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Comm.No. _ �,z-f-. 7
Ref.To:
Ref. Date MAY p 1 "Mitt
SPIRIT OF HONG-1(.0-HAU
Our voices around the fire
spoke in soft harony,
Boy=na by the spirit of Honno-.o au�
c) our kupuna
L Who settled in the sacredness
of the iivingjho iva. .d
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Amommummimmo
r---- THE HONOKOHAD STUDY ADVISORY COMMISSION
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii I
q
May la, 1974
The Secretary of the Interior
United States Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 20240
Dear Mr. Secretary:
In accordance with the mandate of Public Law 92-3)46, we respectfully
submit to you a study entitled, The Spirit of Kaloko-Honokoheu, relating
to the feasibility and desirability of establishing, as part of the
National Park System, the site of the Ronokohau National Historic Land-
mark and adjacent waters.
The study referred to contains, but is not limited to, findings with
respect to the historic, cultural, archaeological, scenic, and natural
values of the resources involved and recommendations for preservation
and interpretation of those resources, including the role of native
1 Hawaiians relative to the management and performance of that preserva-
tion and interpretation and the providing to them of training opportuni-
ties in such management and performance.
We take special pleasure in presenting this study, because perhaps for
the first time, native Hawaiians have been able to tell their story
and tell it in their own way.
For this opportunity, we extend our sincere mahalo to the Congress of the
United States, the Department of the Interior, the National Park Service,
and the numerous other people who have contributed their kokua.
Me aloha pumeh. j
Or ') '
hie
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17 : May iceici>n4e-e-77,
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■ m.x,,t1-..." ' '4-477:2-6,
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TRE HONOKOHAU STUDY ADVISORY COMMISSION
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the spirit of
KA-LOKO HONO-KO-HAU
a proposal for the establishment of a
Ka-loko. Hono-ko-hau National Cultural Park
Island of Hawaii
State of .Hawai'i
prepared by: Hono-lco-hate 'Study Advisory. Commission
National Park Service;
Department of the Interior
table of contents
INTRODUCTION / 1
THE SPIRIT OF KA•LOKO, HOMO-KG-HAt1
PAST/2
PRESENT/18
FUTURE/20 4044100/4'114.tt
THE NATIONAL SPIRIT/22
RECOMMENDATIONS ,PLAN /25
PRESERVATION /29
INTERPRETATION /36
MANAGEMENT/48
EMPLOYMENT POLICY /59
RESEARCH /63
GENERAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS/65
APPENDIXES /77
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It is° he iii. o explain t e teal sigr1trlf�.unco of tau IOKO, (-fonufrP fiou
th!°�Ctc i the r`rledtuifl 0i i)r, �;l�rittt n wrircI. hey written word'is merely
I s ,rl�fasa,l upon a c}ieer� of paper a:hi has toduy become nsur:s rti:ajor
r
tcsrtt; of c�rr�Ir tr�4r anon, here is no t.�t estion that it is Lrns ll�;.}iss t
'cis a emedris of I arlsrei it inq intc3t-t'`ation, but just sitting on a page.
ir4 t ttr c t€� and_uI�ieclutg, how could it possibly begin`to convey the
k'xcitng5_of a people e 'tip h i} are trying i.o re establish their i,ue°�tity inc:i
• thus t7171ntain timeli existence as a f}f opie? How t ouki It i i i C iv ly
}orf.ray th dete mined etff}rts of t1}w�f people e to hang onto ovei v
I fait of titr r IIlc. e �lttf tteri e that has not i}yeti f�ough�. sr}ICi;
rr�isiusod,. art s to t Taoe cl,a ?o i ..a simple one_ It cannot,
r
Ancient nt #izlt r tiians r3�lss56. t3;i;trtfc}rr �tfi,-troths,of It� n rt tnce t-iir«ugh an .
E . oral tr rdition. -Children learned different slkiks like fishing an car}o0 �
�� I:�uildinc is ° ob Brain,, doing and listet €rt€fix iu<h, ��Ir (chants)
�c:€:e�lorUleh t:�aar� transrr}€ttect, and t�f:f7�.,l�� ts��n�s� c� t�e� #au�ltt -
r. tea
E - .
f;lilf'hi'a1 values tl`iralSi�ltilLiStCaf StOI'If'S. In tI11S 4'•?cly,tiles '_raF7',irrlittf;?C�
information had meant 3g because-it. was alive.
r ,G. In order i0 my mat..., Kt It}Ico, Hono1, !II live of ain to 1�or its y,-., tear lneanin �adme rti�tc, Its '.,....„.'„'•-•tar} v} hi also nave to be told orally
f Unfortunately,,boc se r}f F l t rfafions }= this stfudy, it cannot be
rtold in thr::';'t ratitic>llal Plav'.aliamt mTh�„-, - . I°loti�fit�f t, this proposal wilt
;p soli ahem pt tot lI a story ,an�l �,t `s qi t;n s !twill be different
from other f33t S:>t}5ctlssUbmitted to th ��ef.a rtment of the Interior
r It does not rarntafrl the
< he tntes�rits��of tf,e (-9a�.��r;iiatt lar�t�ttEtctef7l' oral
tradition ant# for°this we ask;the forgiveness of our kt,��w �<�ho
�, , passed on their, gaey. „,s tt .,lik °for �l of a.short story, it ttdill try•` "" to convey -I me ztt:l ,'Lha�tt t J6s .:
w .{
r' ` �,;-, 1 oday, when Ho ran, 1�yoonforrnation ,, Its oort 10CC to tmOss on
to other Hawailaafns, t�'tey,rtif ?go talk story It i dUr s''st Ili ay al
cau yina on the oral ' r'ad• mtt of our ancestor, ' tits oropo al
r-'
�� attempts.to "talk sto ,, J.f rs a story of,Ka toko?, Hgtt >k.5 I1Qi; „•I . ' "'-* The Hoi-io-k.3-flaii Situdy*.4-7,1::,-,4):7(1.,r1:-1111::;!ii9„.!:44,,,,,,,
anc we tell it rotudlyt:'
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the spirit of Ka-loko Flono-ko-hau
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2 Along the western coastline of the Island of Hawaii lies the hot,
rugged lava of Ka-loko, Hono-kä-hau. This seemingly barren and
harsh landscape does not appear to be suitable for human existence,
and yet, long before written history, the Hawaiian people built a
thriving settlement upon the 'a'ä lava, which was to last well into
the 19th century when the forces of western culture slowly brought
an end to the Hawaiian way of life.
Some people find it difficult to understand why the ancient
Hawaiians chose to settle upon the inhospitable lava fields of
Ka-loko, Hono-ka-hau. The reason was, perhaps, a spiritual one,
for there was a spirit in Ka-loko, Hono-ka-hau. The Hawaiians
who first came to the area felt its presence in every rock and tree,
in the gentle waters of the shallow bays,and in the tradewinds that
,.-
gently swept across the prehistoric lava flow. They touched the
spirit and felt its mana (power).
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The spirit of Ka-loko, Hono'ko-hau was its life, the life that flowed
in its land and the vxa�r that washed upon its shore. Like Hawaiians
I vvhO found its presence elsewhere, the people of K8-|0k0, HOn0'k6'haU 3
let the spirit become part of �hairexinboncm' Thoy |ivod in yuch
parfentharrnonyvvith itthatthByboomnooa �iogu|ur, tot�|, �nd
I inseparab!aenvinonmnent.
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THE PHYSICAL SPIRIT
Perhaps only people like the ancient Hawaiians, who had long ago =
formed a spiritual identification with nature, could recognize that
despite the inhospitable lava fields, Ka-loko, Hmno'k6-hmuhmd much ow
to give. Only such people could perceive that there were suffide/nat'phy«fca| resoun:8sto support and satisfy the needs of large p/opu
tions if they were of the mind and mpi#ttostay and work with the
4
land.
Ka-loko, Hono-kti'hau had calm seas and shallow landings which made
it ideal for the Hawaiian canoes,which were important for traDsp|o p
tation, recreation, and fishing. Fish and other marine life were pd$n'
tifu| along the shoreline and offshore waters, with "dbe/u,-,'3ku, an
'ahi in the offshore deeps and migrating akule in the shallows
providing more than ample catches for the population. However,
seasonal deep-sea fishing was at
times unpredictable, so using
their practical engineering skills
and the contours of the shallow
bays at Ka-loko, Huno'kti'hou
as natural guides, the Hawaiians
constructed fishponds and dev-
eloped a simple, yet highly
farming that -.
not been
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The native plant life which grew in the settlement area was sufficient
to provide for many of the needs of the people. Plants such as the
native noni and 'i/itna were used for nnedioina! purposes. The
p5huehue mat had several uses. When twisted into coils it was used
to drive fish into nets, and when foods were scarce, the roots and
sterns could be cooked and eaten. The stringy |andkaunal/a could
make an effective fish net while the chemical makeup of the ^auhuhu
and akia plants were such that when crushed and strewn in the water,
they had a tranquilizing effect on fish. The 'auhuhu flower was also 5
��
used to treat poop|o, especially children, with respiratory problems,
and the hard wood of the /nilo and kou trees was best for making
'urneke (bowls), and other utensils.
P//i grass was used by the Huxvwiiannto make the thatched walls and
roofs of their hale 07ou1/ (grass shelters). The warm, pleasant
climate of the region made it unnecessary for the Hawaiians to
build elaborate shelters. Instead they were able to dwell upon the
p5homhne and ~o'a flats in their hale nvau\/, which were only built
to break the exposure to sun, rain, and wind. The hale rnau'u was
functional, as well as easy to build, repair, and replace. More
important, this was all the shelter Hawaiians ever needed in Ka-loko,
Hono'ka'hau.
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a
ip
settlement
made the Sett
ko-hau ma-a sloping terrain,
IP
from a a s
lower portions kahuna chiefs,of 1A,i'makaP
the
physical location
Situated
on directed by the fishpond 0
available.
...
The Pto7madage.
activities were
bluff overlooking In- hptu was (tape)
n ko- -
easeysettlement's ach as the blu _
Hon.--
tion of
lok0,
d arm and k,a,,,,Pla large
the
point, Ka-loko,
such.h_view of Ka ere
issued by,dition,tus'
ated to
Hcma. rtions of a s. fs
vantage
a commanding
a
areas. In addition,was rePHuono.,ko.
has
it tordinates in,
Tradition
known as Puwuho governed and the
signals to
... subordinates maliu Point,kahuna chiefs
the ocean .
flag-
activities of
he/au " . ns for karlu proximity to r. ,,,,„aotiv
platform
of operations
Its Pr° - the fishing P the base 0 -ona area.-
r directing
be t the north lc,made it ideal fo
6
haUand ,
, ,0 fish trap mad
the ancient
ie
,„.
'Ai 01:h
, itself to .t.ca,
settlement.
u revealed It
le most ori I 1
-ka.he
scattered
the se
Hon?
perhaps, the
found sca
of Ka-lok0, which was,_s pern P
What they fou brackish
brac -
spirit o
the
another form - 1 in the area.
were cool, . s through
settle But Hawaiians in an°decision to I jagged lava, _,.., these springs ngrground
the l
Haw r in their dect and among
Hawaiians, the presence 01 L'i_f an uncle
people.
factor the shoreline
Haw-- -nsthere was enough Q
ugsettlement of p
along
springs. To the
that
needs of a
w ter sp
everyday a h area was 1 in the ever
through-
out the to sustain-u source ...,
water
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THE CULTURAL SPIRIT
I The HgvvaiianeRtt|ernontat Ka-loko, H0no-ko'haV did not just
'
survive. It thrived, because the ancient Hamaiianstouoh8d and
understood the npirit, but did not disturb it. They nurtured the
Ispirit tenderly, like a rare and precious plant, and it grew until
it filled everything around it with its being. Their philosophy
was simple and effective one -- "provide for nature and it will
��
�� pnovido''. In this way they maintained the delicate balance that
existed in their sacred relationship with nature. To misuse the
natural resources at Ko'|oko, Hnno-k5~heu would bring upon
them the wrath of their all-powerful gods Kane, Ku, Lono, and
Kanaloa, and devastation to their land.
Thus the people of Kaloko, Honn'k5'hau, like other Hawaiians
I of that time, observed their kapu system, a set of regulations
and prohibitions governing almost every activity of life, re|i'
| giouo|y. They believed the kapu were directed by the gods
�� th/nugh the kahuna chiefs who imposed them upon the people.
Although seemingly rigid and perpetuated by strict enforcement,
t|�ekapu system had a purpose for the Hawaiians. Its edicts
I cuntained their respect for nature'x/nane and the assurance of
survival, for many of the kapu were designed to protect the land
and conserve its resources which ultimately sustained their needs.
One very important kapu at Ka'{0ko, HOnu'kb'h8u was the one
placed on the use of water. The brackish water pools were
[ divided into different functions. Some were specifically for
drinking, others for bathing or for washing dishes, utensils, and
c|othes. Separating the functions of the pools was the people's
j vvay of maintaining cleanliness and good health.
p
Water from these pools was also necessary to sustain the ingenious
methods devised by the people who lived on the lava flats to PP
grow supplementary crops such as sweet potatoes,gourds, and is
medicinal plants and herbs upon the ia'a. These crops were often
grown within stone enclosures. To provide the moisture needed p
by these crops and to ensure protection to the root system in this No
porous environment,the Hawaiians made use of the husks of
,....
dried coconuts. These husks were immersed in the available fresh
or brackish water until the color darkened nearly to a shade of
black. These soaked husks were then placed around the plant
roots, providing a moist environment as well as protection from w.
direct exposure to the sun and dehydration. A regular application .
of water maintained the desired growing conditions. The walls of
the enclosure also provided support for the crawling vines and —
protection from the wind and afternoon heat.
