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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 1169.004 2016-2018 SUBMITTED BY: Sara Steiner P / PShfTC Presenting Laulima Pahoa COMM. 1169 Request to Establish Emergency Volcanic Eruption Response Planning for Hawaii Island UNIFIED 4 PUNA COMMUNITY WORKING GROUP P.O. Box 2011 , Pahoa, HI 96778 PahoaToday@gmail.com 808-936-9546 comm. No. I\WA.� Ref.To: i)'�Sd1T[L Ref. Date 11,1g1-2.0\ci CYCLES OF EXPLOSIVE AND EFFUSIVE ERUPTIONS AT KILAUEA VOLCANO* • According to scientists at USGS, HVO and the University of Hawaii, a study of the past 2500 years finds that Kilauea Volcano is predominately explosive volcano 60% of the time, with effusive flows the remaining 40%. (*by Donald Swanson, et al. , attached as Exhibit "A"). • This year Hawaii Island, Volcano residents in particular, got a taste of the explosive activity and emissions up at Volcano, and in the past the crater at Halema'uma'u was much larger and deeper and the earthquakes and ash explosions devastated large areas. Hawaii County planning in the Puna District • Do the County planners consult with anyone from HVO or USGS or anyone about volcanic impact when planning subdivisions? • Since 1955, Hawaii County planners with approval of the county council, allowed approximately 80,000 buildable lots, some on freshly cooling lava within speculative subdivisions in the Puna District, some directly on top of the Lower East Rift Zone itself. • County planners and politicians show disregard for human life and safety as they permitted the entire District to be developed without providing even the basic infrastructure such as emergency access roads or the barest of utilities. 3 Hawaii County Code, Section 7-3 . Deputy director; duties. The deputy director is responsible for the organization, administration, and operation of the civil defense agency in the County. It is the duty of the deputy director to coordinate the activities of all organizations for civil defense within the County, public or private, and to maintain liaison with and cooperate to the fullest extent with the State director to insure that the plans and programs of the County for the relief and general welfare of the people in the event of a disaster or emergency are fully Integrated with the plans and programs of the State and Federal governments. The plans and programs shall be prepared by the deputy director and transmitted to the council for approval and shall be reviewed by the deputy director and resubmitted to the council for approval before March 31 of each year. (HCC,Sec. 7 attached as Exhibit "B") 4 What has Hawaii County Civil Defense done to comply with emergency planning that includes ongoing volcanic eruptions? • When was the last time an Civil Defense Emergency Response Plan or a Hazard Mitigation Plan was approved by the County Council? • The Island of Hawaii is different than the rest of the state, as it is composed of mostly active volcanoes. Where is the Hawaii County's volcanic explosive and effusive eruption plan and where is the community awareness component? • As FEMA pays a large portion for emergency response planning, there should be no reason not to do it adequately for all the communities at risk from all the active volcanos on the island, and residents should not be forced to legal action for the County to accept and act responsibly towards impacted residents for it's part in permitting these subdivisions. 5 HCC, Sec. 7-1 provides that the emergency preparations for the County will be adequate ". . . to maintain the strength, resources and economic life of the community. . .and to protect the public health, safety andnd welfare• • Kilauea lava events have been attracting researchers, residents and visitors for centuries. In modern times, since at least 1955, there has been lava intrusions in lower Puna, and evacuations were carried out without arresting and preventing the people from seeing their homes and communities as they were covered. • Viewing lava is part of living in a rift zone and necessary for grieving and closure when lava flows cover private and public —loved lands. All this time, through all the lava flows, people did not become sick and die from studying or viewing the lava and there was a feeling of aloha from the government for the evacuees, as evidenced in many books over the centuries and photographs published showing people in the lava areas. • Nothing has changed over centuries, yet in 2014 and now 2018, heavy-handed applications of power are has been used against the very community being protected, destroying instead of preserving their strength, public health and economic life. • All of a sudden "safety" is the reason given to barricade the entire community from it's roads and lands. "Safety" prevented homeowners from preserving or salvaging their possessions and viewing their retirement homes go up in flames. And months after the eruption stopped, "safety" is still being used as an excuse to not provide a viewing area, thereby ensuring the Puna businesses and residents who suffer economic losses have no chance of recovery by tourist spending. 6 HCC, Sec. 7-2 provides for yearly Civil Defense coordination for ". . .the relief and general welfare of the people. . . are fully integrated with plans and programs of the State and Federal governments. . ." • On the mainland the National Guard assists local communities with evacuations and disaster clean-up and rebuilding. • In 2014 the National Guard arrived after Iselle without tools or chainsaws, hindered residents trying to open roads, getting stuck and borrowing chains and equipment from residents to pull their vehicle out of mud. • In 2014 the issue of inadequate emergency response for Hurricane Iselle and the June 27th lava flow compelled residents to request review of the incidents. Despite over a hundred signatures, including very qualified persons, both Puna councilmen refused to bring the issue to the Council to protect the safety of their constituents. That 2014 request is hereby incorporated with this 2018 request, and is attached as Exhibit "C ") • In 2014 and 2018 the National Guard did not help with looting or evacuations and were used instead as a martial law deterrent with the police against homeowners, businesses and tenants trying to access their land. HCC, Sec. 7-4 provides utilization of existing government services as may be requested . . . • How will potentially ongoing LERZ lava evacuations be organized so lower Puna residents, businesses and school children do not loose their one and only source of recreational programs in town (Pahoa Park, Community Center, Pool and Senior Center, bathrooms and parking) for many months each time an eruption occurs? • The Pahoa pool was not covered when or after the eruption started in 2018, leading to months of Pele Hair clogging the systems. There is no timeline to fix the problem. • The Pahoa community has only been allowed to use their community facilities 3 our of the last 4 years due to preemption for lava emergencies. • Protocol needs to be established to protect community resources for the community, ongoing lava emergencies need command centers and evacuation centers