- Total Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 1.597E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.294E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.294E-04 Pa -231 2.443E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.509E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.509E-04 Pb -210 9.954E-08 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.429E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.429E-04 Ra -226 1.787E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.567E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.567E-04 Th -230 8.520E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.223E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.223E-02 U-234 8.400E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.206E+01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.206E+01 U-235 1.156E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.660E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.660E-01 U-238 5.973E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.578E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 8.578E+00 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+02 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 9.776E-02 9.541E-04 7.139E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 9.776E-02 9.541E-04 7.139E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Ground Radio - Nuclide risk Tract Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 2.465E-10 0.0003 9.204E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.055E-12 0.0000 Pa -231 3.440E-11 0.0000 4.861E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.070E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 5.167E-13 0.0000 9.614E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.546E-11 0.0000 Ra -226 1.737E-09 0.0024 1.499E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.919E-12 0.0000 Th -230 7.275E-12 0.0000 7.678E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.859E-11 0.0001 U-234 1.954E-09 0.0027 5.449E-09 0.0074 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.688E-08 0.0366 U-235 5.719E-08 0.0779 6.745E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.783E-10 0.0005 U-238 6.125E-07 0.8345 3.294E-09 0.0045 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.414E-08 0.0329 Total 6.737E-07 0.9179 8.820E-09 0.0120 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.147E-08 0.0'701 Fi`ESRAD, Version 6.4 T'z Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 21 ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEI.PAD {� Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) Uand Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years O1-1- -1-1--1..,...1.,.r., Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- Cduclide risk fract. risk fract, risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract. Ac -227 'O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.515E-10 0.0003 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.696E-11 0.0001 r�a-231 ?b-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.607E-11 0.0000 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.741E-09 0.0024 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00,0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.354E-11 0.0001 Eil234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.429E-08 0.0467 - -235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.763E-08 0.0785 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.400E-07 0.8719 G-tal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.340E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways D Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+02 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 QWater-ind. 5.214E-12 1.046E-13 1.311E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total5.214E-12 1.046E-13 1.311E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Ctadio- luclide Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. CJ -234 3.698E-09 0.0050 5.456E-09 0.0074 5.318E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.693E-08 0.0367 IJ -235 5.747E-08 0.0783 6.886E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.844E-10 0.0005 U-238 6.125E-07 0.8345 3.295E-09 0.0045 3.931E-16 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.415E-08 0.0329 Dotal 6.737E-07 0.9179 8.820E-09 0.0120 5.319E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.147E-08 0.0701 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 22 I I Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) (� and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+02 years U Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. o U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.609E-08 0.0492 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.792E-08 0.0789 }UI U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.400E-07 0.8719 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.340E707 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides o 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PESRAD, Version 6.4 T� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 23 Jntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESPAD-FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD O Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways oadio- Total uclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Milk Ingestion* c-227 3.732E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.360E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.360E-04 1a-231 4.572E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.565E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 6.565E-04 Pb -210 9.820E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.910E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.410E-03 r a-226 1.207E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.734E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.734E-03 L�h-230 2.055E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.951E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.951E-02 U-234 5.249E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.538E+00 0.000E+00 O.DOOE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.538E+00 U-235 7.225E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.038E-01 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.038E-01 Ci -238 3.733E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.361E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 O.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.361E+00 * Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil Dand water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways - Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of ORadon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 3.000E+02 years Radionuclides Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -219 Bi -219 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 6.474E-01 6.318E-03 4.727E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 D.000E+00 0.000E+00 OWat.-dep- r 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 6.474E-01 6.318E-03 4.727E-06 0.000E+00 O.DOOE+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent O Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years O Ground G'tadio- luclide Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 5.183E-10 0.0011 1.935E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.523E-12 0.0000 I�a-231 5.980E-11 0.0001 8.450E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.599E-12 0.0000 b-210 4.177E-12 0.0000 7.772E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.249E-10 0.0003 Ra -226 1.010E-08 0.0216 8.713E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.278E-11 0.0000 Cth-230 1.632E-11 0.0000 1.722E-11 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 8.656E-11 0.0002 I)-234 1.221E-09 0.0026 3.405E-09 0.0073 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.680E-08 0.0359 U-235 3.574E-08 0.0763 4.215E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.364E-10 0.0005 C;-238 3.828E-07 0.8173 2.059E-09 0.0044 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.509E-08 0.0322 I`otal 4.305E-07 0.9191 5.528E-09 0.0118 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.237E-08 0.0691 RESRAD, Version 6.4 T# Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 24 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Radio - Nuclide risk fract Water Dependent Pathways Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.287E-10 0.0011 Pa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.425E-11 0.0001 Pb -210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 O.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.299E-10 0.0003 Ra -226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.012E-08 0.0216 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.201E-10 0.0003 U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.000E+00 0.0000 2.142E-08 0.0457 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.602E-08 0.0769 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.000E-07 0.8539 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.684E-07 1.0000 ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 3.000E+02 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.970E-11 5.959E-13 7.471E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.970E-11 5.959E-13 7.471E-16 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Radio - Meat Milk Soil Nuclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk Tract U-234 1.133E-08 0.0242 3.422E-09 0.0073 3.029E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.702E-08 0.0363 U-235 3.632E-08 0.0775 4.493E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.485E-10 0.0005 U-238 3.828E-07 0.8173 2.061E-09 0.0044 5.919E-15 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.510E-08 0.0322 Total 4.305E-07 0.9190 5.528E-09 0.0118 3.030E-11 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.237E-08 0.0691 I2ESRAD, Version 6.4 T'� Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 25 -ntrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD D Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 3.000E+02 years D Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- CJuclide risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. U-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.181E-08 0.0679 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.661E-08 0.0782 GJ -238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.000E-07 0.8539 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.684E-07 1.0000 U-CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides t 1 u 0 0 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Ti Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 26 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD-FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Amount of Intake Quantities QINT(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) As pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation w/o radon) Water Dependent Pathways Radio - Nuclide Inhalation Plant Meat Milk Soil Water Fish Plant Meat Total Milk Ingestion* Ac -227 2.557E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.672E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.672E-04 Pa -231 2.919E-07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.192E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 4.192E-04 Pb -210 5.074E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.287E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.287E-03 Ra -226 5.408E-06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.767E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 7.767E-03 Th -230 3.654E -OS 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.247E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 5.247E-02 U-234 1.012E-03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.454E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.454E+00 U-235 1.394E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.002E-02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.002E-02 U-238 7.204E-04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.035E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.035E+00 Sum of all ingestion pathways, i.e. water independent plant, meat, milk, soil and water -dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Radon Pathway Amount of Intake Quantities QINT9(irn,i,t) and QINT9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products as pCi/yr at t= 1.000E+03 years Radionuclides Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 2.386E+00 2.328E-02 1.742E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 2.386E+00 2.328E-02 1.742E-05 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radio - Nuclide risk fract. risk fract Plant Meat Milk risk fract. risk fract risk fract Soil risk fract. Ac -227 3.444E-10 0.0026 1.286E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.663E-12 0.0000 Pa -231 3.717E-11 0.0003 5.252E-13 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.237E-12 0.0000 Pb -210 2.034E-11 0.0002 3.784E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.084E-10 0.0046 Ra -226 4.293E-08 0.3239 3.705E-12 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 9.688E-11 0.0007 Th -230 2.833E-11 0.0002 2.990E-11 0.0002 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.503E-10 0.0011 U-234 2.355E-10 0.0018 6.568E-10 0.0050 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.240E-09 0.0244 U-235 6.897E-09 0.0520 8.135E-12 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.00OE+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.562E-11 0.0003 U-238 7.388E-08 0.5574 3.973E-10 0.0030 0.000E+00 0.0000 D.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.912E-09 0.0220 Total 1.244E-07 0.9384 1.101E-09 0.0083 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.061E-09 0.0533 ESRAD, Version 6.4 T''t Limit = 180 days 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 27 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD_FAMILY\RESPAD\USERFILES\SITEl.RAD Excess Cancer Risks CNRS(i,p,t) for Individual Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years 0Water Dependent Pathways Water Fish Plant Meat Milk All Pathways** Radio- Cluclide risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. Ac -227 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.513E-10 0.0027 Oa -231 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 3.993E-11 0.0003 1 >b-210 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.325E-10 0.0048 ka-226 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.303E-08 0.3247 Th -230 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.085E-10 0.0016 E3-234 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.132E-09 0.0312 7-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 6.951E-09 0.0524 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.719E-08 0.5824 'otal 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.325E-07 1.0000 G ** Sum of water independent ground, inhalation, plant, meat, milk, soil and water dependent water, fish, plant, meat, milk pathways Excess Cancer Risks CNRS9(irn,i,t) and CNRS9W(irn,i,t) for Inhalation of Radon and its Decay Products at t= 1.000E+03 years Radionuclides F] Radon Pathway Rn -222 Po -218 Pb -214 Bi -214 Rn -220 Po -216 Pb -212 Bi -212 Water-ind. 1.034E-10 2.074E-12 2.600E-15 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Water-dep. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 Total 1.034E-10 2.074E-12 2.600E-15 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 oWater-ind. == Water -independent Water-dep. == Water -dependent EIRadio- Nuclide Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Independent Pathways (Inhalation excludes radon) Ground Inhalation Radon Plant Meat Milk Soil risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. G(U-234 4.319E-08 0.3256 6.928E-10 0.0052 1.054E-10 0.0008 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 4.088E-09 0.0308 U -235 7.279E-09 0.0549 9.946E-12 0.0001 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 5.352E-11 0.0004 U-238 7.390E-08 0.5572 3.986E-10 0.0030 5.535E-14 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 2.919E-09 0.0220 ET otal 1.244E-07 0.9377 1.101E-09 0.0083 1.055E-10 0.0008 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.061E-09 0.0532 RESRAD, Version 6.4 Tl,� Limit = 180 days- 08/13/2008 16:34 Page 28 Intrisk : Adult Commuter File: C:\RESRAD FAMILY\RESRAD\USERFILES\SITEI.RAD Total Excess Cancer Risk CNRS(i,p,t)*** for Initially Existent Radionuclides (i) and Pathways (p) and Fraction of Total Risk at t= 1.000E+03 years Water Dependent Pathways o Water Fish Radon Plant Meat Milk All pathways Radio- Nuclide risk Tract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk fract. risk Tract. risk fract. 0 - U-234 - - 0.000E+00 0.0000 - 0.000E+00 - - - - - 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 - O.000E+00 - 0.0000 - 0.000E+00 - 0.0000 - 4.808E-08 0.3625 U-235 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.342E-09 0.0554 U-238 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 7.722E-08 0.5822 Total 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 0.000E+00 0.0000 1.326E-07 1.0000 ***CNRSI(i,p,t) includes contribution from decay daughter radionuclides o 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division Cooperating Agencies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix F1 Archaeological Report [This page intentionally left blank] SCS Project Number 885-1.3 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY REPORT FOR 600 ACRES LOCATED ON LANDS OF KE`AMUKU, WAIKOLOA AHUPUA`A, SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT, HAWAII ISLAND, HAWAII [TMK (3) 6-7-001:091 Prepared by: Glenn G. Escott, M.A. and Suzan Keris, B.A. October 2009 FINAL DRAFT Prepared for: DMT Consultant Engineers 677 Ala Moana Blvd., Suite 703 Honolulu, HI 96813 SCIENTIFIC CONST. UANT SFRVIC :S ,Inc. sz a"szrs^& — ,sS._ aax;zzisi {eai^ s gaaa{' {:rT `1? {''' 711; apiol,-rati_ )R}v<L Suitt 975 kl(ilat hdv, Iia wai`i 96813 ABSTRACT An Archaeological Inventory Survey was conducted along an approximately 600 -acre study corridor across the lands of the Parker Ranch Ke`dmuku cattle station in the ahupua `a of Waik6loa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii, TMK: (3) 6-7-001:09. The lands of Ke`amuku were traditionally used as pili lands by the people of Waik6loa and Waimea. At the beginning of the post -Contact era, the area was given over to wild cattle. It was soon after fenced off and used by the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company (WGAC) for sheep and cattle ranching. Parker Ranch acquired the land in 1904 and still uses it for cattle grazing though the property is now owned by the U.S. Army. The present study corridor is the location for a segment (W-7 Alignment) of the proposed Saddle Road Extension between the existing Saddle Road near Kilohana to the Mamalahoa Highway along the border of South Kohala and North Kona. There are seven archaeological sites in the project corridor, including five rock mounds (SIHP Sites 50-10-21-23528, 50-10-21-26875, 50-10-21-26876, 50-10-21-26877, and 50-10-21-26878), a segment of the old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (SIHP Site 50-10-21-20855), and remnants of a ranching -era fence (SIHP Site 50-10-21-23452). Four of the rock mounds (Sites 23528, 26875, 26877, and 26878) correspond very roughly to the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station lands and ranch lands to the southwest. This area is also the boundary between Waik6loa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua `a. Site 26875 contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll of galvanized fence wire in its construction. A fifth rock mound (Site 26876) marks the intersection of two ranch roads along the southeast side of the Ke`amuku cattle station lands. The ranching -era fence (Site 23452) appears to have been used early in the history of sheep and cattle ranching at Ke`amuku. The original fence wire has been removed and it passes through the middle of several more recently fenced paddocks. Four one meter by one meter test -units were excavated at rock mound Sites 26875, 26876, 26877, and 26878. Site 26875 contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll of galvanized fence wire in its construction. No other artifacts or cultural material were recovered during the present study. ii c 0 OTABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................II O LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................... V LISTOF TABLES............................................................................................................ VI aINTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 O ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING........................................................................................ THE GEOGRAPHY OF WAIKOLOA.................................................................. 2 2 LAVAFLOWS....................................................................................................... 2 SOILS..................................................................................................................... 5 aRAINFALL AND DRAINAGE............................................................................. 5 WIND...................................................................................................................... 6 VEGETATION....................................................................................................... 6 OFAUNA ................................................................................................................... 7 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS............................................................... 7 O EARLY SETTLEMENT AND EXPANSION....................................................... THE TRADITIONAL LAND DIVISIONS OF WAIMEA AND WAIKOLOA. 7 11 TRADITIONAL ACCOUNTS OF EARLY WAIKOLOA, WAIMEA, AND SURROUNDING LANDS................................................................................... Legends, Place Names, and Descriptions of the Land .............................. 11 1 I Historical Narratives, the A10, and Warfare in the Region ...................... 16 O DESCRIPTIONS OF KOHALA, WAIMEA, AND WAIKOLOA IN HISTORIC - ERA TRAVEL ACCOUNTS............................................................................... 20 THE MAHELE (1845)......................................................................................... 27 a THE LANDS OF G.D. HU`EU (GEORGE DAVIS)........................................... THE HISTORY OF RANCHING AT THE KE`AMUKU SHEEP STATION... 28 31 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................... 47 n ARCHIVAL METHODS...................................................................................... 47 U CONSULTATION................................................................................................ 47 FIELD METHODS............................................................................................... 47 0 LABORATORY METHODS............................................................................... 48 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ............................................... 49 (� U COASTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS .................................... ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE INLAND PLAINS TO 49 THE UPLANDS OF WAIKOLOA...................................................................... 49 n U ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON LANDS OF KE`AMUKU...... EXPECTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES........................................................ 57 62 0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY RESULTS .......................................... 63 SITE 50-10-21-20855........................................................................................... 63 SITE 50-10-21-23452........................................................................................... 71 SITE 50-10-21-23528........................................................................................... 74 SITE 50-10-21-26875........................................................................................... 78 SITE 50-10-21-26876........................................................................................... 84 SITE 50-10-21-26877........................................................................................... 88 SITE 50-10-21-26878........................................................................................... 91 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 96 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 96 REFERENCESCITED..................................................................................................... 97 tv t 1 0 LIST OF FIGURES 0 Figure 1: Figure 2: Hawaii Island Map Showing Project Area Location ........................................ 2 USGS TOPO Map Showing Project Area Location in Yellow .......................... 3 Figure3: Waikoloa Ahupua`a............................................................................................ 4 0 Figure 4: Figure 5: Grasslands of Waik6loa...................................................................................... The Swale Lands of the Waimea Field System ................................................ 5 10 Figure 6: Hawaii Island Trails........................................................................................ 21 O Figure 7: Figure 8: Kaelemakula Map Showing Hale o Spencer .................................................... J. Perryman's 1882 Map of the Waik6loa Area ............................................... 34 38 Figure 9: The Ke`amuku Sheep Shearing Barn ............................................................... 39 Figure 10: Dipping Sheep at Ke`amuku in 1906............................................................. 42 0 Figure 11: A Buckboard Wagon Used for Early Transportation at Parker Ranch.......... 42 Figure 12: Previous Archaeological Projects on Lands of Ke`amuku ............................. 51 0 Figure 13: Site 24465 Planview....................................................................................... 52 Figure 14: Site 24465 Feature 1 Plan............................................................................... 53 0 Figure 15: Figure 16: Site 24465 Feature 2 Plan............................................................................... Site 24465 Feature 3 Plan............................................................................... 55 56 Figure 17: Archaeological Site Concentrations on the Ke`amuku Station ...................... 61 0 Figure 18: Figure 19: Location of Sites on USGS Topo Map........................................................... Site 20855 Feature 1 Planview....................................................................... 64 65 Figure 20: Site 20855 Feature 1, View to East (lm scale) .............................................. 66 D Figure 21: Figure 22: Site 20855 Feature 1, View to Southeast (lm scale) ...................................... Site 20855 Feature 1 Construction, View to Southeast (lm scale) ................ 