HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0679.006 2010-2012 TABLE 3
Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency
Declared Emergencies
At Puna Geothermal Venture*
June 1991-August 1999
1. KS-8 Blowout June 12, 1991
2. Flow Test Problem August 12, 1992
3. H2S Alert August 17, 1992
4. H2S Emissions
•
August 18, 1992
5. Caustic Soda Emissions August 15, 1992
6. H2S Leak October 22, 1992
7. KS-8 Shut-In November 2, 1992
8. KS-9 Cleanout Problem February 8, 1993
9. KS-9& KS-10 leaks September 28, 1993
10. H2S Leak May 14, 1993
11. H2S Release November 9, 1993
12. H2S Leak October 3, 1996
13. H2S Leak October 4, 1996
14. H2S Leak June 16, 1997
15. H2S Leak June 17, 1997
16. H2S Leak October 31, 1997
17. H2S Leak April 26, 1999
18. H2S Leak August 30, 1999
* This is only a list of events determined to be emergencies by the Civil Defense Agency.
It is not a complete list of incidents at the facility.
144 Comm. No. 6/1.6
Ref.To:
Ref. Dote PR 4
TABLE 4
Government Committees and Task Forces on
Geothermal Development in Hawai'i
Year started Title and Function Agency Host
1. 1973 Hawaii Advisory Committee HGP-A Developers
Key people in the State were appointed to this group
in order to promote additional funding for HGP-A.
2. 1981 Air Advisory Committee * DOH
This group attempted to make recommendations,
on a state ambient air quality standard for H2S
3. 1983 Geothermal Advisory Committee * DBED
This group included citizens but its purpose was more
for public relations rather than for "advice."
4. 1985 Energy Advisory Commission * Mayor's Office
This began as an advocacy group, but in 1992 it was
re-born to conduct a more critical review of geothermal.
5. 1987 Governor's Advisory Board("Quinn Panel") DBED.
on the Geothermal/Cable Project
This was established to formally announce the
State's funding and promotion of the cable project
•
6. 1989 Interagency Group on Geothermal/Cable DLNR
Representatives from federal, state and local agencies
attempted to streamline permitting efforts.
7. 1989 Geothermal/Transmission Line Roundtable* DBED
This was a failed attempt to involve the public.
8. 1991 Geothermal Technical Advisory Committee DBEDT/DLNR
This was organized to perpetuate research and assist developers
with publicly funded studies related to geothermal.
9. 1991 Geothermal Task Force DBEDT and County
Directors of State and County agencies coordinated efforts
to restart development after the 1991 PGV blowout.
10. 1991 Relocation Task Force * Govemor/Mayor's Offices
This was a failed attempt to provide assistance to residents near PGV.
*Citizen representatives were allowed on this committee, DOH=Department of Health
DLNR=Department of Land and Natural Resources,DBED=Department of Business Economic Development
145
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William G.Davis
Harry Kim • • Administrator
Nfayor
\\.T,% R rte`/ + ! J Bruce Butts
• •
� � Assistant Administrator
Intntt r of ttfuttii
CIVIL DEFENSE AGENCY
920 Ululani Street • Hilo,Hawaii 96720
(SOS)935-0031 • Fax(SOS)935-6460
TO: Hang Kim, Mayor
FROM: William G. Davis, Administrat
DATE: February 28, 2001
SUBJECT: Puna Geothermal Venture(PGV) Incident
Monday, February 26,2001
At approximately, 8:45 p.m., I received a call from police dispatch informing me that
Aurora Martinovich needed to talk to me as soon as possible, on PGV Hydrogen Sulfide
(H2S) odor and readings at her home.
I immediately called Aurora. She indicated that there was a very strong odor and that she
was getting readings on her meter of 40+per billion. I informed her that I had not been
contacted by PGV,but would get back to her as soon as I get in touch with PGV and-find
out what's going on.
At approximately, 9:15 p.m., I finally made contact with PGV and inquired what was
happening at their plant. I was informed they had an H2S release, however things were
under control. They had isolated the leak. I asked why I was not contacted. They replied
they were just about to do so. I asked what are the readings?They asked if.they could call
me back as soon as they got an accurate reading.
I then contacted Aurora to inform her of my findings and that PGV had isolated the leak
and secured the situation. She indicated her readings were slightly higher. Told her I
would get back to her with additional information.
At approximately 10:00 p.m., I again tried to get PGV, since I had not heard from them.
When I finally got through, asked why I had not received a call back. I was informed they
were just planning to call me. They indicated, again, the leak was secured and everything
was under control and readings at the time were approximately 23 parts per billion. I
asked them how this could be since their neighbor was getting a reading of 40+per
billion. Their reply, "These readings are only preliminary."I asked them if they could
give me more information on the leak. I was informed they would be writing a report. I
would get a copy of the report. They assured me that the plant was secured.
(D
WILda
Harry Kim,Mayor
Page 2
February 28,2001
At approximately 10:30 p.m., I called Aurora back, to let her know the leak was secured
and the reading were 23 parts per billion. She indicated at that time her readings had
come down drastically and were almost in the normal range. I asked her to please let me
know if she should notice an increase in her readings.
Harry, would appreciate meeting with you to go over this, in more detail. Needless to say
this was a learning experience.
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--1--r-re-Y-v--)Io CA\Q ' Ictct ■ ---eptc_ co 00-t 8?) ' <, E)
NSP No. 0008.02-N
Attachment I1B
Page 10 of 1.1 August ZS
Amended: Aug 25, 1999
c•eam Condensate Fluorides (Total)
Benzene
Ammonium (Total) Mercury (Total)
Arsenic pH Dissolved Solids
Lead Total Suspended Solids
Cadmium eryllium
Bicarbonate and Carbonate Bebbtos •
Chlfatds Vinyl Chloride
Nitrates s Radon
Boron (Total) Beta)
Radionuclides (gross Alpha and
Hydrogen Sulfide
Mink Benzene Mercury(Total))
Ammonium(Total) PH
Total Dissolved Solids
f ..:), Lead Total Suspended Solids
Cadmium
Bicarbonate and Carbonate Asbestos
Beryillium
Ch lium
Sulfates Vinyl Chloride
Chlorides
Nitrates Radon Radionuclides (gross Alpha and
Boron (Total) Beta)
Hydrogen Sulfide
N c Carbon Dioxide
• Benzene
Hydrogen Sulfide Arsenic Beryllium Ammonia Asbestos
Mercury Vapor Radon
ethane Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Radionuclides(gross Alpha and
Vinyl Chloride Beta)
of the resource shall be performed once upon experiencing the
The sampling and testing and flow testing
first steam release, and at least once during abated well cleanout
operations.
well, the sampling and testing of the resource shall be
During normal operation of each the testing of the noncondensible gases, if the
performed on an annual basis. During percent
h drogen sulfide concentrations deviates more tha in+10 testing o tee real well test measurement. the pertnrttee shall repeat the sampling the next six(6) months. The the
•- steam condensate, brine and non ;eibteiset gases once after performing an annual
permittee shall be required to perform
resource test.