outside of the center hub of Pahoa Village. HCC, Sec 7-9, 7-10 and 7-11 provide for loitering and penalties ".. .provided that this section shall not prevent any authorized person from lawfully preserving, protecting, or salvaging any property, real or personal, or to prevent any other authorized person from performing any other lawful duty." • In 2018, police and national guard and CERT team members threatened arrest and prevented homeowners and tenants with authorized access placards from preserving, protecting and salvaging their real and personal property, while at the same time looters ran free in interior zones surrounded by lava. It too months of pleading before a police team went to investigate. It is unknown if they arrested anyone. • CERT team members in Leilani Estates unnecessarily prevented authorized residents with gas masks from removing personal and real property, where the residents could have rescued belongings but ended up loosing everything to the lava. CERT team members threatened authorized residents in Leilani Estates not to take any photos or try and see the lava or they would be arrested, yet at the same time every evening there would be CERT team members, police, national guards, photographers and media outlets at front row seats to lava viewing. • The same time residents were being denied access to retrieve belongings, Civil Defense allowed a dozen Humane Society organizations free range to illegally enter the Pohoiki interior private property to trap feral cats, leaving cans of anchovies and oil around and inside private homes, they sliced open and spread huge bags of fertilizer on the ground feeding the rats and pigs, and cutting fences and removing animals. All of this was illegal and these organizations did not contact the homeowners and repeatedly invaded and damaged properties when told to cease and desist. • RESIDENTS WERE TICKETED $500 FOR BEING ON THEIR PROPERTY OR FILMING THEIR HOMES BURN. PEOPLE UNABLE TO PAY THIS FINE HAD TO GO TO JAIL! THIS BEHAVIOR IS PLANNED DISCRIMINATION AND DAMAGES TO THE PSYCHE OF RESIDENTS WHO WERE TREATED LIKE BOTHERSOME PESTS. 9 WHAT CAN BE DONE NOW INSTEAD OF FURTHER STUDYING THE 80-YEAR-OLD PROBLEM OF EVACUATING RESIDENTS IN LAVA-PRONE AREAS WHILE PRESERVING THE HEALTH, SAFETY AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, INCREASING RESIDENT INDEPENDENCE AND DECREASING COMMUNITY RELIANCE ON GOVERNMENT? THE IMPACTED COMMUNITIES NEEDS TO BE INVOLVED IN EMERGENCY PLANNING - WE ARE TIRED OF BEING COLLATERAL DAMAGE. • Hawaii County has no plan for ongoing lava emergencies. In 2018, evacuees were basically locked in a shelter, with no security and no guests were alowed for 6 months. Evacuees couldn't leave their possessions because ongoing theft was rampant, and there were 2 deaths at the camp. According to some people staying there it was miserable. Puna residents deserve abetter plan! • Concurrent to the erupting volcano, Puna Geothermal Venture AGAIN had no emergency safety plans. They did not close their wells or even remove 50,000 gallons of extremely volatile Pentane, and the entire community in the projected 5-mile blast radius was terrorized until PGV was made by the governor to take care of those issues. • Lack of fire and lava insurance in Lower Puna has residents buying policies from companies not authorized in Hawaii, and residents have to sue to get settlement, then own that money to attorneys instead of being replacement funds. • The lack of emergency planning is unacceptable and discriminatory to the residents of lower Puna and we are DEMANDING that after 80 years our County accept responsibility with humane policy changes or residents will have to resort to the courts. THE PLANNING DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS POLICIES NEED TO ADDRESS AND MAKE CORRECTIVE CHANGES NOW, NOT CONTINUE TO PUSH THE PROBLEM DOWN THE ROAD BY STUDYING THE PROBLEM WITH TASK FORCES AND RECOVERY PLANS. • AFTER 80 YEARS OF LAVA FLOWS, HAWAII COUNTY OBVIOUSLY HAS NO PLANS FOR PUNA. • The potential for ongoing need of evacuee housing has never been addressed by the County Planners. The residents pay taxes but no move has ever been made to mitigate by providing replacement land in safer areas. • Subdivisions permitted in the 60's began being covered in lava in the 80's and 90's and for economic reasons many residents are forced to rebuild on cooling lava or sell their lava lots. The County now says it does not issue permits on lava lots and has said residents will be penalized if they try and develop or change any features of their lava lots. • According to the Planning Department, small homes are allowed, but only when hooked up to sewers and water and power, that infrastructure is not available in Puna. No small homes allowed for Puna. • The same planners say tiny homes are not allowed because the County would consider that a subdivision if there were several on a lot. No tiny homes allowed for Puna. • Mobile homes which would be perfect in lava-prone areas are allowed by the Planning Department but not by Public Works so again all of these solutions which would help mitigate our volcanic location are not allowed by the County. No mobile homes allowed for Puna. 12 Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Donald A. Swanson',Timothy R. Rose',Adonara E. Mucek3, Michael 0. Garcia3, Richard S. Fiske2, and Larry G. Mastin4 'U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawaii National Park, Hawaii 96718, USA 'Department of Mineral Sciences, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA 3Department of Geology and Geophysics, SOEST(School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology), University of Hawai`i, Honolulu, Hawai`i 96822, USA 4U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory,Vancouver, Washington 98683, USA ABSTRACT Sites of dated flows 155.25`W 1 The subaerial eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano(Hawai`i)for o 1500-1800 CE PACIFIC the past 2500 yr can be divided into 3 dominantly effusive and 2 domi- • 1000-1500 CE P • . ,> 1 OCEAN nantly explosive periods,each lasting several centuries.The prevail- • 200 BCE-1000 CE P \- •o • • ; ing style of eruption for 60% of this time was explosive,manifested • >200 BCE v by repeated phreatic and phreatomagmatic activity in a deep summit -1s.5°ry 0 P • �d w ', caldera.During dominantly explosive periods,the magma supply rate o i • {\off��e •• o o to the shallow storage volume beneath the summit dropped to only a o Q • • a a� A 7- • r few percent of that during mainly effusive periods.The frequency and 5 KC P��V's ��F duration of explosive activity are contrary to the popular impression Io`, • o PO /// that Kilauea is almost unceasingly effusive.Explosive activity appar- ii • ••. MU o 10 ently correlates with the presence of a caldera intersecting the water • 4,465 • Kilometers table.The decrease in magma supply rate may result in caldera col- M ~KN lapse, because erupted or intruded magma is not replaced. Glasses �z dAges of map units p ' p g p } f! AC,FI2 :Aj# / post-1800 CE - with unusually high MgO,Ti02,and K20 compositions occur only inMI 15th century explosive tephra (and one related lava flow)and are