HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0127.002 2014-2016Margaret Wille
Council Member
District 9 - North and South Kohala
Hawai `i County Building
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawai `i 96720
HAWAII COUNTY COUNCIL
County of Hawai `i
Holomua Center
64-1067 Mamalahoa Highway, Suite C-5
Waimea, Hawai `i 96743
Phone No. Hilo: (808) 961-8027
Phone No. Waimea: (808) 887-2043
Fax No.: (808) 887-2072
E -Mail: mwillegco.hawaii.hi.us
West Hawai `i Civic Center Bldg. A
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy.
Kailua-Kona, Hawai `i ,96740
l
CJ
TO: Dru Mamo Kanuha, Council Chair
And Members of the Hawaii Coun ouncil
,,"FROM: Margaret Wille, Council Membe
DATE: March 2, 2015
SUBJECT: Additional Information for Resolution 84-15
Please find attached additional information for reference during the Resolution 84-15 discussion
on March 3, 2015.
Thank you.
MW/dh
att
Serving the Interests of the People of Our Island
Hawai `i County Is An Equal Opportunity Provider And Employer
Comm. No. --� -"7 2 /
Ref. To: M/l el -
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Biomass / Waste Incineration
www.EnerqvJustice.net/incineration/
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N u m ber of Commercial Trash I nci aerators
Operating in the U.S.
World's largest waste corporation
driving away from incineration
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
Jan 3, 2014: "Big Waste Hauler Rethinks Startups"
[pulls out of gasification, pyrolysis, plasma and trash -to -ethanol
investments, selling off Agilyx, Enerkem, Fulcrum, Genomatica & InEnTec]
Jul 29, 2014: "Waste Management to Sell Wheelabrator for $1.94 Billion"
[pulls out of long-standing ownership of Wheelabrator, the second-largest
operator of conventional incinerators in U.S.]
Incinerators: Names Used
• Waste -to -energy (WTE)
• Energy from Waste (EfW)
• Trash -to -steam
• Conversion technologies
• Biomass
• Advanced Thermal Tech
• Waste to Fuel (WTF?)
Technologies
• Conventional boilers
• Fluidized Bed
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Plasma Arc
• Catalytic cracking
• Thermal Depolymerization
• Cement kilns
• Industrial Boilers (paper mills, utility boilers)
• Fischer-Tropsch / Gas -to -Liquids
(gasification/liquefaction)
• Cellulosic Ethanol (waste -to -ethanol)
Fuel Conversion Technologies
• Cellulosic Ethanol (waste -to -ethanol)
• Pyrolysis
• Thermal Depolymerization
• Fischer-Tropsch / Gas -to -Liquids
(gasification/liquefaction)
• Acid Hydrolysis
Biomass Incineration: Wastes/Fuels
Includes...
• Municipal Solid Waste (Trash)
• Tires
• Sewage Sludge
• Construction /Demolition (C&D) Wood Waste
• Animal Factory Wastes
• Paper &Lumber Mill Wood Wastes
• Agricultural Crop Residue
• Energy Crops
• Forest Cutting
• "Urban" Wood Waste (tree trimmings)
• Landfill Gas
• Digester Gas
Experimental Types of Incinerators
Don't Work
Gasification, plasma arc and pyrolysis:
• Can't run continuously
• Can't be run effectively at commercial scale
• Can't process heterogenous feedstocks like trash
• Companies with no real history bamboozle local
officials into subsidizing projects that fail,
technically and financially
• The companies usually lie about their emissions,
claiming zero emissions or "no smokestack"
EPA says pyrolysis/gasification =
incineration
40 CFR 60.51a:
• Municipal waste combustor, MWC, or municipal waste combustor unit: (1)
Means any setting or equipment that combusts solid, liquid, or gasified
MSW including, but not limited to, field -erected incinerators (with or without
heat recovery), modular incinerators (starved -air or excess -air), boilers (i.e.,
steam -generating units), furnaces (whether suspension -fired, grate -fired, mass -
fired, air curtain incinerators, or fluidized bed -fired), and pyrolysis/combustion
units.
• Pyrolysis/combustion unit means a unit that produces uses, liquids, or
solids through the heating of MSW, and the uses, liquids, or solids produced
are combusted and emissions vented to the atmosphere.
"A municipal waste incinerator 'combusts' solid waste and thus is functionally
synonymous with municipal waste combustor."