Health Effects of Air Pollutants from Geothermal
Develpoment
From State Hawaii Geothermal Action Planlndependant Technical Investigation
• Ammonia -Eye, Nasal, Inhalation,Chest Irritation. Increased Morbitiy& Mortality.
Pulonary Edema.
• Ammonium Bisulide-Penetrates skin more rapidly than H2S,then readily dissociates
back to H2S and ammonia gasses.
• Arsenic- Corrosive to Skin&Mucous Membranes,Carcinogenic.
• Boron-Irritant to Skin&Mucus Membranes.
• Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S)-Fatigue,Ddizziness, Nausea, Eye& Inhalation Irritation, Loss of
smell, FATAL @ 700ppm *Note PGV Wells between 750-1100pm III
• Mercury-May be inhaled or absoebed through the skin. Elimination is slow,which
results in long term effects that maybe only partially reversible.Children appear to be
especially susceptible. May cause Growth Deformities. May cause Anemia,
Hypothyroidism and Increased Excitability. Prolonged Exposeure may cause Neurologic
Disorders. *Note PGV's permit states a 30 year life span.
• Radon 222-There is at present no known level of exposure to radiation below which no
biological damage occurs.Adverse health effects including lung cancer.
• Sulphur Dioxide-Increased Chronic Brochitis in Adults and increased lower respiratory
disease in children, increased airway resistance.
• Suspended Particulate Matter-Larger Particles are usually trapped in the upper
respiratory system and cleared in a few minutes.Smaller particles may remain in the
body for months for years.
1
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•ia.,ry Lorraine R.Inouye
ue. Civil Defense Agency m.yor
- /1 County of Hawaii • 920 U1iil nl St. • Hilo,Hawaii 96720 • (808)935-0031 • Fax(808)935-6460
Senator Inouye,
I thank you for this time to address some issues that pertain to
Hawaii and, especially , the Puna district.
Senator, as we know, the volcanic eruption of 1990 covered thousands
of acres of land in the Kalapana, Kaimu, Kapaauhu, and Wahaula areas •
of Puna. Along with the land, the miles of roads , utilities, homes,
foliage , and all the use of those lands--be it for purposes of
recreation, business or lifestyle.
Senator , without the federal help through FEMA, the impact of the
losses would have been so much greater, for local resources were so
few. For this , we thank the federal programs . At this time, the
county government of Hawaii has submitted, through the civil defense
system, an application for FEMA assistance for an innovative project
('q request to provide the residents of this land a place to play , sit,
fish, and gather. Your office has been submitted a copy of the
proposal that is unique and, as I understand it , a first time in
concept for federal funding.
We need this project for the people and I know the importance of
your help in the chances for any success for this project. Senator,
I ask for your personal attention and help on this proposal.
There is an issue that has impacted people on this island and state ,
perhaps even more devasting than the losses of the volcanic
eruption. Through all of the human drama and physical losses
because of the activities of Kilauea, it never caused the kind of
hostility , polarization, prejudices and distrust towards people and
government as the issue of geothermal in Puna. The time is too
short now to elaborate fully on all of the major areas of this
geothermal issue. I would like to focus on what I consider to be
some of the areas that have caused the situation to develop into
almost a war-like atmosphere between the pro- and anti-geothermal
factions.
])
Iii(
Page 2
AOGovernment Role
Perhaps the greatest source of frustration with so many people is
with government and its process in handling the development of
geothermal from the onset.
The master plan of the development of a 500 mega-watt power source
in the Puna area that included research holes (SOH) , HGPA,
cross-island and inter-island cables for power transmission, and
finally, power production, reflected in the eyes of many--government
planning without input by those that will be affected most and,
perhaps, a perception of not even caring. It is difficult to
understand, Senator, that the planners of this massive project
(mainly funded by the federal government and supported by you) would
remotely conclude that this project would not have major impacts on
all that touches the land and the sea. The frustration, Senator, is
that it took legal action from citizens against government to force
that an EIS be done to measure, not if there will be any impacts,
but rather what the impacts will be. The frustration, Senator, is
that people had hoped that government would be the source of wanting
this study and pushing for this study to ensure the project' s
soundness -and safety through a careful and thorough process .
The HGPA project reflected the same kind of dilemma of citizens
against government. Again, court action had to be taken against
government to focus attention on the health effects of the unabated
H2S being emitted from the HGPA project. Senator, we committed
wrong and caused hardship and suffering to people because of these
wrongs . It was hoped by the affected residents that government
would be the ally, but instead government had to be taken to court
by citizens because we did not respond or, perhaps , as
perceived--did not care.
The situation at the present geothermal plant reflects the same as
that of the EIS issue and HGPA project. It is citizens taking
government to court because of the frustration that concerns of
their health, their land, and all that it touches , are not being
adequately addressed.
Senator , it is not unknown that some of my views are not shared by
others in government. It is also not unknown that my professional
views are being dismissed by some as one being anti-geothermal. I
swear to you as I have sworn to all others the basis for my position
are as follows :
0 Page 3
Through the process, government has determined where geothermal will
be developed, how it will be developed, and when it will be
developed. Government has also determined that the hazards and the
risk associated with its development have been satisfactorily
_ addressed and planned for. Notwithstanding the other concerns
expressed by some, my concerns are primarily directed towards those
related to health and safety.
It is known that should any of the very worse-case scenarios , as
presented by the industry , were to occur the consequences may be far
reaching and devastating to people's daily lives. It is this
knowledge that demands that I continue to pursue and maintain the
position that the hazards have not been adequately identified, and
the risk of these hazards have not been examined. This position is
not based on pro- or anti-geothermal , but on our responsibilities
and understanding of what is expected and required of the Civil
Defense Agency.