AHUPUAA BOUNDARIES EXTENDED FROM MOUNTAINTOP INTO THE OCEAN
t.,.„.„46,.., . .-,-,- -., -
y,,,,,,t,;.„:•,a,,. -.:,..,„
Fishing Major living areas Food production,crops,hunting, Watershed areas4 timber,hunting I
and management of limited living areas
inshore/-narine areas
for food
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The porous nature of the soil in the settlement area allowed the
underground water source to flow evenly from the slopes of Mount
Hualalai to the sea where it eventually evaporated into the sky, fell
as rain upon the mountain slopes,and once again flowed underground
to the sea. Because of their careful observation and respect for their
environment, the Hawaiians knew well enough not to obstruct or
interfere with this water cycle in any way which would jeopardize
the continuation of this precious resource. As well as supplying
the brackish water pools, the water source acted as valuable under 9
ground aquifers for the fishponds.
The way Hawaiians constructed and used fishponds also demonstrated
their total understanding and appreciation for the resources of Ka-loko
Hono-kb--hau. The Ka-loko and 'Aitmakara ponds were once the
largest and best along the Kona Coast of the Island of Hawaiii. The
great kuapa (sea wall) of Ka-loko was built with large boulders. The
Hawaiians constructed two openings known as nigka-h5 (sluice gate)
within the wall so that as the tide began to flow in through the
mgkah5, the fish could enter the pond. At full tide the pani (gate)
of the rna`kiihe was then closed so that the fish could not escape
410 when the tide receded. `Aismakap5 operated much in the same
manner except that the pond itself had formed behind a natural
beach rather than being enclosed by a kuapa". The Hawaiians simply
took the natural advantage afforded them and improved it for their
own benefit.
• f „V °
r*4:
MUM USW 6'
r
,
°
-Th1:21t
dm.
tw:ZzAstver4404:,, I lc -44'
As a major source of food supply,
these ponds played important roles
,
in the culture of the original inhabi-
t lc,,
tants of Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau.
Thus,once constructed, great care was
,...' j '..j i„,
sc.", \
".....". : '.4:,
ulti taken to keep them intact and clean
''
and clear of overgrowth. At times the
fishponds were kapu, thereby pro-
/
tecting them from human abuse also.
t ,, Harvests were made at the direction of
the ruling chiefs to whom the ponds
.- 4 ...‘ ....
01
belonged,within the constraints of the
kapu system, and usually only in times
of stress and need, or when the larger
, -4,..:V• 4. A fish were too abundant in the ponds.
Seasons were also established when
.?
r .• , 1.,, ,,
,t1t
certain ocean fish such a
acak caught,t, l nkapu e these and ways,the en°of1Htealb:leaai and
s
f in ti , ' il '
P 4 , [1
'' regulated the flow and supply of
, i i
. . 3 ''' 4 i \ different fish and maximized the
efficient use of the ocean and fishponds.
; ",
, . , Ikvoi 1
. i k ' '. For the Hawaiians of Ka-loko, Hono-
\'4 k6-hau, fishing was not merely a form
of recreation. It was a way of life they
...,..,, ; .2.1.,
if. , ; '11 lived in order to meet the demands of
i i'''',4 .d i , x
it, A 4 0111:4
:::1 11 1.'"" v"\ an exacting environment. They never
k
1 ,.. ' i'" ::•ft"' :' , ,- ,,, _ simply ly
\ " "went fishing . When venturing
forth, they always had a specific place
and a certain catch of fish in mind.
However, even before doing that,they
sought the favor of their gods upon
the ku'ula (fishing heiau) which were
built around the fishponds and along
the coastline. They expressed their
,
gratitude upon return by offering and
honoring their gods with the largest
1 $,\\.
and choicest fish in their catch.
Only after that was done could the
daily catch be portioned out--first to
the chief, then his family and retainers,
and so on in line of protocol until —
all had shared. Their offerings were signs
---,.
i
I
4
i'0 II
'
'41
• 4
7-N-
\,.
't#,'''°.'"'_s." ■• ' ,,.,,
of reverence for the powers that per-
_
mitted and promoted the growth of
IMO their food and allowed them to secure
it for their personal use and benefit.
With their simple tools,the Hawaiians
of Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau cultivated
the land, built their dwellings, logged
... the forests, built their magnificent C\ 11
ocean-going kaulua (sailing double fit.0,4,-144,1\
, irff'411'
canoes) and wa'a (fishing and war
4 canoes), made their kapa for
clothing and all their fishing and :
farming equipment. They learned -. itt
to use everything that nature had to
offer - stone, wood, bark, sap,fiber,
roots, leaves, marine plants, herbs, .. 1.-
fruits, nuts,fish,fowl,and animals. .'1 '
In the process they also learned to
schedule their time so that there was Itralot.,
a balance of activities. There was
sufficient time for food production,
for developing their unique forms of
creative art such as their mole (songs),
oil (chants), and hula (dances),and
most important, time for their gods.
The latter occupied a substantial . .
,,,,
amount, if not the greater part of
time in all their activities. They pro-
vided ..
je
for their gods, and in turn, the ,.
a ..., 15,,,,,,,,
gods provided for the Hawaiians. -- ,o=.--/--'-,v, i.,,;
'''. ' 4,..., ..:e..-....„,*-‘
e 's
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Iti
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' il' i t '
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12
•
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,... , .: ' ' A-F--` ,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,:l.,:,.4.
, '4'"'4,1,- 1"'- .e.'.,'
„. ,..pp!'
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j,.^.,421.F / ,,,/
1"''''4'' .44,1W..^,,.' . /
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''' - „„.4e` *
iilFr
- - -
..,...
. ,
,
t 44p1
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1'.3"
...
— hau. The
Hono-ko-
PP
loko,
THE HUMAN
much more to t
SPI R IT
the spirit ii.
1
spiritua and
There was
d not only because o
Hawaiians'
settlement thrive
human resources.
of fKiats-
The by
their sensitivity acill
its
matched.
Ilil
also because of
heir land was
sensitivity developed
b
Ili
with t physical resources, but
cooperation,
identification
and mutual coop
based on sharing a .,
n concept of
lo-economic system
by the Hawaiian a soc
close relationship tosteeamc
best be described
each other. From this
C
system that can e
ka oicua (helping).
1Y_
5
L
AMr
o.w
yy p
.'-� --
,-,.:, -.„,,,..,:-..-;),:,..: t
g#
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- "-a 4,,',.
i . .«, . '
,f
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3a
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FZP�g,
1':, -- *�uh•.antc
,y
111 .... •cny""a,,.r.>a�„y,. a- va.
yy' n't
I
'y �� �_ "°,^"ate `'.+`"d ,_;a 4,,,,..4,7.,...,,,,,,:k,:,„.,,„,..,jr ,,\71..„. _-.....4467, ..., __....,.,,,,..,,,;...--\:st.:,..,-
:4 .. ,
— --• ' ,Iltt.'AttZ SO. ,,„.' 1.4 . 4
...\ . . ... ....k,L„...,„..........
— 7 4,11' 3-' ' c' f.-
., 4 .--410- 14 ".rt.r. :.,. ,,. ,,....,...,,,,-,,,.. ."- :'..,,,,....
Y G
x-1
I
I
re
v.,
The Hawaiians built g system of trails in Ka'|0ko, Hono^kD~�hau
p whiChV8S used by the people to travel and communicate with
Ilk'ohaPe (extended family) and friends with the ahupua'a (basic
land division reaching from mountain to sea). These trai|na|sn �mmrved as vital lifelines, for it was the custom of Hawaiians
imaka/ (seaward) to take fish, salt, and //mu (seaweed) to 'ohana
and friends living mauka (toward the mountains), In return,
�^0 the pe�p|�n,euk� �h8rad their products of tmro, sweet pnta to' -
V�� an� br��df�uit` �0no8tinmes fireSvverg |itxvh8n oMe MeedeUth8
other. The food was then prepared and taken to the origin
of the fire. This form of sharing was basic to the Hawaiian
way of life, and the trails provided the physical means to
make it possible. It was not a matter of trading or bar-
tering, but rather family or friends sharing with others �
when they "had plenty's.
~
�
'::::i''': 7::;',' X ' 1 , '°:::'''',1 '''''''', _iy
, .„:„L
,:e :, r 4.
' '');'. 4itlir,': ' -,,( V*2'),I;1,. * ' " '4. - ';':: :°1-;:**- 7.-.'', '
~ l'".
��"�� � p = � ~��
,�- OP
'
This sharing concept extended beyond the
in h
borders of the rnk
the
as well. Trails leading along the coast and laterally
v
areas served as routes for transporting
NI li the ne fi gohabdoar inndg other uitems a,a. to
members of the 'ohana living in
I 15
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ll i . ):'
IF tiP
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a t
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-- 1 1/
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WO
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ii.
THE GUARDIAN
UARD IAN SPIRIT
The ancient Hawaiians liv
e
d
i
died,
an d
w e"„rebur
buried
e
d
w
i ot h i
n
the
Ka-13K 0, Honn ko-h,o settlemeht. In t heir religious beliefs,
Hawaiians m ade very little distinction betw een life and dea th.They faithfully b e Hayed t hat when their P '"una (ancesto rs)
passed from this world they traveled to another dimension
where they beca me '8,—akua, the spirit guardians of_kc bhan
-16 Thus, the burial sites in the settlement were sa cred. They were
carefully tended to by the people, for any disturbance of the
graves meant that the spirit oftneir ,au makua would also be
disturbed.
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.... -
THE ROYAL SPIRIT
There is a mysterious, haunting quality about the
burials in Ka'|oko. Hnno-k5-hau. Most of them
are those of the maka'ãinana, the common
people who lived in the area. But, hidden within
secret caves or lava tubes in
'
their mana, are the bones of the high ranking .
alil � �-�
li
� «
ThoaY'i, the chiefs of various ranks, were those
of purest blood and indisputable family ooniority. .
They were considered closest in descent from the 1
gods, and theirn7ana and prestige stemmed from
this descent They treasured the lands |`
'
fishponds because the ponds were known to be
a great source of food supply. Thus, Ka-loko,
Hono'ka'hau was extremely valuable to them
because it had three fishponds. They often
used the settlement for recreational and cere-
monial purposes. Built upon the lava flats
around the 'Ai'rnakup5 fishpond were |arge » / J9-
platforms, enclosed arenas,and ah5/ve " '°w�
(toboggan slide) which wee used during
their utmy. /Of all 8!| thea/7Y associated with Ka'|okD, -
Hono'ko-hau, the most famous is the great `
nn-Yi(king), Ka-mehameha I, who first
uhitad the Hawaiian Islands under one rule.
The/na -had moved his court to Kai-lua,
not far from Ka'|oko, Hono'ho'heu, and �
it is said his armies often used the settle- , 4 1,. ..,,,,,, ,,, ., ,, ,,
meat as a place to refresh themselves on ���
marches.long �,�heu. The major tie with
lit° i '''. , , kiii44,',-. ' , -.
Ka-rneharnoha, however, concerns the belief li
that after his death, his chiefly bones were
placed in a hidden sepulchre somewhere in
pCo'\oko near those of othera//l To this
day its exact location remains a closely
guarded secret, protected by the Hawaiians' | /
St ',-,q-V InitAkt' `, , J;-,4 4: ..
belief that his resting place is sacred and kapu. -
Ka-loko is also believed to be the resting place ) / a'
| ` -
of King Kahekili, ruler of Maul and purported
by some to be the father of Ka'nneharneha. '
Kahekili's sister, Kalola, and her daughter, ~��-�` ``
�hu'iap�ixvo Li�iha, the grandmother of
��
Ka-rnehanneha III, are also said to be buried k-ice
there in the same burial cave as KahGki|i.
Ka-loko has always been considered kapu-kapu `
(very sacred, to be respected), and its fishpond �G
is said to have 0n1O\x, @ spirit guardian that
- ^�I� �'
lives within the pond and protects it and the
fish from being abused.
the spirit of Ka-loko, �����[� �� �
m /`~ ~,r.�. �u ~^� r�~.-v^~n^�� x x~~. ,.~-ma�-x oaU 0
■ s� _�00. �00.1 ��� �
� � �� ��pn��' ��� � �� �
The ancient Hawaiians of Ka-|okm' Mono'kei'hau were a proud people,
and they had much to be proud of. Their life was not easy, but w=
because of their remarkable faith in their gods, in themselves, and
in the spirit of ��a'|okm' Hono'kO'hau' they were able to develop
011
a way of life unsurpassed by any other group of people in the world.
Today, except for occasional use by fishermen, hikers, and campers, ~~
most of Ka'|oko' Hono'k6-hau lands are idle. But many of the PP
phYaico|, historical, and archeological features of the o Ka |oh
- . irk
Mono'ki5'hau settlement remain intact. Archeologists of the
Bishop Museum have found and identified approximately 234 w°
sites which encompass almost every functional structure known to
Hawaiian prehistory. The most significant sites include the fish-
ponds,helau, ku-ufa (image used to attract fish), house platforms,
/io/ua, trails, stone planters, canoe landings and shelters, assembly
grounds, salt pans, petroA|yphs.papesnu (checkboard), and burials.
The large number of sites substantiates the fact that large ponu|a'
tions of several hundred once occupied the xott|enmmnt.
Although overgrown and in disrepair, the Ka-loko and 'Ai'nlmkapN
fishponds and the 'A|'opio fish trap were the hub of the settlement's
activities and a major source of food. They still represent the finest
example of the ancient Hawaiian ability to adapt to their physical
environment. Fishpond culture was of vast importance to the ancient
Hawaiian way of life, and it can now regain much of that value by
assisting modern man in adapting to his environment. Both Ka-loko
and 'Ai'mnekapa are well stocked with fish, and 'Arrnakmp-a ism
habitat for native and migratory birds, two of which, thmNe'o
(Hawaiian stilt) and koloa (Hawaiian duck),are on the endangered
species list.
The Pu'u'oinahe/ao' also known as Hale o mano, remains as the
best example of a platform he/au in Kona. Its primitive beauty
and durability are indications of the resourcefulness of the Hawaiians
who built it,
Fish are still plentiful in offshore waters, and other sites such as the
ho/ua and stone planters are well preserved. The trails wind lazily
—
through the |uvo, and the brackish water pools remain refreshingly m�
cool. The graves are intact for the most part, but too many of them
have been ransacked for artifacts they may have contained.