(www.epa.gov/ttn/nsr/gen/nn 2.html)
Pyrolysis is a failed technology
Patent review company:
• has been seeing pyrolysis projects for 14 years
• none of them are legitimate
• they're just splitting combustion into two steps,
making it more expensive, less efficient and not any
cleaner
• sees a steady stream of guys in their 50s -70s who
worked at corporations, thought it's a great idea, and
go out and promote it and get money by whatever
means and get some patent coverage mainly to help
get the money, but none are legit
Pyrolysis is a failed technology
Rubber Manufacturers Association:
• "Major tire companies like Goodyear and
Firestone once invested `immense resources' in
pyrolysis but could not find markets for the
byproducts or even a way to integrate them into
their own products. And scores of start-ups have
tried and failed to make money from tire
pyrolysis."
• "The road is littered with the carnage of people
who were trying to make this technology viable."
Pyrolysis is a failed technology
• Not intended for continuous operation
Runs batch processes
Mainly used at demonstration scale
• Can only operate on homogenous fuels
Environmental Protection Agency:
• While technically feasible, tire pyrolysis — a
process in which tires are subjected to heat in an
oxygen -starved environment and converted to
gas, oil and carbon char — has been inhibited by
the high capital investment required and steep
operating costs
WASTMW
Technologies and Risk
Source: Gershman. Brie ner & Bratton. Irc. August 2012
Alternative
Risks/Liability
risk Summary
Mass BU rnlWatei Wa I I
Proven com me rci al tech na Iag,f
Ve rw Law
Mass Burn?Moclular
Prover, commercial technology
Lov;
RD Fa Ded icatecl Boller
Proven corn me rci al to ch no lag,:-
Lav;
RDF!FILiid Becl
Pra en tech nalogy: limited U.S.
Moderate to Low
commercial experience
Anaerobic Digestion
Proven technology- limited J.S.
commercial experience
Moderate to Low
PreVioLis large ftlilures. No large-scale
Mixed -Waste
cammerclally viable? plants In
Composting
operation; subject to scale -up
Mod # high
issues
PreVious failures at scale, uncertaii7
commercial potential; no
Pyrolysis
operating expenence v.-Ith large -
High
scale operations
Li m it -e -d operating experience at only
Gasification
small scale; subject to scale -up
High
Issues
x h ens i cal
Technology under development, not a
Deaornpositiona
commercial option at this time
High
Depoly,,,erizatian
43
Pyrolyzer's Proposed Facility in
Logansport, Indiana
PYROLYZER
Wo -Tv to Energy Techkioiogirs
Proposal:
LMU Electric Generating Plant
For:
300 MW Waste to Energy Facility
LMU RFP Response
Proposal far Waste to Energy Facility
w
- Fr
rt A.i r
6,000 tpd facility proposed in Logansport, IN
points to a two reference plants:
• Undisclosed location, Germany
only 4 tpd
only operated `over' 2,500 hours in 14 years (about 7 1/2
days per year)
described as "not intended for continuous operation."
• Eilenburg, Germany
37 ton per day but did not achieve this — only ran 1600
hours in it's life
Only processed total of 2,500 tons in a year (2002)
Longest continuous run was 15 days
Contract cancelled due to financial reasons!
William O. Howland, Jr., Director,
DC Department of Public Works:
"The technology the vendor is proposing - plasma gasification and
combined cycle WTE - has not been successfully modeled either in
the United States or abroad. In the US, there is a plant on the drawing
board in Florida which has been significantly downsized since its
inception and is still not operational. Further, the project has run into
problemseg tting a turbine manufacturer to accept the risk and
provide a warranty because the derived fuel is not sufficiently clean
of metals and other particulate matter. Japan has several gasification
facilities that vary in size and are run intermittently. Further, these
facilities rely on a more homogenous feedstock than MSW. A mixed
product like MSW will create additional challenges to keep a facility
up and running on a constant basis."
-November 13, 2009 email to DC Mayor's Office
ICOA& H
ENE;z IY
"Environmentally Friendly Tire
recycling to Petroleum"
...would have been the world's largest tire
10
incinerator, using apyrolysis / gasification
system to process 1,200 — 2,400 tons of
tires/day
"f(I
Chester, Pennsylvania Mayor:
Feb 4th, 2008: "[I]t is clear to me that Koach Energy is not the type of business that is
consistent with the city's current or future development efforts. They very well may be
an attractive addition to some other municipality's business base, but the City of Chester
and my administration have fought for far too long in our efforts to transform our local
economic base away from this type of industry. ...we are not interested and would not
support bringing in businesses that would further feed into the perception that
potentially polluting industries are welcome in the City of Chester. In the past, that
may have been acceptable to some but my interest is in the future and my focus will
continue to be centered on how we move this city forward with new and exciting
developments that build upon the momentum we have generated. Now is not the time
to take a step backwards and focus on drawing in industries that interestingly always
seem to think the City of Chester needs them more than they need us.