consistent withf 1000 1500 CE disruption of the shallow reservoir complex during caldera formation. I-1 pre-1000(?)CE Modified from Wolfe and Kilauea is a complex,modulated system in which melting rate,supply 155.25 W i Morris(1996) rate,conduit stability(in both mantle and crust),reservoir geometry, water table,and many other factors interact with one another.The Figure 1. Locations of all 14C-dated lava flow samples on Kilauea hazards associated with explosive activity at Kilauea's summit would Volcano (Hawai`i), color coded by time periods discussed in text. Data are available in Table DR1 (see footnote 1). Two sample loca- have major impact on local society if a future dominantly explosive tions north of Kilauea Caldera(KC)with ages older than 200 BCE are period were to last several centuries. The association of lowered shown beyond the limit of Kilauea, because the dated flows are in magma supply,caldera formation,and explosive activity might char- the subsurface overlain by tephra.Map colors indicate general ages acterize other basaltic volcanoes,but has not been recognized. of lava flows compiled from map units of Wolfe and Morris (1996), assuming that their unit p4o is entirely younger than 1000 CE. All flows younger than 1800 CE were recorded during or shortly after INTRODUCTION the eruption.The 15"century`Aila`au flow field is shown separately Kilauea(Hawai`i) is an iconic effusive volcano, known for its lava to emphasize its large size; samples along its margin date the flow flows and high fountains. Approximately 17% (250 km2) of the volca- field(Clague et al., 1999).Other flow fields: PO—Pu'u`O`6 flow field no's subaerial flanks has been resurfaced by lava flows in the past 200 yr (1983-present), which has enlarged somewhat from depiction of Wolfe and Morris(1996)used here;MU—Mauna Ulu flow field(1969- (Fig. 1).and the ongoing Pu`u 'O`o eruption on the east rift zone,nearly 74); KN—Kipuka Nene flow field(200-300 BCE). continuous since 1983,covered>125 km'with>4 km'of lava by 2014. Our analysis of Kilauea's past 2500 yr shows,however,that explo- sive eruptions were dominant for periods lasting several centuries,not just bles DR2 and DR3 in the GSA Data Repository': Stuiver and Reimer. brief diversions at an otherwise effusive volcano.We find that Kilauea has 1993; Reimer et al.,2004)define the length of each explosive period,as been in a dominantly explosive mode-60%of the past 2500 yr.The ef- interpreted in Fiske et al.(2009)and Swanson et al.(2012a). fusive style of the past 200 yr is,from that perspective,misleading. The Uwekahuna Ash contains deposits of explosive eruptions he- For this paper we distinguish lava fountains, which at Kilauea in- tween ca. 200 BCE and 1000 CE (Fiske et al., 2009). Only three lava variably feed lava flows and contain only juvenile components,from ex- flows have been found interbedded with the Uwekahuna Ash. Two are plosive eruptions, which do not feed lava flows and have at least some south of Kilauea Caldera; a third is interleaved with tephra low on the 1 lithic components.In this usage,most of Kilauea's explosive eruptions are caldera wall and may correlate paleomagnetically with one of the other phreatomagmatic or phreatic,though some may be products of overpres- flows(Fiske et al.,2009).The Keanakakoi Tephra Member was produced surized magmatic gas. between ca. 1500 and 1800 CE (Swanson et al., 2012a). Only one lava Kilauea had many explosive eruptions older than those discussed flow was erupted at Kilauea's summit during that time,from the outermost here (Easton, 1987),but details are lacking.We deal with only the past ring fault bounding the south caldera.Thus,for 2 periods of time lasting 2500 yr, for which many ages and stratigraphic controls are available, 1200 yr and 300 yr,Kilauea's summit,normally the site of frequent lava and examine only periods lasting centuries,not short-term events of sev- flows(Holcomb, 1987;Neal and Lockwood,2003),had little effusive ac- eral years or less. TWO DOMINANTLY EXPLOSIVE PERIODS 'GSA Data Repository item 2014233,Tables DRI—DR3 and Figure DR1, Recent studies indicate two long periods of time during which ex- showing all '4C ages of lava flows and tephra and their calendar calibrated ages, and Tables DR4 and DR5,presenting chemical data,is available online at www plosive activity dominated the summit region and adjacent south slope .geosociety.org/pubs/ft2014.htm, or on request from editing@geosociety.org or of Kilauea (Fig. 2A). More than 140 calendar-calibrated 14C ages (Ta- Documents Secretary,GSA,P.O.Box 9140,Boulder,CO 80301,USA. F GEOLOGY,July 2014;v.42;no.7;p.631-634;Data Repository item 2014233 I doi:10.1130/G35701.1 I Published online 22 May 2014 L©2014 Geological Society of America.For permission to copy,contact Copyright Permissions,GSA,or editing@geosociety.org. 631 Figure 2. A: Histogram loo A 97 (Clague et al., 1995).We discuss only the subaerial edifice in this paper, showing number (No.) �,_L- but suspect that our conclusions apply to the Puna Ridge. of tephra ages, prepared o a 50 35 Acknowledging these caveats,we think that the clear pattern for the from Tables DR2 and DR3 z o (see footnote 1).B: Histo- 0 summit area holds for the entire subaerial edifice.We interpret the sub- gram showing number of o 12 B 28aerial volcano to have undergone alternating periods of mostly explosive different dated lava flows 7and mostly effusive eruptions for the past 2500 yr.Successive periods con- per century in each erup- 0 a stitute explosive-effusive cycles of varying duration. tive period.Numbers indi- 0 4 39 cate how many different z° 1 0 flows were dated per pe- 0 MAGMA SUPPLY DROPS DURING PERIODS OF MAINLY riod. From 1800 CE. only 10-C EXPLOSIVE ACTIVITY flows outside the caldera How do eruptive volumes and rates of magma supply compare be- are counted, because in- E 8 tween the explosive and effusive periods?The volume of magma erupted tracaldera flows are not v 6 recognizable for earlier during periods of dominantly explosive activity is far less than that dur- periods. Analytical data 5 4- ing effusive periods (Fig. 2C). and the calculated magma supply rate is and original figure from 2- correspondingly lower, only 1%-2% of the effusive rate (Table 1). Our which histogram was pre- UA KT estimates of flow volumes(Table 1;Fig.2C)are compromised by variable pared are in Table DR1 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 flow thickness and coverage by later flows.A simple comparison of tephra and Figure DR1; entire Calendar year(BCE negative) calendar ranges were and flow thickness at the summit area,however, illustrates the disparity used except where constrained by stratigraphy.C: Histogram of esti- between effusive and explosive volumes. mated volume(not corrected for pore space)erupted subaerially dur- ing each eruptive period.Gray is dominantly effusive period.Black is dominantly explosive period.UA—Uwekahuna Ash;KT—Keanakako`i TABLE 1.ESTIMATED VOLUME OF LAVA ERUPTED ON SUBAERIAL KTLAUEA Tephra Member. DURING DOMINANTLY EFFUSIVE AND DOMINANTLY EXPLOSIVE PERIODS Calendar age Volume Magma supply rate Dominant style range (km3) (km'/yr*) tivity.Instead,almost all summit eruptions were explosive:sporadic,vio- 500-200 BCE >0.6 not calculated Effusive lent,and brief.In contrast,most eruptions during the intervening periods 200 BCE-1000 CE 0.3 2.5 x 10-4 Explosive were frequent,effusive,and sometimes lasted for decades.This suggests 1000-1500 CE 11 2.2 x 10-2 Effusive a cyclicity in summit activity,shifting from mostly effusive to mostly ex- 1500-1800 CE 0.15 5 x 10-' Explosive plosive and back again. 