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HomeMy WebLinkAboutMIN PSMTC 2017/10/17 2016-2018COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY AND MASS TRANSIT 5t" Session West Hawaii Civic Center 74-5044 Ane Keohokdlole Highway, Building A Kailua-Kona, Hawaii October 17, 2017 CALL TO The regular meeting of the Committee on Public Safety and Mass Transit ORDER: was called to order at 1:30 p.m., in the Council Chambers, Kailua-Kona, by Ms. Jennifer Ruggles, Chair. ROLL CALL: Present: Ms. Jennifer Ruggles, Chair Ms. Karen Eoff, Vice Chair Mr. Aaron S. Y. Chung, Member (came in later) Ms. Maile Medeiros David, Member Mr. Dru Mamo Kanuha, Member Ms. Susan L. K. Lee Loy, Member Ms. Eileen O'Hara, Member Ms. Valerie T. Poindexter, Member (came in later) Absent & Excused: Mr. Herbert M. "Tim" Richards, III, Member STATEMENTS The Chair directed the Committee to proceed to the next order of business, FROM THE Statements from the Public on Agenda Items. PUBLIC ON AGENDA ITEMS: The following individual registered to speak, and came forward when called by the Chair: Bobbye St. Ambrogio: Comm. 487, support. (representing Neighborhood Watch) MS. RUGGLES: At this time, I'll close testimony and move to Communication 487. Mr. Clerk? COMMUNI- The Chair directed the Committee to proceed to the next order of business, CATIONS: Communications. PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 Comm. 487: REQUESTS A PRESENTATION BY PATTI PINTO, HAWAII ISLAND COORDINATOR FOR THE COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM, REGARDING ITS DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM PROJECT 360 From Council Member Jennifer Ruggles, dated September 25, 2017. CHR. RUGGLES: Thank you. Ms. Pinto, if you'd like to come up and proceed with your presentation? (Note: At this time, William Hansen, Civil Defense Administrative Officer; and Susie Bond, Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters Chair, came forward to address the members of the Committee.) CHR. RUGGLES: Oh, excuse me, may I have a motion? Motion to Close File: Ms. Poindexter moved to close file on Comm. 487. Seconded by Ms. Eoff. CHR. RUGGLES: Okay go ahead, Ms. Pinto. MR. HANSEN: Aloha, Council. CHR. RUGGLES: Aloha. MR. HANSEN: For the record, my name is Bill Hansen. I'm the Hawaii County Civil Defense Administrative Officer, and today we have a very special presentation that we'd like to give to you. Next to me is Ms. Susie Bond. MS. BOND: I'm Susie Bond. I am the current Chair of Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters, and I am also the current Chair of the Hawaii Island Citizen Corps Council. We are working in conjunction with the Hawaii County Civil Defense to launch Project 360, which is about community resiliency. Especially after we've seen in Puerto Rico and Texas and Florida, we really—especially Puerto Rico, if something happens here, we're on our own and we need to really be prepared for that. MR. HANSEN: So, our team of presenters. Today we have not only Susie Bond, myself, but to the back of me, starting from here we have Dennis McCartin. Dennis McCartin is a CERT (Community Emergency Response Team) leader in the Orchid Land area. Next to Dennis, we have Patti Pinto, as you all know. She's our CERT coordinator. She helps me to make sure that I'm doing my job, I am doing it quickly and doing it properly. Page 2 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 In addition, we have Sharon McCartin, Dennis's sometimes referred to as his better half, and also will be doing part of the presentation. So I guess the idea is, where did this Project 360 concept come from? Actually, I've got to point back to Mayor Kim. Mayor Kim challenged Civil Defense to find better ways of utilizing volunteer organizations, in particular, CERT programs. So as we were thinking about it, we were thinking about how many days in a given year, on average, do CERTs actually get activated, or for that part, other volunteer organizations during disasters, in emergencies? We said, "On average, about five days." And then we asked the question, what do they do for the other 360 days of the year? And hence, was born the concept, Project 360. It's what we can do when the sun is shining. When it's out—when there's a disaster, we're basically stuck with what we have, the resources that we have. But what we can do, during when the sun is shining, we can actually build resources, we can build capability, and so that's where we begin with looking at what we can do to inspire, enhance, and grow community resiliency around the island. So the key phrase, of course, is community resiliency. And hence, were borne four pillars that we are looking to capitalize on in building this community resiliency. So to introduce those four areas, we have the rest of our group over here. Just to let you know, the first area has to do with building the number of communities that have community CERT teams, community response teams. The other is building communities that have community emergency plans. Then the third is, like to it, building the number of households that have emergency plans, and then the fourth is building communications, ways of communicating between the County, communities, and