As Mayor, I feel it is my duty to clearly state that Koach Energy, regardless of theirjob
creation claims and their alle!ed charitable benefits, is not alined with the future
direction of the City of Chester. I will not support businesses that will directly harm the
city's current positive economic trend which further reinforces the perceptions that
some apparently have had that Chester should be the home for potentially polluting
industries.
"f(I
Koach Energy in NJ
After kicking it out of Chester City, Pennsylvania, the
company teamed up with Rutgers University's
EcoComplex in New Jersey.
The experimental pilot project:
• lost $1 million last year
• couldn't find investors
• was fairly polluting ("black smoke")
• the pyrolysis side of the project failed
• The test equipment will be sold for scrap
Basic Lessons
• Garbage -in, Garbage -out.
• Nothing is 100%.
• Small amounts matter, especially if they're a
small % of a BIG number.
• Over 99% of incinerator proposals are defeated
by grassroots opposition or fail on their own.
• If incineration is the answer, someone asked the
wrong question
• Incinerators are habitual law -breakers and
Covanta is notorious
Bigger Problems with Incinerators
• Destroys materials / net energy issues
— " waste -OF -energy" — 3-5 times more energy
saved by recycling/composting
• Environmental racism
• Global warming contribution worse than
zero waste solutions
• Makes the problem "invisible" rather than
making it very visible so that unsustainably -
produced products can
with
be properly dealt
Incinerators are...
Trash to toxic ash and toxic
air emissions
Incinerators are...
Waste -OF -energy
(3-5 times more energy wasted by not recyclinglcomposting the
materials burned)
Source: Morris, Jeffrey, and Canzoneri, Diana, "Recycling Versus Incineration: An Energy Conservation Analysis," Sound
Resource Management Group (SRMG) Seattle, Washington, September, 1992.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304389495001166
Most Expensive Way to Manage Waste
"Waste -to -energy is an additional capital
cost. That is not in dispute, compared to a
landfill... compared to a landfill, which is a
less capital -intense structure — it is more
expensive. If you had a landfill next to a
waste -to -energy facility, then almost in every
case, you would think the landfill is going to
be cheaper."
Ted Michaels, President, Energy Recovery Council, March
181 2013 testimony before Washington, DC City Council
Most Expensive Way to Manage Waste
70
0
50
40
w 30
20
10
0
Figure 3.. Landfill and Incinerator Tip Fees
1980 1984 1958 1992
Year
1996 2000
2004
— Incine-ration
--M-- LandfflEg
L
Source: National Solid Waste Management Association 2005 Tip Fee Survey, p4.
www. environmentalistseveryday.org/docs/Tipping-Fee-Bulletin-2005.pdf
Most Expensive Way to Make Energy
$12.000
1 G) GGG
aDGD
0
❑Cost to Build
(20'12 SlkW)
■
Fixed ost to
Operate a n d
Maintain
(2012 $/ kW)
over 30 years
Source: "Updated Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants," Energy Information
Administration, April 2013, p.6, Table 1. Full report here: www.eia.gov/forecasts/capitalcost/pdf/updated_capcost.pdf
Problems with Incinerators: Economics
• Capital Intensive (Expensive)
• Requires long-term monopoly contracts "Put -or -
Pay" contracts including " put or pay" clauses that
punish local governments if they recycle / compost
• Competes with zero waste AND energy alternatives
— Competes with wind and solar in Renewable Portfolio
Standards*
• Economic incentives encourage burning more
dangerous wastes (getting paid to take waste vs.
paying for fuels)
* Currently, trash incineration is only in direct competition with wind and solar in Maryland's RPS law, but this affects many
other states, and biomass incineration and landfill gas burning competes directly with wind and solar in most RPS laws.
Incineration Competes with Recycling
• Needs paper and plastics (and wood
and tires) to burn effectively
• Must be fed enough waste
• Waste contracts are designed to
punish recycling
A Cr'it'ical Look at the
Harrisburg Incinerator
Project Finances
November 5th, 2003
Coalition Against the Incinerator
www.StopTheBurn.com
This and next slide excerpted from Powerpoint warning Harrisburg that it faced bankruptcy if it rebuilt its incinerator.