1800-present 5.5 2.6 x 10-2 Effusive Note:Effusive volumes estimated using mapped areas of flows and areas DISTRIBUTION OF LAVA FLOW AGES projected beneath younger flows,as shown on geologic maps(Wolfe and Morris, 1996;Neal and Lockwood,2003),assuming an age consistent with'4C data Did the rest of the volcano,beyond the extent of marker ash beds for and unit label;thickness was estimated from field observations and topographic the two dominantly explosive periods,behave similarly?To address this gradient.Explosive volumes were estimated from area and average thickness of question,we compiled and calendar-calibrated all 93 known 14C ages of juvenile tephra.Volumes were not adjusted for vesicularity(lava flows)or pore space(tephra). Kilauea lava flows younger than ca. 500 BCE(only a few ages are older *Average supply rate to ground surface for entire period.Not calculated for earli- than that;Table DR1).Figure 2B and Figure DR1 show the distribution of est period,which began before 500 BCE and so is incomplete. the calendar-calibrated flow ages with time for the past 2500 yr,with the two periods of major tephra production indicated.Lava flow ages cluster in periods between explosive eruptions. This is best shown for the past The 140-m-high wall of Kilauea Caldera is made almost entirely of 1000 yr. Numerous ages plot in the 1000-1500 CE time interval, when flows erupted between 1000 and 1500 CE(Neal and Lockwood,2003), the present summit shield was under construction(Holcomb, 1987;Neal when the Observatory shield was built(Holcomb, 1987); its total thick- and Lockwood, 2003); few are within the 1500-1800 CE period, when ness is more,because the base of the shield is covered by caldera fill.In the Keanakako`i tephra was deposited, and numerous lava flows have contrast, the maximum exposed thickness of the Keanakako`i tephra is been observed to form since 1800(1823 CE is the actual age of the oldest only-11 m(McPhie et al., 1990;Swanson et al.,2012a).The flow thick- known post-Keanakako`i flow).The number of flow ages is small before ness is several meters thick 5 km southwest(downwind)of the summit, 1000 CE,but there appears to be an increase in the period 200-500 BCE and the tephra is only several centimeters. (Fig. 2A),from 0.8 flows/100 yr to 3.3 flows/100 yr,bracketing the 200 A similar comparison can be made for the Uwekahuna Ash on BCE-1000 CE age of the Uwekahuna Ash. IClauea's south flank. It is at most a few tens of centimeters thick,thin- Three factors could weaken this pattern.The spatial distribution of ning to only a few centimeters at the coastline(Fiske et al.,2009),but the lava flow ages is uneven(Fig. 1).The lower east rift zone is underrepre- overlying and underlying flows are each at least several meters thick. sented. For example, flows from Heiheiahulu (Holcomb, 1987) and the The striking difference in erupted volume between periods domi- so-called 1790 flow(Moore and Trusdell, 1991),both ascribed to the 18"' nated by effusive and explosive activity must reflect a major disruption century,are not dated. to the supply system that lasts for centuries. The disruption could take Second,young flows cover old ones,so the temporal record becomes place anywhere between the point of melt accumulation in the mantle and obscured with age. Few ages, however, plot in the 1200-yr-long period the shallow storage system beneath Kiiauea's summit.Perhaps increased of tephra production,in contrast to the many flow ages in the following, magma supply to Mauna Loa volcano causes a drop in supply to Kilauea much briefer,500-yr-long period. (Gonnermann et al., 2012). Once magma enters the Kilauea plume, it Third, flows along the Puna Ridge,the 75-km-long submarine ex- could be diverted away from the shallow reservoir,perhaps as intrusions tension of the east rift zone,are not dated well enough for our analysis into the crust or lower shield(Lin et al., 2014).A subhorizontal mantle (Smith et al.,2002).Palagonite rind thicknesses suggest ages for dredged pathway of magma transport at-30 km depth,interpreted by Wright and samples of 700-24,000 yr. mostly 2000-7000 yr (Clague et al., 1995). Klein(2006;see also Wolfe et al.,2003).might be a zone within which This suggests relatively little eruptive activity during the past 2500 yr.The magma could stall or be diverted. Magma probably did not bypass the large flows at the base of the ridge are not young,based on sediment cover summit reservoir system and immediately erupt on the Puna Ridge,be- 632 www.gsapubs.org July 2014 GEOLOGY cause lava compositions on the ridge are highly fractionated, reflecting 12.5 wt% (Table DR5A;Helz et al.,2014). Such high MgO contents in shallow storage(Clague et al.,1995).Whatever the cause,a major change erupted melt are unprecedented among summit lava flows at Kilauea;the in the dynamics of Kilauea's magma supply system is needed to explain highest published amount in glass is 10.2 wt% (Helz et al., 2014).The the effusive-explosive cyclic behavior. normal summit glass compositions(6-9 wt%MgO;Garcia et al.,2003) indicate storage in the shallow reservoir and crystallization of mainly oliv- RELATION OF CALDERA TO CYCLES ine before eruption(Powers, 19.55;Wright,1971). Both explosive periods occurred when a deep caldera indented We think it significant that the highest MgO melts were erupted dur- Kilauea's summit.The Powers caldera existed during the time of depo- ing explosive,not effusive,periods.We interpret these high MgO values to sition of the Uwekahuna Ash(Powers, 1948; Holcomb, 1987)and only record brief or no storage in a disrupted shallow reservoir not fully recov- began filling ca. 1000 CE, as estimated from the age of the oldest flow ered following caldera collapse.Helz et al.