communities with the County, so that we don't get caught in certain areas that we have in the past. And then, we can move forward. We also draw inspiration from our ancestors. In the handouts that we had given to you earlier, which is the project, in there we talk about the initial voyage to Hawaii by the ancient Hawaiians. There were eight families led by a gentleman by the name of Hawaii Loa. Hawaii Loa, I don't know if you know, but he was only 19 years old when he led those 12 canoes with eight families to this area of the islands. So we use him, we use the navigation, we use the compass as inspiration to draw upon as we also move forward on this journey we call Project 360. So with that, I'd like to turn the time over to Susie. My apologies, also Talmadge, my boss, wanted to also chime in and be here, at least, though, in the Hilo area. But we also have some National Weather personnel and also some South Korea visitors from the Emergency Management in South Korea, and he has to attend to that. So we apologize that he wasn't able to be present. But he does, a hundred percent, support this project, as well. Susie, please, if you would? Page 3 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 MS. BOND: My area of the project is building the `ohana emergency plan and to get at least 10,000 households in the next three years with an emergency plan. We're starting off with the survey that we've put together, that asks very simple questions. Basically, "what neighborhood do you live in," and to broaden it out, "what zip code are you in," just so that we kind of figure out where people are. Then it asks, "Do you have like an emergency plan, a pre -arranged meeting spot, drinking water for people?" And then at one point we actually ask too, "do you understand which is available at an emergency evacuation center?" If anybody answers anything but "no," they're basically wrong because you go to an emergency shelter and you have to take everything with you, and people don't understand that. So we're trying to get people to understand that in actuality it's best to shelter in place; but if you have to go somewhere else, you need to take everything with you. We've put together a little booklet that we've been working on, as well. Our plan is to go out to like community fairs, church groups, rotary, anybody that we can get to listen to us and start putting these together. This is the beginning. This is certainly not a completely finished project, as we never planned on. Can't get it all right, but we try to get it—localize it because all of the other plans that you—like, ready.gov and the American Red Cross, they tell you to—things to do with your basement and your attic, how to work with your insulation. A lot of that doesn't apply here, so we need things that people can do here. Like, put a liner in your trash can. Fill it full of water so that you've got extra water to cook with. You are going to need all this food, but you don't have to buy it all at once. If you're going to the store and buy one can of spam, buy a second can of spam, stick it in your kit, and that way you can build your kit. Because one of the things that really deters people, especially over here, is the cost of putting together a kit. I think it's, what, $400, if you go out and just buy the stuff all at once? And then, you'll have to rotate it out because, except for spam, pretty much—and vienna sausage, things need to be rotated out. So, every six months you should use some of it and then replace what you've put in there. Little tips. Things like what your contact numbers are, for not only the head of household but also a number, an off -island contact, so that everybody can catch in. There's someone that everyone can check in with. In my family, I have one sibling that lives on the mainland; so if anything happens in this state, everybody checks in with her. It's a much easier way to—it's an easier way to communicate. Kits, family, thinking about a plan. We have a section here about—put together a plan for your family: where do you go, where would you meet, how would you get there? That type of thing. And then, it tells you to put together kits. Personal kits, family kits, baby kits, pet kits, senior kits, and documentation. You're going Page 4 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 to need your documents after the whole thing is over. Insurance numbers and all of that. So we're trying to get people to really start thinking about the fact that—and I think that, to our advantage, rolling this out now is helped by the mess that we've seen with Puerto Rico. Because if they're in a big ocean, where are we? Is that all of it? Okay. MR. HANSEN: Thank you, Susie. I'd like to call Dennis, first of all, please? (Note: At this time, Dennis McCartin, Hawaii County Community Emergency Response Team Operations Chief, came forward to address the members of the Committee.) MR. MCCARTIN: Good afternoon. I'm Dennis McCartin. I'm the team lead for Orchid Land, and under the Civil Defense Administrative team for CERT, I'm also the Operations Chief. We currently have 24 CERT teams within the County trying to serve more than approximately 105 different communities. So we've got a big disparity there. We've