Senator, the process that geothermal development has taken has also
frustrated the geothermal supporters, and developers as well ,
because of the numerous delays that have caused so many hardships on
their part and by the residents ' criticisms of this operation.
ak I feel we have a war here that has taken away what the focus should
Lip be on. The war has made the focus to be on the people, and not the
issues , concerning geothermal. Name calling of haole hippies ,
pakalolo growers , professional demonstrators , Hawaiian activists,
welfare bums , vs . money people, government bureaucrats , and big
business widens the war to the point that many remain silent for
fear of being associated with one side or the other.
Senator , I believe the federal , state, and county governments have
wronged in the process and I believe it is the responsibility of the
same to correct these wrongs. I know not where else to ask for help
in preventing further escalation of this distrust of government and
escalation of the war between the pro- and anti-geothermal segments
of our community. I ask for your help.
Harry Kim
April 17 , 1992
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Planning Department Prepared Map Indicating 1-mile Radius from PGV Facility
• 1v of
Stephen K.Yamashiro %'w � Virginia Go
,W or "
Y t ..� w' is Direct()
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• • ��:':I.� :..
•
".± j,= Russell Kok
�
oi•N�'�i/ Deputy Dire
daunt; of pxfiuzii
November 3, 1997
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
25 Aupunl Street,Room 109•Hilo,Hawaii 96720-4252
(808)961.8288•Fax(808)961.8742
Mr. Jan Malasek
P.O. Box 1470
Pahoa, HI 96778
Dear Mr. Malasek:
Geothermal Relocation Program
This is in response to your verbal inquiry as to whether you would be able to qualify for
relocation under the Geothermal Relocation Program.
According to Planning Department's Rule 10, the geothermal relocation program shall initially
apply only to owner-occupants and the highest priority shall be given to those individuals who:
1. Reside within one mile radius of the Puna Geothermal Venture facility;
2. Purchase their dwelling unit before October 3, 1989 or received a building
permit for the dwelling unit before that date and final inspection completed; and
3. Express a desire to relocate.
You informed us that your dwelling was not constructed prior to October 3, 1989. Therefore,
based on the citeria listed above, you would not be eligible for relocation at this time.
We hope the information provided is of assistance to you. Should you have any questions,
please feel free to contact us again.
S' erely,
(60
IRGINIA GOLDSTEIN
lJ
Planning Director
erector
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•
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H,4'',
Harry Kim
c •
•. Christopher J. Yuer
Mayor ;�• .a..•. •
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•
Roy R. Takemoto
((��
(( Deputy°Irmo,.
&Mit of nfunii
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
101 Pauahi:Street,Suite 3 • Hilo,Hawaii 96720-3043
(808)961-8288 • Fax(808)961-8742
January 16, 2004
Mr. Alfred Dettweiler
P O Box 1520
Pahoa,HI 96778
Dear Mr. Dettweiler.
RE: Jan Malasek
Geothermal Relocation Fund Claim
Per your previous request, this is to inform you that the County of Hawai`i closed escrow
with Mr. Jan Malasek. The title to Mr. Malasek's property was transferred to the County
and recorded with the State of Hawaii Bureau of Conveyances on December 31, 2003.
Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact us at 961-8288.
Sincerely,
C4.CHRISTOPH J. YUEN
Planning Director
AK.:pak
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1 't.
THE BRIMSTONE. BATTLES: Hannifin Chronicle S i eclat Ho ion
lioustonChronicle.cont Chronicle News The Brimstone Battles Discussion Forum
Poison in Paradise
Residents says operators of geothermal power plant are committing
sulfuric sacrilege in goddess' garden
PUNA DISTRICT, Hawaii—This is the
realm of Pe le, fitful goddess ofHawails
volcanoes. � -p, :'t;fr
l•.w 1 '!.r'.
r 04;44
Those who lived
ho have on the Big Island �� �• . °
for some time cannot help but feel the ' ,i k.=
presence of the impulsive deity, who, 4."i' YLL_, '2."044'
legend has it, does not take kindly to • � ' *'
man-made intrusions. Believers go to ;, ,, ,_ r 7:.
the rim of the gaping Kilauea crater to ',".1* 4 �• F '#'
make offerings to her and give thanks. ` ':: �`�` •
A ti-
It was against this mystical backdrop �' _. ;• :;.�t�.. .._:�.�
Lava flows &omthe Pu'u O'vo vent on the southern slope of
that an enterprise known as Puna Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii Kilauea is one of the
Geothermal Venture (PGV) began most active volcanoes in the world,emitting tens of thousands of
punching holes in Hawaii's black tons of sulfur dioxide each year.
volcanic rock in 1990.
Disciples of Pele warned that such drilling was blasphemous and invited ruin. PGV nonetheless went
forward, having committed to a$130 million, 25-megawatt geothermal power plant that would
produce electricity from subsurliice heat, hastening development in one of the few relatively
undisturbed pockets of the island.
Whether Pele exacted her revenge remains a matter of dispute. This, much, however, can be saki:
Some residents of the lush and eclectic Puna District are convinced that hydrogen sulfide escaping
ti-om the PGV well field and power plant is making them ill.
And when a prominent Texas researcher came 4,000 miles to document the residents' symptoms in
hopes of advancing knowledge about an insidious chemical, he caused an upheaval worthy of
Hawaii's headstrong goddess.
'I've never encountered anything quite like it„"said Dr. Marvin Legator, director of the Division of
Environmental Toxicology at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston.
Legator, 71, was accustomed to conflict, having often sided with community groups that had accused
powerful corporations of environmental misdeeds and government agencies of ineptitude.
hron.com/content/.../hawaii.html
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Even by his standards, however, the official reception in Hawaii was chilly. It seemed that the only
ones who wanted him here were the people ofLetiani Estates, a rustic subdivision just south of the
geothermal plant.
Most government and business leaders were less than convivial; PGV was a pet project, blessed by
luminaries such as U.S. Sen. Daniel Inouye, and Legator was in a position to spoil it. At one point,
there was talk ofundersea cables that would carry 500 megawatts of electricity to tourist-saturated
Oahu and Maui. Inouye even sought federal funds for the project, but it went nowhere.
By the time Legator entered the picture in 1996, some of the Lellani Estates residents already had
organized into a group called Puna Malarna Pono (rough translation:Protect the Goodness ofPuna).
They had complained for years about lethargy, dizziness, insomnia, vomiting, diarrhea-the very
symptoms that are associated with chronic hydrogen sulfide exposures in the medical literature and
that Legator hinnself had observed near a synthetic-rubber plant in the West Texas city of Odessa.
