HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0719.002 2010-2012 ,
Phone: (808) 323-4277
BRENDA J. FORD -I �'.''"����_•
Council Member Fax: (808)329- 4786
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District 7 - Central Kona !'E OF•M E-Mail: bford @co.hawaii.hi.us
HAWAII COUNTY COUNCIL
County of Hawaii
West Hawaii Civic Center
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy.
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740
DATE: June 7, 2012
TO: Dominic Yagong, Chairperson,
and Members of the Hawai`i County Council
FROM: 161.)tvi Brenda J. Ford, Council Member
SUBJECT: Transmitting additional information related to Resolution 256-12; Authorizing
The Director Of Finance to Enter Into Negotiations For The Acquisition Of the
Waikaku`u Forest Parcels (TMKs: 8-7-008: 002, 033 And 034) In The
Ahupua'a Of Waikaku`u, South Kona, Pursant To Chapter 2, Article 42, Hawai`i
County Code 1983 (2005 Edition, As Amended).
For your information, please find attached booklet "The Rain Follows the Forest". Please print
in color and distribute to all council members.
BJF/dkr
att.
(Note: The attached booklet, due to its size, is not made
a part of the duplicate copies, but is on file in the
Office of the County Clerk.)
Comm. No. ` (9.2.
Ref. To: P/Fc
Ref, Date JUN 1 8 2012
Serving the Interests of the People of Our Island
Hawai`i County Is An Equal Opportunity Provider And Employer
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I ETHNOBOTANICAL px'1
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NATURAL HISTORY
Like all volcanic islands,the first islands of the Hawaiian archipelago were born
bare and lifeless.To complicate matters,Hawaii has the distinction of being the most
remote land mass in the world,located over 2,000 miles from the nearest high islands to
the south,over 2,500 miles from North America,and over 3,000 miles from the major
Philippine Islands.Therefore the plant and animal colonizers of these new islands had to
cross at least 2,000 miles of the mighty Pacific Ocean and,by chance,find the tiny island.
Once a new species arrived,it had to find a suitable place to live,and it had to find a mate—
two difficult tasks on a barren island.It is estimated that a new species colonized the
archipelago only once every 50,000 years.Due to these obstacles many plants and animals
never became established at all.Case in point:Hawai`i has only two native mammals,the ,,,
Hoary Bat and the Monk Seal,and no native reptiles.
Ferns,whose tiny spores are dispersed
worldwide via jet streams,were probably the first■
�\ ` colonizers of the Hawaiian Islands.A few other plant
species may have arrived by wind,but migrating
. sea birds transported about 95%of Hawai`'s native
flowering plants.Birds carry seeds of consumed fruit
e- " .. _ } -71 in their gut as well as unwanted hitchhikers in their
- _ feathers and in mud stuck to their feet.Additional
—`= °"—`– plants may have floated to the islands,but the
direction of the currents and the extreme isolation
of the islands make this an unlikely event.All in
I all,scientists estimate that only 700 original plant,animal,and insect species established
themselves in Hawaii.These species that inhabit an area without the aid of humans are
known as indigenous.
Once a species establishes itself,it begins to spread out across the landscape.
In Hawaii this presented a problem,because as a species moved into a new area,it found
itself in a drastically different habitat.Hawaii houses nearly every habitat known to man,
and also boasts unique environments such as Wai'ale'ale on Kauai,the wettest place on
earth.In the Hawaiian Islands mere miles can separate rain forest and desert conditions.
As indigenous colonizers moved into new areas,they adapted to form more than 6,000
unique Hawaiian species that are endemic,meaning that they are found nowhere else
in the world.Hawai'i has one of the highest rates of endemism in the world.These were
periods during the 75 million years of Hawai'i's history when the islands existed above
4 I Amy Greenwell Garden Ethnobotanical Guide
I
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sea level and no Hawaiian plants survived.But whenever land rose above the sea,the
process of colonization and adaptation continued with species constantly island-hopping
as new islands were formed and old ones sank into the sea.
IPOLYNESIAN HISTORY
The ancestors of
the Polynesians came �,,,,.:, 4v ;,
from southeastern
Asia.It is agreed that
these people started "'`
making open sea �^`
journeys to the south
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a
5,000 to 6,000 years _
ago.Having mingled
Lwith the locals both
culturally and genetically in the islands of Southeast Asia and Near Oceania,these now
I Austronesian people left behind a remarkable heritage commonly referred to as the Lapita
culture,which thrived 3,500 years ago,primarily in Papua New Guinea.
