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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0099.001 2014-2016Margaret Wille Council Member District 9 - North and South Kohala Hawaii County Building 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 TO: FROM HAWAII COUNTY COUNCIL County of Hawai 'i Holomua Center 64 -1067 Mamalahoa Highway, Suite C -5 Waimea, Hawaii 96743 Dru Mamo Kanuha, Council Chair and Members of the Hawaii County Council Margaret Wille, Council Member Phone No. Hilo: (808) 961 -8027 Phone No. Waimea: (808) 887 -2043 Fax No.: (808) 887 -2072 E -Mail: mwille @co.hawaii.hi.us West Hawat `i Civic Center Bldg. A 74 -5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy. Kailua -Kona, Hawai'i,96740 DATE: February 13, 2015 SUBJECT: Communication 99 Power Point Presentations Attached please find the PowerPoint presentations to be used by Dr. Katherine Muzik and Dr. Teresa Telecky during the Communication 99 presentation and discussion. If there are any questions please call me or my staff at (808) 887 -2043. Thank you. M W /dh Att. Serving the Interests of the People of Our Island Hawai `i County Is An Equal Opportunity Provider And Employer Comm. No. q R Ref. To E Ref. Date tLd 1 7- ZU75r ;, 11,4 ,.c J.. � u i' � r � ., demo ov or low P►'.0 . os - 4!L ' ��' P-9 IMF- bw lb' jA lb Where have all the fishes gone? In West Hawai'i, the aquarium fishery takes 1.8X the number of reef fishes taken by recreational /subsistence /other commercial fishers combined. Over 90% of the fish captured by the aquarium trade are herbivores. -io 25 H fp _O 20 m 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201; Figure 28. Overall change in herbivore biomass in FR-k. MPA and open areas 2003 -2013. Note WHAP fish sizing commenced in 2003 Herbivore biomass in the MPAs (i.e. < 2% of West Hawaii reefs) is significantly higher (1.8X) than on the remaining 98% of West Hawaii reefs. �. ' � � � _ .sb''4Y What happens to reefs that lose too many herbivores? Herbivore removal can result in algal overgrowth of coral and catastrophic shifts in the ecosystem. Puako / Pauoa herbivores 90% Coral cover: 135% Algae: j 38% at Puako 1322% at Pauoa Sources: Kona DAR So. Kohala Reefs in Dire Straits; and, 2007 U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Working Group What happens to reefs that lose too many herbivores? "The condition of Hawaii's coral reefs is determined largely by the abundance of herbivorous fish... keeping herbivore populations healthy should be of key concern for safe - guarding Hawaiian coral reefs. 2 /3rds of Hawaii reefs are dominated by algae. Algae- dominated reefs are the degraded remains of once diverse coral communities. Macroalgae can get out of hand if reef grazers are fished out, as well as lead to competition and reef collapse." Kittenger, J. 2014, quoted in http://westhawaiitoday.com/ news /local- news / study - reveals -good- bad - news - about - algae- coral- communities re: Jouffray et al. 2014. Identifying multiple coral reef regimes and their drivers across the Hawaiian archipelago Rt #w �♦ `�t d tom, .� ,' -•r _�,� � h � } `_ � •�• ."� 1 �r � — • �„ ` Pier � � I�ic� � � � y �, � ,�� `� Poor A61 A.Ak- low- ell • ,rte Treatment of Aquarium Life Teresa Telecky, Ph.D Director of Wildlife Humane Society International -1,19 THE HUMANE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES 1� Celebrating 60 J ears HUMANE SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL " Millions of Yellow 'fangs Missing from Kona Reefs Yellow Tangs per 100 sq. meters 1999 - 2013 . FRAs Estabushea P 20 15 �^ a10 oyoy -&- MPA -+- FRA Open 0 ®v ©� 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Figure 6. Overall changes in Yellow Tang abundance (Mean - SE) in FRAs.1IPAs and Open areas. 