--•
a Ka'inho maintains its haunting secrets and itskapu-kaou atmosphere
with the resting place of Ka-mehameha's bones still a mystery and a
matter of oonf/intingdouurnent0tion. Perhaps it should remain what
it is--a mystery. One research source, speaking of Ka'rn8h�rneha~« 111 bur|a|. utatad:
I
I
I
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,
. . 1 9
., .
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,'%., ‘''''-. .- --
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-:-, . 14,-. :4......"......,...
■fr\ ''' ''4,„':4..,4 11L :. '
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' ' * ,11/4 im, t ,--. •,<,,,
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' — -:...:.i"..!--,1', ',,YiP• ),' ,,,,,,, ,I.,-;4„0,,...-,
I
I lot.,
I
I
I
I .
I t is in one sense prestigious that history guard the
mystery and desired solemnity that the "loko hCfribW'
provides. If it can be accepted and respected by the
IM.
Hawaiians,why then can others not be as accepting?
oin Roy and Nahate, Oral History of Hono-k6'-hau, (Na
Mo'oleloHa'i Waha '0 Hono-ko-hau Ka-loko)
I unpublished research, Honolulu: Bernice Pauahi,
Bishop Museum, January, 1974, p. 46)
I However, the spirit of Ka-loko, Hono-k6-hau, the life of the land and
the sea, began to wither when it became merely a commodity to be
bought and sold. Now it is in danger of extinction.
IBecause of its scenic beauty and proximity to the ocean and its
recreational potential, Ka-loko, Hono-k6-hau is being threatened
I by encroaching urban and resort development. Landowners in
the area have proposed a development plan in which the lands
of Ka-Inko and Hono-ko-hau are designed for resort and urban use.
I
the spirit of Ka K o »ol o = -ke~ha=
Iasi s § „„„ a I re wr.,,
Perhaps the spirit of Ka-loko, Hono-k -hau has withered because
,thespiritmfthe Hawaiian people has withered; slowly eroded by 20
the powerful forces of the west, introduced almost two hundred
years ago by profit-seeking merchants and over-zealous mission-
aries; forces that devastated the Hawaiian population through
epidemics, broke down the kapu system which provided the basic
foundation of the Hawaiian culture,and replaced the Hawaiian
system of land tenure with one so totally foreign to the Hawaiians
that within a matter of 58 years they found themselves practically
landless in their own land.
The loss of their land and the disintegration of their culture has
left the Hawaiian people virtually lifeless,without much of their
identity. Their language and arts are perpetuated by only a
diligent few, and except for major events, many Hawaiians know
very little about their heritage. But perhaps the most tragic loss
Hawaiians have suffered is the sensitivity and spiritual bond to
each other which once brought the people of the Ka'loko, Hono`
ka-hau settlement so close together.
Today, despite the pressures to assimilate into the now dominant
western culture, Hawaiians desperately cling to that spirit so
tenderly nurtured by their kupuna at Ka-loko, Hono'ko'hau.
There is renewed interest among young and old Hawaiians to
preserve their land and culture.
They are searching bock far their roots, beyond the chaos of the
19th century, to the time when their kupuna were self-reliant and
industrious; searching for the values which can give them the
strength, self-confidence, and most importantly, pride they need
to successfully overcome present challenges.
��
���� �' {| /\sth�ir |undonntinueo �obembumed, buried beneath h|gh' ~'
rise buildings and concrete highways, Hawaiians are asking,
"Are we to witness the continuing despoliation of our
land and culture at the hands of so-called progress?"
� For these reasons, and countless others, the Hawailans
! and other people of Hawai'i who share the Hawaiian
cultural heritage feel that Ka-loko, HoMo'kb-haoVVi||
help satisfy their great hunger for a renewal of those
cultural and spiritual values that have come so close
•w^ to extinction in recent decades. The preservation of
Ka-loko, Huoo-ka'hmu as a national park would help
it\
renew these very important elements of the Hawaiian
/` identity because it represents the traditional Hawaiian
^w��� vvmyof |if�'
���� �^�m, .
-
Now there is an opportunity to restore the cultural identity that once
axi*ted. Preservation of these intangible resources will have an
expanding impact that vvi|| not only touch the lives of all Hawaiians,
but will also enlarge the horizons of people throughout the state,
na�on' and beyond. Thus, m national cultural park will become the
I fomy| point for exhibiting how this particular group of people coped
with their own unique environment.
I ���Currently, there is no physical facility in the State of Hawai'i that �� o
has been set aside solely for the purpose of perpetuating Hawaiian
culture and arts, particularly one that imnnonagedby native Havvxiians'
��a-|oko' Hono'ko'hau could provide such a facility because itern'
��
bodies an integrated life style which was, at one time, found in count'
less communities through the islands u{ Hamai'i. What rernoinSinthiV
�� settlement area is not 'uuta few token archeological representations
�� '
of the Hawaiian culture, but the historic site of an entire community
I thataximtedagmnent|tyvithintheboundarieaof1heahupo !mb
but
tied as well to adjacent communities of similar structures. It is a
stage upon which the Hawaiian way of life was first performed
centuries ago.
°I
Developed as a living museum, }�a-|oko, Hmno'ka'bou would be a
U p|acevvhnra Hawaiians could personally and directly experience
their ancestors'finest hour. If national parks are designed to
=~ preserve, then Ka-loko, Hono'ko-hauvvou|d be designed to preserve
I ' '
the values of a dying culture.
The land and culture would live again. As Hawailans walked across
Ka-loko, Hono-ha'hau, they could experience the presence of the
spirit flowing through all of nature. They could stand upon the
graves and offer silent worship to their 'aumakua, and their kupuna
who cultivated the spit it. And they, too, will have life dgain.
The alternative to this spir-
itua| and physical restup
I A*, , , -.—.1. . ' )-
atinn is the continuation of
the classic pattern that has,
for the past 200 years, '
threatened to erase those «
...,..', ' `'./f- 4,ifiiic.,124'' ,,,,,,,:772.,„g7,1.' ,:'
unique feelings that are
Hawaiian, through
de$trucdonofmnoro �
physical remains of his
culture. The loss
/
peheoordbv Hawaiians ',�
would be most dramatic,
but the state and nation -~-
'
would also suffer since the
total mosaic of cultures that
make up our complex and /` �
II an diverse heritage would be
further eroded. .
^�'- =-
*
~`the national spirit
�
As evidence of its national significance, Ka1okc, Hono'h6-hmumao
given a rank of "high value" in 18G3on the National Register of
Historic Landmarks. These historic and cultural sites represent a
civilization that flourished before the discovery of America. Failure
22 to preserve the entire Vgtt|ennen1vvil| result in serious, if not total ~�
���� loss and destruction of an important historical and archeological ^
complex, an area that is now threatened by encroaching urban-
resort development. ~
Ka-loko, Hono'k6'h$4, preserved as a national park which is designed
as a living museum of Hawaiian culture,would provide a unique des- ^
dnat|0n point for visitors from the mainland United States and other
parts of the world. It would provide the visitor not only a glimpse
but the beginnings of understanding of a way of life that has be' ~
come part of the American heritage,
But, the preservation of Ka-loko, HUnV-k6-hau as a national cultural
park has much greater importance for the United States and its
people, First of all, there are valuable lessons that can be learned
from ancient Hawaiian culture, In these times when many of our
nation's natural resources are becoming scarce, the interpretive
opportunities that exist in Ka-loko, Hmno'k5-hau can offer u
fine example of how one group of people, the Hawaiians, lived in
such harmony with their environment that there were always
enough natural resources to provide for their physical needs. It
is, perhaps, one of the best examples of man's adaptation to, ~
rather than domination of, nature,
, o ':
40011* 010411'Ilik
'''l V ''''.- .44".(1 °' 40,
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_ *�~� "�
With their ability to adapt, the Hawaiians devised ingenious methods
of ocean fishing and fishpond farming, growing agricultural crops
upon the porous )ea and cultivating and using of medicinal plants
and herbs, the effectiveness of which has been praised by modern
day physicians. In addition, it presents an opportunity for the
United States to further explore and demonstrate water transporta
~~ tion as evolved by the Hawaiians who had a type of craft capable
of negotiating high seas while still being able to land on shore.
��
����"�
Secondly, Ka'|oko, Hono-k5-hau is important to the nation because
investigations in the course of this study have further substantiated
the firm belief of the Hawaiian people that their national hero, King
u� Kamehameha, is buried there. Ka-mehameha is world-recognized
for his qualities of leadership, humanitarianism, wisdom, and strength
and has been rightfully honored nationally in the United States
Statuary Hall by the United States Congress.
A third benefit the nation and the world can derive from the
Hawaiian culture as practiced by those who lived at Ka-loko,
Hono-kã-hau is an example in human relationships. The ancient
Hawaiians, with their attitude of sharing and spirit of mutual
cooperation can show how simple and uncomplicated life can be
when people are sensitive to each other's needs. Ka-loko, Hone-
. ko'hmu can be the medium through which this example can be
demonstrated.
But perhaps the most important benefit the United States will derive
from the preservation of Ka-loko, Hono'h5'hau is the knowledge
that it has contributed actively to the preservation of a unique native
American culture that has had strong and broad effect on our nation's
conscience, attitudes,and lifestyle, but that was, nevertheless,on
the verge of extinction because of the imposition of western values
and concepts. The United States prides itself on being the land of
the free, a heterogeneous society of many different people and
cultures, and yet, cultural differences have not always been under-
stood or accepted. The preservation of Ka-loko, Hono'ko'hau =ou|d
provide the United States the opportunity to show that it does
indeed accept and value cultural differences, and that it recognizes
the role and contributions of native groups to American democracy.
°
�
. .Ifff*:x.' .
lit '''' '4ellit
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� -7!...:1"P'
� III.
IP
ii.
'
"tie mau ke ea o ko^ainm i ka p0no`°
" The life of the land is perpetuated
in righteousness."
"� ~
`
>� oof H '|
And in�dS��rn �� Ha�w�vxa i'i Motto
"Ke aloha o ko k0kou '§ina
Oka ka mana ku pa'a.
PQnoanua ka 'aina,
KU5noan0a ka po'e."
"The love of our land is the power
for us to stand fast.
Rare is the and
Many are the p8qp|8.^'
.
Ka-loko o o k-O_hau National Cultural Park
GENERAL
r���
The Hono-kb-hau Study Advisory Commission and the U.S. Depart- ��^�
ment of the Interior finds it feasible and desirable that the Ka'|oko,
Hono-ki5'hou vicinity and adjacent waters be preserved by the
United States for the benefit of the Hawaiian people and the nation.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. An area comprising about 1300 acres of (and and water area,
to include the Hono'ko'hau National Historic Landmark
16 and adjacent waters (hereinafter referred to as Ka-loko, Hnno'
k6-hau) be established as part of the National Park System.
2. The Ka'|oho, HonO'k-6'hau National Park complex be:
� a) a center for the reorientation and perpetuation of Hawaiian
activities, culture, and basic land use patterns; and
b) used for education, enjoyment, and appreciation by local
N
residents and visitors.
�
GENERAL PARK PLAN
Boundaries
The proposed park boundary will include the onti,en/aka/ (seaward)
portions of the Honn'k5'hau and Ka'|0koah4pua'a bounded on the
mauka (mountain) side by the Queen Ka-'ahu-manu Highway. It
will also include shoreline areas within the ahupua'a of Kn'hdnai'ki
and Ke-ala-kehe lying between VVawahi wa'a and Noio Points.
On the south side. the park boundary will begin at Nolo Point,
fo||nvvthc State's Conservation Zone Boundary toward the Hono-
ko'hnu Small Boat Harbor, and run across the mouth of the harbor.
It will then extend 50 feet north, run parallel to and 5O feet fromn the
northern border of the harbor until it is 400 feet past the mauka end
of the harbor, at which point it will run parallel to the mauka border
of the harbor to the north right'0f'vvayofthe harbor entrance road
and thennauka along this right-of-way line to the west right-of-way
line of the Queen Ka''ahu'nnanu Highway. From there it will follow
that right-of-way line to the boundary line between the ahupua'a
of Ka-|oknond K8-hanoi'ki. From there the line will runoxaka/
along that boundary line to the state's coastal ownership line and
then follow this line to the VV5vv5hivva'a Point.
. ~
In addition to the land boundaries, the ocean or offshore boundary
will extend 300 feet out fromVavv-a-hi wa'a Point and Noio Point
and then stretch across in a line connecting these two points.
Developments
The Ka-6oko, HVno-ko-haupark complex will be developed as a living
museum of the Hawaiian culture. The fac lity would replicate,
nearly as possible, the prehistoric and phases of the historic Ka1Phcr
Homo-ko-hausettlernemt, The cultural programs conducted within the
park will be based on the actual life���(v�iasperformed by Hawaiians.
26
���� The park will be Physically separated into appropriate use zones
which will provide for (Y) the preservation, stabilization mndremtor-
adon of historic features, (2) living history demonstrations
(3) recreation use, (4) the and tr��ni of '
, . ng � notxv�'Hawaiians
in traditional cultural pursuits,and (5) kapu--'/'ext[i' ^gd} areas
such as the concentration of burials in |� -/0 8, (�) -intense
areas,
watershed management and |ovvdenm�v |'
density recreation, and (7) offshore
water and marine life management
°
The park is also intended to give the first time visitor a beginning com-
prehension and Q|innpseofthe ancient Hawaiian mu/ture lifestyle
through orientation sessions and guided tours of the various h ---"i���
archeological, and cultural sites within the settlement area.-- '-`~^ "
Programs will be established to restore native vegetation including
medicinal plants and manage the offshore marine resources The
park will also be a center for Hawaiian historical and cultural research
with the establishment of8l|braryc0MnplexasGr8p0sib3ry for tapes
films, and publications concerning Havva�|a n� on �d th '
arQrou�opf
people within the South Pacific region.
