HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0507.001 2012-2014 Margaret Wille •,;iYlo�N,;•
Phone No. Hilo: (808)961-8027
Council Member :.� �� ���,'• Phone No. Waimea: (808)887-2043
ir, Fax No.: (808)887-2072
District 9 North and South Kohala ��
•����:••• �•I E-Mail: mwille @co.hawaii.hi.us
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Presentation
• Current situation
—Context of Hawaii's beekeeping
awaii Apiary Progra - -Number of beekeepers,pest levels,etc.
444 • Hawaii Dept of Agriculture Apiary Program
Danielle Downey services and strategies
Hawaii Apiary Specialist �,.. ' • Survey work
Hawaii County Council „i w • Pesticides and Honey bees
Dec 17,2013
—Information about Hawaii situation
Hawaii: A very unique place You are Here
• Climatic diversity equals coastline from Alaska
to Costa Rica _.
• 18,607 native Hawaiian species/5,073
introduced - 3,850 miles rnues
• 9,456 endemic species(only found HERE)
Unique Pollinator Landscape Plants require pollination
Introduced Native
• Honey bee Hylaeus spp • Native pollinators
•• Leaf cutter bee Butterflies pollinate native plants N\
•• Carpenter bee Flies • Many introduced plants "i!
•• Butterflies would be without . o.
• Beetles pollination,except for !;'- „
• Wasp s • Birds • Introduced pollinators f
• Flies '••••-...41/1 4 /
• Incidental flower traffic • Honey bees can be • 'k ,�
• Birds managed
• Incidental flower traffic - wrc
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Hawaii Honeybee History Hawaii Honeybee History
• Not native to Hawaii • 1918-1941 over 1 million
• Arrived in 1857 from California to Oahu
• 1890's ranching grows, kiawe pollination pounds/year honey
—1892 first Macadamia nuts arrive • 1930 American Foulbrood spread
• Various bee stock imported until 1909 throughout state
• No serious diseases reported • 1935 few beekeeping operations
remained
• Learn to manage AFB and rebuild
Hawaii Honeybee History By island...(via volunteer registry since 2011)
Statewide 14,334 managed hives(161 reg)
• 1952 11,900 hives on islands, 25
commercial beekeepers • Hawaii: 13,005
• Growth industry for honey and • Kauai: 724
queen rearing • Maui: 320
• Unknown number of beekeepers • Oahu: 302 (23 registered)
presently, annual bee-pollinated • Molokai: 7
• Lanai : 3
farm sales value of$212.8 million
Hawaiian Honey '
Queen Bee Production
• Very desirable , - • Critical part of managed colonies
in market • Climate allows early availability to
• -. y0lpe .` / ` USA and Canada
HONEY Production and Value, 2 ,jj • With colony losses on mainland,
State of Hawaii,1946-2009
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1 \� demand exceeds supply
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13 mod tt,� f1. `�� �.J ■I�r$s i!�+ �'Alltib .9,
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We need pollinators! 4,o` , R ll�natjon , "-;r„
• Evidence says decline is due to many things:
—habitat destruction (�:�
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-pathogens s r� a
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—climate change 3• ` t "f 1
—pesticide use r `��
What is the most valuable thing we get IF° a ,, i f�.' � «G< -
from bees? • st r`r is go* .s'..7.3. a 1414„, lt,"3, it 4-43.1.,,,sNr.141 f',.ITcjiril,ilifdli.
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Honey Bees on Ti
i ' Annual Hawaii bee-pollinated
farm, ':,,,� ' farm sales valued at $212.8
iii(9411
rt million.
:. ' r USA total is $15 billion per year.
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Hawaiian Pollination includes -
I ple Apricot Avocado Banana Black currants • Pollination may not be
ckberry Blueberry Cactus(prickly pear)Cherry Citrus required for fruit set
nberry Cumquats Currants Custard apple Durian
eiioa Gooseberry Grapefruit Grapes Guava Jackfruit Benefits may be bigger, ,
Kiwifruit Lemons Limes Loganberry Longan Loquat better,earlier or more #
Lychee(Litchi)Mandarins Mango Mulberry Nashi fruit 4 I
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Nectarine Olives Oranges Papaw,Papaya Passionfruit •*• , _
Pawpaw Peach Pear Persimmon Plum Pomegranate ` e
Prickly pear cactus Prune Rambutan Raspberry Red �° F At ,ji t
currants Rock melon Tamarind Tangelo N'�
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Hawaii's advantage
• Agricultural practices still bee friendly Feral Hive Density Very High
. Diverse,few large monocrops, less pesticide
application
• Habitat includes many blooming plants
. Year-round foraging
Feral!Imes Sampled uw•d
(Negative) , �MYO� National Pollinator Focus Zones t .
