HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0346.000 1998-2000Stephen K. Yamashiro
Mayor
June 21, 1999
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25 Aupuni Street, Room 215 • Hilo, Hawaii 967204252 • (BOB) 961-8211 • Fax (808) 961-6553
KONA: 75.5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 103 Kauua-Kona, Hawau 96790
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Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 99-004)
Request: Agricultural to Rural
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-012)
Request: A -5a to RA -2a
Applicant: Scott T. Nakahara and Susan Fujie Shimabuku Nakahara
Tax Map Key: 6-2-9:10
Change of Zone Ordinance No. 684, (As Amended by Ordinances
No. 90-83 and 95-12) (REZ 388)
Applicant: Lanihau Partners, L.P.
Request: Deletion of Condition E
Tax Map Key: 7-5-04:7, 55 & 56
VChange of Zone Application (REZ 99-006)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -la and A -5a to CG -10
Tax Map Key: 7-4-08:63
Amend Hawaii County Code
Section 23-60 of Chapter 23 (Subdivision Code)
Initiator: Planning Director
Annlication Fees for Subdivision Plans
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William G. Davis
Managing Director
Henry Cho
Deputy Managing Director
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Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 2
June 21, 1999
As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 5-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the
County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letters and
enclosures regarding the above -referenced requests.
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Stephen K. Yamashiro
IbMayor
L060499.MAY
Enclosures
cc: Planning Department
Stephen tC Yameahiro
Mayor
JUN 2 1 1999
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PLANNING COMMISSION
15 Aupuni snw, Room 109 • Hilo, Hawaii %720-4252
(808) %I-8288 Fax (808) %1-%15
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -la and A -5a to CG -10
Tax Map Key: 7-4-08:63
The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on June 4, 1999, voted to
recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification
for approximately 11.95± acres of land from Agricultural (A -la) and Agricultural (A -5a) to
General Commercial (CG -10). The property is located along the south side of Palani Road at
the southwest corner of the Palani Road -Henry Street intersection and adjacent and north of
the Crossroads project site at Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii.
The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending
favorable consideration of the change of zone:
The State Land Use Commission approved with conditions a portion,
approximately 432.91 acres of land, of the County of Hawaii's petitioned area of
955.78 acres for a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from Agricultural to Urban
District. The subject parcel Tax Map Key 7-4-8:63 and portion of parcel 1, consisting
of a total of 60 acres, are a portion of the reclassified Urban district. It should be
pointed out that according to Condition Nos. 4 and 6 of the State Land Use
Commission Decision and Order, prior to the County approval of the change of zone
application, the County must receive in writing verification that a Traffic Impact
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The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on June 4, 1999, voted to
recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification
for approximately 11.95± acres of land from Agricultural (A -la) and Agricultural (A -5a) to
General Commercial (CG -10). The property is located along the south side of Palani Road at
the southwest corner of the Palani Road -Henry Street intersection and adjacent and north of
the Crossroads project site at Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii.
The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending
favorable consideration of the change of zone:
The State Land Use Commission approved with conditions a portion,
approximately 432.91 acres of land, of the County of Hawaii's petitioned area of
955.78 acres for a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from Agricultural to Urban
District. The subject parcel Tax Map Key 7-4-8:63 and portion of parcel 1, consisting
of a total of 60 acres, are a portion of the reclassified Urban district. It should be
pointed out that according to Condition Nos. 4 and 6 of the State Land Use
Commission Decision and Order, prior to the County approval of the change of zone
application, the County must receive in writing verification that a Traffic Impact
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 2
Analysis Report (TIAR) is approved by the State Department of Transportation, and
the archaeological inventory survey report, significance evaluations and the mitigation
commitments are acceptable by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources,
Historic Preservation Division.
In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable
goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is
only through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and
decisions can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth
determined by the General Plan and related planning documents. The implications of
these evaluations and decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on
similar areas in the County, but ultimately, on the future development of the whole
island.
The proposed change of zone request would further the County's goals of
providing an economic environment which allows new or existing businesses to expand
and diversify the County's economic base, and thereby also increase the choice of
occupations.
The proposed request would be consistent with the following goals and policies
of the General Plan Economic Element.
Economic Element
* Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life.
* Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical
and social environments of the island of Hawaii.
* The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversity and stability in its economic
system.