67 67 Figure 23: Site 20855, Feature 2 Planview...................................................................... 68 0 Figure 24: Figure 25: Site 20855, Feature 2, View to Southwest (lm scale) .................................... Site 20855, Feature 2 Culvert, View to South ................................................ 69 69 Figure 26: Site 20855, Feature 2 Road Surface, View to Southwest (20cm scale)......... 70 0 Figure 27: Figure 28: Location of Site 23452 Fence Remnants on USGS Topo .............................. Site 23452 Representative Fence Post 1 ......................................................... 72 73 Figure 29: Site 23452 Representative Fence Post 2 ......................................................... 73 0 Figure 30: Site 23528, View to Northeast (20cm scale) .................................................. 74 Figure 31: Site 23528, View to South (20cm scale)........................................................ 75 0 Figure 32: Figure 33: Site 23528 Planview....................................................................................... Rock Mound Boundary Sites Along SW Boundary of Ke`amuku Parcel..... 76 77 Figure 34: Site 26875, View to East (20cm scale)........................................................... 78 0 Figure 35: Figure 36: Site 23875 Planview....................................................................................... Site 26875 Close Up of Fence Wire, View to East (20cm scale) ................... 79 80 Figure 37: Site 26875, Feature 1, Test -Unit 1 North and East Profiles ........................... 81 OFigure Figure 38: 39: Kalopa Soda Works Bottle(TU-1)................................................................. Site 26876, Feature 1 Rock Mound, View to Northeast (10cm scale)........... 82 84 Figure 40: Site 26876, Feature 1 Planview...................................................................... 86 0 I 1 Figure 41: Figure 42: Site 26876, Site 26877, Feature 1, TU -1 North and East Profiles ..................................... Feature 1, View to NE .......................... 87 89 O Figure 43: Site 26877, Feature 1 Planview...................................................................... 89 Figure 44: Site 26877, Feature 1, TU -1 Northwest and Northeast Profiles ..................... 90 92 a Figure 45: Site 26878, View to West (10cm scale) .................................. Figure 46: View to West from Site 26878 Hillside......................................................... 92 Figure 47: Site 26878 Planview....................................................................................... 93 (� Figure 48: Site 26878, Feature 1, TU -1 North Profile ..................................................... 94 U LIST OF TABLES a Table 1: Claims and Land Commission Awards in Waikoloa......................................... 28 Table 2: West PTA Acquisition Area, Phase I Sites (GANDA 2003: 39-42) ................. 58 t I 1 N t t 11 0 1 1 1 1 1 INTRODUCTION The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Central Federal Lands Highway Division and the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) have contracted with DMT Consultant Engineers to prepare a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) for a segment (W- 7 Alignment) of the proposed Saddle Road extension across lands of the former Parker Ranch Ke`amuku cattle station in the ahupua `a of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii, TMK: (3) 6-7-001:09 (Figure 1). The proposed 200ft wide construction corridor (Area of Potential Effect) extends approximately ten miles from the existing Saddle Road near Kilohana to the Mamalahoa Highway at the border of North Kona and South Kohala (Figure 2). Scientific Consultant Services, Inc. (SCS) surveyed an approximately 600 -acre study corridor (roughly 10 miles by 500ft wide) to identify and evaluate historical properties. The survey corridor extends 150ft beyond both sides of the 200ft wide construction corridor (APE). The project is a federal undertaking and is subject to the procedures and policies of D Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). In addition, cultural resources are considered under Section 4(f) of the DoT Act (49 U.S.C. 303), and the state of Hawai` i O historic preservation review process (H.R.S. Chapter 6E). Scientific Consultant Services (SCS), Inc. has performed the appropriate studies to inventory and evaluate the historical and cultural resources in compliance with the regulations above. 1 1 1 1 1 1 There are seven archaeological sites documented in the project, including five rock mounds (SIHP Sites 50-10-21-23528, 50-10-21-26875, 50-10-21-26876, 5040-21-26877, and 50-10-21-26878), a segment of the old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (SIHP Site 50-10-21-20855), and remnants of a ranching -era fence (SIHP Site 50-10-21-23452). Four of the rock mounds (Sites 23528, 26875, 26877, and 26878) correspond roughly to the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station lands and ranch lands to the southwest. This area is also the boundary between Waikoloa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua `a. Site 26875 contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll of galvanized fence wire in its construction. A third rock mound (Site 26878) appears to mark a possible hunting spot. A fourth rock mound (Site 26876) marks the intersection of two ranch roads along the southeast side of the Ke`amuku cattle station lands. The ranching -era fence (Site 23452) appears to have been used early in the history of sheep and cattle ranching at Ke`amuku. The original fence wire has been removed and it passes through the middle of several more recently fenced paddocks. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING THE GEOGRAPHY OF WAIKOLOA Waikoloa is a large land -locked ahupua `a in South Kohala District (Figure 3). In the past it was an `ili of Waimea (see below). The western portion of Waikoloa is composed of moderately sloping `a `a and pdhoehoe lava flows. This region is extremely dry (less than ten inches of rainfall annually), hot, and barren except for patches of fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum). The northeastern portion of Waikoloa is a large grassy plain bounded on the south and southwest by grass covered rolling hills (Figure 4). Figure 1: Hawaii Island Map Showing Project Area Location. LAVA FLOWS The project area corridor is situated on gently sloping to level land that increases in elevation from 2,480 (756 m) to 5,240 (1,598 m) feet above mean sea level (amsl). Slopes range from 7% to 20% within the project area. The project area is located on a single Mauna Kea `a `d flow dated to more than 10,000 years before present (ybp) (Wolfe and Morris 1996). 2 m 21* w Figure 3: Waikoloa Ahupua `a. 0 2 4 6 8 1Q TN km S 1 t 1 1 r n is Figure 4: Grasslands of Waikoloa. SOILS Soils in the project area belong to the Pu`u Pa and Kaimu series. Soil in the majority of the project area consist of Kaimu series (rKED) very dark brown extremely stony peat on a substratum of ad (Sato et al. 1973). Soil in the northern 1/8th of the corridor consist of Pu`u Pa (PVD) extremely stony very fine sandy loam. Both types of soil are characterized as poorly 0 5 suited or unsuited to mechanized -farming (Soil Survey of the Territory of Hawaii 1955). RAINFALL AND DRAINAGE OAverage annual rainfall at the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station between 1908 and 1947 was recorded (daily rain gauge readings) at 20.86 inches, and at 25.04 inches during the 15 - year period between 1929 and 1943 (Parker Ranch Office Account Books and Rainfall Data). The average annual rainfall in the project area from 1942 to 1952 was approximately 25.59 inches. Rainfall on lands of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station is supplemented by fog and mist, and was collected on rooftop water catchment systems. Rally Greenwell recalled torrential 0 5 rainfall about every 20 years while he was there (Rally Greenwell interview, Escott 2008). The Ke`amuku Station rain gauge recorded daily rainfall readings as high as 7.28 inches. Natural drainage in the area runs from southeast to northwest and a seasonal gulch in the center of the project area channels water westward away from the site. Water in the Po`opo`o Gulch (see Figure 2), roughly 1.5 miles north of the project corridor, rises three to four feet during torrential rains and flooding and erosion affect the silty ground surface in the area. WIND The area of Waikoloa and Waimea are famous for the winds that blow down from the Kohala Mountains, the saddle area between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, and from the Hamakua region. They are called the `Apa `apa `a wind, and the Waikoloa and Kaumuku winds (Maly and Maly 2002: 21). In other sources there is a strong wind called the Mumuku wind (Wilkes 1845, Bergin 2004: 15). The Apa `apa `a wind, and the Waikoloa wind is believed to bring moisture and rain, and the strong Mumuku wind drives away the rain, stirs up the fine silt in the area, and carries it westward. The Mumuku wind is famous even in Kawaihae, where residents there were forced to lash their canoes to rocks, stakes, or trees to keep them from being carried off (Doyle 1953: 48). According to Doyle (1953), the winds have decreased in strength and frequency because of deforestation. VEGETATION Vegetation also changed dramatically after the late 1700s (see blow). Large areas of the foothills of southern Waikoloa were once covered in pili grass (Heteropogon contortus). Mdmane (Sophora chysophylla), naio (Myoporum sandwicense) and `ohi `a (Metrosideros polymorpha) grew on the upper plains of Waimea and at upper elevations in the foothills of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. The suite of present day flora on the project area is dominated by introduced species. Gerrish (2003), based on field survey, characterizes vegetation within the project area as Fountain Grass Pasture with Native Shrubs and Scattered Introduced Trees. This zone of vegetation extends from 2200 ft amsl to 3200 ft amsl, is heavily grazed by cattle, and is characterized by low plant diversity dominated by fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum). Low shrubs of native `a `ali `i (Dodonaea viscosa) and `akia (Wikstroemia pulcherrima) dot the hilly pastureland. Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) and Natal redtop :'' (Rhynchelytrum repens) grow in wetter areas along the dirt access roads. Introduced trees such U as eucalyptus, olive (Olea europaea), and silk oak (Grevillea robusta) were planted at the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station, and many volunteers are growing along the project area. O FAUNA (� Several economically important animals within Waik6loa are documented in historical I� narratives and oral interviews. Native species include kolea, or Golden Plover (Pluvialis a dominica fulva); `ua `u, or Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodrama phaeopygia sandwichensis); nine, or Hawaiian Goose (Nesochen sandwichensis). Polynesian -introduced species include the pig (Sus scrofa) . Several species of quail, pheasant, partridge, and turkey introduced during the Historic - era are still present at Ke`amuku. OHISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS EARLY SETTLEMENT AND EXPANSION Archaeological evidence suggests Hawaii was first settled between A.D. 0 and 700 by people sailing from the Marquesas (Cordy 2000). Early settlements on the Island of Hawai` i n were founded on the windward shores in likely places such as Waipi`o, Waimanu, and Hilo Bay. jU The windward, or ko `olau shores receive abundant rainfall and have numerous streams that facilitated agricultural and fishpond production (Maly and Maly 2002). The windward shores also provide rich benthic and pelagic marine resources. lJ Historical accounts of residential patterns, land -use, and subsistence horticulture are believed to be indicative of traditional practices developed long before contact with Europeans (McEldowney 1979). Early accounts of settlements along the windward shores describe the area as divided into several distinct environmental regions (Ellis 1963: 291-292). At Hilo Bay, from the coast to a distance of five or six miles scattered subsistence agriculture was evident, followed by a region of tall fern and bracken, flanked at higher elevations by a forest region between 10 and 20 miles wide, beyond which was an expanse of grass and lava (Ellis 1963:403). U The American Missionary C.S. Stewart wrote, "the first four miles of the country is open and uneven, and beautifully sprinkled with clumps, groves, and single trees of the bread -fruit, pandanus, and candle tree" (Stewart 1970:361-363). The majority of inhabitants (in 1825) lived within this coastal region (Ellisl969: 253). Taro, plantains, bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, and breadfruit were grown individually or in small garden plots. Fish, pig, dog, and birds were also raised and captured for consumption. Wood, such as `ohi `a and koa for house construction, canoe building, and fires was obtained from the upland agricultural zone (McEldowney 1.979:18- 19), and from the dense forests above (Ellis 1963:236). The dry leeward shores of Hawaii Island presented a very different environment requiring a modified set of subsistence strategies. Archaeologists and historians are uncertain about the motives that lead to the establishment and spread of settlements on the leeward side of Hawaii, but archaeological evidence suggests the process was underway between the A.D. 900s and 1100s (Cordy 2000). Coastal sites in South Kohala District, makai of Waikoloa, at Kalahuipua`a and `Anaeho`omalu and inland sites in the ahupua `a of Waimea (Figure 3) have been dated to the A.D. 800s to 900s (Kirch 1979: 198, Cordy 2000: 130). The early coastal settlements are located on or adjacent to the dry rocky shoreline and consist of temporary habitation caves containing midden, fishing tools, and fish remains; and two possibly permanent habitation sites (Barrera 1971, Jenson 1989a, 1989b, 1990a, and 1990b). The earlier phases of occupation were likely temporary habitations used when fishing, and later permanent habitations associated with fishpond production. Cordy suggests people who lived at inland Waimea occasionally frequented the Kalahuipua`a and `Anaeho`omalu area for its anchialine pond and marine resources (Cordy 2000:131). The implication is that inland settlements and agriculture may have developed first, perhaps spreading from nearby Waimanu and Waipi`o. Maly suggests that people living permanently along the dry shoreline shared extended family relations with people inland, allowing for an exchange system that distributed marine resources to inland agriculturalists and brought inland agricultural products to people at the coastal settlements (Maly and Maly 2002). The fertile plain of Waimea, which receives 40 to 80 inches of rainfall annually and is watered by streams from the Kohala Mountains (the Waikoloa, Wai`aka, and Keanu`i`ornano streams), was planted in taro and sweet potato. Sweet potato was the dominant crop at elevations that received from 30 to 60 inches (Cordy 2000: 135). At lower elevations in South Kohala District, especially along the coast, rainfall is less than thirty inches and soils are shallow or 8 1 1 1 1 1 r 0 1 1 1 nonexistent. It is possible that mulching with rocks or cut plant materials allowed for a limited amount of root crop and arboreal agriculture in pockets of soil. In Waimea and Kohala, new settlements and agricultural field systems continued to spread and intensify during the A.D. - 1200s to 1400s. Permanent communities were developing at Lapakahi and along the coastal region from `Upolu Point to Kawaihae (Cordy 2000: 140). Temporary residences and an agricultural field system were also established in the uplands of the Waikoloa-Waimea area (Moffat and Fitzpatrick 1995, Maly and Maly 2002: 4). As communities grew and agriculture intensified during this period, polities began to form, along with competition between polities. Large polities influencing communities within modern district - size boundaries emerged in the 1300s (Cordy 2000: 142). Cordy notes that just north of the project area "two different settlement and political zones seem to have developed prior to the 1200s and to have lasted until late in prehistory—one focused on Waimea and Kawaihae in the south, and the other in north Kohala up to `Upolu Point" (Cordy 2000:385, footnote 15). By the late 1700s extensive permanent field systems were well established in North Kohala, Waimea, and Lalamilo (Clark 1981, Clark and Kirch 1983, Cordy 2000). The Lalamilo swale land fields, described in Clark (198 1) and Cordy (2000), were part of the Waimea Field System (Figure 5) and were the nearest agricultural lands to the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station project area (the field system is more than 18 km to the north). Cordy describes the fields as, rectilinear fields with terrace facings or low -ridged walls ... fed (� by six major canals (one an extension out of the airport area) and a �1 vast number of interlinking branches of these canals. The walled fields diminished to the south about half way to Pu`u Huluhulu and O Pu`u Pa, where rainfall and soil quality drop—although the swales were still fed by canals (Cordy 2000: 310). c 1 1 1 0 Banana, sweet potato, sugar cane, and dry land taro were cultivated in the fields by farmers who built C-shaped and L-shaped enclosures for temporary use and lived some distance away from the fields (Cordy 2000:310-311). G] Figure 5: The Swale Lands of the Waimea Field System. 10 ifi < Figure 5: The Swale Lands of the Waimea Field System. 10 0 1 0 1 i; THE TRADITIONAL LAND DIVISIONS OF WAIMEA AND WAIKOLOA The traditional land divisions of Hawaii, established during the 16th century recognized Kohala as one of the six districts (moku-a-loko) of the island. Waimea was a sub -district (`okana or kalana) of Kohala, and Waik6loa was an `ili of Waimea. `Ouli, Wai`aka, Lalamilo, Puak6, Kalahuipua`a, `Anaeho`omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`6hia, Paulama, Pu`ukalani, and Pu`ukapu were also `ili of Waimea. Other accounts state that Waimea was an ahupua `a that had the status of moku (Curtis Lyons, quoted in Maly and Maly 2002: 6). TRADITIONAL ACCOUNTS OF EARLY WAIKOLOA, WAIMEA, AND SURROUNDING LANDS Traditional accounts (mo `olelo `dina) of Waikoloa, Waimea, and areas adjacent to lands of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station include legends and historical narratives documented in historic times by native Hawaiians and 19th century authors. The accounts refer to events that took place from the 13th century to the arrival of European explorers. None of the accounts pertain directly to lands within the project area, but do refer to lands directly north (Waikoloa, Waimea, and Lalamilo), northwest (the coastal region from `Anaeho`omalu to Puako), east (Waiki`i), and south (lands between Hualalai and Mauna Kea). Accounts include legends of supernatural entities that describe places they traveled to in this region, and also legends that tell the stories of deities and persons whose actions and namesakes are the origins of prominent natural features and places on the landscape. There are also historical narratives that describe battles between warring ali `i and describe land traversed by warriors, and the place names where battles were fought. Legends, Place Names, and Descriptions of the Land The Heart Stirring Legend of Ka-Miki, published in the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii and translated by Maly (pertinent excerpts in Maly and Maly 2002) contains an extensive description of customs, lands, and places near the project area, as well as many places on the Island of Hawaii. The legend is set in the 13th century but also reflects more recent influences (Maly and Maly 2002: 17). Underlined quotes in this report are from Maly's original and are his emphasis. 11 The District of Kohala is described in the legend as divided into smaller units that included: Large Kohala, little Kohala, inner Kohala, outer Kohala, Kohala of the `Apa`apa`a wind, of Pili and Kalahikiola, the two traveling hills. Indeed! They are the combined districts of this proud land brushed by the.`Apa`apa`a wind, maturing like love fondly in the bosom of love (Ka Hoku o Hawaii, March 22, 1917, translated in Maly and Maly 2002: 18). Maly defines outer Kohala (Kohala waho) as the lands from Kawaihae to Waikoloa, and `Anaeho`omalu. The Hawaiian language names for the smaller districts are as follows: large Kohala is Kohala nui, little Kohala is Kohala iki, inner Kohala is Kohala loko, outer Kohala is Kohala waho, Pili and Kalahikiola are as written, and the two traveling hills is Na pu `u-haele-lua. Dr. Bergin describes the traditional boundaries of Kohala as divided into two major divisions. Kohala Roko is the name of the windward lands east of `Upolu Point (Bergin 2004:15). Leeward Kohala is the second major division and is further divided into four zones that posses four distinctive types of terrain. Kohala i waho is the traditional name of the lands from `Upolu Point to Kahua, north of Kawaihae. `Aina Kawaihae refers to the coastal area at present day Kawaihae. Wai one are the coastal plains south of Kawaihae to `Anaeho`omalu. The kula area refers to the Waimea plains area roughly ten miles inland. Waikoloa without a kahako means "duck water" (Pukui et al. 1976), perhaps a reference to lands that attracted wetland ducks. In many references it is written with a kahako and means "northwest wind," perhaps a reference to the strong wind that blows through the area. If the kahako was over the last "o" it might be translated as "the long, sweet water." This might be a reference to the lack of water and its refreshing flavor when finally reached (Andrade interview, collected for Wolforth et al. 2004). The Heart Stirring Legend of Ka-Miki also relates the origins of several place names in the area of South Kohala. 12 t The region of Lalamilo was named for the young chief Lalamilo, D grandson of Kanakanaka, an expert lawai`a hi-`ahi (deep sea tuna lure fisherman) and Pilia-mo`o, a powerful priestess and `olohe. Kanakanaka and Piliamo`o were the parents of NVula (a fishing D goddess), and she married Pu`u-hina`i a chief of the inlands, and they in turn were the parents of Lalamilo. Kanakanaka's sister was the wind goddess, Waikoloa, for whom the lands are now named. Q 1 1 L' 1 I 1 1 t 1 1 t Lalamilo gained fame as an expert `olohe and fisherman. And through his wife Puako, he came to possess the supernatural leho (cowry octopus lure) which had been an `onohi (cherished) possession of Ha'aluea, a goddess with an octopus form... How this octopus lure came to rest on the reefs fronting this land remains a mystery.... Puako was the daughter of Wa`awa`a (kane) and Anahulu (wahine), and the sister of: `Anaeho`omalu (wahine); Pa'dla`a (kane); and Maui-loa (kane). Puako's great desire was to eat he`e (octopus), and Pu`ala`a was kept continually busy acquiring he`e for Puako, and getting pa`ou`ou fish for `Anaeho`omalu. When he could no longer provide sufficient numbers of fish for his sisters they left Puna and set out in search of suitable husbands who could provide for their needs. Because of their great love for `Anaeho`omalu and Puako, Anahulu, Wa`awa`a, their relatives and attendants also moved to the Kona - Kohala region and dwelt at sites which now bear their names; only Pu`ala`a remained in Puna. This is how Pu`u- Huluhulu, Pu`u-Iki, and Mauiloa came to be named; and Pu`u Anahulu (Ten day hill [ceremonial period]) was named for Anahulu, the chiefess wife of Wa`awa`a (Pu`u Wa`awa`a). Arriving at Kapalaoa in the Kekaha lands of Kona, `Anaeho`omalu married Naipuakalaulani, son of the chiefess Kuaiwa of Kapalaoa. Puako went on to Waima where she met with natives of that area, and was introduced to the chiefess Ne`ula, mother of Lalamilo. When Ne'ula learned that Puako greatly coveted he`e, she told Puako that her son was the foremost lawai`a `okilo he`e (octopus fisherman) of the region. And because Puako was so beautiful, N6'ula introduced her to Lalamilo. Lalamilo saw Puako, and compared her to the foremost "he`e" which he could catch (Ka Hoku o Hawaii, July 5 and 19, 1917, translated in Maly and Maly 2002: 22-23, underlined emphasis is Maly's). 13 Another mo `olelo `dina collected by Maly (1999) relates the story of Kaniku and Kanimoe, two moo wahine who were sisters and guardians of Kamehameha's fishpond Wainanali`i. They were covered by a lava flow when the lua-i-Pele came down to the coast and they and are now two stones in the flow. They are visible makai of the highway. Kaniku is an upright pohaku and Kanimoe is behind (Keakealani interview, collected for Wolforth et al. 2004). The Heart Stirring Legend of Ka-Miki contains several descriptions of weather and agriculture in Waimea-Waikoloa region and surrounding areas. The frequent strong westerly winds that originate in the Kohala Mountains and from Mauna Kea are called the `Apa `apa `a wind, and the Waikoloa and Kaumuku winds (Maly and Maly 2002: 21). In other sources there is the mumuku wind (Wilkes 1845, Bergin 2004: 15). The winds in this region bring moisture and rain, and when strong, stir up the fine silt in the area and carry it westward. Many of the trees in Waimea lean in that direction from the constant buffeting they receive. There is a rain called ndulu (southern rain storms) in The Heart Stirring Legend of Ka- Miki (Maly and Maly 2002: 25). Cultural informants recall the ua ndula that is a sudden downpour that disappears as quickly as it develops (Andrade interview, collected for Wolforth et al. 2004; Greenwell interview, collected for Maly and Maly 2002). Another legend tells of rain sent by Kahaloi-wai-a-ka-Na`ulu, the keeper of the nd `ulu rain. He was said to live on a pu `u in the Kohala Mountains where he could keep watch on his sister Pu`u Anahulu. He would send his rains to shower Pu`u Anahulu and Pu`u Wa`awa`a when they were dry (Keakealani interview, collected for Wolforth et al. 2004). Sources of water play a prominent role in The Heart Stirring Legend of Ka-Miki. Ka- Miki is tasked with retrieving the water of Kdne and Kanaloa, at the royal compound of Poli`ahu and Lilinoe, below the sacred platform of Pohaku-a-Kdne on Mauna Kea. He fills the `awa bowl Hoku `ula with the water and returns to meet his brother Maka- `iole. Ka-Miki then joined Maka-`iole at Holoholoku on the plain of Waikoloa. And as they traveled across the plains on their way back to Hualalai, the wind goddess Wai-k6-loa (Water carried far) caused the water to splash over the brim of Hoku`ula. Some of the water was carried afar by the wind and fell, forming a new spring. 