(2014)reached a similar inter- overlying the Uwekahuna Ash south of the caldera(Fiske et al.,2009). pretation for the Kulanaokuaiki tephra and for the much older Pahala Ash. The modern caldera formed ca. 1500 CE,when the Keanakako`i explo- The most highly fractionated compositions known at Kilauea's sum- sive period started,and began to fill ca. 1800 CE(Swanson et al.,2012a). mit also occur in vitric tephra. For example,in the Keanakako`i tephra, The phreatomagmatic and phreatic nature of most of the explosive erup- thin vitric ash just above layer 6 (McPhie et al., 1990; Swanson et al., tions suggests that the two calderas were often deep,at or below the water 2012a) has only 4.0 wt% MgO and as much as 4.5 wt% TiO2 and 1.0 table(Mastin,1997;Mastin et al.,2004).Today the water table is-615 m wt%1(20(Table DR4).We interpret such unusual compositions to reflect below the highest point on the caldera rim, -490 m below the caldera isolated storage and advanced fractionation of small pockets of magma floor(Keller et al., 1979).We think it likely that parts of the floor were at undisturbed by fresh,mantle-derived magma during low magma supply. least that deep during the dominantly explosive periods.The water table is A marker bed in the Kulanaokuaiki tephra (unit 2 of Fiske et al., unlikely to have been higher during the past few hundred years,to judge 2009)contains glass with unusually high values of TiO,(>3 wt%)and K,O from the presence of fresh basalt above,and altered basalt below,today's (>0.7 wt%)for its moderately low MgO value(6.7 wt%;Table DR5B).A water table(Hurwitz et al.,2002,2003). temporally associated lava flow,one of two interbedded with the Kulana- The cause of caldera formation at Kilauea is uncertain.If the caldera okuaiki tephra south of the caldera,has a similar composition(Wolfe and collapsed because a large volume of magma was rapidly erupted or in- Morris, 1996).This composition does not plot along the typical Kilauea truded into the east rift zone,as conventionally thought(Holcomb et al., fractionation trend during effusive periods,although similar compositions 1988),then why did the average magma supply rate drop by almost two occur in lava flows earlier in Kilauea's history(Chen et al., 1996;Lipman orders of magnitude and stay low for centuries? No relatively shallow, et al.,2006). top-down process in the edifice is likely to cause such a long-term change in behavior. HAZARD IMPLICATIONS Recognition of eruption cycles at Kilauea raises a new possibility. Previous studies indicate that hazards of explosive eruptions at Perhaps caldera formation results from reduction in magma supply to the Kilauea are substantial,including pyroclastic density currents as well as shallow storage reservoir, a term we use for a configuration of multiple tephra falls and ballistic showers(Decker and Christiansen,1984;McPhie magma storage volumes(Fiske and Kinoshita,1969;Dawson et al.,2004; et al.,1990;Dzurisin et al.,1995;Fiske et al.,2009;Swanson et al.,2012a, Baker and Amelung,2012;Poland et al.,2014).If magma supply dropped 2012b).Our work shows that the hazardous periods last much longer than significantly,eruptions or intrusions might deplete the shallow reservoir, previously thought.When the next dominantly explosive period begins, eventually leading to collapse of the overlying edifice. This bottom-up society may have to deal with centuries of repeated explosive activity at model seems best suited to explain the linked formation of the caldera and Kilauea's summit. the ensuing decline in magma supply. Before each explosive period, an effusive eruption took place that CONCLUSIONS could have depleted the storage reservoir if magma supply were low.Ex- Recognition of the explosive-effusive cycle raises far-reaching ques- trusion of the 4-6 km;'Alla'au flow field(Fig. 1)during an-60 yr period tions about the dynamics of Kilauea volcano. Rather than erupting lava (Clague et al.,1999)immediately preceded collapse of the modern calde- flows almost continuously,Kilauea is instead a more complex,modulated ra.The Kipuka Nene flow field(Fig. 1;Holcomb,1987)covers more than system in which melting rate,supply rate,conduit stability(in both mantle 130 km'(extrapolating back to its summit source)on Kilauea's south flank and crust).reservoir geometry,water table,and many other factors inter- and immediately underlies the Uwekahuna Ash.Much of its volume could act.The explosive-effusive cycle is the net result of this interaction.Future have flowed into the ocean,given its coastline width of-7 km(Fig.1).We studies approaching Kilauea from a broad perspective are necessary to estimate that at least 0.5 km3 remains on land,and the total volume erupted significantly advance our understanding of one of Earth's most studied could be several times larger. volcanoes.Whether unrecognized explosive-effusive cycles occur on oth- An alternative bottom-up model is that an increase in mantle melt- er basaltic volcanoes is a topic for future research. ing rate supplied the large flow fields preceding caldera formation. The increase could have depleted a relatively large volume of its melt compo- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS nents,so that little magma was available to enter the volcano for several We thank Dave Clague,Dan Dzurisin,Shaul Hurwitz,and Pete Lipman for insightful manuscript reviews.Tom Wright's comments on a preliminary version centuries. were provocative.Dave Sherrod supplied three unpublished'4C ages.Discussions Both alternatives are at odds with the ongoing eruption of Pu'u`0`6, with Frank Trusdell were valuable.Robin Holcomb proposed eruptive cycles that during which the supply rate has generally been-0.12 km3 yr-'except for differ from ours hut stimulated our thinking.Garcia and Mucek were supported by a temporary increase in 2003-2007(Poland et al.,2012). National Science Foundation grant EAR-1118741.This paper is School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology(SOEST)contribution 9115. 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Lin,G.,Amelung,F.,Lavallee,Y.,and Okubo,P.G.,2014,Seismic evidence for a Manuscript received 21 March 2014 crustal magma reservoir beneath the upper east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Revised manuscript received 10 May 2014 Hawaii:Geology,v.42,p. 187-190,doi:10.1130/G35001.1. Manuscript accepted 13 May 2014 Lipman,P.W.,Sisson,T.W.,Coombs,M.,Calvert,A.,and Kimura,J.-1.,2006, Piggyback tectonics: Long-term growth of Kilauea on the south flank of Printed in USA 634 www.gsapubs.org I July 2014 I GEOLOGY CIVIL DEFENSE § 7-1 CHAPTER 7 CIVIL DEFENSE Article 1. Civil Defense Organization. Section 7-1. Purpose. Because of the possibility of disasters or emergencies of great destructiveness resulting from enemy attack, sabotage or other hostile action, or from fire, flood, tsunami, volcanic eruption, earthquake, or other natural causes, and in order to insure that preparations of this County will be adequate to deal with such disasters or emergencies, to make adequate provision against shortages of food supplies and essential commodities, to maintain the strength, resources and economic life of the community and provide for prompt and effective action, to promote the national defense and civil defense in cooperation with the State and Federal governments, and to protect the public health, safety and welfare, this article is found and declared to be necessary. (1983 CC, c 7, art 1, sec 7-1; am 2007, ord 07-121, sec 2.) Section 7-2. County civil defense agency created; organization. (a) The County civil defense agency shall perform civil defense functions within the County, and shall conduct functions outside the County as may be required pursuant to chapter 128, Hawai`i Revised Statutes (Civil Defense and Emergency Act). (b) The head of the County civil defense agency who shall be the deputy director, shall be appointed by the director of the State civil defense agency with the approval of the council and may be removed by the State director. Should the mayor be appointed as the deputy director, during the time of the mayor's absence or inability to serve, the mayor's successor shall be as provided by section 5-1.6, County Charter and section 2-8, Hawai`i