HomeMy WebLinkAboutBIL 065 Draft 01 2016-2018 AWESC-9 November 1,2017
ORDER OF RESOLUTIONS
BILLS FOR ORDINANCES
Bill 65: AMENDS THE HAWAII COUNTY WATER USE AND DEVELOPMENT
PLAN TO INCLUDE PROVISIONS FOR THE KEAUHOU AQUIFER SYSTEM,
PURSUANT TO SECTION 29-3 OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE 1983
(2016 EDITION, AS AMENDED)
Addresses regional water needs and source development strategies of the Keauhou
Aquifer System area, accounting for demand projections identified by the Kona
Community Development Plan as well as traditional and customary practice
considerations.
Reference: Comm. 414
Intr. by: Mr. Richards (B/R)
Postponed: September 19, 2017
(Note: There is a motion by Ms. Poindexter, seconded by Ms. Eoff, to
recommend passage of Bill 65 on first reading.)
WITHDRAWN BY INTRODUCER
; and
Comm. 414.2: From Department of Water Supply Manager-Chief Engineer Keith Okamoto, dated
September 27, 2017, requesting Bill 65 be withdrawn.
ADJOURNMENT— 11:10 a.m.
Note: B/R, when listed next to the name of an Introducer, signifies that the Council Member has
agreed to introduce legislation"By Request" on behalf of the requesting party. It does not
necessarily signify support of or opposition to the proposal.
The meeting places are accessible for persons with disabilities. Persons who need special
accommodations for this meeting should call 961-8245 by October 30, 2017. Relay users please call
711(961-8245) to contact our office.
Public attendance via courtesy site is available at the following locations until 4:30 p.m. or later in the
event public testimony has not been completed:
• Kona Council Office, West Hawaii Civic Center, 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Highway,Building A;
• Pahoa Council Office, 15-2879 Pahoa Village Road; and
• Waimea Council Office, Parker Square, 65-1279 Kawaihae Road, Suite 109.
Page 2
COUNTY OF HAWAI `I
ORDINANCE NO.
STATE OF HAWAI `I
BILL NO. 65
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING THE HAWAII COUNTY WATER USE AND
DEVELOPMENT PLAN TO INCLUDE PROVISIONS FOR THE KEAUHOU AQUIFER
SYSTEM, PURSUANT TO SECTION 29-3 OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE 1983
(2016 EDITION, AS AMENDED).
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII:
SECTION 1. Purpose. The purpose of this ordinance is to amend the Hawaii County
Water Use and Development Plan by adding new provisions relating to the Keauhou Aquifer
System. This amendment addresses regional water needs and source development strategies of
the Keauhou Aquifer System area (North Kona), accounting for demand projections of proposed
land development contemplated by the Kona Community Development Plan as well as
traditional and customary practice considerations.
SECTION 2. Pursuant to Section 29-3 of the Hawaii County Code 1983 (2016 Edition,
as amended) and the State Water Code, Chapter 174C, Hawaii Revised Statutes, the Hawaii
County Water Use and Development Plan is amended to include the contents of the proposed
"Hawai`i County Water Use and Development Plan Update, Keauhou Aquifer System" attached
hereto as "Exhibit A."
SECTION 3. Severability. If any provision of this ordinance or the application thereof
to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or
-1-
application of the ordinance that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application,
and to this end the provisions of this ordinance are declared to be severable.
SECTION 4. This ordinance shall take effect upon approval.
INTRODUCED BY:
COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF AWAI`I
, Hawai`i
Date of Introduction:
Date of 1st Reading:
Date of 2nd Reading:
Effective Date:
REFERENCE Comm. 414
•
-2-
HAWAII COUNTY WATER USE
AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN UPDATE
Hawaii Water Plan
Keauhou Aquifer System'F 1
y Av
v �qA
v x.
.. y T.R., "...
•
r
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction...................................................................................................1-1
CHAPTER 2
Technical Approach...................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 WATER RESOURCES PLANNING METHODOLOGY .........................................
2-1
2.1.1
Existing Sources and Water Uses...................................................................
2-1
3-1
2.1.1.1 Ground Water Pumpage...................................................................
2-2
3.1.3 Land Use.........................................................................................................
2.1.1.2 Municipal Water Meter Records ......................................................
2-3
3-2
2.1.1.3 Water Use Unit Rates.......................................................................
2-3
3.2 EXISTING WATER RESOURCES...........................................................................
2.1.1.4 Other Water Resources.....................................................................
2-4
2.1.2
Anticipated Water Demands...........................................................................
2-4
3.2.3 Rainwater Catchment......................................................................................
2.1.2.1 Water Demand for Existing Developed Parcels (Pumpage).............
2-5
3-8
2.1.2.2 Water Entitlements...........................................................................
2-5
2.1.2.3 Community Development Plans .......................................................
2-5
2.1.2.3.1Kona Community Development Plan .................................
2-6
2.1.2.3.2Kona CDP Financing Plan ..................................................
2-6
2.1.3
Hawaii County Zoning Water Demands........................................................
2-9
2.1.3.1 Water Demand for Existing Developed Parcels (Pumpage)...........
2-10
2.1.3.2 Updated Zoning of Undeveloped Parcels .......................................
2-10
2.1.3.3 Agricultural Water Use Demands ...................................................
2-10
2.1.4
Additional Information Used to Refine Land Use Based Water Demands ..
2-11
2.1.4.1 State Water Projects Plan Updates and DHHL Demands ..............
2-11
2.1.4.2 Other Development Plans...............................................................
2-12
2.1.5
5 -Year Incremental Water Demand Projections ...........................................
2-12
2.1.5.1 Population and Growth Rate Projections ........................................
2-19
2.1.5.2 Historical Ground Water Use and Population ................................
2-19
CHAPTER 3 Water Demand Scenarios and Projections ................................................. 3-1
3.1 KEAUHOU AQUIFER SYSTEM AREA PROFILE .................................................
3-1
3.1.1 General............................................................................................................3-1
3.1.2 Economy and Population................................................................................
3-1
3.1.2.1 Economy...........................................................................................
3-1
3.1.2.2 Population.........................................................................................3-1
3.1.3 Land Use.........................................................................................................
3-2
3.1.3.1 Anticipated Water Demands.............................................................
3-2
3.1.3.2 Hawaii County Zoning Water Demand ...........................................
3-2
3.2 EXISTING WATER RESOURCES...........................................................................
3-7
3.2.1 Ground Water..................................................................................................
3-7
3.2.2 Surface Water..................................................................................................
3-8
3.2.3 Rainwater Catchment......................................................................................
3-8
3.2.4 Recycled Water...............................................................................................
3-8
3.3 EXISTING WATER USE.........................................................................................
3-13
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Table of Contents
iv Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
3.3.1
General..........................................................................................................3-13
3.3.2
Domestic Use................................................................................................
3-14
3.3.3
Industrial Use................................................................................................
3-14
3.3.4
Irrigation Use................................................................................................
3-14
3.3.5
Agricultural Use............................................................................................
3-15
3.3.6
Military Use..................................................................................................
3-15
3.3.7
Municipal Use...............................................................................................
3-15
3.3.7.1 County Water Systems...................................................................
3-15
3.3.7.2 State Water Systems.......................................................................
3-17
3.3.7.3 Federal Water Systems...................................................................
3-17
3.3.7.4 Private Public Water Systems.........................................................
3-17
3.3.8
Water Use by Resource.................................................................................
3-17
3.3.8.1 Ground Water.................................................................................
3-17
3.3.8.2 Surface Water.................................................................................
3-18
3.3.8.3 Rainwater Catchment......................................................................
3-18
3.3.8.4 Recycled Water...............................................................................
3-18
3.4
FUTURE WATER NEEDS......................................................................................
3-18
3.4.1
General..........................................................................................................3-18
3.4.2
Anticipated Water Demands.........................................................................
3-19
3.4.3
Hawaii County Zoning Water Demands ......................................................
3-23
3.4.3.1 Agricultural Water Demands..........................................................
3-23
3.4.4
5 -Year Incremental Water Demand Projection .............................................
3-23
CHAPTER 4
Resource and Facility Strategies.................................................................. 4-1
4.1
OVERVIEW AND WATER SOURCE ADEQUACY ..............................................
4-1
4.2
HDWS FACILITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM ...................................................
4-1
4.2.1
History and Objectives....................................................................................
4-1
4.2.2
Implementation of HDWS Long Range Master Plan .....................................
4-2
4.2.3
HDWS Capital Improvement Program...........................................................
4-5
4.3
CONCEPTUAL SOURCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ..................................
4-5
4.3.1
Source Development Program........................................................................
4-5
4.3.1.1 Ground Water...................................................................................
4-5
4.3.1.2 Source Conveyance and Storage ......................................................
4-9
4.3.2
Non -Potable Source Strategies........................................................................
4-9
4.3.2.1 Surface Water...................................................................................
4-9
4.3.2.2 Recycled Water.................................................................................
4-9
4.3.2.3 Rainwater........................................................................................
4-13
4.3.2.4 Desalination....................................................................................
4-13
4.3.3
Other Resource Enhancement Measures.......................................................
4-13
4.3.3.1 Water Conservation........................................................................
4-13
4.4
MEETING ANTICIPATED DEMANDS................................................................
4-14
4.5
IMPLEMENTATION
PLAN...................................................................................
4-18
4.5.1
Near-Term.....................................................................................................
4-18
4.5.2
Medium -Term and Long-Term.....................................................................
4-19
CHAPTER 5
Environmental and Cultural Issues & Public Consultation
..................... 5-1
5.1
PRELIMINARY
T&C RESEARCH..........................................................................
5-1
iv Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Table of Contents
5.2 INITIAL OUTREACH............................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AND PROPOSED T&C PROCESS ........................... 5-2
5.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION....................................................................................... 5-4
CHAPTER 6 Watershed Management Strategies............................................................. 6-1
6.1 OVERVIEW............................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 WATERSHED PROTECTION.................................................................................. 6-1
6.3 WELLHEAD PROTECTION..................................................................................... 6-2
CHAPTER 7 Summary and Recommendations................................................................ 7-1
CHAPTER8 References...................................................................................................... 8-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1:
Kona CDP Land Use Map...................................................................................
2-7
Figure 2-2:
Anticipated Water Demand Evaluation Methodology .......................................
2-13
Figure 2-3:
County Zoning Water Demand Evaluation Methodology .................................
2-15
Figure 2-4:
5 -Year Incremental Water Demand Projection Methodology ...........................
2-17
Figure 2-5:
Historical Ground Water Pumpage and Population Growth Rates ....................
2-20
Figure 3-1:
Anticipated Water Demands Map........................................................................
3-3
Figure 3-2:
County Zoning Build -Out Map............................................................................
3-5
Figure3-3:
Well Location.......................................................................................................
3-9
Figure 3-4:
Streams and Diversions......................................................................................
3-11
Figure 3-5:
Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA.......................................
3-14
Figure 3-6:
HDWS Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA..........................
3-17
Figure 3-7:
Summary of Water Demand Scenarios — Keauhou ASYA ...............................
3-19
Figure 3-8:
Kona CDP Financing Plan Table E-2................................................................
3-21
Figure 3-9:
Kona CDP Overlap............................................................................................
3-22
Figure 3-10:
Growth Rate B Water Demand Projection by Category — Keauhou
ASYA...........................................................................................................
3-24
Figure 3-11:
Undeveloped Agricultural Lands.......................................................................
3-25
Figure 3-12:
Growth Rates A, B, C Water Demand Projections — Keauhou
ASYA...........................................................................................................
3-27
Figure 4-1:
HDWS Completed and Future CIP Projects........................................................
4-3
Figure 4-2:
Conceptual Ground Water Source Development and Anticipated
WaterDemands Map.....................................................................................
4-7
Figure 4-3:
Wastewater Facilities Map.................................................................................
4-11
Figure 4-4:
Agricultural Lands Supplied by Ambient Rainfall ............................................
4-15
Figure 4-5:
Anticipated Demands by Source Type..............................................................
4-18
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1:
CWRM Water Use Categories.............................................................................
2-2
Table 2-2:
Water Use Unit Rates...........................................................................................
2-4
Table 3-1:
Historical Population — Keauhou ASYA.............................................................
3-2
Table 3-2:
Population Projection — Keauhou ASYA............................................................
3-2
Table 3-3:
County Zoning Undeveloped District Allocation Acreage —
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update v
Keauhou Aquifer System
Table of Contents
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Technical Memorandum, Water Use & Development Plan Update — Keauhou and
Waimea Aquifer Systems, Project Description
Vi Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
KeauhouASYA.............................................................................................
3-7
Table 3-4:
Stream Diversions — Keauhou ASYA..................................................................
3-8
Table 3-5:
Wastewater Reclamation Facilities — Keauhou ASYA.....................................
3-13
Table 3-6:
Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA.......................................
3-13
Table 3-7:
Private Irrigation Well Pumpage — Keauhou ASYA.........................................
3-15
Table 3-8:
HDWS Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA ..........................
3-16
Table 3-9:
Pumpage and Sustainable Yield — Keauhou ASYA..........................................
3-18
Table 3-10:
Summary of Water Demand Scenarios — Keauhou ASYA ...............................
3-18
Table 3-11:
State Projects Component of Anticipated Water Demands ...............................
3-20
Table 3-12:
Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval Unit Count ................................
3-20
Table 3-13:
Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval Water Demand ..........................
3-20
Table 3-14:
Kona CDP Demand Components of Anticipated Water Demands ...................
3-22
Table 3-15:
Anticipated Water Demands — Keauhou ASYA................................................
3-22
Table 3-16:
Hawaii County Zoning Water Demand — Keauhou ASYA ..............................
3-23
Table 3-17:
Growth Rate B Water Demand Projection by Category — Keauhou
ASYA...........................................................................................................
3-24
Table 3-18:
Growth Rates A, B, C Water Demand Projections — Keauhou
ASYA...........................................................................................................
3-27
Table 4-1:
Potential Recycled Water Use...........................................................................
4-10
Table 4-2:
Source Development Scenarios to Meet Anticipated Demands ........................
4-17
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Technical Memorandum, Water Use & Development Plan Update — Keauhou and
Waimea Aquifer Systems, Project Description
Vi Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
List of Abbreviations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASEA
Aquifer Sector Area
ASYA
Aquifer System Area
AWUDP
Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan
CDP
Community Development Plan
CIP
Capital Improvement Program
CWRM
State of Hawaii, Department of Land & Natural Resources, Commission
on Water Resource Management
CWRM
State of Hawaii, Department of Land & Natural Resources, Commission
on Water Resource Management
DBEDT
State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development and
Tourism
DEM
County of Hawaii, Department of Environmental Management
DHHL
State of Hawaii, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
DLNR
State of Hawaii, Department of Land & Natural Resources
DOFAW
State of Hawaii, Department of Land & Natural Resources, Division of
Forestry and Wildlife
DOT
State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation
EA
Environmental Assessment
EIS
Environmental Impact Statement
ERU
Equivalent Residential Unit
GC
General Commercial
GIS
Geographic Information System
GP
General Plan
GPD
Gallons per Day
HAR
Hawaii Administrative Rules
HDWS
County of Hawaii, Department of Water Supply
HELCO
Hawaii Electric Light Company
HHFDC
State of Hawaii, Hawaii Housing Finance & Development Corporation
HWUDP
County of Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan
IAL
Important Agricultural Land
KS
Kamehameha Schools
MAV
Moving Average
MG
Million Gallon
MGD
Million Gallons per Day
MSL
Mean Sea Level
NELHA
Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
Viii Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
List of Abbreviations
NHO
Native Hawaiian Organization
NPS
National Park Service
OEQC
State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Office of Environmental Quality
UHERO
Control
OHA
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
OHCD
County of Hawaii, Office of Housing and Community Development
OTEC
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
QLT
Queen Lili`uokalani Trust
SDWB
State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Safe Drinking Water Branch
SDWP
Stream Diversion Works Permit
SLUD
State Land Use Designation
SWPP
State Water Projects Plan
SY
Sustainable Yield
T&C
Traditional and Customary Native Hawaiian Rights
TMA
Three Mountain Alliance
TMK
Tax Map Key
TND
Traditional Neighborhood Development
TOD
Transit Oriented Development
UHERO
Economic Research Organization at the University of Hawaii
UPC
Uniform Plumbing Code
WCPIPA
Well Construction and Pump Installation Permit Application
WMP
Water Master Plan
WRPP
Water Resources Protection Plan
WWRF
Wastewater Reclamation Facility
WWTP
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update ix
Keauhou Aquifer System
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
The primary objective of the Water Use and Development Plan (WUDP) is to set forth the
allocation of water to land use. As required by the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) Title 13,
Chapter 170, Hawaii Water Plan, each of the four counties is responsible to prepare a WUDP to
include, but not be limited to the following:
1. Status of county water and related land development including an inventory of existing
water uses for domestic, municipal, and industrial users, agriculture, aquaculture,
hydropower development, drainage, reuse, reclamation, recharge, and resulting problems
and constraints;
2. Future land uses and related water needs; and
3. Regional plans for water developments including recommended and alternative plans,
costs, adequacy of plans, and relationship to the water resource protection plan and water
quality plan.
The County of Hawaii adopted by ordinance the Water Use and Development Plan Update dated
August 2010 (2010 HWUDP), and the Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM)
granted approval in December 2011. The 2010 HWUDP update implemented a broad, uniform
approach island -wide to conservatively evaluate the County's land use policies set forth in the
County General Plan and Zoning Code. The General Plan is the long-range conceptual land use
plan for the island of Hawaii; whereas the Zoning Code is the legal instrument that regulates land
development, and implements the General Plan policies. The intent of the 2010 HWUDP was to
guide the County in prioritization and focus of future assessment efforts.
