HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0009.000 1996-1998 C
, L.
~ ~%°I°I~j~ DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
PACIFlC OCEAN DIVISION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
FORT SHAFTER, HAWAII 96859.5440
REPLY TO
ATTENTION OF November 1, 1996 ~ .~i: i ;i ` .;G
. ~ ~ :i
Planning and Operations Division
Councilman Brian J. DeLima
Chair, Hawaii County Council
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Mr. DeLima:
The enclosed federal Finding of No Significant
Impact (FONSI) and Environmental Assessment (EA) for
the Alii Drive Shore Protection project is provided for
your information. The EA concludes that an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is not needed
because there are no significant adverse impacts
expected from this project.
If you have comments regarding this FONSI and EA,
please provide them by November 30, 1996 to the address
below:
District Engineer
U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Attention: CEPOD-ET-PP/Mr. Lennan
Building 230
Fort Shafter, Hawaii 96858-5440
Sincerely,
~.c~
ay H. Jyo, P.E.
Director of Engineering
and Technical Services
Enclosure (3e~
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FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT
Ali'i Drive Shore Protection Project
Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
2 October, 1996
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION. At the request of
the Mayor of Hawaii County, the Corps proposes to construct
improvements to the existing 700-foot long sea wall along
Ali'i Drive. The seawall was originally constructed on a
foundation of boulders approximately 5 feet in diameter.
Waves are free to progress through the large cavities between
the boulders and have eroded the soil material behind the
seawall, damaging the sidewalk and roadway behind the
seawall. The proposed project consists of placing geotextile
bags within the Oceanside interstices of the seawall rock
foundation and pumping concrete directly into the bags.
Pumping operations are expected to be conducted from Ali'i
Drive. This initial phase of construction will close the
larger voids and prevent escape of concrete fines into the
ocean during the second phase pumping operations. The second
phase grouting operation would consist of drilling holes up
to 6 inches in diameter at intervals of 5-10 feet along the
length of the seawall in order to pressure inject grout to
fill the voids in the seawall foundation and to prevent
further movement of the material from behind the seawall.
2. BASIS FOR FINDINGS. The following factors were
considered in the Findings. See the attached Environmental
Assessment (EA) for a more complete discussion.
2.1 The project area has previously been disturbed by
construction of the seawall, sidewalk and roadway. The site
is not in a wetland, special aquatic site, municipal water
supply, marine sanctuary or wildlife refuge.
2.2 Grouting the foundation of the existing seawall would
not change the environmental setting, but would increase the
integrity of the existing structure against failure for the
foreseeable future. Environmental effects of project
construction would be localized and temporary, including
restricted traffic flow. No long-term environmental effects
of any kind are expected.
2.3 There are no State of Hawaii or Federal candidate,
proposed or listed threatened or endangered terrestrial
species in the project area, and the National Marine
Fisheries Service has agreed with our conclusion that there
would be no effect on such species under their jurisdiction
such as the humpback whale and green sea turtle.
2.4 Although there is documentary evidence that a
significant archaeological site (Pa a Umi) may be located
beneath the seawall, sidewalk and roadway, the drilling
portion of the project will occur in the upper two feet of
soil material, which was likely disturbed during the initial
construction of the seawall, sidewalk and roadway. It is
unlikely that the project will have any impact on cultural
resources. In reaching this conclusion HED solicited
comments from 22 Native Hawaiian and other civic groups and
individuals, as well as the National Park Service and the
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The SHPO
concurred with our determination that there would be no
adverse effect to historic properties. At the request of the
SHPO an informative plaque will be placed on the seawall
after completion of construction.
2.5 The list of mitigation measures contained in the
attached EA will be incorporated in the Plans and
Specifications for the project.
2.6 A State of Hawaii 401 Water Quality Certification or
waiver will be obtained prior to commencement of
construction.
2.7 I have determined that this project is consistent with
the State's approved Coastal Zone Management Program. The
State of Hawaii's concurrence with this determination or
waiver will be obtained before construction commences.
3. FINDING. Based on the analysis of environmental effects
contained in the attach EA, I find that the proposed shore
protection project at Ali'i Drive, Kailua-Kona is not a major
Federal action significantly affecting the quality of human
life. An environmental impact statement will therefore not
be prepared for this project.
~
RALPH H. GRAVES
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army
District Engineer
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Prepared by:
U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Planning and Operations Division
Fort Shafter, Hawaii 96858-5440
2 October, 1996
COVER SHEET
Lead Federal Agency U.S. Army Engineer District,
Honolulu
Lead County of Hawaii Agency Department of Public Works
Proposed Action Correct undermining of sidewalk
and road fronting Kailua Bay
(Ali'i Drive)
Project Location Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, Hawaii
Type of Report Environmental Assessment (EA)
Abstract:
The project is authorized under the authority of Section 14
of the Flood Control Act of 1946, as amended. The project
was initiated in response to a letter dated 8 August 1991
from the Mayor of the County of Hawaii requesting assistance
for shoreline protection along Ali'i Drive fronting Kailua
Bay in Kailua-Kona.
An ancient Native Hawaii site, Pa O 'Umi may be located
within the project area. Because of the mitigation proposed,
the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) has concurred
with our determination that the proposed action will have no
adverse effect on this potential historic property.
No other significant resources were identified within or
immediately adjacent to the project area; therefore, the
proposed action would not have an adverse impact on
significant resources, and consequently an environmental
impact statement is not needed. The proposed action has been
identified as the National Economic Development (NED) Plan,
and is therefore the recommended alternative.
Please provide your comments on this EA by November 30, 1996 to:
Commander
U.S. Army Engineer District
Building 230 Attn: CEPOD-ET-PP/Lennan
Fort Shafter, HI 96858-5440
Telephone (808) 438-2264
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Cover Sheet i
Table of Contents ii
1. Project need 1
a. Background 1
b. The Problem 1
2. Affected Environment 2
a. General 2
b. Physical Conditions 2
c. Natural Resources 11
d. Cultural Resources 12
e. Recreation 12
f. Economics 13
3. The Proposed Action and Alternatives Considered 14
a. Proposed Action 14
b. No Action (Alternative A) 14
c. Toe Protection Structure (Alternative B) 14
d. Revetment Designed to Prevent Overtopping
(Alternative C) 16
e. Geotextile (Alternative D) 16
f. Beach Replenishment (Alternative E) 16
g. Comparative Summary of Alternatives 16
4. Environmental Consequences of Proposed
Improvements 17
a. Environmental Setting 17
b. Terrestrial Resources 17
c. Marine Resources 17
d. Endangered and Threatened Species 17
e. Water quality 18
f. Air Quality, Noise and Traffic 18
g. Cultural Resources 18
h. Recreation 19
i. Coastal Zone Program Consistency 19
j. Section 122 Effects 19
k. Mitigation Recommended 19
5. Agencies and Persons Contacted 20
a. Federal Agencies 20
b. State of Hawaii Agencies 20
c. County of Hawaii Agencies 20
d. Private Organizations and Individuals 20
6. References Cited 21
ii
TABLB OF CONTENTS (Continued)
LIST OF FIGIIRES
Figure 1. Location Map 3
Figure 2. Project and Storage Area Location 4
Figure 3. Tsunami Wave Runup Heights, Kona Coast 8
Figure 4. Wave Inundation Areas for 100-year Flood,
Kailua, Hawaii 9
Figure 5. State of Hawaii Water Quality
Sampling Stations 10
Figure 6. Typical Grout Fill Section 15
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Compliance Documents
Appendix B. History
Appendix C. Letters of Comment and Responses
iii
1. PROJECT NEED
a. Background. During the early 1950's, the owners of the
properties fronting the beach along Kailua Bay, Kailua-Kona,
Island of Hawaii, built a recurved wall approximately 700 feet
long (Figures 1 & 2). The wall rests on a foundation of large
boulders having an average diameter of about 5 feet. There are no
as-built drawings for the wall on record; however, local residents
recall that the seawall has a steel sheetpile cutoff wall behind
the boulders and beneath the sidewalk. The cutoff wall retained
the soil that forms the foundation for the sidewalk and the
roadway (Ali'i Drive).