Hill•BMW
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• ""°' • Pathogens and Arthropod Pests
•
•
• Nutrition•
** • , • Bee Genetics, Breeding and Biology
•
* • Pesticides
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Pesticides Protect pollinator habitat
• Many new chemicals being used • Minimize pesticide use
—Systemics,neonicitinoids • If you spray,check the bee toxicity
• Honey bees forage radius is over 2 miles • Don't spray flowers
• Environmental"miners canary" • Don't spray while pollinators are flying
• Hive is rich with food storage and wax,can • Plant for pollinators!
harbor many residues for long periods —New Planting Guide at:www.pollinator.org
• Tests of chemical safety for bees is limited to
'kill and count'
• Sublethal effects are only now being assessed
IIIIIIIIITIMIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIII71.1.1IIIMIIIIIIII".1.1i"Ill""IllgIIIII"M"I"Illi..I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIII.I.1.11.1111.III. ' SELECTING
PLANTS i North American
∎ FOR Pollinator
} O Protection Camp. kentllc Name CsmnanNm Ibn Flow CAT�� Sbv n Sun Iii Fr Po. •
"Ss,' www.Dollinator.org wry.
,. 8'''''Mrxs.o'.' pcxzuureriv00 Download and print - „.•w.. '° .»g,. ' „. ,». .a,>r :4
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HAWAIIAN Gardener App coming soon _ •.. +. •.�,.,-•.,.
ISLANDS plant lists and photos w, _ rye» �•N 5�
All FREE! 1---7-,
HAWAII NURSERIES THAT SPECIALIZE IN FORESTRY TREES,NATIVE OR INTRODUCED
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'esticides Detected in Pollen PESTICIDES AND POLLINATORS
Fungicides,Herbicides&Insecticides.
• Many many chemicals are found in wax and
pollen(over 100)
Ion - -L `: , • Fungicides, herbicides, insecticides
7o • Highest levels are beekeeper applied mite
ao L controls
ofl i um • New part of National Survey:
,� `,, a Freshly stored pollen now sampled for
> ,„" ";" je 4,w�``� 46 s pesticide analysis•
Beekeeper applied C
Pesticides
'es sue Survey✓ Results for Hawaii . HAWAIIAN
ISLANDS
• Bad news:
—High Varroa mite levels olokai '
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—High Nosema levels and high prevelence * *
• Good news: lanai * ...,.•.*r'
—No new detections _*
—Pesticide residues:Very low,mostly NONE!
Pesticide Samples Taken '.'
Pesticide Residues Detected 4'1
Fluvallnate:Insecticide(10x below avg)
Thymol:Insecticide(trace)
Brienthrin:Insecticide(.5x avg)
, Imldacloprd:Insecticide(.5x avg)
Pendimethalin:Herbicitle(avg) if
Pesticide residue issues are Cytochrome P450 mon• •
"P450s"
• Not as simple as LD50(kill and count)
• Sublethal effects not well understood -Detoxification of
—Evidence in recent paper suggest fungicide and drugs and toxi `" a or
miticide exposure increases Nosema infection to
chlorothalonil,pyraclostrobin,amitraz,fluvalinate •Present in all li ),z ' i
• Synergy important things • r
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—Endless possibilities,residues build up in comb s-Many differs
P450s i.
Courtesy Dr.Reed Johanson,Ohio State
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tau-fluvalinate
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detoxified product IL it coumaphos 0
SBI fungicide
Hives can be sampled
• Anyone can submit samples for pesticide
analysis
3 • Its expensive($352)
tau fluvalinate •
• Understanding the cause,effect, even
exposure will take long term effort.
Varroa mite Varroa destructor
Recent arrival of three pests...