The proposed unit will be administered by the National Park SerVice
United States Department of the Interior, but the park staff will be
Service,
composed of Hawaiians who have the skills and knowledge necessary
to manage such a unique park complex.
gg en
I RP PARK RECREATION O N HR Ei sATS0 R y
.- .'"--,,''\",." PRESERVATION 1464:-.Mil LK IAVPI NUGA
,too..:.
USE
i 6 .
• .,...
..
a I' * 4, AND LOW
1:::''''',;4"i::.i HAWAIIAN WAT E R s H E EDUCATION
*. 6. ;:?..' ..; MANAGEMENT
••• MARINE LIFE IGOENM ENT
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ps....->s., -A,' -si4w. Ka-lol<o, Hono-kt5-hau includes many resources that give it identity
I'.. f.'"*.I'.4'''' ' and natural beauty. Having aesthetic, cultural, archeological, historic,
< '"'sk,; -i 'IP and scientific value, those resources are an irreplaceable public trust.
' , 1. The fishponds and their immediate surroundings should be
restored, as nearly as possible, to the conditions that existed
before the introduction of foreign influences.
2. A monitoring system should be established for water qua|�v
in offshore areas as well as inland water bodies such as qJ� '
wells, and fishponds.
- '
3. The sites and structural remains of the early Hawaiian period
and the historical period should he studied to determine thei r
role in future development and use of the park.
4. The ancient Hawaiian burial sites should especially be preserved
and their privacy and sacredness maintained,
G. The area's remnant Hawaiian ecosystems should be protected
from further depreciation and competition by exotic plants
and animals.
O. The natural environment should be preserved by protecting w
outstanding environmental and scenic features and by main- *"
taming the ecological balance of the area.
PRESERVATION PLAN
The jority of sites are clustered ai bout the
Ka-|ok0and 'Ar
Ad 'A ^
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fxh�ondu and shoreline, which indicates that these areas were the ia| cmntersofactiviTy in the prehistoric life pf ithe ko'ioko. Hono'
kvit-hou settlement. The documented historical Tnfpuortenceofthe
rther supports
fi�aMpond»and ocean in the life of the mnt1|h8enheunb of settlement eot|'the theory of these site conp|wxesboingft
29 hp0nd culture, and SinCe ity, Good water quality is essential to
the source is almost entirely in the rainynisvek ukva i|a\rhemavme,
of these and other lands adjacent to the par000I on water resources within the park. Thus,
efforts wi�� h e, o { dpevr lei��ivm e iop|aan nninio nn adninmagnet noine note ot
s county, an l. tOnpg f ortant
Iart of this proposal. Essentially this means re-atIab �Shnenpnany of the management practices used by earl y Hawaiians, a
hierarchy of use density, ranging from concentrated
living areas on
the shoreline and around fishponds to the agricultural uses at the
I middle elevations and the use of mauka lands for watershed
.
hunting, and gathering of timber resources.
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A program will be established to restore existing historic sites
within these complexes as nearly as possible to their original
appearance for the function they fulfilled. The fishponds, parti-
cularly 'Ai'makapd,were historically larger than they are today.
Ka-loko will be cleaned of overgrowth and the maksaha (sluice
gates) rebuilt to allow the tides to flow evenly into and out of
the pond. Its ktiap,i, the largest and thickest man-made sea
wall on the Island of Hewer", is still somewhat intact but has
30 been damaged over the years and will require repair. The overall
intent of the program will be to make the fishpond and numerous
surrounding sites,which were part of the fishpond culture,
functional once again.
'Ai'makapi will be restored to the extent at which it will not have
an adverse effect on the wildlife that presently inhabits the pond.
Further historical research will be necessary to determine what place
wildlife such as the ae'o (Hawaiian stilt),koloa (Hawaiian duck),
and the 'ataa-ke'okeio (Hawaiian coot) actually had in the fishpond
during historic and prehistoric times.
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Sites such as the stone planter , saltpans trails, petroglyphs,papa mu,
gi
and the graves are not as impressive looking as ponds
a contributing par to the way of life of the
settlement. The graves were especially important because of their
religious meaning to the Hawaiian people. Therefore, these sites
will also be preserved.
34
In order to further preserve and restore the historical integrity of
���� the K@^|Dko, Hono'k5'haU settlement area, a long-term plan will be
designed to eradicate the exotic vegetation and animal life which now
dominate the area, The park will then be replanted with native vege-
tation, such as the nani and 'i/ira plants and haAa, noilo kou, and
coconut trees, all of which had functional uses and are still growing
in Ka-loko, Hona'k5'hau.
In general, then,the preservation plan of the park is based on the
historic-cultural importance of the settlement rather than on indivi-
dual archeological or environmental features. When all these features
are preserved and restored they will become what the Ka-loko,
Hon0-kO-hau settlement was-- the Hawaiian culture as it was.
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I
INTERPRETATION
Ka-loko, Hono-k6-hau is more than just an archeological, historic,
environmental or recreational asset. It is a priceless symbol of
Hawaiian culture and heritage. The area vividly portrays the trad-
itional Hawaiian relationship between man and nature. Ka-loko,
Hono-ko-hau provides some of the last remaining physical evidence
of a Hawaiian way of life that has been all but completely destroyed
36 by the intrusion of western man and development.
While Hawaiians may be the initial beneficiaries of Kadoko, Hono-
k6-hau, people from other parts of the nation and the world will
also be recipients of the park's benefits. They will have an oppor-
tunity to view and participate in the remaking of a culture that took
a thousand years to build. They will see how well man can live and
has lived with the forces of nature, Perhaps they might even glimpse
that aesthetic appreciation of the physical world which Hawaiians
translated into personifications of natural phenomena and material .,
objects to bind together men and spiritual forces into one total
and inseparable environment. Thus, for Hawaiians, other local
residents,and out-of-state visitors,alike, Ka-loko, Hono-k5-hau
will truly be a special place.
..,
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The primary interpretive theme of Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau will be 0,
the Hawaiian culture -- including the Hawaiian language, land and
sea ethic, fishpond culture, family system, ancient chants, dances,
crafts, and the important part religion played in these and other 0
cultural activities.
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IZ. Within the context of the primary theme, an interpretive pro-
gram will be developed around three themes of significance.
I a) The first thennevvi|] focuwon the re''uvenotion, perpetuation
and understanding of Hawaiian culture and its attendant
activities. It will emphasize the desire of the Hawaiian
, I peoW|e to nstain theirou/turo| |a0any throuQh intarprotetion
of and participation in cultural activities, and will create
an awareness of the dignity, integrity, and importance of
, I this of the nation's heritage both for Hawaiians
and park visitors.
b) The second theme will be environmental, and will concen
trate on hovvcultural values were put into practice by the
�� Hawaiians in their use of available resources. Emphasis
should be placed on Hawaiian land-sea use patterns, and
/ un the important cultural uses of native plants and animals,
especially those which had food, medicinal, and ceremonial
purposes, that existed before the introduction of European
influences.
I o} The third theme will be a recreational one which encourages
Hawaiians and park visitors to engage in some of the ,mc,o@'
tiono| activities that existed in ancient Hovvai'i, or are
�� with those activities.
3. Specific e|8��mntu0fthe interpretive prograrnvV0u|d include cul-
tural dernonStr8tiOn�, 8du�@tiona| �ctiviti98' stabilization and
��
restoration of sites, fishpond management, interpretive exhibits,
and publications which provide further insight into the cultural
pursuits of the ancient Hawaiians.
4.4. Thearchiteotura| theme for the park complex should retain the
Itimeless, quality of Ka-loko, Hono-kô-hau by blending
in with the settlement area's surroundings.
INTERPRETATION PLAN
Ps
The interpretation of Hawaiian culture can best be accomplished by op
maintaining an informal atmosphere where traditional Hawaiian
activities can take place, The openness and natural surroundings of
Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau as well as its numerous archeological sites,
and the wealth of Hawaiian lore associated with the area, make it
an ideal setting for demonstrating, teaching, and learning what is
38 truly Hawaiian.
Cultural Demonstrations ow
-
Cultural demonstrations within the park complex will be designed
to enable the park visitor to understand and appreciate the ..s
Hawaiian way of life as it was lived by ancient Hawaiians at Ka-loko,
Hono-k5-hau. They will give visitors a close look at the land-sea
ethic which the Hawaiians developed as a result of their harmonious ,-
relationship with all natural phenomena. Emphasis will be placed
....
on the fishing activities and fishpond culture that formed the basis
of the Hawaiians' subsistence economy and also on their social
structure which revolved around the sharing and mutual cooperation
of the 'ohana (extended family system), More importantly, they
will demonstrate a lifestyle woven together by deep religious
beliefs and rigidly governed by the kapu system.
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Interpreters will introduce visitor to the unique pageantry which
was the ancient Hawaiian way of life. They will guide visitors
into a world where a stone was not always just a stone, but sometimes
the embodiment of a god; where a simple hut highly efficient system
of fish farming and breeding was developed with fishponds; where
sweet potatoes and pumpkins were grown in the midst of lava flats;
where people from the uplands and the seashore shared food products
with each other; and where the great/nol KG'rn8hanneha, lies
buried in mystery. They will explain the deeply religious world of
the ancient Hawaiians and how religion influenced every waking
U Ithe
rnonnontoftheir |ixoo. Only thenxvi|| park vi8itVrs boablot0
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absorb and appreciate some of the significance of the archeological
and historical sites they will be exposed to within the park.
Cultural demonstrations will be set up to allow the visitors the
opportunity to participate as well as to observe. By the end of
v w their stay in the park, they will understand the meaning of
Ka-|0k0' Hon0-k6-hau because they will have experienced it.
I I
I
Cultural Education
An educational program would be established within the park to
teach the values and traditions of the Hawaiian culture, An impor-
tent segment of this educational program would involve a facility
designed primarily for native Hawaiians and removed from any
major public use area, where the dignity and integrity of the culture
40 would be maintained. It would be an intimate personal experience
extending over a period of one day or more, rather than being part
of an exhibit open to the regular visitor.
Classes would be conducted outdoors or in a halau (open shed). The
halau would be necessary to provide work space for canoe-building,
hula instruction, and other activities which require work space under
a protective shelter.
Instruction would be provided in basket weaving,/au hala plaiting,
wood carving, feather work, musical instruments, nut crafts, and the
making of fishing materials such as nets, hooks, ropes, lines, and
sinkers.
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Another part of this educational program would involve native
Hawaiians actually learning to "live off the land" as their ancestors
once did. They would learn to adapt to nature by learning hovvto
U
I udiizp the natural resources of the land and sea. This program would
include instruction in the ancient methods of net fishing, and growing
agricultural crops and medicinal plants within the stone planters.
I
Stabilization and Restoration
IA major program will be implemented to analyze and determine
which archeological sites within the park should be restored,
stabilized, or merely left alone. These dnterrVina1\onSxvoU|d
I be part of the overall interpretive concept that will complement
the cultural demonstrations and assist in the educational
program. Foroxannp|a' the rey1urabonand operation of Ka'|oko'
I and 'Ai'rnakap fishponds as food producers would be a dominant
cultural exhibit in the park. 'Ai'makap would also double as
axvi)d|ife sanctuary which provides a major scenic and wildlife
attraction for park visitors.
Recreation
Recreation would be an important asset to the complex.
Certain sites can be restored for use in old Hawaiian
.._
games such as tilu maika (a form of bowling or shuffle-
board),konane (similar to checkers),or tug-of-
,jfr pia, , war, and community organized events of competition
42 ,
- ' -- can be scheduled.
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The shoreline is an ideal recreational area for fishing,
snorkeling,diving, camping, picnicking, and hiking.
' Recreational areas would be open to community
use and not restricted as exclusive areas.
-
y)
-41i ':- .... interpretive Exhibits ,
/0.-
Within the orientation center, but located so that
it will most often be used by visitors returning
from their park experience to their cars or buses„
a museum area will contain certain artifacts and
exhibits. These will be designed for browsing and
should supplement the cultural experience. They
may include such devices as murals of scenes from
ancient Hawaiian life, artifacts that need indoor
protection,and details of fish, vegetation,and
cultural story elements.
On-site exhibits would be simpler,and the remote
areas of the park will have few or no exhibits at all.
Publications
A variety of printed materials explaining certain
a•
Hawaiian cultural activities in detail will be made
available to park visitors who wish a deeper under-
standing of Hawaiian culture,and what they have
I
seen within the park.
Visitor Facilities and Architectural Theme
I
In order to most effectively portray for contem-
porary man the astonishingly simple yet highly
creative culture of a people who had ultimately
learned to live and work in total harmony with their
bleak volcanic environment, the architectural charac-
ter of the park building complex should possess a
timeless quality by blending in with its rugged,
primeval surroundings. The resulting architectural
theme will be a terrain-related organic architecture -
a system of sheltered spaces seemingly "of the earth".
16
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FISHPOND CULTURE
HISTORIC AREA \
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CULTURAL CENTE-j
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• S', FISHPOND
7 ; CULTURE \. INTERPRETATION
.41--. A
•ORIENTATION
1 71E �F _:HISTORIC '
",,,�� 4 " AREA
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. 5 pv AsjIVITIES
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MAINTENANCE �•.
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The building site is in reality the edge of an ancient lava flow which
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ends abruptly at the inland banks of the'Ai'makap5 fishpond.
Elevated approximately 40 feet above the pond, its jagged surface 40,
of loose clinker type lava slopes gradually downward toward the
li
actual edge (roughly 20 feet above the pond) before dropping in
a steep slope down to the banks of the pond. It is a natural prom-
ontory and was chosen primarily for the excellent view of the
coastline, particularly the three historic fishponds - Ka-loko,
44 Ai'makapN,and 'Ai`opio. However,equally as vital is its loca-
tion relative to the cool ocean breezes, a priceless commodity in
.,,
an area where the average day is most often sunny, hot, and
frequently humid.