1999 -2013. Yello«- vertical bars indicate mean density (\lad- -Nov) of 1-ello«- Tang Young -of -fear (YOY). T01" are not included in trend line data Blue line: -1 % of reefs that are long -term protected areas (shows potential natural abundance) Red line: - 34% of reefs closed to aquarium trade since Jan. 1, 2000. Gap: shows millions of yellow tangs missing from reefs. Green line: remaining 65% of West Hawaii coast open to AQ trade. Report on the Findings and Recommendations of Effectiveness the West Hawai'i Regional Fishery Management Area. Prepared by Department of Land and Natural Resources State of Hawai'i in response to Section HRS 188F -S, December 2014 z t,. uaonmacurams ).3 .. )2 in 1.5 � 0.5 00 octot�e %, a U.4 ' • • . • • i • 0.3 0.2 r • • S �• • • 0.1 • ' • • 0.0 79 000? 02 MN05 W 07NM T du erre 8 • . 4 2 • • 01. m d L phthirophogtis V MFTM� • 0a • ••• •• 00 : 7 A. achilles 06 • . . 05 0.4 % 0.3 • ti. 02 • .. O1 •� 00 r axryrrusm5 h V• J•% •• . ).0 „m•. , m d„, , a,. d / 103A 103B Upolo Malaea Pt Pt Kukuihaele 104 1028 Anaehoomalu Bay Pepeekeo Pt 102A 105 Keahole Pt Leleiwi Pt 101c HAWAII 10 Keahou Bay 101B Alahaka Bay 101A Hoopuloa ,%107 Kalapana 1008 Punaluu Kaupuaa 108 Bay 100A South Pt Examples of aquarium- targeted species that have not responded to the closed areas and have actually declined since 1999. All are among the Top 20 most targeted species. Hawaii Div. of Aquatic Resources (Dec. 2010 Report to NOAA) ma Declining Overall though More Ahundant in Open Areas 0 0 0 0 0 C. uadnmaculatus '. 03 0.2 0.1 0.0 h' lrturahrs U .. - ocrrae�, a 4 • • • S bursa 8 • • .0 1- i` ChwiDdvn _ edit. "4% !1- 3- PseudoMefiws oMa,. n OpenFR4 dif. +M% SuTem i .... ,, , .40 T dupe" S . 4 • • • •t • I • • 2 O C ;a y• C.,,... _- A achilles OF , 0`5 04 %' 00. �. 02 01 .� 00 pill I_ 1- Some species that have not responded to the closed areas and have actually declined since 1999. All are among the Top 20 most targeted species. Hawaii Div. of Aquatic Resources (Dec. 2010 Report to NOAA) } Premature Deaths Drive Collection Rates Deaths in the Supply Chain Fish die from poor practices in capture through retail At retail, >11% of fish die within 14 days because of poor supply chain practices. Deaths in Hobby Tanks _s 80% of fish deaths in home aquariums are due to supply chain practices. Saving Nemo: Mariculture and Market -based Solutions to Reform the Marine Ornamental Trade, Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UCSB (Cartwright et al., 2012) AQ Trade Profits from Early Deaths Each step in the supply chain significantly profits from customer purchases to replace fish that die early. Profits from replacement fish sales are so high, stores have no incentive to take action to reduce deaths. rr I 7 Multi- million dollar, multi - stakeholder reform effort failed, in part, because of trade reluctance to address mortality rates. Saving Nemo: Mariculture and Market -based Solutions to Reform the Marine Ornamental Trade, Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UCSB (Cartwright et al., 2012) �� I 141R41JU1 L IZCMMU VOL !JOCILI140 U.S. Airlines report less than 40 pet deaths /year ( <.0001) Fish shipped as pets in the marine aquarium trade die at rates that are orders of magnitude higher: -s Dead on Arrival (DOA) standard is .05 / shipment. `0 An additional 5 —10% die with 7 days of arrival (DAA). Hawaii shipments may be lower, on average. Predictably high mortality rates are evidence that basic needs are not currently met in transport. Pet Incidents for U.S.-Based Airlines u` 30 10 zj 10 L - - -- �o *Air Cargo World, 2013. Few Pets Experience Trouble on Airlines ** Industry self- reporting; American Marinelife Dealers Association; Rubec and Cruz, 2005; and Lim, et al 2003 - - 0- "Mortality rates of less than 1% at each step in the chain of custody may be achieved. "* 2012 Hawaii Mortality Rates (estimated): Collector to HI wholesaler (3 %): 11,352 At HI wholesaler (1 %): 31671 DOA HI wholesaler to LA wholesale (3 %): 10,902 DAA w /in 7 days at LA wholesaler (5 %): 171625 * Monitoring the chain of custody to reduce delayed mortality of Net - caught fish in the aquarium trade. Rubec & Cruz 2005 ** Mortality rates: Industry self reporting in DLNR catch reports; Industry self- reporting in Cesar, 2002; Industry self - reporting; in American Marinelife Dealers Association 1998; and Lim, et al 2003 8 Scientific literature shows:* Fish die in plastic bags, even when water quality parameters are not lethal. Stress + starvation causes highest death rates Trade reports show: DOAs + DAAs for net - caught fish from the Philippines range from 10 – 15 %.