For full presentation, see: www.stopthebum.com/presentation.pdf
Existing Debt vs. Incinerator Project
100,000
0
-100,000
-200,000
Q
Q
0
-300,000
-400,000
-500,000
-000,000
Possibilities
Optimistic Existing(Official)Mid-Range Worst
Debt(Official)
Case base
Harrisburg News Headlines
• "City of Harrisburg chapter 9 bankruptcy dismissed"
• ��T�arricl-»>r� pPnnc�rl�rania Ranlrr»r�t��r T-iilin� RP1P!'tP� R�r
Federal Judge"
• "Troubled Harrisburg now state's problem"
• "How A City Goes Broke"
• "Harrisburg Receiver Plans To Complete Transactions By June
Reports"
•"Feds: Harrisburg incinerator audit `under review"'
• "Pa. Official: Corruption Led to Harrisburg's Money Woes"
• "Trying To Save A Broke City"
• "Harrisburg receiver says lawyers looking at incinerator audit"
Incinerators Burn Money
• Claremont, NH: 20 -year "put -or -pay" contracts caused 29 towns
to file for bankruptcy in 1993, which the court denied, requiring
that taxes be raised to pay back the incinerator for waste the
towns did not even produce
• Hudson Falls, NY and Lake County, FL — deep incinerator debt
due to long-term contracts favorable to the industry
• Poughkeepsie, NY — incinerator fails to bring in enough revenue
from tipping fees and electric sales to operate without millions in
annual subsidies from the county
• Detroit, MI — the nation's largest incinerators by design capacity
— has cost the ailing city $1.2 billion in debt payments over 20
years, bringing the city close to bankruptcy on three occasions.
• All of New Jersey's five trash incinerators had to be bailed out
by the state taxpayers with over $1.5 Billion because they could
not attract enough waste to operate at capacity.
Worst Way to Create Jobs
Job Creation: Reuse & Recycling Disposal
Landfilling
Incineration
Recycling Sorting
Fling Manufacturing
Durables Reuse
Source: Institute for Local Self Reliance
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Jobs per 10,000 tons of materials per year
Source: Institute for Local Self Reliance
Joh ration: Reuse & Recycling a rs u s Disposal i n the United States
T of Operation
]
Jobs Per 10,000
Tons per Year
Product Flue
Computer Faun
296
Textile Reclamation
85
Misc. Durables Faun
62
Wooden Pallet Repair
7ju
28
IIin-Based
aper Mills
1
Glass Product Manufacturers
Plastic Product Manufacturers turer
Conventional M F lc'
10
Composting
4
Incineration
1
Landfilling
1
Incineration Worse than Coal
Toxic Air Emissions are...
• Dioxins /furans (28 times as much)
• Mercury (6-14 times as much)
• Lead (6 times as much)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (3.2 times as much)
• Carbon Monoxide (CO) (1.9 times as much)
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) (20% worse)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (2.5 times as much)
www.enerqvjustice.net/incineration/Worsethancoal
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Incineration Worse than Coal
Ratios of pollution levels emitted
per unit of energy produced by U.S.
coal power plants and trash incinerators
■ coa I
■ T rash In i ineration
Incinerator, Not a Power Plant
" a waste -to -energy plant is
designed to manage solid
waste... the electricity output is
a secondary function"
Ted Michaels, President, Energy Recovery Council, March
181 2013 testimony before Washington, DC City Council
Global Warming Pollution
Smokestack CO2 Emissions from U.S. Power Plants
6.000
5.000
_ BOO
3.000
2.000
1 000
0
CO2 (IbsIMWh)
i
Biogenic CO2
ossil CO
iii■
Trash Biomass Coal
iciiie ratio i7 I iciiie ratio i7
Oil Natural Gas
Data is in pounds
of CO2 per unit of
energy produced
(lbs/MWh)
Source: U.S. EPA
Emissions &
Generation
Resource Integrated
Database (eGRID)
V.9, released
2/24/2014
(2010 data)
Nov. 2014: EPA Allows States to Ignore
Biomass and Waste Incineration CO2
Under State Implementation Plans to meet the Clean
Power Plan requirement to reduce CO2 emissions
from existing electric generators, EPA is allowing
states to totally ignore CO2 from incineration:
• waste incineration CO2 to be ignored because
landfills are worse
• biomass incineration CO2 to be ignored so long
as logging operations meet minimal forest
management plans
See: www.energyiustice.net/content/citizens-ur e�-epa-and-congress-choose-public-interest-over-politics-ener -polia
Dioxin Facts
• Dioxins and furans are the most toxic
chemicals known to science. They are
highly toxic even in miniscule amounts.
• Dioxins cause infertility, learning
disabilities, endometriosis, birth defects,
sexual reproductive disorders, damage to
the immune system, cancer and more.
• 93% of dioxin exposure is from eating meat
and dairy products.
www.ei net.orWdioxin/
Exposure to Dioxins
Beef Ingestion
Dairy Ingestion
Milk Ingestion
Chicken Ingestion
Pork Ingestion
Fish Ingestion
Egg Ingestion
Inhalation
Soil Ingestion
Water Ingestion
Total Exposure = 119 pg1day
X8.0
24.1
17'6
12.9
12.2
7.0
4.1 '
2.2 '
0.8 '
Negligible
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
North American Daily Intake (pg1day) of TEQ -
How to make dioxin
• Dioxins are created by burning
hydrocarbons with chlorine in the
presence of oxygen.