The beach that previously existed seaward of the wall has
since eroded, exposing the boulder foundation of the wall to
constant wave action. The wave energy penetrates through the
large cavities between the large foundation boulders and causes
the erosion and piping of fine-grained subgrade materials. It is
believed that corrosion of the steel sheetpile cutoff wall has
also taken place over time, exposing the foundation of the
sidewalk and roadway to erosion from the same wave action.
b. The Problem. The primary problem is shifting of the
seawall and the deterioration of the sidewalk and roadway due to
an unstable foundation caused by the piping of the subgrade
materials. The erosion of the foundation materials has caused one
section of the wall to shift, the sidewalk to crack and fail in
several locations, and "alligator" cracking and large potholes in
the roadway pavement.
A secondary cause of damage to the sidewalk and roadway is
from waves overtopping the seawall. The damage to the sidewalk
and roadway from overtopping is relatively minor and is the result
of debris deposited on the pavement.
The Hawaii County Department of Public Works has patched the
cracks which periodically have grown as the seawall shifted and
has repaired the holes which continually form in the sidewalk and
roadway. The accelerating rate of erosion, however, has caused a
need for more frequent repairs and threatens the integrity of both
the sidewalk and the roadway. Ali'i Drive is a key roadway within
Kailua-Kona, paralleling the coastline and linking the major
business and cultural activities in Kailua-Kona.
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
2. AFF8CT8D BNVIRONMSNT.
a. GBNSRAL
(1). The study area is located in the town of Kailua-
Kona on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. The
Hawaiian Island Chain consists of eight major islands which
comprise more than 99 percent of the approximately 6,500 square
miles of total land area in the State of Hawaii. The State
capital, Honolulu, is located on the Island of Oahu, approximately
2,560 miles southwest of Los Angeles, California. The Island of
Hawaii, also known as the Big Island, is the largest of the
Hawaiian Islands, encompassing 4,038 square miles of land area and
305 miles of coastline. Kailua-Kona on the west coast and Hilo,
on the east coast are the island's two major population centers
(Figure 1).
(2). The town of Kailua-Kona has a population of
approximately 11,000 people, comprising nearly 10~ of the island's
population. Historically, the early Hawaiians used the Kailua Bay
area as a royal residence. The modern-day town developed around
Kailua Bay as the cattle industry developed on the Island of
Hawaii. Ships docked at Kailua-Kona to take on fresh meat.
Kailua Bay is now primarily used for small fishing vessels, and
tour boats. The project area is located along the portion of
Ali'i Drive which borders the Kailua Bay and which is protected by
a 705-foot seawall, constructed circa 1952 (Figure 2).
(3) The bay's shoreline and backshore areas are
developed with piers, seawalls, rock revetments, sidewalks and
roadways, which are maintained by the County of Hawaii. The pier
is under the control of the State Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Boating and ocean Recreation.
b. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS.
(1). Climate. The island of Hawaii lies well within
the belt of northeasterly trade winds, generated by the
semipermanent Pacific high pressure cell located to the northeast.
The subtropical climate provides equable temperatures from day-to-
day and season-to-season. Average daily temperatures in Kailua-
Kona range from about 70 degrees Fahrenheit (F) during the coolest
months of January through March to about 80 degrees F during the
warmest months of July through September. The average annual
precipitation is approximately 40 inches at sea level. Frontal
weather is usually responsible for winter storms that occur during
the months of November through February (State of Hawaii 1988 Data
Book and NOAA 1990 Weather Summary).
2
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U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
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PROJECT AND STORAGE
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U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
4 FIGURE 2
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
(2). Winds, Storms, and Waves.
(a) Winds. Trade wind conditions dominate the weather
pattern in the Hawaiian Islands, resulting in partly cloudy skies
throughout the islands and causing brief showers to prevail in the
mountain and windward regions of the islands. From May through
September, the trade winds are prevalent about 80-95 percent of
the time. From October through April, the frequency decreases to
50-80 percent. Because the western coast is sheltered from the
trades by high mountains, land and sea breezes are dominant.
Additionally, the diurnal cycle consists of upslope winds during
the day and downslope winds during the night. Strong trade winds
may sweep through the saddle between the Mauna Kea and the Kohala
Mountains and reach the areas to the lee (U.S. Geological Service
National Water Summary 1988-89).
(b). Storms. Storms are relatively infrequent and
usually result from a breakdown of the normal circulation of the
trade winds. Storms typically occur from October to April;
however, local convective storms, which are intense and of short
duration, can occur at any time of year.
Three classes of disturbances produce major storms in the Hawaiian
Islands: cold fronts, low pressure passages, and true tropical
storms or hurricanes. Cold fronts, which occur annually from one
to eight times during the winter, cause intense rainfall and
strong, gusty northwest winds. Low pressure storms, called "Kona"
storms, also occur during the winter months. These storms are
characterized by strong, persistent southerly and southwesterly
winds and intense rainfall. Hurricanes are infrequent, but
tropical storms having winds below hurricane force are more
prevalent and pass close to the Hawaiian Islands on the average of
once every three years. Tropical storms which pass close to the
Hawaiian Islands cause high surf conditions, typically during the
months of July through November. The major hurricanes which
recently affected the State of Hawaii were:
Maximum Winds Property
Islands (m.p.h.) Damage
Name Date Affected Sustained/Gusts (Mil
Hiki Aug 15-17, 1950 Kauai 68 / NA 0 2
Nina Dec 1-2, 1957 Kauai 92 / NA 1.1
Dot Aug 7, 1959 Kauai 81 / 103 11.5
Fico Jul 18-20, 1978 Hawaii NA / 58 0.2
Iwa Nov 24, 1982 Kauai, Oahu 65 / 117 308.0
Estelle Jul 22, 1986 Maui, Hawaii NA / 55 2.0
Iniki Sep 11, 1992 Kauai, Oahu 145/ 175 1800.0
(c) Waves. The waters off the project area are
generally calm; however, the coast is exposed to direct wave
5
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
attack by large storm waves from the south and southwest. Of
particular concern are both the waves associated with Kona storms,
which approach from the southwest or west with periods ranging
from 8 to 10 seconds and heights from 10 to 15 feet, and the large
southern swells with periods of 14 to 22 seconds.
(3) Tides. The following tidal information was
obtained from the US Coast and Geodetic Survey data at Kailua Bay
and are referenced to a datum of mean lower low water:
Kailua Bav Feet
Highest tide (estimated to nearest 0.5 ft) 3.5
Mean higher high water (mhhw) 2.1
Mean high water (mhw) 1.6
Half tide level (htl) 0.9
Mean low water (mlw) 0.2
Mean lower low water (mllw) 0.0
Lowest tide (estimated to nearest 0.5 ft) -1.0
(4). Geology.
(a) The Hawaiian Islands are a chain of broad, shield-
shaped, basalt domes built on a 1,600 mile long fissure in the
ocean floor. The Island of Hawaii is the largest, youngest, and
southernmost of the chain. It is formed from thousands of thin
lava flows from vents in rift zones (zones of fractures in the
earth's mantle) from five volcanoes: Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea,
Kilauea, Hualalai, and Kohala. The island consists entirely of
the slopes of these mountains and of the broad saddles between
them. Mauna Loa and Kilauea, which occupy the southern half of
the island, are still active.
(b) Lava flows from Hualalai, a volcano on the west
side of the island, formed Kailua Bay. The composition and fresh
condition of Hualalai's lava indicates that the volcano erupted
contemporaneously with its two larger neighbors, Mauna Kea and
Mauna Loa. Based upon lava analysis of its most recent flows
(during 1800 and 1801), which are located to the north of Kailua
Bay, Hualalai is now in a late stage (perhaps nearly dormant) of
the volcanic cycle.
(c) Kailua Bay is crescent-shaped and is closed on its
north end by a large concrete pier. Nearshore, the bay floor
slopes gently seaward with a stair-stepped bathymetry created by
successive flows of lava basalt which occurred about 4000 years
ago. Within this sloping bay floor is a four-foot diameter open
lava tube which discharges fresh water into Kailua Bay.
(d) Ranging from about 150 to 200 feet offshore and at
a depth of about 20 feet, the bay floor levels off to a sand-
covered ledge. The sand layer's thickness is not known. The sand
6
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
is fine-grained and is similar in size and composition to the sand
of the pocket beach next to the pier. The similarity of the two
sands suggests that the bay floor sand is the sand which, during
the last several decades, has eroded from the former beach areas
along the bay's shoreline.
(5). Seismicity and Tsunamis.
(a) The Island of Hawaii is situated within a
seismically active zone and straddles the boundary between seismic
Zones 3 and 4. Earthquakes of low or moderate magnitudes occur
year-round and are usually associated with the volcanic activity
of Kilauea and Mauna Loa.