The Lapita eventually continued their migration east,and by around 1000 B.C.
they had colonized Samoa and Tonga.Oddly,in the Samoan area contact with the
I western islands dwindled,and for nearly 1,000 years the language,mythology,and
political structure of the Polynesian culture was developed.Around the time of Christ,
the Samoans began making incredibly long sea voyages to the far reaches of the Pacific
Ocean.Polynesia is roughly defined by a triangle connecting Hawai`i,Aotearoa(New
Zealand),and Rapa Nui(Easter Island).
Ir The first people to Hawaii most likely came between 300 and 700 A.D.from the
Marquesas,which are the nearest high islands to the south.By this time the Polynesians
had perfected their sea voyaging skills,and knew well how to navigate the vast Pacific
I Ocean,using a combination of astronomy and the reading of weather patterns and ocean
birds.They also knew what plants and animals were needed to colonize a new island
and the best way to transport those resources.The Polynesians brought to Hawai'i about
I 27 different plant species and 4 animals:dogs,chickens,pigs,and,accidentally,rats.
Polynesian culture flourished in Hawaii because of the plants and animals the voyaging
Polynesians brought with them in their canoes and because they learned how to use the
rnew plants that they found here.
NI
Amy Greenwell Garden Ethnobotanical Guide 1 5
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'OHI'A(oh-hee-ah)
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Myrtaceae(Myrtle Family) 44 .Y, • `-,.
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'1 he species name(polymorpha)of the :4i �
'Ohi'a means"many formed,"in reference ? '. •• ' ''a
to the widely varying characteristics of the . ;r . �� '`z' , dv
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can be found as 100-foot tall trees in the r ; � ' �� y ,cs:c
rainforest or as 1,000-year-old bonsai trees K:<<i(,, .'
in the mountain bogs.The light green, r .r, 4
ovate leaves found on the very summit .>'" { ,,:,•
of Hualalai look nothing like the silvery, 1J '' .A.
elongated ones found on the newest of ;.■ ,. ,. 44i,,_
lava flows.Almost everywhere you go in
I Iawai'i there will be'ohi`a...if you can recognize it.The only stable characteristic of the
plant is its pincushion-type flower,which varies from red,yellow,orange,to pink.
IMN IP^ Ohi'a is known as a pioneer species.Its
4 tiny,spore-like seeds are carried by the
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,1" It is the first tree to appear on new lava
* flows,helping to create livable habitats for
other species.It also forms or contributes
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to the canopy of virtually all Hawaiian
• • it �� j" ; forests—wet or dry,high or low—and is r
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and insects.The ohr'a tree is sacred to the NI
' volcano goddess Pele,and the bright red fla
1. blossoms are reminiscent of a volcanic
�° `�� �i��� "'' f` , eruption.Indeed the'Ara not only
• survives,but seems to thrive in the sulfur-
+. , I filled air near the volcanic vents of Pele.
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HAPU'U(hah-poo-oo) ,t.. _.
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Hawaiian Tree Fern f`
Cibotium spp. i , •';, I r.'
Dicksoniaceae r4z. t
Endemic '' :r-; L
These large ferns can reach heights of over 20 feet. *
I 'lhe loose,fibrous"bark"on their"trunks"serves as an t .
important nursery habitat for germinating forest tree '�
seedlings and will often host many smaller species of _
ferns and epiphytes.The soft hairs,or pule,that cover the fillignerilli. ..
I base of the fronds of some species were used as a bandage,
soaked in medicine and then applied to wounds to stanch bleeding and reduce infection.
Hapu`u ferns are still common in Hawaiian forests and are a popular landscaping item.
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Freycineria arborea
Pandanaceae(Screwpine Family)
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Indigenous
`le'ie is a climbing vine with thick,woody stems and tough aerial roots.Its long,dark
green,serrated leaves and fountain-like growth pattern are reminiscent of the hala tree.
PM Its huge,bird-of-paradise type flowers and large,bright red fruit are equally impressive.
The aerial roots,when dried,are of incredible strength and were used in old Hawai'i to
ill weave fish traps,sluice gates,and the framework for war helmets.
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Ibli Common Sword Fern
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world via upper atmospheric jet streams,
many ferns are indigenous,not endemic.