often time during major incidents, say in Lower Puna, had to rely on teams from other communities to come in and help out with all the door-to-door notifications, things of that nature. That's kind of been the crux of why we really need to expand the number of teams. So we're going to try to build out 50 teams over the next three years. It only takes three trained CERT members in the community to really start a team. We've identified, kind of, like, those priority communities where we know things can go wrong or we know some communities have a problem of being more isolated from other communities, so we're going to be targeting those communities. Part of this whole process involves those perspective teams filling out CERT team applications. And currently the application, when it's completed, is at least a 30 -page document, and that pretty much identifies the hazards in that community. The team's response: how they're going to respond; how they're going to organize for that response; how they're even going through the activation process; and how they're going to follow the use of command system that all teams have to follow; and how they're going to communicate within their team, within the community and the Civil Defense. For there, we rely a great deal on the team's developing team members becoming licensed amateur radio operators. We have quite a number in most of our teams. So, that's pretty much the process. MR. HANSEN: Thank you, Dennis, appreciate it. And now, Sharon, if you would talk about the community plans, emergency plans? Patti, I'm going to hold Page 5 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 you for last, if you wouldn't mind. Sharon, if you would, if you would talk about the community emergency plans? (Note: At this time, Sharon McCartin, Hawaii County Community Emergency Response Team Assistant Operations Chief, came forward to address the members of the Committee.) MS. MCCARTIN: Good afternoon. Every community should have an emergency plan. In order for them to be organized, they need to know as far as what resources they have available within the community. And normally what it takes is a group of people, maybe 10 to 20 people within that community, to get together, start having meetings. They would be guided through Civil Defense because Civil Defense has a planner in their office that will actually guide them through, as far as the process. Some of the things, because of all the hazards that's taken place, the community needs to have, you know, know what hazards are there. Do they have certain roads that flood all the time? Is there a certain part of their community that they're not going to be able to reach? These are all—identify all the hazards. What is the population like? Do they have a lot of special needs people that's going to need more, as far as health, and as far as a template is included, as far as in your packet? And, what resources? A lot of times you have people within your community that you know, oh, they have a backhoe, they have chainsaws. So, just as far as getting to know, as far as all of that. I mean, with the communities, as far as that have CERT teams, that's one of the things as far as that they do. And also, neighborhood watch will do community mapping. So those are just—as far as some of the things. Thank you. MR. HANSEN: Thank you, Sharon, very much. Patti Pinto is going to also present on closing remarks. I'll bring her up right now, and ask. But before she does, I'd like to talk to you just quickly about the fourth pillar or the fourth leg, and that is emergency communications. Less than 10 percent of this island's population residents are signed up to Civil Defense's mass notification messaging. There's over 90 percent out there that still should be considering. Of course we have limitations, some don't have smart phones, some don't have connectivity, and we'll figure that out. But we know that there's more than the 90 percent out there that have connectivity, that have smart phones, et cetera, so we want them to be able to be connected to Civil Defense, to our alerts, to knowing when warnings, watches, advisories, road closures, and the list can go on, are happening. So, it's not always just looking at like radio communications or amateur radio and things like that. The other thing that we look for, is partnering with communities to tell us what's happening in their communities. We have micro -weather in certain areas that can Page 6 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 occur, and we may not know about them happening on other parts of the island unless somebody in the community lets us know. So what we would like to do is partner with communities to see how we can do weather reporting of conditions out there, and that would help us as well as help them, as well as help us to make sure we have the proper resources in the proper area. And the third leg of this emergency communication is actually building out emergency communications plan in 20 of our communities. So we have numerical quantitative targets that we want to achieve on all four legs, and with this one, we're looking at to be able to expand into 20 communities with radio, two-way radio type of communication, as