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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0063.002 2012-2014 ir I • §7 AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE 2D CONSTITUTIONAL LAW §7 C. FUNDAMENTAL AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL nois,Wisconsin,and Ohio and part of Minnesota."The federal courts DOCUMENTS have generally held that the Ordinance was superseded by the adop- Reaearch References tion of the Constitution of the United States'on the ground that the Constitution places all the states of the Union on an equal basis which West's Key Number Digest would not be the case if the Ordinance continued to be in force after Constitutional Law X500 to 502 the adoption of the organic law.°Even after the adoption of the Con- Primary Authority stitution, however, some of the provisions of the Ordinance were 48 U.S.C.A.§§737,1421b,1561 continued in force by acts of Congress during the period of the territo- rial government of the Northwest Territory. A.L.R.Library In both the federal courts and those of the states created out of the A.L.R.Index,Constitutional Law Northwest Territory, the doctrine that the Ordinance has been ' West's A.L.R.Digest,Constitutional Law x500 to 502 superseded by the state constitution when a new state has been admit- ted to the Union is adhered to,and no effect is given to that Ordinance §7 Pre-Constitution national documents:Declaration of except insofar as its principles may have been embodied in the state Independence;Northwest Ordinance;Articles of , constitution."' z Confederation Following the Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation "i Research References were drafted in 1777 and submitted by the Continental Congress to the state legislatures for approval,but they were not approved by all West's Key Number Digest,Constitutional Law c;m500 the states until 1781."The newly independent states did not favor a While statements of principles contained in the Declaration of Inde- centralized executive authority,and the government ultimately cre- pendence do not have the force of organic law' and therefore cannot ated by the Articles of Confederation amounted to little more than a be made the basis of any judicial decision as to the limits of rights loose confederation of states that derived its authority from accep- and duties,yet it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution tance of the principles of the confederation by the state legislatures r, in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence,'and the courts have through ratification. The articles created a government with a single sometimes referred to the Declaration in determining constitutional branch of government—a Congress with members appointed by the questions.' state legislatures. Congress was given the sole and exclusive power .. On July 13, 1787—two years before the Constitution of the United to make war and peace,to enter into treaties and other alliances,to States was adopted—Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance.' coin money,to establish a postal system,to send and receive ambas- el Captioned"An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio,"this landmark legisla- 0374P(6th Cir.1994). Sands v.Manistee River Imp.Co.,123 tion—which was to have a profoundly important effect on the °State of Mich.v.U.S.,40 F.3d 817, U.S.288,8 S.Ct.113,31 L.Ed.149(1887) subsequent development of both state and national law—was the 95 Ed.Law Rep.846, 1994 FED App. (Michigan);Huse v.Glover,119 U.S.543, 11 fundamental instrument of government for an area covering more 0374P(6th Cir.1994). 7 S.Ct.313,30 L.Ed.487(1886)(Illi- g g nois);Dixon v.People, 168 Ill. 179,48 1' than a quarter-million square miles.' The territory to which the 'Chapin v.Fye,179 U.S.127,21 S. N.E.108(1897);State ex rel.Donahey v. f- ordinance applied included all of present-day Michigan,Indiana,Illi- Ct.7L 45 L.Ed.119(1900). Edmondson,89 Ohio St.93,105 N.E.269 a33. Sands v.Manistee River Imp.Co., (1913). f'P' 123 U.S.288,8 S.Ct.113,31 L.Ed.149 "Clinton,A Brief History of the 3g` [Section 71 tion of Labor v.Buck's Stove&Range (1887);Huse v.Glover,119 U.S.543,7 S. Adoption of the United States Conatitu- "; 'Filan v.Martin,38 Wash.App.91, Co. 33 App.D.C.83,32 L.R.A.N.S.748, Ct.313,30 L.Ed.487(1886);Cardwell v. lion,75 Iowa L.Rev.891(May 1990). 1 684 P.2d 769(Div.3 1984). 