* DOAs + DAAs for net - caught fish from Hawaii are estimated at 6 -8 %. Table I. Per cent survival and per cent mortality of damselfish, Ponnecentras coe►estis, exposed to cyanide, stress and starvation alone and in various combinations (Hall and Bellwood 199;1. Treatment Per cent survival Per cent mortality Cyanide -only 62.5 37.5 Stress -only 75.0 25.0 Starvation -only 1000 0.0 Cyanide + stress 75.0 25.0 C ation 66.7 Stress +starvation > 33.3 66.7 Cyan; stress + starvation 58.3 Handling control 2 75.0 25.0 No handling control 1 83 3 16.7 "Mortality rates of less than 1% at each step in the chain of custody may be achieved." * *Monitoring the chain of custody to reduce delayed mortality of Net - caught fish in the aquarium trade. Rubec & Cruz 2005 �i Y - - - d Limiting Pre - Shipment Starvation Time to 24 hours: � IATA LARs Container 51 Requirements for shipping tropical fish, etc... � "Aquatic amphibians are not to be fed for 2 days prior of shipment to avoid fouling of the water." _o This does not apply to tropical fish. _AD It is recognized that limited withholding of food prior to shipping is beneficial: s Bishop Museum's Sr. Ichthyologist Emeritus wrote in 2010 testimony to Maui County, "It is necessary to stop feeding for 12 hours before shipping a fish. If not, it will foul the water in which it is shipped." _s CITES fish transport guidelines recommend "fishes should not be fed for 24 hours prior to shipment. "* *CITES: Guidelines for transport and preparation for shipment of live wild animals and plants 1981 d Limiting Pre - Shipment Starvation Time to 24 hours: ,s Once packed, fish may go without food for 48 hours, or more. � Contrary to claims made, yellow tangs do not go for days without feeding in the wild. That may be true for sharks and other predators, but herbivores typically graze throughout each day. y Extended 2 — 10 day pre- transport starvation appears to have one purpose: _s Facilitate transport in minimal water to reduce freight costs, which are considerable. IATA LARs, Container Requirement 51 APEC Air Shipment of Live and Fresh Fish Guideline: "Economy dictates that water weight should be reduced in the shipping container." educing starvation &Stress Increases survival Increasing Transport Water Volume: y Current practice: cover the fish, plus up to 1 ", which may be as little as 1 quart of water. _s To safely ship fish in minimal water, all waste must be purged from their digestive systems. � Another way to protect fish from harmful waste is via dilution: increase the water volume 12 Increasing Transport Water Volume: -40 Expensive / rare fish get better treatment: Small Weedy Sea Dragons were recently shipped from Australia to the Kona seahorse farm in 5 gallons of water, per fish. Food was withheld for 12 hours prior to shipping. _s When survivability matters, shipping in more water is best. L Ad Increasing Transport Water Volume: � When survivability matters, shipping in more water is best. -10 Claims that more fish will be harmed because increasing water volume decreases oxygen availability are false. Oxygen availability is increased by reducing biomass in the bag or increasing oxygen in the bag. =s HSUS /HSI is prepared to offer fish shippers training in humane shipping procedures, including: Use of bags providing appropriate surface area for oxygenation; and, other ways to oxygenate the water. L 'A Watson, C, Shipping Fish in Boxes, 2010. SRAC Publication No. 3903: "...it is essential to maximize the amount of oxygen available during shipment. The main ways to achieve this are to reduce the biomass offish in the bag, increase the amount of oxygen in the bag..." }