The 2010 HWUDP identified two aquifer sectors to be considered for further evaluation and
detailed assessment. Prioritization of the aquifer areas identified resulted in the selection of the
West Mauna Kea Aquifer Sector Area (ASEA) [803]/Waimea Aquifer System Area (ASYA)
[80301] and the Hualalai ASEA [809]/Keauhou ASYA [80901] for update. Per decision of the
CWRM, the update consisted of two phases. The first phase (Phase 1) refined the water demand
scenarios and projections; and the second phase (Phase 2) involved the development of source
development strategies and scenarios. The CWRM further requested that the HWUDP for the
Keauhou ASYA include the following elements:
Address how proposed source development strategies to meet projected demands may
impact cultural uses and rights or other public trust purposes (T&C)
• Identify appropriate mitigation measures for potential impacts or alternative strategies
This document combines the elements of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Hawaii Water Use and
Development Plan Update — Keauhou Aquifer System Area into a single plan. The HWUDP for
the Waimea Aquifer System Area will be prepared separately.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 1-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL APPROACH
The approach used in the update of the County of Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan
(HWUDP) for the Keauhou Aquifer System Area (ASYA) was documented in the Project
Description, as required by the Framework. The Project Description, which also addressed the
Waimea ASYA, was presented to and conditionally approved by the Commission on Water
Resource Management (CWRM) on February 18, 2015, and the final Project Description was
submitted to the CWRM on March 4, 2015. The Project Description is presented in Appendix A.
2.1 WATER RESOURCES PLANNING METHODOLOGY
The HWUDP update considers an integrated approach to land use planning and water resource
development and is a continually evolving process. This HWUDP update provides an estimate of
anticipated future water demands, and refinements to water demand scenarios and projections
based on County land use/zoning policies using realistic water use unit rates from actual metered
data for undeveloped parcels and actual water use for developed parcels. 5 -year incremental water
needs for the next 20 years based on population and growth rate projections are also projected.
2.1.1 Existing Sources and Water Uses
Water resources that are currently utilized on the island of Hawaii include the following four
categories:
• Ground water
• Surface water or stream diversions
• Rainwater catchment
• Recycled water
The CWRM has established water use categories based on water system purveyance and primary
use of the system for the purposes of water use permitting and reporting. Existing water use will
be described for each of the four water resource categories, and existing water demands will be
presented in terms of each of the six CWRM water use categories as indicated in Table 2-1.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 2-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
Table 2-1: CWRM Water Use Categories
Well
Operator
Category
Sub -Category
Agriculture
• Aquatic plants and animals
• Crop irrigation and processing
• Livestock water, pasture irrigation, and
processing
• Ornamental and nursery plants
• Taro
• Other agricultural applications
Domestic
Residential Domestic,
• Single- and multi -family households,
includes potable and non-
including non-commercial gardening
potable water needs
• Commercial businesses
• Office buildings
Individual
Non-residential Domestic,
Hospitals
p
includes potable (and non-
Operator
potable) water needs
• Churches
• Hotels
• Schools
Industrial
• Fire protection
• Mining, dust control
• Geothermal, thermoelectric cooling,
power development, hydroelectric power
• Other industrial applications
Irrigation
• Golf course
• Hotel
• Landscape and water features
• Parks
• Schools
• Habitat maintenance
Military
• All military use
Agency
Municipal
• State
Operator
• County
• Private
2.1.1.1 Ground Water Pumpage
The CWRM maintains a ground water well database of all installed wells in the State and requires
all well owners to report monthly pumpage data. Although there are several wells with an installed
pump for which the CWRM has not received pumpage data, CWRM has confirmed that all well
owners who are currently using ground water are reporting. Therefore, this database is the best
available information to determine current ground water use. Data from August 2012 through July
2014 was assessed based on the 12 -month moving average (12 -MAV) of monthly reported
pumpage within the aquifer system, as required by CWRM to address seasonal fluctuations. The
highest of these 12 -MAV calculations, from August 2012 through July 2013, was taken to
2-2 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
represent existing ground water use. Ground water pumpage represents the existing water use
component incorporated into water demand scenarios described in Section 2.1.
2.1.1.2 Municipal Water Meter Records
Available meter records for individual accounts were obtained from the County Department of
Water Supply (HDWS). These records were analyzed from a period between July 2013 and June
2014 to further subcategorize the HDWS municipal water use by the CWRM water use categories,
and also to evaluate and develop water use unit rates described in the following section. Water
use associated with meter records should not be compared to the ground water pumpage because
the latter is calculated by determining the high 12 -MAV and may be based on a different
timeframe.
2.1.1.3 Water Use Unit Rates
Water use unit rates used in the 2010 HWUDP are listed in Table 2-2, and were largely based on
the Water System Standards (WSS), which are planning level rates typically used for design of
water system infrastructure, including pumping, storage and distribution facilities. These rates are
conservative and were established to design infrastructure for service reliability during peak
demand conditions. Long-term water resources planning should be based on actual water use data
for a more realistic evaluation of anticipated water demand. This involved significant effort,
incorporating detailed assessment methods and would typically be reserved for sensitive areas that
required higher levels of precision.
The Single Family Residential unit rate used in the 2010 HWUDP was based on historical HDWS
consumption data from specific developments (not the overall single family residential accounts).
The Single Family Residential unit rate is a key component of water system planning for HDWS.
For example, water commitments and water development agreements are expressed in terms of
Equivalent Residential Units (ERU), which represents the planned water demand of 400 GPD from
a customer with a 5/8" meter. Analysis of the HDWS meter records between July 2013 and June
2014 for accounts categorized as Single Family Residential with a 5/8" meter indicated an average
unit rate of 430 GPD. This is marginally higher than the 400 GPD planning unit rate, and may
include large -lot subdivisions which, if developed today, would require a larger meter. Therefore,
use of the planning unit rate of 400 GPD for future residential demands is reasonable.
The Commercial, Industrial and Resort rates used in the 2010 HWUDP based on the WSS may
not capture the variability in permitted land use associated with each of the zoning districts. For
example, the Zoning Code lists over 50 different permitted uses within General Commercial (GC)
districts, including schools, laundries, and residential dwellings, all of which would have markedly
different water requirements. The average use unit rate would therefore depend on the distribution
of these permitted uses within a particular GC district.
Anticipated water demand associated with zoning areas assumed that the existing character of each
zoning district would be similar for future development. A single unit rate was developed for each
of the three general zoning districts with wide ranges in permitted uses, specifically Commercial,
Industrial, Resort, by determining the average existing areal consumption unit rates based on
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 2-3
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
HDWS meter records from July 2013 through June 2014 of all existing parcels connected to the
HDWS system within each general zoning district.
The 2010 HWUDP utilized a unit rate of 3,400 gallons per acre per day for Agricultural areas,
which was developed by the 2004 Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan (AWUDP), and
considered General Plan Important Agricultural Land (IAL) areas to be the basis for agricultural
irrigation. Public input suggested that the need for irrigation water was not predicated on the
classification of agricultural Lands, and that users would grow what is feasible according to the
climate. Based on available information, most existing agricultural water use in the Keauhou
ASYA relies on ambient rainfall and may be supplemented by HDWS. The Agricultural water
unit rate was determined by determining the average existing areal consumption unit rate based on
HDWS meter records from July 2013 through June 2014 of all existing parcels with accounts
classified as Agricultural and located within lands classified by the General Plan as Important
Agricultural Lands (IAL). IAL is described further in Section 2.1.3.3.
Table 2-2: Water Use Unit Rates
'For North Kona and South Koha/a districts
2Resort ADD of 17, 000 gal/acre based on ADD for Maui
3Agriculture ADD based on AWUDP
2.1.1.4 Other Water Resources
Existing use of other water resources was determined where possible; however, these quantities
were not used to project future demands. The CWRM stream diversion database was examined
for potential declared diversion location and quantities. Recycled water data was determined from
documents published by the Department of Health, Wastewater Branch. Recycled water is
primarily used for irrigation of golf courses and landscaping and is a valuable potential resource
to meet future non -potable demands in West Hawaii. There are little or no records or data on
rainwater catchment systems. Therefore, information reflected in this report is based on
deductions. If a developed parcel (building value of greater than $20,000) is not served by or near
the service area of HDWS or other water system of record, then a catchment system is assumed.
2.1.2 Anticipated Water Demands
The calculation of anticipated water demands was based on a combination of existing water use,
projected future water use with varying degrees of entitlement, and projected future water use
associated with anticipated land use at varying stages of the approvals process. The latter was
2-4 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Average Daily
Demand (ADD)
2015 HWUDP — Keauhou
Anticipated
Land Use
Category
2010 HWUDP
Demands
Zoning
Residential
1,000 gal/unit'
400 gal/unit
400 gal/unit
Commercial
3,000 gal/acre
3,000 gal/acre
940 gal/acre
Industrial
4,000 gal/acre
4,000 gal/acre
780 gal/acre
Resort
400 gal/unit or 17,000 gal/acre2
400 gal/unit
2,965 gal/acre
Agriculture
3,400 gal/acre3
N/A
210 gal/acre
'For North Kona and South Koha/a districts
2Resort ADD of 17, 000 gal/acre based on ADD for Maui
3Agriculture ADD based on AWUDP
2.1.1.4 Other Water Resources
Existing use of other water resources was determined where possible; however, these quantities
were not used to project future demands. The CWRM stream diversion database was examined
for potential declared diversion location and quantities. Recycled water data was determined from
documents published by the Department of Health, Wastewater Branch. Recycled water is
primarily used for irrigation of golf courses and landscaping and is a valuable potential resource
to meet future non -potable demands in West Hawaii. There are little or no records or data on
rainwater catchment systems. Therefore, information reflected in this report is based on
deductions. If a developed parcel (building value of greater than $20,000) is not served by or near
the service area of HDWS or other water system of record, then a catchment system is assumed.
2.1.2 Anticipated Water Demands
The calculation of anticipated water demands was based on a combination of existing water use,
projected future water use with varying degrees of entitlement, and projected future water use
associated with anticipated land use at varying stages of the approvals process. The latter was
2-4 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
based on an estimate of parcels proposed for development according to the Kona Community
Development Plan (CDP). The components of the calculated water demands may or may not be
associated with an identifiable development and are not associated with a specified timeframe. A
flow chart depicting the methodology used to determine anticipated water demands is presented in
Figure 2-2.
2.1.2.1 Water Demand for Existing Developed Parcels (Pumpage)
Existing developed parcels are considered to be those with current water service from a municipal
water system. The water use associated with existing developed parcels is the existing ground
water use discussed in Section 2.1.1.1, and includes private irrigation wells and other wells within
the existing service area that supplement the municipal water system for non -potable uses.
2.1.2.2 Water Entitlements
"Water entitlements" for the purpose of the HWUDP are considered to be parcels or entities that
have received an allocation of water or a promise of allocation of water upon fulfillment of certain
conditions from HDWS and are categorized as follows:
• Installed service laterals to vacant lots — unimproved parcels that are not currently using
water, but where a service lateral exists and a facilities charge has already been paid to
HDWS. Water demand was calculated by multiplying the Residential unit rate by the
number of parcels.
• Developer agreements — parcels that are tied to an agreement between a developer and
HDWS, whereby the developer installs a well and/or other necessary infrastructure to be
dedicated to HDWS in exchange for a set allocation of water.
• Water commitments — parcels where the owner has received commitments for water
service (in terms of 5/8" water meters) from HDWS. Note that the credits may be applied
to different parcels subject to HDWS approval. Water demand was calculated by
multiplying the residential unit rate by the number of water credits.
• Approved open building �permits — parcels not included in the above three entitlement
categories with an existing approved building permit with the County Building
Department. Water demand was calculated by multiplying the Residential unit rate by the
number of parcels.
2.1.2.3 Community Development Plans
Community development plans (CDP) contain varying degrees of detail which, on their own, may
or may not be adequate to generate water demands. In accordance with the General Plan (GP)
Section 15. 1, community development plans were developed by the County of Hawaii Planning
Department "to translate the broad GP statements to specific actions as they apply to specific
geographical areas." The CDPs are long-term plans with a planning horizon to year 2020
consistent with the GP and were adopted by ordinance, giving them force of law.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 2-5
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
2.1.2.3.1 Kona Community Development Plan
The Kona CDP was adopted by ordinance in September 2008. This document alone does not
provide enough detail to calculate water needs for the development vision. The Kona CDP
encompasses the judicial districts of North and South Kona, and delineates Urban and Rural areas
where future growth should be directed. The Urban Area identified encompasses the area spanning
from Kona International Airport to Keauhou, makai of Mamalahoa Highway. The Rural TODs
identified include the community of Holualoa, and the area encompassing the communities of
Honalo, Kainaliu, Kealakekua, and Captain Cook. The latter area is not within the Keauhou ASYA
and was not evaluated further. The CDP indicates that most of the future growth should be directed
to 10 compact villages within the Urban Area identified as transit oriented development (TOD)
zones, and that outside of the Urban Area, the character of the rural areas should prevail, meaning
that future growth should be limited and directed to the rural communities in a way that revitalizes
and enhances their existing rural lifestyle and culture. Outside of these Rural TODs, protection of
the existing agricultural land is a priority. The Urban Area TODs are listed below, and are shown
in Figure 2-1:
• University Village
• Kalaoa Village
• Kaloko Makai Village
• Honokohau Village
• Keahuolu Village
• Makae`o Village
• Kailua Village Redevelopment
• Pua`a-Wai`aha Village
• Kahului-Puapua` a Village
• Kahalu`u Makai Village
2.1.2.3.2 Kona CDP Financing Plan
The objective of the Kona CDP Financing Plan for Public Facilities and Backbone Infrastructure,
dated January 2011 (Financing Plan) was to evaluate the ability of new development proposed in
the Kona CDP to fund required public facilities and backbone infrastructure when they are needed.
The report indicates that it is "simply a test of overall financial feasibility; the assumptions and
results presented in this report are estimates, and actual results may vary." In order to accomplish
the objective, the Financing Plan provides an estimate of the number of dwelling units and
commercial/industrial area associated with the Kona CDP based on the best available information
and various assumptions. Because the Kona CDP alone did not have sufficient detail to calculate
associated water demands, the Financing Plan was used. The build -out projection provided in the
Financing Plan has three components:
2-6 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
MAKALAWENA
Mahaiula Bay - Fr
a�
w o
University Village Klholo � � g
-0 g
m O O O N
Makako Bay x d N W4 Z
��
/ L
RIM
r: z
Kalaoa Village
LEGEND
Kaloko Makai Village _ s— uma,nrea
R11a T-1 TOD,
Honokohau Village ? T.K
HONOKOHAU -�� TODType
Negnoomom
Keahuolu Village aoNo.,i coro
Makaeo Village
KAILUA-KONA
Kailua BY
Keauhou
Kailua Village Redevelopment 80901
Puaa-Waiaha Village
Kahului-Puapaa Village e
Kahaluu Makai Village—
KEAUHOU
INDEX NAP - Island of Hawaii
PACIFIC OCEAN FIGURE 2-1
AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALI-809
A9..fer systems
Kea.ho.-80901
Kona CDP
Land Use Map
i��BMW I
Technical Approach
Existing development baseline — an estimate of the number of vacant lots, based on an
existing building value of $20,000 or less, scattered within existing subdivisions and
proposed developments which could be developed
2. Proposed projects inventory — developers were consulted to estimate the phasing and
magnitude of potential development
Build -out scenario — simulation of the build -out of proposed projects with priority given to
future projects in the vicinity of the Urban Area TODs identified in the Kona CDP. The
vast majority of the development proposed by the build -out projection is within the Urban
Area, and Rural TODs were not considered.
The Financing Plan represents the best available data in line with the County vision of future
development.
The development proposed by the build -out projection was identified to the extent possible using
Geographic Information System (GIS) software and available County Real Property Tax records.
An estimate of the number of potential development units not accounted for in other components
of anticipated water demands was determined.
The Kona CDP does not provide specific details for how the Holualoa Rural Area should be
developed, but states that "rural towns are encouraged to be redeveloped as TODs/TNDs" (TNDs
or Traditional Neighborhood Developments are similar to TODs but may be located off of the
trunk or secondary transit route at a location approved by a rezoning action). CDP Attachment B
— Village Design Guidelines provides standards of development for TODs and TNDs, including
guidelines on density calculations. While these guidelines lead to a range of residential densities,
the calculated number of units for redevelopment of the Holualoa area at the most conservative
end of the range would be nearly 2,000 units, which does not seem to align with the CDP's vision
of preserving the rural character. A more realistic approach assumed that the parcels accounted
for in the other components of anticipated water demands would not be redeveloped. A unit count
for the remaining undeveloped infill areas was determined using the most conservative end of the
range of the guidelines on density calculations.
Water use unit rates revised as described in Section 2.1.1.3 were applied to these potential
development estimates to project water demand associated with the Kona CDP.
2.1.3 Hawaii County Zoning Water Demands
Hawaii County Code Chapter 25, the Zoning Code, is the County's legal instrument that regulates
land development, and implements the General Plan policies; therefore, zoning must be consistent
with the GP. County Zoning is the basis for a potential build -out scenario for water demand, to
determine if there are adequate water resources to sustain the development of land use already
zoned. The 2010 HWUDP zoning water demands considered build -out to the maximum allowable
unit densities for residential and resort zoning districts, and commercial and industrial districts
based on land area and multiplied by the appropriate Water System Standards water use unit rates.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 2-9
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
Several refinements were applied to this methodology to produce a more realistic calculation. A
flow chart depicting the methodology used to determine the zoning water demand is presented in
Figure 2-3 at the end of this Chapter.
2.1.3.1 Water Demand for Existing Developed Parcels (Pumpage)
While the 2010 HWUDP zoning scenario represented a potential water demand associated with
the legally allowable build -out of various zoning districts, it is unlikely that all existing areas would
be developed in this manner. It is more realistic to assume that the demands associated with most
existing developed parcels would remain status quo and would not be redeveloped to maximum
potential densities. For parcels connected to the HDWS system, although the accounts and
corresponding water usage are associated with specific TMKs, it is possible that some parcels are
not fully developed. To more accurately estimate the existing area served by the HDWS system,
all parcels larger than 50 acres were examined further to ascertain how much, if any, of each
parcel's area was likely developed. Using satellite imagery and comparison of parcel area to meter
consumption records, over 17,000 additional acres of parcels greater than 50 acres were estimated
to be undeveloped. The demands are presented in Section 3.4.3.
As described in Section 2.1.1.1, the high 12 -MAV reported pumpage for all wells in the ASYA
was considered to be the existing water use associated with the developed area. Inclusion of the
existing water use in the zoning water demand assumes that existing developed parcels would
retain their current zoning designation.
2.1.3.2 Updated Zoning of Undeveloped Parcels
The Planning Department provided the latest GIS zoning layer. The undeveloped parcels were
identified using GIS software and the updated existing developed area layer was removed from
the total zoning area. This data was sorted to quantify the undeveloped area for each of the four
general zoning districts. The revised water use unit rates listed in Section 2.1.1.3 were applied to
the undeveloped area to determine the projected water demand associated with the undeveloped
parcels.