Legator is among a handful of researchers intrigued with
symptom Survey Ptina 4s
the effects of minuscule and purportedly safe-levels of
44- ; hydrogen sulfide on the human body over a period of
"" F" months or years.
_, "It's so ubiquitous, and we've had so much misleading
information out there about it,"he said "If you survive
; 1 (an exposure), nothings going to happen to you-that's
the dominant theory held today.
Researcher Marvin Legator explains a health
survey of residents near the Puna Geothermal) "All the regulatory agencies still hold to that sane crap.
Venture during the Big Island Science
Conference at the University of Hawaii. The whole house ofcards collapses on them when you
start talking about chronic, low-level exposures,
because that's where the problems are."
For Legator, Hawaii represented an unusual investigative opportunity:Here was an isolated
population exposed over a period ofyears to generally small but quantifiable amounts of hydrogen
sulfide from a known source.
In a 1981 report, three scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California concluded
that "atmospheric releases of hydrogen sulfide constitute the most significant public health issue of
geothermal energy production,"and that carcinogenic and neurotoxic compounds such as benzene,
arsenic, mercury and radon also could be released at levels ofconcern.
Two of Legator's research associates went on a scouting expedition to the Puna District in March
1996, conducting interviews with 69 people. Legator made his first visit at the beginning of this year
and announced his preliminary findings-symptoms consistent with hydrogen sulfide exposure-at a
Jan. 9 news conference at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.
Legator thought he had made it clear that more work needed to be done. He realized that something
chron.corn/content/.../hawaii.html 2/8
•
was seriously amiss, however, when he read an article in the Jan. 12 edition of the Hawaii Tribune-
Herald.
The headline was, "Official Health Survey Bogus."The story quoted Bruce Anderson, deputy
director of the state Department of Health in Honolulu, as saying that the results of any survey
Legator conducted would be inherently biased because the subjects were rabidly anti-geothermal and
had years to bone up on the effects of hydrogen sulfide.
The attacks didn't stop there. On March 26, a PGV official appealed to William Cunningham,
chancellor of the University of Texas System in Austin.
'PGV is surprised and disappointed that the University of Texas would knowingly allow its fine name
to be attached to a health survey of the type produced by Dr. Legator,"wrote Jack Dean, the
venture's vice president and general manager.
Dean did not respond to Chronicle interview requests. Legator said that he felt no pressure from
either the university or the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences-which funds research
centers at UTMB and 25 other universities—to discontinue his work in Hawaii
Still, he was so put offby the experience that he asked the Collegium Rarnazini, an international
association ofpublic-health researchers, to consider forming a defense committee for scientists
browbeaten by industry.
Legator and his associates have not finished their analysis of the complete Puna District survey, given
to 97 people who live near PGV and 58 members ofa control group in Hilo, 20 miles away.
Nonetheless, Legator said that many members of the "exposed"group appear to have been impaired
by hydrogen sulfide. 'The vast majority—almost 90 percent—are showing neurotoxic effects,"he said.
In an interview,Anderson said that Legator "essentially recruited individuals with known prejudices
against geo-thermal power development in Hawaii
Obviously, if you ask people who are upset about a development activity if they feel they've been
affected, they're going to tell you they have.
If there's a health problem down there, we're going to take action to address that concern,"
Anderson saki. "If it means shutting down(PGV), so be it. But if(Legntor) is alarming people
needlessly, that's not a good situation either."
The saga in the Puna District began in December 1975, when the first well was drilled for the state-
nm Hawaii Geothermal Project, an experimental, three-megawatt power plant near Leilani Estates
that went on line in 1981.
Almost from the start, residents complained about the rotten-egg stench, a sure sign that hydrogen
sulfide was present.
However, when the state Health Department compared the one-year prevalence of illness in Leilani
chron.com/content/.../hawaii.html
3/8
Estates with that in Hawaiian Beach Estates, a subdivision farther from the plant, it found no
compelling differences—although it said that more of the Leilani Estates residents seemed to suffer
from colds.
The experimental plant was closed in December 1989. But geothermal was far from dead on the Big
Island.
Plans were made to drill into the Fast Rift Zone of the active Kilauea volcano. Transmssion lines
would slice through the towering Ohia trees of the Wao Kele 0 Puna(Green Forest of Puna), the last
major rain forest in the United States.
Native Hawaiians and sympathetic environmentalists were enraged by what they considered to be the
supreme act of sacrtiege, a defilement of Pete herself
"If no other p lace in the world is like this, it has to stay hke this,"
sail Palikapu Dedman, president of the Pele Defense Fund,
•
which organized large protests against the undersea-cable `r =k `3+ a
project. �Yir, �•
•The 50-year-old Dedman is a fisherman and coffee grower who ` 'k: ti 11 �
takes his religious beliefs seriously. He likens geothermal drilling
in sacred areas to the sacking of a Christian church ;k
"Our religion is something you can see and feel,"Dedman said as
he crouched on the edge of the Kilauea crater, in what is now
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Steam wafted from cracks in
the earth around him-proof he said, that the volcano is a living
thing.
Pahlcapu Dedman,head of the Pele
The first PGV well was drilled in late 1990, with the blessing of Defense Fund,calls geothermal
Inouye, the seasoned Democratic senator and World War II drilling a sacrilege.
hero.
Inouye had made no secret ofhis fondness for geothermal energy. He extolled it on the floor of the
Senate on June 27, 1990, noting that Hawaii depended on 130,000 barrels of imported oil per day
and needed a cleaner, more reliable source of energy as insurance.
In a letter to the Geothermal Resources Council dated Oct. 7, 1991, Inouye declined an invitation to
be the keynote speaker at the group's annual meeting but promised his continued support.
"Geothermal is the most technically and economically feasible and environmentally sate energy source
Hawaii has at its disposal,"the senator wrote. He failed to mention that a thundering well blowout at
PGV had sent a plume of hydrogen sulfide into the Puna District tbur months earlier.
Wilson Goddard, a consulting engineer from Lucerne, Calif, who has conducted periodic analyses of
PGV since 1988, said that there is nothing inherently sinister about geothermal
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'If it's done right and in the right location, it can be benign,"Goddard said. "Geothermal in Hawaii is a
very powerfiil resource, with a very high percentage of hydrogen sulfide. The history of that(PGV)
development, unfortunately, has not been good."
PGV is jointly owned by Ormat Energy Systems, an Israeli company with an office in Sparks, Nev.,
and Baltimore Gas & Electric.