However,because of its extreme isolation,
74%of Hawai`i's native ferns are endemic. 'N\s•/- • 1i
!r" 'I he small sword ferns found in most wet ",._- - It‘ _' '1
habitats are an endemic subspecies of the _4
more common and hearty common sword ," „ a
T
0 fern.These short,hairless ferns known as T ` . "
kapok:rpu are slowly being displaced by it. A,
Nephrolepis brownii,an invasive fern that . ^ ;
is much hairier with frond segments that e: - ` `•' 4 , A-
are longer and brittle.
III) I Amy Greenweli Garden Ethnobotanical Guide
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Hibiscus tiliaceus Y
Malvaceae(Mallow Family)
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This huge shrub can be found ' ;,
near waterways,springs,and
other damp areas in lower * ., IP
elevations.The five-petaled
flowers are red when young but turn bright yellow as they open,then fade to crimson
before they fall from the plant.They seem to always land face up,and Hawaiian rivers near
the ocean are often littered with hundreds of floating hau flowers,as if for some elaborate
wedding.The trunk and branches of this tree twist and loop,forming impenetrable
thickets that ancient peoples used around villages as a natural defensive barrier.
Han was most appreciated,however,for its unparalleled ease in making natural cordage.
The bark layer can be easily stripped from a hau branch and the inner hark fibers separate
themselves into long,tough lengths of fiber,which were then twisted into cordage for a
3
variety of uses.So prevalent was hau fiber use in old Hawaii that the"grass skirts"many
people associate with the islands are actually not grass at all,but the fibers of the hau bark!
There is still some debate as to whether the Polynesians brought hau to Hawai'i or if it was
already here.It is very probable that the answer is both!
Amy Greenwelt Garden Ethnob:Aanical Guide 1 17 1
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HAU IN AND AROUND THE ARCHEOLOGICAL AREA
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Kavakava �� ��� '
Piper methysticum t`, .. y.
�v Fes` io.. �"0;.,,
Piperaceae(Pepper Family) •err '
Polynesian-Introduced `.. 4 I
Awa was an important medicine and was also used
extensively in religious and spiritual ceremonies_ "t` •�,"'- - �
The plant takes about three years to mature,at which
illpoint the root is harvested,pounded with water,and 1
strained into a strong drink_This drink exhibits narcotic I
properties,including heightened senses and dulled pain. .
4
In fact,the scientific name literally means"intoxicating
pepper.."Awn was frequently drunk by the commoners, •
primarily to ease weary muscles and aid in sleep.The I
ali'i,or chiefs,also drank'awn for recreational purposes
and would consume large quantities as a show of power. I
The plant was also used extensively by a third class of Hawaiians,the kahuna.Kahuna are
vaguely defined as"specialists"in various fields and with various rankings.Their fields
ranged from war to healing,from divination to the natural sciences.Some kahuna ranked
higher than lesser ali'i,and some were ali'i themselves.Depending on their specialty,
kahuna would use'awn in varying quantities_For example,one might consume large
amounts of strong'awa to evoke spiritual power for divination,or take small amounts
of'awn to hone the senses and prepare for battle.
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POLYNESIAN-INTRODUCED CROPS
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KI(key) °:r .. -
Ti Leaf ' ,` "' . .
Cordyline huticosa rt f
Agavaceae(Agave Family)
Polynesian Introduced -.
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This Agave family member can
be seen throughout the islands,
and in the wild is often a sign of
traditional Hawaiian settlements.
The Polynesians brought the I
stalk cuttings of this plant in „„-,, '' '�`
their canoes,as any section of a
branch will root and grow into a new plant very easily.The Hawaiians would steam and
cat the large,tuberous root and derived many medicines from the sap and root.The most
useful aspect of the ki was its long,broad,waxy leaves.These leaves were utilized in a
number of ways.They could be twisted into the most basic of Hawaiian cordage or strung PI
into a hula skirt or a raincoat.They were creatively bound to the feet to make disposable Ili
shoes,handy for walking across the barren lava fields of Hawaii.Bundles of leaves could
be used to thatch a house or make a broom.ICr leaves padded houses and trails,were laid
over soil as a mulch to block out sun and suppress weeds,and used as plates during meals.