(b) The Hawaiian Islands are subjected to tsunamis
generated by both local and distant seismic disturbances. The
following is a list of major tsunamis affecting the Hawaiian
Islands:
Height Damage
Date Origin (feet) (mil
April 1, 1946 Aleutian Islands 55.8 26.0
November 4, 1952 Kamchatka 20.0 1.0
March 9, 1957 Aleutian Islands 52.5 5.0
May 22, 1960 Chile 34.5 23.0
March 27, 1964 Alaska 15.7 0.1
November 29, 1975 Puna, Hawaii 48.0 3.1
(c) There is no specific wave run-up height data for
Kailua Bay with respect to the above events; however, data for the
coastline to the south is available, as indicated in Figure 3.
Figure 4 indicates that the Federal Emergency Management Agency's
determination of Kailua Bay's Base Flood Elevation is 10 feet for
the 100-year flood event.
(6) Water Quality. The State of Hawaii Department of
Health (DOH) regularly samples the water of Kailua Bay. There are
five sampling stations as shown on Figure 5. Stations 1204 and
1205 are closest to the project area, and the data from these two
stations will be used to develop a baseline for the project area.
Since 1990 a total of 31 parameters have been sampled; however
only a few of those have State standards. For Station 1204, most
physical perameters were not measured after 1992; however
biological parameters and salinity continue to be monitored.
Except for pH, station 1204 met State standards for the physical
parameters from 1990-1992. Between 1990-1995 the "running
geometric mean" exceeded the State standard for enterococci 17
times (See footnote below). For Station 1205, physical parameters
as well as biological parameters continue to be collected. From
1990 through 1995 all the physical parameters met applicable State
7
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Wave Runup Heights in Hawaii'
• by Harold G. Loomis, University
of Hawaii, May 1976
13, 3, 7,12
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N ALIT DRIVE SHORE PROTECTION
KAILUA-KONA, ISLAND OF HAWAII
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
HEIGHTS, KONA COAST
U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
FIGURE 3
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ONEO BAY KAILUA-KONA, ISLAND OF HAWAII
Map taken from Federal Emergency Management
Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map, Hawaii County, WAVE INUNDATION AREAS
Hawaii, Panel 713, Revised September 16,1 sea. FOR 100-YEAR FLOOD, -
Zone AE has base flood elevations determined. KAILUA, HAWAII
Base flood elevation lines era in feet. U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
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10
CEPOD-ET-PP Jctober, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
standards and the enterococci standard was usually met; only 2
"running geometric means" exceeded the State standard (see
footnote 1 below) (personal communication, DOH-CWB, 1996)."
(7) Air Quality. The air quality in the State of
Hawaii is good, and State and Federal standards are very seldom
exceeded. There was no State sampling station on the Island of
Hawaii prior to 1995, and data from the newly established station
in Hilo is not yet being published or made available by the DOH
Clean Air Branch (pers. comm. CAB, 1996). State-wide, of 9,316
air samples obtained between 1991-1993 only 1 exceeded Federal
standards (PM-10) and only 21 exceeded State of Hawaii Standards
which are generally more stringent, with 16 of those exceeding the
State ozone standard at the Sand Island, Oahu sampling station
(DOH-CAB, undated). Air pollution episodes are experienced on the
Island of Hawaii periodically from volcanic eruptions.
Particulates increase due to the eruption and forest fires caused
by the lava flows. Substantial increases in the concentrations of
mercury and sulfur dioxide have been recorded during eruptions
(Decker, 1987). In the future the new DOH sampling station in
Hilo will be able to document air quality perturbations caused by
volcanic eruptions for some parameters.
(8) Noise. The major noise in the project area is from
vehicles and waves crashing against the sea wall. There are no
substantial sources of industrial noise in the vicinity.
c. NATURAL RESOURCES.
(a) Terrestrial Resources The seawall, its large
boulder foundation, and the adjacent sidewalk and road comprise
the shoreline of the study area. Accordingly, there are no trees,
shrubs, or other substantial terrestrial flora or fauna resident
along this portion of the shore.
(b) Marine Resources The substrate of the near shore
along the project reach is generally devoid of living coral, and
consists mainly of cobble-size rubble. Common Hawaiian reef
fishes occur through out Kailua Bay, including Chromis agilis,
Acanthurus triostegus, Acanthurus nigrofuscus and Abudefduf
abdominalis which are generally abundant, and Thallassoma
duperrey, Zebrasoma flavescens and Naso Iiteratus are also common.
Common sea urchins such as Tripneustes gratilla, Heterocentrotus
mammillatus and Echinometra mathaei are abundant in the bay, as
The Department of Health's sampling protocol does not meet the
timing requirements specified for determining compliance with the
Water Quality Standards. Instead, a "running geometric mean" is
maintained, recomputed when each new sample is added to the data
base.
11
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
are the common green, brown and red algae species. There are no
significant marine resources resident in the immediate project
area, although the seawall is a popular place to fish for halalu
(juvenile Trachurops crumenophthalmus) and oama (juvenile goat
fish) during their seasonal runs.
(c) Endangered and Threatened Species. No candidate,
proposed or listed endangered or threatened terrestrial species
are known to inhabit the study area. Threatened green sea turtles
(Chelonia mydas) are common in Hawaiian waters including in Kailua
Bay. Endangered humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae) are
resident in the waters of West Hawaii during the winter breeding
and calving season (December thru May). Endangered hawksbill
turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) and endangered Hawaiian monk
seals (Monachus schauinslandi) are rarely seen in the waters of
the main Hawaiian Islands.
d. CIILTURAL RESOURCES
Neither the State nor the National Registers of Historic Places
(RHP) list any historic properties within the potential area of
effect of the proposed project; however, two historic properties
are located in close proximity to the seawall: Hulihee Palace (50-
10-28-7001) is situated immediately south of the seawall and
Mokuaikaua Church (50-10-28-7231) is located southeast and inland
of the Kailua Bay. A third historic property, the National
Landmark Kamakahonu, Residence of King Kamehameha I (50-10-28-
7002), is located northwest of Kailua Bay. A significant
archaeological site, considered likely to be eligible for listing
on both the State and National RHPs may also be extant within the
project area, most likely lying beneath the seawall, sidewalk and
roadway. The site, designated as Pa a Umi, has been described as
the habitation site of the traditionally important ali'i 'Umi-a-
Loloa. This site, as depicted on a number of early 19th century
maps, was situated on a basalt promontory located near the middle
portion of Kailua Bay.
e. RECREATION
The principal recreational facilities in the area are the pier to
the west of the seawall, the small pocket beaches on both the east
and west ends of the seawall, and the seawall itself. The pier
provides a docking facility for tour and fishing boats. Swimmers,
particularly those who swim the length of the bay as a physical
fitness activity, use the small pocket beaches as a point of
entrance and exit from the bay. Some fishing, primarily to catch
small bait fish and the seasonal runs of halalu and oama, takes
place from the seawall.
12
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
f. ECONOMICS
Tourism is the dominant economic activity in the North Kona
district of the Big Island. Thousands of visitors spend at least
part of their vacations in North Kona each year and stay at one of
the moderately priced hotels in the district.
(1) An upscale, mega-resort region has also recently
developed to the north of Kailua-Kona, an area which is referred
to as the "Gold Coast." Due in part to this development, visitor
counts for the Big Island have been increasing since 1988, a trend
which is expected to continue in the near future. In 1990,
982,700 westbound visitors came to the Big Island, an increase of
3.8 percent over 1989, with a majority of them staying in West
Hawaii. Likewise, hotel occupancy rates in Hawaii County have
risen steadily since 1988. Hotels on the Big Island in 1990 were
61.7 percent full, a 0.9 percent increase over the 1989 rate.
Other major economic activities in the North Kona district include
agriculture (mostly macadamia nuts and coffee), cattle ranching,
and construction.
(2) Due to the vibrancy of the economy, especially the
visitor industry, the labor market in West Hawaii is very
competitive. Although Hawaii County had the highest unemployment
rate in the state during 1990, businesses in West Hawaii were
still faced with an acute labor shortage. At 3.8 percent, the
unemployment rate was the same as in 1989 and resulted in the need
for workers from the east side of the island to supplement West
Hawaii's labor force. About 300 workers commute approximately 55
miles one-way daily from their homes on the east side of the Big
Island to their jobs in West Hawaii.