County Code. (c) A full-time civil defense administrator shall be the chief administrative assistant to the deputy director and shall, within the delegated scope of authority, have all the duties and responsibilities of the deputy director, subject to the control of the deputy director or the deputy director's successor. The deputy director shall appoint the civil defense administrator in accordance with the merit system and the civil defense administrator's appointment shall be approved by the State director. (1983 CC, c 7, art 1, sec 7-2.) Section 7-3. Deputy director; duties. The deputy director is responsible for the organization, administration, and operation of the civil defense agency in the County. It is the duty of the deputy director to coordinate the activities of all organizations for civil defense within the County, public or private, and to maintain liaison with and cooperate to the fullest extent with the State director to insure that the plans and programs of the County for the relief and 7-1 § 7-3 HAWAII COUNTY CODE general welfare of the people in the event of a disaster or emergency are fully integrated with the plans and programs of the State and Federal governments. The plans and programs shall be prepared by the deputy director and transmitted to the council for approval and shall be reviewed by the deputy director and resubmitted to the council for approval before March 31 of each year. (1983 CC, c 7, art 1, sec 7-3.) Section 7-4. Utilization of existing government services. Each County department, agency and officer shall cooperate with and extend its services, materials and facilities to the County civil defense agency as may be requested by the deputy director. (1983 CC, c 7, art 1, sec 7-4.) Article 2. Disaster Control. Section 7-5. Purpose. Because of the possibility of disasters of great destructiveness resulting from tsunami, volcanic eruptions, flood, earthquake, fire, or other natural causes, or from enemy attack, sabotage or other hostile action, and in order to insure the orderly evacuation of persons and property and to protect the public peace, health, and safety, and preserve the lives and property of the people of the County, it is necessary to regulate certain activities. (1983 CC, c 7, art 2, sec 7-5; am 2007, ord 07-121, sec 3.) Section 7-6. Definitions. As used in this article: (1) "Authorized person" means any: (a) Police officer or County or State employee assigned to disaster duty during an impending disaster or disasters; (b) National Guard members; (c) Civil defense agency personnel, volunteers, or designees. (2) "Disaster" means any situation, usually catastrophic in nature, where numbers of persons are plunged into helplessness and suffering and as a result may be in need of food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or other necessities of life, and the governor of the State or the mayor of the County has declared a state of disaster or emergency. (3) "Impending disaster" means any situation where a catastrophe threatens an inhabited area and the civil defense agency has issued a warning that the inhabitants of the area should evacuate from the threatened area. (1983 CC, c 7, art 2, sec 7-6; am 2005, ord 05-9, sec 2; am 2008, ord 08-53, sec 2.) Section 7-7. Mayor to declare state of emergency. The power to declare a state of disaster or emergency is conferred on the mayor. (1983 CC, c 7, art 2, sec 7-7.) 7-2 CIVIL DEFENSE § 7-8 Section 7-8. Repealed. (1983 CC, c 7, art 2, sec 7-8; rep 2010, ord 10-62, sec 2.) Section 7-9. Loitering during tsunami warning. A person commits the offense of loitering during an emergency if during a tsunami warning period, or during and immediately after a tsunami that person knowingly: (1) Loiters, loafs, or idles upon any public highway, public place, sidewalk, or beach, on foot or on any vehicle, in any coastal area, or area subject to tsunami action. (2) Disobeys any direction or command of any police officer directing traffic. (3) Refuses or fails to leave any area, public or private, upon order of a police officer, which action impedes or tends to impede the effective and orderly handling of an evacuation or a disaster; provided that this section shall not prevent any authorized person from lawfully preserving,protecting, or salvaging any property, real or personal, or to prevent any other authorized person from performing any other lawful duty. (1983 CC, c 7, art 2, sec 7-9; am 2007, ord 07-121, sec 4.) Section 7-10. Loitering and refusal to evacuate during impending disaster or disaster. A person commits the offense of loitering during an emergency if during an impending disaster or a disaster that person knowingly: (1) Loiters, loafs, or idles upon any public highway, sidewalk, or public place, on foot or on any vehicle, in or close to an impending disaster or a disaster area. (2) Disobeys any direction or command of any police officer directing traffic. (3) Refuses or fails to leave any area, public or private, upon order of an authorized person, which action impedes or tends to impede the effective and orderly handling of the impending disaster or the disaster; provided that this section shall not prevent any authorized person from lawfully preserving, protecting, or salvaging any property, real or personal, or to prevent any other authorized person from performing any other lawful duty. (4) Refuses or fails to evacuate any area, public or private, upon order of an authorized person, which action impedes or tends to impede the effectiveness and orderly handling of the evacuation of persons from an impending disaster area. (1983 CC, c 7, art 2, sec 7-10; am 2005, ord 05-9, sec 3; am 2007, ord 07-121, sec 5.) Section 7-11. Penalty. A person who has been convicted of any offense under this article, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding $500 or imprisonment for a term of not more than thirty days. (1983 CC, c 7, art 2, sec 7-11; am 2005, ord 05-9, sec 4.) 7-3 § 7-12 HAWAII COUNTY CODE Section 7-12. Unauthorized parking in designated area prohibited. (a) Except when authorized by an authorized person or specific traffic control device, no person shall stop, stand or park a vehicle within an impending disaster or disaster area as described in a Mayor's and/or Governor's emergency declaration. (b) The police officer citing any driver or owner for a violation of this section may have the motor vehicle towed to and stored at a private tow yard at the registered owner's expense pursuant to section 291C-165.5(a) of the Hawai`i Revised Statutes. (c) Any person convicted of unauthorized parking in a designated area shall be punished by a fine of not more than $100 for the first conviction; not more than $200 for the second conviction of a second offense committed within one year after the date of the first offense; not more than $500 for the third or subsequent conviction of a third or subsequent offense committed within one year after the date of the first offense. (2011, ord 11-49, sec 2.) 7-4 �i �`�I9a..' .`c".�..�` `�.>L»�"�.``�.^` �a`aC .. .xa. .�. �?.W.a,. ....^ ..e�`?e `..5"..a .e .. '4'.'.`� •.� •"R`.`.� "a..