The plant, whose output has risen from 25 to 30 megawatts, collects about 800,000 pounds of
geothermal fluid (in essence, water heated by molten rock) per hour from two wells. The fluid is
separated into steam, which is sent to a turbine to produce electricity, and brine, which is injected as
waste into three other wells. Hydrogen sulfide levels in excess of 800 parts per million haw been
measured in the vapor from one of the wells.
Among the Leilani Estates residents who blame PGV for their poor health, few have suffered as much
as the Harrisons, who moved here in 1986 from Southern Calibrnia. Both Dru, 46, and Kate, 36,
say that they are lethargic and have had cysts removed from their nasal passages. Like several other
women in the neighborhood, Kate has had double menstrual cycles and sore, fibrous breasts. Dru
�
,r. . often has blurred vision.
k a <
*-41. The three Harrison children-Brieanna, 11;
,:. . Tyler, 8; and Kaili, 6-have experienced high
«; - fevers, abdominal pain and other baffling
--3 � (` conditions. One mo rning not long ago,f
K
4 `r1'. s' , who was born a month before the June 1991
Ht:-14,1;4'F 111. well blowout, got out of bed and collapsed in a•
r heap.
.!`;A:1;c :'° "She said, 'It feels like my legs aren't there,•Brieanna Harrison holds up her school journal account Dad,'"Dru Harrison said. He had to carry her
of her various ailments.With her,from left,are brother
Tyler,sister Kaili and mother Kate. for the better part of two days as she slowly
regained her ability to walk. The Family doctor
attributed her temporary paralysis to viral cramping.
"Just to go through this over and over again with your children-you feel so powerless,"said Kate
Harrison.
Aurora Martinovich, 35, and her 11-year-oki daughter Waiala live within 2,000 feet of the PGV
fence in a neighborhood called Lanipuna Gardens. Another erstwhile Californian, Martinovich frets
about emissions from the plant and has become one of its most vociferous critics.
'The state has invested so much money in seducing developers out here,"she said. 'They're
prostituting Hawaii to the highest bidder."
Martinovich and the other Puna Malama Pono members have been mocked as counterculture ne'er-
do-wells who oppose all economic development.
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To be sure, they are an idiosyncratic lot, a blend of dark-skinned natives and pale refugees from the
mainland. Marijuana plants occasionally can be spotted amid the region's ferns and papaya trees.
Pahoa, the district's dominant town, is a colorful, slightly run-down hamlet evocative of the late
1960s. _ _� 2-'�, 2„
"It's arrogance, a lot of it,"Leilani Estates resident Geoff -.=-.."'-,' r - r ��.. vars.
._
Last said of the geothermal boosters. 'The lowlifes in i ,%� t ,
,,
Puna can't tell them what to do." .; 4 `'""" ""` >
'They're trying to label this community a bunch of • -..• {,;:± ''.1 t''+I i,"' r4__+`` r.,, 4
radicals,"said an indignant Chantele Singleton, the '4.: N ; .,° ! 3 e
UTMB outreach coordinator assisting Legator with his " �, a
symptom survey. I t ..d^V Ar!7341. �!.-..w1, " K'' ;K.Z!
ymP ey Aurora Martinovich keeps an eye on the Puna
Geothernal Venture from the fenceline.Among
Legator was encouraged to come to Hawaii by a PGV's most vocal critics,Martinovich believes
colleague, Dr. Janette Sherman. An internist in the plant is emitting unhealthful levels of
Alexandria, Va, who for years saw patients in the hydrogen sulfide.
islands, Sherman conducted a health survey of 71 people for a lawsuit tiled against PGV by some of
the Leilani Estates residents.
She noted in a 1993 report that many of the subjects complained of recurring ailments such as
shortness of breath, swollen glands, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Perhaps more significantly, 83 percent reported neuropsychiatric problems-depression, anxiety,
sleeplessness-that had long been linked to hydrogen sulfide exposure. "This represents an epidemic!"
Sherman wrote. "If this incidence were reported for a communicable disease, a state of emergency
would be declared."
Legator submitted a study proposal-"Assisting a Community Exposed to Emissions from a
Geothermal Plant"-to the environmental health sciences institute's Galveston center in March 1995
and was awarded a $5,000 grant two months later.
At a scientific conference at the University of
,,.. Hawaii-Hilo in April, he explained the rationale
J, behind his symptom survey: "It's nothing very
::'- �Zzii ,.. much more than a physician taking a medical
n, 0-2,,,,,c......-. ::,:—...—._# "- .,,, history so he knows where to go. It's a
` r� . _ springboard for a more focused study."
„ t ,
,;- ` .; . '"•.- Some attribute the Puna District illnesses to the
,` ,A. { 7 "' - , .. island's naturally occurring volcanic gases.
Craffiti painted on Pahoa-Pohoiki Road next to the Puna "Emissions from the volcano make every other
Geothermal Venture symbolizes the feelings afmany of anthropogenic source pale by comparison,"
the plant's neighbors.Residents of the Leilani Estates
subdivision blame their illnesses on hydrogen sulfide Anderson said.
releases from the facility.
chron.com/content/.../hawaii.html 6/8
... •.... Y.a..Jw.IC•••
Legator, however, noted that these gases
consist primarily of sulfur dioxide, which affects the body differently than hydrogen sulfide. The former
tends to cause respiratory distress; the latter disrupts the central nervous system.
A 1996 report by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency suggested that PGV was a significant
source of hydrogen sulfide. The agency published a list of 19 releases from the wells and the plant
between February 1991 and May 1993; among these was a monstrous blowout of well KS-8 that
began on June 12, 1991, and lasted 31 hours.
Goddard, the consultarrt, concluded that the blowout was PGV's doing, not an unavoidable act of
nature, and well KS-8 was plugged.
During a 30-minute cleanout of well KS-9 on Feb. 8, 1993, hydrogen sulfide levels again soared,
sickening two plant workers and live police officers offsite.
In its report, the EPA criticized PGV's air monitoring and emergency planning and the state Health
Department's supervision of these activities.
It noted that the EPA's San Francisco office had lodged a complaint against PGV for falling to report
the 1991 and 1993 releases to the National Response Center, and that state and local officials had
not received timely information about these incidents.
In an interview at his office in Hilo, Hawaii County Civil Defense Administrator Harry Kim expressed
regret and revulsion over what he characterized as a government debacle.
"When I leave this job, the lowest low will be our fai lure to protect the people with regard to
geothermal,"Kim said.
The 1991 blowout "should not have happened, would not have happened ifgovernment had followed
up on its responssiloiii ies,"Kim said. "This was a life-threatening situation, not an inconvenience."