Conceptually, the typical visitor will enter the park by motor
vehicle, leave his modern day conveyance in a leveled off depression
in the lava fields and climb a slightly ascending path toward a cave-
like opening that penetrates a cluster of rocky mounds. Upon
entering he will immediately become aware that the mounds are
a series of hollowed out caverns rather than masses of volcanic
rubble. He will note that the spaces vary according to the func-
tion, visual effect,or visitor capacity.
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The entrance area will spacious and high-ceilinged. Leading from
it, a passageway diminishing in height will reach out westward
toward the sea and funnel in the cool day-time breezes. It will,
at the same time, descend in the direction of the sea. Lighting
within the structure will be afforded by natural sources, particu-
lady in the larger assembly areas,. By now the visitor will have
become so totally absorbed by the absence of anything con con-
temporary that upon emerging from the corridor end (at this
45
�
point nnoree lava tube than a building) he will in essence have =���
spanned the time gap back into history. Perched some 20 feet
above 'Ai'makap Pond, he can then fallow the descending
trail into the fishing village below in much the same manner as
a native Hawaiian would have done before the arrival of the
white man.
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�� ����a�h���|� restored ancient Howmi�ns�u�ums
w�Q be hand|md und�rth� din�ntion of �hu 8�rnlp� Pgumh� �
�iShop K4um�urn. ��v�r�| �nl�/) �nd Sirnp|� Srru��ur�� /n the �
fnrrn �fo�nnfmrt st�tionn mn� in�erprmTiv��x�ibitovxi|! be built
Gt �ha level nf thoOuh��ndm �otg9nnro!|y hidden in
lush native �
v�8�tet�0A^
^��� The ��r� vvi/| b� ��@n@g�dpr�mtari|yf0r��yus,,, buts�|got�dar�as
����
will b� pnJvid8d f0r �h0rt�BrMA |i i
v�' Da����nrnmdati��aVvhio� vvii|
amm�uraQenmt/ve Hawaiians tV �ot�ve|y participate in in-depth
cultural �utivi�/��. A facility
will �� built for Ha hold groups and
�rB�n|���i�nst� uti|iow�V headquarters,
a place to
ho|d mn��tingo
or foro�n9nn�ni�| ge1h�hnQs. '
|n addi���n, supportiv� faniiitie��u�h �8pGrk|ng^ food ��n/��� '
(tob��nmvid�d bya $n�m|| nono8osi�nand f8a�uhng Hew-
foudn), mndtr�naportadVnm/i|| baprcmid�dtoh�|p�h� visitore .�^
� �
th�fu|| :$ng� �f��t�Viti���nd �vant�vvithVUt ��help
�---'i —�~'
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ighi�Q �h� H$vv�i��O ethnic historical int�Br\�y. ~ -
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Visitor Use and Capacities
Several criteria have been used to project the visitor oapec/tiesf0r
the proposed 1<oioko, Hono-ko-hau National Cultural Park. These
criteria include (1) visitor use at Hawai'i Volcanoes and the City
U of Refuge, (2) accessibility, (3) the variety of facilities and activities
the park will offer, and (4) the estimated number of Hawaiians who
I lived in the historic settlement at any one time.
47
�.
�
|
Based on these considerations, the following is a preliminary estimate
of visitor capacity with the Ka-(oko, Honm-k6'houcomplex:
1. Capacity at any one time 250-350
2. Daily capacity for the entire park 1,500
. `
3. Capacity for amphitheatre with
orientation center 200-250
4. Daily capacity far core area and
immediate vicinity only 1'500
S. Capacity in more remote areas including
those areas where native Hawaiians will
be pursuing educational activities 500
6. Projected annual visitation assuming
m�
capacity visitation for 300 days and
6O percent capacity the remaining times 500'000
It should be noted that the daily overall park capacity and the
capacity for the core area are identical because it is assumed that
all visitors will pass through the core area, which includes the
*
m�
orientation facilities.
The average visitor stay within the park will be approximately 11/2 hours.
This figure assumes about 15 to 20 minutes for orientation, about
30 minutes for informal walks around the main orientation area and
another 30 minutes for more formal programs. Some visitors will
N�
probably remain to visit the fishponds, the beach and shoreline araam,
and for an intimate examination of the archeological sites. Native
Hawaiians and others who may come to the park for educational
or cultural pursuits will very likely stay several hours or overnight.
This, hovvmvor, would be a smaller number when compared to the
total visitation, so the overall average stay would likely remain,
��
therefore, at about 11/2 hours.
MANAGEMENT
Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau is a vital touchstone with the Hawaiian spirit.
Constructive steps need to be taken to retain and further this cul-
tural experience for Hawaiians and park visitors,
RECOMMENDATIONS
48 1. The general management of the Ka-loko, Hono-k8-hau complex
should:
a. Insure that park programs and uses maintain the dignity
and character of Hawaiian culture by involving Hawaiian
people in all aspects of the park's management and
interpretation;
b. Provide means to study and perpetuate all aspects of
Hawaiian life, i.e., language, family system, dances, chants,
traditional arts, and technology, etc.;
c. While managing the park primarily for day use, provide
select areas with authentic Hawaiian live-in accommoda-
tions for Hawaiians who wish to actively participate in
in-depth cultural pursuits; and
d. Cooperate with other local, state, Federal instututions
in implementing the concept of a living cultural park.
, .
kft„,torhip '
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2. A resource management plan for Ka-loko, Hono-k5haushou\d:
a. Recognize the interdependence of all resources with the
ahupua'a and not just those located within the proposed
park boundary, and, therefore, be patterned after the
ahupua'a concept as developed by the ancient Hawaiians;
b. Recognize the interrelationship of the ahupua'a of
Ka-|oko and Hnno'ko'hau with the adjacent ahupua'a
of KO-h5nai-ki and l<ealakehe and with the cooperation ���
of governmental agencies should include parts of these =���
ahuPua'a;
c. Include the management of the offshore coral reefs and
waters to complement the early Hawaiian theme of the
park and protect the shoreline and waters within the
park boundary from pollution; and
d. Maintain air quality standards in the area.
3. The preservation and interpretation of the 4Ca |oko, Hono'ko'hou
complex should be managed, to the greatest extent possible, by
native Hawaiians. This should include but not be limited to:
a. Giving Hawaiians preferential treatment for any employment
generated by park operations. As a corollary to this employ employ-
ment policy, civil service requirements for park positions
should be restructured to better reflect the special qualities
Hawaiians can contribute to a cultural park;
b. Providing training opportunities for the upgrading of
Hawaiian park personnel as well as for members of the
Hawaiian community interest in the operation, interpreta-
tion, and preservation of historic and cultural resources;
itc
: � \ ~ -
� ? v
o. Cooperating with Houvaiian groups in all phases of the
park's operations. As part of this process,a statewide
Hawaiian advisory council (Na Hoa pill o Ko'|oko,
Honokö-hau, see appendix for further information)
should be established to advise on the management of
the Ka-loko, Hono'ka'hauconnp|ex;
d, Allowing local Hawaiian groups to utilize park facilities
50
for appropriate headquarters, Haw aiian rneetingm, gatherings,
���� etc., and
a. Defining ''Havvoiians~ as any descendant of the race inhab-
iting the Hawaiian Islands prior to -the year 1778.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
Ancient Hawaiians placed great value on every feature of nature and
all things they produced and acquired from nature to sustain them-
me|vem. They understood that in order to survive in their island home,
they had to live in close harmony with everything around them. This
traditional Hawaiian relationship between man and his environment
provides the key to the future management of the Ku'|0kO^ Hon o-ko'
haucomnp(mx.
Any management plan for Ka-loko, Hono-kO-hau must recognize the
impact the area's resources has on people and conversely the effect
that human activity will have on these same resources. Therefore, it
seems appropriate that the management plan focus on (1) the control
of on-Ind off-site factors that affect park resources; (2) the role
of Hawaiians in the management of park resources; and (3) the
management of park resources to maximize the benefit visitors
receive and yet minimize the adverse effects of visitor use.
txr
�� -. iv zi 4
po.
■
u
INP
�
I
Resource Control
Th9oonnmptua| framework for resource control be0inavvith tho view that theanvironnnent is an inseparable tnta|ity. Out in the middle of
the vast Pacific, the land, seal: sky all functionally interrelate to
forrnahorno for nman. The ||viny land provides shelter and so:urity;
the encircling sea gives itSboun1y for harvest; and the majestic sky
dominates the irnagin�t|Vn �n� provides a limitless dome overhead.
51
The dynamic thread that tieatho environment together is water, �� n
Water rises from the sea, travels across the sky, falls on the mountains
and rushes through the land bac k to the sea. The land, yno, and sky
act as carriers for this valuable resource and make possible the
settlement of man.
_ Hawaiians, perceiving the necessit y nfvvai9r on isolated islands,,
oriented their land-sea use patter ns to the water cycle. ht4pum ,
land divisions running fronm the mountain to the xem, were estab-
lished l(uhod to the advantage of the natural functions of the environment.
Crops were planted in the
rainynuk8 sections, while the people|e
I lived near the dry seashore. Eaohah4oua'a developed around a
recognition that all of its elements were interdependent. What
affected the/nauka regions, affouted the /)akei VVhataffected the
neighboring ahupua'a affected it. VVhataffected the land affected
I th0 |iShpond; and themea. VVh�taffeoted thevxatercyc|c affeoted
the total environment. Thiuis the way it was and is at Ka-loko,
Honok� h�u
, M - �
The Ka-loko, Hono'ko'hmu complex isasrna/|, fragile part of a larger
�nv|/onrnrntvvhiohhmsinf|uanmaditshiytoryandaffRo1u |ttoday'
ITh8refOre, anynnanagenn8ntp|an nnuStden| vvithb0thth8On' and
off-site factors that affect the area'sresources.
, _
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I : ' .,, .." ;, : ti= 0
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On-site
The acquisition and development of Ka-loko, Honn'k5-hau by the
National Park Service will allow direct management control over
on-site resources. Among other things, this will enable the National
Park Service to:
1, Control uses of park lands and adjacent waters;
2. Implement preservation and restoration projects, including
52
(a) the restoration and operation of the fishponds and other
historic features; and
(b) the re-establishment of the area's endemic plant and
animal species;
3. Provide for living history demonstrations for recreation
use, for education and training in traditional cultural
pursuits, and other interpretive programs; and
4. Conduct additional research of park resources.
FnradoquotocontrViof0n'Sit8r8sournns, itiSrnandatorythat
sufficient acreage be acquired by the National Park Service to
provide protective zones around park resources. It would make
little sense to preserve Ka-loko pond if extensive development
would then be allowed behind it. With the area's porous soils
and underground water cycle, little time would be needed before
Ka-loko would destroyed. Therefore, an identifiable outer
boundary for the Ka-loko, Hono-k -hau complex would be the
Queen Ka-'ahu-rnanu Highway.
In the control of on-site resources, definite criteria should be
established by the National Park Service for evaluating, planning,
and implementing any programs or projects, Specific attention
must be given toward the types of land-sea uses that will be designated
in the development of the park complex, especially with regard to
water management criteria. Procedurally, the criteria that developed
should be reviewed by Na Hoe pili o Ka'/oho' Hono'k5'hau.
Two specific conditions of the on-site management plan will include
(1) a provision allowing those families who now occupy leaseholds
within the proposed park complex to remain on their land for a speci-
fic period of time which will be cetermined through negotiation, and
(2) a provision that there be no commercial fishing within park waters.
Fishing for recreation or for personal needs, however, will be encour-
aged. In addition, removal of coral or sand from the park beaches and
waters will be prohibited.
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CRITICAL
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l' Lens of fresh water near sea level
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HISTORY AHUPUA A
A ,Il
PATTER
At' WEST HAWAti ii... !,
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Off-site
The ahupua'a concept should be used as the approach in securing
off-site controls. The mental image of land units running from the
mountain to the sea indicates the environmental interrelationships
that result from such divisions and the types of off-site controls
that are needed. Obviously, such controJs will of necessity have
54 to be less direct and more limited than those that are on-site.
��-� Nevertheless, if the integrity of Ka-loko, Hono'ka'heu is to be
maintained, some controls are required.
It should be noted that the ahupua'a concept, while widely recog-
nized for its value, is not utilized by either local government or
private landowners. One of the basic reasons for this failure is the
fact that after the end of the Hawaiian land tenure system and the
introduction of private land ownership, land usage was for many
years allowed to proceed in a laissez-faire fashion. The concept
of land use control both in Hawai'i and the nation is a phenomenon
of recent vintage. Therefore, the present day land ownership and
development patterns haphazardly cut acrmsxah4oua|a lines.
In establishment of off-site controls, the National Park Service will
coordinate its efforts on two general levels: governmental and
private.
On the governmental level, coordination should be developed with
various Federal, state and county agencies. Federal action will be
necessary if any kind of controls are established to protect the
airways above the park and the outer limits of the sea boundary.
State and county zoning will have to be secured to protect the
land around Ka'|oko, Hono'ko'hau.
The State Land Use Commission should be prevailed upon to keep
much of the area around Na-|oko' Hono'kii-hau designated conservation.
This type of action is especially necessary along the shorelineareas
neighboring Ka-loko, Honm'ko'hau. Furthermore, since most of - ~
the land in the ahupua'a of Ke-ala-kehe is owned by the state, its
use will have direct impact on Ka-loko, Hmno'h5'hau. Finally,
lands that are designated conservation or owned by the state in the
area should be given special zoning limiting their uses to activities
Compatible to a cultural park.