�''' P.O.Box 2011 Pahoa,Hawaii 96778SC Unified 4 Puna Working Group 808-936-9546 pahoatoday@gnail.cotn November 3, 2015 HAWAII COUNTY COUNCIL ATTN: DRU MAMO KANUHA Chair, Hawaii County Council ATTN: DANIEL PALEKA Chair, Public Safety and Mass Transit 25 Aupuni Street, Suite 1402 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 SUBJECT: REQUEST FOR REVIEW OF EMERGENCY RESPONSES TO HURRICANE ISELLE AND JUNE 27TH LAVA FLOW,PUNA DISTRICT,ISLAND OF HAWAII. Dear Chairman Kanuha, Chairman Paleka: We, businesses, residents and friends of Pahoa and surrounding Puna District, recognize that our rural location offers various challenges to the County and State of Hawaii. Hurricane season is an annual affair, and evacuations due to long-term ongoing lava threat on Hawaii Island are known possibilities that must be considered by state and county emergency responders. Unified 4 Puna Community Working Group was formed to help the County get a better understanding of the past year's events from the people who were impacted, and to more clearly articulate Puna District's unique needs during emergencies. Our group considered three events in which county response was led by Hawaii County Civil Defense, focusing primarily on advance warning and first responder actions rather than the recovery. A brief analysis of incidents is attached to this request. INCIDENTS CONSIDERED BY OUR GROUP Kapoho Vacationland was inundated by storm surge. destroying 5 homes. Residential communities surrounding Puna Geothermal Venture were gassed while trapped in their homes during Hurricane Iselle. The June 27th lava flow started approaching Pahoa. Huge community lava meetings were held. Perhaps 10-15% of residents moved out after attending first several meetings. Some evacuations occurred but circumstances were questionable, public charter schools, businesses and residents suffered massive un-reimbursable losses. RECOMMENDATION AND PURPOSE OF OUR LETTER It is hoped that byfranklyand openly reviewing what happened in these incidents and in P Y examining opportunities for improvement, our Hawaii County Civil Defense can become a learning organization, committed to improvement and pursuit of excellence. Therefore, we are requesting a council review, with strong community input, of Hawaii County Civil Defense Advance Warning and Emergency Responses to: • Hurricane Iselle, specifically considering the chain of events at Kapoho Vacationland and what type of assistance the community can expect from Civil Defense. • Hurricane Iselle, specifically Civil Defense emergency planning, emergency response and medical follow-up in response to toxic gases released at Puna Geothermal Venture. • June 27, 2014 lava flow, specifically looking at evacuations from schools, homes and businesses including those at Pahoa Village Center, Malama Marketplace/Woodland Center. OUTCOME Unified 4 Puna Working Group wants the findings from this review of emergency_responses to be used as a learning tool to improve the Hawaii County Civil Defense emergency response to include: • Improvements to: advance warning protocol, notification and alarm systems; coordinated use of CERTS with real-time information; messaging for public release during casualties. • Preparation of first responders, including capability to make earlier contact with impacted communities in event of extreme weather; Civil Defense follow-up with affected communities. • Implementation of necessary emergency planning, including incorporation of EPA recommendations made in 2000 as concerns casualties at Puna Geothermal Venture, and including automatic phone calls, and H2S monitoring at the stack/source. • Clarification of lava flow evacuation stages and criteria to assist schools, homes and businesses to make fully informed decisions. As the County and State of Hawaii have permitted subdivisions in Puna directly on known Lava Zone 1, there should be regular Civil Defense meetings with interested community regarding possible scenarios and responses, evacuation levels, impacts to infrastructure, relocation, provision of essential services, insurance claim requirements, and with time for public questions if presented in writing (2 copies). PUBLIC OUTREACH This request for review with attachments will be posted on County representatives official websites during review process, circulated to the media after request is presented to the Hawaii County Council and available at various Pahoa businesses or request a copy by emailing PahoaToday@gmail.com. Unified 4 Puna will continue to collect signatures for this review. Impacted persons residing in 96778 zip code who would like to provide testimony regarding this review may email contact 2 info and brief synopsis and one photo to PahoaToday@gmail.com, subject line"Testimony for CD Review" COORDINATION This review request was coordinated by Unified 4 Puna Community Working Group who are residents, homeowners and business owners from Ainaloa, Hawaiian Paradise Park, Kapoho, Kalapana,Nanawale, Opihikao, Pohoiki, and Pahoa in general. POLICY ALIGNMENT This review and resulting findings will further assist Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency and federal and state partners with their stated goals on issues of concern and in their efforts to protect the civilian populations in rural Puna District. CONCLUSION We,the signers of this request recognize all persons, regardless of where they live, work or go to school, have a right to the same level of advance warning and emergency response from our government agencies, especially to known hazards like hurricanes, geothermal toxins and lava flows. Unified 4 Puna Community Working Group would like to thank Mr. Ilagan for presenting our request, Mr. Kanuha, Mr. Paleka and the entire Hawaii County Council in advance, for their interest and commitment to improving critical health and safety concerns while also helping to protect state and county investments in infrastructure. We look forward to working on this together. Sincerely. UNIFIED 4 PUNA COMMUNITY WOiRKINIZOUP • Brief Analysis attached. • A total of 8 SIGNATURES PAGES attached. • 10 copies provided for all County Council members BRIEF ANALYSIS: What follows are issues that were considered by the Unified 4 Puna Working Group. These issues (and others as appropriate) should be included in the recommended review of Civil Defense. Hurricane Iselle, Vacationland, Kapoho, Red Road—Issues to be considered include: • Only some of the residents who should have been contacted in advance concerning the dangers were contacted. (Advance warning papers had been passed out by a CERT team, but only to residents right on ocean. Storm surge area covered multiple streets). • No Siren on August 7, 2014. • Debris and pollutants from five homes washed off foundations and broke apart. Overflow from cesspools washed inland. • Pleas for County assistance with neighborhood security before and after Iselle and with hazardous cleanup did not receive effective response. • Kua 0 Ka La public charter school was directly impacted by Iselle. Offers of assistance from legislators never materialized. There were no reimbursements from FEMA, leaving school to suffer losses out of monies for students educations. • Community members throughout Puna cut trees and cleared