well. So, that's what we're looking at this time. You may know that Civil Defense has also partnered with eight of our high schools on this island to bring youth amateur radio clubs back to life, and this is really going to be critical. We have youth that are very interested in learning about amateur radio, and we want them to also be a part of that growth that we have in our communities of connectivity of communications, during good times as well as if storms start to hit and hazards start to hit our island. With that, I'd like to turn the closing remarks over to Patti Pinto, please. (Note: At this time, Patti Pinto, Hawaii Island Coordinator for the Community Emergency Response Team, came forward to address the members of the Committee.) MS. PINTO: And before I close up, I'm going to talk about our website. We kept on running into how do we share all this information with everybody, and obviously publishing a giant phone book full of information is not a productive way to do that. So we're in the process of developing a website that will have content from all the organizations that are active in responding to emergencies and disasters. It will be a place where people can go and find out about volunteering, organizations; and also go in, for instance in the CERT section, they'll get schedules of training or calendar. They'll find out everything they can. This is going to cover—CERT; the Medical Reserve Corps, under the State Department of Health; the Auxiliary Communication System, which is our amateur radio; neighborhood watch; Civil Defense; American Red Cross; and VOAD (Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters). So that's part of this program, as well as a constant way for people to be able to come in. We'll also provide all of the emergency links, to FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), food, storage, people. All kinds of things that are helpful in getting families to be prepared. When we sat in our living rooms watching the people leaving the hurricane in Texas, and they're leaving their homes, many of them without even shoes on their Page 7 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 feet and nothing to carry with them, and I just couldn't help but think there wasn't a single family there that appeared to be prepared for the disaster that they knew was coming. We have a population here on Hawaii Island that are interested in being prepared. We recently had over 100 people trying to sign up for our latest CERT training in Puna, and the class just started. It's our biggest class ever. People here are ready to step up to the plate and make sure that their families are going to be ready. We want to have an ambitious program that we can do, that can be done by volunteers, to be able to serve our communities, our families, and everyone on the island, so that should a hurricane hit us, should a disaster hit us, a wild fire, whatever it may be in a particular community, we're going to be much more ready than anything we've ever seen before. There are CERT teams right now in all of your communities, and we would like to double the number of teams out there. So we hope to have your support in growing CERT teams in your districts. CERTs are they're just—working on this program has just been a revelation to me. These are the best finest volunteers you're ever going to run into. Ready to step up and give their time to serve in their community. And, we do this on a shoe string. If you see at the back of your packet, we have a proposed budget, and part of our presence here today is to ask you to help out. If all nine districts helped us to meet this budget, it would be about $850 per representative, and we will be coming to you with a formal request. MR. HANSEN: And that's over a three-year period only. MS. PINTO: That is our proposal. This may look like a huge program, but we can do this, and the people of Hawaii Island are interested in doing this. I know that working together we're going to be more than twice as ready than we are now. MR. HANSEN: So today is a very special day. We've been working on this project planning for six months already. Today is our launch day, and we would like to present it to you as part of our launch. So thank you very much for hearing our presentation and allowing us to launch the program in front of you. MS. PINTO: Thank you very much. CHR. RUGGLES: Thank you very much. Are there any questions or comment? Ms. O'Hara. MS. O'HARA: Well, I just want to thank everyone for coming forward with the presentation and also for all the hard work that you do as volunteers. I know you're actually paid, Bill, but the rest are generally volunteers. Page 8 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 We've got off to a little bit of a rough start with the CERT program at the beginning of this administration. It does my heart good to see that we persevered and we're able to carry through and continue building this program, which has really grown since it's initiation, to be relevant and a great resource for the emergencies that we're bound to have. I mean, we are out here in the island, in the middle of the Pacific, and prone to every natural disaster. There is maybe even some new man-made disasters. Who