14 1 In another legend, Hoku `ula is the name of the place where the great Akua Makuakua from Kahiki lived with the goddess Wao. Wao would journey to the Waimea O hills, which were sacred for her to give birth. She was accompanied by her servants, whom she turned to stone each night to guard the land (Doyle 1953). EThe origin of the large gulch `Auwaiakeakua situated east/west between Ke`amuku and Waiki`i was told to Maly by former residents of Waiki`i Village. D When the spring appeared, Pohaku-a-Kane fetched some of the water. Because Pohaku-a-Kane fetched some of the water, that place is called Wai-ki`i (Fetched -water) to this day. This happened nnear the hills of Pu`u Keke`e. ' Pohaku-a-Ka took the water he retrieved to the base of the cliffs of D Mauna Kea and dug into the earthen plain of Pohakuloa and placed O the water there. From Pohakuloa, the water flowed under ground and appeared as springs at several other places, including Ana-o- D Hiku at Hanakaumalu. Honua`ula, and Kipahe`e-wai on the slopes O of Hualalai... (Ka Hoku o Hawaii, March 12, 1914, translated in hill of Po`opo`o. Po`opo`o was also the name of a makaula (seer) Maly and Maly 2002: 21, emphasis Maly and Maly). In another legend, Hoku `ula is the name of the place where the great Akua Makuakua from Kahiki lived with the goddess Wao. Wao would journey to the Waimea O hills, which were sacred for her to give birth. She was accompanied by her servants, whom she turned to stone each night to guard the land (Doyle 1953). EThe origin of the large gulch `Auwaiakeakua situated east/west between Po`opo`o (dark headed) is the name of a gulch that is oriented southeast/northwest roughly 1.5 miles north of the project area. The area mentioned, Pu`u Hina`i ma, is O several miles west of the project area. It is also mentioned in the legend that `awa was grown at Po`opo`o (Maly and Maly 2002: 25). U 15 Ke`amuku and Waiki`i was told to Maly by former residents of Waiki`i Village. `Auwaiakeakua (Water channel of the gods) was built by menehune who abandoned the construction in fear of the coming dawn (Maly and Maly 2002: 27). References to agriculture in The Heart Stirring Legend of Ka-Miki include: D Lalamilo arose and told his wife Puako and his mother Ne'ula that he was going to the uplands to visit his father, sister, and the people who worked the upland plantations. Lalamilo desired to eat D the sugar cane and bananas and drink the `awa which grew on the hill of Po`opo`o. Po`opo`o was also the name of a makaula (seer) who saw to the continued peaceful dwelling of the people... OLalamilo then departed and traveled up towards the residences and agricultural lands of Pu`u Hina`i ma (Ka Hoku o Hawaii, July 5, 1917, translated in Maly and Maly 2002: 22, emphasis Maly and Maly). Po`opo`o (dark headed) is the name of a gulch that is oriented southeast/northwest roughly 1.5 miles north of the project area. The area mentioned, Pu`u Hina`i ma, is O several miles west of the project area. It is also mentioned in the legend that `awa was grown at Po`opo`o (Maly and Maly 2002: 25). U 15 The trail between Waimea and Mauna Kea also figures prominently in The Heart Stirring Legend of Ka-Miki. The trail that leads to "the whitened peaks" of "the sacred and astonishing mountain (Mauna Kea)" is a "lonely path" and a "damp dreary path" through "the mists that seem to crawl upon the forest growth" where people often go astray (Maly and Maly 2002: 19). Aside from the Po`opo`o gulch, none of the places mentioned above are near the project corridor. Historical Narratives, the Ali `i, and Warfare in the Region Historical narratives set near the project area describe battles between warring ali `i, land traversed by warriors, and the place names where battles were fought. There are five accounts of historical events that took place near the project area between the 14th and 18th centuries. The events are documented by Fornander (1996), Kalakaua (1990), Kamakau (1961), and Malo (1951), and are treated in detail by Maly (Maly and Maly 2002) and Wolforth (Wolforth et al. 2004). The first event is the 14th century battle between Kamiole, a Ka`u chief and Kalapana, the son of Kanipahu the sixth moi of the Pili line (Wolforth et al. 2004: 3-5). Kamiole and his warriors, reinforced by warriors from Kona, Hilo, and Puna had previously defeated Kanipahu at Kohala. Kalapana, with the aid of chiefs from Kohala and Hamakua met Kamiole at `Anaeho`omalu and defeated him. The second event is the battle between Umi (ruler, A.D. 1600-1620) and a chief from Kailua. An elder man named Kanuha recounted the events of the battle to Jules Remy, a Frenchman who arrived in Hawaii in 1851 (Maly and Maly: 2002: 9-10). The French version was translated and printed in the Hawaiian language newspaper Ke Au Okoa May 8, 15, and 22, 1865. The account was then translated into English by Maly (Maly and Maly 2002: 9-12). The version referred to in this report is drawn from Maly's translation. Umi ruled the eastern side of the Island of Hawaii, while a chief from Kailua ruled the western side. The chief from Kailua was reputed to have committed various evil deeds and Umi set out to defeat him. Maly's translation of the events follows: Vol t 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t t 1 Umi marched to battle, joined by his famous warrior, Piimaiwaa, and his companions Koi and Omaokamau. Also with him'were his favorite, Pakaa, and his priest Lono.. . Between Mauna Kea and Hualalai the chief and all his party traveled, with the thought of descending to Kailua. Keliiokaloa did not wait though, but instead, traveled with his warriors to meet Umi in battle. The two armies met on a broad open plain, surrounded by the three mountains, at the place [now] called.Ahu a Umi. There, Laepuni and them (people who were unattached to a chief) fought with Umi. Umi was almost killed, but Piimaiwaa leapt in and helped him, it was he who turned the battle in the favor of Umi's side. There is not much else that is said, but, it is known that the chief of Kailua died in the battle. Thus, with this battle, the entire kingdom was gained by Umi. He became the chief that controlled the entire island of Hawaii. So that the battle would be remembered from generation to generation, he (Umi) built the stone altar, that remains to this day, the altar (ahua) of Umi... (Ke Au Okoa; Mei 22, 1865) ...He (Umi) also built a heiau (temple) below Pohaku Hanalei, it is called the altar (ahua) of Hanalei; and on the side of Mauna Kea, by where one travels to Hilo, he built the third of his temples, at the place called Puukekee [also written Puu Keekee in historical texts]; and there: at Mauna Halepohaku he built the fourth of his temples; there, it is said, Umi dwelt with his many people. It is said that Umi was a chief who dwelt upon the mountain, it was because of his love of his people, that he (Umi) returned and dwelt in the middle of the island [Ahu-a-Umi], that is where he dwelt with his beloved people. His commoners lived along the shores, and they brought food for them (in the uplands), from one side of the island to the other... (Ke Au Okoa; Mei 22, 1865, translated in Maly and Maly 2002:10-12, emphasis is Maly's). The third historical event that took place near the project area is the battle between Lonoikamakahiki (ruler, A.D. 1640-1660) and rebel chiefs (most notably his elder brother Kanaloa-kua`ana) encamped along the shore at `Anaeho`omalu. Lonoikamakahiki and his Kona warriors were joined by forces from Ka`u at the border of Kohala and Kona, on inland `Anaeho`omalu. The next day Lono marched down and met the rebels at the place called Wailea, not far from Wainanalii, where in those days a 17 watercourse appears to have been flowing. Lono won the battle, and the rebel chiefs fled northward with their forces. At Kaunooa, between Puako and Kawaihae, they made another stand, but were again routed by Lono, and retreated to Nakikiaianihau, where they fell in with reinforcements from Kohala and Hamakua. Two other engagements were fought at Puupa and Puukohola, near the Heiau of that name, in both of which Lono was victorious (Fomander 1996:120-121). A fourth battle was fought north of project area during the reign of Lonomakahiki. The king of Maui (Kamalalawalu), desiring to take over the Island of Hawaii, sent spies to discover the best place from which to launch an attack (Kamakau 1961). They returned after investigating the shores of Hawaii and reported that Kohala would be easy to capture as the inhabitants lived only on the coast and were few in number (Kamakau 1961: 56). They further thought that, if Kohala was conquered, Kona, Ka -`u, and Puna would be easily taken, and they felt that Hilo and Hamakua would lend no assistance. This was true, for the chiefs of these districts were cousins of the chiefs of Maui (Kamakau 1961: 57). Kamalalawalu and his forces captured Puak6, and mislead by two old men of Kawaihae, marched to the dry grassy plain of Waimea (Waik6loa), and the hills of H6ku`ula and Pu`u `Oa`oaka to await the warriors of Hawaii. The warriors of Hawaii took several routes to Waik6loa and stationed themselves around the forces of Maui. Fornander records: During the night and including the following morning the Kona men arrived and were assigned to occupy a position from Puupa to Haleapala. The Kau and Puna warriors were stationed from Holoholoku to Waikoloa. Those of Hilo and Hamakua were located from Mahiki to Puukanikanihia, while those of Kohala guarded from Momoualoa to Waihaka (Fornander 1917, quoted in Cordy 2000: 229). Kamakau recorded: After Kama-lala-walu's warriors reached the grassy plain, they looked seaward on the left and beheld the men of Kona advancing toward them. The lava bed of Kaniku and all the land up to Hu'ehu'e was covered with the men of Kona. Those of Ka'u and Puna were coming down from Mauna Kea, and those of Waimea and Kohala were on the level plain of Waimea. The men covered the whole of the grassy plain of Waimea like locusts. 18 1 1 t 1 t 1 1 1 G r_ 1 t 1 1 1 1 Kamalalawalu with his warriors dared to fight. The battlefield of Pu'oa'oaka was outside of the grassy plain of Waimea, but the men of Hawaii were afraid of being taken captive by Kama, so they led (Kamalalawalu's forces) to the waterless plain lest Maui's warriors find water and hard, waterworn pebbles (Kamakau: 1961:58). The two armies only skirmished in the beginning, soon turning into a full battle, and a final route of the forces of Maui (Kamakau 1961). Almost all of the chiefs and warriors of Maui were slain either on the field of battle or at the Kawaihae shoreline. The alter (Ke Ahu a Lono) at the coastal boundary between Kona and Kohala is often described as an alter for "the warrior leaders and warriors of Lonoikamakahiki, built at the time he went to battle with Kamalalawalu" (Kihe in Ka Hoku o Hawaii Jan. 31 -Feb. 14, 1924, translated by Maly 2002: 15). A second account ascribes Ke Ahu a Lono to the restoration of friendship between Lonoikamakahiki and Kapaihiahilina. Lonoikamakahiki built the ahu for offerings made to consecrate their reconciliation. The Ahu a Lono was also the place where offerings were gathered during the Makahiki (Andrade interview, collected for Wolforth et al. 2004). Kamehameha also built (rebuilt) Pu`ukohola heiau (possibly completed by 1791) mauka of Mailekini heiau above Kawaihae (Kamakau 1961, Cordy 2000). Kinny (1913: 43) and Kamakau (1961: 154) suggest the construction undertaken by Kamehameha was a reconstruction of a previously built heiau reconsecrated to his god Kuka`ilimoku. Kamehameha and his chiefs resided in Kawaihae during the construction and after, from 1792 to 1796 (Maly and Maly 2002: 16). Lonoikamakahiki, Alapa`inui, Keawe`apala, and numerous lower chiefs often visited and stayed at Kawaihae, Puak6, and Waimea (Kamakau 1961: 182-183). Historical narratives of the Waik6loa area underline its geographical location as a nexus of travel between often contending political centers (Figure 6). Trails from Kona to Kohala crossed the lava flats inland of `Anaeho`omalu and Puaka. Trails stretched from the coast to Waimea. Other trails ran from Kona, south and then east of Hualalai, and down to Waimea or the coast. Trails from Hilo crossed the saddle, past Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, and downhill to Lalamilo where travelers could take trails either east or west. Trails were also used between the Waipi`o-Hamakua region and Waimea. The trails connected Kawaihae, Waimea, and leeward 19 Kohala to other centers of royal power and figured prominently in interregional conflict. Kawaihae was also a center of political power and the fishponds at `Anaeho`omalu and Kalahuipua`a were `ili kupono from around the 12th century onward (Cordy 1987; Andrade interview, collected for Wolforth et al. 2004). The battles detailed above were fought several miles from the project corridor and there are no trails near the project corridor. DESCRIPTIONS OF KOHALA, WAIMEA, AND WAIKOLOA IN HISTORIC -ERA TRAVEL ACCOUNTS By the late 1700s the Waimea area supported an estimated population of approximately 24,000, mostly inland (Wellmon 1969, Cordy 2000). Captain Cook's journals from his arrival in 1779 describe the area along the coast of Kohala as unpopulated, with very few houses or agricultural fields (Beaglehole 1967). Fishing, aquiculture, salt production, and abrader production were carried out along the coast from Kawaihae to `Anaeho`omalu (Vancouver 1967, Ellis 1969, Barrere 1971, Kirch 1975 and 1979, Cordy 2000). The majority of agricultural production was carried out in the foothills of the Kohala mountains and from Lalamilo to the Waipi`o Valley, especially along the Waimea's three streams; Waikoloa, Wai`aka, and Keanu`i`omano. Large areas of the foothills of southern Waikoloa were covered in pili grass traditionally used for thatching. Mamane (Sophora chysophylla), naio (Myoporum sandwicense), wauke or paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), `iliahi or sandalwood. (Santalum spicatum), and `ohi `a (Metrosideros polymorpha) grew on the plains of Waimea and at upper elevations in the foothills of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Traditional resource extraction from these areas included kapa cloth made from wauke (Wilkes 1970: 217-218), mamane limbs cut for adze handles, and birds trapped for their meat and feathers. The arrival of Europeans and the Hawaiian people's introduction to world markets drastically altered the distribution of population centers, agriculture, and cultural practices in Hawaii. In the Waimea-Waikoloa region, maritime trade and ranching slowly replaced traditional fishing, aquiculture and farming practices as chief economic activities. Sandalwood harvesting for China's markets commenced in 1808 and reached a peak in the 1820s. Kamehameha held a monopoly on the collection and sale of sandalwood to foreign trading vessels. 20 0 0 D 0 1. i! 0 0 Figure 6: Hawaii Island Trails. 0 'u 21 Sandalwood trees were rapidly harvested from the Waimea-Waik6loa area and an island -wide kapu was placed on the cutting of sandalwood in 1830. The royal government next looked to ranching as a steady source of income. Sheep and cattle ranching provided wool, fresh meat, salted beef, tallow, and hides for local markets on Hawaii and Oahu, and for provisioning merchant and whaling vessels (until 1860). Ranching has its roots in the first cattle and sheep brought to the island in 1793 by Vancouver. Six cows, one bull, four ewes, and two rams were released to prosper in the region of Waimea, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai (Vancouver 1967). Kamehameha placed a ten-year kapu on the killing of cattle so that they would have time to multiply (Ellis 1963: 291). Vancouver wrote: In this valley is a great tract of luxuriant, natural pasture, whither all the cattle and sheep imported by me were to be driven, there to roam unrestrained, to "increase and multiply" far from the sight of strangers, and consequently less likely to tempt the inhabitants to violate the sacred promise they had made; the observance of the which, for the time stipulated in their interdiction, cannot fail to render the extirpation of these animals a task not easily to be accomplished (Vancouver 1967(3):64). Vancouver returned in 1794 with more cattle, sheep, goats, geese, and various plants and seeds. Two American captains, William Shaler and Richard Cleveland presented two horses to John Young in 1803. Cleveland later returned with more than 200 horses brought from California. Donkeys, mules and oxen were also imported for transportation and hauling. By 1813 to 1815 cows began overrunning agricultural fields and became a danger to travelers and residents alike (Ellis 1963: 291, Wilkes 1970: 204). A wall, called Kauliokamoa for the King's konohiki, was constructed between 1813 and 1819 (Barr&e 1983) to keep cattle in Waikoloa and off of agricultural land to the east (Lalamilo and Waimea). The wall was located from roughly the northern border of Waikoloa to near Pu`u Huluhulu and separated the less fertile annual grasslands from the perennial grasslands (Boundary Commission Book for Hawaii Vol. A, 6, 10; Wolforth et al. 2004). 22 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 John Parker was granted permission to hunt wild bullock for the crown in 1822. Wild cattle were captured in bullock pits seven to eight feet long by four feet wide covered with braches and a thin layer of dirt (Wilkes 1970: 204). They were also hunted with guns and were lassoed in later years, after the arrival of vaqueros, "Spaniards [Central and South Americans] with horses from California" (Wilkes 1970: 203). Ellis also described the nature of the herds and bullock hunting. Although there are immense herds of them, they do not attempt to tame any; and the only advantage they derive is by employing persons, principally foreigners, to shoot them, salt the meat in the mountains, and bring it down to the shore for the purpose of provisioning the native vessels. But this is attended with great labour and expense. They first carry all the salt to the mountains. When they have killed the animals, the flesh is cut off their bones, salted immediately, and afterwards put into small barrels, which are brought on men's shoulders ten or fifteen miles to the sea -shore (Ellis 1963: 291). In 1830 Governor Kuakini moved to Waimea to oversee and improve government cattle. He ordered the construction of corrals and the widening and improvement of twelve miles of the Waimea to Kawaihae trail. Liholiho visited the same year to witness strides made in the nascent cattle ranching industry. It was hoped that the exportation of tallow, hides, and salted beef would supplant the defunct sandalwood trade as a major source of income. In 1835 William French opened a store in Waimea and began several ventures related to ranching, including tallow making, tanning, and saddle making (Bergin 2004: 156). Cowhide was tanned using the astringent bark of local trees (Wilkes 1970: 218). Other craftsmen included carpenters and a blacksmith. The lion's share of French's trade involved supplying whaling ships and the local market with beef. A description of French's operation in 1840 describes their capture and shipment. Our principal object in taking the walk was to witness the marking of a lot of cattle that had been driven down from the mountains not long since. Great numbers of wild bullocks are caught in the mountains every year by the hunters: The lasso, the principal instrument in their capture is made of braided thong upon one end of which is a ring forming a slip noose which is thrown with astonishing precision around any part of the animal. Even while at 23 a full gallop in pursuit, the hunter grasps his lasso and giving it two or three twirls around his head with his right hand, throws it unerringly and entangles his victim by the horns or limbs... For their capture a mode frequently resorted to by the hunters was to dig deep pits and cover them with underbrush and dirt.... The bullocks to be marked were driven into a pen towards which we directed our steps. They were noble animals and had been tamed by tying them singly with tame cattle for a time.... There were not far from 40 bullocks marked on this occasion intended for the Clementine in her trip down to Honolulu. They are then put into pasture to be fattened for the supply of ships visiting Honolulu in the fall season. This brig Clementine had upon its deck about 40 head of bullocks arranged closely together with their heads turned inwards. They were tied down by the horns to a strong framework of spars so that there was no danger of their getting loose (Olmstead, quoted in Bergin 2004: 156). By 1840 bullock hunting had drastically reduced the numbers of wild cattle, driving them to higher and higher elevations of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea (Wellmon 1969). A five-year kapu was placed on cattle hunting and lead to further efforts to tame, brand, and fence in herds on privately owned land (Wilkes 1970: 200). The decline of whaling and the kapu placed on killing cattle created economic hardship and population decline in the Waimea area. Wilkes reported that during this time there were still three or four stores operated by foreigners at Waimea (Wilkes 1970: 218). In 1880 George Bowser's "Directory and Tourists Guide" reported that, Waimea itself, although of immemorial age, and once populous, is now only a scattered village, with but two stores and a boarding and lodging house and coffee saloon (quoted in Maly and Maly 2002: 60, emphasis Maly's). Grazing, the opening of new pastureland, and fires was denuding the forested plains of Waimea, and pushing the tree line to higher and higher elevations (Doyle 1953: 47-48). An article published in the Sandwich Island Monthly Magazine in 1856, and quoted in Wolforth et al. 2004, described the deforestation in the following terms: It is in the memory of many foreigners now living there, when the whole of these plains were covered with a thick wood, to the very 24 t 1 SII 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 t t 1 1 t edge of the slope. Where now hardly a tree is to be seen for miles, we were informed by an old resident, that twenty-five years ago he lost himself with his team in the weeds. He also stated that at that time there was far more rain at Waimea than there is now, which indeed might be readily inferred, as clearing the land has been almost entirely effected by the cattle ... At this moment they swarm the thick jungle that covers the windward or eastern slope towards Hamakua. They are now gradually destroying this, and thousands of old dead trees die of age, no young ones are seen taking their places, as during the last thirty or forty years, the cattle have eaten or trodden them down ... At the present time the vapors and rain which are brought across the plain by the trade winds, are generally dissipated between Waimea Village and Uhue... But when some twenty-five or thirty years ago, woods extended over the whole plain and to the very edge of it, close on to this debatable ground—and when rain was in consequence more frequent over this district, the vapors and cold moist atmosphere, instead of being dissipated near Waimea Village, would necessarily have more frequently extended to the debatable ground... (February 1856:44-47). A report written in 1877 by the Royal Commissioners on Development of Resources documents similar environmental impacts in the Kohala, Waimea, and Waik6loa area. The report states: The forests on the Kohala mountains are dying rapidly. The land is mostly for grazing purposes, though on the mountain potatoes of fine quality can be raised'in large quantities. In sheltered places, coffee would doubtless grow, but owning to the sparseness of the population and the superior attractions to other parts of the district, this part will hardly soon be settled. The once fertile and populous plain of Waimea looked sterile and desolate when visited by the Commission -a painful contrast to Kohala loko on the other side of the mountain. The complaint of the people is well founded. The water they use is fouled in many places by cattle, horses and other animals, and as the stream is sluggish it has no chance to free itself of impurities, and the water used bb the people in their houses must be a cause of disease and death, especially to the children... It is little wonder that with his crops trodden out by the sheep or cattle of his stronger neighbors, his family sickened perhaps to death by the polluted Waters, that the small holder should yield to despair, and abandoning his homestead seek employment in some other district, usually without making another home... M The plains of Pukapu and Waimea are subject to high winds, aggravated by the loss of the sheltering forests of former days. The soil however is very good in many places for sugar cane and other products. To develop its best resources, efforts must be made to restore the forests and husband the supply of water at their sources to furnish a supply for agricultural purposes. At present the lands are used almost exclusively for grazing purposes. Although the proprietors and lessors are probably not averse to the establishment of agricultural enterprises, it is to be feared that the denudation of the neighboring mountains and plains of the forests will render the climatic conditions unfavorable to success. It would seem that a wise appreciation of the best interests of this district, even of the grazing interests themselves, would lead to the decrease of the immense herds which threaten not only Waimea but even Hamakua with almost irreparable disaster. It is to be feared that they will in time render a large part of the land of little value even for grazing purposes. Owing to the increasing frequency and severity of droughts and consequent failure of springs. Some thousands of cattle are said to have died this last winter from want of water, and the works erected in Waimea for the purpose of trying out cattle have been idle for months for want of water. The commission do not propose here to discuss fully the vexed Questions of the causes of the diminution of the forests, but in view of the fact that they are diminishing and the streams and springs diminishing a corresponding rations, also that with the cattle running upon the lands as at present, any effort to restore them must be futile and any hopes of their recuperation vain, the Government, if it would wish to preserve that part of the island of Hawaii from serious injury, must take some steps for reclaiming the forests. In this connection we would say that it is unfortunate that large tracts of Crown and Government lands have been lately leased on long terms for grazing purposes, without conditions as to their protection from permanent injury, at rates much lower than their value even as preserves for Government purposes or public protection. The commission deem (sic) this a matter of grave importance, challenging the earnest attention of the Government, and involving the prosperity of two important districts (Report of the Royal Commissioners on Development of Resources 1877, quoted in Maly and Maly 2002: 58-59). 