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86 1 Amy Greenwell Garden Ethnobotanical Guide I
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WET FOREST ZONE
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MAMAKI(mah-mah-key)
Hawaiian Nettle
Pipturus albidus
Urticaceae(Nettle Family) y �`
Endemic { t /
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Mamaki is a small tree common in the ; \ '\\\understory of mesic and wet forests of
the major Hawaiian Islands.The plant t
has papery,ovate leaves with reddish
veins and stems,and white globular fruit :
growing directly on the branches.These
small fruits are edible and were among
the few edible fruits on the island at the �` n
time the Hawaiians arrived.A natural tea
can be brewed from the leaves,and is still ,
used for relaxation and vitality when fully
dried,and for muscle cramps and menstruation problems when green.In addition to being
medicinal,it is a fine-tasting tea---much like Chinese green tea.The bark of the mamaki
is used to make both cordage and kapa.
This plant is also larval host to one of only
' two native butterflies in Hawaii.Known
'' as the Kamehameha Butterfly(Vanessa
.,, . . 4''' tamearnea),this monarch look-alike
111
✓ can still occasionally be seen around
Hawaiian forests.The caterpillar lives on
the nrarnaki plant,where it cuts and folds
a leaf to form a small"house."The larger
catepillars are impressive,inch-long,spiny
green larvae.The adults feed on a variety
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of plants and nectars,but are said to prefer
the sweet fresh sap of the koa tree.
111L-7"..r
Amy Greenwell Garden Fthnobotanical Guide I 117
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Plate 95. Peperomia tetraphylla,a wui.,proad Plate 96.Peperomia cookiana,one of the native
species in the Pacific Basin. Hawaiian species.
This next example takes us hack into the realm of more familiar plants,at least for a
sentence or two. The family Piperaceae, home to only eight genera, boasts nearly I
3,000 species, among them Piper nigrum, the ground fruits of which the reader will
know as black pepper.Two other species that are in common use,primarily in trop-
ical countries and in the Pacific Basin, respectively, are P. betel, the betel nut, and
P. methysticum, known as kava, kawa, or sometimes as yangona. Betel does not con-
cern us in this hook, but we will take a look at kava when we examine a few of the
species brought to the islands by the early Polynesians.
Whereas Piper has no native species in the Hawaiian flora,its related genus
Peperomia,`ala'ala wai nui,is among the Hawaiian genera with the largest number of
native species. Some authorities have estimated the number of species at about 50,
but we will go with the Manual which lists 26 species, of which 23 are native, two
are indigenous, and one is naturalized. The range of variation exhibited by the
natives led to the suggestion by the authors of the Manual that there have been
three,or possibly four, independent colonizations.The thousand species that consti-
tute the genus are primarily pantropical in distribution. With this many potential ,
donors, and the likelihood that seeds can be carried by birds, it is not difficult to
imagine several introductions.I am unaware of any published studies examining this
system, but it would seem to present an ideal opportunity to apply DNA sequencing
techniques. Recall that the complexity of the Hawaiian lobelia relatives was origi-
NATIVE HAWAIIAN PLANTS 105
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HAWAII AUDUBON SOCIETY 'Y.* „rd. / N
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INTRODUCTION
1E1 LEGEND OF SYMBOLS
tls" 0 Species or subspecies on the
Federal List of Endangered (Alien)Species introduced to
Species,
and established in Hawaii by
b.
man.
(Endemic) Species and sub-
(Visitor) Regular migrants,
species that evolved in Hawai'i
species that arrive in the fall to
and are Found nowhere else in
the world, spend the winter in Hawaii
and depart in spring (winter
visitors)or pass through during
(Indigenous) Species that
migration(transient visitors).
arrived in the Islands unas-
sisted by man and estab-
lished breeding populations
but that occur elsewhere In
the world.
1
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OPEN COUNTRY BIRDS
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'10
Bute°solitarius
NI
Distribution: Widespread on the island of Hawaii, generally below 8,500'
Regularly seen in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, near Hilo, and in valleys
along the Hamakua Coast.Also known as Hawaiian Hawk
Description: 16-18"; male smaller than female, Two color phases; dark-
phase birds are dark brown above and below, light-phase birds are dark
above and pale below with dark streaking. Intermediates occur between
these two extremes. Head dark in adults and light in immatures. Feet and
legs are yellowish in adults, greenish in immatures. In flight, note broad
wings and tail;wings are held in a moderate "V" shape.