knows? The preparedness is so important. And getting into the communities, doing those emergency response plans with each of the communities, getting people dedicated and understanding how to communicate in times of emergency, always a challenge. The more we prepare and practice, the better things are going to go for when that event hits us. And, yes, Puerto Rico is a good incentive. I have to say I was very moved when that hurricane hit Puerto Rico. I was concerned about the response from our Federal Government, and it kind of wore out what I was concerned about, which was a very slow response to a very tragic event. We won't know for a long time how many people lost their lives or were hugely impacted by that disaster, because it will take a long time for the data collection and all of that to occur, given the circumstances that they were given to respond to that disaster. I just really appreciate everything you do as a --everything all of you do as volunteers. As you know, we did recognize Patti for her work as the island -wide coordinator, I think back in March or something like that. But just the fact that you guys continue to move forward, grow, have that kind of interest in the classes that are being offered in October, that really makes me happy. Because I'm trying to champion the program in my community, and I hope all the other Council Members do the same. So, thank you. CHR. RUGGLES: Council Member Poindexter. MS. POINDEXTER: I just want to say thank you, also. I'm not going to repeat everything that Council Member O'Hara said, but I'll ditto her on that. I know that I'm helping out with some funding for my district areas. I think I have two CERT right now. I think we have in Ahualoa, getting kind of interested, starting with the neighborhood watch and those kind of things happening; Hakalau, starting with the neighborhood watch for us, and hopefully that will build. So besides the funding I'm giving you, this is separate. This is for the organization itself in order to operate 360, correct? Okay, so that means I've got to try scrape up some other funding to try to help out with this. But I'll see what I Page 9 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 can do, besides what I'm doing for the other CERT teams in my district. Thank you. CHR. RUGGLES: Anyone else? Alright. Well, if no one else has any comments, I do have a couple of questions. But first of all, thank you for the very well -organized and assisting presentation. Is this `ohana emergency booklet available online anywhere? MS. PINTO: It's not in its published state yet, so you have a draft right there. It will be online, available through our website, through the County Civil Defense website, and we hope to be able to distribute it at health fairs and community events throughout the islands. CHR. RUGGLES: Thank you. And if you do get the funding, what does the launch date for the website look like? MS. PINTO: I think we can have it up within a month. CHR. RUGGLES: Wow, great. Yeah, that's the first thing I thought about this booklet, when you went through this, is that it'll be great to disseminate this electronically. I think it's a really good resource, and I would love to put it out to my community. I can commit to you now that 870, is that what have? MS. PINTO: About 850, I think. CHR. RUGGLES: 850. Yes, I can commit to that. And I urge the rest of my colleagues, too. Go ahead, Ms. Poindexter. MR. HANSEN: 850 is per district, and that covers the whole three-year period of implementation of this project. MS. POINDEXTER: I have a question about this. I know that in Ahualoa we're going to—they're having a kick-off with their neighborhood watch and a few things, discussing things with that association. But is it okay that I share that this is in draft form or don't share with them yet? I was just thinking this would put fire in their belly. MR. HANSEN: It is a draft form. If you would like to share the information, I think it's fine, but just know that it's not the finished product. It's at 85 percent solution at this time. MS. POINDEXTER: Okay, so I'm just going to write on here "draft." I want to share it with them. I think it will get them excited. Thank you. CHR. RUGGLES: Ms. David. Page 10 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 MS. DAVID: Thank you, Chair, and thank you very much for being here and for that presentation. I'm very excited, and I have one question. My district overlaps South Kona, Kd`u and Volcano. So is that three times the $800 or the $850? MS. PINTO: No, once. MR. HANSEN: If you like. MS. DAVID: I thought you would say that. I'm also wanting to commit. If I can give more because my district is huge, and I know there's some organization—yeah, sign a promissory note and I'll give you hers. No, she's asking me to give you guys money for her district, too. But, yes, I will commit. I'm really interested, especially in the Kd`u District, Ocean View, and— MS. PINTO: Our Spring training is going to be in the Ocean View Community Center. MS. DAVID: Perfect, perfect. So give my office a call, and I'll be happy to help out, okay? MR. HANSEN: Thank you. MS. DAVID: Mahalo. CHR. RUGGLES: Yeah, go ahead. MR. HENRICKS: I'm sorry, Mr. Hansen, just want to