The County General Plan and zoning ordinances of the area should
limit the uses of the lands immediately surrounding Ka-loko, Hmnor
kei'hautocomnpmtib|eantivitieo. Lands further mauka should be
restricted in density in order to preserve the integrity of the park
and protect its water resources,
�
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ilif Ke-iihole Airport �....� 2 4\ 1644444, 1
Adjacent Lands Use Density
/ 44
""` and Watershed Management
10 t (State,County,and Private)
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Marine Resources
Management // ,.,,,-.-
(State,County, Federal) y� / 0 ✓ ✓✓7/,j
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Management 1-i71,-y- w U ! �-
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y Adjacent Land s 7 UaUnasd e naP Dens
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56
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In conjunction with these governmental units, the National Park
Service should develop a coordinated resource management plan,
establishing allowable land-sea-air uses for the area. Important
components of this plan would be (1) a basis for coordinating
the taxation of maal property in the area; (2) the establishment of a
watershed management area based on specific water management
criteria. Water management should deal with the uses of both
surface and sub-surface waters.
With private landowners, the National Park Service should seek to
establish mutual interest agreements through private development
covenants. These agreements would seek to limit the use of private
lands to activities compatible to a cultural park. This limitation
would be offset by the reciprocal benefit gained by the landowner
in terms of the economic development that would accrue as a result
of park development. Furthermore, these agreements may not
have to he negotiated for receiving county zoning, variance,
development, etc. approvals. Obviously, such a procedure would
have to be worked out with the County Planning Commission.
The National Park Service should develop a coordinated mutual
agreement management plan. This plan should build upon the
Resource Management P|an, using among other things, specific
water management criteria.
a
Hawaiian Management
The rich environment of the Hawaiian Islands was entrusted to the
people who settled and worked the land. Nature's resources were
available for man's use; however, being fragile they could have been
just as easily destroyed by him. The ancient Hawaiians wisely chose
to live with, rather than attempt to dominate nature. In turn, the land
responded and gave its full measure to the people. It seems appropriate
58 that the management of Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau and its resources
should be once again placed in the hands of I-lawaiians and their
descendants who'cared for them so well.
SQ
While the Hawaiian community as a whole should and will be involved
in park operations,the most direct way for the preservation and
interpretation at Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau to be managed by Hawaiians
would be for them to become employees of the National Park Service.
However, this opportunity should not be restricted to that site alone,
for Hawaiians have a contribution to make throughout the National
Park System in Hawaii and nationwide.
to
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KA'LOKO. HONO- - HAUEMPLOYMENT POLICY
It shall be the policy of the National Park Service,
United States Department of the Interior, to give
priority to Hawaiians for all employment opportunities
created by the development and management of the
Ka-loko, H0no'ko'hauoonnp|ex. This policy is in agree-
ment with Public Law 92-346,92nd Congress H. R. 11774,
�
�
July 11, 1972' which states: ����
' The Congress further believes that it
is appropriate that the preservation
and interpretation at that site be managed
and performed by native Hawaiians, to the
extent practical, and that training oppor-
tunitigoba provided such persons in manage-
ment and interpretation of those cultural,
historical, and archeological renourcex."
It is the intent of this policy that preference in hiring and training
be viewed as a required activity rather than an optional one.
The National Park Service shall take affirmative action to ensure
that Hawaiians are given maximum opportunities for employ-
ment in all phases of park operations.
The National Park Service shall develop and implement
an affirmative action plan which identifies all employ-
ment to be generated by the k(e |nko, Hono ko'hau complex and
the hiring and training systems which will assure the placement
of Hawaiians in these jobs on a preferential basis. The plan shall
indicate the procedures (i.e. recruitment, selection, pre-
employment and on-the-job training, upgrading, etc.) which will
be used to implement this policy.
The National Park Service shall establish specific training
programs to upgrade eligible, potential and interested employees.
This upgrading will be designed to lead to greater responsibility
and those employees so upgraded will be retained in higher level
positions as such positions become available through staff turn-
over, expansion , or new program development.
The National Park Service shall insure that Hawaiians placed
on full-time employment at the Ka1oko. Honn'k-d'hnu complex
receive full civil service rights, including job security, seniority,
fringe benefits, and opportunities for promotions. This policy
recognizes that persons holding such positions should be allowed
to become regular career service employees within the National
Park System rather than have their occupational horizons limited
only to the Ka1okn, Hono'VI'heucomplex. However, this policy
also recognizes that the traditional requirements of the merit system
can be an effective barrier against the hiring of Hawaiians.
Therefore, to the greatest extent possible, the civil service require-
ments for park positions at Ka'|oko. Hono-k6-hau shall be re-
structured to better reflect the special qualities Hawaiians can
contribute to a cultural park.
The National Park Service shall make regular reports detailing
the progress made in implementing this policy to Na Hoa
60
pili o Ka-loko, Hono'h5'hau (the park'sutmtow/idp Hawaiian���� advisory council).
The term '^Havvaiian" as used in this policy, means any descendant
of the race inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to the year 1778.
It should be noted that the definition of a ''Huvveiien~' in this policy
differs from the definition in Public Law 92-346, As defined in the
law, the term ^'Ham/oiian" meant any descendant with not less than
50% of the blood of the race inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous
to the year 1778. It was felt that setting a special percentage figure
would be much too arbitrary at this point since it is not really certain
what percentage of the 135,152 part-Hawaiians in the state (based
on State of Hawai'i Department of Health RS Report, 1969.1971
statistics) are 50% or more Hawaiian. Even more important is the
fact that setting such a percentage would have probably excluded
many pnrt'HavYaiianVvvho would be interested and well-qualified
because of their knowledge of Hawaiian culture.
Procedures for Preferential Hiring
Examples of activities that the National Park Service may undertake
to insure the preferential hiring of native Haw&ians as staff for the
Ka-loko, Hono-kö-hau complex are as follows:
1. The National Park Service recruit qualified native Hawaiian
candidates to fill staff positions or vacancies, utilizing ways
and systems that reach out to Hawaiians.
2. The National Park Service will be required to consult with
Na Hoa pill o Ka-loko, Hono-kö-hau before filling a position
which it claims cannot be filled by a native Hawaiian.
3. The National Park Service can establish training and education
programs by which native Hawaiian candidates for staff positions
could be trained in a reasonable period of time, even if they could
not otherwise qualify for the jobs without such training.
4. The National Park Service can develop specific training programs
to qualify native Hawaiian staff for permanent civil service
positions as they become available.
5. In-service and/or academic training should be offered to all
native Hawaiian staff employed by the park
Civil Service Requirements
The preferential hiring of native Hawaiians does, understandably,
pose problems for the National Park Service whose hiring procedures
are governed by civil service rules and regulations. However,
civil service rules generally state that the personnel director can
recruit in any way he sees fit in order to augment the official
public announcements of position openings and examinations.
�� v
�
��
Even more important is the fact that the preferential employment
of native Hawaiians for the Km'|okn, Hono'k5'hau National Cultural
Park, is not only consistent with the civil service concept of merit,
but also enhances it. Native Hawaiians are probably the only
people who can effectively interpret and demonstrate what the
Hawaiian culture as lived at Ka-loko, Hono-k5-hau was all about.
With their natural skills and easy-going personalities, they will make
the park more genuine, not only for the Hawaiian people, but also
for park visitors.
Job specifications for the park can be written for native Hawaiian
preference by requiring "a practical knowledge of the Hawaiian
cu|turm'', together with "the ability to relate this knowledge to
others in an effective Hawaiian manner". Testing for these
qualities becomes largely a matter of evaluating the life back-
grounds and attitudes of those who apply. This kind of evalua-
tion is a legitimate form of testing.
Any additional examinations should be of the oral or performance
type which are relevant to the kind of skill the job requires. Few,
if any, civil service rules or regulations actually require the personnel
director to administer written examinations. In addition, examinations
that are not relevant to the job are a violation of the merit principle.
Another means of preferential hiring of native Hawaiians is selective
certification. Instead of referring the top people who passed the
nxarnination, the personnel director is permitted to go down the list
to choose from all successful examinees on the basis of special
criteria, such as being native Hawaiian and knowledgeable of
Hawaiian culture. Selective certification should he requested on
the grounds that being native Hawaiian and having practical know-
ledge of the Hawaiian culture is necessary for servicing the park.
Furthermore, charges of ''disorinninsbon" can be answered by the
argument that hiring native Hawaiians for park jobs is consistent
with the merit principle in that the native Hawaiian and his knowledge
of the Hawaiian culture is necessary for servicing the park.
1
Types of Park Employment
The kinds of jobs within the park complex will be broken down
into two categories- permanent (full-time) and temporary
11!(part-time or special short-term full-time).
Permanent positions will include administrative ones such as
Superintendent,department heads, librarian, and.clerical.
...
62 Cultural interpreters-demonstrators will be hired full-time as
well as security and maintenance personnel.
.
0.
Temporary people will be needed in all personnel areas but particu-
larly in interpretation. For example, work-study programs can be designed in whic hstudents, preferably native Hawaiians, from lo
high schools and colleges will be hired as park guides. All of the
guides will have to undergo an intensive training program in
Hawaiian culture which will enable them to intelligently guide
visitors through the park complex. In addition, people with
i
special proficiency in Hawaiian language, hula, chanting, fishing,
canoe-building, and other crafts will be hired as special, short-
term employees who can provide instruction in the cultural
education programs which wil l be t conducted for native Hawaiians
and others who are interested. Estimated ated staff requirements will be
based essentially on the City of Refuge
staff with much consideration given
to the larger acreage and wider variety
of facilities and programs at Ka-loko,
Hono-ko-hau.
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RESEARCH
The o,cheo|ogica[ h\stor�a[ and uuburn| surface ofy�o1oko'
Huno-l<43 huveon|ybeen scratched. /\ wmo|thof information
remains hidden beneath the 'a';iand in the hearts and minds of
the Hawaiian people.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. AHovvaiion Historical and Cultural Research Laboratory vvi|| be
established within the Ka'|o��' Hono'ko'huu Park complex.
�. The park should contain a Library Pacific Collections which
would becmnoea depository rTopns, fi|rno' and publications
about the Hawaiian people and their �u|tur� as well as the
�
people and cultures of other areas vvithin the Sou
Pacific
RESEARCH PLAN
Although archeological investigations have continued in Ka-loko,
Hono.k6-hau since the 1930's, there remains a paucity of information
regarding the social and economic history of this area. In addition,
present information concerning the religious, genealogical,and mythi.
cal and legendary history is somewhat sketchy.
64
The establishment of a Hawaiian Historical and Cultural Research
Laboratory at Ka-loko, Hono-k6-hau will provide the ways and
means necessary to close the informational gap that exists in this
area. The laboratory, in coordination with the Bernice Pauahi
Bishop Museum, the Hawaii State Archives, the University of
Hawari,and the Hawaiian Historical Society,will be a place to
further study the historical activities of the people of Ka-loko,
Hono-ko-hau and other locations on the Island of Hawari. Such
research would include (1) further documentation of the history
of land ownership within theahopua'a, (2) care and use of fish-
ponds, (3) the use of the coastline and sea as resources, (4) the
religious significance of heiau and kola, (5) the history of Ka-loko
Pond and surrounding land, (6) the genealogical backgrounds of
people associated with the traditions of the region, (7) documenting
correlations between archeological and natural features within
the settlement, (8) the relationship between Ka-loko, Hono-k5-hau
and North Kohala, as well as all Newell, (9) the changing religious
orientation of the settlement inhabitants after the arrival of the
white man, (10) the size of historic populations,and (11) the history
of Hawaiian land use patterns.
In addition, studies would be conducted to determine what native
plants and animals inhabited the area before foreign introductions,
and what traditional ceremonies and cultural activities were performed
in the settlement. These studies will directly benefit the cultural
demonstration and educational programs of the park by providing
them with historical information about Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau.
The establishment of the Library
. ,
of Pacific Collections in con-
_
„....0. 4r- '''''' Jr junction with the research lab-
Irk i
Ne k, y- --i- -.-,e4: "rk f
oratory will make the park a
valuable information center.
•, , - ,.. ' . ,..- ,i,- ,- ...,, Staffed by a trained librarian,
Mr'''''
the library would be a tremen-
dous asset to both children
Till
'" '"'• 'Iii., '4,i' ' rip and adults who wish to learn
• ,,,,... •
more about Polynesian cul-
- .:4‘ ;.",--4,'
ture.
W '', i
GENERAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS PRECEDING THIS STUDY
1959: The Territory of Hawai'i issued a report recommending
a '~Hnno'kD'hau Parh" (including fishponds) to be
developed as part of the 1961-1965 budget.
����
��"�
1962: A proposal for Hono-kô-hau National Historic Land
mnark was submitted by the National Park Service.
The State Department of Land and Natural Resources
released plans for a State Park at Hono'k6'hau
including a small boat harbor, picnic areas, camp-
grounds, and protection of historic features.
1963: Hono'ko'hau Settlement was declared eligible for
National Historic Landmark status.
1987: The State of Hawai'i accepted the bronze landmark
plaque from the Federal Government.
1969-
1870: Prior to 1969, the entire Ka-loko, Hmno'ho'hau area
was part of a state conservation district. The State
Land Use Commission, in two major decisions, changed
the land-use designation of Ka-loko, Hnno'ko'hmu
from conservation to urban. The County of Hawai'i
hao, to date, however, maintained the area in open
space zoning. This zone is generally described in
the County General Plan to be used for parks, his-
toric sites, forest and water reserves, and natural
and scientific preserves.
1971 : The State Department of Land and Natural Resources
granted a conditional permit for recreation use of
Ka-loko fishpond and for modification of the seawall.
The State Department of Transportation, Harbors Div-
ioion issued a permit for dredging, removal of a portion
of the seawall, and construction of a new nnoxsva||'
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers requested that the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation review the
request for altering the seawall at Ka-loko and its
effects on the historic landmark.
The Advisory Council recommended that action by the
Kona Coast Compnay, owners of Ke'ioko' be "held in
aboyanon" by the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers.
1973: Public Law 92-346 was signed by the President.
PURPOSE OF PUBLIC LAW 92-346
This act authorized a study to determine the feasibility of creating a
unit of the National Park System in the Ka-loko, Hono-ko-hau vicinity.
A sum of $50,000 was appropriated by the act to complete the study
and print a report. The proposal is not to exceed 1,500 acres of land
and water area.