Asked his opinion ofLegator's health survey, he said: 'The credibility of county government and state
government on this issue is zero. That's why the University of Texas is here."
Things have been somewhat quieter at PGV the past flew years. There have been no blowouts,
although the plant's neighbors say that they still smell pungent odors-mainly at night-and worry about
continuous, low-level hydrogen sulfide emissions.
'It's just there all the time,"said Barbara Dettweiier, who lives with her husband, Al, about a half-mile
away. 'It literally dries up your throat and chokes you."
Adrian Barber was working in his Spartan office,just beyond the PGV fence, during the 1993 well-
cleanout. He experienced what oil field workers call a "knockdown" from the hydrogen sulfide.
'There was no warning,"said Barber, a British-born former rock 'n' roll record producer. "All of a
sudden, the whole world turned verticaL It disoriented me; I'm crawling across this vertical surface to
get to the door. I was vomiting. There was ringing in my ears."
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7/8
Barber, president of Pima Malama Pono, is acerbic and fiercely protective of his adopted home.
"We are the poorest island, and this is the poorest comer of that island,"he said. Beneath the ground,
however, lie pockets of 600-degree water with the potential to produce colossal amounts of energy.
Although the Puna District has not become the "industrial hell"Barber and his neighbors fearfiilly
envisioned when the first PGV well was drilled seven years ago, they have not let down their guard.
Some believe that if PGV suffers no more major mishaps, if Puna Malama Pono can be held at bay,
the proposed 500-megawatt leviathan might be revived by the developers.
'They've got enough heat in this volcano to make many powerful men rich beyond their wildest
dreams,"Barber saki.
Back to top
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t
HEALTH AND CULTURAL
ASPECTS OF
GEOTHERMAL. • .
UEI�ELQpMET
IN HAWA[I
41,11
l
f
Prepared by: Patricia Macomber
Celia Pechak
Ken Ikeda
For: Dr. Walter K. Patrick
University of Hawaii
School of Public Health
PH 670 Culture and Community
•
i€� x ,,
direction of the closest neighbor's home. There are eight monitoring resources, including one
belonging to the Department of Health and the county of Hawai'i. Hourly avenges are logged aria .Y
downloaded daily and reviewed by SAIC in San Diego.30 It should be noted that if the geothermal
plant were not there the area would be used as an industrial park 31 so there would not be an end to
all noise.
On June 12, 1991 at 2319 hours there was an uncontrolled venting. The noise of this
venting exceeded the permit limits by 25 to 35 dBA.30 All residents who had been in the area and
were interviewed heard the noise of the venting,erroneously but commonly referred to as the blow-
out. Many described the noise as a jet landing next door. The venting lasted 30 hours.
Approximately six hours after the venting began the residents were told to evacuate the area and
were given hotel rooms to stay in. There is no question in anyone's mind that this noise was a
health concern,although it was not the cause of the evacuations: A true scenario that describes the
incident from the perspective of one resident-is this one. A person spoke of the "blow out". "I
was awake and it sounded like a 747 had landed next door. I called the police and told them,
something was happening out at the plant,I wanted to know if it wassafe to be here because of the
fumes.,The police-responded by saying"Don't breathe"! My friend called Civil Defense and they,
didn't know what was going on! At 5:00 am we were told'to evacuate. If it had been dangerous
what would have happened to us between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am?"-3?
Imagine awakening in the middle of the night to a loud noise. Fear is compounded by
ignorance. Before the venting some protesters were saying-that if a blow-our,occurred,the-lane&
could sink and cause a hugecrater, which could swallow up the community.During the interviews
this belief wasn't aired,but if there was someone in the community that believed this was true think
of the panic the middle of the night roar would bring.
SMELL
Hydrogen Sulfide is a component of the geothermal steam, and when released into the
atmosphere it can be identified by smell if the concentration is within a certain range. It can be
detected at concentrations of as low as 10 ppb by its rotten egg smell. Olfactory fatigue may occur
after 2 to 15 minutes of exposure at 100,00()ppb. Olfactory fatigue occurs more rapidly at higher
concentration.
One problem about smells is that individuals reactions are different to different smells.
16
What is nauseating to one person can be pleasant to another. Reactions are not only physical, but
also cultural. A Hawaiiap.local related that he had been invited to New Zealand with the Young
E.. People of Puna Organization. He was amongst a group of young people who went to New Zealand
to evaluate and get their own perspective of the geothermal development there. He and his fellow
travelers staved with native host families who lived next to their geothermal energy plant. Their
plant was of a type that vented steam back into the atmosphere.The Hawai'i people asked the native
New Zealanders if the constant odor of sulfur bothered them. The response was "What odor?". It
was not perceivable to them. Dr. B. Siegel from the University of Hawai'i's School of Public
Health related that a big difference between the New Zealander's acceptance of geothermal
emissions and our local acceptance was that in New Zealand the smell of sulfur was associated with
a healthy smell. Hospitals and schools were purposely placed near steam vents so as to take
advantage of the sulfur fumes. In the United States, sulfur smell is associated with sewage and
described as a rotten egg smell. It is thought of as foul. Garbage and sewage here relate to illness
and disease so it is of little wonder that our population would respond to a sulfur smell by getting
sick,while a New Zealander would respond by getting healthy.
The level and frequency of odors which would annoy individuals varies,and it is frequently
not only the concentration level but also the change in concentration which arouses public
i ntolerance.33*34735
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
Interviewed residents against the geothermal development gave the interviewers a large list of
symptoms that they believed were caused by the fumes emitted from the geothermal plant. These
symptoms were not shared by proponents of the development. Some of the symptoms have been
verified by physicians. It has not been proven that the reported illnesses were caused by the
geothermal fumes,but as long as the residents believe they were then the health problem exists.
A few studies have been done in regards to Hydrogen Sulfide related illnesses. One
investigation completed in February 1987 states`The results of this investigation indicate no direct
association between the levels of hydrogen sulfide in the ambient air in various locations in Puna
and reported acute or chronic respiratory conditions. However, higher rates of all chronic
respiratory conditions (i.e., "bronchitis/emphysema", "asthma", "hayfever", "sinusitis" and
"other respiratory system disease") were found both in Leilani Estates and Hawaiian Beaches
17
� ..
•
One opponent of the geothermal development gave the interviewers a list of women's health
complaints that she got from her own survey of neighbors. Listed are twenty two women who range
in age from 10 to 50 years.