• Dioxin emissions increase when:
— More chlorine is in the fuel/waste stream
— Certain metal catalysts are present (Copper,
Iron, Zinc...)
—The gases stay in a low temperature range
(200-450° C)
Dioxin Confusion
Alvaro Almuina, project manager, Pyrolyzer, LLC:
"dioxins are formed when organic matter and
materials containing chlorine are burned in the
presence of oxygen at very high temperatures"
Claims:
• Pyrolysis runs at low temperatures
True: and dioxins are formed at low temperatures
• Pyrolysis operates in the "absence of oxygen"
— False: 20% oxygen in pyrolysis syngas=)�
t
Continuous Emissions Monitors
• Only generally used for 3 pollutants: sulfur oxides
(SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide
(CO) plus opacity, oxygen and temperature
• Technology now exists to continuously monitor:
Ammonia (NH4) Metals:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Antimony (Sb)
Arsenic (As)
Hydrogen Sulfide (1-12S) Barium (Ba)
Acid Gases: Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Lead (Pb)
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) Manganese (Mn)
Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) Mercury (Hg)
Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICs): Silver (Ag)
Dioxins & Furans Nickel (Ni)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Zinc (Zn)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ... and more
Particulate Matter (PM)
www.ej net.orq/toxics/cems
Incineration Worse than Landfills
• Incinerators still require landfills for their toxic ash
• Choice is NOT landfill vs. incinerator, but:
landfill
vs.
incinerator AND a smaller, more toxic landfill
Incineration Worse than Landfills
• Incinerators still require landfills for their toxic ash
• Choice is NOT landfill vs. incinerator, but:
landfill
vs.
incinerator AND a smaller, more toxic landfill
OR...
Zero Waste and minimal landfilling
Incineration Worse than Landfills
• Incinerators still require landfills for their toxic ash
• 30 tons of ash produced for every 100 tons burned
Incinerator Ash = Hazardous Waste
Incinerator ash is toxic, but the U.S. EPA allows a
special test that enables it to test as non-
hazardous, saving the industry a lot of money
Despite Canada relying
on the same test,
Vancouver's incinerator
ash is leaching toxic
cadmium at levels
about twice the
province's acceptable
limits. They've had to
ship the hazardous ash
to a hazardous waste
landfill in Alberta.
Incineration Worse than Landfills
Makes landfills more toxic (from ash or slag
dumped) ... or worse, they try to reuse them
Liquid wastes (more common to fuels conversion
technologies)
Air Pollution
— Organic pollutants (Dioxins/furans, Volatile Organic
Compounds / PAHs)
— Toxic metals (mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, etc.)
— Acid Gases (Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrochloric Acid, Sulfuric
Acid)
— Particulate matter
— Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
Trash Incinerator Health Impacts
Trash Incinerator Health Impacts
• Increased dioxins in blood of incinerator workers
• Increased cancers, especially:
laryngeal and lung cancers
childhood cancers
colorectal
liver
stomach
leukemia
soft-tissue sarcoma
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Increases in babies born with spina bifida or heart defects
• Increases in pre -term births
Medical Professionals Oppose Incineration
National:
• American Academy of Family Physicians
• American Lung Association
• British Society for Ecological Medicine
State / regional:
• American Lung Association in Florida
• American Lung Association in Georgia
• American Lung Association in Massachusetts
• American Lung Association of New England
• Florida Medical Association
• Massachusetts Breast Cancer Coalition
• Massachusetts Medical Society
• North Carolina Academy of Family Physicians
• Washington State Medical Association
Local
• Erie County Medical Society
(Pennsylvania)
• Capital Medical Society (Tallahassee,
Florida)
• Lane County Health Advisory
Committee (Oregon)
• Physicians for Social Responsibility /
Pioneer Valley (Massachusetts)
Copies of all of these groups' statements are available
online at www.energviustice.net/biomass/health/
Zero Waste Jobs
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Deconstruction Crew, Second Chance, Baltimore, MD. Photo Credit: C. Seldman
What is Zero Waste?
"Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient and
visionary, to guide people in changing their lifestyles and
practices to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all
discarded materials are designed to become resources for others
to use.
Zero Waste means designing and managing products and
processes to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and
toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all
resources, and not burn or bury them.
Implementing Zero Waste will eliminate all discharges to land,
water or air that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or
plant health."