2.1.3.3 Agricultural Water Use Demands
Agricultural demands for the zoning water demand were calculated based on the General Plan
Important Agricultural Land (IAL) area within lands zoned for agriculture districts multiplied by
the unit rate developed from existing agricultural use, described in Section 2.1.1.3. A large portion
of the IAL within the Keauhou ASYA is utilized for Kona coffee farming, which generally relies
on ambient rainfall; however, a small amount of irrigation water may be used for processing. The
relatively low consumption unit rate of 210 GPD/acre appears to support this assumption. The
agricultural water demands conservatively assumes that all undeveloped agricultural parcels will
be irrigated at the existing rate; therefore, agricultural water demands presented in this update
represent worst case scenario for lack of better information and on an interim basis, until addressed
by the AWUDP. Furthermore, future agricultural water demands should consider non -potable
water source options.
2-10 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
2.1.4 Additional Information Used to Refine Land Use Based Water Demands
The information used to refine both the anticipated water demand and zoning water demand
include State Water Projects and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) demands, and
information on other developments.
2.1.4.1 State Water Projects Plan Updates and DHHL Demands
At the time of this report, the State Water Projects Plan (SWPP) was being updated by the State of
Hawaii, Department of Land & Natural Resources (DLNR), Engineering Division. A partial
update of the SWPP, in the Final stage, covered projects for the Department of Hawaiian Home
Lands (DHHL). DLNR was also preparing a separate SWPP for the West Hawaii region, focusing
on projected State agency demands proposed in the area.
On November 24, 2014, DHHL submitted a letter to CWRM formally requesting a water
reservation of 3.398 MGD in the Keauhou ASYA. The purpose of the request was to adequately
serve DHHL's foreseeable development based on unit counts and area estimates from the 2006
DHHL Villages of La`i`Opua Water Master Plan. The reservation request considered an ultimate
demand scenario and accounted for demands from completed development phases with existing
water service and demands from development phases with water commitments. The reservation
request was considered a better estimate of projected DHHL demands than the demands presented
in the DHHL SWPP because, like the land based water demands, it was not associated with a
specified timeframe, whereas the DHHL SWPP demands were projected over a 20 -year timeframe
to 2031. The reservation request was used as the basis for future DHHL demands in the Keauhou
ASYA and was included in the demands with consideration of DHHL water entitlements.
Based on evaluation of available environmental documents from the Department of Health Office
of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC) and preliminary discussions with State agencies, the
agencies with projects requiring water are the University of Hawaii, the Department of Business,
Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
(NELHA), the Department of Transportation (DOT), and the Judiciary:
• University of Hawaii Center, West Hawaii — had 15 water credits or 6,000 GPD via a
water developer agreement with Pdlamanui. The Final Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) indicated a maximum enrollment of 1,500 students in 2023, and an estimated water
demand of 60,000 GPD. The EIS indicated that potable water was not anticipated to be
used for landscape irrigation.
• NELHA West Hawaii Explorations Academy — relocation of the existing campus with
facilities to allow an expansion from 195 to 300 students. According to the Final
Environmental Assessment (EA), the school would place an emphasis on xerophytic
landscaping, and at full build -out, the school's average water demand including irrigation
would be 6,650 GPD. The current demand is 3,500 GPD.
• NELHA OTEC Research, Development and Demonstration Facility —potable water would
be required for a new administration building. The Draft EA indicated that the potable
water requirement would be 100 GPD.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 2-11
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
• NELHA Monk Seal Rehabilitation Facility — the facility would include two buildings for
use as office, laboratory, clinic, and fish kitchen. The 2011 Final EA did not include water
demand projections.
• Kona Judiciary Complex — the planned facility would be a consolidated replacement of
several existing facilities along the Kona coast. At the time of this report, the project was
in design and specific details were not available, but the 2011 Draft EIS estimated the
average daily demand based on the maximum anticipated 220 -employee and 280 -visitor
capita at full build -out of 6,640 GPD.
• DOT Airfield, Terminal and Facility Improvements at the Keahole-Kona Airport — water
service would need to be extended to new facilities located in areas where there are no
previously existing structures; however, the Final EA indicated that the airport is currently
operating below its current water allocation and it is anticipated that the current water
allotment would be sufficient to serve the proposed improvements.
2.1.4.2 Other Development Plans
The Kukio development includes the Kukio Golf and Beach Club, the Makalei Golf Course and
luxury real estate in Kukio and Maniniowali. The development is served by five wells, three of
which are located in the Keauhou ASYA. See Section 3.3.7.4 for more information on the water
system. Development plans indicate that 103 additional lots will be developed. Although the
development is located in the Kiholo ASYA, part of the ground water serving this future
development will originate in the Keauhou ASYA.
2.1.5 5 -Year Incremental Water Demand Projections
Existing population and ground water use were calculated as the basis of the water demand
projections to the year 2035. Population and growth rate projections were applied in 5 -year
increments for the next 20 years; and have high-growth, medium -growth (base case) and low -
growth (the most conservative) scenarios. The high 12 -MAV of existing ground water pumpage
described in Section 2.1.1.1 was considered to be existing water use and was projected forward.
The demands are further differentiated into potable and non -potable demands in Chapter 3.
It was assumed that population growth, and thus water use, from projects described in the SWPP,
the AWUDP and from DHHL projects are already accounted for by the population projections;
therefore, information from these documents was not used to further refine the 5 -year incremental
water demand projections. A flow chart depicting the methodology used to determine the 5 -year
incremental projected demands is presented in Figure 2-4.
2-12 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
WATER USER
EXISTING DEVELOPED EXISTING DEMAND
PARCELS WATER USE BASED ON
Connected to Existing Ground Water STATUS QUO EXISTING
Water System Pumpage DEVELOPED
Records PARCELS
WATER ENTITLEMENTS
DEMAND
Vacant Service Laterals
BASED ON
Developer Agreements
Outside of Keauhou
WATER
Water Commitments
Proposed Subdivisions
ENTITLE -
Approved Building Permits
MENTS
DEPARTMENT OF DEMAND BASED
HAWAIIAN HOME LANDS ON DEPARTMENT
Not accounted in above OF HAWAIIAN
HOME LANDS
ANTICIPATED
WATER DEMAND
STATE PROJECTS DEMAND BASED ON
Not accounted in above STATE PROJECTS
KONA CDP & PUBLIC
DEMAND
FACILITIES FINANCING
BASED ON
PLAN
Outside of Keauhou
KONA CDP &
ASYA
Proposed Subdivisions
FINANCING
and Developments not
PLAN
accounted in above
KUKIO
DEMAND
DEVELOPMENT
BASED ON
No
Outside of Keauhou
FUTURE KUKIO
ASYA
DEVELOPMENT
County of Hawaii
FUKUNAGA AND ASSOCIATES, INC. Water Use & Development Plan Update
Consulting Engineers Keauhou & Waimea Aquifer Systems
1357 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1530 q y
Honniuiu, Hawaii FIGURE 2-2: ANTICIPATED WATER DEMAND EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
COUNTY ZONING EXISTING DEVELOPED UNDEVELOPED
Legal instrument which PARCELS PARCELS
implements the GeneralNo Residential,
Plan with more detailed Connected to Existing Commercial, Industrial,
requirements Water System Resort Zoning Districts
EXISTING
EXISTING
WATER USE
WATER USE
Ground Water
Water Meter
Pumpage
Records
REALITY WATER USE
CHECK UNIT RATES
Determine Residential,
STATUS QUO Existing 01, Commercial,
Water Use Industrial,
Unit Rates Resort Zoning
Districts
DEMAND BASED ON DEMAND BASED ON
EXISTING UNDEVELOPED
DEVELOPED PARCELS
PARCELS
DEMAND BASED ON
DEPARTMENT OF
HAWAIIAN HOME IF
LANDS
LANDS NOT ZONING SCENARIO
INCLUDEDIN DEMAND
COUNTY ZONING No PROJECTION
DEMAND BASED ON
KUKIO DEVELOPMENT
Outside of Keuahou
ASYA
County of Hawaii
FUKUNAGA AND ASSOCIATES, INC. Water Use & Development Plan Update
Consulting Engineers Keauhou & Waimea Aquifer Systems
1357 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1530 q y
Honniuiu, Hawaii FIGURE 2-3: COUNTY ZONING WATER DEMAND EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
EXISTING WATER USE
Ground Water Pumpage
POPULATION AND GROWTH RATE
PROJECTION
High, Medium and Low Growth Scenarios
PROJECTED
PROJECTED
HIGH GROWTH
MEDIUM GROWTH
WATER DEMAND BY
WATER DEMAND BY
5 -YR INCREMENTS
5 -YR INCREMENTS
(2015-2035)
(2015-2035)
FUKUNAGA AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
Consulting Engineers
1357 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1530
Honolulu, Hawaii
PROJECTED
LOW GROWTH
WATER DEMAND BY
5 -YR INCREMENTS
(2015-2035)
County of Hawaii
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou & Waimea Aquifer Systems
FIGURE 2-4: 5 -YEAR INCREMENTAL WATER DEMAND PROJECTION METHODOLOGY
Technical Approach
2.1.5.1 Population and Growth Rate Projections
The population projections to the year 2020 are from the Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii,
January 2000, and were also the basis of the 2005 General Plan. The growth rates were derived
from this data. At the time of this report, the State Department of Business, Economic
Development and Tourism (DBEDT) and the Hawaii County Planning Department did not have
more recent population projections specific to judicial districts. The Planning Department is
anticipating initiating the update to the GP, which is expected to include population projections by
judicial district, in 2015. The 2005 GP represents the best available data; therefore, population
projections for each 5 -year increment from 2015 to 2035 utilized the growth rate projected between
2015 and 2020 in the GP.
2.1.5.2 Historical Ground Water Use and Population
As a reality check, the annual rate of historical population growth and the annual rate of increase
in ground water pumpage were calculated and compared. Census estimates are only available
every 10 years, so the average population growth rate was interpolated between 2000 and 2010.
A linear regression analysis was performed on the 12 -MAV pumpage data between 2000 and 2014.
The results of the analysis indicated an average population growth rate for North Kona of 2.87
percent per year, and an average rate of increase in pumpage within the Keauhou ASYA of 2.98
percent per year. Therefore, because past trends show that increase in ground water usage closely
follows population growth, it is reasonable to utilize the rate of increase in future population
projections as the basis to project future groundwater use. The results of the analysis are graphed
in Figure 2-5.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 2-19
Keauhou Aquifer System
Technical Approach
Figure 2-5: Historical Ground Water Pumpage and Population Growth Rates
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
: 12.0
a)
E
a) 10.0
R
a
E
a 8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o
c c c c c c c Cu M M CO c c c c
m m m m m m m Cu m m CO m m m m
Date
Pumpage 12 -mo MAV Population ----• Linear (12 -mo MAV)
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
v
c
25000 '2
20000 a°
15000
10000
5000
0
2-20 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
CHAPTER 3 WATER DEMAND SCENARIOS AND PROJECTIONS
3.1 KEAUHOU AQUIFER SYSTEM AREA PROFILE
3.1.1 General
The Hualalai Aquifer Sector Area includes the entire Hualalai shield volcano and is surrounded by
Mauna Loa. The sector area is divided into the Keauhou [80901] and Kiholo [80902] Aquifer
System Areas (ASYA) along Hualalai's main northwest -southeast rift zone.
Average rainfall in the Keauhou ASYA ranges from less than 20 inches along the northwest coast
to about 125 inches in the Kahalu`u Forest Reserve, and according to the 2008 Water Resources
Protection Plan, has a sustainable yield of 38 MGD.
3.1.2 Economy and Population
3.1.2.1 Economy
North Kona continues to be a major visitor industry area with direct national and international
flights to the Keahole-Kona International Airport, and contains a large percentage of the number
of hotel rooms on the island.
Part of the Kona coffee belt lies within the Keauhou ASYA. The coffee belt has the ideal climate
without the need for irrigation for this crop. The demand and value of Kona coffee continues to
grow and has steadily increased, and the crop generates over $30 million annually.
North Kona supports many other industries, including timber, fishing, quarrying, manufacturing,
service, wholesale and retail activities. According to the County General Plan, Kona is considered
the center for government, commercial and industrial activities for West Hawaii. Additionally,
Kona is also home to "big -box" retailers such as Costco, K -Mart, Walmart and international
sporting events such as the IronMan Triathlon, the Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament,
and the Senior PGA Tournament of Champions at the Hualalai Resort.
The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) is an ocean science and
technology park located at Keahole Point. According to the Economic Research Organization at
the University of Hawaii (UHERO), in 2013, the NELHA facility hosted 37 tenants, and together
with these tenants, provided a total State economic impact of approximately $123 million a year
and 617 jobs through their $99 million in expenditures.
3.1.2.2 Population
Over 95% of the North Kona district population lies within the Keauhou ASYA. The population
growth rate in the area has decreased since the rapid growth of 1970's and 80's.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 3-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-1: Historical Population — Keauhou ASYA
1980
1990
2000
2010
1980-90
% Change
1990-2000
% Change
2000-2010
% Change
13,304
21,565
27,622
36,653
62.1
28.1
32.7
Data source: 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census
Data redistributed and evaluated for the Keauhou ASYA
The population projection for the system area, in five-year increments for low, medium and high
growth cases, show slower growth than in the past. According to the GP, growth in North Kona
will be closely associated with the growth of the visitor and agricultural industries.
Table 3-2: Population Projection — Keauhou ASYA
Data source: Hawail County General Plan, February 2005
Data redistributed and evaluated for the Keauhou ASYA
3.1.3 Land Use
3.1.3.1 Anticipated Water Demands
The land use area associated with anticipated water demands is shown on Figure 3-1.
3.1.3.2 Hawaii County Zoning Water Demand
The land use area associated with the Hawaii County Zoning build -out scenario is shown on
Figure 3-2. The existing developed parcels currently connected to the County Department of
Water Supply (HDWS) North Kona Water System are also shown. The estimated land use
allocation acreage of undeveloped area for each zoning district is listed in Table 3-3.
3-2 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
2000-10
2010-20
Growth Rate
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
% Change
% Change
A — Low
27,622
29,390
32,638
36,165
40,110
18.2
22.9
B — Medium
27,622
29,484
32,926
36,698
40,911
19.2
24.2
C — High
27,622
30,714
34,990
39,581
44,595
26.7
27.4
Data source: Hawail County General Plan, February 2005
Data redistributed and evaluated for the Keauhou ASYA
3.1.3 Land Use
3.1.3.1 Anticipated Water Demands
The land use area associated with anticipated water demands is shown on Figure 3-1.
3.1.3.2 Hawaii County Zoning Water Demand
The land use area associated with the Hawaii County Zoning build -out scenario is shown on
Figure 3-2. The existing developed parcels currently connected to the County Department of
Water Supply (HDWS) North Kona Water System are also shown. The estimated land use
allocation acreage of undeveloped area for each zoning district is listed in Table 3-3.
3-2 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Makalawena
W
Mahaiula Bay
Y/ y
W /4
N
N
Kiholo
Z CScoO
W o
80902
u � oN
G
o
xd �a
Makako Bay
Z
e� a
L Iy_yl o
A.
LEGEND:
Honokohau �s "3 ".
D o eoPia�Aare m m�
�v
r
Keauhou
80901
r c
Ka ba Bay
Kailua-Kona -
t
Keauhou1-.
INDEX MMP - Island of Hawaii
`
FIGURE 3-1
PACIFIC OCEAN 1
AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALAI-809
A9o.fer S➢srems
Keaohoo-80901
Anticpated Water
Demands Map
Makalawcua (�
th/u1iuL1 Bav Y/
\ W N
� baa
S L z O
\ W
Kiholo
80902 p, o
l 111 e t a o
Makako Bay f \ W Z
L
H
r
LEGEND
D sM®
� Po'
n Sf. Po'
Honokohau
� a Pone
� o
c Keauhou o w
80901 �R
Kailua Bay _ I�
o v wa��a.aa
Kailua-Kona
I1�
1 s e
� J
I� r
Keauhou
INDEX NAP - Island of Hawaii
PACIFIC OCEAN=� FIGURE3-2
AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALAI - 809
A9aifer S➢
_ Reaohoa 80901 80901
County Zoning
Build -out Map
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-3: County Zoning Undeveloped District Allocation Acreage — Keauhou ASYA
ZONING DISTRICT
ACREAGE
% Of
TOTAL
Single Family Residential
910
1.03
Multi -Family Residential
(including duplex)
532
0.60
Residential -Commercial Mixed Use
0
0.00
Resort
193
0.22
Commercial
406
0.46
Industrial
889
1.00
Industrial -Commercial Mixed
277
0.31
Family Agriculture
132
0.15
Residential Agriculture
237
0.27
Agriculture
54,518
61.67
Open
20,180
22.83
Project District
0
0.00
Forest Reserve
7,980
9.03
(road)
2,148
2.43
TOTAL
88,401
100.00
3.2 EXISTING WATER RESOURCES
3.2.1 Ground Water
The Keauhou ASYA currently has a sustainable yield of 38 MGD. According to the CWRM
database, there are 47 production wells in the system area, including 16 municipal, 12 irrigation,
1 industrial, 5 agricultural, and 13 wells drilled, but categorized as "unused". Figure 3-3 shows
the well locations. The industrial well is owned by Hawaiian Electric Light Company, Inc.
(HELCO) and pumps brackish water for cooling, and several of the wells categorized as "other"
are used for aquaculture or resort water features.
High-level groundwater was encountered in the early 1990's within the Keauhou ASYA, which is
reflected in the WRPP sustainable yield; however, the extent to which it could be developed was
not known. Exploratory drilling at elevations above 1,600 feet mean sea level (MSL) encountered
water elevations ranging from 25± feet MSL to 241± feet MSL. Notably, 10 of the municipal
wells and 11 of the irrigation wells were drilled since 1990, as this new resource was rapidly
developed. Growth in the area and the associated increase in demand for water supplies led to
competition among large landowners/developers for the new sources of water supply and well
sites. The CWRM became concerned with proper planning, well placement and associated
problems of well interference, and with the help and partnership of the private sector, undertook
the task to collect and analyze data, and continues to monitor groundwater in West Hawaii.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 3-7
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
3.2.2 Surface Water
Wai`aha Stream is the only perennial stream in the area, due to the high permeability of the basaltic
lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes. In the wettest part of the rain belt, a few
small springs may occur, such as Wai`aha Springs; however, the small and intermittent springs
can sustain only small needs. There are 8 declared stream diversions in the CWRM database listed
in Table 3-4 and shown on Figure 3-4; however, flow data is not available.