26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 1 t The impacts recorded above were the results of grazing sheep and cattle in the 80 -year period after Vancouver landed the first of their kind. The history of herding and ranching these animals proceeds from hunting wild herds to the organization of ranching in an effort to consolidate ownership, improve breeding stock, and to prevent further degradation of the lands of Waimea and Waik6loa. THE MAHELE (1845) Article IV of the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles was passed in December 1845 and began the legal process of private land ownership based on western law. The law established a board of five commissioners to oversee land claims and to issue patents and leases for valid claims. Many scholars believe that Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha lII) was forced to establish laws in order to protect Hawaiian sovereignty and crown lands from foreigners who had already begun claiming ownership of land they were granted permission to use for homes and business interests (Daws 1968:111; Kuykendall 1938(1): 145 footnote 47, 152, 165-6, 170; Kame'eleihiwa 1992: 169-70, 176; Kelly 1983: 45, 1998). Among other things, the foreigners were demanding private ownership of land to secure their island investments (Kuykendall 1938(1): 138, 145, 178, 184, 202, 206, 271; Kame'eleihiwa 1992: 178). As legal statutes defining the Mahele continued to evolve (up to 1850), the lands of the kingdom of Hawaii were divided among the king (crown lands), the ali `i and konohiki, and the government. Once lands were thus divided and private ownership was instituted, the maka'ainana (commoners), if they had been made aware of the procedures, were able to claim the plots on which they had been cultivating and living as stipulated in the Kuleana Act (1849). These claims, however, could not include any previously cultivated or presently fallow land, okipu'u, stream fisheries, or many other resources traditionally necessary for survival (Kelly 1983, Kame'eleihiwa 1992:295, Kirch and Sahlins 1992). The right of claimants to land was based on the written testimony of at least two witnesses who could corroborate the claimant's long-standing occupation and use of the parcel(s) in question. The claimant was then awarded a patent for the property, subsequently called Land Commission Awards (LCAs) (Chinen 1961:16). 27 At least 26 claims were made for kuleana plots in Waik6loa (Maly and Maly 2002: 66). Table 2 below lists claims and awards within the lands of Waikoloa (adapted from Maly and Maly 2002: 66). Table 1: Claims and Land Commission Awards in Waikoloa. Applicant LCA Re ister Testimony: Award Book James Fay Kimo Fe Helu 589 NR 2:281 n1a n1a James Hall Kimo Holo Helu 672 FR 2:103 FT 5:67 & NT 4:48 MA 3:100 Edmund Bright Braita Helu 986 FR 2:125 FT 5:67 & NT 4:43 MA 3:91 Kipikane (w.) Helu 1117 n1a NT 4:45 & FT 5:66 n1a James Fay Helu 2258 FR 2:147 NT 5:65-66 MA 3:52 Nahoena Helu 3195 NR 8:50 NT 4:8 n1a Makalahae Helu 3684 NR 8:44 NT 4:33 MA 5:48-49 Waiahole Helu 3738 NR 8:46 NT 4:34-35 MA 5:48-49 Auwae Helu 3762 NR 8:47 NT 4:35-36 MA 5:46 Ohiaku Helu 3783 NR 8:47-48 NT 4:39-40 MA 5:47 O unui w.) Helu 3786 NR 8:48 NT 4:38 MA 4:287 I.A. Palea Helu 3828 NR 8:380 NT 4:31-32 MA 5:46 Pauhala Helu 3844 NR 8:51 NT 4:10 MA 5:51 J. Seaboy Seabu Helu 4024 NR 8:55-56 NT 4:44 MA 5:49-50 James Hall Helu 4036 FR 1:3 n1a n1a Wm. Beadle Helu 4038 FR 3:2 FT 5:67 & NT 4:42 MA 3:9 Kaahukoo Helu 4126 NR 8:64 NT 4:12 n1a Kaumu Helu 4129 NR 8:64 NT 4:37 MA 5:51 Keaulama Helu 4184 NR 8:53-54 NT 4:36 Kua Helu 4215 NR 8:59-60 NT 4:24 MA 5:47 Kaulua Helu 4231 NR 8:58 NT 4:25-26 MA 5:48 Manuwa Helu 4505 NR 8:66 NT 4:20 MA 5:50 G.D. Hueu Helu 8068 NR 8:70-71 NT 4:18-19 Kipikane (w.) Helu 8505 FR 3:19 FT 5:67 & NT 4:45 MA 3:55 G.D. Hueu Helu 8521 B NR 3:709 n1a n1a Laahiwa Helu 9972 NR 8:169 n1a n1a THE LANDS OF G.D. HU`EU (GEORGE DAVIS) George Davis Hu`eu (George Davis) inherited and owned a large portion of the good o grazing lands of Waikoloa. Kamehameha I had given the land to G.D. Hu`eu's father, Isaac 28 D Li D Davis, as an 71i kupono for services rendered during the conquest of the Hawaiian Islands. Local Dchiefs claimed some portions of his land when he died in testate in 1810 (Macrae 1972: 44). It became necessary for Isaac Davis' friend John Young to ask the crown for stewardship of the property for Davis' children's sake.. When the Davis children came of age, Young requested that, - the Kin Kaahumanu Kina'u , Adams Kuakini] and Rooke and g� � ] � n all the Chiefs will let Isaac Davis' children keep their father's IUj lands that King Kamehameha gave to him as a reward for assisting the King in his wars in conquering the islands of Hawaii, Maui, OMolokai, and Oahu, and which I hope in God our young king will fulfill the wishes of his honored father (Collins 1951: 12-13). DIsaac Davis' land (Royal Patent Grant 5671) was granted to George Davis Hu`eu as an unsurveyed LCA (8521B) in 1865. D The lack of longtime residents to testify to the traditional boundaries, the nature of the Dexisting survey maps, and various contradictory land claims created further problems concerning G.D. Hu`eu's land award. Early survey maps of the area depicted traditional boundaries in Dlocations that are very different from those codified only five to ten years later. The Wiltse map of 1860 Waimea places the boundary between North Kona and South Kohala Districts further north and east than its later accepted location. DThe mauka boundary of Waimea, and so Waik6loa, are described in a letter from three Commissioners of Crown Lands based on the Wiltse map. The description of the boundary Drelating specifically to the area of Davis' land and shown on the Wiltse map is as follows: Thence to Pumahoelua. Thence to a large rock marked "H." Thence to Kuikahekili; then to Namahana on the line of Kona. Thence along the gulch called Poopoo, bordering the land called Puuanahulu to an ohia tree marked "H." Thence to Puuiwaiwa. Thence to a point of rocks maked "H." Thence along the line of Puuanahulu to Kahooalapiko, then to Puuhinei (Maly and Maly 2002: 82, emphasis Maly's). 0 D29 The remainder of the boundary between North Kona and South Kohala is much further north than the later, officially agreed apron boundary. The extent of Davis' property was contested by the Crown in court in 1866, and was finally surveyed and mapped in 1867. Counsel for Davis contended the land granted by Kamehameha included the plains near the seacoast. Representatives of the Crown contended the grant consisted of the hill country only and no land on the Waik6loa plain. A.F. Judd recorded the court proceedings as follows: Conspicuous land marks, geographical points are the boundaries of districts and large lands; so Waikoloa has Puaapilau; Keahualono, Puukapele, and Puuhuluhulu, all hills, and not a low place on the plain and the meeting of two gulches in the plain, as alleged by the Crown, to the boundaries of Waikoloa. Puukapele and Keahualono are hills visible each from the other, and the two points establishing the base of the triangle (Handwritten notes of A.F. Judd November 28, 1866, Bergin collection). The hills of Waik6loa were determined to be Davis' land and the plains along the seacoast remained possessions of the Crown. G.D. Hu`eu's property contained: ...a house lot in the ili of Waikoloa, the cattle corral in the ili of Nohoaina, the goat corral in the ili land of Paulama, and the house site there. There are four sections. The first section is the house site in the ili of Waikoloa, it has been enclosed and there are two houses within; one house for the school teacher, Kauahi, he has only a house there; the other one is for Hueu. To the uplands and outer area (waho) is the land of Uilama Pakele (William Beckley); the kula (plain or open) lands on the lower (makai) side are also his; and on the Kohala side is the Alanui hele (path) and the corral of Parker folks and William [Beadle]. It is his old land, gotten from his father, Aikake (Isaac). From KI [Kamehameha 11. Gotten by Aikake from Koapapaa. No one has objected. Parcel two is in the ili land ofNohaaina, a cattle corral. Uilama Pakele's land is mauka, and on all sides. 30 D [Parcel three] The goat corral in ili land of Paulama. Uilama Pakele Dis the only one who bounds it on all sides. Parcel 4. Keoni's house lot is to the upland side; the outer (waho) D and shoreward (makai) sides are Uilama Pakele's land; towards Kohala is Leleiohoku's cattle corral. Hueu's interest is from Uilama. No one has objected. - DWilliam Beckley, sworn and stated: I know this, and his interest is from me. I gave him these sections in 1845-1846. (Native O Testimony Volume 4:18-19, translated in Maly and Maly 2002: 68-69). 1 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 William Beckley was an agent of the Crown entrusted with the management of cattle on Crown lands. Hu`eu's property eventually became the lands of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station. The project corridor is located along the southwest boundary of the property. THE HISTORY OF RANCHING AT THE KE`AMUKU SHEEP STATION Ke`amuku, as recorded on the first and all survey maps since, translates as "cut-off lava" and refers to the lava flow and low prominence (3074 ft amsl) west of the Ke`amuku Sheep Station (Pukui et al. 1974: 102). Cultural informants specified that in the Waimea-Waik6loa area, the station and ranch have from time immemorial been called Ke`amoku. Both muku and moku can be translated as cut off, or severed, as an island or district is delineated from its surroundings (Andrews 2003: 402, 407). The Ke`amuku lava flow runs parallel to and along the boundary between Kona and Kohala for more than 10 kilometers and Ke`amuku might refer to the lava flow's function of delineating the two moku of Kona and Kohala. The origin of organized sheep ranching in the Waimea region is credited to William French, who first arrived in Hawaii in 1819 as a representative of an American shipping venture involved in the sandalwood trade (Wellmon 1969: 49). By 1826 he was grazing sheep and cattle between Waimea and Kawaihae and by 1844 was exporting wool (Wellmon 1969: 57). French owned the Lihu`e Livestock Farm and a home in Waimea (the historic Spencer House) (Bergin 2004: 156). French also established a store at Pu`u Loa, and tallow works, a tannery, and blacksmith and carpentry shops (Bergin 2004: 156) in Waimea. French's ranching operation was taken over by Francis Spencer and partners after French's death in the mid -1850s (Bergin 2004: 157). 31 Francis Mcfarland Spencer (Born in England 1818, died 1897) arrived in Kawaihae in 1839 with his wife and two young children. For a time he ran the stagecoach from Kawaihae to Waimea, from Waimea to Kukuihaele, Honokaa, and Pauuilo (John Spencer interview, recorded by A. Wakayama 1983). Oxen, horses (Percherons), and mules were the primary draught animals for the stagecoach at that time. Spencer used his income to purchase land, and by the 1854 was operating a store and a sheep and cattle farm in Lihu`e. Spencer's copartners in the Lihu`e sheep farm were James Louzada and Henry Cornell (Maly and Maly 2002: 135). James Louzada was one of three "Spaniards" that were hired between 1930 and 1932 to hunt bullock on the island of Hawaii. Spencer and Louzada imported six Saxon -merino crossed sheep in 1858 to improve their stock (Bergin 2004: 229). Spencer also operated a sheep farm at Pu`u Loa (his primary residence), which combined with his other ranching interests, was called F. Spencer and Company. F. Spencer and Company entered into a partnership in 1861 with the newly formed Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company (WGAC), owned and operated by Robert Cheshire Janion and his partner William H. Green (Maly and Maly 2002: 134). The WGAC, like all ranching operations in the area, was involved in bullock hunting and the production of salted beef and hides as well as sheep and cattle ranching. The new joint business venture, consolidated under the name of the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company, became the largest ranching operation of its time. In 1865 Francis Spencer bought out the ranch operation of three Hawaiian ranchers who held a lease (General Lease No. 106) on the entire ahupua `a of Pu`u Anahulu adjacent to and west of Ke`amuku (Maly and Maly 2002: 137). On July 2, 1868 G.D. Hu`eu leased his land in Waik6loa to William L. Green on behalf of the WGAC for $600 per year (Maly and Maly 2002: 139). The 20 -year lease included all of the land awarded to G.D. Hu`eu under LCA Number 8521 B Parcel 1, except properties previously sold to William Claude Jones in October 1866 (Maly and Maly 2002: 137-139). The Hu`eu family was allowed to continue grazing their 1,000 cattle, 100 horses, and 1,000 sheep on the land under the terms of the lease. 32 1 1 1 t I 1- I 1 1 t t i t 0 The WGAC, in turn, leased the land to Francis Spencer, who leased the grazing rights to the WGAC. The lease, combined with- previously owned/leased land (seven properties altogether) gave Francis Spencer and the WGAC the right to hunt wild (unbranded) cattle and sheep, and to graze their cattle, sheep, horses, and mules over a vast area of land from Hilo to Hamakua, to South Kohala, and to Kona (Maly and Maly 2002: 137). William L. Green estimated that in 1870 100 "bush cattle" hides (also called "mountain hides") per year could be taken from Ke`amuku with a maximum return of 9.5 cents a hide (Maly and Maly 2002: 143). An early survey map drawn by Kaelemakula shows a "Hale o Spencer" (Spencer House) in the vicinity of the historic residence of the Ke`amuku Sheep Station (Figure 7). Given the difficulties of early survey procedure, the Hale o Spencer is situated very close to the Ke`amuku Sheep Station residence when plotted on the USGS Keamuku Quadrangle map (1982). It must be noted that the Kaelemakula map depicts the house on the southern bank of the gulch, not on the northern bank, as is the case with the location the residence at the Ke`amuku Sheep Station. There are two possible locations along the Ke`amuku gulch that are likely locations for the original house (suggested by archaeological investigations and map analysis) if the map is not incorrect. Cultural informants have maintained that the Ke`amuku House at the Ke`amuku Sheep Station is the original Spencer house. An English traveler, Isabella Bird, passed through the Waimea area in 1873 and described the Spencer residence and sheep operations at Pu`u Loa. On clambering over the wall which surrounds my;host's kraal of dwellings, I heard in the dusk strange, sweet voices crying rudely and emphatically, "Who are you? What do you want?" and was relieved to find that the somewhat inhospitable interrogation only proceeded from two Australian magpies. Mr. S. is a Tasmanian, married to a young half -white lady; and her native mother and seven or eight dark girls are here, besides a number of natives and Chinese, and half Chinese, who are employed about the place. Sheep are the source of my host's wealth. He has 25,000 at three stations on Mauna Kea, and, at an altitude of 6000 feet they flourish, and are free from some of the maladies to which they are liable elsewhere. Though there are only three or four sheep owners on the islands, they exported 288.526 lbs. of wool in 1872. Mr. S. has also 1000 head of cattle and 50 horses (Bird 1998: 147-148). 33 i rr. mss. 4 � t NN m 3 � \, Ells,.-+'.'Pr.�cy�,� � .1 , � v�.^• Figure 7: Kaelemakula Map Showing Hale o Spencer. She also described the Spencer sheep station at Kalai`eha where Francis Spencer's oldest son Ashford (1847-1891) and his wife Puakalehua Awai lived. I have described the "foreign residences" elsewhere. Here is one of another type, in which a wealthy sheep owner's son, married to a very pretty native woman, leads for some months in the year, from choice, a life so rough, that most people would think it a hardship to lead it from necessity. There are two apartments, a loft and a "lean-to." The hospitable owners gave me their sleeping -room, which was divided from the "living -room" by a canvas partition. 34 U usually the case, was too shy to eat with us, or even to appear at This last has a rude stone chimney split by an earthquake, holding all. Our host is a superb young man, very frank and pre -possessing fire enough to roast an ox. Round it the floor is paved with greatrough stones. A fire of logs, fully three feet high, was burning, but there was a faulty draught, and it emitted a stinging smoke. I looked for something to sit upon, but there was nothing but a high bench, or chopping -block, and a fixed seat in the corner of the wall. The rest of the furniture consisted of a small table, (� some pots, a frying -pan, a tin dish and plates, a dipper, and some (� tin pannikins. Four or five rifles and "shot -guns," and a piece of jcould raw meat, were hanging against the wall. A tin bowl was brought (� to me for washing, which served the same purpose for everyone. U The oil was exhausted, so recourse was had to the native expedient of ajar of beef fat with a wick in it. El We were most hospitably received, but the native wife, as is 0 35 usually the case, was too shy to eat with us, or even to appear at all. Our host is a superb young man, very frank and pre -possessing looking, a thorough mountaineer, most expert with the lasso and in hunting wild cattle. The "station" consists of a wool shed, a low grass hut, a but with one side gone, a bell -tent, and the more substantial cabin in which we are lodged. Several saddled horses were tethered outside, and some natives were shearing sheep, but the fog shut out whatever else there might be of an outer world. Every now and then a native came in and sat on the floor to warm himself, but there were no mats as in native houses. It was intolerably cold. I singed my clothes by sitting in the chimney, but jcould not warm myself. A fowl was stewed native fashion, and �J some rice was boiled, and we had sheep's milk and some ice cold water, the drip, I think, from a neighbouring cave, as running and �I standing water are unknown. There are 9000 sheep here, but they require hardly any attendance except at shearing time, and dogs are not used in herding them. Indeed, labour is much dispensed with, as the sheep are shorn unwashed, a great contrast to the elaborate washings of the flocks of the Australian Riverina. They come down at night of their own sagacity, in close converging columns, sleep on the gravel about the station, and in the early morning betake themselves to their Qfeeding grounds on the mountain. (Bird 1998: 232-233). George Bowser also described Waimea and the Spencer sheep ranching interests in the following terms: ... Waimea has always been a place of some considerable importance, and there are around it several pretty homesteads, 0 35 notably the residences of Mr. F. Spencer and the Reverend Mr. Lyons. From Mr. Spencer's veranda there is a striking view of Maunakea, the summit of which was at this time of the year still in its winter robe of snow. The snow never leaves this mountain -top entirely, but the position of the snow -line varies considerably with the season of the year, and also from one year to another, according to the weather which characterizes them. The country all round is chiefly suitable for grazing, and, besides innumerable wild cattle, descended, no doubt, from those which Vancouver gave to Kamehameha I, there are some 20,000 head depastured in the neighborhood, the property of Mr. Parker, who has, besides, some large droves of horses, probably numbering a thousand head in all. Mr. Spencer has turned his attention chiefly to sheep farming, and occupies a large tract of country with his flock of 15,000 sheep and 15,000 goats. Waimea itself, although of immemorial age, and once populous, is now only a scattered village, with but two stores and a boarding and lodging house and coffee saloon (Bowser 1880, quoted in Maly and Maly 2002:60, emphasis Maly's). At some point between the end of 1871 and the beginning of 1876, the WGAC went out of business due to drought (Wellmon 1969). Francis Spencer formed the Puuloa Sheep and Stock Company out of his sheep stations in Waimea, Waik6loa, and Pu`u Anahulu (Wellmon 1969: 44). In October of 1876 he sold (mortgaged) his interest in the Puuloa Sheep Ranch to George W. Macfarlane (Maly and Maly 2002: 145). Macfarlane sold a fourth of the interest to W. L. Green including, ... Twenty one thousand sheep with one fourth increase of the same, all sheep stations on the Island of Hawaii aforesaid with the improvements, and everything appurtenant to said sheep stations, all waggons, oxcarts, spring waggon, working oxen, steers, cows and calves, horses, mares, mules and all the goods, wares and merchandise in the retail store in Lihue, Island of Hawaii... the wool press, vats, tanks, pots, and all the implements and appurtenances belonging to or appertaining to sheep raising which were conveyed to me by Francis Spencer... I the said George W. Macfarlane have granted, sold, assigned and set over, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, assign and set over unto the said W.L. Green, the undivided fourth interest in all the several leases of land in the Island of Hawaii aforesaid, as follows, the lese of the Ahupuaa of Waikoloa, the land called Beadles Hill or Hokuula, Pitman's lease, the land called Holuokawai, and Kalopa... (Bureau of Conveyances Lib. 54:185-186, quoted in Maly and Maly 2002: 145). 36 1 I aAccording to Maly, Spencer "still maintained a residence and station at Ke`amuku through the 1880s and held his interests in the Pu`u Anahulu Ranch lease through 1895. A U sketch of the Waikoloa area drawn by J. Perryman in 1882 shows a series of buildings labeled �i "Warren's Keamuku" at the location of the Ke`amuku Sheep Station (Figure 8). Warren is most alikely a reference to William Warren who used the name Jack Purdy and worked for William Green and the WGAC (Bergin 2004: 84-85). Francis Spencer died in 1897. EA.W. Carter purchased the Puuloa Sheep and Stock Company interests for $20,000 EOne of the outbuildings was a shearing barn that was photographed in the early 1960s Q before it was demolished (Figure 9). Richard Smart wrote of the purchase and early sheep operations at Ke`amuku in the (Brennan 1972: 136) in January 1904 on behalf of Parker Ranch, including, ... was purchased by Parker Ranch in February 1904 along with the Keamuku Sheep Station. This was purchased from the O MacFarlane interests and included 4,500 ewes, 800 lambs, 300 wethers, and an undisclosed number of rams of reasonable breed - mainly merino crosses. Also undisclosed was the exact number of CI semiwild range sheep that grazed in adjoining Kalawamauna, but estimates were between 2, 000 and 2,500. At the time of purchase there were substantial improvements, including a dwelling, men's Eshearing quarters, and outbuildings that housed scales and equipment for sheep and packing wool. Pens, corrals, and yards were a left intact also. All told, A. W. acquired nearly 8,000 head of sheep, together with station improvements and equipment -but the centerpiece was the Lihu`e kuleana (property) itself adjacent to Waimea, followed by the Keamuku lands, which included Kalawamauna (Bergin 2004: 230). EOne of the outbuildings was a shearing barn that was photographed in the early 1960s Q before it was demolished (Figure 9). Richard Smart wrote of the purchase and early sheep operations at Ke`amuku in the 1 37 newsletter Paka Paniolo noting that it ... was purchased by Parker Ranch in February 1904 along with the stock numbering 6,175 sheep. Wool produced that year totaled O 10,000 pounds. Mr. Frank Johnson was the manager of the Puuloa Sheep and Stock Ranch when it was purchased by Parker Ranch, and remained as manager of the station until 1906 when Mr. A.C. Aubrey became the manager (Richard Smart 1965, quoted in Maly and Maly 2002: 210). a 1 37 P6I t 1 t I t I C t in 11 0 1 1 t 1 t A 0 Figure 9: The Ke`amuku Sheep Shearing Barn. Yutaka Kimura, who began working at Ke`amuku Section in 1919, was interviewed by Langlas and described early ranching at Ke`amuku, before the purchase, as follows: Kimura was told that the sheep range was not fenced, but that two men with dogs kept the sheep from wandering away. A Hawaiian named Nahulu lived on the lower side, in a shack at Pu`u Hinei, and a Chinese named Akuna lived on the upper side, in another shack makai of Pu `u Ke`eke`e. The Ke`amoku sheep operation ended not too long after Parker Ranch took it over. Mr. Kimura said that the sheep were taken from there up to Humu`ula "before my time." (Langlas et al. 1999: 46). A.W. Carter began grazing cattle at Ke`amuku Section in 1907 (Wellmon 1969). At that time there were eight employees listed as working at Ke`dmuku Section including, Condo (Kondo), Ah Kune, Ah Him, Mori, Suketa, Kanikubo, Yamamoto, Egawa, and Codeiro (Maly and Maly 2002: 173). By 1908 there were 18 employees, predominantly of Japanese descent (Maly and Maly 2002: 174). In March 1908 water was piped up to the Ke`amuku Section via Waiki`i. As a result, sheep and wool production from Parker ranch's Ke`amuku Section continued to increase and improve as documented in the following Paka Paniolo article: By June 1908 the station had increased its stock to 10,997 sheep D and produced 30,000 pounds of wool which was almost completely free of kikania (cockle burr). Therefore, Parker Ranch wool always brought good prices in Boston where it was marketed. Shearing (� was done early in the Spring before the kikania burrs had a chance U to mature and harden and stick to the wool. For this reason also 39 Parker Ranch wool was always preferred in the Islands as padding for the Hawaiian quilts. Speaking of quilts, Mrs. Theresa Quinn of Kohala was contracted to make a quilt for Queen Liliuokalani's bed at Washington Place during Governor Stainback's term of office. The wool for this quilt was donated by Parker Ranch (Richard Smart article 1965, quoted in Maly and Maly 2002: 210). In 1914, after Parker Ranch acquired the Humu`ula Sheep Station, A.W. Carter began to phase out sheep at the Ke`amuku Section. The invasion of kFkania that lodged in sheep's wool and made sheep shearing unprofitable at other locations in the early 1900s did not immediately affect the sheep at Ke`amuku Section. Wool continued to be produced at Ke`amuku until around 1918 when the remaining sheep and equipment were finally transferred to Humu`ula (Maly and Maly 2002: 171-172, 206). A.W. Carter commented on his sheep ranching experiences writing, I do not profess to be a sheep man. My business has been primarily cattle. However, I have learned considerable about sheep with reference to our own peculiar conditions. The only experience that I have had with sheep has been with a special type of Merino and I have imported rams of this type from Australia. This is a wool type. By the importation of rams I have been able to raise the average wool clip to about eight pounds per animal and it is the type of wool that is desired in trade. I ship it to Boston, the headquarters of wool in the United States, and we get a very good price. For many years the wool clip continued to be profitable. The wethers and ewes were sent to the Honolulu market. The wethers dressed out at about 48 pounds. The real demand is for lamb. We are not in a position on this particular Ranch to go into the lamb business. I have raised a few lambs for our local supply on Hawaii by crossing the English Leicester, which is a large long - wool sheep, on Merino ewes and I think this is a good practice if anyone should want to follow that line of business. For many years I have used an arsenic dip to cure and prevent sheep scabs and finally eliminated it. I have continued however, to use a carbolic dip annually and I think that anyone running sheep must dip their flocks every 12 months to keep them clean. We are fortunate in not having any burrs and our wool is very 40 0 0 1 0 0 1 U 0 clean as it comes from the sheep's back. Dirt and burrs, of course, depreciate the value [of] wool. The Merinos, which we use, are small, chunky animals, not like the large sized Merinos that you often see in Australia. We have a very rough and rugged country and we find that these do much better than heavier sheep. We run our sheep in paddocks; they are not herded. I have handled Southdowns and Shropshires but without much success (Bergin 2004: 236). Sheep were dipped annually in a cement dipping vat at Ke`amuku until they were transferred to the Humu`ula (Figure 10). There were no automobiles in 1910 and very few in the 1920s, all transportation was by foot, horse, or by wagon, carriage and buggy (Figure 11). Three major cart roads led to and from the Ke`amuku Section. The Ke`amuku-Waimea trail was situated from Ke`amuku, north past the eastern bases of Pu`u Papapa and Pu`u Nohonaohae (where it joined the trail to Spencer's sheep operations on Mauna Kea), and on to Waimea town (J.S. Emerson Field Book 251:83 and 109, in Maly and Maly 2002: 100-101). A second trail ran from Ke`amuku, northwest past the east side of Pu`u Hinai, and down to Puak6 (ibis). A third trail constructed in the 1800s is situated west of Ke`amuku Station in the direction of Pu`u Hinai (Maly and Maly 2002: A-472). Two later dirt roads connected Ke`amuku to Waiki`i and to the Kona -Waimea Road. Rally Greenwell and Jiro Yamaguchi commuted by vehicle from Hale Kea (Parker Ranch headquarters) and Waimea to Ke`amuku every day (Rally Greenwell interview, Jiro Yamaguchi interview collected for Maly and Maly 2002). A small crew of three two four hands lived at Ke`amuku House (Rally Greenwell interview collected for Langlas et al. 1999). Work at Ke`amuku included weeding, fence mending, goat eradication, rain gauge reading, sheep dipping and shearing, and the tending and driving of cattle. The earliest cowboys and ranch hands were mostly Hawaiian and cowboys like Matsuichi Yamaguchi learned to speak M Figure 10: Dipping Sheep at Ke`amuku in 1906. Figure 11: A Buckboard Wagon Used for Early Transportation at Parker Ranch. 