(3) A rise in the resident population has accompanied
the development of tourism in the North Kona district. In 1980,
13,748 residents lived in the North Kona district. By 1990, the
number of residents had increased by 62 percent to 22,284. North
Kona had the third fastest population growth in the county during
the decade. Major commercial establishments matured to support
the growing community. This core of businesses and activities
draws both residents and visitors from areas throughout the west
side of the Big Island. Kailua-Kona is also host to two major
international sporting events. The Hawaii International Billfish
Tournament takes place off the Kona coast in July and August, and
the Ironman Triathlon starts from Kailua Bay every October. Each
year, these events draw hundreds of competitors and thousands of
spectators who contribute millions of dollars to the economy of
Kailua-Kona.
13
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
3 THE PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED.
a. Proposed Actioa. The proposed plan of improvement
consists of placing geotextile bags within the Oceanside
interstices of the seawall rock foundation and pumping concrete
directly into the bags. Pumping operations are expected to be
conducted from Ali'i Drive. This initial phase of construction
will close the larger voids and prevent escape of concrete fines
into the ocean during pumping operations under the sidewalk. Due
to the large diameter of the boulders which form the foundation of
the seawall, it is estimated that 700 bags (2'X2'X4') will be
required to fill the voids. Upon completion of this phase, the
contractor will proceed to drill and grout through the existing
sidewalk along Ali'i Drive. A cement-aggregate grout will be
injected into the existing seawall rock foundation at
approximately 7' intervals along the existing sidewalk. The exact
interval will depend upon the stiffness of the grout mix and an
on-site determination of the degree to which the grout fills the
voids. The interstices will be filled with grout as the injection
pipe is slowly withdrawn. The hardened grout will provide
stability to the seawall Foundation and form a concrete curtain to
prevent the further erosion of the fine-grained subgrade material
underlying the existing sidewalk due to wave/current action. The
contractor will be required to develop a detailed plan for
providing an effective temporary ocean side barrier to the spread
of turbidity before commencing the concrete operations. A
stylized drawing of one possible plan is shown in Figure 6. All
known utilities including an existing 24" storm drain and outlet
and the abandoned gas pipes have been identified and verified by
field observations and as-built drawings. The contractor's
storage area will be located in an area off Pawai Place, under the
jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works (Figure 2)
regardless of the alternative chosen.
b. No Action (Alternative A) The "no action"
alternative is not considered an acceptable or feasible solution
to the problems and needs of the study area, since the "no action"
alternative neither solves the identified problems nor fulfills
the identified needs of the study area. Under this alternative,
the stability of Ali'i Drive would continue to deteriorate due to
continued erosion, resulting in further damages to the road, its
adjacent seawall, and the sidewalk, disrupting the traffic and
businesses along the road.
c. Toe Protection Structure (Alternative 8) A
sloping rock toe protection structure is a viable alternative for
Kailua Bay, as this alternative would arrest the erosion process
from occurring behind the wall and would stabilize the seawall
relative to its potential to overturn. Under this alternative,
the 32-foot section of the seawall that has begun to shift must be
repaired. In addition, the voids in the foundation must be
14
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966T 'za~io~o0 Z dd-yd-QOd3J
CEPOD-ET-PP Jctober, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
on the basis of its ability to technically solve the problem, its
construction and maintenance costs, and its effects on
environmental and cultural resources. Secondary considerations
were each alternative's ability to provide both further stability
to the wall and overtopping protection.
(2) Alternative C (Revetment) was removed from consideration
due both to its high cost and to the social unacceptability of
disrupting the area's view plane. Alternative D (Geotextile)
would solve the problem due to erosion; however, its short life
expectancy and the potential impact to cultural resources during
excavation make this alternative less desirable. Alternative E
(Beach) would arrest the erosion process, would protect the
seawall's foundation, would provide protection against
overtopping, and would provide recreational benefits; however, its
high construction cost, its high maintenance cost, and the high
degree of uncertainty regarding the beach's stability make this
alternative both technically and economically infeasible.
Similarly, Alternative B (Toe Protection) would arrest the erosion
process, would protect the seawall's foundation, and would lessen
the degree to which overtopping occurs; however, this alternative
is not as desirable economically and environmentally as the
Proposed Action. The Proposed Action would arrest the erosion
process and would stabilize the seawall's foundation, although it
provides no reduction in overtopping. In addition it will have no
significant impact on ecological and cultural resources and is the
most economically feasible alternative.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT.
a. Environmeatal Settiag. The proposed action modifies
an existing seawall and would not change the environmental
setting. Reinforcement of the seawall foundation would increase
the integrity of the shore protection structure against failure
for the foreseeable future.
b. Terrestrial Resources. The proposed project would have
no effect on terrestrial resources.
c. Marine Resources. The proposed project is not expected
to have any significant impacts on the marine environment.
Depending on the timing of construction and the annual runs of
halalu and oama, fishing for these popular fish from the seawall
may be disrupted.
d. Endangered and Threatened Species. There are no
anticipated impacts on any candidate, proposed, or listed species.
There are no such terrestrial species in the project area.
Endangered humpback whales reside in Hawaiian waters during their
winter breeding season. Threatened green turtles and endangered
17
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
hawksbill turtles are present in the nearshore waters of Hawaii.
It is unlikely, however, that the proposed grouting of the
existing seawall will have any effect on these species. The
National Marine Fisheries Service concurred with this opinion
(personal communication, NMFS, 1996).
e. Water Quality. The grouting operation may temporarily
affect the water quality in the immediate vicinity of the seawall
foundation; however, the major constituents of the cement grout,
CaO (lime) and SiO2 (silica), would readily precipitate in
seawater as carbonates and would have little or no effect on
marine organisms. Pressure jetting the silt and sand from the
voids between the foundation boulders will temporarily cause
turbidity in the immediate vicinity, but silt containment devices
will be used to limit the effects to the immediate vicinity. No
long-term effects on water quality are anticipated under any of
the project alternatives. A State of Hawaii 401 Water Quality
Certification or waiver will be obtained prior to commencement of
construction.
f. Air Quality, Noise, and Traffic. Exhaust gases from
construction equipment may cause a temporary reduction of air
quality at the project during construction. There may be some
generation of dust near the construction area resulting from
transport and handling of construction materials. There would be
temporary, localized increases in ambient noise due to operation
of heavy equipment during project construction. Construction
activities would cause temporary interference with traffic flow
along Ali'i Drive; however, project construction would reduce the
possibility of total road closure due to failure during the next
severe storm.
g. Cultural Resources. The drilling portion of the
proposed project will disturb the top two feet of the soil
material immediately behind the seawall. This material, however,
is believed to have been previously disturbed during the
construction of the seawall and the sidewalk. No adverse effect
to historic properties is expected as long as the mechanized
construction equipment is restricted to areas landward of the
seawall, there is no subsurface disturbance of the sand deposits
(pocket beaches) at either end of the seawall, and there is no
excavation along the seawall, particularly in the middle sections
where 19th century maps designate Pa O 'Umi. In reaching this
conclusion HED solicited comments from 22 Native Hawaiian and
other civic groups and individuals, as well as the National Park
Service and the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The
SHPO concurred with our determination that there would be no
adverse effect to historic properties. At the request of the SHPO
an informative plaque will be placed on the seawall after
completion of construction.
18
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
An Archaeological monitor will be present on site if any
subsurface disturbance below the level of the foundation stones is
required in association with repair of the seawall. If
archaeological remains, structures or objects are found during
construction, the State Historic Preservation Office will be
notified and appropriate mitigative measures will be implemented.
h. Recreation. During construction, noise and possibly
airborne dust may present a minor nuisance to recreational
activities using the pier or seawall. No long-term impacts on
recreational activities would result from the proposed project.
i. Coastal Zoae Program Consistency. HED has
determined that this project is consistent with the State's
approved Coastal Zone Management Program. The State of Hawaii's
concurrence with this determinatio or waiver will be obtained
before construction commences.
j. Section 122 Effects. Section 122 of the River and
Harbor Act of 1970 supplements the provisions of the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 by requiring that all Corps
projects consider at least 17 special, possibly adverse economic,
social and environmental effects relating to any proposed project;
the cost of elimination or minimizing such adverse effects; and
the need for flood control, navigation and associated actions.
The minimum list of 17 "effects" includes desirable regional
growth, employment/labor force, local government finance, business
and industrial activity, displacement of people or farms,
desirable community growth, population, public services, public
facilities, community cohesion, aesthetic effects, noise/air
pollution, water pollution, natural resources, and man-made
resources. The last five of these categories are discussed above.
For the remaining categories, project effects are expected to be
neutral or positive.
k. Mitigation Recommended.