Table 3-4: Stream Diversions — Keauhou ASYA
FILE
REFERENCE
TMK
STREAM NAME
DESCRIPTION
PALANI RANCH
7-4-001:003
Unnamed
Stream diversion, Pipe #1 from tributary
of Wai`aha Stream and rights claim.
GOMES J
7-5-014:002
Wai`aha
Stream diversion, pipe in concrete from
Wai`aha Stream.
PALANI RANCH
7-6-001:002
Unnamed
Stream diversion, Pipe #2 from tributary
of Wai`aha stream and rights claim.
PALANI RANCH
7-6-001:002
Tributary to Wai`aha
Stream diversion, pipe from Wai`aha
Tributary and rights claim (new entry).
Stream diversion, mauka dam on
TWIGG-SMITH C
7-7-005:002
Unnamed/ Unmapped
Unnamed stream and rights claim. See
new entries for 2 other dams.
TWIGG-SMITH C
7-7-005:002
Unnamed/ Unmapped
Stream diversion, makai dam on
Unnamed (new entry).
TWIGG-SMITH C
7-7-005:002
Unnamed/ Unmapped
Stream diversion, old Hawaiian dam on
Unnamed (new entry).
WALL RANCH
7-9-008:010
Unnamed/ Unmapped
Stream diversion, pipe from Kawanui
Stream.
3.2.3 Rainwater Catchment
The first potable water wells in the Keauhou ASYA were drilled in 1959 and were placed in service
in 1967. Prior to these sources, potable water was supplied primarily from individual rainwater
catchment systems. Rainwater catchment remains a viable resource for the area.
3.2.4 Recycled Water
There are four active wastewater reclamation facilities (WWRF) in the study area. Table 3-5 lists
the WWRF, recycled water classification, facility treatment capacity, current reuse amount, and
current application. The County Kealakehe WWRF formerly supplied the privately -owned Swing
Zone Golf Facility in Kona; however, Swing Zone at one point obtained brackish water at a lower
cost but has since closed. The County Wastewater Division has plans to upgrade the WWRF to
produce R-1 quality effluent and has acquired a State Revolving Fund (SRF) loan to fund the
project, and planning is underway.
3-8 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Makalawena
Mahaiula Bay
'N
PACIFIC OCEAN
QH .h.. R ... h , �
n H.eh.. —.h 4
• Palani
Kam.Xana
•Q...aLili.aXalaaiTr.ar(U.—I.)D —p-11
,@ K mo M..-
. HHK11p” D-FDVKaQetll
W. p °°"'r Keauhou
80901
Kailua Bay OM.ca,Xill frMith-
DTP—1
Q S., a.. Laa. W.11 [N IU]
Kailua-Kona
;p Ka y
�smUM1 0P.M1--W.II[NIU]
�K auhauR—ftaa
K-1- . �oreDp'R��;.aluuII
Keauh.u�10 0K..u.0
A
Keauhou QKeauh—Q KlmD . ou
0K...h..2 0
QK auM1au.Kam2
QK.a.xa..Kam D
n0K...h..A...
O m xa
--1 0
LEGEND:
NSLD-Sealed
Q eRAp-Aquatl. Plen[s entl Anlnials
Q-Cmp""p ......
F
Q 111,[1,
Q olg1H9-1(1.1d-1t1rD
n g ... It—)
O - snepeM/eter Features
0"N10 1111t,
Q - _(M1utPu,"
DOH )
O
® OM
D D.., (t11.191 tnsltl.n
one)
p- nada[ a.al
e
INDEX NAP - Island of Hawaii
FIGURE 3-3
AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALAI-809
A— , S,1—
Kea.h.. 80901
nx Poem I 12A
tze
x..n.i.-14C
Makako Bay
\ QD.:r C --i Q ..W. -DOT
\Q.
�n^IeM—
`
t[p b xeLco
M1h.
MON["
90 Q.... KPaMW .11
QKI.oaN Kona
xo
Kea haleP
�Iyur
K*han �Llra n�
oM1anai
QQ'
� K20 .hh: aV
MW lrri
MKaloXO
MWIW
30 0' MW 401
MW d00 T KQ KZ.1I W3.1Z
QKrM1aW e
Honokohau OH ... X.h.. Q.arry
PACIFIC OCEAN
QH .h.. R ... h , �
n H.eh.. —.h 4
• Palani
Kam.Xana
•Q...aLili.aXalaaiTr.ar(U.—I.)D —p-11
,@ K mo M..-
. HHK11p” D-FDVKaQetll
W. p °°"'r Keauhou
80901
Kailua Bay OM.ca,Xill frMith-
DTP—1
Q S., a.. Laa. W.11 [N IU]
Kailua-Kona
;p Ka y
�smUM1 0P.M1--W.II[NIU]
�K auhauR—ftaa
K-1- . �oreDp'R��;.aluuII
Keauh.u�10 0K..u.0
A
Keauhou QKeauh—Q KlmD . ou
0K...h..2 0
QK auM1au.Kam2
QK.a.xa..Kam D
n0K...h..A...
O m xa
--1 0
LEGEND:
NSLD-Sealed
Q eRAp-Aquatl. Plen[s entl Anlnials
Q-Cmp""p ......
F
Q 111,[1,
Q olg1H9-1(1.1d-1t1rD
n g ... It—)
O - snepeM/eter Features
0"N10 1111t,
Q - _(M1utPu,"
DOH )
O
® OM
D D.., (t11.191 tnsltl.n
one)
p- nada[ a.al
e
INDEX NAP - Island of Hawaii
FIGURE 3-3
AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALAI-809
A— , S,1—
Kea.h.. 80901
Mnkalawcua J r � r��
Mahaiula Bayes
;,7 [cay]' N
Kholo � � O�
® m O O O N
x d N la Z
Makako Bay
A
� PMKnnlal stream
Honokohau
•
S� eam
W a"`ha
Kailua Bay Keauhou
80901
Kailua-Kona
Keauhou
INDEX NAP - Island of Hawaii
PACIFIC OCEAN FIGURE 3-4
AQUIFER SECTOR
_ HUALALAI-809
• Aq
r —, svrr—
Rea.ho. 80901
Streams and Diversions
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-5: Wastewater Reclamation Facilities — Keauhou ASYA
3.3 EXISTING WATER USE
3.3.1 General
The following section presents the total estimated existing water use within the Keauhou ASYA.
Total estimated water use was based on HDWS meter data from July 2013 to June 2014, CWRM
pumpage data from August 2012 through July 2014, available GIS data and recycled water usage.
The water use is presented and summarized for the Keauhou ASYA in Table 3-6 and Figure 3-5
in accordance with CWRM categories. The table and figure also indicate the quantities associated
with the HDWS system, private public water system and recycled water.
Table 3-6: Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA
CWRM Water Use
Category
Ground Water
(MGD)
Other Sources
(MGD)
Current
Percentage of
Total
Domestic
Recycled
Design
Reuse
0.81
Wastewater
Water
Capacity
Amount
0.41
Reclamation Facility
Classification
(MGD)
(MGD)
Irrigation Application
Agriculture
0.41
0.41
Kona and Alii Country Club
He`eia
R-2
1.80
0.34
Golf Course
Keahole-Kona Airport
R-1
0.13
0.04
Landscape
Kaiser -Kona
R-3
0.01
0.01
N/A
Kohanaiki
R-1
0.07
0.00
Golf Course
3.3 EXISTING WATER USE
3.3.1 General
The following section presents the total estimated existing water use within the Keauhou ASYA.
Total estimated water use was based on HDWS meter data from July 2013 to June 2014, CWRM
pumpage data from August 2012 through July 2014, available GIS data and recycled water usage.
The water use is presented and summarized for the Keauhou ASYA in Table 3-6 and Figure 3-5
in accordance with CWRM categories. The table and figure also indicate the quantities associated
with the HDWS system, private public water system and recycled water.
Table 3-6: Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA
CWRM Water Use
Category
Ground Water
(MGD)
Other Sources
(MGD)
Total
(MGD)
Percentage of
Total
Domestic
0
0.12'
0.12
0.81
Industrial
0.06
0.06
0.41
Irrigation
2.42
0.392
2.81
18.29
Agriculture
0.41
0.41
2.64
Military
0
0
0
Municipal
HDWS System
11.18
11.18
72.72
Private Public WS
0.79
0.79
5.13
Total
14.86
0.51
15.37
100.00
'Catchment
2Recycled Water
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 3-13
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Figure 3-5: Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA
Municipal
(DWS)
72.7%
3.3.2 Domestic Use
Industrial
0.4%
igation (Recl'd
WW)
2.5%
are
Military
0.0%
(Non -DWS)
5.1%
Domestic use or water use by individual households is minimal, and is assumed to be supplied by
private individual rainwater catchment systems.
3.3.3 Industrial Use
Industrial use is minimal. HELCO has one well in the Keauhou ASYA, which is used for cooling.
Unlike at the HELCO Hilo plant, this water is not injected back into the ground. As indicated in
Table 3-6, the industrial use is 0.06 MGD.
3.3.4 Irrigation Use
Irrigation makes up a significant portion of the water used in the Keauhou ASYA. Estimated
irrigation use is based on pumpage reported for private wells categorized by CWRM as irrigation
wells and recylced water use as indicated previously in Table 3-5. Table 3-7 lists the private
irrigation well pumpage reported to CWRM.
3-14 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-7: Private Irrigation Well Pumpage — Keauhou ASYA
Irrigation Well Pumpage
Private Irrigation (MGD)
Kona Country Club 0.95
Smith 0.00
Kohanaiki 1.47
TOTAL 1 2.42
3.3.5 Agricultural Use
Estimated agricultural water use within the Keauhou ASYA is relatively low considering the
amount of agricultural activity within the area. A portion of the Kona coffee belt is within the
system area; however, coffee cultivation relies primarily on ambient or available rainfall for
production. Agricultural use in the amount of 1.43 MGD is supplied by HDWS. The Keahole
agricultural park on the mauka side of Queen Ka` ahumanu Highway across from the airport is
comprised of several significant users of water connected to the HDWS system.
Aquaculture is a notable industry with the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
(NELHA) located within the Keauhou ASYA. This facility primarily uses deep cold seawater, but
also uses a significant amount of potable water from the HDWS system. King Ocean Farm, Inc.
is a commercial tenant of NELHA that produces superior quality macroalgae and other ocean
products, according to the NELHA website. King Ocean Farm Inc. owns 11 brackish water wells.
The pumpage from the four wells reporting to the CWRM is 0.41 MGD.
3.3.6 Military Use
There is no military use in the Keauhou ASYA.
3.3.7 Municipal Use
Municipal use is subcategorized into the other CWRM water use categories, namely Domestic,
Industrial, Irrigation, Agriculture, and Military, if detailed metered information is available.
3.3.7.1 County Water Systems
The HDWS has one system in North Kona. It is the second largest system on the island. The
existing use associated with meter records from July 2013 through June 2014 was previously listed
in Table 3-6. The system is supplied entirely by ground water sources, including 12 wells and the
Kahalu`u inclined shaft.
The Kona Water System extends from the Keahole-Kona International Airport south to the South
Kona boundary where interconnection with the South Kona Water System is made. The Kona
districts were without any County water systems until funds were provided by the Legislature in
1951. The first increment of the North Kona Water System was completed in 1953. Surface water
from Wai`aha Stream was diverted into large storage tanks located in Wai`aha above Mamalahoa
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 3-15
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Highway, filtered, then piped down to Kailua by a small transmission line to large tanks above
Kailua Village. This provided the impetus for the resort development which occurred in
subsequent years. The first potable water wells were placed in service in 1967. Expansion of the
system, mainly through legislative funds, continued for years. Most of the small pipelines initially
installed have been replaced with larger mains. The system expanded to Keauhou, permitting the
development of hotels along this coastline. Expansion to Kona International Airport opened up a
new area for development, such as the Honok6hau Small Boat Harbor. The expansion program
did not neglect the existing farming community in the mauka areas, as the system eventually was
extended to service the North Kona District from Kalaoa Homesteads to the South Kona boundary,
a distance of over 18 miles.
HDWS water use is subcategorized in Table 3-8 to the extent possible based on available meter
data. This use is depicted in Figure 3-6. "Other Municipal" subcategory includes facilities such
as schools, and various commercial, government, medical and nonprofit entities which have mixed
water use and cannot be specifically allocated to the other CWRM categories.
Table 3-8: HDWS Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA
CWRM Water Use
Category
HDWS Metered
Water Use*
(MGD)
Percent of Total
Domestic
5.30
53.07
Industrial
0
0
Irrigation
0.19
1.88
Agriculture
1.42
14.29
Military
0
0
Other Municipal
3.07
30.76
Total
9.98
100.00
*Metered water use should not be compared to pumpage because the latter is calculated
by determining the high 12 -MAV and may be based on a different timeframe
3-16 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Figure 3-6: HDWS Existing Water Use by Categories — Keauhou ASYA
Other
Municipal
30.8%
Domestic
Military 0.0% 53.1%
Agriculture/
14.3% Irrigation
19% Industrial
0.0%
3.3.7.2 State Water Systems
There are no State water systems in the Keauhou ASYA.
3.3.7.3 Federal Water Systems
There are no Federal water systems in the Keauhou ASYA.
3.3.7.4 Private Public Water Systems
Huehue Ranch owns five wells categorized as "Municipal" that are operated by the Kona Water
Service Company. Three of the wells are located in the Keauhou ASYA, and the other two are
located in the Kiholo ASYA. The water system is classified by the Department of Health, Safe
Drinking Water Branch as Public Water System No. 165. The water system serves 166 residential
lots in the Kukio development as well as the Makalei Golf Course and Kukio Golf and Beach Club.
The water is disinfected, treated for corrosion control, and the lower part of the water system is
also treated using reverse osmosis. The total pumpage from the three wells within the Keauhou
ASYA is 0.79 MGD.
3.3.8 Water Use by Resource
3.3.8.1 Ground Water
Table 3-9 summarizes the current production, sustainable yield (SY), and percentage of SY for the
production calculated. Current production is represented by the highest 12 -month moving average
(12 -MAV) or the highest annual average yield calculated from the actual pumpage data reported
to CWRM between August 2012 and July 2014.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 3-17
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-9: Pumpage and Sustainable Yield — Keauhou ASYA
3.3.8.2 Surface Water
There is no flow data available for surface water use within the Keauhou ASYA.
3.3.8.3 Rainwater Catchment
Water consumption calculated for developed parcels that are not supplied by groundwater or
surface water is assumed to be supplied by rainwater catchment. The water use categorized as
Domestic Use in Table 3-6 is assumed to be supplied by individual catchment systems. Only
parcels mauka of Mamalahoa Highway were considered, as other areas would not receive adequate
rainfall to support catchment systems.
3.3.8.4 Recycled Water
Four wastewater reclamation facilities within the Keauhou ASYA supply recycled water for
irrigation use, as previously indicated in Table 3-6.
3.4 FUTURE WATER NEEDS
3.4.1 General
Table 3-10 summarizes the anticipated water demand (Antic.), Zoning, and 5 -year incremental
water demand for Growth Rate B (medium growth) projection scenarios for the Keauhou ASYA.
The SY is presented for comparison. Figure 3-7 graphically illustrates this data.
Table 3-10: Summary of Water Demand Scenarios — Keauhou ASYA
Keauhou
ASYA
SY
High 12 -MAV
High 12 -MAV
Sustainable Yield
Portion of
(MGD)
(MGD)
Sustainable Yield
14.86
38
39.09%
3.3.8.2 Surface Water
There is no flow data available for surface water use within the Keauhou ASYA.
3.3.8.3 Rainwater Catchment
Water consumption calculated for developed parcels that are not supplied by groundwater or
surface water is assumed to be supplied by rainwater catchment. The water use categorized as
Domestic Use in Table 3-6 is assumed to be supplied by individual catchment systems. Only
parcels mauka of Mamalahoa Highway were considered, as other areas would not receive adequate
rainfall to support catchment systems.
3.3.8.4 Recycled Water
Four wastewater reclamation facilities within the Keauhou ASYA supply recycled water for
irrigation use, as previously indicated in Table 3-6.
3.4 FUTURE WATER NEEDS
3.4.1 General
Table 3-10 summarizes the anticipated water demand (Antic.), Zoning, and 5 -year incremental
water demand for Growth Rate B (medium growth) projection scenarios for the Keauhou ASYA.
The SY is presented for comparison. Figure 3-7 graphically illustrates this data.
Table 3-10: Summary of Water Demand Scenarios — Keauhou ASYA
Keauhou
ASYA
SY
Anticipated
Zoning1
I Growth Rate B Demand Projections (Year)
2015
1 2020
1 2025
2030
2035
MGD
38
28.0728.54
14.86
16.56
18.46
20.58
22.94
Portion of SY
100%
73.86%
75.10%
39.09%
43.58%
48.59%
54.16%
60.38%
3-18 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Figure 3-7: Summary of Water Demand Scenarios – Keauhou ASYA
:1I
35 —
30
10
5
0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
B Non -Potable
"Based on historical metered
rates from similarly zoned
parcels in the area. See
Section 3.4.3.1
One of the criteria for designation of a ground water hydrologic unit is if ground water pumpage
reaches 90% of the SY, which would be 34.2 MGD for the Keauhou ASYA. Both the anticipated
and zoning water demand scenarios are well under 90% of the SY of the Keauhou ASYA. Analysis
of the three water demand scenarios are presented in the following sections.
3.4.2 Anticipated Water Demands
The anticipated water demand for the Keauhou ASYA is summarized in Table 3-15, and reflects
refinement as discussed below and as indicated in Section 2.1.1.3. Each land use classification is
associated with the most appropriate CWRM water use category.
As described in Section 2.1.4.1, the DHHL component of the anticipated water demand was based
on the November 24, 2014 reservation request in lieu of the State Water Projects Plan Update for
DHHL.