be clear that the information that was provided to Council is not intended to be made public at this time? MR. HANSEN: That is correct. MR. HENRICKS: Okay, I wasn't clear on that, because that's why we had accepted it. Because normally when things are provided to the Council, we'd also have to number it and make that information available to the public. But we'll treat this like a confidential document, as a County work product? MR. HANSEN: So it's still under construction. As I said, 85 percent is solid, good, we could move forward with. As we noted about that booklet, it still needs a little bit more work on it, and then as soon as we're done, all this information will be provided for public scrutiny, public viewing. MS. POINDEXTER: For clarification purposes? CHR. RUGGLES: Yeah, go ahead, Ms. Poindexter. Page 11 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 MS. POINDEXTER: For clarification purposes, the Council cannot make it public, but I can share this with my Ahualoa Community Association? Thank you. CHR. RUGGLES: Ms. Eoff. MS. EOFF: What was the timing for when you would like to have all of us contribute some contingency funds? MR. HANSEN: So as we mentioned, it is over a three-year period. Much of the funding is—printing costs are involved; purchasing of banners, purchasing of booklets, in terms of printing cost, things like that. It's not associated with actually having to pay anybody, but to keep the materials going forward. Any time within the three-year period is great, but upfront, if we can frontload it, it will be much more appreciated. MS. EOFF: Okay, so maybe by the beginning of the next year would be good? MR. HANSEN: Yes, ma'am. MS. EOFF: Thank you. CHR. RUGGLES: Ms. Lee Loy. MS. LEE LOY: Thank you, Chair. Thank you for the presentation. And what I just heard at the end there, was this is kind of under construction. Maybe just food for thought, we have an incredible population of people with disabilities, for special needs. I'm really, really concerned that this works for others, but for that community I wouldn't even know how to begin to reach them; but if through this process, if we could start looking ahead towards those needs. Even with the website, maybe videos that they could link into, with close captioning on the bottom or inscription that they could read. This is amazing, and it will work for so many. But there are a number of people in the community who won't be able to utilize this or reach out for help because some of them can't speak. They sign, so how do we figure out a way for them to communicate their need? Possibly they can text, but that's not available, or type on the computer, but that's not available. I don't want to dilute anything that you folks have done up onto this incredible—and if we could just give that piece, maybe the next phase going forward, I think we really, truly can be ready as an entire community for everyone in our community. So, just food for thought. Thank you. MR. HANSEN: Those are good thoughts. One thing is, when there is the Community Emergency Response, I'm sorry, Community Emergency Plan as it's Page 12 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 being constructed per each community, hopefully those concerns, those needs would be addressed at that time, as well. MS. LEE LOY: Exactly. And identifying those households or identifying their medical needs, whether it's oxygen, or insulin, or those types of things, and then creating maybe a cohort, where if you have those types of needs, begin to direct them in a particular shape or fashion. That's exactly—and I can appreciate that. So, thank you very much. I yield. CHR. RUGGLES: Okay, anyone else wishing to comment or have a question? Okay, with that I want to thank you again for taking the time to volunteer and bring us up to speed on the really important work that you've been doing and telling us what you need in order to finish the project, and to ensure we are as prepared as possible in the event of an emergency. So, thank you. With that, all those in favor of filing Communication 487 please say "aye." Vote on Comm. 487: The motion to close file on Comm. 487 was carried by the Filed following voice vote: Ayes: Committee Members Chung, David, Eoff, Kanuha, Lee Loy, O'Hara, Poindexter, and Chair Ruggles - 8. Noes: None. Absent: Committee Member Richards - 1. Excused: None. ORDER OF The Chair directed the Committee to proceed to the next order of business, RESOLUTIONS: Order of Resolutions. (There were none.) BILLS FOR The Chair directed the Committee to proceed to the next order of business, ORDINANCES: Bills for Ordinances. (There were none.) CHR. RUGGLES: May I have a motion to adjourn? Page 13 PSMTC-5 October 17, 2017 ADJOURN- There being no further business, at 2:06 p.m., Ms. David moved to adjourn MENT: the meeting. Seconded by Ms. Poindexter and carried by the following voice vote: Ayes: Committee Members Chung, David, Eoff, Kanuha, Lee Loy, O'Hara, Poindexter, and Chair Ruggles - 8. Noes: None. Absent: Committee Member Richards - 1. Excused: None. CHR. RUGGLES : We are adjourned. Thank you. MR. HANSEN: Mahalo. Approved: '009M z J MI nnifer Ruggles, Chair Pu 14 Safety and Mass Transit Committee JR/na )2,.-1 - I? (Date) Page 14