• Discovered on Oahu,April 2007
• Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite • Discovered on Big Island August 2008
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• Small Hive Beetle, a prolific and well —Eradication effort(failed)
adapted pest • Widespread on both islands 411110h. —•
• Nosema cerana, a microscopic gut • Continued trap surveillance on other islands
parasite
HAWAIIAN Small Hive Beetle Aethina tumida
ISLANDS Highly destructive in Hawaii
—Secondary pest other places
' -Lives on fruit,feral hives,or ;4:14 �
V just wait for failing colonies ei r 4
4 —Long lived(over a year) -fit _ 7 .
—Strong flyer(several miles)
Small Hive Beetle History HAWAIIAN
6/12 ISLANDS
• Native to Africa, minor pest there 5/11
• Discovered Florida, 1998 .,.,-4. 4 'a' 7/11
• Big Island April 2010 `"� ` , °� Ln& i „,
• Oahu November 2010 elect�; �� 11/10
• Molokai May 2011 1 } +,,se: 1
• Maui July 2011 • '' ,,r 2/13 a
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• Kauai June 2012 ' .� ` . ,, ,�
• Lanai Feb 2013 '� f 4/10 rr .,
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SMALL HIVE BEETLE r-,t.
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Implications.... Consequences
• Pollination was a 'free-bee' • Beekeeping gets harder in Hawaii
• Growers do not consider managed bees part • Hard to find bees to rebuild,cannot import
of their productivity, unknown pollination • Fewer pollinators for Hawaiian agriculture
need —Jeffs needs 100 colonies for$3mil/watermelons
• Few beekeeper/grower relationships —Avocado,macadamia nuts,Tongan,melons,
lychee,berries,cucumbers
• Unknown pollinator loss (likely high feral loss)
—Mango,coffee,many crops benefit from bee
• We are living the experiment! pollination
lot,'Apiary Program: Biosecurity Biosecurity threats
• Swarm traps placed statewide - •• w.
• Consult with DOT Airports and rests to beekeeping industries:
_ • Asian honey bee
Harbor Divisions and DLNR • More parasitic mites(e.g.tracheal mites,tropilaelaps)
Division of Boating and • Viruses
Recreation to determine port • Parasitic flies(e.g.Apocephalus boreal
areas at risk /
Potential threats to Hawaii residents
• Strategic GIS mapping of ports Africanized bees
•statewide,including one-mile • Asian giant hornet
radius trap placement
• Outreach to shipping }` Potential threats to agriculture
companies—what to d0 when • Honey bee pollination responsible for 1/3 of food we eat
bees are found • —40%of US mainland agriculture relies queens from
HawaF i
I 1 "rcanize. Honey Bees (AHB) How it happens...
(Not to scale)
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Past Apiary Services/Programs Apiary Statewide Services
• Export inspections and paperwork
• Vector Control killed nuisance bees • Inspections to facilitate commerce(queen export)
• Regulations to prevent bee imports(through PQ)
• No registration, no inspector, no need • Survey work,pesticide residue samples
• Now: Beekeeping 911! • Biosecurity(port swarm traps statewide)
•
• USDA funds Apiary Program with HDOA oversight,Apiar Education focus
Specialist began Dec 2010 —Outreach events raise awareness,including protecting
bees from pesticides
—Demonstration Apiary,workshops and courses
� —Apiary visits,disease and pest detection/diagnosis
=;! e • Swarm response lists
Apiary projects Apiary Progam Project
• Pollination security development
—Grower surveys indicate interest and need • Varroa Resistant Stock(VSH)
—Voluntary Beekeeper Registry 44/159 would pollinate • Maintain,compare to other bees Ilk
—Referrals,contract templates and Best Management Practices
• Swarm response lists • New trial will begin with
• Small Hive Beetle studies
cooperating beekeeper(David �'
Thomas,Hawaii Island Honey) ;
—Host materials,sterilization dose,trap efficacy,biocontrol
exploration —Varroa island!
• Scale Hive Data collection(fireweed example) —200 colonies in 5 apiaries,no
• Working with resistant stock in Hawaii treatment
—Varroa Resistant lines maintained and tested —Sample,remove when threshold ' Ilk
reached A{
Varroa resistant stock Instrumental Insemination
ilk + r '4 t
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Courtesy USDA Bee Lab,Baton Rouge
Assessing Varroa reproduction 2013 Pollinator Proclamation
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