Source: Zero Waste International Alliance, www.zwia.ora
If you're not for Zero Waste, how
much waste are you for?
Zero waste is recognized as achieving 90% or greater
diversion from landfills and incinerators.
The goal is to get as close to zero as possible, without getting
caught up on the impossibility of actually hitting zero.
"Zero waste" is like "zero drug tolerance" or "zero accidents in
the workplace" standards. Zero is the goal, and the right
policies will get you as close as you can get.
Money Thrown Away
$11.4 billion worth of recyclable
packaging wasted (sent to landfills and
incinerators) in 2010
Paper and
paperboard
16%
Wood
8%
)Mrd
8%
Food scraps
21%
Textiles
7% Glass
6%
Metals
9%
Plastics
17% ,
r materials
8%
Source: "Unfinished Business: The Case for Extended Producer Responsibility," 2012 Report,
www.asyousow.org/sustainability/eprreport.shtnil
z � _
091 Itiffiq
AUSTIN RESOURCE RECOVERY
MASTER PLAN
DECEMBER 1Sr 2011
y
2015
50%
2010
38%
Table 1 - Projected Department Hauled Material Collection
DIVERSION GOALS
Department Hauled Collection
ZERO
The Master Plan establishes more aggressive milestones to ensure
FY 2021
FY 2025
the C" Ccuncirs benchmark goals areachieved.
Total waste disposal
WASTE
"15,000
68,0 U.
49,000
CITYCOIJNCIUS
20402040B
BY c
Y 2 0 4 0
BENCHMARK GOALS
90%
277,250
DEPARTMENT
Total waste generation
221,368
MILESTONES
273,000
The A ust in City Council esta h lis he d three2440
369,000
Diversion rate
benchmark gcalsfor achieving Zero Waste:
2020 2030
95+%
85%
75
75% 20125 90%
85%
Reducing by 20 percent the per capita
solid waste disposed to Ian dfi Its by 2012
2020
75%
2015
50%
2010
38%
Table 1 - Projected Department Hauled Material Collection
In Tons
Department Hauled Collection
FY 2010
(Actua l)
=Y 2015
FY 2021
FY 2025
=Y 2030
Total waste disposal
138,757
"15,000
68,0 U.
49,000
0 00
Total diversion: reuse, recycling, organics, HHV
82,611
115,000
205,00
277,250
332,000
Total waste generation
221,368
230,00
273,000
326,250
369,000
Diversion rate
389{
50%
75%
85%
90%
I
I
I Rm.
I
■
Il+ I
0 �
■
lisle
Recovery Park
r f + 4-r4jL S
4� • L � f
working In con jueal-on wiLh Ll* Unlwetsitk -of Florida CWeV of Design.
-Co:n5 trur-tion drbd Na—dfig Q-vcr tht Call -of 1010 t hrau 0 the SpFir% Of
ZOII-r-mnceptual plans for tlhe econamr c deve•Lopment of the Levede i0rawr
EnvironmerrtaL Flerk expansion were modeted. These proposals wiLl heLp shape
Lh-e eye rtituaL req nest for :praposais f or Lhe bu i Ldout o4 khe Resvuce Recovery Paris;
w Lii4gr aL curnpQl ium of LAve ALaul7ua Cuurlryt S"Ldl niLULt SoLltl Yr'asw S Lr ikwp.
S&mssrlans to the County covered three orernrchinR component;
Ohio State Reported Achieving
Zero Waste Last Fall
On November 3, 2012, Ohio State University achieved zero waste at its Ohio Stadium — diverting a record
98.2% of its total generated waste. Total attendance was 105,311.
At its October 201h home game, OSU diverted 94.4%. That's everything from food scraps to compostable
packaging to recyclables. Source: http://sustainability.osu.edu
Zero Waste Hierarchy
• Rethink/ Redesign
• Reduce
• Reuse
• Source Separate:
— Recycle
— Compost
— Waste
• Research
• Mechanically remove additional recyclables
• Anaerobically digest residuals
• Stabilized (digested) residuals to landfill
vvww.enerqyjustice.net/zerowaste
Environmental H ierarchv of Waste Manaaement & Enerav Production Methods I Fuels I Technaloaies
Cleanest
Eiamass Biofnel Feedstocks 4
Solid Waste Management
Diaester Gas
I_ad M Gas Trees
Dirtiest
Redesign
Dirtiest
Reduce
: CleauEtielLa—Solutions
: Reuse
Factory
Reci-cle
Esabudeas
Pr4o:emi4 Disposal! Dispersal
Wood Waste
_Nfa act vma
Toxics Use
CoaLump�Ln
Packaging
: Reuse
Source
Recycle Ekmm -de
CgMst
i .mdfill
Incinerate
Coal
Reduction
Reduction
RedLU &ii
Slatech
S x�ar-dt�
Biolesel
Forest Cutting
Lias Gas
Make prodmcis
Reduce aclGg nts of
Use Less
Bring }gars
Thrift
Avoid
Ree3rlmg
anaerobic
Lzu fiLl Land Application
Mass Burn
ftm6le. nrcycled
bmic ChenxcaL in
Say less
own bag
: swies.