Known State projects with projected demands that are not already accounted for by existing water
use, water entitlements and DHHL are listed in Table 3-11. These demands will be updated with
project data from the forthcoming SWPP.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 3-19
Keauhou Aquifer System
25
—Sustainable Yield
C
� � • 90% of SY
Anticipated Demand
20
Zoning Dmd incl Ag"
y
— B Total
15
B Potable
10
5
0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
B Non -Potable
"Based on historical metered
rates from similarly zoned
parcels in the area. See
Section 3.4.3.1
One of the criteria for designation of a ground water hydrologic unit is if ground water pumpage
reaches 90% of the SY, which would be 34.2 MGD for the Keauhou ASYA. Both the anticipated
and zoning water demand scenarios are well under 90% of the SY of the Keauhou ASYA. Analysis
of the three water demand scenarios are presented in the following sections.
3.4.2 Anticipated Water Demands
The anticipated water demand for the Keauhou ASYA is summarized in Table 3-15, and reflects
refinement as discussed below and as indicated in Section 2.1.1.3. Each land use classification is
associated with the most appropriate CWRM water use category.
As described in Section 2.1.4.1, the DHHL component of the anticipated water demand was based
on the November 24, 2014 reservation request in lieu of the State Water Projects Plan Update for
DHHL.
Known State projects with projected demands that are not already accounted for by existing water
use, water entitlements and DHHL are listed in Table 3-11. These demands will be updated with
project data from the forthcoming SWPP.
Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update 3-19
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-11: State Projects Component of Anticipated Water Demands
Demand
Proiect State Denartment I (MGD)
University of Hawaii Center, West Hawaii Long Range
Development Plan University of Hawaii 0.054
West Hawaii Explorations Academy NELHA 0.003
OTEC Research, Development and Demonstration Facility NELHA <0.001
Kona Judiciary Complex Judiciary 0.007
TOTAL 0.064
The Kona CDP component of the anticipated water demand considers the proposed subdivisions
with appropriate State Land Use Designation (SLUD) approval, vacant lots within existing
subdivisions, and potential infill of the Holualoa rural area which are not already accounted for by
existing developed parcels, water entitlements and DHHL. The demand from proposed
subdivisions with SLUD approval was based on the unit counts and gross land areas indicated in
Table E-2 of the Financing Plan, and subtracting the units and areas already accounted for in other
components of anticipated water demand or those that did not have SLUD approval. Table E-2 is
shown in Figure 3-8. Water demands were calculated based on 400 GPD/unit for residential and
resort units, and 3,500 GPD/acre for non-residential areas. The latter represents an average of the
Water Systems Standards unit rate for Commercial (3,000 GPD/acre) and Industrial (4,000
GPD/acre) areas.
Table 3-12: Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval Unit Count
Table 3-13: Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval Water Demand
Units or
Average Daily
Commercial/
Component
Area
Residential/Resort
Industrial Gross Area
Component
2,192 units
(units)
(acres)
Financing Plan Table E-2
161.3 acres
11,672
170.8
Subtract:
1.441
DHHL
649
0
Existing or Entitlements
7,424
9.5
Without SLUD
1,407
0
Remaining Units or Area
2,192
161.3
Table 3-13: Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval Water Demand
Based on GIS, there were 262 vacant lots within existing subdivisions, and there were 767 potential
infill units within Holualoa. The demands accounted for by the three Kona CDP components are
listed in Table 3-14.
3-20 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Units or
Average Daily
Demand
Component
Area
Demand Unit Rate
(MGD)
Residential/Resort
2,192 units
400 gal/unit
0.877
Commercial/Industrial
161.3 acres
3,500 gal/acre
0.565
TOTAL
1.441
Based on GIS, there were 262 vacant lots within existing subdivisions, and there were 767 potential
infill units within Holualoa. The demands accounted for by the three Kona CDP components are
listed in Table 3-14.
3-20 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Figure 3-8: Kona CDP Financing Plan Table E-2
Table E-2
Kona Community Development Plan
Financing Plan
Detailed Land Use Breakdown of New Development Areas
Un[tslBlag SF
Single Fara lly Multi -Family Non-Resi(ential Resort AmreS TOO
IO SubdivIslon Name L10S U"M Bog 5F -_ri 4Single Family Multi -Family NonResidi itial Resort Asslgnment'
Paiarnanlll
-
144
228,218
-
-
150
_ P, 111
135
-
-
-
28.2
-
-
-
Pnlanar hi
45
-
-
-
14.0
-
-
-
P�..n��, �•i
$5-
-
-
11,1
-
-
-
Pa.rn� r
43
_
_
_
13.5
F' -plan -ria
16
-
-
_
3.4
317,169-
4 Ps•an, c-cl
35
-
-
-
10.9
-
-
-
r •sa,uci
232
-
-
-
72.6
-
-
J r7;an �-ta
165
-
-
-
51.7
-
-
-
1 Loc.r rnnnlani
114
-
-
-
102.9
-
-
-
2 z:�ax
-
213
336,984
-
-
22.1
6.0
-
7 Y.rah al:2d es
50
-
-
-
218.1
_
_
_
2 L_aii 1a111
-
433
581,125
-
-
45-1
123
-
2 H �r,,.�tnu TOD
-
352
558,125
-
-
35.7
10.0
-
3 L:riliau MP
150
-
-
-
31.3
-
-
-
1 L.r nlihu MP
346
-
-
-
72.1
-
-
-
5 I.�qla
223-
-
-
69,6
-
-
-
7 I., ��hla
156
-
-
-
48.8
-
-
-
8 I n;pre
68
-
-
-
21.1
-
-
-
3 "l nrvr
168
-
-
-
52.4
-
-
-
1-
72
_
_
_
224
1 Keehn Flu
1,089
-
-
-
227.0
-
-
-
2OL7 NIP
806
-
-
-
168.0
-
-
-
3 Kona C�mnunc I �_D
-
142
224,939
-
-
148
4.0
-
4 KV Core Prey
-
97
153414
-
-
403
11 o
-
5 SuflolMPuaa
-
225
210528
-
-
13$
38
-
3 Lalpala Makai
59-
3 Lalpela Mauka
27
155
1,474
-
72
173
-
-
2 Knhaluu 700)
-
116
183266
-
-
120
3.3
-
3 Keaunou
1,694
-
-
-
227.9
-
-
-
3 Pualanir
212
-
-
-
66.2
-
-
-
7 Kona vistg5lld
103
-
-
-
99.3
-
-
-
7
95
_
_
_
94
1,142,227
-
65.6
-
3
-
2503
-
-
]a
4 s o.._ �l ��ke
88
-
-
-
1,855.1
-
-
-
t.ara 1S .a i
23
-
-
-
136.0
-
-
-
`a HiIN Estatee
26
-
-
-
79.0
-
-
-
3 12Extg
32
-
-
-
N -1
-
-
-
313Et9
14
-
-
-
13.4
-
-
-
17Extg
43
-
-
-
45.9
-
-
-
1 Kllla Nel
367
-
-
-
114.5
-
-
-
3 Kaloko Makal
1,407
-
-
-
2932
-
-
-
1 Ooma'
-
-
49,145
200
-
-
12
303.4
5 Kohanaiki Shores
-
-
-
500
-
-
-
453.3
3 Kaloka Intlustrial 111114
-
-
450274
-
-
-
25 8
-
7 Kaloko His
-
192
305,216
-
-
200
55
-
9 Kaloko His
678
-
-
-
141.3
-
-
-
9 Kaloko Ht,
5ft7
-
-
-
1834
-
-
-
7 327 Kona
258.6
TOTAL°
8,809
2,163
4,848,100
700
6,084.7
246.7
170.8
766.6
'll �11 7t��-Til', Incl - -� ,ic. .,T ---.'Il ^'s,.d'I' hn�Friri lY jr.Fr�17e ig'rf�'�'. dread Pl Soanado l,2, Pr d.B�eCWey. SeeTahle E -S
- --r 1-r , 11 q4 a o-1 .. r I in c .r I -r 11: r0 ,-r < r r •.... - - I A I ,- n,, J mare a Ilan -un pl the p Jeetl 1pm,OV approved and-trunted-
_surre;tin'"o o,'ee canna; , rewrticerelcpmr-n capa Ty,l:an is a 1u :onstnittzn
Savms PBR Hawai i;Gmdvin CansW[ing Gror.p, Inc r- -
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 3-21
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Figure 3-9 illustrates the overlap of the Kona CDP and other components of anticipated water
demand, with the red diagonal hatch representing the Kona CDP subdivisions.
Figure 3-9: Kona CDP Overlap
.LES
,I
�NOV,
LEGEND:
Hawaiian Home Lands
® Kona CDP Subdivisions
Kona CDP Vacant Lots
Existing Water Service
Water Commitments
FI Developer Agreements
= Vacant Laterals
Open Building Permits
TM K
Table 3-14: Kona CDP Demand Components of Anticipated Water Demands
Kona CDP Component
Demand
(MGD)
Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval
1.441
Vacant Lots
0.105
Holualoa
0.307
TOTAL
1.853
Table 3-15: Anticipated Water Demands — Keauhou ASYA
Water Demand
Component CWRM Category (MGD)
Existing Developed Parcels* Domestic/Irrigation/Municipal 14.86
Water Entitlements:
Vacant Service Laterals
Municipal
1.10
Developer Agreements
Municipal
3.39
Water Credit Commitments
Municipal
2.66
Approved Open Building Permits
Municipal
0.09
Other Developments (Kukio)
Irrigation/Municipal
0.66
DHHL
Irrigation/Municipal
3.40
State Projects
Irrigation/Municipal
0.06
Kona CDP
Municipal
1.85
TOTAL
28.07
*Highest 12 -MAV pumpage between August 2012 and July 2014
3-22 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
3.4.3 Hawaii County Zoning Water Demands
As described in Section 2.1.4.1, the DHHL component of the zoning build -out water demand was
based on the November 24, 2014 reservation request in lieu of the State Water Projects Plan Update
for DHHL.
The water demand based on the County Zoning for the Keauhou ASYA is listed in Table 3-16,
and reflect refinement as discussed below and as indicated in Section 2.1.1.3. Each zoning district
is associated with the most appropriate CWRM water use category.
Table 3-16: Hawaii County Zoning Water Demand — Keauhou ASYA
Zoning District/ Component
CWRM Category
Water Demand
(mgd)
Existing Developed Parcels*
Domestic/Irrigation/Municipal
14.86
Residential
Domestic/Irrigation/Municipal
4.31
Resort
Irrigation/Municipal
0.57
Commercial
Municipal
0.38
Industrial
Industrial
0.91
Agricultural**
Agricultural
3.45
Kukio
Irrigation/Municipal
0.66
DHHL
Irrigation/Municipal
3.40
TOTAL
28.54
*Highest 12 -MAV pumpage between August 2012 and July 2014
**Based on historical metered rates from similarly zoned parcels in the area. See Section 3.4.3.1
3.4.3.1 Agricultural Water Demands
The estimated maximum agricultural water demand based on irrigation of all Important
Agricultural Land (IAL) area within the undeveloped agriculturally zoned areas and the revised
unit rate of 210 GPD/acre based on historical unit rates of similarly zoned parcels in the area is
3.45 MGD. Most agricultural demands are not expected to be supplied by potable ground water
sources and therefore should not count against the SY. Figure 3-11 shows the IAL and
agriculturally zoned areas, the existing HDWS system and average annual rainfall isohyets.
3.4.4 5 -Year Incremental Water Demand Projection
The following section presents 5 -year incremental water demand projections to the year 2035 for
the Keauhou ASYA. Figure 3-10 shows the breakdown of water demand projections by CWRM
categories, potable (Domestic, Industrial, Military and Municipal) and non -potable (Irrigation and
Agriculture), and HDWS through the year 2035, and Table 3-17 summarizes this figure.
The projected low, medium, and high growth rates are listed in Table 3-18 and are graphed in
Figure 3-12. Potable and non -potable water demands are also differentiated.
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 3-23
Keauhou Aquifer System
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-17: Growth Rate B Water Demand Projection by Category - Keauhou ASYA
Water Use
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Category
(MGD)
(MGD)
(MGD)
(MGD)
(MGD)
Total
14.86
16.56
18.46
20.58
22.94
Domestic
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Industrial
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
Irrigation
2.42
2.70
3.01
3.36
3.74
Agriculture
0.41
0.45
0.50
0.56
0.63
Military
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Municipal
11.96
13.34
14.87
16.57
18.48
Potable
12.03
13.41
14.95
16.66
18.57
Non -potable
2.83
3.15
3.52
3.92
4.37
HDWS
11.18
12.46
13.89
15.48
17.26
Figure 3-10: Growth Rate B Water Demand Projection by Category - Keauhou ASYA
25.0
20.0
15.0
C9
10.0
5.0
N
0.0
2015 2020
2025
Year
2030 2035
Potable
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiNon-Potable
Domestic
Industrial
Irrigation
Agriculture
Military
Municipal
-*---System (Potable & Non -potable)
3-24 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Makalawena ,I
Mahaiula Bay �l ---(\
PACIFIC OCEAN
Kiholo
80902
J Keauh�ou
80901
LEGEND:
® H
E stan9 WaterBervnlc�e
® Imp ft-Aq-1-1l Land
Ag -1W 11onlrtq:
o A-
A-
�A
A11, 11
-
o A
o A -
o A-
-- 900—,
1111111111®
e
INDEX IMP - Island of Hawaii
FIGURE 3-11
AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALAI-809
A—, S,1—
Kea.ho. -80901
Undeveloped
Agricultural Lands
ru rEsmc
Water Demand Scenarios and Projections
Table 3-18: Growth Rates A, B, C Water Demand Projections - Keauhou ASYA
Growth Rate
20152020
(MGD)
(MGD)
2025
(MGD)
2030
(MGD)
2035
(MGD)
Total
14.86
16.48
18.27
20.27
22.48
A - Low
Potable
Non -potable
12.03
2.83
13.34
3.14
14.79
3.48
16.41
3.86
18.20
4.28
Total
14.86
16.56
18.46
20.58
22.94
B - Medium
Potable
Non -potable
12.03
2.83
13.41
3.15
14.95
3.52
16.66
3.92
18.57
4.37
Total
14.86
16.74
18.86
21.25
23.94
C - High
Potable
Non -potable
12.03
2.83
13.55
3.19
15.27
3.59
17.20
4.05
19.38
4.56
Figure 3-12: Growth Rates A, B, C Water Demand Projections - Keauhou ASYA
30.0
25.0
20.0
>_
m 1 1
5.0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
A Total
A Potable
A Non -Potable
B Total
t B Potable
tB Non -Potable
tC Total
--n-C Potable
-*-C Non -Potable
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 3-27
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
CHAPTER 4 RESOURCE AND FACILITY STRATEGIES
4.1 OVERVIEW AND WATER SOURCE ADEQUACY
One of the criteria for designation of a ground water hydrologic unit is if ground water pumpage
reaches 90% of the sustainable yield (SY), which would be 34.2 MGD for the Keauhou ASYA.
As indicated in the Chapter 3, the projected demand for the anticipated demand scenario is 28.07
MGD, the zoning water demand scenario is 28.54 MGD, and the 5 -year incremental water demand
for Growth Rate B (medium growth) projection scenario is 22.94 MGD in 2035. All of these
scenarios result in values below the 90% trigger for designation. Conventional ground water well
source development would therefore be able to meet the projected demands of all three
development scenarios without the need to designate the aquifer system. Source development
strategies presented in this Chapter will focus on meeting the anticipated demand scenario.
The implementation strategies provide guidance for further integration and planning coordination
of water resource management with the development of land use policies to ensure sustainable
management of water resources. The vast majority of development associated with the anticipated
demand scenario is expected to be supplied by the HDWS system; hence, source development will
principally involve HDWS and include its partnerships with private entities and State agencies.
Because development timetables are difficult to predict since development projects are often
market and economically driven, conceptual options for long-term source development and
infrastructure improvements linked to possible land development scenarios are provided.
However, more detailed projects and strategies are provided for HDWS and its partnerships' near-
term needs through the 5 -year Capital Improvement Program (CIP).
4.2 HDWS FACILITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
4.2.1 History and Objectives
The basal Kahalu`u Shaft was developed by the State and turned over to HDWS with the intent
that it would produce up to 10 MGD which would supply the North Kona area. The original
transmission system was built with the intent to run the source water from the Shaft along the
lower elevations where water use is typically greater and to pump uphill, from makai to mauka, as
needed. However, the production of the Shaft fell well short of expectations due to the increase in
chlorides upon pumping in excess of 3-4 MGD, and HDWS has subsequently shifted its priority
to developing "high-level" wells in the 1,500 — 1,800 foot elevation range. This has presented
several different challenges, such as the need for smaller sized pumps and/or larger motors due to
the increased water lift and thus increased power requirements. Also, adapting to the high-level
wells reversed the "bottom-up" water transmission to "top-down" water transmission, resulting in
the need for development of new mauka-makai water transmission pipelines and storage
infrastructure. The added infrastructure allows HDWS to deliver the high-level water to the greater
use areas at the lower elevations and, also, to blend the higher quality, high-level water with the
basal source water to improve overall water quality. HDWS endeavors to significantly reduce the
use and dependence on basal well sources.
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 4-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
4.2.2 Implementation of HDWS Long Range Master Plan
In 2006, HDWS developed a 20 -year Water Master Plan (WMP) which would serve as a long-
range planning tool to guide the development of its water service areas and the use of its resources.
The WMP identified the projects expected to be required by HDWS during the 2007-2026
planning period. This WMP was intended to be comprehensive in its scope; however it also noted
that the list of projects identified would invariably change over time due to the difficulty in
anticipating all projects and because new projects were almost certain to arise during the planning
period.
HDWS has already implemented several of the CIP projects outlined in the WMP for the North
Kona Water System, including:
• Palani Transmission System, which included transmission water mains and 2.0 MG and
1.0 MG reservoirs to transmit high-level water from three separate sources directly to the
Kailua-Kona and Kealakehe areas.
• Palamanui Water System Phase 1, which included a transmission water main and 0.5 MG
reservoir to provide a backup connection between the mauka and makai water systems.
• Wai`aha Corridor Improvements, which was a private/public project that included a
transmission water main and two 1.0 MG reservoirs to bring high-level water from the
Wai`aha well down to the lower elevations and allow blending with the basal water.
• Keopu-Pu`uhonua Production Well and 1.0 MG Reservoir, including transmission main,
to bring high level water to the north where it can be transmitted down to lower elevations
via the Palani and Hina Lani transmission systems.