Voice: A shrill, high-pitched "kee-oh." Pairs are noisy during the breeding
season. I
Habits: 'lo are often observed soaring gracefully in updrafts over forests,
grasslands, and cane fields. They feed on rodents, insects, and small birds,
including young game birds. One to three light blue eggs are laid in a nest
constructed of twigs, sticks, and leaves in a tree. Both parents aggressively
defend the nest and feed the young. Usually only a single nestling is fledged.
The'lo is a symbol of royalty in Hawaiian legend.Other raptors that occasion-
ally visit Hawai'i include the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)and Osprey
Ill
ail
(Pandion hafiaetus),which are usually seen in coastal and wetland areas.
64
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PROPERTY ADJACENT TO THE MISSLER'S ON THE NORTH SIDE 'j
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OPEN COUNTRY BIRDS a w
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SHORT-EARED OWL
or PUEO
Asio flammeus sandwichensis I
Distribution: This endemic race occurs on all main islands, but is most com-
mon on Kaua'i, Maui,and Hawaii. Listed by State of Hawaii as endangered
I
on Q'ahu_ Short-eared Owls seen occasionally on the northwest islands may
he the Holarctic race. Also known as Hawaiian Owl.
Description: 13-17"; sexes alike. Adult is brown and bully-white, streaked
with darker brown. Eyes are yellow; bill is black. Legs and feet are feathered. I
Voice: Call resembles a muffled bark,
but usually silent. Courtship call is a a
series of low hoots accompanied by 1 :p. c a
wing clapping and loud yapping.
Habits: Pueo are active at dawn and .
dusk and sometimes at midday. They """ '
wig
are most often seen hunting in grass- E. 0 I
lands but also inhabit forests. The �,. `'
Pueo often hovers while searching for � -
rodents, insects, and birds. The nest is ,
built on the ground in grass; three to 1
Iii
,
six white eggs are laid. The Pueo was ,,t,
worshipped as a god and revered as a
guardian spirit by the ancient ? €
Hawaiians. ' 4
i
65 1
I
3
i
I
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1
I
I
FOREST BIRDS
II
, ,,,„ ,,ieis 7 . --/"7",...40:doh.s..4-1Paks- 47. s
0
4,110000._
`APAPAN E
IlHimatione sanguinea
Distribution: All main islands. Common in native 'ohi'a forest, also visits
I( flowers of introduced plants. Locally common on O'ahu, rare on Lana'i.
Laysan Island race (H. s. freethii)now extinct.
Description:51/4";sexes similar.Adults crimson-red with black wings and tail.
( Bill black and slightly decurved. Legs black. White abdomen and undertail
I coverts(photo below)distinguish'Apapane from 'I'iwi in flight. Immature like
adult but crimson replaced by dull dark brown.
Voice: Song varied and complex, with considerable geographic variation,
including whistles,chips, buzzes, and trills. Most common song is a series of
I three to four squeaky notes followed by a high trill. Call is an up-slurred whis-
tle.Wings make whirring noise in flight.
Habits: 'Apapane forage actively in the forest canopy for nectar and insects.
They favor'ohi`a trees, but also visit flowering koa, mamane,eucalyptus,and
I Schefflera. Breeding extends from January to July. A cup-shaped nest of
twigs,ferns,moss,rootlets,and lichens is built in the crown of an'ohi'a,a tree
fern,or even in the skylight of a
. ,..o. A,,,;, P lava tube. They lay two to four
white with reddish brown
�S
,Oir- i markings. This species and the
- I`iwi may fly long distances
,` E over open country in search of
flowering 'ohi'a trees. Their
,. $ feathers were used in Hawaiian
featherwork.
1 96
I
FOREST BIRDS
`AMAKIHI r
Distribution: The 'Amakihi .
to
complex was recently split
into three species, one each
on O'ahu and Kaua'i, and
4.,one on Hawai'i, Maui, .;
Moloka'i,and formerly Lanai. + '
Most common in native for-
est above 2,000', but also
found at lower elevations in o ...
introduced forest, especially HAWAII AMAKIHI o di
on O'ahu and Hawaii.
Description:41/2"; sexes differ. 'Amakihi males are yellowish-green above and
yellow below; immatures and females are duller greenish-gray. All forms pos-
I
sess a decurved bill and dark lores, less noticeable in females and immatures.
Voice: Song is a flat trill, not descending or broken. Calls include a buzzy
"tzeet,"an upslurred"chu-weet,"and a mewing note. Fledglings give a per-
sistent, descending begging call.