(1) Care will be exercised to insure that no
contamination of the marine environment results from construction
activities. Actions to be taken to avoid water quality impacts
should include measures which insure that no debris, petroleum
products or other deleterious material is allowed to fall, flow,
leach or otherwise enter the water.
(2) Construction activities will be confined mainly to
the shoreline area with little in water work. As far as is
practicable, feasible and necessary, any work in the intertidal
zone will be conducted during low tide conditions to minimize
turbidity effects.
19
CEPOD-ET-PP October, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
(3) Silt containment devices will be deployed during
any work in the water.
(4) The contractor will be required to periodically
monitor selected water quality parameters
(5) An archaeological monitor will be present on site
during any excavation or subsurface disturbance below the level of
the foundation stones that is required in association with repair
of the seawall. The State Historic Preservation Office will be
notified and appropriate mitigative measures will be implemented
should any unanticipated discoveries occur during construction.
5. AGENCIES AND PERSONS CONTACTED.
a. Federal Agencies
Hawaii's Congressional Delegation
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
National Marine Fisheries Service
National Park Service
U.S. Coast Guard
Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council
U.S. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Department of Interior, Regional Environmental Officer
U.S. Geological Survey
b. State of Hawaii Agencies
Office of State Planning
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Department of Health
Office of Environmental Quality Control
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
University of Hawaii, Sea Grant Extension Service
University of Hawaii, Environmental Center
University of Hawaii, Look Laboratory
c. County of Hawaii Agencies
Mayor, Hawaii County
County Council
Department of Public Works
Planning Department
d. Private Organizations and Individuals
Life of the Land
Hawaii Audubon Society
The Outdoor Circle
Hawaii Island Environmental Council
20
CEPOD-ET-PP )ctober, 1996
SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment for Ali'i Drive Shoreline
Protection, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
Bishop Museum
Save Our Surf
Na Ala Hele
Hawaii Leeward Planning Conference
Sierra Club
Hawaii's Thousand Friends
Protect Kohanaiki Ohana
The Ocean Recreation Council of Hawaii (TORCH)
Kona Hawaiian Civic Club
Ka Kahui Hawaii
Mr. Ed Lapenas
Mr. John Tommy Rosas, Jr.
Mr. Rick Gaffney
Mr. Douglas Blake
Mr. Nelson Ho
A. Eaton
Ms . Pat Tummons
Mr. Mark K Crawford
Mr. Yukio Shiigi
Mr. Jerry Rothstein
Ms. Donna Mah
8. REFERENCES CITED
Decker, Wright and Spaffer, Eds., 1987. Volcanism in Hawaii,
U.S.G.S Professional Paper No. 1350, Vol. 1., Chapter 35, 1987.
U.S. Superintendent of Documents
Hawaii, State of, Department of Health, Clean Air Branch (CAB),
undated. Hawaii Air Quality Data 1991-1993. Honolulu, HI.
Hawaii, State of, Department of Health, Clean Air Branch (CAB),
1996. Phone conversation with CAB staff, 11 Apr. 1996.
Honolulu, HI.
Hawaii, State of, Department of Health, Clean Water Branch,
personal communication, 1996. Computer printout from water
quality database, 10 Apr. 1996. Honolulu, HI.
National Marine Fisheries Service, personal communication, 1996.
Discussion with Eugene Nitta, Protected Species Coordinator, 2
May, 1996. Honolulu, HI.
21
APPENDIX A
COMPLIANCE DOCUMENTS
,
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT. HONOLULU
• FT. SHAFTER, HAWAII 96858-5660
REVLrTO May 25, 1995
ATTENTION OF
Planning Division
Mr. Michael Wilson
State Historic Preservation Officer
Department of Land and Natural Resources
P.O. Box 621
Honolulu, Hawaii 96809
Dear Mr. Wilson:
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District, in
response to your Department's historic preservation comments dated
June 14, 1994, has completed its efforts to consult with native
Hawaiian groups, individuals and interested parties regarding the
potential effects of proposed construction improvements to the
existing 700-foot long concrete seawall fronting Kailua Bay, Kona,
Hawaii Island and adjacent to Alii Drive, and the significant
structure known as Pa o'Umi.
Letters requesting comments to this proposed undertaking were
sent to 22 groups, individuals, and agencies who were identified
in discussions with the federal National Park Service, state
Office of Hawaiian Affairs and Daughters of Hawaii. Letters
received from four respondents endorsed your recommendations for
an interpretive marker and archaeological monitoring during
construction. The Daughters of Hawaii have indicated their
willingness to be responsible for an interpretive sign/marker
provided the Corps and State Department of Land and Natural
Resources assist with its placement, or accuracy of location.
We request your finalized comments and concurrence pursuant to
36 CFR Sections 800.4 and 800.5 of the regulations of the
President's Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and your
letter of June 14, 1994, that this proposed undertaking for
seawall repair at Kailua Bay, Kona, Hawaii Island, will have No
Adverse Effect on Pa o 'Umi , an identified historic property
significant as a traditional Native Hawaiian cultural place and
associated with the traditional political history of the Hawaiian
Islands.
Thank you for your timely response in order that we may proceed
to finalize the dEA and dFONSI and fulfill all historic
preservation stipulations. Should you have any further questions
A-1
.
-2-
or comments, please feel free to contact Mr. Farley K. Watanabe of
my planning staff at 438-7007 .
Sincerely,
Ray H. Jyo, P .E .
Director of Engineering
Enclosures
A-2
lEMJAMIN J. CAYETANO MIONAE~D. WIIWN, CNAPPWOM
• O`UVERNOR OF HAWAII ~ ~ : WARP OF LAND AND NATUIIK REWURCEC
•a4l
DEPUTY
I dLFFAT COLOMA•AOARAN
S`
~re-O'~>, AOYACULTVRE DEV60PMfNT
PIIOdIM1
STATE OF HAWAII AOUwne REWUROEt
CONSFAVAnON AND
DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DmRDNNENTAL AFFAIRs
CONSERVAmON ANO
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION D(VLSION REWWICES ENfORCEMFNT
June 22, 1995 33 SOUTH KWO STREET, 6TH FLOOR CONVfl'ANOES
HONOLULU, HAWAII 9661 FORESTRY AND WRDUfF
IIISTONC PIIESERVAnON
OM90N
LAUD MANAOEfAFNT
RATF PARIU
Mr. Ray H. Jyo, P.E. WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT
Director of Engineering
U.S. Army Corps of Engineer District, Honolulu
Department of the Army
Ft. Shatter, Hawaii 96858-5440 LOG NO• (4750
DOC ~`n_ 9505Rr45
Dear Mr. Jyo:
SUBJECT: Construction Improvements to the Se:Ewall Fronting Kailua
bay along; Ali'i Drive .
Multiple Ahupua'a. North Kona, Hawuii
Thank you for your letter of May 25, 1995, in which you document your attempts to consult
with native Hawaiian groups and individuals regarding the potential effects of this project. We
find that you have made an excellent eftirrt w contact a wide range of groups and individuals.
The respondents supported our office's recommendations fix an interpretive marker and
nrchaev>lugical monitoring in the Pao 'Umi area.
Thus, we agree with your "no adverse effect" determination, with the understanding that this
will involve [he monitoring and interpretive marker. We would like to reyuest that our office
he able to comment tin the text fix the marker and its general appearance.
Related to this prciject, we would like to note that the recent high surf which impacted the Ali'i
Drive seawall severely damaged the seawall extension fronting the adjacent Hulihee Palace, an
extremely significant historic site on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973. We
understand that Corps of Engineers staff visited the palace immediately after the damage and
assessed the situation. We would like [o request that, it at all possible, your seawall study and
improvements also he extended a bit longer to include the seawall fronting the Hulihee Palace.
Improving that seawall as an extension of the hay's seawall would do a great service to the
Kona community and Hawaii and our visitors by better protecting this important site.
Aloha,
~ -
HIBBAR0. Deputy ,
State Historic Preservation Officer
RC:jk - .
c: Fanny Au Huy, Curator, Hulihee P;dace `3 - - h'
Rep. Virginia Isbell, Hawaii State Legislature - - .
A-3 P
CONVER£ ION RECORD DATE
. x:00 2 May, 1996
TYPE ROUTING
VISIT ~ CONFERENCE ~ TELEPHONE
INCOMING NAME/SYMBOL INT
o~,u,. ,r v.:~vc,.r....~.National Marine Fisherie Service ~ OUTGOING
AME OF PERSON(S) CONTACTED OR ORGANIZATION ELEPHONE NO.