One.is 10, one is 17, five are in their 30's, six are in their 40's and two are in their 50'sr
Seven did not list an age.
Here are their complaints*
•
Seven women reported problems with their menstruation
-such as bleeding twice in one month or extra spotting.
Eleven had heavycramping
Nine reported tender breasts
Seven reported Premenstrual Stress Syndrome
Nine reported cysts in uterus,ovaries,groin,mouth or vagina
Seven reported sore ovaries'
One report of liver tumor
One report of an enlarged uterus
One person reported lump and bumps on the lymph nodes
There were no reported illnesses by workers at the PGV site.
In February of 1987 an in depth health study was done on residents of Leilani area and
Puna to determine if their health was being effected by the Hydrogen Sulfide fumes being emitted
by the HOP-A plant. Bear in mind that this plant was not designed to inject its by-products back
into the ground. The study, done by Dr. Bruce Anderson and Neil Oyama,reported that residents
living downwind of the plant with the exception of the "common cold" had no chronic health
conditions and no various measures of disability were observed when rates of all health conditions
were compared to a similar,unexposed community in the area.'
The February 1897 report states that since December of 1975 to 1987, there had been
approximately 40 complaints from residents in the Puna district concerning geothermal activities
according to Hawai'i Department of Health Records.Approximately 34 of the 40 complaints were
concerned with odor and or noise,not with illness.'
Leilani Estates residents during the 1987 health study reported higher rates of all major
respiratory conditions than were reported in Hawai'i County or state-wide in 1983.However,these
rates are lower than those reported from Hawaiian Beaches Estates, the control area. The report
concludes that these findings point to environmental factors other than emissions from geothermal
wells as responsible for the relatively high prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in the area.*
In Rotorua, New Zealand a population of 40,000 people are exposed to natural and man
made sources of Hydrogen Sulfide and other geothermal fumes. The Hydrogen Sulfide levels are
19
Es ws _fie control sites than Flawai'i County or Hawaii state-a
-ide rates during the study period., •
The opponents of the development state that many of these reports only take into account
F-iydrogen Sulfide, a single component of the fumes. and not the possible synergistic effect of the
combination of gases and particles. This is a very good point because little is known about the
synergistic effects of different components, and it would be hard to find a study that took all of the
local emissions into account. There are experts who insist that there are not high enough levels of
any other dangerous component to cause other problems. Considering that it is the people
contesting the development that have the symptoms and not the people who are proponents of the
development, it doesn't seem likely that the chemical effects would be so selective. None the l
there are problems and they do need to be dealt with in one way or another. less
These are some of the symptoms reported to the interviewers:-
A DUI T�{
Complete disorientation
Unable to sleep J �bmiting
Feel brain dead,lethargic Water in lungs
Diarrhea
Sore throat}
Nausea Headache
Nightmares(since the blowout) Fatigue
Hairfailing out from selenium poisoning �esfiilness
Eye irritation Stomach pains
Severe mood swings mucus in eyes/nose/mouth
metallic taste in mouth
lethargy can't breathe
less coordination short memory
black watery diarrhea rashes
irritated nose projectile vomiting
. burning bladder
CHILD
diarrhea
coughing headache
grey hair(after blowout) upset stomach
congestion swollen glands
runny nose raspy
crusty eyes ropy voice
warts on leg
cYst
sneezing, red eyes
laryngitis+throat lesions after blowout malaise.
ulcerated sores on nose and mouth(after blowout)
AMIAES
7 out of 10 puppies died within hours of birth,. Animals ill
Fir ,
•
CULTURAL ISSUES
of-
While the health issues have concerned the residential community near the geothermal plant,
the cultural issues extend further to include many Native Hawaiians and their supporters
throughout the islands and beyond.To examine the cultural component of geothermal development
in Hawai'i, this paper will explore two primary cultural objections. First, the concept of the
desecration of Pele and its religious basis will be presented. Next the issue of the violation of
Native land use rights will be reviewed. Opposing views of Hawaiians that do not share the same
belief system will be contrasted. Lastly, brief comparisons will be made with Native cultures in
other areas affected by geothermal development
According to legend, Kilauea Volcano is the personification of the fire goddess Pele and
therefore Kilauea is sacred ground. Today some Native Hawaiians see Pele as the central life force
for their traditional religious beliefs and practices. In their statement of " Pele Perspectives and
Concerns Against Geothermal Impact," the Pele Defense Fund state"Pele is the akua {goddess}
and 'aumakua {family god) of Hawaiians today. Her blood relationships continue as shared
traditions, genealogy and aloha for particular `aina {land} and places in H a w a i'i . . . Pele is the
inspiration, strength and focus for those who are established in practices and performances of
ancestral tradition and religion."3i Clearly, with Pele as the basis for a land based religion,
geothermal's use of the land and the steam beneath it is regarded as a sacrilegious act Beyond the
immediate effects of drawing off Pele's mana(divine power), greater and farther reaching cultural
affects are anticipated According to the Pele Defense Fund statement, "Geothermal development
will take Pele and diminish and finally deplete her creative force and manifestations, causing
spiritual, religious, cultural, psychological and sociological injury and damage to the people who
worship and live with Pele."3
The Pele Defense Fund has challenged geothermal development through the courts on the
basis that it interferes with their constitutional_ rights-to-practice:-the Pete reli giort. The-Hawai'i
Supreme Court ruled that the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that geothermal would infringe upon
their religious practices.According to Noa Aluli in a June 1990 Honolulu magazine article, the
concept of sacred lands and a religion without a church is incompatible with a Western court's
concept of religion.39 The U.S. Supreme Courtrejected the request to hear the appeal.
The environmental impact statement(August 1987) for the PGV project did include a
section on cultural issues..o The political and religious histories, known archaeological sites.and
23
artifacts, and relevant Native Hawaiian religious beliefs are reviewed. The importance of Pele tc
those who follow traditional religious practices is acknowledged, but it goes no further than to
conclude with the Hawai'i Supreme Court ruling that their religious practices would not be
infri nged.
Through interviews with various individuals of Hawaiian any, it is soon apparent, not
surprisingly, that Native Hawaiians are not a homogeneous group and not all contemporary
Hawaiians agree with this Pele based belief system. Since traditional religious practices were
officially abandoned by the ali'i (ruling class) in 1819, most Hawaiians had converted to
Christianity by the end of the nineteenth century. While most individuals reported that the Pele
myth was part of the oral history passed on by their kupunas (grandparents), they respect but do
not worship Pele.Further,several re-iterated that because the Hawaiian religion is oral not written,
no one could really know how to practice properly nor could say if Pele is being desecrated.