66 The act also required that a Hono-ko-hau Study Advisory Commission
be set up to assist the Department of the Interior in conducting the
study. Appointments were made by the Secretary of the Interior
of 15 commissioners, 13 of whom are Hawaiian or partly Hawaiian.
The Commission will be abolished at the time the report and recom-
mendations are submitted to Congress.
The Commission was required to operate under the requirements of
Public Law 92-463 which outlines the responsibilities and uses for
all Federal Advisory Commissions. Particularly important to the
Hono-ka-hau Study is the cultural expertise provided by the com-
missioners. It was considered that evaluation of inherent resources
and formulation of a proposal could only be accomplished with
participation by and cooperation with the community of native
Hawaiians.
In addition, the act directed that no Federal Agency should,without
prior approval of the Secretary of the Interior, take an action that
would diminish the inherent resources of the site and its immediate
surroundings until the Secretary's report is submitted to the
President and Congress.
REGIONAL BACKGROUND
The scope of study and considerations for a Hawaiian cultural complex
must encompass much of the Pacific Basin, for Hawaiian culture and
attitudes have their roots in all of Polynesia. This is a vast area of the
Pacific stretching from New Zealand in the south to Easter Island,the
Marquesas, Tahiti,and finally to the northernmost point, Hawaii
itself. The language,and associa-
ted oral history, chants,dances,
religion, fishing practices, and
.4 I
rift r other elements that form the
r
fabric of Hawaiian culture, can
be traced to other parts of the
° i*e
,154‘4 far-flung Polynesian complex.
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MERCATOR PROJECTION
0 100 000 no 400 SOO BOO
I THE POLYNESIAN ISLANDS 2:-
totiAtoR
STATUTE MI L ES
I SOURCE: KAMEHANI5HA SCHOOLS
.
Other totally foreign cultures had their influence too, although this
occurred only in the past 200 year . Captain Cook first introduced
Hawai'i to European cultural influences. Missionaries from New
England followed in the early 19th century and their influence on
the culture was to be the most profound as centuries old religious
practices were abolished in favor of the new religion and a vastly
different social order. Missionaries and their descendants became
68
businessmen as Hawai'i had more intimate contact with the outside
���� world. Introduced diseases devastated the native Hawaiian popula-
tion, and laborers were imported to work in the new pineapple and
sugar plantations. Through this action, Chinese, Japanese, Portugese,
and Filipino attitudes and ideas became part of the mosiac of races,
faces, and ideas that make up what Havxm|'| is today. Finally, the
visitors, mostly Caucasians from mainland U.S.A., have had their
cultural and physical impact. Arriving by the millions each year,
requirements for their entertainment, housing, and transportation
produce a further impact on Hamill and its indigenous culture.
Hawaiians and their culture thus can become a source of amusement
and entertainment rather than a viable, living, and growing cultural
entity. A major purpose of this proposal is to assist the Hawaiian
in reversing that trend and provide a physical location where
Hawaiian and visitor alike may become more aware of this unique
part of our national heritage and assure that it maintains the
dignity it deserves.
THE HAWAIIAN VSLANDS --THE STATE
There are 132 islands, reefs, and shoals encompassed by the
Hawaiian Archipelago. This is the State of Hawai'i and it is over
1'500 miles long. That area commonly referred to as Hawai'i,
however,is the group of eight islands at the southeast end of this
chain. All are mountains of volcanic origin whose bases are the
floor of the Pacific Ocean. Kaua'i, on the north, is geologically
the oldest, very deeply eroded, and most nearly exemplifies the
popular image of a verdant tropical island. The Island of Hawai'i
is almost entirely the product of relatively recent volcanic activity,
is the largest of all the islands and is a classical example of a
complex of shield volcanoes.
Prevailing tradewinds produce much of the state's pleasant
weather pattern. During most of the year they bring moisture-laden
air from a northeasterly direction to the windward coasts and produce
a perpetually moist atmosphere with its attendant dense vegetation,
particularly at higher elevations. The lee side of the islands is dry,
warm, and receives much of its rain from Kona weather--warm
tropical storms that occur generally from November through April.
Concentration of population is on O'ahu, with about 700,000.
Newell, although much larger in area, currently supports only
about 63,000.
i
aff To Mainland U S.A.
and Canada
1 Kaua`i ".7
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To The Orient /.r - /oIoka`t '-s l
and Australia
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0 25 50 100 125
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HAJNA}^8 --' THE ISLAND
In contrast to the metropolitan atmosphere on O'ahu, the Big Island
of Hewai'i exhibits vast open spaces, large ranches, and extensive
remote coastal areas. And it has the stat&s two nearly constantly
active volcanoes, Mauna Loa and KT-|au~ea' Hua|5|mi,e third major
volcano, erupted last in 1801. These flat domeihaped mountains
70 form the major mass of the island with summits of from 8'000
feet elevation on Hua|a|a| to nearly 14,000 on Mauna Kea.
Koliala, a much older and more eroded volcano, forms the north
end of the island.
Great contrasts occur here also. The green, moist, windward coast
gives way to the cold high elevation of the central part of the
island. This, in turn, contrasts with the warm Kona coast, where
the greatest potential for new resort and recreation development
exists.
North Nona is the heart of this resort complex. The coast from
Kai-lua to N8'em'hou is dotted with hotels and more are planned.
Although there are few beaches, the weather is ideal with warm
sunny days and cool nights. In addition to the tourist industry,
coffee, grazing, and the macadamia nut industry provide the main
economic base. Visitors usually arrive by air, via the major
neighbor island terminal at Kn'aho|o.
There is an overseas terminal at Hilo on the windward coast. Hilo
is also the island's commercial and political center. Hotels and
other facilities exist here but the predominant area that will
support new resort construction will very likely be on Hevvei's
west coast, specifically in the districts of South Kohala, North
Kona.and South Kona.
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KA-LOKO' HONO-KO-HAU
This complex of archeological, biological, and cultural resources,
the subject of this study, lies just north of the existing resort
complex that extends from Kai-lua to Ke-au-hou Bay. Moreover,
the complex is within an area considered for potential expansion
of visitor services and facilities. The proposal for a Ka-loko,
72 Hono-k°6-hau National Cultural Park placed the site in the context
of continuing development on the lands surrounding it, especially
the ahupua'a of Ka-loko, Flono-k5-hau, ko-hanai-ki and Ke-ala-kehe.
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ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS AND SURROUNDING LAND USE
Although discussed separately hnr8, this is an integral part of the
planning and decision-making process. Land in Hawai'i is expensive
and property along the coast in North Kona is especially valuable
since it has had great potential for recreation and resort development.
Moreover, the major alternative for use of the proposed park is
74 for residential and resort purposes. The economic wisdom of major
additional development such as this is subject to serious question,
especially when the economy of the entire North Kona District is
cunsidera6. Occupancy rates in many North Kona hotels are at
or below that level considered profitable. Proposing a facility
similar to those that already exist but are underused is of
questionable benefit for the region, particularly when water and
sewer services must be provided at some cost to the county.
A new facility, or one which adds a dimension to the experience
of the Hawaiian and the visitor alike, provides an additional
attraction and source of income for the region without creating
a facility that will compete with those already existing. The two
attached maps indicate the land use allocations in North Kona as
currently assigned by the state and the county. State zoning divides
all lands into four zones; urban, rural, agricultural and conservation.
The conservation zone is administered by the state and the other
three zones come under county jurisdiction. As indicated earlier
in the report the state, in 1970, changed the zoning in the makai
areas of the ah4otm'yof Ka-loko and Hono'ko'hau from conserva-
tion to urban. The County of Havvai'i, in its 1971 general plan,
allocated all lands in North Kona in accordance with recommended
potential uses, as shown on the attached map. It should be
noted, however, that even with this land allocation as it is now
shown, the current open space zoning for the Hnnn'ho-hau and
Ka-loko lands must be changed before the development proposed
by the landowners could proceed.
Perhaps most important to the future of urban-resort development
and land use patterns in North Kona is the impact resulting from
the Ka-loko, Hon0'ka'haU National Park proposal. If visitation
requires additional facilities, other land is available for these uses.
At Hono-kO-hau and Ka-loko there is a unique opportunity to
provide a new dimension to visitor experience and at the same
time, help maintain the inteqrity of Hawaiian culture. The combin-
ation of resources and opportunities for such a complex does not
exist elsewhere in Hawai'i.
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APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
Social Dynamics, Hawaii — October, 1973 ���7
Honokohau National Historic Landmark: Data Report.
Prepared for the Honokohau Study Advisory Commission
and the National Park Service.
Lynatt9 'A'a|aunana Roy — December, 1973
Na Mo'oelo Ha'i VVaha 'o Honokohau-Kaloko. A study of
the traditional history of the Honokohau-Kaloko area
prepared for the Honokohau Study Advisory Commission
and the National Park Service.
B. P. Bishop W1useu/n — Octobwr' 1978
Honokohau National Historic Landmark: Digest of Relevant
Material Available at the B. P. Bishop Museum, with a
Listing of Archeological Sites, their Description and Location.
Prepared for the Honokohau Study Advisory Commission and
the National Park Service.
Deborah F. C|uff, 8. P. Bishop Museum — 1971
An Archeological Survey of the Seaward Portion of Honokohau
No. 1 and No. 2, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Prepared for
Lanihau Corporation.
Marion Kelly, B. P. Bishop Museum — March, 1971
Kekaha: 'Aina Malo'o, Historical Survey and Background of
Kaloko and Kuki'oAhupuo'a, North Kona, Hawaii.
Robert C. Ranger, B. P. Bishop Museum — November, 1870
Archeological Reconnaissance of Coastal Kaloko and Kuhi'o |,
North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Huehue Ranch, Kona Coast
Comapny, Ho|ua|oa, Hawaii.
Kenneth P. Emory and Lloyd Soehren, B. P. Bishop Museum —
November, 1971
Archeological and Historical Survey Honokohau Area, North
Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Department of Land and Natural
Resources, State Parks Division, State of Hawaii.
APPENDIX B
PUBLIC LAW 92-346
HONOKOHAU NATIONAL HISTORICAL
LANDMARK, HAWAII
PUBLIC LAW 92-346; 86 STAT. 457
78 (1-I. R. 11774)
An Act to authorize a study of the feasibility and desirability of establish-
ing a unit of the national park system in order to preserve and Inter-
pret the site of Honokohau National Historical Landmark In the
State of HavvaiL and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in.Congress assembled, That:
The Congress finds the site of Honokohau National Historical
Landmark in the State of Hawaii encompasses unique and nationally
significant cultural, historical, and archeological resources and
believes that it may be in the national interest for the United States
to preserve and interpret those resources for the education and in-
spiration of present and future generations. The Congress further
believes that it is appropriate that the preservation and interpreta-
tion at that site be managed and performed by native Hawaiians, to
the extent practical, and that training opportunities be provided
such persons in management and interpretation of those cultural,
historical, and archeological resources.
Sec. 2. (a) The Secretary of the Interior (hereinafter referred to
as the "Secretary") shall study the feasibility and desirability of es-
tablishing as a.part of the national park system an area, not to ex-
ceed one thousand five hundred acres, comprising the site of Hono-
kohau National Historic Landmark and adjacent waters.
(b) As a part of such study other interested Federal agencies,
and State and local ,bodies and officials shall be consulted, and the
study shall be coordinated with other applicable planning activities.
Sec. 3. The Secretary shall submit to the President and the
Congress within one year after the effective date of this Act, a re-
port of the findings resulting from the study. The report of the
Secretary shall contain, but not be limited to, findings with respect
to the historic, cultural, archeological, scenic, and natural values of
the resources involved and recommendations for preservation and
interpretation of those resources, including the role of native
Hawaiians relative to the management and performance of that
preservation and interpretation and the providing to them of train-
ing opportunities in such management and performance.
Sec. 4. (a) There is hereby established a Honokohau Study Ad-
visory Commission. The Commission shall cease to exist at the time
of submission of the Secretary's report to the President and the
Congress.
(b) The Commission shall be composed of fifteen members, at
least ten of whom shall be native Hawaiians, appointed by the
Secretary, as follows:
(1) Two members, one of whom will be appointed from recom-
mendations made by each of the United States Senators repre-
senting the State of Hawaii, respectively;
(2) Two members, one of whom will be appointed from recom-
mendations made by each of the United States Representatives
for the State of Hawaii, respectively;
Ur (3) Five public members, who shall have knowledge and ex-
perience in one or more fields as they pertain to Hawaii, of
[ history, ethnology, anthropology, culture, and folklore and in-
cluding represcatatives of the Bihop Mu.-eura, the University 79
of Hawaii, and organizations active in the State of Hawaii in the
conservation of resources, to be appointed from recommenda-
tions made by the Governor of the State of Hawaii;
(4) Five members to be appointed from recommendations
made by local organizations representing the native Hawaiian
I people; and
(5) One member to be appointed from recommendations made
by the mayor of the county of Hawaii.
I (c) The Secretary shall designate one member to be Chairman.
Any vacancy in the Commission shall be filled in the same manner
in which the original appointment, was made.
(d) A member of the Commission shall serve without compensa-
I tion as such. The Secretary is authorized to pay the expenses rea
sonably incurred by the Commission in carrying out its responsibil-
ities under this Act on vouchers signed by the Chairman,
I (e) The Secretary or his designee shall consult with the Commis-
sion with respect to matters relating to the making of the study.
Sec. 5. During the period commencing with enactment of this Act
and priding with submission of the Secretary's report to the Presi-
I dent, and the Congress and any necessary completion of congression-
al consideration of recommendations included in that report (1) no
department or agency of the United States shall, without prior ap-
I proval of the Secretary, assist by loan, grant, license, or otherwise in
the implementation of any project which, in the determination of
the Secretary, would unreasonably diminish the value of cultural,
historical, archeological, scenic, or natural resources relating to
I lands or waters having potential to comprise the area referred to
in section 2(a) of this Act and (2) the Chief of Engineers, Depart-
ment of the Army, shall not, without prior approval of the Secretary,
I undertake or assist by license 'or otherwise the implementation of
any project which, in the determination of the Secretary, would
diminish the value of natural resources located within one-quarter
mile of the landq and waters having potential to comprise that area.