IN CONTACT WITH YOU NMFS
Eugene Nitta, Protected Species Coord. 973-2987
SUBJECT
Ali'i Drive Shore Protection Project Informal Consultation -
EndangeredlTheatened Species
SUMMARY
I discussed the Ali'i Drive project with Gene, and asked him if a letter from the Corps had been
received in the past concerning this project. He indicated none had, and due to the nature of the
project, he did not believe a letter was needed because there would be no effect on either whales or
turtles. I said I would document our conversation as an "Informal Consultation" using an Optional Form
271, Conversation Record, and Gene concurred that would be adequate.
ACTION REQUIRED
Place a copy of this form in the Environmental Assessment
NAME OF PERSON DOCUMENTING CONVERSATION S G ATURE DATE
WILLIAM B. LENNAN, II ~l~~ld~~9~?.~ - 3 May, 1996
ACTION TAKEN
SIGNATURE TITLE DATt
502]1-tOt U_5. G.P.O. 1983Ax<-3]8 CONVERSATION RECORD OPTIONAL FORM vi (12-7s1
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
A-4
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE DISCHARGE OF DREDGED
OR FILL MATERIAL INTO THE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES USING
THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SECTION 404(b)(I) GUIDELINES
ALIT DRIVE SHORE PROTECTION PROJECT, HAWAII, HAWAII
PODCW96-0004
2 October, 1996
I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.
a. Ali'i Drive, Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
b. General Descri to ion: The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu
Engineer District, and the County of Hawaii, Department of Public Works are
proposing to repair a section of Ali'i Drive. During the early 1950's, the owners of the
propoerties on Ali'i Drive fronting Kailua Bay built a concrete recurved seawall,
approximately 700 feet long. The wall rests on a foundation of large boulders having
an average diameter of about 5 feet, with steel sheetpile behind the boulders and
beneath the sidewalk. The beach which was seaward of the wall has since eroded,
exposing the boulder foundation to constant wave action. The soil material behind the
wall, which forms the foundation for both the sidewalk and the roadway adjacent to the
wall, has eroded during the past two years, presumably due to the corrosion of the
steel sheetpile over time. This erosion of the foundation materials has caused
cracking and large potholes in the roadway pavement and has caused the sidewalk to
crack and fail in several locations. Furthermore, one section of the wall has started to
shift, apparently due to a related shift in the underlying boulders.
The proposed plan of improvement consists of placing geotextile bags within the
Oceanside interstices of the seawall rock foundation and pumping concrete directly
into the bags. Pumping operations are expected to be conducted from Ali'i Drive. This
initial phase of construction will close the larger voids and prevent escape of concrete
fines into the ocean during pumping operations under the sidewalk Due to the large
diameter of the boulders which form the foundation of the seawall, it is estimated that
700 bags (2'X2'X4') will be required to fill the voids. Upon completion of this phase,
the contractor will proceed to drill and grout through the existing sidewalk along Ali'i
Drive. Acement-aggregate grout will be injected into the existing seawall rock
foundation at approximately 7' intervals along the existing sidewalk. The exact interval
will depend upon the stiffness of the grout mix and an on-site determination of the
degree to which the grout fills the voids. The interstices will be filled with grout as the
injection pipe is slowly withdrawn.
Several alternatives to the proposed action were considered, however all would have
had more adverse effects on the environment; some were cost prohibitive; and none
were considered acceptable enough to be considered in detail. See attached
Environmental Assessment for details.
A-5
I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION (Continued)
c. Authori and Purpose: Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344); and
Section 14, Flood Control Act of 1946, as amended. The purpose of the project is to repair
the seawall which protects Allii Drive.
d. General Descriptions of Dredged or Fill Materials:
(1) General Characteristics a. Clean sand-cement grout
of the Material with Bentonite
b. Geotextile bags
(2) Quantity of Material to a. 2,OOOCY
be Discharged b. 700
d. General Descriptions of Dredged or Fill Materials: (Continued)
(3) Source of the Material a. Commercial source
e. Description of the Proposed Discharge Site:
(1) Location (Enclosure 1) Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, Hawaii
(2) Size (acres) Less than 1 acre
(3) Type of Site Urban
(4) Type (s) of Habitat Intertidal and fastland
(5) Timing and Duration The project will start construction in 97,
and construction will take
approximately 2-3 months.
f. Description of Disposal Method:
(1) Method of Discharge Fill material (grout) will be placed by
grout pumping equipment
II. FACTUAL DETERMINATIONS
a. Physical Substrate Determinations:
(1) Substrate Elevation Varies up to 2.5 ft. deep, depending on
stage of the tide
(2) Sediment Type Sandy silt, cobbles
(3) Dredged/Fill Material NA
Movement
(4) Physical Effects on None expected
Benthos
A-6
a. Physical Substrate Determinations: (Continued)
(5) Other Effects There will be temporary increases
in noise, dust and engine exhaust
emissions during construction.
(6) Actions Taken to General mitigation recommended is as
Minimize Impacts follows:
(a) No construction materials will be stockpiled in the marine
environment.
(b) All construction-related materials will be free of pollutants.
(c) No contamination of the marine environment will result from
construction activities.
(d) The project Contractor will be required to conform with state air
quality, noise and water quality standards.
(e) Silt containment devices will be deployed around the
construction area to contain leaking grout
b. Water Circulation. Fluctuation and SalinitX Determination:
(1) Water, Effects on:
(a) Salinity No effect
(b) Water Chemistry No effect
(c) Clarity Likely improvement over existing
conditions following construction
due to reduced erosion
(d) Color No effect
(e) Odor No effect
(f) Taste No effect
(g) Dissolved Gas Levels No effect
(h) Nutrients No effect
(2) Current Patterns and Circulation
(a) Current Patterns No effect
(b) Velocity No effect
A-7
b. Water Circulation. Fluctuation and Salinity Determination: (Continued)
(c) Stratification No effect
(d) Hydrologic Regime No effect
(3) Normal Water No effect
Level Fluctuations
(4) Salinity Gradients No effect
(5) Actions That Will be NA
Taken to Minimize
Impacts
c. Suspended Particulatelfurbidity Determination
(1) Expected Changes in Likely decrease following construction
Suspended Particulate due to reduced erosion
and TurbidiryLevels in Vicinity
of Disposal Site
(2) Effects (degree and duration)
on Chemical and Physical Properties
of the Water Column
(a) Light Penetration No effect
(b) Dissolved Oxygen No effect
(c) Toxic Metals & No effect
Organics
(d) Pathogens No effect
(e) Aesthetics No effect
(3) Effects on Biota
(a) Primary Production, No effect
Photosynthesis
(b) Suspension/Filter No effect
Feeders
(c) Sight Feeders No effect
(4) Actions Taken to Silt containment devices may be deployed
Minimize Impacts around construction area to contain
possible leaking grout
A-8
d. Contaminant Determination
The proposed discharge will be free of contaminants.
e. Aauatic Ecosystem and Organism Determination
The proposed discharge is free of contaminants, so that there
will be no toxic effects on the ecosystem or individual organisms
(1) Effects on Plankton NA
(2) Effects on Benthos No effect
(3) Effects on Nekton NA
(4) Effects on Aquatic No effect
Food Web
(5) Effect on Special Aquatic Sites
(a) Sanctuaries and NA
Refuges
(b) Wetlands NA
(c) Mud Flats NA
(d) Vegetated Shallows NA
(e) Coral Reefs NA
(f) Riffle and Pool NA
Complexes
(6) Endangered and No effect
Threatened Species
(7) Other Wildlife No effect
(8) Actions to Minimize Actions to minimize impacts of this
Effects project involve location, type of material
and controlling the material after
discharge.
f. Proposed Disposal Site Determinations
(1) Mixing Zone NA
Determination
(2) Determination of Project will be in compliance with State of
Compliance with Hawaii water quality standards for Class A
Applicable Water waters. A Water Quality Certification
Quality Standards under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act
will be requested from the State of Hawaii
Department of Health.
A-9
f. Prooosed Disoosal Site Determinations: (Continued)
(3) Potential Effects on Human Use Characteristics
(a) Municipal and NA
Private Water Supply
(b) Recreational and Disrupted during construction;
Commercial Fisheries No long term effects.
(c) Water Related Disrupted during construction;
Recreation No long term effects.