roads of debris. National Guard was present after hurricane but gave no help. Kalani representatives alone cut and removed over 2000 trees along Red Road and in their community. • In some cases State and County workers were not used when they could have been. • After Iselle, Civil Defense offered HAMM radio to Kalani along with promise of a$10K grant for tower and training expenses) to help with emergency communications for Red Road-Kalapana. In anticipation, Kalani purchased and installed the radio tower to specifications, sponsored seven of their community to obtain their HAMM radio licenses, and have prepped a room, at a cost of$6,663.00 to date. As of August 7, 2015, no HAMM radio nor$10K grant has been forthcoming despite multiple requests. • Primary Election Day was Saturday, August 9th, 2014. Election officials had communicated with Civil Defense to ascertain which precincts were affected. Civil Defense did not adequately communicate that many roads in voting precincts were inaccessible due to fallen trees, and many residents were unable to get out of their yards or subdivisions to vote. Puna Geothermal Venture—Shortfalls in the County response infrastructure and planning for geothermal casualties, many of which have been identified by the EPA in 2000 (and by PGV themselves in 1990 worst case scenarios) have not been resolved. These shortfalls contributed to over 100 persons becoming sick from hydrogen sulfide emissions during Hurricane Iselle. Issues include: • No effective notification of residents of the PGV release. • Hydrogen sulfide samplers used to monitor toxic gas in the community lost power. The samplers did not have backup power supplies. • The County's response plan fell short in dealing with community issues during this casualty. These shortfalls included: 1 o The County not reviewing the decision to keep PGV operating. o The County had no effective evacuation plan for residents. o The County had no decision making process on which direction to evacuate the residents. • Civil Defense did not follow up to check on the health of those that called for help from the affected area. Neither Civil Defense nor the County would participate with the Community in determining the extent of health impact. • First Responders did not follow the PGV emergency procedure for hurricanes in that they did not sample for hydrogen sulfide as they approached the plant. June 27'2014 lava flow —Many Pahoa residents and business owners have only recently moved here (last 20, 10 or 5 years) and are not familiar with lava flows and evacuation procedures. In early September the lava flow had left the deep cracks above Kaohe Homesteads and headed directly towards the town of Pahoa. • The Community and Senior centers were evicted to set up Command Center located in path of approaching lava. • National Guard troops mobilized for many months. • High-powered lava meetings continued for months at Pahoa High School, without opportunity for public on-the-record questions and answers to the Mayor. • Act 111 was created to help receive assistance from FEMA, but no FEMA monies were ever approved for any business, charter school or resident. • Pahoa Village Road was barricaded during approaching lava flow, and left closed for 6 weeks after lava stopped flowing, incurring tosses for businesses and an unnecessary additional 2-mile walk for pedestrians. • Civil Defense business meetings were only called a few days prior to evacuations. Not all businesses in effected areas were invited. Discussions of various evacuation criteria, and how those criteria affected reimbursement were not held. • Businesses at and near Pahoa Village Center had what they believed to be evacuation flyers posted on their buildings. The owner of center boarded up windows in many of their buildings. Some evacuated only to find out later it wasn't really an evacuation order, therefore not reimbursable expense. • Businesses evacuated at Malama Marketplace and Woodland Center after hearing they could get a head start, not fully understanding the unpredictable movement of lava on flatter ground, or financial consequences of premature evacuation, including owing rent for the months evacuated. • Thousands of residents without reliable transportation were left without major grocery and pharmacy and had to commute for months to Keaau and Hilo for medications and supplies. 2 SIGNATURE PAGES for Unified 4-- Puna Community Working Group ----1 i / • JAI )DERSON Kapoho Vacationland . / LARSON AVERY Pahoa Propane . ' 4 I I 0.1/1 AMANDA DONALDSO\ ROXANNE ESTES Access Hawaii Realt), East Hawaii Midwife Service / 1 SHARLEEN EWIT'CG Sirius Coffee AVENSIIIWOINIMO -IOMINNIIWJ ,. ,„,.. ... ior i , ,,, , TIFFA.19011WARDS-HUNT LORI KONG Jeff Hunt Surfboards Aloha Lehua Cafe L u ANA J OAS 2 ,4 / 6t-- Pohoi ki Road ,.,.. , D64Ni5 ,:r-T fmAN 4 C - rteLi ' ti ,- - 11 JEkiNA JONES Kapoho slip-,d oinv popd TIVAL3IN AGV118 ,,,,,4,1 , T TPMP1 -T1.1 launialso-H vol smii cumb voNvzini asor.7— riOnil ‘HOCIVAIYS i ••/,' (7:„,./ onoridol!qj gogrd ONV701 A01. 11(1 • CT) sNioog posl Poqud „di V i 44001.* , etredia[eN :11VINOOHLITDIik,,tsys i Rued-ereN ,11Alv)Jv7:Agis _. 4, ‘ 4 siarig Rim's] !Ef rivH3SN3CIAH Naiii.Nal 4 c',„,./. ts F JO OLSON L,th .ni Estates .......yam .. SUSAN OSBORNE Ku .0 Ka , . Public Charter School sL ABBY PET .. O Jungle Love Pahoa/Kona Kalapana e ,401161,11011 BECKY'PETERSON Jungle Love ' .ho K Kalapana ROBERT PETRICCI Puna Pono Alliance Poboiki Road 1,2::\1/4; • f t\ifi i? cf., „co 1.34 Nigt- ROBERT RATHBUN <- f;?1, 36,,„ 5 Opihikao 41(4,..,QA. (v.I:L._ H/ c QiE L.) -S ' ELL RESTINE Pahoa Fresh Fish. (:// ‘i. 'TAIR .E Island Naturals Pahoa . F a : ,, ::. SARA STEL E .. Unified Puna A � Pohoiki hoiki Road a1);:kla‘1‘). A A \� trlialikA ..:............ TIIONIAS TRAVIS Puna Popo Alliance Kapoho resident t ,(1 . ca./ C A illt . ,i, t _,...., ,,,,,_, 1,,k, \ ., i L SARAH 'ILL M Pahoa Village Museum .------) yr , it YA/9 A itijAk4 '''.--------7" Ala'ili Rs-.d _,,,,.-1.!:,.. 7. _µ.....ms KALANI OCEANSIDE RETREAT (Submitting separate signature page) SIGNATURE PAGES for Unified 4 Puna Community Working Group Signature sheet attachment for: KALANI OCEANSIDE RETREAT 1 Richard Koob / d.---- kV . ,„ Tiki DeGenaro -,...., ( --._ -,...-)CtrortA •.,(. 1,1,4,„ f----‘ ----, 11/41 d oa I ) , ,. , f--- .,.-:` , ,,..........,, \\J , 3)tiz --,„ ---1-. el RIDAZ '\.J.(L9 I i ---4:-4:v-C it- 1.--e_.‘„,,,15etzi L , ...._,.... -36 I - eti„,e 1361/k ‘71 4 1 ,---- _____4, i --e---- -- 1 (.7 o,-.)C-,g. ,re:/-/A,/e :, b c.„.„ -,44,........- /6-1 4,-1 , if -ut (...._ ii 1 ,12,,' 1 i 0 .. :St I / ) I /...., ,;,-, i is )..-.,,,,,, ,i-- „------ ( ( i ( / is ,' , ----,,, Re Ilt:et-LN-- ._ "—**St:.L.C,VVA. i Vte€ i, tfrftlik....), ' vil ' Lem, 4 , ..„/„..\,....* ...,.....------- ,..m..... .,s 4 4 c........tit C417(2 .7' , ) - - / ,„.,,,:::,''''' .,.--.` -- ..........-.. ---- dr ---- / - (-'t -LL.:.,)ceie:t:.,,,, .,„ 3:-i tiarzA e-15 14-- L ,..• ---- 7- ---::: , v;---.) . - •r 'aro- t.....: ' - 4.44-0;* I I li i i ti I L 6YR ne 1111/.. 4t5tMit eD ,---- , 4 iti---k 67e.,--o,ick-;. 4,,,, 4 ti: 1/ ae''' -'-‘,/ ci -„,t , , i Fii cl,.„,„1„... c it'.. 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