These projects are shown on Figure 4-1. Some departures from the WMP have occurred for these
projects, such as changes in storage capacity and transmission infrastructure size and alignment.
Certain projects proposed in the WMP were not completed for the following reasons:
• Ka`u No. 1 Well, a potential basal source north of the Makalei Well, was not developed
due to poor water quality.
• `O`oma Well, a potential high-level source between the high-level Kalaoa and Hualalai
wells, was not pursued because the proposed development associated with the well did not
proceed.
Other projects that have been completed but were not part of the WMP include the Palani Ranch
Deepwell, which was a public-private project where HDWS participated financially in upsizing
the reservoir that was part of the project in order to better serve the needs of the North Kona
community. These departures from the WMP demonstrate the difficulty in predicting specific
future water system infrastructure improvement projects.
4-2 Hawaii Water Use and Development Pian Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Makalawena
Mahaiula Bay
1a�a
L � O
O
K0902 � 06
Palamaw�watersynem� `holo
o Hda - 80902 S �"� iL o
Phase 1 (oS MGRese voir) 0 HueY�l�e 4 \y O O N
° R, neh x ��, W z°
Makako Bay,
D epwell Q
A
ween Kaahumanu Wdening-
16"Transmission Waterline
A
0 Pala i R ch
ween Kaahumanu Widening- _
20" and 14" Recycled Waterline (DEM) kohaunmurs
D TM
PalaniTransm ontmeand Resemoir
Honokohau c (%o me 4,a�
c)Improveme
n
• comp ereamsmage�c cv
Diu ni Trust eahu Iu)D pwe ♦ yr e es
WeIIU Q.1
P psed 16 Transm lNPR
sson Updgrade(HHFDC)
\ D UM
K,pu Puuhonua P\d [\iWell, 0 ulvu
1�0 MGR D .,\p smsson Main \
t D P, rop dHHFDC Keopu ff2 DN,-11
� n
P p ed 1�T 'Upgrade
Keauhou
P �p edw hawall � 80901
p
KarluaBay
u
Kailua-Kona (z ean'-i-orr Imr s
nemenrs line and Reservoir F
f
Keauhou Transmission imprwemen� .h J y
Proposed,Kea hproa. hameha Well ff2 f}j
INDEX Nl4P - Island of Hawaii
osed Ke h ham a ff2
PACIFIC OCEAN Pre ct FIGURE 4-1
` AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALAI-809
Rea.ho.-80901
r HDWS Completed and
Future CIP Projects
Resource and Facility Strategies
4.2.3 HDWS Capital Improvement Program
Proposed HDWS 5 -year CIP projects are focused on increasing high-level source capacity, which
will ultimately reduce the use of basal sources, and transmission projects to increase the utilization
of existing sources. These projects were also not part of the WMP and are shown on Figure 4-1.
They are as follows:
• Proposed 16" Transmission Upgrade, funded by the Hawaii Housing Finance &
Development Corporation (HHFDC), which will increase the size of the transmission main
south of the QLT high-level well.
• Proposed 16" Wai`aha Transmission Upgrade, which will increase the size of transmission
main between the Wai`aha mauka-makai corridor and proposed Wai`aha wells.
• Proposed Keauhou-Kamehameha 42 Production Well, a new high-level well.
• Keauhou Transmission Improvements, which will deliver water from the proposed
Keauhou-Kamehameha 92 well.
• Queen Ka`ahumanu Widening 16" Transmission Waterline.
• North Kona Well (Wai`aha Well #2).
4.3 CONCEPTUAL SOURCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Figure 4-2 depicts the additional water demands, not including existing developed parcels,
associated with the anticipated water demand scenario developed in Chapter 3. The total of these
"future" anticipated water demands is 13.21 MGD. The bulk of the water demand is located at
elevations 500 feet or lower and in the mid -to northern area of the Keauhou ASYA. Arrows
represent the general direction of water transmission from existing and proposed sources to
accommodate future anticipated water demands. Conceptual source development strategies will
focus on qualitative aspects of developing sources, delivering, and meeting anticipated demands.
4.3.1 Source Development Program
The source development program will employ conventional supply-side measures to meet
projected demands, including groundwater, and source conveyance and storage.
4.3.1.1 Ground Water
Development of future high-level wells for the HDWS system is encouraged in areas generally
between 1,500 foot and 1,800 foot ground elevations mauka of Mamalahoa Highway, generally in
the vicinity between the QLT Deepwell in the Keauhou ASYA and the Haleki`i Deepwell in the
Kealakekua ASYA with the overall goal of sustainability throughout the region. The goal of this
source development strategy is to accommodate the future anticipated demands depicted in Figure
4-2 and to replace basal sources with high-level sources. As discussed in Section 4.2.3, HDWS
anticipates development of two wells, the Keauhou-Kamehameha 92 Production Well and the
North Kona Well, within the next 5 years.
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 4-5
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
HDWS has initiated close monitoring of the water levels in the high-level wells to assure that they
will remain sustainable. Utilization of monitoring well data will allow HDWS and CWRM to
analyze the effects of new wells developed in the proposed well development area and adjust
parameters such as well spacing and withdrawal rates accordingly to avoid interference with other
wells. Published groundwater levels in the proposed water source development area are
significantly higher than those in the area to the north, which may indicate a greater recharge.
HDWS is studying the correlation between rainfall events and response times relating to increase
in ground water well levels. HDWS has also contracted a consultant to conduct an assessment of
the interaction of the high-level and basal aquifers. The scope of work of that contract includes
determination if pumpage from the high-level aquifer has a discernible impact to the basal lens,
determination if lateral hydraulic connection between high-level compartments can be identified,
and demonstration that ongoing monitoring of high-level and basal groundwater is sufficient to
identify if, when, and to what degree impacts to basal groundwater have occurred as a result of
pumping high-level groundwater. In addition, CWRM will require, for the development of all new
ground water sources, pump tests to determine well yield and monitoring of nearby wells during
these tests. CWRM will review these test results for possible interference as part of its Well
Construction and Pump Installation Permit Application (WCPIPA) process.
Supply of the future anticipated demands from the proposed well source development area will
require additional water system infrastructure generally transmitting water from the south to the
north and from mauka to makai, a concept that has already been demonstrated through HDWS'
completed and future transmission and storage CIP projects. This regional water system
development plan will also provide backup source and storage capabilities, as well as system
operational flexibility for the entire region. Future development of wells by private developers to
be turned over to HDWS will need to consider transmission and storage improvements necessary
to deliver the source water to the development area and potentially other water needs in the area
known at that time and, where feasible, be consistent with the overall south -north mauka-makai
concept. Wells developed outside of the proposed well source development area will need to be
further evaluated for long-term sustainability and potential impacts on adjacent wells. HDWS
intends to partner with these developers as they come forth to address their needs based on their
development timelines and plans to require developers to include a traditional and customary
native Hawaiian rights (T&C) impact assessment as a condition of agreement. Private wells
developed that are not integrated into the HDWS system will be vetted for T&C impacts through
`Aha Moku and for interference with other wells through review of pump tests during the CWRM's
WCPIPA process. Discussion of strategies to vet T&C impacts are presented in Chapter 5. HDWS
will also participate in the vetting of proposed private wells to ensure that they will not interfere
with nearby existing HDWS wells.
In June 2014, Dr. Don Thomas of the University of Hawaii at Hilo prepared a report that re-
evaluated the groundwater hydrology of Hawaii Island and presented evidence that a multi-
layered fresh/saline groundwater system extending well below sea level could exist in the Kona
area. Wells in the mid -elevation range, the Kamakana Well and the Keopu Well, encountered a
second freshwater layer between 600 feet and 1,100 feet below sea level under strong artesian
pressure. Initial indications are that this aquifer is confined below sea level and would have
minimal, if any, impact on the basal aquifer. Development of this aquifer may have several
4-6 Hawaii Water Use and Development Pian Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Makalawena (�
Mahaiula Bay Y/
z
a�
a (611a
13 F N
L z O
Kiholo
W W
a hl 7t
u.h h 80902 3 F a o
Hue Rat 2
Makako Bay ' o 7 I(� p x d •` j W Z
Kau (Makalel) DeepW9 W + m
.`n � FIA
a
Kalaoa De p-11 ^� A
1 e atI Ranch' e pwel LEGEND:
D O
y°ol Well Uze Type
1 Honokohau epwel Q
NPR
uNu
Honokohau b — �00M1 �e�a asundary
1 _Du n lanl Trus eakuo D. p-1 sweloevelo Area
iaalakak'a Ase �ma�
o 1
—sD
el
e opm-Area
Fu[ure H n[i.ip- Demand(GPD)
• \ , �Ke II 00000
ooD
'O O
Keauhou
wai a Dee II 80901
Kailua Bay J TMK
�9
Kailua-Kona
a De I
' � e
OHO.: SWeIID velopme t r
�K halkk b
' Kah211%yShaft��1
Keauhou If 1 1
\ K 2 ram ) INDEX MMP - Island of Hawaii
D
PACIFIC OCEAN FIGURE 4-2
AQUIFER SECTOR
HUALALAI-809
Ago , systems
Reaoh.. 80901
Kealakekua Conceptual Ground Water
Source Development
80603 and Anticipated Water
ii Deep—
Demands Map
ru rEsmc
Resource and Facility Strategies
advantages, such as reduced energy costs. Further investigation of this aquifer as a potential source
to replace the basal sources that supply makai areas in the Keauhou ASYA is recommended.
4.3.1.2 Source Conveyance and Storage
The proposed water source development plan incorporates a system that includes both conveyance
(transmission and distribution lines) and storage (reservoir tanks), continuing the conceptual
system already implemented in the Kona Water System. Source conveyance within the Keauhou
ASYA is already occurring via the extensive North Kona Water System transmission network.
Possible extension of the DWS system to incorporate potential well sources south toward the
Kealakekua ASYA could be explored. The benefits of developing an integrated water network in
this region would be the capability of sharing not only sources, but storage and transmission
facilities that could provide backup capacity during times of equipment failure and pipeline breaks.
The increased storage capacity in the regional system would allow more normalized (steady-state)
pumping, avoiding the need to increase pumping rates during instances of high (peak) demand.
It should be noted that the HDWS South Kona Water System in the Kealakekua ASYA is already
connected to the North Kona Water System and separated by a closed valve; however,
infrastructure changes, such as upsizing the transmission mains, would be required to carry an
increased quantity of water. Any well sources developed within the Kealakekua ASYA would not
count towards the SY of the Keauhou ASYA.
4.3.2 Non -Potable Source Strategies
Non -potable source strategies include surface water and alternative water resource enhancement
measures, such as recycled water, rainwater and desalination.
4.3.2.1 Surface Water
Surface water in the Keauhou ASYA is extremely limited. The spring sources in the vicinity of
the perennial Wai`aha Stream may continue to provide localized needs but are unlikely to be
developed on a larger scale. Surface water thus is not deemed a viable resource to meet anticipated
demands.
4.3.2.2 Recycled Water
Recycled water is a valuable resource enhancement measure, and increase in its use may lower the
dependence on potable sources. There are five existing wastewater reclamation facilities (WWRF)
within the Keauhou ASYA; there are also two wastewater treatment plant facilities (WWTP)
operated by the Department of Environmental Management (DEM) with the potential to provide
recycled water. These facilities are shown of Figure 4-3.
DEM is undertaking a regional effort to upgrade the existing Kealakehe WWTP to produce R-1
recycled water for irrigation/non-potable uses. DEM anticipates an initial capacity to produce 1.0
MGD of R-1. Phase 1 of the upgrade is anticipated to include irrigation of the buffer parcel
surrounding the WWTP and a joint effort between DEM, QLT and the County to construct a
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 4-9
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
recycled water distribution line from the WWTP to the Makae`o Park which could replace the
existing irrigation demand from the HDWS system. Future phases may include the installation of
recycled water distribution lines to serve Honokohau Small Boat Harbor and Kohanaiki Golf &
Ocean Club, and potential future development areas such as a regional park, QLT, and an industrial
area. HDWS provided a 1.0 MG reservoir near the WWTP that could be utilized for recycled
water storage. DEM is participating in the Queen Ka` ahumanu Highway Widening project with
the installation of a 20" and 14" recycled transmission waterline, shown on Figure 4-1, which may
supply recycled water to areas served in future phases.
The Kaloko Housing WWTP is a package treatment plant serving an affordable housing
community on Hina Lani Street owned by the Office of Housing and Community Development
(OHCD) but currently operated by DEM. The facility was originally intended to provide R-2
recycled water to irrigate the grounds; however, the treatment process is unstable, and the effluent
is currently discharged into injection wells. DEM is proposing to replace the WWTP, and if
approved, would consider utilizing the R-1 effluent as recycled water.
The WWRFs and WWTPs within the Keauhou ASYA and their associated recycled water design
capacity or potential capacity, current recycled water use, and potential additional recycled water
use, are listed in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1: Potential Recycled Water Use
Wastewater Facility
Type
Recycled
Water
Classification
Design
Capacity
(MGD)
Current
Reuse
Amount
(MGD)
Potential
Additional
Reuse Amount
(MGD)
Keahole-Kona Airport
WWRF
R-1
0.125
0.043
0.082
Kaiser Kona
WWRF
R-3
0.004
0.001
0.003
He`eia
WWRF
R-2
1.800
0.342
1.458
Kohanaiki
WWRF
R-1
0.070
0.000
0.070
Hokulia
WWRF
R-3
0.004
0
0.004
UH West Hawaii
WWRF
R-3
0.008
0
0.008
Kealakehe
WWTP
R-1
1.000
0
1.000
Kaloko Housing
WWTP
R-1
0.0141
0
0.014
Sources: Department of Health, Wastewater Branch; County of Hawaii, Department of Environmental
Management, Wastewater Branch
,Assumed, based on current wastewater generation rate
The potential additional recycled water use quantities indicated in Table 4-1 represent the
maximum amount of recycled water available considering only the difference between the design
capacity of the facility and the existing usage. The actual additional recycled water use will be
dependent on several factors, including the amount of wastewater generated, which may be
significantly less than the design capacity, demand for recycled water and the number of viable
users within close proximity of the facility.
4-10 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
4.3.2.3 Rainwater
Rainwater can be considered as a water resource enhancement measure in two ways. It can be
harvested in rainwater catchment systems which can be utilized to supply domestic potable water
needs, and it can supplement or satisfy agricultural non -potable water needs through ambient
rainfall. Typically, annual ambient rainfall of 60 inches is sufficient to support both rainwater
catchment and diversified agricultural crops. Within the Keauhou ASYA, the areas that receive
greater than 60 inches of rainfall annually are generally limited to the area mauka of Mamalahoa
Highway and south of Kaloko Mauka, as shown in Figure 4-4. Of the parcels that represent future
anticipated demands, 22 are located in this area; therefore, up to 0.0088 MGD of the future
anticipated demands could be supplied by rainwater catchment.
Nearly all of the agricultural area contributing to the agricultural demands associated with the
Zoning demand scenario presented in Chapter 3 receives at least 30 inches of rainfall annually,
and the majority of the area receives greater than 60 inches of rainfall annually. Typically,
agricultural land owners grow what is feasible according to the climate, and irrigation water is
only used if readily available. Most of the agricultural area is within the Kona coffee belt.
Although optimal annual rainfall for coffee ranges between 60 and 85 inches, some coffee -
producing areas receive as little as 30 inches of rainfall annually. It is therefore reasonable to infer
that all agricultural water demands can be satisfied by ambient rainfall.
4.3.2.4 Desalination
Desalination is a costly, but viable resource enhancement measure. Generally, desalination plants
favor economies of scale, which suggests that a single larger plant would be more cost-effective
than several smaller satellite plants; however, small-scale desalination has already been employed
in the West Hawaii region by private developers. Seawater desalination plants would likely not
be cost-effective. The preferable location for brackish well water desalination plants would be at
moderate ground elevations to reduce drilling and pumping costs, and outside the influence of
potable water wells. Any increased draw on the basal aquifer is not recommended; therefore,
desalination plants would need to utilize existing brackish wells. Based on CWRM well pumping
records, most of these wells are currently being used for irrigation. Because of the high cost and
anticipated availability of other potable water sources, desalination should be considered as one of
the last recourses for resource enhancement.
4.3.3 Other Resource Enhancement Measures
4.3.3.1 Water Conservation
Water conservation, including water loss management, may reduce both existing and future water
use. As the largest water user in the Keauhou ASYA, HDWS' conservation measures can have a
significant effect on water use system -wide.
HDW S' supply-side measures include an active water management program to evaluate
unaccounted-for water, including leaks and purge water on well startup; and installation of
Variable Frequency Drives for well pumps which would reduce the amount of times that a well
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 4-13
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
shuts down and therefore reduce the amount of times the well will purge in a day. HDWS' leak
detection program employs acoustic leak detection loggers within the water system to continuously
monitor for leaks. HDWS is striving to improve this program by deploying additional loggers and
replacing defective loggers with new units. Per Act 169, all County -owned public water systems
will be required to submit annual water audits to CWRM beginning in 2018. CWRM will also be
providing training and technical assistance to public water system operators. These water audits
will further strengthen HDWS' water management program.
For demand-side measures, HDWS has entered into an agreement with WaterSmart, a company
that uses a software data analytics platform to provide solutions through behavioral water
efficiency and customer engagement. Using advanced technology such as messages and reports,
customers are educated about how much water their household is using, how it compares to others
(i.e., leveraging normative comparisons) and how they can save money. Customers can also be
alerted to potential leaks. WaterSmart anticipates measureable outcomes of its program, including
a 23% decrease in leak duration, and a 2 to 7% water savings rate. Other demand-side measures
include HDWS collaborating with the State Department of Education and County of Hawaii
Department of Parks and Recreation to provide education regarding minimizing irrigation
demands. The intent is to promote conservation and efficient water use, which ultimately would
result in reduced source water pumping.
Other factors affecting demand-side conservation on, but not limited to, the HDWS system include
the recent Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) amendments specifying maximum allowable flow rates
for certain types of plumbing fixtures, which would require the use of low -flow devices. For
example, the Energy Policy Act of 1992, which became law in 1994, mandates a maximum flush
volume of 1.6 gallons for toilets manufactured and installed after this date, and modern day high
efficiency toilets can use even less water. Flush volumes for older toilets can be 3.5, 5, or even up
to 7 gallons. The anticipated effect of these amendments would be lower water use unit rates for
newer developments compared to historical use rates.