42 1 I I! 1 J 1 0 fluent Hawaiian (Jiro Yamaguchi interview collected for Wolforth et al. 2004, and Ichiro Yamaguchi interview). The Plaster Gang, usually comprised of a Hawaiian foreman, a luna, and Japanese crew, constructed new fences, mended fences, and removed noxious weeds. Fence checking was done once a month. It took a day to check the fence from the Waimea -Kona belt road to Pu`u Hinai and another day to check it from Pu`u Hinai to Puak6 (Greenwell interview collected in Maly and Maly 2002). The type of fence post used for the construction of new fence lines was dependent primarily on location. Hardwood such as kiawe was preferred and used in places where it was close by, such as Puak6 (Rally Greenwell interview). Kiawe was also transported for use as corner posts where strength was important. Most of the fence posts at Ke`amuku are eucalyptus because they were grown there. Two types of Eucalyptus were used: red gum and blue gum. Red gum is easier to split and was used for central posts and the more solid blue gum was used for corner posts (Ichiro Yamaguchi interview). The Plaster Gang also removed Pampas—a name ranchers commonly used to refer to fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum)—spreading from the Kona side, from lava flows (up to a mile within the flow) surrounding Ke`amuku. As a result, Parker Ranch was free of fountaingrass. From the 1930s to1960s Parker Ranch worked to eradicate the panini or prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica and O. cordobensis). The cactus, brought from Mexico in 1809 for forage and moisture, was rampant by the early 1900s. Cactus eradication crews began working in the 1930s and cleared roughly 60,000 acres by 1965 (Bergin 2004: 272). Sheep were dipped annually and were shorn two to three times a year. Lambs were shorn in February and rams and ewes were shorn in May or June. Parker Ranch employees, contract men, and day workers were carried out the shearing. Eight or nine men could shear roughly 100 sheep a day (Ichiro Yamaguchi interview). Sheep were lead by ramp into the pen in the center of the shear barn where men working at individual stations along the outside edges of the central pen would select sheep for shearing. Each station had a mechanical clipper attached to a single motor for clipping the wool. FIN Shorn sheep were pushed individually into an outside corral through a hatch in the side of the shear barn. Each man kept a count for pay purposes. The combing (highest grade wool) and tags (lower grade wool) were then baled in a manual wool press. Nana `aina men kept and eye on the land and watched over the cattle (Rally Greenwell interview). Their daily presence with the cattle kept them familiar with men and kept them laka (tame). A nand `aina man knew the cycles of the environment and cattle. He was first to know when the calves were ready to drop, or when illness and death struck. He kept track of the water in paddocks and the state of the forage. The cowboy gang also ran the cattle from paddock to paddock depending on the rain. It was common to ride with a rifle to eradicate goats and to shoot older cattle to feed the pigs at Waiki`i (Foreman Books for Parker Ranch, H.P.A. collection). Wild pigs and plover (kdlea) were often shot to supplement provisions brought up from Waimea (Rally Greenwell interview). Rally remembered a smokehouse at the Ke`amuku House where they smoked pork and mutton (Rally Greenwell interview collected in Maly and Maly 2002). Figs, peaches, and watermelon were grown at Ke`amuku Station. Vegetables, hogs, and fowl raised at Waiki`i, and meat butchered and cut in Waimea supplemented food at all Parker Ranch sections (Rally Greenwell interview). Most food supplies and other necessities were sent up from Waimea. Three or four men lived at Ke`amuku year round. Three unmarried men lived at Ke`amuku House and went home to Waimea on weekends. Mr. Uyehara lived in a small cottage near the north gate and watched over the ranch on the weekends. Water for cooking, cleaning and bathing was collected from the shear barn roof (fog, dew, and mist more often than rain) before water was piped to Ke`amuku. The piped water was stored in a metal tank until a redwood tank was constructed in 1945 (Ichiro Yamaguchi interview). During World War II (between 1942 and 1945) portions of Parker Ranch were used for military training. The Army and Marines stationed some 30,000 to 50,000 men in Waimea. Tents and Quonset huts were located south of Waimea at Camp Tarawa. A firing range for artillery practice was set up and a dirt road for tank travel extended between Kawaihae and Pu'u 44 1 L� Ke'eke'e (Brennan 1974:164). The old wagon road Connecting Waimea to the Humu'ula area became the Saddle road, constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1943 (Langlas et at. 1999: 29). Jiro Yamaguchi noted that some 26,000 marines were training out by Pu`upa between the Waiki`i and Ke`amuku sections (Jiro Yamaguchi interview collected for Maly and Maly 2002). Though the Ke`amuku Section was off the beaten track it was renowned for the size and health of the cattle raised there. Dr. Billy Bergin attributes the success of both sheep and cattle ranching at Ke`amuku to its environment. The cool and weather, "strong ground" and "strong grass" at Ke`amuku are ideal conditions for raising healthy livestock (Bergin interview). Changes in weather patterns, improvement in transportation, and the impetus to consolidate and 0 centralize operations in the late 1940s foreshadowed a process that would eventually close outlying sections such as Ke`amuku and Waiki`i (Bergin interview). aUp until the late 1940s, the annual rains remained consistent. There was a time for planting and for rotating livestock through regional Fby paddocks, and the weather could be counted on. This changed and the early 1950s, crops were lost, and the ranch's feed planting program diminished, adjusting to the weather patterns (Maly and Maly 2002: 202). 0 Waiki`i Village and ranch section closed and most of the houses there were moved to "Little Waiki`i" in Waimea by 1957. Ke`amuku continued as a ranch section and in 1962 204). Only general repairs were made (Malay and Maly 2002: a small crew remained at Ke`amuku, while other ranch hands commuted from Waimea. The hands were kept busy weeding and mending fences. U Further changes in ranching strategy at Parker Ranch led to the consolidation of herds U (Rally Greenwell and Bergin, personal communication). Cattle were no longer moved (� (seasonally) from paddock to paddock within individual ranch sections as forage was depleted. L, As consolidation occurred Ke`amuku became less necessary, or even economical to maintain on n a full-time and full-scale basis. Richard Smart wrote in Paka Paniolo that: In the early days it was necessary to maintain Keamuku as an outpost camp as transportation and communication to and from the 0 45 camp were difficult but with the modern means of communication of today the Keamuku area may be inspected and worked very readily from headquarters at Waikii. This was a decision by management in the interest of streamlining ranch operations. The present buildings at the Keamuku camp will eventually be dismantled. Standing there now are several interesting old buildings including an old shearing barn (Richard Smart 1965, quoted in Maly and Maly 2002: 209-210). The house (bachelor's quarters) at the Ke`amuku Section was moved to the grounds of the Japanese Church (Hongwanji) in Waimea, the shear barn was demolished, and the area around it bulldozed (Rally Greenwell interview). Ke`amuku was used for joint military operations in the 1980s that included a Korean contingent (Mark Yamaguchi, interview collected for Maly and Maly 2002). In 2005, Ke`amuku was purchased by the U.S. Army for use as a STRYKER Brigade training area. The property is known as the Ke`amuku Maneuver Area at the U.S. Army Pohakuloa Training Area. Parker Ranch continues to use the property to pasture cattle. There are no military training features within the project corridor. All of the archaeological features identified within the project corridor date to the time period the property was used for sheep and cattle ranching. 46 r 1 1 n U �11 1 0 t t 1 METHODOLOGY ARCHIVAL METHODS In addition to referencing available resources at SCS, archival research was conducted in the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) report database and library facility (Hilo, HI), the Hawaii County land records office, the Waihona `Aina Mahele database website, the Hawaiian collections holdings at the University of Hawaii -Hilo Library, and the Hawaii State Library system. Archival work consisted of general research on the history and archaeology of the project area, as well as specific searches of previous archaeological studies in and around the current project area. Historic land use data, land ownership, maps, and narrative information were obtained from the Hawaii County land records office, the Waihona `Aina Mahele database website, and the University of Hawaii, Hilo, Special Collections. CONSULTATION Oral interviews conducted by SCS with Jiro Yamaguchi, Rally Greenwell, Dr. Billy Bergin, and Ichiro Yamaguchi for lands of Ke`amuku were used in the present study. In addition, oral interviews collected with John Spencer (Wakayama 1983) and others (Langlas et al. 1999) knowledgeable about the lands of Ke`amuku were consulted. FIELD METHODS Inventory Survey work was conducted intermittently from September 16, 2008 to March 26, 2009 (320 man-hours total) by Suzan Keris, B.A. and Glenn Escott, M.A (Project Director). Bob Spear, PhD was the Principle Investigator for the project. There were four main field components to Inventory Survey process: pedestrian survey of the entire project area; plotting located sites on a project area map with Global Position System (GPS) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) units (Zone 5 North) using WSGS84 datum for all three sites; individual site mapping and recording; and hand excavations. Survey was conducted along east/west traverse lines at ten to 15 meter intervals apart. Observed cultural features were assigned temporary feature numbers. The site UTM was recorded at the site datum, which is marked with a metal tag. Four sites (rock mounds) were selected for test excavation to determine several site characteristics including site function, construction method, and timing. Test -units were excavated as 0.5 x 0.5 meter and 1.0 x 1.0 meter dug in both natural and arbitrary 10 centimeter levels. These were used on features that were thought to have a high potential for yielding functional or temporal data, and used where vertical control would contribute to this data. Test - 47 units were screened for cultural material through 1/8t" inch mesh, and all units were stratigraphically profiled. Cultural material was recorded by type on standard SCS excavation forms and collected. Soil colors were recorded using Munsell color charts, soil composition was recorded with the aid of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Survey Manual on standard soil stratigraphy forms, and profiles were drawn. Overview photographs were taken of individual site features, sites, excavations, and the project area. Color photographs were taken with a 3.2 mega -pixel digital camera using a 20 cm long north arrow scale divided into 10 cm black and white increments. LABORATORY METHODS Inventory of midden and artifacts collected from the test excavations were analyzed and weighed. Bottle glass recorded during the current study was automatic bottle machine made (after 1900 to 1910). No earlier, dark green, hand blown or mould blown bottle glass was recorded during the current study. All field notes, maps, cultural material, and photographs pertaining to this project are currently being curated at the SCS facilities on the Island of Hawaii. 48 t 1 r 1 0 1 t Q 0 FJ t t 1 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Past archaeological investigations along the coast near the ahupua `a of Waikoloa are numerous. Several studies document sites on the inland plain of Waikoloa. Archaeological studies in the uplands of Waikoloa near the present project area are few in number. Sites from all three environmental areas function together in a cultural and economic sense, but are very different in their regional characteristics. This report briefly summarizes archaeological feature types common to the coastal and inland plain. Individual archaeological reports pertaining to upland Waikoloa and lands of Ke`amuku are discussed in greater detail. COASTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS More than 30 archaeological studies have been conducted along the coast from `Anaeho`omalu Bay to Puako (discussed in detail in the "Early Settlement and Expansion" section above). Coastal archaeological features include habitation sites (lava tubes, C -shapes, and platforms) and tool production sites associated with fishing. Fishhooks, octopus lures, and marine midden are common artifacts found at coastal sites. Basalt extraction and abrader production features are located up to a half mile from the coast on lava fields. Small excavations in the lava likely used to trap birds for food are interspersed with abrader production features. Numerous trails connect the coastal habitation sites with these inland economic features. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE INLAND PLAINS TO THE UPLANDS OF WAIKOLOA The Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Project surveyed a large strip of the Waimea (or Lalamilo) Field System in Kawaihae, Lalamilo, Waimea, and Mudlane (Barrerra and Kelly 1974, Kirch and Clause 1981, Athens 1981, Clark and Kirch 1983). The major result of this study was the documentation of an agricultural system that combined traditional irrigated pondfield cultivation and dryland cultivation to form an intensive "supplemental irrigation" form of cultivation (Kirch 1983: 527). Common agricultural features of the Waimea Field System include walled and rectilinear fields, terraces, and canals. An example of field distribution in one portion of the field system is depicted in above. ACOE conducted a reconnaissance survey of a 60 in wide corridor along the PTA to Kawaihae tank trail (Figure 12). The project area covered an area from the inland plain to the uplands of Waik6loa. No cultural or archaeological resources were identified within the study area (Cox 1983). Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, Inc. (GEES) conducted an archaeological inventory survey in central Waik6loa (Nees and Williams 2000a). Three pre -Contact era sites and several Historic period sites were recorded. Pre -Contact sites included the mid -17th century battlefield site at Pu`u Pa (battle between Lonoikamakahiki and Kamalalawalu), two agricultural sites, and the prison camp located near the Kamakao Gulch. Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, Inc. (GEES) conducted archaeological monitoring and reconnaissance survey on six parcels within the ahupua `a of Kawaihae 2, `Ouli, Lalamilo, Waikoloa, and Pu`ukapu (Robins et al. 2001). The majority of the 153 sites are associated with military training (defensive positions). Fifty-three sites have features associated with the pre -Contact era or traditional Hawaiian practices (mainly habitation). The remaining sites are associated with Historic period ranching. Two sites were recorded on Ke`amuku ranch section lands, including a dryland agricultural complex (Site 22929) and a pre -Contact era temporary habitation (Site 22933). The former site is located within the crater of Pu`u He`ewai and the latter within the crater of Pu`u Kanalopakanui. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc. (SCS) conducted an archaeological inventory survey of 723 acres (292 hectares) for the proposed Saddle Road Extension corridor situated east of `Anaeho`omalu Bay to approximately 300 m southeast of the present project area (Wolforth et al. 2006). Fifty-seven sites, located primarily at lower elevations, were identified. The majority of sites are associated with the extraction of scoriaceous lava, abrader production, and a network of trails that connect these sites to coastal habitation sites. Low and mid -elevation sites also include basalt extraction quarries and caves, including habitation/refuge caves. 50 1 1 1 1 n 1 t 0 t 1 0 1 Figure 12: Previous Archaeological Projects on Lands of Ke`amuku. O51 One site (Site 24465) was recorded in the upland Waikoloa region near the present project area (see Figure 12). Site 24465 is a multi-component site situated below the Mamalahoa Highway approximately 3.25 km northwest of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station (Wolforth et al. 2006:32-44)). The site consists of five features associated with pre -Contact and post - Contact era farming and ranching (Figure 13). Figure 13: Site 24465 Planview. Feature 1 is a roughly circular enclosure 37 to 40 meters in diameter, from 0.3 to 0.9 meters in height, and located at the southern edge of the site (Figure 14). It is constructed of dry - laid pahoehoe (vesicular basalt) cobbles and boulders stacked three to five stones wide (1 to 2 meters) and four to five courses high. The ground surface within the enclosure is 40% exposed pahoehoe and 60% shallow sediment with a dense cover of fountain grass. The interior ground surface is uneven and undulating, slopes gently to the northwest, and is dominated by 4 small hillocks at the center of the enclosure. The hillocks are the remains of pressure blisters in the pahoehoe flow that left exposed outcrops ranging from 1.0 to 1.7 meters above the interior ground surface of the enclosure. No cultural remains were present within or around Feature 1. 52 SITE 24465 STUDY CORRIDOR i ROAD CORRIDOR FEATURE 2 � FEATURE 3 FEATURE 4 TN AHU 0 r 0 FEET 300 FEATURE 5 AHU rn� FEATURE 1 Figure 13: Site 24465 Planview. Feature 1 is a roughly circular enclosure 37 to 40 meters in diameter, from 0.3 to 0.9 meters in height, and located at the southern edge of the site (Figure 14). It is constructed of dry - laid pahoehoe (vesicular basalt) cobbles and boulders stacked three to five stones wide (1 to 2 meters) and four to five courses high. The ground surface within the enclosure is 40% exposed pahoehoe and 60% shallow sediment with a dense cover of fountain grass. The interior ground surface is uneven and undulating, slopes gently to the northwest, and is dominated by 4 small hillocks at the center of the enclosure. The hillocks are the remains of pressure blisters in the pahoehoe flow that left exposed outcrops ranging from 1.0 to 1.7 meters above the interior ground surface of the enclosure. No cultural remains were present within or around Feature 1. 52 [4.65j r o. a as a • ti,4s* [Mil r 1a 1 10371 1��4f L [0.911 80% Fountain Grass inside and outside enclosure 80%. Shallow Sediment over bedrock: [0.431 , [0.651 [0:.571 Figure 14: Site 24465 Feature 1 Plan. Feature 2 is a rectangular enclosure 18 by 16 meters, from 0.2 to 0.6 meters in height, at the northern edge of the site (Figure 15). The enclosure is constructed of platy pahoehoe cobbles stacked three to four courses high and three to four stones wide (1 to 2 meters). The walls appear to have been faced on both the interior and exterior by placing the platy pahoehoe on end either 53 on or in the ground surface. Numerous facing stones are still in position and many others have fallen over onto the ground surface around the perimeter of the enclosure. Four "entrances" exist in the enclosure walls and appear to be caused by cattle or goats passing in and out of the enclosure. The enclosure is in fair condition and has been altered by the action of ruminants grazing in and around it. The ground surface is level consisting predominantly of shallow sandy silt deposits supporting a 90% coverage of fountain grass. Ash and charred grass from recent burning is evident on the ground surface. A 4 cm wide by 70 cm long band of metal strapping and green bottle glass were located on the ground surface within the enclosure. No other cultural material was present in the vicinity of Feature 2. Twenty Four shovel probes and two one by one meter test units were excavated at Feature 2. A kukui nut fragment submitted for radiocarbon dating returned a calibrated range of 1490 to 1660, with an intercept at AD 1640. The majority of artifacts recovered from both test units and shovel probes included early post -contact, dark green bottle glass, square -cut nail fragments, and other historic items, as well as marine shell fragments, and bone animal fragments. Feature 3 is an oval enclosure measuring 15 by 8 meters, and from 0.4 to 0.6 meter in height (Figure 16). The enclosure is constructed ofpdhoehoe cobbles stacked two to three courses high and two to three stones wide (1 to 2 m). The interior of the enclosure is level sediment with 25% fountain grass, and is 11 by 5 meters. There is roughly 6 meters of facing on the interior of the eastern portion of enclosure wall, but it lacks a formal entrance. Feature 3 is in fair condition and has been altered by ruminants grazing in the area. Numerous cobbles appear to have fallen out of the enclosure wall and are scattered on the surrounding ground surface. No cultural remains were present on the surface in the vicinity of Feature 3. A small amount of charred material was recovered from four shovel probes excavated at Feature 3. No cultural material was recovered from a one by one meter test -unit excavated at Feature 3. Feature 4 and Feature 5 were identified as ahu (rock mounds) likely marking a trail or used for some other function. 54 90% Fountain Grass inside and outside enclosure 2� o b _ P Feature 2 Platy Pahoehoe On End Q Basalt Cobble Cattle/Goat Trail [0.201 Maters above ground surface sown TN 0 1 2 3 [0.461 3+. 1 '1 j [0.201 z z z [0.371 I. SPT LINE II ��— 27 X Metal Strapping [0.451 I I TU -2 OX Green Bottle Glass 5 I [0.301 • 99 _ SPT LINE 1 3 s 3 4 1 3 I [0.571 1 Figure 15: Site 24465 Feature 2 Plan. 55 Figure 16: Site 24465 Feature 3 Plan. Site 24465 is a multicomponent site with a prehistoric occupation of unknown function, and a historic farmstead occupation dating to the mid -1800s. The physical characteristics of the stone enclosures suggest that they were created during prehistory. They are low, stone alignments lacking the core -fill indicative of historically created walls. They are too low to keep 56 1 I animals in or out, and this is reinforced by their lack of use by ranchers: Parker Ranch did not use these features in any way (Mark Yamaguchi interview). Although there are no distinctly prehistoric artifacts in the small material assemblage collected in this investigation, there is one (� kukui nut fragment. Kukui trees are not present in the area now, and it is unlikely that they were U present in the area in the past. None of the historical or botanical research indicates that kukui n trees were native to the region. The kukui nut fragment in the Site 24465 assemblage was IUI brought to the area. The radiocarbon results indicate that the most likely time that it was brought to the site was around AD 1640. The nearby ahu (Feature 5) is also a typical prehistoric feature, and is similar in configuration to other trail markers in the project area and throughout Hawaii. The origin and function of the pair of ahu (Feature 4) near the large circular enclosure (Feature 1) is less clear, but they may also represent a trail pathway The way that this set of features was used during prehistory is unclear. The nearby level Opockets of soil may have been used for agriculture, and the enclosures may have been a habitation associated with that activity. There are numerous caves in the area, and the enclosures (� may have functioned as an activity node for people entering and using the caves. Battles were �J fought along the shoreline to the west of here, and the enclosures may be related to battle camps Dor battlefields in some way. The historical component is associated with agriculture. The nearby level colluvial soils were used for farming in the 1800s (see Figure 4), and it has been passed down that pumpkin was one of the cultigens grown in the area (Mark Yamaguchi interview). The paucity of material Oremains suggests that the historical occupation was short in duration, or not very intensive. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON LANDS OF KE`AMUKU Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc (PHRI) conducted an archaeological inventory survey of two proposed Saddle Road alignments within the present project area (Langlas et al. 1999). PHRI recorded two historic sites on the property, including the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (Site 50-10-33-20855) and two Historic period enclosures (Site 50-10-33-20854). (�f Phase I (Robins et al. 2004) and Phase II (Robins et al. 2007) archaeological studies were conducted on the entire property of the Parker Ranch Ke`amuku Station by GANDA, and a DPhase II study (Escott 2006; Johnson and Escott 2009 draft) was conducted by Scientific Consultant Services, Inc. on the primary work and living areas of the station (see Figure 12). GANDA documented 68 sites comprised of 265 features (Table 3) within the project area. Fifty 57 two (76%) of the sites contain post -Contact features associated with ranching, habitation, and boundary markers. Four sites (6%) contain possible pre -Contact or early post -Contact era features, including a burial cave, a temporary habitation enclosure, a petroglyph, and a pictograph. Two (3%) sites had both pre- and post -Contact features. The period associations of ten (15%) sites were unclear and could not be determined. The majority of features are rock mounds and cairns associated with ranching era land clearing, boundary demarcation, and the quarrying of rock for construction material (most likely for construction of.the Kona -Waimea Belt Road. A number of terraces, enclosures, C -shapes, two rock shelters, and an L -shape are associated with temporary habitation and agriculture. Several walls are associated with ranching and agriculture. Sites are concentrated in the northern along the existing Mamalahoa Highway, in the vicinity of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station, along the southwestern edge of the Ke`amuku Station Parcel, and to a lesser extent at north tip of the Ke`amuku Station Parcel, and at two upland paddock areas (Figure 17). Table 2: West PTA Acquisition Area. Phase i Sites (GANDA 2003. 39-421_ Site No. Feature No. Site/Feature Type Probable Function Age 20854 1-5 C -shape Complex Habitation Post -Contact 20855 1 Kona -Waimea Belt Road Government road Post -1916 21132 1-5 Mound complex Construction Material Post -Contact 22929 1-12 Terrace -Enclosure Complex Habitation Undetermined 22933 1 Rockshelter Habitation Undetermined 23467 1 Enclosure Military Post -Contact 23468 1-2 Mound Complex Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23472 1-2 Cairn complex Boundary Markers Post -Contact 23473 1-2 Mound complex Markers Post -Contact 23489 1 Mound Land Clearing Post -Contact 23490 1-2 Enclosure Complex Temporary Habitation Pre -Contact 23491 1 Mound Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23492 1 Wall section Boundary Remnant Post -Contact 23493 1 Mound Land clearing Post -Contact 23494 1 Cairn Marker Post -Contact 23495 1-5 Complex Agriculture Post -Contact 23496 1 Platform Water tank foundation Post -Contact 23498 1 Cairn Marker Post -Contact 23499 1-8 Complex Cattle Watering/Agriculture Post -Contact 58 1 1 1 t 0 1 L. 1 11M t 1 1 1 1 t t Site No. Feature No: Site/Feature Type Probable Function Age 23500 1-2 Parallel walls Possible cattle chute Post -Contact 23501 1 Petroglyph Rock art Pre -Contact 23502 1 Cairn Possible Marker Undetennined 23503 1 Cairn Possible Marker Undetermined 23504 1 Cairn Possible Marker Undetermined 23505 1-2 Enclosure/Platform Complex Habitation Post -Contact 23506 1 Wall Possible cattle chute Post -Contact 23508 1 Terrace Erosion Control Post -Contact 23509 1-24 Mound Complex Construction Material Post -Contact 23510 1 Mound Survey Marker Post -Contact 23511 1 Enclosure Temporary habitation Pre-Contact/Post- Contact 23512 1-3 Enclosure/Mound Complex Possible Habitation Post -Contact 23513 1 Cairn Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23514 1 Cairn Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23515" 1 Firing Position Milit "' Training Post -Contact 23516 1 Ranch Road. Trans`ortation Post=Contact 23517 4 Cremation Remains ' Burial Modern 23518 1 Retaining Wall Ranch Road Post -Contact 23519 1-4 Complex Habitation/ Animal Pen? Post -Contact 23520 1-3 Mound Complex Construction Material Post -Contact 23521 1-7 Mound Complex Construction Material Post -Contact 23522 1-6 Mound complex Construction Material Post -Contact 23523 1-2 Terrace, Mound Possible Habitation Pre-Contact/Post- Contact 23524 1 Cairn Marker Post -Contact 23525 1-2 Mound Survey Markers Post -Contact 23526 1 Enclosure Remnant Habitation Post -Contact 23527 1 Pictograph Rock art Pre -Contact 23528 1 Cairn Boundary Marker Undetermined 23529 1 Mound Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23530 1 Cairn Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23531 1 Cairn Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23532 1 Cairn Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23533 1 Cairn Boundary Marker Post -Contact 534 1 Mound Boundary Marker Post -Contact _23 23536 1 Mound Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23537 1 Mound Boundary Marker Post -Contact 23538 1 Mound Land Clearing Post -Contact 23539 1-100. Ke`amuku Ranch.: Station :: Sheep -cattle station: permanent habitation; animal pens Post -Contact , 23540 1 Retaining Wall Road Post -Contact 23541 1-3 Enclosure Complex Animal Pens Post -Contact 23542 1 C -Sha ed Enclosure Temporary Habitation/Hunting? Post -Contact 59 SiteN6. Feature 'No. Site/Feature Type Probable Function Age 23543 1-83 Mound Complex Construction Material Post -Contact 23576 1-5 Concrete Pads Foundation Post -Contact 23579 1-33 Complex Temporary Habitation; Agriculture; Boundary Post -Contact 23580 1 Enclosure Temporary Habitation Post -Contact 23588 1 Faced Mound Marker/Possible Shrine Undetermined 23591 1 Lava Tube Burial Pre -Contact 23592 1 Mound Possible Marker Undetermined 23593 1-2 Mound Complex Markers Undetermined 23594 1 Mound Marker Undetermined 23597 1 Mound Land Clearing Post -Contact 23599 1-3 Mound Complex Construction Material Post -Contact 23600 1 Mound Complex Land Clearing Post -Contact 23620 1-3 Mound Complex Land Clearing Post -Contact Sites highlighted blue are documented in Escott 2006 and Johnson and Escott 2009. M1 0 r 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Figure 17: Archaeological Site Concentrations on the Ke`amuku Station. 61 Phase II archaeological investigations at the Parker Ranch Ke`amuku Station work and living area (Escott 2006; Johnson and Escott 2009 draft) suggest the station was first established during the mid -19th century as an early sheep ranching enterprise, combined with bullock hunting and the earliest attempts to domesticate wild cattle. Living quarters, processing facilities, walls, and corrals were constructed during this period. Early ranch layout, building construction techniques, material culture, and dietary regime suggest a synthesis of Hawaiian, Japanese, and Western cultures. The sheep ranch facilities underwent further transformation and renovation after 1904 to accommodate cattle ranching, as reflected in the remains of fences, corrals, and dietary changes in the archaeological record. One of the major problems that confronted early ranchers at the Ke'amuku Sheep and Cattle Station was the availability of water and changing rainfall patterns, both seasonally and annually. The ability to tap distant groundwater sources and to transport water to the ranch after 1908 enabled it to become one of the most fertile sections of Parker Ranch. Features at the Ke'amuku Sheep and Cattle Station were grouped into three activity areas: the Upper Corral Area, The Lower Corral Area, and the Ke'amuku House Area. Excavations suggest that the Upper Corral Area was likely one of the earliest locations used at the ranch. The Lower Corral and Shear Barn Area was the processing center for sheep and cattle during the height of the ranching industry. The shear barn was later used to store saddle, tack, and tools after 1918 when the sheep were moved to the Humu`ula section of Parker Ranch. EXPECTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Based on historical accounts, oral interviews, and previous archaeological studies, SCS expected that post -Contact rock mounds and other survey and boundary markers will be located within the study corridor. Although the land within the present study corridor has been previously surveyed (Robins et al. 2004), the thick cover of fountain grass might have concealed smaller features such as rock mounds. It is unlikely that larger features associated with ranching and habitation, such as rock walls, platforms and enclosures will be identified during the present study. 62 1 1 1 r 1 t 1 1 1 t t 1 1 t 1 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY RESULTS Three previously identified archaeological sites and four new sites were located in the present study corridor (Figure 18), including five rock mounds (SIHP Sites 50-10-21-23528, 50- 10-21-26875, 50-10-21-26876, 50-10-21-26877, and 50-10-21-26878), a segment of the old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (SIHP Site 50-10-21-20855), and remnants of a ranching -era fence (SIHP Site 50-10-21-23452). Four of the rock mounds (Sites 23528, 26875, 26877, and 26878) correspond roughly to the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station lands and ranch lands to the southwest. This area is also the boundary between Waik6loa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua `a. Site 26875 contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll of galvanized fence wire in its construction. A fifth rock mound (Site 26878) appears to mark a possible hunting spot. Another rock mound (Site 26876) marks'the intersection of two ranch roads along the southeast side of the Ke`amuku cattle station lands. The ranching -era fence (Site 23452) appears to have been used early in the history of sheep and cattle ranching at Ke`amuku. The original fence wire has been removed and it passes through the middle of several more recently fenced paddocks. SITE 50-10-21-20855 FORM Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road FUNCTION: Transportation AGE: Historic (1916-1922) DIMENSIONS: Length: 500.Om (E/W); Width: 6.0m; Height: 1.73m (max) CONDITION: Good SURFACE ARTIFACTS: None EXCAVATION: None SITE 20855 Site 20855 is located at station 9+00, between the station left (LT) and station right (RT) boundary of the proposed corridor, at an elevation of 2,540ft (774m) amsl (see Figure 18). The site is the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road surface and two causeways (Features 1 and 2). The road surface is oriented northeast/southwest, is approximately 4.0 meters wide, and is bare dirt. The road surface appears unaltered and is in good condition. Feature 1 is a causeway located along the east edge (Station 9+00 LT) of the study corridor (Figure 19). The road is constructed into the side of a northward sloping hill (Figure 20). Portion of the hillside south of the road have been removed to form a level road bed. The causeway is constructed under the north edge of the road to prevent it from collapsing down slope. 63 4 s w 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 I 1 0 r 1 � Y � r r ---------------------------- r" J x ( G7 1 1. 1 1 ri k ! t i. i f ! f I r I' !: 2 P. Feature 1 is 20.40m long (east/west) by 6.Om wide, and is 1.73m high (maximum). The causeway is constructed of angular and subangular large cobbles and small boulders stacked one to six courses high along the north edge of the road (Figure 21). The rocks are well -fitted, well - faced, and slope outward away from the road edge (Figure 22). Feature 1 appears to be unaltered and is in good condition. Feature 1 is in the study corridor but is not in the proposed construction corridor, and will not be impacted by road construction. Figure 20: Site 20855 Feature 1, View to East (lm scale). Feature 2 is a causeway located along a two to three meter high elevation break at the west edge (Station 9+00 RT) of the study corridor (Figure 23). The causeway is constructed under the north edge of the road to prevent it from collapsing down slope. Feature 2 is approximately 50.Om long (east/west) by 6.Om wide, and is 1.50m high (maximum). The causeway is constructed of angular and subangular large cobbles and small boulders stacked one to eight courses high along the north edge of the road (Figure 24). The rocks are well -fitted, well -faced, and slope outward away from the road edge. There is a drainage culvert constructed under the road surface to allow water to pass under the road (Figure 25). The road surface is built up with pebbles and cobbles along its north edge (Figure 26). Feature 2 appears to be unaltered and is in good condition. Approximately 9.Om of Feature 2 are in the study corridor Me but not in the proposed construction corridor, and the causeway will not be impacted by road construction. Figure 21: Site 20855 Feature 1, View to Southeast (lm scale). Figure 22: Site 20855 Feature 1 Construction, View to Southeast (lm scale). 67 W", r FDGE A'UDYCORRIDOR CULVERT SITE. 20855. FEATURE I PLAN VIEW LUFLS011, tit CRASS t47 01.RT ROAD SURFACE wry PUBBLES.4- FLXf BOULDERS 1,EVFL SOIL& GRASS 120 0 , so 104 '150 200 cm IN KEY Pq RASAUROtKS 91--si.bPE ff]. cm 11FLOWTOP SUPF.ACF OF ROAD Figure 23: Site 20855, Feature 2 Planview. 68 150 67, 1 1 i I t 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 Figure 24: Site 20855, Feature 2, View. to Southwest (lm scale). Figure 25: Site 20855, Feature 2 Culvert, View to South. Figure 26: Site 20855, Feature 2 Road Surface, View to Southwest (20cm scale). The original road was a wagon track, and this section of the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (Site 20855) was built on top of the wagon road in about 1920 (Langlas et al. 1999:81). The section of road documented in this study was constructed by prison laborers who were housed at a camp makai of the modern Saddle Road and Mamalahoa Highway intersection. Portions of the road east of Feature 1 up to the modern Saddle Road intersection were paved (ibid.). This portion is not paved. The Old Waimea -Kona Belt was approximately 63 km long. Numerous remnant segments of the road are evident on either side of the modern Mamalahoa Highway between Pu`uanahulu and Saddle Road. Langlas recommended data recovery and interpretation for the portions of Site 20855 his study looked at (Langlas et al. 1999:147). An interpretive sign will be placed at a pull out constructed by the site near Features 1 and Feature 2 though they are outside of the construction corridor. Monitoring is recommended along the entire length of the proposed construction corridor during ground disturbance activities associated with this project. 70 1 1 t SITE 50-10-21-23452 11 1 t 1 1 1 �l 0 1 t t 1 1 SITE 23452 (Previously Recorded by PTA Cultural Resources Staff) Site 23452 is a remnant segment of ranching -era fence posts situated at 110°/290° and located between station 339+00 LT and station 349+00 RT at an elevation of roughly 4,600 ft (1,402m) amsl (see Figure 18). The documented segments of the fence line are situated from the eastern boundary of the U.S. Army Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) to an area west of the current study corridor within the Ke`amuku property (Figure 27). The segment of fence line that crosses the present study corridor consists of fence posts of cut natural logs, either whole or halved, or quartered, and set into the ground surface. The log posts vary from 15cm to 20cm in diameter, and are roughly 120cm to 140cm above the modern ground surface (Figures 28, and 29). The fence wire has been removed, but there are some heavy gauge galvanized metal staples in the posts, that once held the wire to the posts. There are twenty fence posts standing in the study corridor and one post in the corridor that has fallen down. Site 23452 is documented in many places within PTA, where it is in better condition. In some places along the fence line on PTA, there are signs stating that the fence marks the boundary of a game management area and no hunting is allowed. It is possible that the fence is related to early attempts to fence in cattle within owned property to keep them separate from the King's cattle. It might have later been used to separate private sheep and cattle land from state owned land (a game management area) to the south. The fence line within the study corridor no longer has any wire and consists of fence posts only. It has been altered by ranching activity and is in poor condition. 71 FORM Fence Posts FUNCTION: Boundary marker/Fence in Ranch Animals AGE: Historic O DIMENSIONS: Length: 0.9m (E/W); Width: 0.8m; Height: 0.65m (max) CONDITION: Fair SURFACE ARTIFACTS: None n EXCAVATION: None 11 1 t 1 1 1 �l 0 1 t t 1 1 SITE 23452 (Previously Recorded by PTA Cultural Resources Staff) Site 23452 is a remnant segment of ranching -era fence posts situated at 110°/290° and located between station 339+00 LT and station 349+00 RT at an elevation of roughly 4,600 ft (1,402m) amsl (see Figure 18). The documented segments of the fence line are situated from the eastern boundary of the U.S. Army Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) to an area west of the current study corridor within the Ke`amuku property (Figure 27). The segment of fence line that crosses the present study corridor consists of fence posts of cut natural logs, either whole or halved, or quartered, and set into the ground surface. The log posts vary from 15cm to 20cm in diameter, and are roughly 120cm to 140cm above the modern ground surface (Figures 28, and 29). The fence wire has been removed, but there are some heavy gauge galvanized metal staples in the posts, that once held the wire to the posts. There are twenty fence posts standing in the study corridor and one post in the corridor that has fallen down. Site 23452 is documented in many places within PTA, where it is in better condition. In some places along the fence line on PTA, there are signs stating that the fence marks the boundary of a game management area and no hunting is allowed. It is possible that the fence is related to early attempts to fence in cattle within owned property to keep them separate from the King's cattle. It might have later been used to separate private sheep and cattle land from state owned land (a game management area) to the south. The fence line within the study corridor no longer has any wire and consists of fence posts only. It has been altered by ranching activity and is in poor condition. 71 P6, N t I i1 I 0 t t 'II 1 IMIJ In 1 P6I SITE 50-10-21-23528 FORM Circular Rock mound FUNCTION: Boundary marker AGE: Historic DIMENSIONS: Length: 0.9m (E/W); Width: 0.8m; Height: 0.65m (max) CONDITION: Fair SURFACE ARTIFACTS: None EXCAVATION: None SITE 23528 (Previously Recorded, Robins et al. 2004) Site 23528 is located at station 48+00, between the centerline (CL) and the left (LT) boundary of the proposed corridor, at an elevation of 2,862ft (872.3m) amsl (see Figure 18). The site consists of a single circular rock mound situated at the top of a low ridge oriented 140° /320° (Figure 30 and 31). The ridge is approximately 15 to 20ft (4.5 to 6.0m) above the surrounding ground surface, in an area of rolling ridges and knolls with no panoramic view. The ridge surface is predominantly silt, with intermittent bedrock outcrops. The rock mound measures 0.9m (E/W) by 0.8m, is 0.65m in height, and is constructed of a large cobble and four small boulders stacked two courses high on a small boulder bedrock outcrop (Figure 32). The rock mound appears to be unaltered and is in good condition. Figure 30: Site 23528, View to Northeast (20cm scale). FW 0 Site 23528 is in close proximity to several rock mounds along the southwest property boundary (Figure 33). Sites 23491, 23468 (not shown in Figure 33), 23513, 23514, 23528, 23529, 23530, 23531, 23532, 23533, 23536, 23537, 23538, 26875, 26876, and 26878 are either (� right along the southwest property boundary to roughly 500m northeast of it. This property U boundary is also the boundary between Waikoloa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua`a, and North Kona and South Kohala. It is most likely that the rock mounds are the result of several early Historic Oto late Historic efforts to survey and record and mark these boundaries. 0 n Figure 31: Site 23528, View to South (20cm scale). i D75 r igure iz: mne LiDLa rianview. 76 2 SITE 50-10-21-26875 FORM Circular Rock mound FUNCTION: Boundary marker AGE: Historic DIMENSIONS: Length: 1.64m (56°/236°); Width: 1.30 m; Height: 0.58m (max) CONDITION: Fair SURFACE ARTIFACTS: Fence wire EXCAVATION: lm by lm test -unit Site 26875 (SCS Temporary Site 1) Site 26875 is located 15.5m at 153° from station 6+00 RT, at an elevation of 2,530ft (771m) amsl (see Figure 18). The site consists of a circular rock mound situated at the top of a ridge (Figure 34). The ridge is approximately 100ft (30.48m) above the surrounding ground surface and is oriented 160°/340°. The rock mound measures approximately 1.64m (56°/236°) by 1.30m, and is 0.58m in height (Figure 35). It is constructed of a small subangular boulder resting on four small boulders of lesser size. The top boulder measures 0.59m x 0.42m. Directly beneath it along its northern periphery is a short roll of 1/8 inch heavy gauge galvanized fence wire (Figure 36). Figure 34: Site 26875, View to East (20cm scale). 78 79 Figure 36: Site 26875 Close Up of Fence Wire, View to East (20cm scale). Site 26875 Test -Unit 1 Excavation Description A single 50cm by 50cm test -unit (TU -1) was excavated in the center of the rock mound at Site 26875. TU -1 contained an architectural layer and three stratigraphic layers, was excavated as six roughly l Ocm levels, and terminated on bedrock at 50cm below the modern ground surface (Figure 37). Architectural Lay (0-58cm above modern ground surface) contained five angular and subangular basalt small boulders resting approximately 5cm deep in loose sandy silt (Layer 1). A rolled up length of heavy gauge galvanized fence wire and a Kalopa Soda Works bottle (Figure 38) were recorded in the Architectural Layer. Layer I/1 (0-10cmbs) was very dark grayish brown (IOYR3/2) loose, aeolian sand and silt with five angular and subangular basalt small cobbles and pebbles, and 1% small grass roots. Layer I did not contain cultural material. 80 C RASAIX ROCKS I.AVER I: WRY WNRIC GRAYISH HROWN,(t OYR 31'2) SANDY SHX LAYER. M, DARK BROWN (MYw3n) stur LAYER fit. DARK: YCLt3'i ISI OROWN (I0Y.R 416) Figure 37: Site 26875, Feature 1, Test -Unit 1 North and East Profiles. La ear I/2 (10-15cmbs) was similar to Layer I/1 and did not contain cultural material. Laver II/1 (15-25cmbs) was dark brown (7.5YR3/2) loose to soft, coarse to fine sand and silt with 30% small to large angular and subangular basalt cobbles and 10% small grass roots. Layer II/1 did not contain cultural material. 81 Figure 38: Kalopa Soda Forks Bottle (TU -1). 82 t Layer III/1 (25-35cmbs) was very dark yellowish brown (IOYR4/6) soft, fine sandy silt with 50% small to large angular and subangular basalt cobbles and 5% small grass roots. The basalt cobbles appear to be the top of an `a`a lava flow. Layer III/1 did not contain cultural material. La er III/2 (35-45cmbs) was similar to Layer III/1 and did not contain cultural material. �J Layer III/3 (45-50cmbs) was similar to Layer III/2 material and is predominantly" a'a lava bedrock with a small amount (25%) of dark yellowish brown silt. Layer 111/3 did not contain artifacts and terminated on bedrock. D Site 26875 Summary A length of fence wire and a Kalopa Soda Works bottle were the only artifacts recovered from Site 26875, TU -1. The bottle is an automatic bottle mchine (ABM) type bottle likely manufactured after 1920. The rocks that make up the architecture of the rock mound appear to be roughly 5cm to 7cm below the modern ground surface. The small amount of deposition and Dthe historic artifacts indicate that the rock mound was constructed during the Historic era. n Site 26875 is in close proximity to several rock mounds along the southwest property IUI boundary (see Figure 33). Sites 23491, 23468 (not shown in Figure 33), 23513, 23514, 23528, 23529, 23530, 23531, 23532, 23533, 23536, 23537, 23538, 26875, 26876, and 26878 are either U right along the southwest property boundary to roughly 500m northeast of it. This property !� boundary is also the boundary between Waik6loa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua`a, and North Kona and South Kohala. It is most likely that the rock mounds are the result of several early Historic to late Historic efforts to survey and record and mark these boundaries. 1 a83 SITE 50-10-21-26876 FORM Rectangular Rock mound FUNCTION: Marker AGE: Historic DIMENSIONS: Length: 2.Om (E/W); Width: 1.5m; Height: 0.75m (max) CONDITION: Fair SURFACE ARTIFACTS: None EXCAVATION: lm by lm test -unit SITE 26876 (Temporary Site 2) Site 26876 is located 45.Om at 234' from station 460+00 LT, at an elevation of 5,200ft (1584.96m) amsl (see Figure 18). The site consists of a single rock mound situated on a low rise at the east (mauka) edge of a relatively level swale area within close proximity to three modern ranch roads (Figure 39). The rise is approximately 20m (E/W) by IOm, and Ito 2m in height. Figure 39: Site 26876, Feature 1 Rock Mound, View to Northeast (10cm scale). 84 I The Swale surface is composed predominantly of loose silt with intermittent bedrock outcrops. Fountain grass and `a `dli `i are also present. The rock mound measures approximately 2.Om (E/V) by 1.5m and is 0.75m in height (Figure 40). It is constructed of angular slabby pahoehoe U large cobbles and small boulders piled on the ground with no formal construction elements. �j There is no formal stacking or facing evident in the rock mound construction. The slabby n pahoehoe rocks are piled onto a segment of bedrock outcrop measuring 1.9m in length and 0.55m above the surrounding ground surface. Layer II/2 (15-25cmbs) was similar to Layer II/1 and contained only 60% small to large angular and subangular basalt cobbles and 5% small grass roots. Layer II/2 did not contain cultural amaterial. Layer r III/1 (25-35cmbs) was dark brown (7.5YR3/4) soft, fine sandy silt with 70% small to large Dangular and subangular basalt cobbles and 1% small grass roots. Layer III/1 did not contain cultural material. U 85 Site 26876 Test -Unit 1 Excavation Description A single l.Om by 1.Om test -unit (TU -1) was excavated in the center of the rock mound at Site c� 26876. TU -1 contained an architectural layer and five stratigraphic layers, was excavated as U eleven roughly IOcm levels, and terminated on bedrock at I IOcm below the modern ground surface (Figure 41). Architectural Laver (0-75cm above modern ground surface) contained angular slabby basalt small boulders and large cobbles resting approximately 5cm to 7cm deep in loose sandy silt (Layer I). No artifacts or cultural material was recovered from the architectural layer. OLaver I (0-4cmbs) was very dark grayish brown (IOYR2/2) loose, coarse aeolian sand and organic detritus with 5% small angular and subangular basalt cobbles and 1% small grass roots. �j Layer I is an "O" Horizon organic duff material. Layer I did not contain cultural material. Layer II/1 (4-15cmbs) was very dark brown (IOYR2/2) soft, coarse to fine sand and silt with 40% small to large angular and subangular basalt cobbles and 10% small grass roots. The base of the rock mound terminated at roughly 8cmbs in Layer II/1. Layer II/1 did not contain cultural n I I material. Layer II/2 (15-25cmbs) was similar to Layer II/1 and contained only 60% small to large angular and subangular basalt cobbles and 5% small grass roots. Layer II/2 did not contain cultural amaterial. Layer r III/1 (25-35cmbs) was dark brown (7.5YR3/4) soft, fine sandy silt with 70% small to large Dangular and subangular basalt cobbles and 1% small grass roots. Layer III/1 did not contain cultural material. U 85 0 10 20 30 40 em Figure 40: Site 26876, Feature 1 Planview. 