ming
things into
DLgesdom
Mine Fill EenefirialUse
Co-Eing
Ed recyclable
production
Buy stuff -with
c1mity
ffiffmw
odrer products
Kilns
Nionof l Revvcl =dc Or
F}uidized
Use materials
1 Replace tack
less pac-Laging
Sagar=a
€ollec&n
1 types of
Chat can: rbe
(celhoosir
radioactive wastes
Hed
whkChare mm
d,emicals -fith
A-voLd
vehicles;
D=pster
materials
recycled -hire
natural
imro €ORSUMer
Gmsification
enxaonmemtallv
Less [Oink or Dam-
disposables
Trails {o-Rarls
dnmrg
for heatnF-
paper IRtO
products or
Plasma Arc
sustainable
[nock 3ltMM2tI yes
non{ec}xlabLes
;•us
Kaes
Srcyrhng
tissue paper
baiLdiag matarials
PyrGlysLs
cleaaest Electricite- Pi -eduction
C.onsel--ation : Efficienev- Clean Renewables •=salutinos Problems4
Solar Rrmd Nhero-hy&o Ocean Geothermal HAroelee= Natar-al Gays
light : Lig :'The electri€ grid can be rum 100% an Lntasmittem te€hnoLa eies using
-Nfo-tars • storage strategies to balance the lead. This can LncLude fhwheel
:
Apphances : enere3• storage, compressed air, melien sale, hyd ogm. batr siei or -
until we're ready to remove diem - hydraeLerair dams.
CDmbined
OFEle
Fuel Cell
Dirt- Ener
Oil Goal
CoMentianal
Crasifi€atian
('Clean coal-)
Dirtiest
T--;--+;— -Xr,..,1—
�— u. . -1
feedstoas:, LFuaion]
list below)
Cleanest
Eiamass Biofnel Feedstocks 4
Transportation & Heating Fuels 4
Diaester Gas
I_ad M Gas Trees
EngZy Crops A ti mu -9 PneT
ivvnal
Dirtiest
CORSOL-satiOH: Efficienr3-
: CleauEtielLa—Solutions
ProbLeMO
Factory
Dhth EnerU
Wood Waste
% atstes
Woad Waste
Sludge
Olean
Sustainable
Diodiesel
Ethanal
Nature] I.WW ill
Chi
Waste -Based
Coal
Tires
Ha=doivs
En waste'')
Slatech
• Electr'iciri
Biolesel
Forest Cutting
Lias Gas
Fugh
Waste
Mass Transit
Fuel Efficiency
PLug-in
F -am used
soybeans
Corn based
Bailer
[and ods
Trash sludge-
Coal-
Oem,ent
Cement
C'arpa013?
: standaids
: Hybrids or
vegebible Gils
ethanoL
petraleuin
to-ethena]
based
Kilns
Kiln
IelecomanmutLng
; Hybnds
; Full Electric
or nom-
Sagar=a
Ptpedinto
p -educts]
(celhoosir
Ligdad
Reduce Sprawl
Weatheruatian
vehicles;
bio. a alga
pSLLM oil
Ce]hdosic
natural
etuml)
f
fuels
Paper
cbndcal
Trails {o-Rarls
Cttnand-Sad
for heatnF-
[cznn id42
PsUEes
;•us
Kaes
Srcyrhng
MI-SOMMEand
iQtL i1FQ i1
(ethanol
yftomd biofueL
Thumni de-
Wil?ting
heat pnmgs
air -source
p;., 3 i1 Off..