1909 WL 21547(App.D.C.1909);People American River Bridge Co.,113 U.S.205, ex rel.Tyroler v.Warden of City Prison 5 S.Ct.423,28 L.Ed.959(1885). "Clinton,A Brief History of the t 'Gulf,C.&S.F.Ry.Co.v.Ellis,165 of City of New York, 157 N.Y. 116,51 °Strader v.Graham,51 U.S.82,10 Adoption of the United States Constitu- si?' U.S. 150, 17 S. Ct. 255,41 L. Ed. 666 N.E.1006(1898). How.82,13 L.Ed.337,1850 WL 6936 lion,75 Iowa L.Rev.891(May 1990). ;; (1897);McKinster v.Sager,163 Ind.671, 'State of Mich.v.U.S.,40 F.3d 817, (1850). "Clinton,A Brief History of the yyy 72 N.E.854(1904). 95 Ed. Law Rep.846, 1994 FED A l 1994). App. 'Hawkins v.Bleakly,243 U.S.210, Adoption of the United States Constitu- ):y For example,Gulf,C.&S.F.Ry. 0374P(6th Cir.1994). 37 S.Ct.255,61 L.Ed.678(1917)(Iowa); lion,75 Iowa L.Rev.891(May 1990). Co.v.Ellis,165 U.S.150,17 S.Ct.255, 'State of Mich.v.U.S.,40 F.3d 817, 'I 41 L.Ed.666(1897);American Federa- 95 Ed.Law Rep. 846, 1994 FED App. 330 331 1 F i Comm. No. (to 3'''2—' Ref. To: ( /cc. Ref. Date :SAN 8 8 20,'S ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION {' Congress assembled on the 2d of March under the new powers. The proof of this document, as publish- ed above, was read by Mr. Ferdinand ORDINANCE OF 1787: THE NORTHWEST Jefferson, t of Keeper at the Washington,, who TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT Department of State, at Washington, who compared it with the original in his cus- tody. He says: The initial letters of [The Confederate Congress, July 13, 1787] �. many of the words in the original of this instrument are capitals, but as no system , Ordinance for the government of the territory of appears to have been observed, the same the United States northwest of the river Ohio words sometimes beginning with a capi- 1 tal and sometimes with a small letter, I have thought it best not to undertake to Section 1. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress j follow the original in this particular. assembled, That the said territory, for the purpose of temporary Moreover, there are three forms of the government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided into two 1 I ,1 letter s: the capital s, the small s,and the long f, the last being used indiscriminate- districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, ,, ly to words that should begin with a capi- make it expedient. 1 tal and those that should begin with a small s." Sec. 2. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed among, their children and the descendants of a deceased child in equal parts, the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them; and where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next of h kin, in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a ` deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parent's share; and there shall, in no case, be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving in all cases to the widow of the intestate, her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and this , law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed 3 and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be, (being of full y i age,) and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, V and delivered by the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly 11 proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one year after proper ` magistrates, courts, and registers, shall be appointed for that pur- pose; and personal property may be transferred by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, Saint Vincents, and the neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws 17 .E,,'1 4° °:;y 4111 1 ^ ° Ac-“ °' t a u g ''' 'S.'1" °p'1" s o °u c > a o, E Li - c E a u.$ °.,{y c g y ° 5 °y v LE E t t4 v'd`n,o u d • tl �.ggC LsQa C'' O• pLQ 4CHg vEt O °Ex'CisOH .- � C= o C $Env sv b ao E Y - 0v y cH E a v E e ' :_ uH °' 2 v Egg $' asa .e5$ v. v , oo v $ " 1 b - v $ c a E , E"hE p v4.E E i aax.o1 1 EcE E E E v Z t °, 8 'F vi8 C i'cS t .vE ..• ° ebvE > H �v 9 41∎• u 'er vc 2 •atec ° ' °a >> E c Q $ oc: ,c � „, N 7g$ ,53+.-.3 or, � ru - ,78.Z. vCC t,� a; ,, .c>30_ D o _ ° ° h ao E � ac v a.5L C C av 6v F EL 3v C 79 ' 7, - .. q y Q $ T 9 - • aO 4.6 c v g m.,§� ts°E m� m ot o x 5 0 12 s yas c . w'^>E .. 0 ' .c N c H E E� vs ut $>� co & c � g17,0. -aio p9.-_ v E ° u 0 N S.R a $. .•E c 2 2 $ g �,EE $ gj.n6avu $ WCCo av Et � i. gt d • a« ° h c a ssuyE u _ cvvL u E °c. . aZ'og ° c $ vv .u.t > ° zm U Uiil!. 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