(d) Aesthetics NA
(e) Parks, National and NA
Historic Monuments,
National Seashores,
Wilderness Areas,
Research Sites and
Similar Preserves
g. Determination of No Effect
Cumulative Effects
on the Aquatic
Ecosystem
h. Determination of No effect
Secondary Effects
on the Aquatic
Ecosystem
A-10
FINDINGS OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE RESTRICTIONS ON DISCHARGE
FOR THE ALIT DRIVE SHORE PROTECTION PROJECT
1. No significant adaptations of the guidelines were made relative to this evaluation.
2. The use of riprap fronting the seawall was considered as an alternative to pumped
grout; however, it was eliminated early in the planning process because it would not
correct the current problem of voids under the sidewalk and roadway and the cost was
prohibitive. The use of riprap was not analyzed in detail.
3. The discharge (leaking) of clean sand-cement grout material into the waters of
Kailua Bay would not degrade water quality or human use of the water. The material
is not suspected of containing contaminants; would not be expected to cause any
prolonged turbidity problems; and would not degrade the aquatic environment.
4. The Proposed Action will not harm any candidate, proposed or listed endangered
or threatened species or their critical habitat.
5. The Proposed Action will repair a seawall which was originally built in the 1950s.
The project is water dependent and therefore no practicable alternative analysis is
required. The discharge has been reduced to the absolute minimum that will meet the
project objectives.
6. Additional appropriate steps to minimize potential adverse impacts of the discharge
on the aquatic ecosystem include using clean grout material; and using silt
containment devices to reduce or eliminate turbidity.
7. On the basis of this evaluation and the information contained in the environmental
documentation for the original project, the proposed discharge site is spec'rfied as
complying with the requirements of the 404(b)(1) guidelines, with the inclusion of
appropriate and practicable actions to minimize pollution or adverse effects to the
aquatic ecosystem.
jl
RALPH H. GRAVES
Lieutenant Colonel, EN
Commanding
A-11
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU
FORT SHAFTER, HAWAII 96858-5440
DETERMINATION OF FEDERAL CONSISTENCY
for
ALIT DRIVE SHORE PROTECTION PROJECT
AT
KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII
MAY 23, 1996
A-12
ASSESSMENT FORMAT
RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Objective: Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the
public.
Policies:
1) Improve coordination and funding of coastal recreation planning
and management.
2) Provide adequate, accessible, and diverse recreational
opportunities in the coastal zone management azea by:
a) Protecting coastal resources uniquely suited for recreational
activities that cannot be provided in other azeas;
b) Requiring replacement of coastal resources having
significant recreational value, including but not limited to surfing sites and
sandy beaches, when such resources will be unavoidably damaged by
development; or requiring reasonable monetary compensation to the State
for recreation when replacment is not feasible or desirable;
c) Providing and managing adequate public access, consistent
with conservation of natural resources, to and along shorelines with
recreational value;
d) Providing an adequate supply of shoreline pazks and other
recreational facilities suitable for public recreation;
e) Encouraging expanded public recreational use of County,
State, and Federally owned or controlled shoreline lands and waters having
recreational value;
f) Adopting water quality standazds and regulating point and
non-point sources of pollution to protect and where feasible, restore the
recreational value of coastal waters;
g) Developing new shoreline recreational opportunities, where
appropriate, such as artificial reefs for surfing and fishing; and
h) Encouraging reasonable dedication of shoreline areas with
recreational value for public use as part of discretionary approvals or
permits by the land use commission, board of land and natural resources,
A-13
County planning comissions; and crediting such dedication against the
requirements of section 46-6.
Check either "Yes" or "No" for each of the following questions.
Yes 1Vo
1. X Will the proposed action involve or be near a
dedicated public right-of-way?
2. X Does the project site abut the shoreline?
3. X Is the project site neaz a State or County park?
4. X Is the project neaz a perennial stream?
5. X Will the proposed action occur in or affect a
surf site?
6. X Will the proposed action occur in or affect a
populaz fishing area?
7. X Will the proposed action occur in or affect a
recreational or boating azea?
8. X Is the project site neaz a sandy beach?
9. X Are there other recreational uses in the azea?
Discussion
1. The action will take place along Ali'i Drive, a public road with sidewalk.
2. Ali i Drive abuts the shoreline in this location.
6. The seawall along this stretch of road and sidewalk is a populaz fishing
spot, especially for children.
8. There is a small sandy beach at the east end of the project azea, but it is
not expected to be affected by the project. It is used mostly by children
and as an entry point for individuals training for the Ironman Triathalon.
9. There is a lot of foot traffic on the sidewalk along this reach, with
people watching the charter fishing and tour boats come and go.
A-14
HISTORIC RESOURCES
Objective: Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore those natural
and man-made historic and pre-historic resources in the coastal zone
management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history
and culture.
Policies:
1) Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources;
2) Maximize information retention through preservation of
remains and artifacts or salvage operations; and
3) Support State goals for protection, restoration, interpretation,
and display of historic resources.
Check either "Yes" or "No" for each of the following questions.
Yes No
1. X Is the project site within a historic/cultural
district?
2. X Is the project site listed on or nominated to the
Hawaii or National register of historic places.
3. X Does the project site include undeveloped land
which has not been surveyed by an azchaeologist?
4. X Has a site survey revealed any information on
historic or archaeological resources?
5. X Is the project site within or near a Hawaiian
fishpond or historic settlement azea?
Discussion
4. There is an area, under the seawall/sidewalk/road which may be the
area identified on 19th century maps as Pa o Umi, the habitation site of the
traditionally important ali'i Umi-a-Liloa.
5. Hulihee Place (50-10-28-7001) is located south of the project area;
Mokuaikaua Church (50-10-28-7231) is located southeast and inland; and
the National Landmark, Kamakahonu, residence of King Kamehameha I
A-15
(50-10-27-7002) is located northwest of the project area. None of these
historic properties will be affected by the proposed project.
A-16
SCENIC AND OPEN SPACE RESOURCES
Objective: Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore or improve the
quality of coastal scenic and open space resources.
Policies:
1) Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone
management area;
2) Insure that new developments are compatible with their visual
environment by designing and locating such developments to minimize the
alteration of natural landforms and existing public views to and along the
shoreline;
3) Preserve, maintain and, where desirable, improve and restore
shoreline open space and scenic resources; and
4) Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent
to locate in inland areas.
Check either "Yes" or "No" for each of the following questions.
Yes 1~
1. X Does the project site abut a scenic landmark?
2. X Does the proposed action involve the construction
of a multi-story structure or structures?
3. X Is the project site adjacent to undeveloped
pazcels?
4. X Does the proposed action involve the construction
of structures visible between the nearest
coastal roadway and the shoreline?
5. X Will the proposed action involve construction in
or on waters seaward of the shoreline? On or
neaz a beach?
A-17
Discussion
5. There is a small beach at the east end of the project; however,
construction will not take place on the beach, but will involve the large
boulders adjacent to the beach which serve as the foundation to the
seawall.
a-is
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
Objective: Protect valuable coastal ecosystems from disruption and
minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems.
Policies:
1) Improve the technical basis for natural resource management;
2) Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems of significiant biological
or economic importance;
3) Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems
by effective regulation of stream diversions, channelization, and similar
land water uses, recognizing competing water needs; and
4) Promote water quantity and quality planning and management
practices which reflect the tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems
and prohibit land and water uses which violate State water quality
standards.
Check either "Yes" or "No" for each of the following questions.
Yes
1. X Does the proposed action involve dredge or fill
activities?
2. X Is the project site within the Shoreline Setback
Area (20 to 40 feet inland of the shoreline)?
3. X Will the proposed action require some form of
effluent dischazge into a body of water?
4. X Will the proposed action require eazthwork beyond
clearing and grubbing?
5. X Will the proposed action include the construction
of special waste treatment facilities, such as
injection wells, discharge pipes, or cesspools?
6. X Is an intermittent or perennial stream located on
or near the project site?
A-19
7. X Does the project site provide habitat for
endangered species of plants, birds, or mammals?
8. X Is any such habitat located nearby?
9. X Is there a wetland on the project site?
10. X Is the project site situated in or abutting a
Natural Area Reserve?
11. X Is the project site situated in or abutting a
Marine Life Conservation District?
12. X Is the project site situated in or abutting an
estuary?
Discussion
2. The project is immediately adjacent to the shoreline.
A-20
ECONOMIC USES
Objective: Provide public or private facilities and improvements important
to the State's economy in suitable locations.