feedst—
p4lvmerrzabam
Eay,WoFk Local
heat pumps
d4mtmdj
ora
oR
se�bel)
Least Dirt-
Eiamass Biofnel Feedstocks 4
MmtDim
Diaester Gas
I_ad M Gas Trees
EngZy Crops A ti mu -9 PneT
ivvnal
Co smx-ti€rn; Sewage Tires AAmici al
Croy Residue Lumber Mill
Factory
Donohbim Shy Solid W -este
Wood Waste
% atstes
Woad Waste
Sludge
4g Tree Tnmm=r,
PhyrGremediatioa
Poultry
Painted'treated
Animal -waste
(—Urban Vinod
Plants
titter
-raced
Food haste
En waste'')
Slatech
Forest Cutting
Energy Justice Network I Mike Ewal11215-743-4884 1 mike energyjustice.net I www.energVIus#ice.net
Zero Waste Hierarchy(1/s)
• Redesign
Make products durable, recycled and recyclable
— Use materials which are more environmentally sustainable
• Reduce
— Toxics Use Reduction
Reduce amounts of toxic chemicals in production
— Replace toxic chemicals with less toxic or non-toxic alternatives
• Consumption Reduction
— Useless
Buy less (reduce advertising)
— Buy stuff with less packaging
Avoid disposables & non-recyclables
• Packaging Reduction
includes styrofoam bans and single -use paper/plastic bag bans and taxes
Zero Waste Hierarchy(2/6)
• Reuse/Repair
— Thrift stores
— Charity collections
— Dumpster diving
— Freecycle
— Paint blending
— Repair centers for bikes, computers/peripherals, furniture, appliances, etc.
• Recycle
— source -separation, not single stream
seek the highest end-use and avoid "downcycling"; segregate office paper
from lower paper grades and other recyclables, to keep quality high
buy recycled; create market for glass so that glass collected for recycling
is actually recycled, not dumped in landfills
adopt a bottle bill / wastepicking
Zero Waste Hierarchy(3/6)
• Compost
Curbside collection of organics (weekly), which can be done while
decreasing the collection of trash and recyclables to biweekly (the smelly
stuff in trash is the compostable stuff, so this encourages people to
compost if they don't want trash smelling).
Ban clean organics (not sewage sludge!) from landfills. Sewage sludge,
even after being digested, does not belong on farm fields or in urban
gardens.
Clean compost from food scraps and yard waste can be used in gardening
or landscaping.
• Research
— on a regular basis,
do a
waste sort and
see what remains in
the
waste and
feed
that
into Extended
Producer
Responsibility campaigns, product bans and other measures
to eliminate these residual materials from the waste stream,
ensuring that they're dealt with further up in this hierarchy
Zero Waste Hierarchy(4/6)
• "Dirty" Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) for the
remainder
pull out additional recyclable and compostable material. It's important
that this not be a replacement for source separation and upstream
recycling, as it will get people out of their good recycling habits and will
degrade the quality of recyclables, lowering their value and ensuring less
will actually be recycled.
• Anaerobic digestion
The remainder, if there is enough organic material in it, should be
digested in order to reduce the methane generating potential, stabilizing
the waste
• Monofill (landfill in separate landfill cells at existing
landfills)
Zero Waste Hierarchy(5/6)
• Ensure proper landfill management (don't mismanage
the landfill by managing it for energy production)
Minimize gas production: Do not manage the waste facility as an energy
facility by stimulating gas production.
• Keep out liquids
— Cover the active face of the landfill to keep out rainwater, using a
temporary structure
— Do not recirculate leachate
• Cap landfills with permanent synthetic covers and install gas collection
systems in months, not years.
Maximize gas collection:
• Segregate organics in landfills for best gas collection
• Maintain high suction on collection wells; do not damp down wells or rotate
off the wells to stimulate methane production
Zero Waste Hierarchy(6/6)
— Clean the gas prior to use
• Filter toxins in the gas into a solid medium like a carbon filter; containerized
and store on-site.
Do not send to carbon "regeneration" or "recycling" facilities [they
simply incinerate the captured chemicals, polluting the air]
The purified gas can be used:
• for heating purposes (burned in a high efficiency boiler),
• piped into gas lines,
• used to make alternative vehicle fuel,
• used in fuel cells,
• burned for electricity in a high efficiency turbine (less preferable to uses for
heating), or
• the CO2 and methane can be segregated and sold as industrial chemical
feedstocks (but not for food industry use).
• Landfill gas -to -energy should not be considered
renewable (That allows it to undercut clean sources like wind and solar
and puts source reduction, reuse, recycling and composting at a competitive
disadvantage.)
For more Info...
• Incineration:
www.EnergyJustice.net/incineration
— www.EnergyJustice.net/biomass
— www.EnergyJustice.net/tires
— www.no-bum.org
www.GreenAction.org
• Landfills and Landfill Gas Burning:
— www.EnergyJustice.net/lfg
— www.ejnet.org/landfills
— www.beyondlandfilling.org
• Zero Waste:
www.EnergyJustice.net/zerowaste
— www.ilsr.or2/initiatives/waste-to-wealth
www.grm.org/zerowaste
— www.zwia.org
Ad*
Energy
St
ice
Network
Mike Ewall, Esq.
Founder & Director
215-436-9511
mike@energyj'ustice.net