Opinion was split as to whether Pele was being desecrated, but a few individuals suggested that a
ceremony should have been performed to ask Pele's permission. The claim that King Kalakaua was
the first to advocate the use of geothermal was also repeated.
Clearly,varying views amongst Hawaiians would be expected since the Hawaiian religion is
an oral tradition, and one that has been subjected to a range of interpretations, often and most
recently through a Christian perspective. The Pele Defense Fund's response is that they
acknowledge the range of beliefs and do not suggest that they represent all Hawaiians. Rather, they
represent those Native Hawaiians,whatever their number,who hold traditional religious beliefs.No
ceremony could have been performed to ask Pele for permission, and whether or not King
Kalakaua was an advocate of geothermal bears no relevance to the central issue of the desecration
of Pele.There is no compromise.
One individual suggested that some Christian Hawaiians view the desecration of Pele as
being positive, as they see Pele as being the manifestation of the devil. She proposed that in the
fight of Pele versus Jesus Christ, it is in the Christian Hawaiian's self interest for geothermal to be
pursued.
Both sides of the controversy concede that Pele possesses the power to demonstrate her
displeasure with geothermal by covering the plant with lava. The anti-geothermal side points out
that 15,000 acres of the original site of geothermal development was indeed covered by lava, and
that led to the land swap.41
24
basis of environmental issues, these groups have publicly supported the Pele Defense Fund's
efforts to protect Native Hawaiian culture and nghts. Interestingly, in the interviews of local
Hawaiians. many individuals expressed a strong resentment that "haoles" were attempting to
represent and speak for them_the Native Hawaiians.They perceived the vocal representatives of the
Big Island Rainforest Action Group (BIRAG) as claiming the Hawaiian issues as their own in
order to further their own agenda, and thereby dictating to Hawaiians how they should feel about
geothermal. (One person added that while she resented this, she also had to admit that it was not
"island style" to protest and write letters, so maybe it inevitably fell to the mainlanders to do this.)
Several individuals,Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian,thought that the neighborhood and environmental
groups were the original protesters of geothermal, and they used religious and cultural issues to
bolster their arguments until Hawaiian groups took up the cause. The Pele Defense Fund
emphasizes that these groups are merely being supportive of their issues, and are not exploiting
them.
The relationship between the cultural and the land use issues and the broader issue of
sovereignty is evident As the entire struggle for sovereignty and restitution has grown in the past
15 years and with the resurgence of Hawaiian cultural awareness, the voice of opposition to
geothermal has become louder. Hawaiians are a land based people and these are land based issues.
As one person asserted, it is a sovereign act to take a stand on geothermal development; they are
fighting for already recognized rights, but rights which are being worn away with time. The
geothermal issue is seen as an important part-of the Native Hawaiians' opposition to the ongoing
erosion of their rights,land and cultural heritage.
As expected, many Hawaiians that were interviewed did not agree with the land use
concerns. Common sentiments were that pro-sovereignty activists are not being realistic, that
Hawaiians cannot regain what has already been lost,and that people have to keep up with the times.
A member of the Big Island Geothermal Alliance mentioned that 23 of its members are Hawaiian,
and proposed the analogy that the use of the geothermal resource is no different than fishing.
The Pele Defense Fund responds that being ethnically Hawaiian does not make one
committed to traditional Hawaiian practices.They are defending traditional Hawaiian religion and
culture, which is not practiced by all Hawaiians. It is apparent that a variation of beliefs exists
amongst Native Hawaiians, and has probably been influenced by a multiplicity of factors: age,
family upbringing,influence of Christianity,and other multi-cultural influences. Depending on how
26
CONCLUSION
The investigation into the controversies that surround geothermal development in Hawaii
reveals three common themes. First, PGV has experienced repeated technical difficulties, but
opinions vary as to whether these problems can be or have been resolved. Secondly, the health
complaints are not experienced by all residents,but are perceived as a very real and serious threat to
those who do. A comprehensive study has not been performed to address the variety of complaints,
but the studies regarding H1S affects to date do not substantiate the residents' complaints.
However, real or perceived, the health concerns are a public health issue. Lastly,Native Hawaiians
who value traditional religious and cultural practices oppose geothermal, but not all Native
Hawaiians do share the same belief system and not all oppose geothermal.
The issue of geothermal development in Hawai'i is extensive and complex, and this paper
has merely skimmed the surface. Proponents of geothermal plea"give us a chance"to prove that it
can work here, while opponents see no compromise but closure. Each side offers expert opinions,
studies, and emotional arguments that support its side, and it becomes a monumental task to sort
out the truth.
At the time of this papers completion, PGV has abegun generating electricty for the Big
Island.Anti-geothermal activists vow to continue fighting through protests,civil disobedience,and
the courts.
'S
PELE DEFENSE FUND NEWS
BIG ISLAND GEOTHERMAL IS ONE OF THE MOST TOXIC AND
NATURALLY CONTAMINATED GEO KNOWN TODAY!
LET'S DISECT THE STEAM AND TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT WHAT
WE ACTUALLY BREATHE!
STEAM CONDENSATE BRINE
BENZENE
AMMONIUM (TOTAL) MERCURY(TOTAL)
ARSENIC PH
LEAD TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
CADMIUM TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
BICARBONATE AND CARBONATE BERYLLIM
SULFATES
CHLORIDES ASBESTOES
NITRATES VINYL CHLORIDE
BORON (TOTAL) RADON
HYDROGEN SULFIDE RADIONUCLIDES (GROSS ALPHA AND BETA)
FLURIDES (TOTAL) NONCONDENSIBLE GASES
HYDROGEN SULFIDE BENZENE
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS HYDROGEN SULFIDE
AMMONIA AMMONIA
TOTAL SUSPENDED MERCURY VAPOR
BERYLLIM METHANE
ASBESTOES NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONES
RADON CARBON DIOXIDE
RADIONUCLIDES (GROSS ALPHA AND BETA) ARSENIC
BRINE VINYL CHLORIDE
BENZENE BERYLLIM
AMMONIUM (TOTAL) ASBESTOES
ARSENIC RADON
LEAD RADIONUCLIDES
CADMIUM (GROSS ALPHA AND BETA)
BICARBONATE AND CARBONATE
SULFATES
CHLORIDES
NITRATES
BORON (TOTAL)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
FLURIDES (TOTAL)