Sec. 6. The term "native Hawaiian", as used in this Act, means
E any descendant of not less than one-half part of the blood of the
races inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to the year 1778.
I Sec. 7. There are authorized to be appropriated not to exceed
$50,000 to carry out the provisions of this Act.
Approved July 11, 1972.
I
I
I
I
)
APPENDIX C
NAHOAP(Ly0 KA,LOKO, H0NO` -'HA0
(THE FRIENDS C)FKA-LOKO' HON[- - AU)
AN ADVISORY COMMISSION
FOR THE
KA-LOKO, HONO-KO-HAtJ NATIONAL CULTURAL PARK
80���� (SugQexted |anQwmgwforCangrexuhnna| antiun)
There is hereby established Na Hoa pili o Ka'|Oko, Honn'ko'hau an
Advisory Commission for the y|a1Oko, Hono'ko'hau National '
Cultural Park. The Commission shall be composed of nine members,
appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, as follows:
1. All members shall he residents of the State of Hawaii.
2. At least six members shall be Hawaiians.
3. All members shall be appointed from recommendations
made by local organizations to include but not be limited to:
Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry
Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs
Congress of Hawaiian People
Council on Hawaiian Heritage
Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors
Daughters of Hawaii
Hale o Na Ali'i
I Mua Hawaiian Uplift
Ka Leo o Na Pua a Hawa/'i
Ke-au-kaha Pana-'ewa Community Association
Nana-kuli Hawaiian Homesteaders
Native Sons and Daughters
Puna Hawaiian Organization
Te Anaina a Ta Ho'onnana Hawaii Pono'i
The Hawaiians
The Ka'ahumanu Sociery
The Order of Kamehameha
Waimea Hawaiian Homestead Association
4. Initial appointment shall consist of two members appointed
for 8term of five years, two for a term of four years, two for
a term of three years, and one form term of one year.
Thereafter, appointments shall be made for a term of five
years. Members shall not serve more than one term consecu-
tively, butmoy be reappointed after a three-year lapse.
The Secretary shall designate one member to be Chairman. Any 81
vacancy in the Commission shall be filled in the same nnanneras �� »
defined in Section 4 above.
mm
A member of the Commission shall serve without compensation as
such. The Secretary is authorized to pay the expenses reasonably
incurred by the Commission in carrying out its responsibilities
~~
under this Act on vouchers signed by the Chairman.
In addition to the Commission members defined above, the
Superintendent of the Hono'ko'heu National Cultural Park, the
National Park Service State Director, Hevvai'i, o person appointed
by the Governor of Hawai'i, and a person appointed by the Mayor
of the County of Hawai'i, shall serve as ex-officio, non-voting
members of the Commission.
The purpose of the Commission shall be to advise the Director,
National Park Service, with respect to the historical, archeological,
cultural, and interpretive programs of the Kaloko, Hono'ko'hau
National Cultural Park, its staffing and operation; with particular
emphasis on the operation of the area by qualified Hawaiians
and the quality of Hawaiian culture demonstrated and taught
therein.
The Commission shall meet not less than twice a year. Interim
meetings may be called by the Chairman with the concurrence of
the Director of the National Park Service
.
=s
��
APPENDIX D
STUDY PARTICIPANTS
HONO-KO-HAU STUDY ADVISORY COMMISSION
Colonel Arthur Chun, Chairman
82 Kai-Iua, Kona
Mr. David K. Roy, Executive Officer
Kai-lua, Kona
Mr. Homer A. Hayes, Acting Chairman
Honolulu
Rev. Henry K. Boshard
Kai-lua, Kona
Mr. Pilipo Springer
Kai-lua, Kona
Miss 'lo-lani Luahine
Kai-lua, Kona
Mr. George Pinehaka
Captain Cook, Hawai'i
Mr. Alika Cooper
Hilo, Hawai'i
Mr. Kwai Wah Lee
Hilo, Hawai'i
Mr. George Naope
Hilo, Hawai'i
Mrs. Robert (Abbie) Napeahi
Hilo, Hawai'i
Mr. Fred Cacho la
Wai-'anae, O'ahu
Dr. Kenneth P. Emory
Honolulu
Ms. Nani Mary Bowman
Honolulu
Mrs. Franklin W. (Emily Ka'ai) Thomas
Honolulu
CONSULTANTS
John David Wai-he'e Ill, and assistants: Compilation of
Ba�cD��
Riohurd Ka'po|o|u: Planner
(3eorga ���ko'c~|gni,Jr.: Architect
83
��
Herb Ka-wai-nui K5ne: Artist
Stephen K5no'eiK8orsa: Writer
Lynette 'A'a}aonoona Roy: Consultant on oral traditions
and cultural values
Bernice P. Bishop Museum: Archeological and Cultural
Resource Data
—
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Robert Barrel: Hawai'i State Director in Honolulu
Ronald Mortimore: Park Planner, Western Regional
Office, San Francisco, California
Graphic and photographic services were provided by the
Western Regional Office, 1974. United States
Department of the Interior / National Park Service
onofi:m /
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Kaloko-Honokohau National Park SgrviceKato OHO10 O au t National
Historical ParkO -
U.S.Department of the Interior ;i , A
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AI'ti io fishtrapwas constructed � . � � � .1k i-:,....--i
partly shaded Ala Hele Kahakai,or P of lava Honu,or green sea turtles,like to The kuap/i,or rock wall,now •*i
Coastal Trail,has spectacular coastal scenery. rock by Hawaiians.Fish swam into the bask in the sun.They are endan- being reconstructed,separates 3
bay at high tide and were trapped inside gered and are protected by law. Kaloko fishpond from the
the walls as the tide fell. Please do not disturb them. ocean, - -
Despite the modern development nearby,here at Kaloko- The volcano produced two types of lava:the smooth,ropy.flows Hawaiians had many different methods of fishing depending on the anchialine pond.The water level of these ponds fluctuates with the
Honokohau National Historical Park the ancient world called pahoehoe,and the rough chunks of`a`a.Look closely at piles character of the coastal terrain.Nets were made of plant fiber,while tide,reminding us of their underground connection to the sea.In
surrounds you.Established in 1978,this park preserves the of rock protruding from the lava field—they may be ancient strut- fishhooks and lures were made from bone,shell,and rock.The coastal times past they provided drinking water and food for humans.Now
coastal sections of two ahupua`a(traditional land divisions), tures that survived because of Hawaiian engineering skill.Some of the trail leads you past the Kaloko and`Aimakapa fishponds and the these ponds shelter rare plants and animals.
Kaloko and Honokohau.In the past hundreds of Hawaiians lived here. ahu(large rock cairns)marked formal boundaries between ahupua'a, `Ai`opio fishtrap.Kaloko fishpond is an excellent example of tradi- Near Aimakapa fishpond is the holua,or stone slide.The holua was
Extended family groups fished,farmed,and lived self-sufficiently. which ensured sufficient resources for the people of each ahupua`a. tional aquaculture.Fish were raised here to sustain the people. used as a form of sport for the ali`i.Its surface was lined with grasses
Hawaiian society was highly stratified;ali`i(chiefs)and priests ranked Also built from lava rock were agricultural,fishing,and religious Many coastal dwellers shared the ocean's bounty with their families in preparation for use.Riders would race toboggan-like sleds to the
highest,followed by warriors,tradespeople,and commoners.They were structures.On the road to Kaloko fishpond look for elevated plant- in the uplands and,in return,received mountain products.Fish,salt, bottom of the slide.The length of this holua is about 150 feet,and it
governed by konohiki(land managers).Strict principles of land and ers used to cultivate sweet potatoes,gourds,and other crops.An old and coconuts were collected along the coast.Ulu(breadfruit),kalo was wide enough for two sledders at a time.
ocean conservation were enforced through kapu,religious laws. heiau(religious temple)stands at the southern end of the park beside (taro),and wauke(paper mulberry)were grown on the mountain. As you walk through this ancient homeland,keep in mind that not
`Ai`opio fishtrap.Throughout Hawai`i heiau were built as tributes to
Look mauka,up toward the mountain Hualalai-Then look makai,out the gods and for religious ceremonies dedicated to war,agriculture, Water is precious in this arid environment.Fresh groundwater flows everything you see is from the past.You may see offerings left recently
to sea.The ahupua'a extended from the upper slopes of the volcanodownslope and mixes with salt water near the ocean.Where this brack- at certain sites,a reminder that traditional Hawaiian practices keep
fishing,ocean navigation,and medicine.Hawaiians gave offerings of
down to the coast and even out into the ocean.Most necessities were prayers,plants,goods,chants,dance,and song. ish water is exposed at natural pits or hand-dug wells,it is known as an the spirit of the past very much alive at Kaloko-Honokohau.
found within the boundaries of the ahupua`a.
Malama Ka'Aina—Care for the Land - Planning Your Visit
• Getting to the Park Kaloko-Honokohau r Kona mremarr000iArpun Regulations This area is considered sacred;
b` National Historical Park is on the west coast wa anra aPa^r please treat it as such.All cultural and natu-
-`J ;, of the island of Hawai'i,between Kona In- ral objects within the park are protected by
/',t ternational Airport and Kailua-Kona. ^S aeL federal law.
•icd'° •KALOKO •Do not climb on or deface walls,pick plants
/ Stop first at Hale Ho'okipa,the park visitor ' ' '.' INDUSTRIAL or flowers,or remove artifacts or rocks.
\C i•\j'- .11,t 'NY,.
�\ f -� information center,4.2 miles south of the t Q R'-^5,a • -- PARK •Open fires and glass containers are not
t 11/
, airport via Hawaii 19.Hours are 8:30 am to r� -- permitted.
• , 'tilt, .tl t� 4 pm daily.There is an information desk and KALOKO •Pets must be leashed.
, t•i - sales area. 0 FISHPOND •Service animals are welcome;they must be
G,,`e, Q leashed.
• t To drive to the beach area,turn right from 9'•M.K.kd., A •For firearms regulations see the park
li .r•• a the parking lot onto Hawaii 19 and go 0.6 + V \ d website www.nps.gov/kaho.
° mile south.Turn right on Kealakehe Park- i \, • T
i. • : �- -- way,take the next right,and follow the road NJ`-' Related Sites There are two other National
• L .• _ • to the park entrance. \ K A L O K O - ----- AraHeMt'�"` = Park Service areas on the west coast of the
V
,�' \ i island of Hawaii where you can explore tra-
1 L 4 Things to Do The park has few visitor facili- Q H O N O K O H A U ".,••q, ditional life.Pu'uhonua o Honaunau Nation-
// _ ties but manyopportunitiesa Hale Ho'okipa
'` for exploring on a ulok••o,w.lc..ma al Historical Park is 22 miles south of Kailua-
.� %�' • • * your own.There is no food service in the )T I O N A L 117--' t Kona.Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic
� _' park.You are welcome to picnic,but open , `a"' Site is 27 miles north of Kona International
fires andglass containers are not allowed. Airport.
''''''k •
` a a HIST 5 T R I C A L 'AIMAKAPA
�.+ _ iv!.yyyuwN1-' 99
FISHPOND d_a_= - '
Park trails are unpaved and cross areas of More Information Kaloko-Honokohau
/ jagged'a'a lava.If you National Historical Park is one of over 390
`. — Y _ i F PARK HONOKOHAt/ C
1 soft sand and loose,
\ ..•••••t - i L • plan to hike,wear thick-soled shoes,carry BAY •;®f parks in the National Park System.To learn
Honokohau•.
, ,. a Z water,and prepare for unshaded terrain. a Beach Kr, more about national parks and National Park
4 Even on a short hike, it is easy to get lost 'AI'OPIO FISHTRAP .i'o"w"u Service programs in America's communities,
Much has changed here waiian coot,top left)and 'also used in traditional out on the lava.To help protect fragile park Heiau a, k of visit www.nps.gov.
since ancient times- the ae`o(Hawaiian black- '\ Anch,arine pc.,d. •;'#t ,�,e•`
medicine as well as be- resources,please stay on the trails. v
Non-native plants and necked stilt,top right) ing strung into beauti- 4o•�ocoi, o �•• Kailua-Kona Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park
animals thrive in this are found only in Hawaii ful leis. Small Boat Harbor 73-4786 Kanalani St.,#14
coastal area,often at and are endangered. The 0.5-mile Ala Hele Ike Hawaii trail leads
from the main parkingarea to the beach.It _ Kailua-Kona,HI 96740-2600
the expense of native These birds nest along _ National Historical Park Foot trail
The gloryue,
(beach connects with the Ala Hele Kahakai,or Coast- E'"--d authorized boundary E _i ,, 808-329-6881
species_The National the edge of'Aimakapa morning glory,below)is o on Kilometer os
Park Service practices fishpond. al Trail,which runs north-south beside the Unpaved road Resv^^m: www.nps.gov/kaho
or
commonly seen against , �_ O o o.,Mu.' 0.5 e.ono„-3cs-a,s,.o,aa Reprint 2011
malama ka'aina,"care the salt-and-pepper(tor- ocean and takes you along the sand beach lr..,.e.�..,.ra,a,...
for the land,”by remov- The pua pilo(above al and lava rock)sand of and fishponds and through areas of dense
ing invasive species, left)is a fragrant nativethe Hawaiian islands- vegetation.Two historic trails,the Mamala- 4/PH q
monitoring native spe- flower that blooms in hoa,dating from the 1830s,and the Ala Hele
cies,and educating the the early morning and Hu'e Hu'e(an old ranch road),cross the lava Ilk LI/
public fades by the afternoon.
it is used in traditional fields. R
A careful look may re- medicine_
' lb %IMOward you with sightings - /
of some native species. The yellow blooms of the - t
The'alae ke'oke'o(Ha- 'ilima(above right)are I
i
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National Historical Park
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