86 Laver IV/1 (35-45cmbs) was dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) soft, very fine sandy silt with 81% small to large angular and subangular basalt cobbles and pebbles, and no roots. Layer IV/1 did not contain artifacts. Layer IV/2 (45-55cmbs) was similar in composition to Layer IV/1 and did not contain artifacts. Layer V (55-110cmbs) was 100% `a `a lava flow bedrock excavated in five 10 cm levels. Layer V did not contain any sediment, did not contain artifacts, and terminated on bedrock. Site 26876 Summary The rock mound at Site 26876 appears to be a ranch feature associated with the three dirt ranch roads that intersect nearby. The rock mound is located on a low rise visible from two of the ranch roads near where they intersect. It is possible it marks that intersection. The rock mound does not appear to be altered and is in good condition. SITE 50-10-21-26877 FORM Rectangular Rock mound FUNCTION: Boundary marker AGE: Historic DIMENSIONS: Length: 1.04m (E/W); Width: 0.9m; Height: 0.6m (max) CONDITION: Fair SURFACE ARTIFACTS: None EXCAVATION: lm by 1m test -unit SITE 26877 (Temporary Site 3) Site 26877 is located 85m at 300 ° from station 324+00 CL, at an elevation of 4,500ft (I 371.6m) amsl (see Figure 18). The site consists of a single rock mound at the top of a hill (Figure 42). The hill measures approximately 100m (N/S) by 25m and is 15m in height. The mound is situated near the peak of the hill, and is most visible from the west (makai), and the east (mauka), but is less visible from the north. The rock mound measures 1.04m (E/W) by 0.9m and is 0.6m in height (Figure 43). It is composed predominantly of small boulders with a few large cobbles filling in the gaps, and although there is no stacking or facing it is relatively well constructed. The mound rests on a boulder bedrock outcrop. 88 Figure 42: Site 26877, Feature 1, View to NE. T-1 f � i (51) �. (Sid) r t . l (41) 0 10 20 30 40 KEY BASALT ROCK BEDROCK () — CM ABOVP SURFXC:k Figure 43: Site 26877, Feature 1 Ylanview. 89 Site 26877 Test -Unit 1 Excavation Description A single 50cm by 50cm test -unit (TU -1) was excavated in the center of the rock mound at Site 26877. TU -1 contained an architectural layer and three stratigraphic layers, and terminated on bedrock at 25cm below the modern ground surface (Figure 44). KEY LAYER 1: VERY DARK BROWN (MYR 212) SANDY SI I 0- HORIZON DUFF - LAYER II: DARK BROWN (76Y R 312) SILT . L.: N ER lit; I)t+wRK BROWN (IOVR 3/4) FIN I, s11.;r 'tial - BEDROCK OUTCROP Figure 44: Site 26877, Feature 1, TU -1 Northwest and Northeast Profiles. Architectural Layer (0-60cm above modern ground surface) contained 14 angular and subangular basalt small boulders and large cobbles resting approximately 5cm deep in loose sandy silt (Layer I) on a bedrock outcrop. The Architectural Layer did not contain artifacts. Layer I (0-2cmbs) was very dark grayish brown (10YR2/2) loose, aeolian sand and organic detritus with no inclusions or roots. Layer I was a classic "O" Horizon and did not contain cultural material. Layer I terminated at the top of a boulder bedrock outcrop in TU -1, except for the presence of a Layer II material in a northwest/southeast oriented crevice through the center of the bedrock boulder. Laver II (2-10cmbs) was dark brown (7.5YR3/2) loose to soft, fine sand and silt with no inclusions and no roots. Layer II did not contain cultural material. EO t t 1 r 1 1 1 r 1 t 1 r Laver III (10-25cmbs) was dark brown (IOYR3/4) soft, fine silt with no inclusions and no roots. Layer III/1 did not contain cultural material and terminated on bedrock. Site 26877 Summary Site 26877 is in close proximity to several rock mounds along the southwest property boundary (see Figure 33). Sites 23491, 23468 (not shown in Figure 33), 23513, 23514, 23528, 23529, 23530, 23531, 23532, 23533, 23536, 23537, 23538, 26875, 26876, and 26878 are either right along the southwest property boundary to roughly 500m northeast of it. This property boundary is also the boundary between Waik6loa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua`a, and North Kona and South Kohala. It is most likely that the rock mounds are the result of several early Historic to late Historic efforts to survey and record and mark these boundaries. SITE 50-10-21-26878 FORM Oval Rock mound FUNCTION: Boundary marker AGE: Historic DIMENSIONS: Length: 1.25m (140°/320°); Width: 1.0m; Height: 0.45m (max) CONDITION: Fair SURFACE ARTIFACTS: Modern trash EXCAVATION: lm by lm test -unit Site26878 (Temporary Site 5) Site26878 is located 13m at 60° from station 195+OOCL, at an elevation of 3700ft (I 127.76m) amsl (see Figure 18). The site consists of a single rock mound at the top of a hill (Figure 45). The hill is 15 to 20m high with unobstructed views in all directions (Figure 46). The rock mound is situated near the western perimeter of the hill top, within close proximity to two olive trees. The rock mound measures 1.25m (140°/320°) by 1.Om and is 0.45m in height (Figure 47). It is constructed of angular and subangular large cobbles and small boulders, loosely piled (two courses high) on a bedrock outcrop. The mound has the appearance of having been disturbed by ungulates and humans, an indication that at one time it may have been greater in height. An abundance of trash, i.e. food, beverage and tobacco containers are present on the ground surface immediately west of the rock mound. 91 Figure 45: Site 26878, View to West (10cm scale). Figure 46: View to West from Site 26878 Hillside. 92 Figure 47: Site 26878 Planview. Site 26878 Test -Unit 1 Excavation Description A single 1.Om by 1.Om test -unit (TU -1) was excavated in the center of the rock mound at Site 26878. TU -1 contained an architectural layer and three stratigraphic layers, and terminated on bedrock at 30cm below the modern ground surface (Figure 48). 93 Figure 48: Site 26878, Feature 1, TU -1 North Profile. Architectural Laver (0-42cm above modern ground surface) contained seven angular and subangular basalt small boulders and large cobbles resting approximately 5cm to 7cm deep in loose sandy silt (Layer I). The Architectural Layer did not contain artifacts. Layer I (0-1Ocmbs) was very dark grayish brown (IOYR2/2) loose, aeolian sand and fine silt with 10% pebbles and small cobbles, and 20% fine grass roots. Layer I did not contain cultural material. Layer II (10-20cmbs) was dark brown (7.5YR3/2) loose, fine sand and silt with 30% pebbles to large cobbles and 10% fine grass roots. Layer II did not contain cultural material. Laver III (20-30cmbs) was dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) soft, fine silt with 30% pebbles to large cobbles and 10% fine grass roots Layer III/1 did not contain cultural material and terminated on bedrock. Site 26878 Summary Site 26878 is in close proximity to several rock mounds along the southwest property boundary (see Figure 33). Sites 23491, 23468 (not shown in Figure 33), 23513, 23514, 23528, 23529, 23530, 23531, 23532, 23533, 23536, 23537, 23538, 26875, 26876, and 26878 are either right along the southwest property boundary to roughly 500m northeast of it. This property boundary is also the boundary between Waikoloa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua`a, and North Kona aand South Kohala. It is most likely that the rock mounds are the result of several early Historic to late Historic efforts to survey and record and mark these boundaries. O There was also a moderate amount of modern trash (soda and food cans, and a plastic (� snuff tobacco tin) scattered on the ground surface at the site. It is likely that the area was used as u a hunting spot, and/or lunch spot in the recent past. The hillside allows good views to the west nand the two olive trees provide shade and cover. U 1 I 1 1 t 1 1 O95 CONCLUSION Three previously identified archaeological sites and four new sites were located in the present study corridor, including five rock mounds (SIHP Sites 50-10-21-23528, 50-10-21- 26875, 50-10-21-26876, 50-10-21-26877, and 50-10-21-26878), a segment of the old Waimea - Kona Belt Road (SIHP Site 50-10-21-20855), and remnants of a ranching -era fence (SIHP Site 50-10-21-23452). Four of the rock mounds (Sites 23528, 26875, 26877, and 26878) correspond roughly to the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station lands and ranch lands to the southwest. This area is also the boundary between Waik6loa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua `a. Site 26875 contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll of galvanized fence wire in its construction. The rock mound at Site 26878 appears to also mark a possible hunting spot. A fifth rock mound (Site 26876) marks the intersection of two ranch roads along the southeast side of the Ke`amuku cattle station lands. The ranching -era fence (Site 23452) appears to have been used early in the history of sheep and cattle ranching at Ke`amuku. The original fence wire has been removed and it passes through the middle of several more recently fenced paddocks. DISCUSSION All of the sites recorded within the current study area corridor are Historic era ranching features, and a road. They are primarily boundary markers (rock mounds and a fence line). This makes sense since they are located along the edge of a traditional boundaries—that of private land divisions between Parker Ranch land and the Hind family ranch to the south; the boundary between North Kona and South Kohala: and the boundary between Waikoloa and Pu`uanahulu ahupua `a. The rock mounds, and even fence Site 23452, are roughly from along the modern boundary up to 500m north of the modern boundary. Given methods of surveying during the mid 1800s to early 1900s these differences are not unexpected. The single archaeological site unrelated to ranching is the Old Waimea -Kona Belt Road built in the 1920s. t 1 aREFERENCES CITED Boundary Commission Book for Hawaii Vol. A, 6, 10 and Vol. 13:64 and 74. Microfilm at University of Hawaii at Hilo Library. a Bowser, G. (compiler) 1880 The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourist Guide. nBowser and Co. Honolulu. U Brennen, J. 1972 The Parker Ranch of Hawaii: The Saga of a Ranch and a Dynasty. The John Day (� Company. New York. a97 Andrews, L. 2003 A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. Island Heritage Publishing. Waipahu. Barrera, W. Jr. 15, O 1971 Anaeho `omulu: An Hawaiian Oasis. Pacific Anthropological Records No. Dept. of Anthropology, Bishop Museum. Honolulu. Barre, D. `omulu: 1971 Anaehoomalu-A Reconstruction in History. In Anaeho An Hawaiian Oasis, ed. by W. Barrera. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 15, Dept. of OAnthropology, Bishop Museum. Honolulu. 1983 "Notes of the lands of Waimea and Kawaihae". 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Jensen P.M. 1988 Archaeological Data Recovery and Intensive Survey, Resort Expansion Area and O Selected Undeveloped Resort Parcels, Waikoloa Beach Resort, Lands of Waikoloa and Anaehoomalu, South Kohala, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 371- 031488. Prepared for Transcontinental Development Company. DLNR. Kapolei. O1989b 22, Archaeological Inventory Survey, Waikoloa Beach Resort Parcels 20, 21, and 23, Land of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 0 512-022289. Prepared for Prepared for Transcontinental Development Company. DLNR. Kapolei. (� 1990a Archaeological Data Recovery and Site Preservation. Undeveloped Portions of U Lots 22 and 23 of File Plan 1562 and the Strip Between Lot 23 and Kiholo Puako Trail. Waikoloa Beach Resort. Land ofAnaehoomalu, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report. DLNR, Kapolei. 1990b Archaeological Data Recovery Program. Lots 1, 2, 6, 7, 17, 24, Waikoloa Beach a Resort. Land ofAnaehoomalu, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report. DLNR, Kapolei. D Johnson, K. and G.E. Escott 2009 Additional Phase II Archaeological Investigations at State Sites 50-10-21- 23499, 50-10-21-23515, 50-10-21-23516, 50-10-21-23517, and 50-10-21-23539 on Lands of the Ke `amuku Sheep and Cattle Station Located in the Ahupua `a of QWaikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawai `I [TMK (3) 6-7-001: 09]. Draft. a99 Kalakaua, D. 1990 The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. Mutual Publishing. Honolulu. Kamakau, S. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. The Kamehameha School Press. Honolulu. Kame'eleihiwa, L. 1992 Native Land and Foreign Desires: Pehea La E Pono Ai? Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Kelly, M. 1983 Nd Mdla o Kona: Gardens of Kona. Dept. of Anthropology Report Series 83-2. Bishop Museum. Honolulu. Kelly, M., B. Nakamura, and D. Barrerre 1981 Hilo Bay: A Chronological History, Land and Water Use in the Hilo Bay Area, Island of Hawai `i, Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Kinny, H.W. 1913 The Island of Hawaii. Hilo Board of Trade. Hilo. Kirch, P.V. 1975 Preliminary Report on Phase HArchaeological Investigations at Kalahu'ipua a, South Kohala, Hawaii Island, Dept. Of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for Mauna Loa Land, Inc. 1979 Marine Exploitation in Prehistoric Hawaii: Archaeological Excavations at Kalahuipua `a, Hawaii Island. Pacific Anthropological Anthropological Records, 29. Department of anthropology, Bishop Museum. Honolulu. Kirch, P.V. and M. Sahlins 1992 Anahulu. Vol. 1 and 2. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. Kuykendall, R.S. 1938 The Hawaiian Kingdom. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. Langlas, C., T.R. Wolforth, and J. Head 1999 The Saddle Road Corridor: An Archaeological Inventory Survey and Traditional Cultural Property Study for the Hawai `i Defense Access Road A -AD - 6(1) and Saddle Road (SR200) Project. Prepared for Okahara and Associates, Inc. Macrae, James 1972 With Lord Byron at the Sandwich Islands in 1825: Being Extracts from the MS Diary of James Macrae, Scottish Botantist. Petroglyph Press. Hilo. 100 t Malo, D. 0 1951 Hawaiian Antiquities. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Maly, K. O 1999 Pu `uwa `awa `a and Pu `uanahulu (Napu `u), at Kekeha-Kona, Hawai `i. Prepared for Pu`uanahulu `Ohana. Kamuela, Hawai'i. Maly, K. and O. Maly 2002 He Wahi Mo `olelo No Ka Aina A Me Nd `Ohana O Waiki `i Ma Waikoloa (Kalana O Waimea, Kohala), A Me Ka `Aina Mauna: A Collection of Traditions O and Historical Accounts of the Lands and Families of Waiki `i at Waikoloa (Waimea Region, South Kohala), and the Mountain Lands, Island of Hawai `i (TMK Overview Sheet 6-7-01). Kumu Pono Associates. Hilo. OMcEldowney, H. 1979 Archaeological and Historical Literature Search and Research Design: Lava Flow Control Study, Hilo, Hawai, Department of Anthropology, Bishop Museum. Prepared for the U.S. Army Engineer District, Pacific Ocean. o Moffat, R.M. and G. L. Fitzpatrick 1995 Surveying the Mdhele. An Editions Limited Book. Hong Kong. O Parker Ranch Office Account Books and Rainfall Data Various Years. Office accounts and data from ranch stations sent to the Weather Bureau of the United States Department of Commerce in Honolulu, and the Pineapple Research Institute and Experiment O Station H.S.P.A. Collected at H.P.A. and stored with Dr. Billy Bergin at Waimea. 0 Pukui, M.K., S. Elbert and E. Mookini 1976 Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. 0 Robins, J.J., K.A. Desilets, and A.L. Gonzalez 2007 Final: Intensive Phase II Survey for Significance Determinations of Cultural Resources, Ke `dmuku Land Acquisition Area (WPAA) for the Stryker Brigade Combat TEAM (SBCT), U.S. Army Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawai IIsland, Hawai `I (TMK.• 3-6-7-001:03). SHPD Kapolei. O Robins, J.J., T. Torres, and S. Williams 2001 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey and Monitoring in Support of the Defense Environmental Restoration Program of Formerly Used Defense Sites (DERP FUDS) Activities at Former Waikoloa Manuever Area, Ahupua `a of Kawaihae 2, `Ouli, Lalamilo, Waikoloa and Pu `ukapu, South Kohala District, Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Submitted to U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu by Ogden n Environmental and Energy Services, Inc. Honolulu. 0 101 Rosendahl, P.H. 1972 Archaeological Salvage of the Hauna-Anaehoomalu Section of the Kailua- Kawaihae Road (Queen Ka `ahumanu Highway), Island of Hawaii. Dept. Report Series 75-5. Dept. of Anthropology, Bishop Museum. Honolulu. Sato, H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro Jr. 1973 Soil Survey ofisland of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service. Washington D.C. Smart, R. 1965 Paka Paniolo. September Newsletter. Waimea. Stewart, C. 1970 Journal of a Residency in the Sandwich Islands, During the Years 1823, 1824, and 1825. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. Tera Tech, Inc. 2003 Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Transformation of the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (L) to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team in Hawai I, Vol. 2. Tera Tech, Inc. Honolulu, HI. U.S. Department of the Interior 1991 How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. National Register Bulletin 15. National Park Service, USDI, Washington, D.C. Vancouver, G. 1967 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Around the World. Robinson and Edwards. London. Wakayama, A. 1983 Oral history Interview with John Spencer (JS), January 27, 1983, Kamuela, Hawaii (ms). Waimea Oral History Project. Waimea. Wellmon, B.B. 1969 The Parker ranch: A History. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas Christian University. University Microfilms. Wells, T. 1998 Nail Chronology: The Use of Technologically Derived Features. Historical Archaeology 1998, 32(2): 78-99. Wilkes, C. 1970 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1938-1842 Vols. 1-5 and Atlas. Lea & Blanchard. Philadelphia. 102 r Wolfe, E.W., and J. Morris D 1994 Geological Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S.G.S. Miscellaneous Investigations Series. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C. �j Wolforth, T., G. Escott, and L. McGerty �� JJ 2006 Inventory Survey for the Saddle Road Extension: Investigations into Resource Extraction in the Middle Elevations of Waikoloa Ahupua `a in Kohala, and Pu `uanahulu Ahupua `a in Kona. Prepared for Okahara and Associates, Inc. 1 1 r 1 t 1 t t 0 0 103 [This page intentionally left blank] 1 1 U SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 o County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) 0 SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Q Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the 0 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division U and STATE OF HAWAII 0 Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division aCooperating Agencies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii OAppendix F2 Section 106 Correspondence and List of Section 106 Consulted Parties t 1 1 [This page intentionally left blank] 1 D 1 r� U.S.Department Central Federal Lands Highway Division 12300 West Dakota Avenue o of Transportation Lakewood, CO 80228 Federal Highway October 26, 2009 Administration In Reply Refer. To: HFPD-16 DMs. Theresa Donham State Historic Preservation Division 40 Po'okela Street D Hilo, HI 96720 DWe Dear Ms. Donham: are contacting you at this time to continue consultation on the Saddle Road (SR 200) highway improvement project. As you know the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT), with the cooperation of the Department of the Army, plans to reconstruct and pave Saddle Road from the Mamalahoa. Highway (SR 190) easterly to mile post 6 of Saddle Road, Island of Hawaii. for In 2006, the Department of the Army purchased a property known as the Ke`amuku parcel training which included most of Section I of the proposed Saddle Road. In order to provide a D safe separation of civilian transportation and military training, the U.S. Army has requested the Federal Highway Administration and the Hawaii Department of Transportation to relocate the alignment for this section of the Saddle Road to near the southern boundary of Ke`amuku. A D Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (DSEIS) is being prepared to address this realignment. This DEIS presents the action alternatives and the No Action Alternative and evaluates the impacts associated with the proposed improvement of Section I (as defined in the original EIS) of the Saddle Road, which extends from Mamalahoa Highway (SR 190) to D Milepost 42 near the western end of the existing Saddle Road improvements completed to date. Most of the length of Sections II and III of the Saddle Road, which extends between Mileposts 42 and 9, have already been completed, are under construction, or are in the final design stage of D development as described in the Final EIS for the entire project completed in 1999. The two alternatives under consideration are; W-3, the Recommended Alternative in the Final EIS for the project in 1999 and the other, W-7 is a new alternative. The No Action Alternative would continue use of the existing alignment. The No Action Alternative, which was not selected in the 1999 EIS for reasons of safety for motorists and non -motorized traffic, Dcirculation, and land use impacts, would continue use of the existing alignment. As it has already been rejected, the No Action Alternative is not under consideration in this SEIS and is referenced for baseline purposes only, as is W-3. If it is not feasible to construct W-7, FHWA and DOT expect to build W-3, the alternative selected in the 1999 ROD. Both alternatives would build a new two-lane roadway with shoulders and a uphill climbing lane and a design speed of 55 to 62 miles per hour. In Section I, the existing Saddle Road is a narrow, D 2 winding, two-lane road with steep grades, sharp curves, poor pavement, and no shoulders. The existing road connects Mamalahoa Highway (State Highway 190) with the U.S. Department of the Army's Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA), and within PTA at Milepost 42 it connects to a section of the Saddle Road that is undergoing or has undergone improvement and realignment as far as Milepost 19. Both Alternatives would improve pavement condition, increase safety and capacity, improve quality of traffic flow, decrease cross -island travel times, and stimulate economic growth and development. Only W-7, however, would minimize conflict between civilian motorists and military training units. The Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT), with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Central Federal Lands Highway Division, has contracted with DMT Consultant Engineers to prepare a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) for the proposed W-7 Alternative that traverses lands of the former Parker Ranch Ke`amuku cattle station in the Ahupua`a of Waik6loa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii, TMK: (3) 6-7- 001:09. The W-7 Alternative extends approximately ten miles from the existing Saddle Road near Kilohana (mile post 42) to the Mamalahoa Highway at the border of North Kona and South Kohala (6 miles south of Waimea). Scientific Consultant Services, Inc. (SCS) surveyed a 600 - acre cultural resource inventory study corridor (roughly 10 miles by 500 feet wide) to identify and evaluate historic properties. The survey corridor extends 150 feet beyond both sides of the 200 -foot wide area of potential effects (APE) which is the actual width of the right -of way/construction corridor. This was done to allow for avoidance of identified historic properties where feasible through preliminary highway design. There are seven archaeological sites documented in the study corridor, including five rock mounds (SIHP Sites 50-10-21-23528, 50-10-21-26875, 50-10-21-26876, 50-10-21-26877, and 50-10-21-26878), a segment of the old Waimea -Kona Belt Road (SIHP Site 50-10-21-20855), and remnants of a ranching -era fence (SIHP Site 50-10-21-23452). Four of the rock mounds (SIHP Sites 50-10-21-23528, 50-10-21-26875, 50-10-21-26877, and 50-10-21-26878) correspond roughly to the boundary between the Ke`amuku cattle station lands and ranch lands to the southwest. This area is also the boundary between Waik6loa and Pu`uanahulu Ahupua`a. Site SIHP 50-10-21=826875,contained a Kalopa Soda Works bottle and a roll of galvanized fence wire in its construction. Site 50-10-21-26878 appears to mark a possible hunting spot. Site .50- 10-21-26876 marks the intersection of two ranch roads along the southeast side of the Ke`amuku cattle station lands. The ranching -era fence (Site 50-10-21-23452) appears to have been. used early in the history of sheep and cattle ranching at Ke`amuku. The original fence wire has been removed and it passes through the middle of several more recently fenced paddocks. A copyof the report entitled An Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for 600 acres Located in lands of Ke'amuku, Waikoloa Ahupuua'a, south Kohala district, Hawai 7 [TMK (3) 6-7-001:09] is enclosed. The five rock mounds and historic fence line are within the study corridor, but are located outside of the APE, and will be avoided with the current preliminary highway design. We have enclosed preliminary highway design plan sheets that document avoidance of the five rock mounds and historic fence line. The Waimea -Kona Belt Road (SIHP Site 50-10-21-20855) was previously determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under criterion "d" by the FHWA following the cultural resource survey of the W-3 Alternative. The Hawai'i SHPO concurred with the FHWA's 1 t 1 t 1 t E, 1 1 1 1 determination and signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the FHWA and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to mitigate adverse effects to Site 50-10-21-20855. Mitigation consists of preparation of a mitigation plan which provides for a pull off and interpretive sign to be constructed adjacent to the Site. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4(d) (1) and for the purposes of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, it is the finding of the FHWA, as lead agency, that Sites 50-10-21- 23528, 50-10-21-26875, 50-10-21-26876, 50-10-21-26877, 50-10-21-23452,and 50-10-21-26878 are outside of the APE and will not be affected by the proposed W-7 Alignment. Since they are outside of the APE, they will not be evaluated for National Register of Historic Places eligibility. In addition, it is the finding of the FHWA that Site 50-10-21-20855, the Waimea -Kona Belt Road, cannot be avoided by the proposed W-7 Alternative and will be adversely affected. The FHWA will notify the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation of the adverse effect and amend the existing Memorandum of Agreement to provide mitigation for the adverse effect to Site 50-10-21-20855. In accordance with the existing MOA for the Saddle Road Project, the FHWA will continue to provide a full time Archaeological monitor for all clearing, grubbing, and excavation activities during project construction. We ask for your concurrence with our finding of "no historic properties affected" for the six sites that are outside of the APE and our finding of adverse effect for Site 50-10-21-20855, the Waimea -Kona Belt Road. If you have any questions, please call Mr. Stephen Hallisy, Archeologist/Environmental Protection Specialist, at (720) 963-3685 or write to the above address, Attention: Environment HFHD-16. Sincerely yours, David Gedeon, P.E. Project Manager Enclosure cc with enclosure: Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 711 Kapi'olani Blvd., Ste. 500, Honolulu, HI 96813 Mr. Ken Tatsuguchi, State Department of Transportation, Highways Division, Planning Branch, 869 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 Colonel Matthew T. Margotta, Department of the Army, US Army Installation Management Command, Pacific Region, Headquarters, United States Army Garrison, Hawaii, 851 Wright Avenue, Wheeler Army Airfield, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii 96857-5000 Mr. Alvin Char, Chief, Environmental Division, Directorate of Public Words, United States Army Garrison, 948 Santos Dumont Avenue, Sheeler Army Airfield, bldg. 105, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857-5013 LIST OF NATIVE HAWAIIAN ORGANIZATIONS BEING CONSULTED AS PART OF SECTION 106 CONSULTATION Clyde Namu`o, Administrator Office of Hawaiian Affairs 711 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1250 Honolulu HI 96813 Ruby McDonald Office of Hawaiian Affairs 75-5706 Hanama Place, Ste. 107 Kailua-Kona HI 96740 Lukella Ruddle OHA, Hilo Office 162 A Baker Avenue Hilo HI 96720-4869 Alii `Aimoku Paul K. Neves, Chairperson Royal Order of Kamehameha I 1162 Kalanianaole Ave Hilo HI 96720 Chairperson Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs P.O. Box 1135 Honolulu HI 96807 President Council on Native Hawaiian Advancement 33 South King Street, Suite 513 Honolulu HI 96813 Hawaii Island Burial Council 74-383 Kealakehe Parkway Kailua-Kona HI 96740 Hawaii Maoli P.O. Box 1135 Honolulu HI 96807 Ike `Aina Native Hawaiian Trust P.O. Box 4192 Honolulu HI 96812 SADDLE ROAD (STATE ROUTE 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) to Milepost 42 County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii FHWA Project No. 200(00) SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Submitted Pursuant to Section 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(c) and Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes by the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Central Federal Lands Highway Division and STATE OF HAWAII Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division Cooperating A eg ncies U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Appendix G Section 7 ESA Correspondence [This page intentionally left blank] t 0 U.S. Department.. Central Federal Lands Highway Division 12300 West Dakota Avenue of Transportation Lakewood, CO 80228 Federal Highway Administration October 28, 2009 O In Reply Refer To: HFPM-16 Loyal Mehrhoff, PhD. Field Supervisor U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Room 3-122 Honolulu HI 96813 (� Subject: Saddle Road (State Route 200) Improvement Project: Mamalahoa Highway (State LJ Route 190) to Milepost 6 Project. Reinitiation of Section 7 Consultation for the West Side W-7 Alignment. US Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) Log # 1-2-98-F-01. ODear Dr. Merehoff, The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Central Federal Lands Highway Division is aseeking concurrence from your office that the proposed action will not likely adversely affect any listed species known from the Island of Hawaii. OThe limits of the W-7 alignment extend from Milepost (MP) 42 located just to the east of the Department of the Army's P6hakuloa Training Area's (PTA) Ke` amuku parcel eastern boundary to the projects western terminus along Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 190) (Figure 1). aGeneral Pro'ectDescription O The purpose of the Saddle Road Improvement Project is to provide a safe and efficient route for access along the entire route and for cross -island traffic between East and West Hawaii. The proposed improvements will address five general types of needs: roadway deficiencies, conflicts with and hazards of military training operations, capacity, safety, social demand and economic development. Upon completion, the improved 48 -mile long Saddle Road will meet the current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) design (� standards for rural arterials and provide adequate capacity to handle anticipated traffic volumes u for the next 20 years. (� A Final Environmental Impact Statement and Record of Decision for the Saddle Road LJ improvements were completed in 1999. As part of the EIS process, twelve action alternatives incorporating use of the existing alignment and potential new alignments were considered. The (� project was divided into four different sections (Sections 1, H, III, and IV) for purposes of U alternative development and selection, as well as project scheduling (Figure 2). 2 In the intervening years since the release of the EIS, the Department of the Army has purchased a large section of land in the Ke`amuku area from Parker Ranch. This development has caused the originally selected alignment, W-3, in Section I to less adequately fulfill one of the key purposes and needs of the proposed improvement project, namely the separation of military training activity from the general driving public using the Saddle Road. Another alignment, W-7, has been proposed and studied to fulfill the need to separate civilian traffic from military training activities. A supplemental environmental impact statement SEIS is being prepared to address this new alignment. The W-7 alignment gently slopes from east to west, from an elevation of — 5800 -feet, above mean sea level (ASL), along the existing Saddle Road, down slope to where it will intersect the existing Mamalahoa Highway at — 2493 -feet ASL. The alignment is roughly 10.3 miles long, with approximately 8.9 miles of the route located within TMK: 6-7-001:041: and the remaining 1.4 miles of the alignment going through a portion of the main PTA training area (Figure 1). FHWA is proposing to build a two-lane hot asphalt concrete paved roadbed, two 12 -foot travel lanes with two 8 foot paved shoulders, and a 6 -foot wide ditch in locations where the new roadway will be cut. Because of the grades, an uphill passing lane would be provided for most of the length of W-7, as it passes through the Ke`amuku parcel and is illustrated as Typical Section A (Figure 3). The road will be designed to accommodate 60 mile an hour traffic speeds, a minimum curve radius of 230 -meter (754 foot), an 8 percent maximum super elevation, simple curves with 67 percent of runoff on tangent, and an 8 percent maximum grade. Proiect Area The project area is on the west -facing slope of Mauna Kea, on the leeward side of the island. Annual rainfall is in the neighborhood of 20 -inches a year, with the upper reaches somewhat drier. The terrain present along the alignment is composed of a mix of 'ad and pdhoehoe lava flows disgorged from Mauna Kea more than 14,000 and 65,000 years ago during the Pleistocene Age. Additionally there are surficial alluvial deposits in many areas, which were washed down from Mauna Kea at the end of the last ice age. Along the southern boundary of the area several small fingers of 'ad from the Ke`amuku flow, deposited by Mauna Loa between 200 and 750 years ago overlay portions of the older Mauna Kea flows (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The vast majority of the site has been extensively altered by decades of cattle grazing and is now largely a pasture of introduced grasses with scattered shrubs and very few trees. The vegetation between the eastern terminus of the project and approximately the 4200 foot level is dominated by fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), with sparse amounts of `a `alil `i (Dodenea viscosa), and numerous other alien grasses and Madagascar ragwort (Senecio madagascariensis). At the lower elevations in this section there are also pockets of buffelgrasss (Cenchrus ciliaris), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), and Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Between the 4300 foot and 4600 foot elevation the makeup of the vegetation is similar to that found in the lower section, except that in this zone the native species are dominate, with large dense stands of `a `ali `i making up to 50% of the ground cover. Between the 4300 -foot elevation and the boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel and PTA proper the habitat is similar to the previously described ones, but with varying densities of the component species, as is to be expected in pastureland that is grazed on a rotational basis. Between approximately 5200 -feet ASL and the eastern terminus of the project the substrate is markedly different than that found lower on the alignment, in this area is made up of alluvial and colluvial sand and gravel deposited by the erosion of Mauna Kea by the melting 1 Biological surveys were conducted on the W-7 alignment in 2008 and 2009. Botanical surveys were conducted in September 2008, and an additional botanical survey searching for 1 3 of the last ice cap. On this substrate the dominate plant is the endemic shrub `aheahea (Chenopodium oahuense). Consultation His a The history of FHWA's consultation with the USFWS beginning in 1990 and culminating in the issuance of a BO on July 27, 1998 is detailed on pages 1 through 5 of that BO (USFWS Log #1- 2-98-F-01). Since the original BO was completed, FHWA and its consultants have had numerous meetings with the USFWS to discuss ongoing issues over the implementation of the conditions included in the original BO. Additionally, FHWA reinitiated Section 7 consultation with the USFWS in July 2009 to address additional species and Critical Habitat that were listed and designated between the issuance of the original BO in 1998 and the present. These issues pertained to Sections Il, III and IV as defined. in the EIS. That consultation was concluded with the issuance of a BO on September 11, 2009 (USFWS Log #2009-F-0314). FHWA, HDOT, project consultants and USFWS met on August 27, 2009 to discuss the new W-7 alignment, view maps, and discuss the findings of the biological surveys that were completed as part of the NEPA process for this new alignment. The parties met again on October 15, 2009 to a discuss the Section 7 consultation, at which time the FHWA informed the USFWS that they have determined that by implementing the minimization measures outlined in this document that the proposed action is not likely to adversely affect any listed species and is therefore seeking concurrence from the USFWS of this determination. At that meeting and through subsequent discussions with the Service it was agreed that the FHWA would consult with the Service over potential project impacts to Blackburn's sphinx's moth (Manduca blackburni), Nene (Branta a sandvicensis), Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius) Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), Newell's Shearwater (PufJinus auricularis newelli), Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) and Haplostachys haplostachya. The moth, Nene, petrel bat and haplostachys are listed as endangered species and the shearwater as a threatened species. Biolozical Surveys and Results Prior to the onset of field surveys both the project botanist and zoologist consulted with the design team to alert them of any historically known issues with endangered species within the general proposed area of the W-7 alignment that will need to be avoided during development of the design. There were no known real issues with avian and mammalian species, though botanical studies conducted within the Ke`amuku parcel in 2002, found three endangered plant species near the southern border of the Ke`amuku property (Arnett 2002). These three, Haplostachys haplostachya, (common name: honohono) a perennial mint with showy white flowers; Stenogyne angustifolia (no common name) a twining mint, and Vigna o-wahuensis (no common name) which is a very rare legume vine. Prior to 2002, Haplostachys and Stenogyne were only known to exist within PTA and nowhere else. Arnett (2002) recorded and mapped the location of over 8,000 Haplostachys, 11 Stenogyne, and 74 Vigna within Ke`dmuku. The proposed W-7 alignment was carefully designed to avoid all of the known locations of these endangered species. Biological surveys were conducted on the W-7 alignment in 2008 and 2009. Botanical surveys were conducted in September 2008, and an additional botanical survey searching for 1 Haplostachys haplostachya, Stenogyne angustifolia, and Vigna o-wahuensis was mounted in May 2009 (Garrish 2009). Avian and mammalian surveys were conducted in June 2009 (David 2009). No avian, mammalian or botanical species currently listed as endangered, threatened or proposed for listing under either federal or State of Hawaii endangered species were detected within the W-7 alignment corridor (David 2009, Gerish 2009). Potential impacts to Protected Species The principal potential threat that the development of the W-7 alignment poses to Blackburn's sphinx moth is if clearing and grubbing activities associated with construction of the roadway were to remove host plants used by this species. During the course of the biological surveys conducted for the project none of the native host plants used by this species were found, nor was the alien host plant, tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) encountered (Gerrish 2009). Although not detected during the course of the faunal surveys the endangered Ndnd have been recorded in small numbers within the Ke`amuku parcel in the recent past (David 1996, Lena Schnell, personal communication 2009). Nend nest at the Big Island Country Club and at Pu`uwa`awa`a, which are located some 7 and 10 miles respectively south of the southwestern terminus of the W-7 alignment. Nene have been recorded being attracted to some roadways especially during the non -breeding season at other locations on the island. Birds have been observed loafing, feeding on short grass and other plants, walking on the roadways, and taking gravel from the side of the road. If a population develops within the Ke`amuku parcel there is the potential that birds could be attracted to the roadway at some as yet unidentified location and put at risk of being hit by motorists. The principal potential threat that the development of the project poses to Hawaiian Hawks is if vegetation -clearing activities were to remove an active hawk -nesting tree. Hawaiian Hawks are not known from the Ke`dmuku area, and furthermore there are no suitable nest trees within, or close to the W-7 alignment (David 2009). The principal potential threat that the development and operation of the proposed project poses to Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters are associated with birds potentially being downed after becoming disoriented by lights associated with night time construction, and following build -out by street lights that may be required for public safety. With that said, it should be stated that very few downed seabirds have been documented on the leeward side of the island over the past 35 years. The principal potential impact that the development of the proposed project poses to Hawaiian hoary bats is during the clearing and grubbing phases of construction. Clearing woody vegetation greater than 15 -feet tall (the preferred size of roost trees) during the pupping season could potentially cause harm to bats. As bats use multiple roosts within their home territories the potential disturbance resulting from the removal of the vegetation is likely to be minimal. During the pupping season, females carrying their pups may be less able to rapidly vacate a roost site as the vegetation is cleared; additionally, adult female bats may leave their pups in the roost tree while they themselves forage, leaving very small pups unable to flee a tree that is being felled. Potential adverse effects from such disturbance can be avoided or minimized by not clearing 0 in 05 such vegetation (i.e., clearing of trees taller than 15 -feet tall) between April 15 and August 15, the period in which bats are potentially at the greatest risk of being harmed by roost tree removal. aFortunately there is no suitable bat roosting habitat within the ROW. The principal potential impact that the development of the proposed project poses to the haplostachys population located south of the proposed roadway, and immediately adjacent to the eastern boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel is that an unplanned wildfire started by a catalytic converter, discarded lit cigarette or other roadway -associated perturbation could spread into the Army's haplostachys enclosure. Potential Impacts to Critical Habitat �I U There is no federally delineated Critical Habitat for any listed species within the project corridor, as such - the construction and operation of the W-7 alignment will not result in modification or adeleterious impacts to any delineated Critical Habitat units. Proposed Minimization Measures The project proposes to implement the following minimization measures to ensure that the construction and operation of the proposed W-7 alignment does not result in adverse impacts to any listed species: • To minimize collateral damage to areas outside of the ROW, the Special Contract Requirements will mandate that all construction activity shall be restricted to within the O clearly delineated ROW and that entry and exit into the ROW by all construction personnel and equipment shall be at previously identified and marked non -sensitive areas. • Special Contract Requirements will be incorporated into the construction documents a directing the contractor's work consistent with specific minimization commitments that are outlined in this section and in the BO for the project. The Contract Officer will have the authority to shut down construction should violations of Special Contract a Requirements be detected; furthermore, the project engineer will be responsible for ensuring compliance with all environmental restrictions and minimization measures. • A comprehensive manual outlining and discussing the environmental commitments 0 contained in the original ROD, BO and Special Contract Requirements will be prepared. This document will be prepared by the FHWA in accordance with their environmental ato team policy, which ensures that the environmental team closely follows the entire project its completion. • If nighttime work will be required in conjunction with the development of the project, all lights will be shielded and, or directed at the ground to reduce the potential for interactions of nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures. D• No nighttime construction will occur during the peak seabird fallout period, namely between September 15 and December 15 annually. • Any streetlights that may be installed, as part of this action will be shielded. This minimization measure would serve the dual purpose of minimizing the threat of 6 disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, while at the same time complying with the Hawaii County Code § 14 — 50 et seq. which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. • No smoking will be permitted during construction within the construction site, nor will any fires be permitted within the project corridor. • These measures and in some cases prohibitions will be included as part of Special Contract Requirements, which will be incorporated in the construction contract documents. • To reduce the potential threat of wildfires being started by careless smokers or drivers driving or parking on grassy verges on the north side of the roadway between mile marker 41 and the eastern boundary of the Ke`amuku parcel an expanded and modified typical section for the roadway that will both reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition from unintentional road sources (car fires, catalytic converters, cigarettes, etc.) and assist in creating a firebreak and fuelbreak on the north side of the roadway will be constructed in this section. This section is illustrated as Typical Section B (Figure 4). This expanded Typical Section will consist of: o Two 12 -foot travel lanes with 8 -foot paved shoulders. o An 8 -foot strip of pavement on the north side of the highway, which would serve as a firebreak, with a four -inch high curb on the outside. o At the outside edge of the firebreak a wire fence with metal posts would be constructed to a height of four feet on the edge of the pavement to discourage off pavement travel by motorists. • As W-7 enters Ke`amuku and descends towards Mamalahoa Highway, the primary wildfire concern shifts towards preventing fires from Saddle Road spreading southwards, towards the western boundary of the Haplostachys haplostachya exclosure. The Typical Section between the Ke`&nuku parcel boundary towards Mamalahoa Highway is illustrated in Figure 4 as Typical Section C, and would consist of the following features: o Three 12 -foot travel lanes with a paved 8 -foot shoulders, with a four -inch high - extruded asphalt curb at the outside of the shoulder on the south side of the road. This would create a 52 -foot wide paved surface that would serve as a firebreak, as well as a curb to protect against thrown cigarette butts or other thrown material and will prevent motorists from driving off of the roadway onto grassy areas. It should be borne in mind that the proposed road will be located within the PTA training facility, which has an extensive fire minimization and mitigation program in place in accordance with the Biological Opinions that have been issued at the conclusion of the two Section 7 consultations that the US Army has recently completed. The proposed W-7 alignment will create an additional firebreak within the PTA, which will be between 40 and 52 feet wide. This road will also allow very rapid response by PTA and County of Hawaii firefighting personnel in the event that a fire does occur within the general project area. To put that statement into perspective of fire responsiveness, the center of 1 1 t t 1 t J 1 1 1 1 r 1 7 the W-7 alignment is approximately 10 miles from the PTA fire station, and approximately the same distance from the Waikoloa fire station. As the new road will be designed to accommodate 60 mile an hour traffic, both fire stations could respond in a very short period of time to any wildfire that might occur within the general project area. These areas would otherwise be extremely difficult to access from the existing Saddle Road, thus result in extremely long response times. Additionally, the Army is currently constructing five firefighting dip tanks within the Ke`amuku parcel to provide onsite water to be used to fight any wildfires that may ignite within the general area. At the current time there is no known conflict between Nen6 and the proposed W-7 alignment. At such time as such a conflict arises FHWA plans to address the issue with a multi -pronged approach mimicking the measures that have been agreed to, to minimize vehicle Nene'interactions along a portion of the recently constructed Saddle Road that are detailed in the September 11, 2009 BO. The measures fall into the following categories, and may well be augmented following field trials with measures that are being implemented between approximately the 29 and 30.2 -mile markers (not within the scope of this consultation). These measures, if determined to be necessary, will include the following: o The erection of a permanent fence along both the north and south sides of the roadway within any section that appears to attract Nene on a regular basis. The fence will be placed as close to, the roadside as is permissible under ASHTO federal safety guidelines. o Vegetation will be removed between the aforementioned fence and the edge of the roadway, this will be accomplished either by the use of herbicides, or by paving the area. o The loose gravel along the roadside in any such identified area will be secured with a tacking agent, or asphalt paving, so that Nene are unable to gather gravel for use in their crops. o FHWA will install enhanced Nene crossing and traffic advisory signs to warn motorists of the potential danger they pose to Nene along any such identified roadway section. We look forward to working with you and your staff toward a successful consultation on these important issues. In summation, we are seeking concurrence from your office that by implementing the proposed minimization measures presented above that the proposed action is not likely to adversely affect the listed species discussed above. If you require any additional information or have questions regarding this submittal, please contact Dave Gedeon at 720-963- 3723, Melissa Dickard at 720-963-3691, or Reggie David, Rana Biological Consulting, Inc. at 808-329-9141. cc: 8 O Mr. Brennon Morioka, HDOT Mr. Glenn Yasui, HDOT O Mr. Alvin Char CIV USA IMCOM bcc: Mr. Donald Okahara, Okahara & Associates, Inc. Mr. Reggie David, Rana Biological Consulting, Inc. A. Wong, FHWA - Hawaii O R. Suarez D. Zanetell E. Hammontree S. Hallisy M. Dickard D. Gedeon t 11 11 r L 1 1 1 �I 1 1 E Literature Cited Arnett, M. 2002. Report of survey for rare plants on the Ke`amuku parcel, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado. David, R. E. 1996. Ornithological and Mammalian Surveys of the Proposed Improvement and Realignment Corridors of the Saddle Road (State of Hawaii Route 200), Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Prepared for: Rust E&I & The Federal Highways Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division. 99pp. David, R. E. 2009. Avian And Terrestrial Mammalian Species Surveys Conducted on The W-7 Alignment of the, Hawaii State Route 200 - Mamalahoa Highway to Milepost 6 Saddle Road Realignment Project, North Kona District, Island Of Hawaii. Prepared for DMT & associates, and the Federal Highways Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division. Gerrish, G. 2009. Botanical Study for Proposed Alignment W-7 for the Realignment of Saddle Road (State Route 200). Prepareed for: DMT Associates, Inc. 1 1 1 1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division and Hawaii Department of Transportation (FHWA et al.) 1999. Environmental Impact DCounty Statement, Saddle Road (State Route 200) Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 19) to MP 6, of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, FHWA Project No. A -AD -6(1). U.S. Fish and Wildlife. Service 1.998. Biological Opinion of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the Saddle Road Realignment and Improvement Project. July 27, 19998. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2009. Biological Opinion of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Reinitiation Saddle Road Realignment and Improvement Project Section 7 Consultation for Saddle Road (State Route 200) Improvement Project: the East Side, Milepost 6-42, Hawaii. 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