Policies:
1) Concentrate in appropriate areas the location of coastal
dependent development necessazy to the State's economy;
2) Insure that coastal dependent development such as harbors
and ports, visitor industry facilities, and energy generating facilities are
located, designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social, visual, and
environmental impacts in the coastal zone management area; and
3) Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent
developments to areas presently designated and used for such
development and permit reasonable long-term growth at such azeas, and
permit coastal dependent development ouside of presently designated
areas when:
a) Utilization of presently designated locations is not feasible;
b) Adverse environmental effects are minimized; and
c) Important to the State's economy.
Check either "Yes" or "No" for each of the following questions.
Yes No
1. X Does the project involve a harbor or port
2. X Is the project site within a designated tourist
destination area?
3. X Does the project site include agricultural lands
or lands designated for such use?
4. X Does the proposed activity relate to commercial
fishing or seafood production?
5. X Does the proposed activity relate to energy
production?
A-21
6. X Does the proposed activity relate to seabed
mining?
Discussion
2. The project is located along the shoreline in Kailua-Kona, a populaz
tourist destination on the Island of Hawaii.
A-22
COASTAL HAZARDS
Objective: Reduce hazazd to life and property from tsunami, storm waves,
stream flooding, erosion, and subsidence.
Policies:
1) Develop and communicate adequate information on storm
wave, tsunami, flood, erosion, and subsidence hazard;
2) Control development in azeas subject to storm wave, tsunami,
flood erosion, and subsidence hazard;
3) Ensure that developments comply with requirement of the
Federal Flood Insurance Program; and
4) Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects.
Check either "Yes" or "No" for each of the following questions.
Yes No
1. X Is the project site on or abutting a sandy beach?
2. X Is the project site within a potential tsunami
inundation area as depicted on the National Flood
Insurance Program flood hazazd map?
3. X Is the project site within a potential flood
inundation area according to a flood hazard map?
4. X Is the project site within a potential subsidence
hazazd azea according to a subsidence hazard map?
5. X Has the project site or nearby shoreline areas
experienced shoreline erosion?
Discussion
1. A small sandy beach is located at the east end of the project. It is not
expected to be affected by the project.
A-23
2. According to the flood hazazd map for Hawaii County, Panel No. 155166
0713D, dated May 16, 1994, the project site is in Flood Zone VE, with flood
elevation of 10 feet.
5. There has been erosion of the fill material under the the road and
sidewalk along this portion of Ali'i Drive. This project is designed to solve
this erosion problem.
A-24
MANAGING DEVELOPMENT
Objective: Improve the development review process, communication, and
public pazticipation in the management of coastal resources and hazards.
Policies:
1) Effectively utilize and implement existing law to the maximum
extent possible in managing present and future coastal zone development;
2) Facilitate timely processing of application for development
permits and resolve overlapping or conflicting permit requirements; and
3) Communicate the potential short- and long-term impacts of
proposed significant coastal developments early in their life cycle and in
terms understandable to the general public to facilitiate public
pazticipation in the planning and review process.
Check either "Yes" or "No" for each of the following questions.
Yes No
1. X Will the proposed activity require more than two
(2) permits or approvals?
2. X Does the proposed activity conform with the State
and County land use designations for the site?
3. X Has or will the public be notified of the
proposed activity?
4. X Has a draft or final environmental impact
statement or an environmental assessment been
prepared?
Discussion
1. The proposed activity requires State and County approval through the
CDUA and SMA process; coordination with the National Marine Fisheries
Service under the Endangered Species Act; Water Quality Certification
under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act; and coordination with the State
Historic Preservation Officer under Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act. In addition, the normal construction permits will be
issued by the County of Hawaii.
2. The project area is currently a road and sidewalk, and will remain so
following construction.
A-25
3. The Environmental Assessment (EA) which accompanies this
Consistency Determination has been distributed to the public and vazious
Federal, State and Hawaii County agencies.
4. An EA and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) accompany this
Consistency Determination.
A-26
FIDERAL CONSISTENCY
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION FORM
Project/Activity Title or Description:
Island: Hawaii Tax Map Key No.: 4-2-13.16 Pors Est. Stazt Date:1993
APPLICANT OR AGENT
Name & Title: Ralph H. Graves
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army
District Engineer
Agency/Organization: U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Address: Building 230
Fort Shafter, Hawaii 96858-5440
TYPE OF APPLICATION
[ X ] I. Federal Activity
"The proposed activity is consistent with and will be conducted in a
manner consistent to the maximum extent practicable with the Hawaii
Coastal Zone Management Program."
Signature: _ 'LZ ,v
P H. GRA S Date
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army
District Engineer
A-27
APPENDIX B
HISTORY
HISTORY
Alii Drive Shoreline Protection Project
Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii
June 1994
The history and prehistory of the ahu ua'a (traditional land division) of Lanihau
and the Kailua-Kona area have been recorded in detail by Barrere (1975), Kelly (1983),
and Schilt (1984) and will be presented only briefly here.
Beginning in prehistory, Kailua-Kona has been an area of economic, ritual, and
political importance. Vast traditional upland agricultural fields, extending for-many
miles, suggest this area supported an extremely dense prehistoric population and attest
to its economic importance to the early Hawaiians. The ritual importance of the area is
illustrated by the numerous heiau (Hawaiian temple) which have been historically
recorded, a great number of which are still extant. Called the "Playground of Royalty"
since the early 19th century (Kanahele 1976: 8), Kailua-Kona has functioned, at least
twice, as the administrative center for the kingdom.
Traditionally, Kona is associated with a 15th century li'i (chief), 'Umi-a-Liloa,
who politically unified the island of Hawaii. 'Umi is believed to have resided in the
general area of the present Kailua-Kona village. Early 19th century maps depict a small
promontory situated near the center of the bay which is labeled "Pa O 'Umi" (land of
'Umi). The geomorphic feature is no longer identifiable; it may lie beneath the present
Alii Drive roadbed and seawall, or it may have been destroyed by modern alterations to
the landscape. 'Umi is credited with establishing the traditional Hawaiian division of
labor by appointing specialists in administration, crafts, economics, and religion. 'Umi's
descendants were unable to maintain control over 'Umi's possessions and periods of
inter- and infra-island warfare prevailed until 1795 when Kamehameha I, with the aid of
western technology, conquered all of the major Hawaiian islands (except Kauai). After
several years residence on Oahu, Kamehameha returned to the island of Hawaii and
eventually established his seat of government and principal residence on the coastal
portion of the ahupua'a of Lanihau in the northwestern portion of Kailua Bay.
In 1820, the first group of Protestant missionaries arrived in Kailua-Kona and
were eventually granted permission to establish a mission station. After several years of
meeting in grass and wooden buildings, the basalt stone Mokuaikaua Church was
erected in 1836. Shortly thereafter, in 1837, Governor Kuakini erected his residence
(Hulihee Palace) immediately seaward of the church.
In the early 1800's, Kailua Bay was a popular anchorage of foreign fur and
sandalwood traders and whalers who purchased fresh food, water, and firewood at this
port. In the mid-19th century, cattle raised in the uplands were herded into Kailua Bay
and hoisted onto the decks of freighters. Once the area was established as a major
seaport, docks were extended into the bay to facilitate loading goods onto barges.
Currently, Kailua is a rapidly growing urban center economically based on the tourist
industry.
B-1
REFERENCES CITED
Barrera, Dorothy
1975 Kamehameha in Kona: Two Documentary tudi
Pacific Anthropological Records No. 23. Department
of Anthropology, BP Museum, Honolulu.,
Kamakau, Samuel M.
1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Honolulu: The Kamehameha Schools Press.
Kanahele, Annie
1976 Annie. Life of a Hawaiian. Honolulu: Fisher Printing Co., Inc.
Kelly, Marion
1983 Na mala o kona: Gardens of Kona. A History of Land Llce in
Kona. Hawaii. Departmental Report 83-2. Department of
Anthropology, BP Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
Rubin, Meyer, Lea Kelley Gargulinski, and John P. McGeehin
1987 "Hawaiian Radiocarbon Dates." In Robert W. Decker,
Thomas L. Wright, and Peter H. Stauffer (Eds.),
Volcanism in Hawaii Volume 1. Washington, DC:
US Government Printing Office
Schilt, Rose
1984 Subsistence and Conflict in Kona. Hawaii: An
Archaeoloqi al t ~dy of the Kuakini Highw~, alignment Cnrririnr
Hawaii Historic Preservation Report 84-1. Department of Land
and Natural Resources and Department of Transportation, State
of Hawaii, Honolulu.
B-2
APPENDIX C
LETTERS OF COP~lENT AND RESPONSES
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