Habits: The 'Amakihi is the most common native forest bird in many areas. It
is an adaptable bird, foraging for nectar, fruit, and insects on a variety of
native and introduced plant species. It sometimes forages creeper-like on
trunks and large branches. Breeding begins in winter, but varies in duration
from year to year. A nest of small twigs, grasses, and lichen is built in tree
branches;two to four white eggs with variable brown blotching are laid.
' 1111L4 dir 11 Hawai'i 'Amakihi.(Hemignathus
virens virens): The brightest
race. Mostly yellow below, with
Mil largest black lores. immatures I
.tiq are drab gray and may lack dark
' lores,some have faint wingbars.
- On Hawaii, 'Amakihi can be
`' confused with Hawaii Creeper.
�.•- The Maui'Amakihi(H. v. wilsoni)
��r r' 13 female and immature may show' 8 one faint win bar.Often seen in
MAUI'lMAKIHI '''" allar� 1 small flocks. g 111
86
I
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I
III
I
FOREST BIRDS
i `ELEPAIO
Chasiempis sandwichensis
I Distribution: Distinct forms occur on
Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Hawaii, each cur-
( rently regarded as a subspecies. Some
authorities recognize two additional
forms on Hawai'i. Common on Kaua'i
and Hawai'i, but uncommon, local,and
declining on O'ahu,primarily in forested
I valleys. The O'ahu subspecies was fed-
erally listed as endangered in May 2000.
Description: 51/2" A variable species,
1 but all forms have two conspicuous
i white wing bars, a white rump, and
white tail tips. 'Elepaio often strike a
characteristic cocked-tail posture. Ti.§ bill is short, straight, and mostly dark
IKAUA'I'ELEPAIO(JUVENILE) f gray. The legs are dark gray.
Kauai 'Elepaio (C. s. sclateri); ,3'
I The drabbest race. Adults are
gray-brown above, pale below. - .
elow. .
Breast with orange wash and
I indistinct dark streaks; throat
white. Immature is rusty above,
pale below,with buffy wingbars.
I Oahu 'Elepaio
(C. s. ibidis): 0 4,,,e,
T
NI he boldly marked adults are . �'
brown above,white below,with . a
I light brown streaks on the
breast. Throat white with black a-. , . 1
patches; loves white; earpatch
often black. Immatures are rich
I rusty brown above,white below,
with rusty wingbars.
O'AHU'ELEPAIO
I 76
I
I
PIP
W.
MP
OW
41P
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- P
FOREST BIRDS
'I'IWI
w
Vestiaria coccnea .,.
up
Distribution: Fairly common on
Hawai'i, Kauai, and Maui in native r,, rim,
forests above 3,500'. Rare and local on ,Ii, '
O'ahu and Molokai; listed by the State 4.
o
OP
f Hawaii as endangered on both
islands. No longer occurs on Lana`i. �`
woo
Description:51/2";sexes similar. Adults •., . "
Mi
bright scarlet with black wings and tail t
x- z
and long, curved, salmon-colored bill. ''
!*--,r
Small white patch on inner secondar-
ies. Legs salmon-pink. Juvenile (right 'nwi
photo)is buffy with black spots, shorter
dusky bill becoming yellow then
salmon with age. g
Voice: Song a complex, variable series of squeaks,
creaks, whistles, and gurgling sounds. More varied Ile than 'Apapane, with more gurgles and creaks. Calls t NI
include a characteristic creak like a rusty hinge, a
clear whistle, and an up-slurred "chu-west " p}
Sometimes mimics other birds.Wings make whirring � f
g 1'IWI(JUVENILE) illi
sound in flight.
Habits: 'I'iwi feed primarily on 'ohi'a nectar, but also visit tubular flowers of
3
understory plants like 'akala and lobelias and take insects. 'I'iwi are aggres-
sive and may chase smaller species from flowering trees. Breeding can start
as early as October and continues through August. The cup-shaped nest of
twigs is lined with lichens and moss and is built in the crown of an 'ohi'a tree.
IR
One to three eggs are incu-
bated for 14 days. Nestlings r11N
r fledge after 21-22 days, and
adults may rear two broods
....0.. ' ,� per year. ''iwi feathers were
used extensively in Hawaiian
t ,( t featherwork, and this bird
II '
8 ` often was referred to in RI
as ancient chants. NI
TIM(FEEDING)
NI
97 S
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