4.4 MEETING ANTICIPATED DEMANDS
Figure 4-5 and Table 4-2 present two potential scenarios to meet the 28.07 MGD anticipated
demands by type of water source or resource enhancement measure. The Maximum Other Sources
scenario assumes the maximum potential usage of non -potable sources and other resource
enhancement measures. The Groundwater Only scenario assumes that the anticipated demands
would be met entirely by ground water. These two scenarios therefore represent the minimum and
maximum ground water required to supply the anticipated demands. Actual ground water required
will likely be somewhere in between the two.
4-14 Hawaii Water Use and Development Pian Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
Table 4-2: Source Development Scenarios to Meet Anticipated Demands
Source / Resource
Enhancement Type
Maximum Other Sources Scenario
Groundwater Only
Scenario
Recycled Water
. Maximum potential recycled water usage
• None
per Section 4.3.2.2 and Table 4-1, assumed
to replace use from existing wells
2.64 MGD
Rainwater Catchment
. 22 parcels per Section 4.3.2.3, assumed to
• None
replace use from existing wells
0.01 MGD
Existing Wells
. Reduced by recycled water usage and
• From Chapter 3
rainwater catchment usage, then reduced
11.18 (HDWS)
by 7% conservation of HDWS sources
+ 3.79 (Other)
14.86 — 2.64 — 0.01 — 11.18 * 7%
=14.86 MGD
= 11.43 MGD
HDWS New Wells (well
. Reduced by 7% water conservation
• 13.21 MGD
source development area)
13.21 * 93% = 12.29 MGD
Water conservation
. Maximum 7% conservation assumed for
• None
existing HDWS well sources and maximum
7% conservation for new HDWS well
sources per Section 4.3.3.1
11.18 * 7% + 13.21 *7%=1.71 MGD
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 4-17
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
Figure 4-5: Anticipated Demands by Source Type
30.0
25.0
20.0
0
0 15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
14.86
11.43
Maximum Other Sources Groundwater Only
■ Catchment
■ Recycled Water
❑ Conservation
11 HDWS New Wells
■ Existing Wells
It should be noted that the potential ground water that could be developed in the well source
development area should be more than enough to meet the anticipated demands under both
scenarios.
4.5 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
A plan to implement the resource and facility strategies for the near-term, medium-terin and long-
term is described below.
4.5.1 Near -Term
The near-term (next 5 years) implementation plan includes HDWS 5 -year CIP projects,
implementation of the WaterSmart program (water conservation), continued monitoring and
reduction of non -revenue water losses, including compliance with CWRM's water audit program
through Act 169, and a DEM recycled water project. HDWS 5 -year CIP projects discussed in
Section 4.2.3 are focused on increasing high-level source capacity with the installation of two
production wells in the source development area identified in Figure 4-2, and four transmission
main improvement projects to increase the utilization of existing sources. HDWS, through its
partnership with WaterSmart, has recently mailed out invitation letters to its customers within the
North Kona Water System to participate in the WaterSmart Program through a survey. Participants
will have their water consumption analyzed and compared to other users with similar background
information and then offered suggestions on how they can conserve and use water efficiently.
4-18 Hawaii Water Use and Development Pian Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Resource and Facility Strategies
The near-term implementation plan also includes installation of the DEM 20" and 14" recycled
transmission waterline as part of the Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway Widening project. As
discussed in Section 4.3.2.2, this waterline may provide recycled water to future reuse projects
upon completion of the Kealakehe WWTP upgrade to produce R-1 recycled water. DEM has
executed a contract to begin preliminary design and an Environmental Impact Statement for the
WWTP upgrade.
4.5.2 Medium -Term and Long -Term
The medium-term (5-10 years) and long-term (10-20 years) implementation plan includes
development of new wells in the source development area identified in Figure 4-2. Specific
location of the well sites and magnitude of ground water produced will depend on several factors,
such as land ownership, accessibility, and most importantly, cumulative effects on ground water.
These effects will be evaluated using monitoring wells. HDWS proposes to seek funding and
explore partnerships for monitoring wells. Implementation of new wells will be as needed based
on timelines of future development. HDWS may also consider development of wells in the mid -
elevation range drawing fresh ground water from a confined aquifer well below sea level, should
studies prove this to be a viable option.
The medium-term and long-term implementation plan includes the upgrade of the existing
Kealakehe WWTP to produce R-1 recycled water for irrigation/non-potable uses, which will
initially provide 1.0 MGD of R-1, although a timetable for completion is not yet available. The
plant may be expanded to provide additional R-1 water to future reuse areas, such as Honokohau
Small Boat Harbor and Kohanaiki Golf & Ocean Club, and potential future development areas
such as a regional park, QLT, and an industrial area; however, DEM has stated that future
expansion will be on an as -needed basis. DEM is also proposing to replace the existing OHDC
Kaloko Housing WWTP, and if approved, would consider a treatment system to produce R-1
effluent.
The medium-term and long-term implementation plan also includes the realization of measurable
outcomes of the HDWS WaterSmart Program, for example, a 23% decrease in leak duration, and
a 2 to 7% water savings rate.
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 4-19
Keauhou Aquifer System
Environmental and Cultural Issues & Public Consultation
CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES & PUBLIC
CONSULTATION
This section explores methods to identify traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights,
cultural uses or other public trust purposes related to, affected or impacted by ground water
development and to determine how those impacts should be mitigated.
5.1 PRELIMINARY T&C RESEARCH
The County of Hawaii Department of Water Supply (HDWS) conducted an initial assessment on
cultural and environmental issues pertaining to groundwater use in the Keauhou ASYA. The
assessment was an amended condition of approval of the submittal made by HDWS at a
Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) meeting. The assessment was done using
available published information, including Environmental Assessments (EA) and Environmental
Impact Statements (EIS). HDWS looked at approximately 200 EAs and EISs filed since 1990, 47
of which were reviewed in greater detail, looking for content related to native Hawaiian traditional
and customary (T&C) practices and groundwater withdrawal. Most of the cultural issues that were
discussed in these documents dealt with archaeological sites or paths through development sites,
and only one report addressed the potential impact of groundwater withdrawal on T&C practices
and habitat concerns: the more recent Palani Ranch Well No. 1 project.
The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) Kipuka database was also examined but did not contain
information concerning T&C practices, groundwater uses or other public trust purposes. In later
discussions, OHA indicated that the Kipuka database is a partial list of historic sites, but is not
comprehensive and has not been updated since around 2005. The database does not include
information regarding "sensitive" T&C areas, e.g. burials, traditional gathering places or
information related to water use.
Also reviewed as part of the assessment was a report prepared for the National Park Service (NPS)
entitled "Response to the Commission on Water Resource Management Request for Information
on Traditional and Customary Practices," dated May 29, 2015. The report provided information
on historic, existing and planned practices within the Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park,
the use of fresh and brackish water, and the significance of fishponds within the park.
Aside from information provided by the Park report, this preliminary research did not yield
sufficient information to adequately determine locations of significant T&C practices within the
Keauhou ASYA. Subsequently, another strategy was developed and proposed to determine
significant T&C issues and areas, by establishing consultation procedures to review and vet T&C
issues related to water source development.
5.2 INITIAL OUTREACH
An initial consultation group of potential participants was developed consisting of native Hawaiian
individuals and organizations, government agencies, and families with a long standing history in
the Keauhou ASYA. Initially, the desired result of preliminary outreach to this group was to obtain
sufficient information to develop a comprehensive geo-spatial database documenting the
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 5-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
Environmental and Cultural Issues & Public Consultation
significant T&C areas within the Keauhou ASYA. Understanding the difficulty in developing
such a database, this initial proposed process included establishing a consultation procedure
involving this core T&C consultation group to provide input on water source development and to
reach out to practitioners as an additional goal.
The initial outreach yielded the following considerations:
1. The proposed consultation process should not shift the burden of reaching out to
practitioners and vetting T&C issues/impacts related to water source development from the
applicant to the consultation group.
2. Inclusion of the federal Native Hawaiian Organization (NHO) Notification List in the
consultation group as a means to contact practitioners.
3. Obtaining information on the significant T&C areas may be difficult because practitioners
may not be willing to share information up front about their practices, especially before
specific detail on water source development is presented, as some of these practices are
closely held family "secrets"; and because practitioners are unlikely to know the impacts
of water source development on their practices.
4. Utilization of a disclosure document to notify the public as part of the process to vet T&C
issues rather than placing the responsibility solely on the consultation group to identify
and/or notify practitioners.
5. Implementation of a public meeting to inform the public of the HWUDP and to welcome
practitioners to participate in future T&C processes, i.e. use the public meeting as a means
to expand and develop the consultation group that would be notified of specific water
source development projects.
5.3 PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AND PROPOSED T&C PROCESS
Based on feedback from the initial consultation group, indications pointed to the unlikelihood of
developing a comprehensive database of the significant T&C areas. Subsequently, in collaboration
with CWRM staff, a consultation process was proposed and could be established to evaluate how
the impact of specific source development projects on T&C issues may be assessed and how such
impacts could be mitigated.
The CWRM staff currently seeks input on and addresses T&C issues in its well construction/pump
installation permit application (WCPIPA) process through several steps:
1. Comments it solicits from the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) State
Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) and Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands
(OCCL), and from County Special Management Areas (SMA).
2. Other agency and public notification of WCPIPAs is via the CWRM's monthly bulletin
posted on its website and directly emailed to over 100 individuals and agencies that
includes the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) and DLNR Aquatic Resources Division
(DAR — Kona). Although only required for water use permit applications, the bulletin also
includes information for pending well construction and pump installation permit
5-2 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Environmental and Cultural Issues & Public Consultation
applications (WCPIPA) and stream diversion works permit (SDWP) applications. The
applications are listed in the bulletin for 60 days after the permit is granted.
Staff review of OHA's online Kipuka database (http://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka/) and
Papakilo(http://w-ww.papakilodatabase.com/main/main.php).
4. Standard conditions in well construction and pump installation permits.
5. Conditions on certificates of completed well construction and pump installation.
At the time of this report, CWRM staff was in the act of developing an additional process with the
intent that it would apply to water source development projects involving well construction/pump
installation permit application (WCPIPA) requests through the CWRM in Keauhou. Staff
proposed that T&C issues could be further vetted through the permitting process by including a
more thorough Ka Pa`akai analysis in the WCPIPA. Ka Pa`akai analysis is an analytical
framework to be applied when making decisions with potential impacts to T&C as directed by the
Supreme Court ruling in the Ka Pa`akai o ka `Aina v. Land Use Commission case. The three
questions to be answered under Ka Pa`akai include:
1. Identification and scope of "valued cultural, historical, or natural resources" in the
impacted area, including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian
rights are exercised in the area;
2. The extent to which those resources, including traditional and customary native Hawaiian
rights, will be affected by the proposed actions;
The feasible action, if any, to be taken to reasonably protect native Hawaiian rights if they
are found to exist.
These questions could be added to the WCPIPAs for the applicant to address and for staff to vet.
CWRM staff identified `Aha Moku as a potential liaison between applicants/landowners for a
WCPIPA and practitioners that could be impacted by the specific project during the WCPIPA
review process. Act 288, signed into law in 2012, formally recognizes the `Aha Moku System
and establishes the `Aha Moku Advisory Committee within the Department of Land and Natural
Resources (DLNR). `Aha Moku's function is to serve in an advisory capacity on issues related to
land and natural resources management through the `Aha Moku System, and to integrate the native
Hawaiian cultural and traditional values into the fabric of State policy. The `Aha Moku System
includes several tiers from the Individual Ahupua` a, which includes traditional practitioners within
an ahupua`a, to the `Aha Moku Advisory Committee, which includes a State-wide Committee of
traditional practitioners consisting of one representative from each island. Vetting T&C issues
using `Aha Moku as a resource during the permitting process could therefore satisfy the Ka Pa`akai
analysis. At the time of this report, CWRM staff had begun discussions with `Aha Moku, and
development of this process was ongoing.
Other steps in the aforementioned process would also need to be developed and vetted, notably the
procedures by which T&C issues would be identified, reviewed and adjudicated. The latter is of
particular importance, as proper dispute resolution procedures may be critical to the success of the
process.
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 5-3
Keauhou Aquifer System
Environmental and Cultural Issues & Public Consultation
5.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Although this proposed process was to be developed by CWRM staff, and was expected to apply
State-wide, the HWUDP for the Keauhou ASYA could serve as a pilot case for its application
prior to Hawaii Administrative Rule processing. At the time of this report, CWRM staff indicated
that this process could also be vetted through the core T&C consultation group and through
employment of public meetings within the Keauhou ASYA as part of this pilot case during
development of this WUDP. Public meetings could also serve to present and vet the source
development strategies, which were discussed in Chapter 4. Feedback from the first public
meeting has been addressed herein.
5-4 Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Watershed Management Strategies
CHAPTER 6 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
6.1 OVERVIEW
Watershed management strategies strive to achieve several goals, including providing a
sustainable supply of water for sustenance, improving water quality, conserving and restoring
native plants, animals and a healthy ecosystem, and protecting native Hawaiian T&C rights and
practices. Nearly all of the water for sustenance within the Keauhou ASYA is provided by ground
water. Accordingly, this section will focus on watershed management strategies affecting the
protection of ground water resources.
6.2 WATERSHED PROTECTION
Sustainability of ground water resources in the Kona area relies on recharge from upland forested
areas. Within elevations in the 1,500 to 3,000 foot range, rainfall is the primary contributor to the
recharge; above 3,000 feet, fog collecting on vegetation and then dripping to the ground (fog drip)
and dew contribute significantly to the recharge. Some of the water that infiltrates into the ground
in these areas also contributes to springs and anchialine pools. Ungulates pose a major threat to
these upland forested areas by removing and preventing regeneration of native vegetation through
grazing and advancing the spread of invasive vegetative species by transporting seeds on their
coats. Some non-native invasive vegetative species have the ability to take over native vegetation
ecosystems, which can alter soil moisture, nutrient balance, and habitat. Many of these invasive
species also contribute significantly less to the recharge and pose a greater fire risk. Wildfires can
destroy extensive areas of forest quickly and therefore pose a major threat to recharge.
Over the past century, domestic and feral ungulates have considerably altered native forest
communities in the area by devastating native vegetation, which in turn allowed non-native
invasive vegetative species, particularly fountain grass, to proliferate. In addition to affecting the
ground water recharge, the abundance of fountain grass increased the risk of wildfires due to its
dried leaves and fire -adapted nature. Fire, fountain grass, and ungulates pose the most severe
threats to the area. Watershed management strategies should focus on removing these threats.
The Three Mountain Alliance (TMA) is a watershed partnership of 10 members encompassing
over one million acres on Hawaii island consisting of four priority management areas: `Ola`a-
Kilauea, Ka`u-Kapapala, South Kona, and North Kona. All of the area encompassed is divided
amongst 6 owner members. In the Kona area, the major land owner is Kamehameha Schools (KS),
and other land owners include the State DLNR, Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) and
the National Park Service (NPS). In 2007, the TMA prepared a Management Plan that identified
management goals, objectives, and operational protocols; and developed strategies for each of its
four priority management areas to address the high priority management issues that affect multiple
landowners and natural resources across its landscape.
HDWS participates in the TMA and will continue to provide ongoing support for source water
quality and quantity enhancement. HDWS is working with the Department of Health to identify
priority watershed protection areas that serve as recharge areas for existing municipal (HDWS)
sources and/or water systems. Funding for these enhancement measures would need to be
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 6-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
Watershed Management Strategies
approved by the HDWS Water Board on a project -by -project basis; however HDWS is also
looking at alternate sources of funding such as grants and fees.
6.3 WELLHEAD PROTECTION
The State Department of Health, Safe Drinking Water Branch (SDWB) has set aside 15% of its
allotted funding for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) to be utilized for its
Wellhead Protection —Financial Assistance Program. The projected available funds for each fiscal
year is $500,000. The goal of the program is to support water utilities to plan and implement
drinking water source protection actions. Eligible recipients include public water systems that use
ground water as the source of drinking water, government agencies, and planning
agencies/community groups partnered with a public water system on source water protection
activities. Eligible projects involve both planning and implementation and cover a wide range of
activities including planning documents, strategies, inventories, management, education, staffing
and remediation.
HDWS has participated in the SDWB Wellhead Protection program with projects primarily
focused on public education.
6-2 Hawaii Water Use and Development Pian Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
Summary and Recommendations
CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Hawaii Water Use and Development Plan Update for Keauhou Aquifer System Area
promotes overall themes common to several other Hawaii Water Plan components:
• Public Trust Doctrine — the State holds ownership over public water resources as a trustee
for the benefit of the people of the State.
• Water is a most precious resource, shall be used wisely and conserved, not wasted.
• The highest quality water shall be used for the public's highest beneficial uses.
• Lower quality water (e.g. recycled water, surface water, brackish water) should be used
whenever feasible.
Specific recommendations for the Keauhou ASYA are as follows:
1. Development of new ground water well sources is encouraged in areas within the high-
level aquifer generally from the vicinity of the HDW S Queen Lili`uokalani Trust Deepwell
extending south into the Kealakekua ASYA.
2. Continue studies of the ground water hydrology in the Keauhou ASYA, particularly the
mid -elevation deep water source, which potentially could be a long-term solution.
3. Water purveyors are encouraged to assist in the development of non -potable water resource
enhancement measures that do not involve ground water, such as recycled water, to satisfy
non -potable demands. This may reduce reliance on ground water sources.
4. State and County agencies and private entities with water interests in the Keauhou ASYA
are encouraged to participate and/or coordinate with the Three Mountain Alliance major
landowners (KS, DOFAW and NPS) to assist in the preservation and restoration of
watersheds in the Keauhou ASYA which will ultimately protect and potentially augment
the ground water resources.
5. State and County agencies are encouraged to develop and implement ground water well
protection initiatives and to participate in the SDWB Wellhead Protection Financial
Assistance Program.
6. HDWS will continue to work with `Aha Moku to ensure that its proposed source
development strategies are properly vetted for T&C issues.
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 7-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
References
CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES
"20 -Year Water Master Plan, County of Hawaii, Department of Water Supply," prepared for
County of Hawaii, Department of Water Supply; by R.W. Beck, Inc., June 2006.
"2013 Update of the Hawaii Water Reuse Survey and Report," prepared for State of Hawaii,
Department of Land and Natural Resources, Commission on Water Resource Management, by the
Limtiaco Consulting Group, July 2013.
"Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan," prepared for State of Hawaii, Department of
Agriculture; by Water Resource Associates, December 2004.
County of Hawaii, Department of Environmental Management, Wastewater Division
"Hawai`i County General Plan," prepared by County of Hawaii, Planning Department, February
2005.
"Hawai`i Water Use and Development Plan Update, Hawaii Water Plan, Final Report," prepared
for County of Hawaii, Department of Water Supply; by Fukunaga & Associates, Inc., August
2010.
"Kona CDP Public Facilities Financing Plan, Buildout and Infrastructure Projections," prepared
by PBR Hawaii & Associates, Inc.
"Kona Community Development Plan, Financing Plan for Public Facilities and Backbone
Infrastructure," prepared by Goodwin Consulting Group, January 2011.
"Mapping Kona's Future, Kona Community Development Plan, Volume 1: Mapping the Future,"
prepared for County of Hawaii, Planning Department; by Wilson Okamoto Corporation,
September 2008.
"Mapping Kona's Future, Kona Community Development Plan, Volume 2: Background
Information," prepared for County of Hawaii, Planning Department; by Wilson Okamoto
Corporation, May 2008.
"Response to the Commission on Water Resource Management Request for Information on
Traditional and Customary Practices," prepared for the U.S. National Park Service; by Jonathan
Likeke Scheuer, Ph.D. and Bianca Isaki, Ph.D., Esq., May 2015.
"Revised Conceptual Model of Hawai`i's Hydrology and Implications for the Keauhou Aquifer,"
prepared by Dr. Donald Thomas, June 2014.
Hawaii Water Use & Development Plan Update 8-1
Keauhou Aquifer System
References
State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Commission on Water Resource
Management
State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Office of Environmental Quality Control
State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Wastewater Branch
"State Water Projects Plan, Advance Final Report," prepared for State of Hawaii, Department of
Land and Natural Resources; by Fukunaga & Associates, Inc., July 2016.
"The State of Hawaii Data Book 2013, a Statistical Abstract," prepared by State of Hawaii,
Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, August 2014.
"Three Mountain Alliance Management Plan," prepared by Three Mountain Alliance (TMA),
December 2007.
"UHERO Economic Impact of the Natural Energy Laboratory Hawaii Authority Tenants on the
State of Hawai`i," prepared by University of Hawaii, Economic Research Organization, February
2015.
U.S. Census Bureau
"Water Resource Protection Plan," prepared for State of Hawaii, Commission on Water Resource
Management; by Wilson Okamoto Corporation, June 2008.
"Water System Standards," State of Hawaii, 2002.
8-2 Hawaii Water Use and Development Pian Update
Keauhou Aquifer System
APPENDIX A
Project Description
FINAL
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Water Use & Development Plan Update —
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Project Description
I. INTRODUCTION
The primary objective of the Water Use and Development Plan (WUDP) is to set forth the
allocation of water to land use. As required by the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR)
Title 13, Chapter 170, Hawaii Water Plan, each of the four counties is responsible to
prepare a WUDP to include, but not be limited to the following:
(1) Status of county water and related land development including an inventory of
existing water uses for domestic, municipal, and industrial users, agriculture,
aquaculture, hydropower development, drainage, reuse, reclamation, recharge,
and resulting problems and constraints;
(2) Future land uses and related water needs; and
(3) Regional plans for water developments including recommended and alternative
plans, costs, adequacy of plans, and relationship to the water resource
protection plan and water quality plan.
The County of Hawaii adopted by ordinance the current Water Use and Development Plan
Update dated August 2010 (20 10 HWUDP), and the Commission on Water Resource
Management (CWRM) granted approval in December 2011. The 2010 HWUDP update
implemented a broad, uniform approach island -wide to conservatively evaluate the County's
land use policies set forth in the County General Plan and Zoning Code. The General Plan
is the long-range conceptual land use plan for the island of Hawaii; whereas the Zoning
Code is the legal instrument that regulates land development, and implements the General
Plan policies. The intent of the 2010 HWUDP was to guide the County in prioritization
and focus of future assessment efforts.
The 2010 HWUDP identified 2 aquifer sectors to be considered for further evaluation and
detailed assessment. Prioritization of the aquifer areas identified resulted in the selection of
the West Mauna Kea ASEA [803]/Waimea ASYA [80301] and the Keauhou ASYA [80901]
for this update.
Page 1
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
II. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this update is to provide a more detailed evaluation of the Keauhou Aquifer
System and Waimea Aquifer System, and refine demand projections based on the best,
currently available information. The update also intends to provide conceptual source
development and infrastructure improvement plans to serve projected growth scenarios,
generally associated with the County's community development plans.
III. PROPOSED TECHNICAL APPROACH
The update of the HWUDP for the Keauhou ASYA and Waimea ASYA will proceed in two
phases. The first phase will include the refinement of the 2010 HWUDP demand
projections and calculation of authorized planned use. The second phase will involve the
development of source development strategies and scenarios. The County of Hawaii
proposes to implement the following technical approach.
A. Phase 1 — Demand Projections and Authorized Planned Use
The detailed evaluation will involve identification of existing developed parcels and
assessment of their respective average water use, compilation and estimation of
authorized planned use, evaluation of updated planning information such as the
Community Development Plans, and assessment of future water use (projections).
1. Existing Use/Pumpage
All well owners, municipal and private, are required to report water use to the
CWRM; and the CWRM is responsible to maintain a database. The CWRM
database is the best available information and will be used to determine existing
use or the current ground water well pumpage. Ground water use will be assessed
based on the 12 -month moving average (12 -MAV), as required by CWRM to
address seasonal fluctuations.
2. Planning Unit Rates for Water Demand
The planning unit rates that were used in the 2010 HWUDP are listed in Table 1.
These rates are planning level rates used for design of water systems, including
pumping, storage and distribution facilities, and should be considered conservative
since they are established to properly design water systems for service reliability.
These rates will be verified with recorded water meter data for a comparison with
actual consumption unit rates. Preliminary analysis of meter data indicates that the
Single Family long-term Average Daily Demand (ADD) water use is closer to 400
gals/unit instead of the 1,000 gals/unit previously used in the 2010 HWUDP, and
Page 2
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
400 gals/unit is also the value used by DWS for water system design and water
connection permits.
Table 1— 2010 HWUDP Unit Rates
Zoning Designation
Average Daily Demand (ADD)
RESIDENTIAL:
Single Family
1,000 gals/unit
Duplex
400 gals/unit
Multi -Family Low Rise
400 gals/unit
Multi -Family High Rise
400 gals/unit
COMMERCIAL:
Commercial Only
3000 gals/acre
RESORT:
400 gals/unit or 17,000 gal/acre*
LIGHT INDUSTRY:
4000 gals/acre
SCHOOLS, PARKS:
4000 gals/acre or 60 gals/student
AGRICULTURE:
3400 gals/acre**
* Resort ADD of 17,000 gal/acre based on ADD for Maui.
** Agriculture ADD based on AWUDP.
3. Existing and Potential Non -Potable Uses
Existing information on non -potable water uses will be compiled from DWS and
CWRM records for municipal and private well sources. More detailed
information is available for DWS metered services, including those serving
agricultural users and separate irrigation meters. These data will be analyzed to
verify the validity of planning unit rates that are currently being used for demand
projections, and examine potential opportunities to convert existing non -potable
uses (currently using potable water sources) to non -potable sources.
4. Agricultural Water Use Projections
Agricultural water use demand projections will be estimated for agricultural areas
not accounted for by authorized planned use. These projections will follow the
methodology presented in the 2010 HWUDP as no further information has
become available since that time. The 2010 HWUDP agricultural demands are
based on the Important Agricultural Land area (as identified in the 2005 General
Plan) multiplied by the agricultural use unit rate of 3,400 gallons per acre per day.
This unit rate was developed by the Agricultural Water Use and Development
Plan (AWUDP) and is the best available information. As stated in the 2010
HWUDP, this methodology was met with strong objection at public meetings
during the 2010 HWUDP public information process. Public input suggested that
Page 3
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
the need for irrigation water was not predicated on the classification of
agricultural lands, and that users would grow what is feasible according to the
climate. Projecting agricultural water use is the objective of the AWUDP, which
is a major effort. Therefore, agricultural water use projections presented in this
update will be the worst case scenario for lack of better information and on an
interim basis, until the next phase of the AWUDP is completed.
In addition, based on initial review of the Kona CDP and discussions with the
State Department of Agriculture, no intensive agricultural developments
(requiring extensive irrigation) are proposed in the Keauhou study area. The
requirements for proposed agricultural development in Waimea will be
coordinated with the State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture and the ongoing
Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan.
5. Authorized Planned Use
Authorized planned use is defined by the State Water Code (Hawai'i Revised
Statutes Chapter 174C) as "the use or projected use of water by a development
that has received the proper state land use designation and county development
plan/community plan approvals." The State Land Use classification has no
guidelines to identify the level of development densities within the various
districts, and therefore cannot be used for water demand projections.
Authorized planned use is 1 of 8 ground water criteria considered by the CWRM
for designation of an area for ground water use regulation. If authorized planned
use may cause the maximum rate of withdrawal from a ground water source to
reach 90% of the sustainable yield, CWRM may consider designation of the area
as a ground water management area.
a. Existing Use and Entitlements
Calculation of existing water use and water entitlements in the Keauhou
ASYA and Waimea ASYA will include demands associated with
developments that have received or are in the process of obtaining the proper
State and County approvals. Existing water use and water entitlements
include the following:
Existing Use/Current 12 -MAV pumpage
Vacant service laterals (service lateral installation charge paid)
Approved building permits on parcels in proximity to existing distribution
system
Page 4
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
• Developer agreements
• Private well demands not reported to CWRM (estimate will be based on
installed pump capacities and assume 16 -hour pumping each day)
b. Updated Planning Information
The County Planning Department will cooperatively provide their latest
updates and refinements of planning information for the study areas. As
described in the 2005 General Plan, community development plans (CDP) are
intended to be the forum for community input, and will translate the broad
General Plan statements to specific actions and more detailed land use
refinements as they apply to specific geographical areas. The Kona CDP and
the South Kohala CDP were both adopted in 2008.
i. Kona Community Development Plan
The Kona CDP encompasses the judicial districts of North and South
Kona, and delineates Urban and Rural areas where future growth should
be directed. Most of the future growth should be directed to 10 compact
villages identified as transit oriented development (TOD) zones and
located within the Keauhou ASYA. Development outside of the Kona
Urban Area should be directed to existing rural towns and villages.
Outside of these Rural areas, protection of the existing agricultural land is
a priority.
The Urban Area identified by the Kona CDP encompasses the area
spanning from Kona International Airport to Keauhou, makai of
Mamalahoa Highway, designated by the General Plan as urban expansion,
high density, medium density, low density, resort node, resort area, and
industrial area. It excludes the area designated resort node in Kaupulehu
(located and served by sources in the Kiholo ASYA; and therefore will
not be included in this study) and the medium and low density area in
Holualoa. Holualoa is identified as a Rural area, and will be evaluated as
such. The Urban Area TODs are listed below:
1) University Village (Regional Center)
2) Kalaoa Village (Neighborhood)
3) Kaloko Makai Village (Neighborhood)
4) Honokohau Village (Regional Center)
5) Keahuolu Village (Neighborhood)
6) Makaeo Village (Regional Center)
7) Kailua Village Redevelopment (Regional Center)
Page 5
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
8) Puaa-Waiaha Village (Neighborhood)
9) Kahului-Puapuaa Village (Neighborhood)
10) Kahaluu Makai Village (Neighborhood)
The Kona CDP Financing Plan for Public Facilities and Backbone
Infrastructure, dated January 2011 was prepared to evaluate the financial
feasibility of the new development proposed in the Kona CDP. The
financing plan provides an estimate of the number of dwelling units and
commercial/industrial area proposed by the Kona CDP. This estimate
will be used to project water demand associated with the Kona CDP.
ii. South Kohala Community Development Plan
The South Kohala CDP separates the district into four specific
communities and outlines separate community plans for each as follows:
• Waimea Town Plan
• Waikoloa Village Plan
• Kawaihae Community Plan
• Puako Community Plan
Waimea Town is served by the County Waimea Water System, which is
supplied by wells located in the adjacent Kohala ASEA to the north.
Therefore, Waimea Town will not be included in the assessment of the
Waimea ASYA. The remaining plans for Waikoloa, Kawaihae and Puako
have varying degrees of detail on future development. These community
plans and additional development master plans that are made available
will be used to refine the general plan water demand projections.
iii. State Water Projects Plan Updates
The State Water Projects Plan (SWPP) is currently being updated by the
State of Hawaii, Department of Land & Natural Resources (DLNR),
Engineering Division. A partial update of the SWPP, currently in the
Prefinal Draft stage, covers projects for the Department of Hawaiian
Homelands (DHHL). DLNR also is preparing a separate SWPP for the
West Hawaii region, focusing on projected State agency demands
proposed in the area. These State agency demands will be incorporated
into the projected demands for the study areas as they are made available.
In particular, DHHL water needs will be explicitly addressed in
accordance with regulatory and constitutional requirements.
Page 6
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
6. Traditional and Customary Native Hawaiian Water Uses
The County will begin assessing traditional and customary native Hawaiian
issues using available published information, such as Environmental
Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements. Preliminary findings will
be reported to the CWRM by May 30, 2015. In addition, the County proposes
to begin work with the community and other stakeholders to identify known
cultural and native Hawaiian uses of water in the study areas. Quantifying the
amount of surface or groundwater necessary for these uses is expected to be
difficult. The information gathered will be shared with the CWRM with the
hope that sustainable yields for aquifers or minimum instream use values for
surface waters can be adjusted to take into account these valuable needs.
B. Phase 2 — Source Development Strategies and Scenarios
Water is a precious resource held in trust by the State for the benefit of the citizens of the
State, and is a high priority in land use policy formulation and decisions. There are
several stages and approvals required for water resource development to support land
development; and each stage potentially could require substantial capital investment and
potentially could stop the process. Most of the major well drilling and pumping
approvals are under the jurisdiction of CWRM as part of its function to protect the
State's water resources. CWRM manages both municipal (County) and private wells,
potable and non -potable sources. County and privately operated potable (public) water
systems also must comply with the Department of Health Safe Drinking Water
regulations that require system reliability, including backup capability and water quality
monitoring. The following is a list of typical stages for drilling and developing a
groundwater well source.
• Acquisition of potential well site
• Well drilling permit from the CWRM
• Successful well exploration
• Pump installation permit from the CWRM
• Outfitting of well with pump, piping, valves and controls
• Infrastructure or agreement with existing water system owner to store, transmit
and distribute water to demand location.
Please note that this list does not include land use approvals (State Land Use
Commission, Zoning, Special Management Area Permit, environmental clearances, etc.)
or other utility development that may be required (access, power, etc.).
Page 7
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
An implementation plan for the WUDP Update — Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer
Systems will be developed to provide guidance for further integration of water resource
management with the development of land use policies to ensure sustainable
management of this vital resource. Data gaps will be identified and recommendations
will be developed to further improve the County's land and water resource planning
coordination.
Development timetables are difficult to predict since development projects are often
market and economically driven. Therefore, the update will provide conceptual options
for source development and infrastructure improvements linked to possible land
development scenarios. More detailed strategies for DWS near-term needs are available
through the 5 -year Capital Improvement Plan (CIP), which DWS updates/approves
annually. This list includes anticipated projects that are most likely to be executed
during the 5 -year period.
1. Source Development Strategies
The WRPP will continue to be the guiding document to establish the availability
of water resources. However, whenever more current information is available,
the latest data will be used to guide the strategies for source development. In
line with the WUDP's guiding principles, the highest quality water shall be used
for the communities' highest beneficial uses. Generally, potable groundwater
will be reserved primarily for domestic uses and human consumption.
For the Keauhou ASYA, the DWS sources in the basal aquifer historically have
experienced rising chloride levels with pumping. The DWS has actively been
moving to reduce its dependence on the basal sources by developing high level
sources and related major infrastructure such as storage and transmission in the
region. The high level sources have shown to be of high quality, and thus more
suitable for domestic uses and human consumption. The DWS proposed to
expand its development of high level sources and interconnecting its
transmission/distribution system to increase system capacity and reliability.
2. Conservation
Water is a most precious resource and shall be used wisely and shall be
conserved and waste shall be minimized. The County has implemented an
aggressive leak and loss detection program and will continue its efforts to
prevent the waste of water. Public education programs will continue to be
promoted so that the community will consistently act to achieve this goal.
Page 8
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015
Technical Memorandum
Water Use & Development Plan Update
Keauhou and Waimea Aquifer Systems
Final Project Description
3. Reuse Water
Treated wastewater, or reuse water is a resource that warrants further
consideration for non-domestic needs. The County currently proposes to initiate
the development of a larger scale reuse water system at the Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Plant. More information on the proposed system will be
provided as details on the system improvements and timetable are available.
4. Traditional and Customary Hawaiian Rights
Source development strategies will consider traditional and customary Hawaiian
rights. Impacts to traditional and customary Hawaiian rights are often times
difficult to predict, but strategies to mitigate impacts and alternative strategies
will be identified.
IV. UPDATING AND ADOPTION PROCESS
This Project Description initiates the process to update the WUDP focusing on the Keauhou
and Waimea Aquifer Systems for the County of Hawaii, and notifies the CWRM of the
County's intent and proposed technical approach. In accordance with the February 19, 2015
Notice of Action, a draft of the Phase 1 update will be submitted to CWRM by May 15,
2015. Additional information on the project description approach and schedule for Phase 2
will be submitted to CWRM by May 30, 2015 and will be considered an addendum to this
Project Description.
A series of public informational meetings are proposed in Phase 2 with the community
stakeholders, including the Kona Water Roundtable and reviving the Waimea Water
Roundtable group. Two rounds of meetings will be held, one after the initial findings are
compiled and the second to present the prefinal draft update. Public input will be
incorporated when applicable into the Phase 2 draft documents.
The Phase 1 and Phase 2 draft plans will be presented to the County and the CWRM for
review and comments. The plans will be revised to incorporate comments and submitted to
CWRM for approval and adoption.
Page 9
Fukunaga & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
March 2015