* The County shall provide an economic environment which allows new,
expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the
County's natural and social environment.
* The County of Hawaii shall strive for an economic climate which provides its
residents an opportunity for choice of occupation.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 3
The County of Hawaii shall encourage the development of a visitor industry
which is consistent with the social, physical and economic goals of the residents
of the County.
The applicant's objective recognizes the growing development needs for the
region. The applicant seeks to provide the community with further commercial and
community service facilities which take advantage of the sites's positive physical and
locational attributes. By targeting the project area for commercial development, the
applicant is seeking to meet the urban expansion needs in a manner that is in concert
with the long-range community plans as expressed in the County General Plan and
Kona Regional Plan. The primary objectives of the applicant include:
Creation of a high quality commercial center that complements that site and
surrounding uses.
Providing for expanded commercial/retail services and employment
opportunities for the North Kona area in a manner that improves the economic
and social well-being of the community.
The proposed floor area and building envelope provides for approximately 104,300
square feet of commercial space. The 11 -acre makai area is proposed to provide
approximately 100,800 square feet of commercial floor area, while a 3,500 square feet
commercial pad is proposed for the smaller 0.9 -acre mauka area. The proposed site
plan does not represent a formal proposal on the part of the applicant, but was
completed for the purposes of assessing environmental impacts and infrastructure
requirements. The plan is based on similar commercial developments in the area and is
assumed to be representative of future development scenarios.
The proposed change of zone request would be consistent with the Land Use
Element of the General Plan. Land use is one of the principal focal points of public
concern and policy. The Land Use Element provides the primary basis for direct
control and guidance of publicly and privately owned resources. It is also intended to
be used as a policy guide for the coordinated growth and development of all sectors of
the County. It sets forth goals, policies, standards and courses of action to
accommodate growth without congestion, to designate and preserve the lands needed
for residential use, commercial and visitor services, industry, agriculture and open
space, and to coordinate these uses with the County's service and circulation systems.
The overall Land Use goals, policies and standards are set forth to physically plan the
lands in the County in the best interest of the island's residents. These state the
following:
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 4
Land Use Element
* Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in
keeping with the social, cultural and physical environments of the County.
* Zone urban- and rural -types of uses in areas with ease of access to community
services and employment centers and with adequate public utilities and
facilities.
* Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or
projected needs of neighborhood, community, region and County.
* The County shall encourage the development and maintenance of communities
meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social
environment.
* Zoning request shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan designation,
district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District, compatibility with
adjacent zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access and
public need.
The proposed request would also complement the following goals and policies
of the Commercial Element.
Commercial Development
* Provide for commercial developments that maximize convenience to users.
* Provide commercial developments that complement the overall pattern of
transportation and land usage within the island's regions, communities and
neighborhoods.
* Commercial facilities shall be developed in areas adequately served by
necessary services, such as water, utilities, sewers and transportation systems.
* Distribution of commercial areas shall be such as to best meet the demands of
neighborhood, community and regional needs.
* The development of commercial facilities should be designed to fit into the
locale with minimal intrusion while providing the desired services. Appropriate
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 5
infrastructure and design concerns shall be incorporated into the review of such
developments.
The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the
General Plan is a representation of the document's goals and policies to guide the
coordinated growth and development of the County. It reflects a graphic depiction of
the physical relationship among the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes
the basic urban and non -urban form for areas within the County. The project area is
designated High Density Urban Development and Urban Expansion. High Density
Urban Development allows for commercial, multiple residential and related services
(general and office commercial; multiple residential - up to 87 units per acre), and
Urban Expansion allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density,
industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable.
The proposed development may be permitted provided that applicable goals, polices
and standards of the General Plan are met. This proposed commercial development
will provide the framework of a concentration of urban activities occurring in an
orderly manner commensurate with the provision of necessary infrastructure.
Therefore, it is determined that the request is consistent with the High Density Urban
Development and Urban Expansion form depicted on the LUPAG Map for this area of
North Kona.
The General Plan further states that areas to be considered for rezoning "shall
have basic improvements and amenities necessary for immediate use." The applicant
will install curb, gutter, and sidewalk improvements meeting with the requirements of
the Department of Public Works. All other essential utilities and services can and will
be made available to the development, including connection to the County's Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Facility.
The Kona Regional Plan Land Use Concept Map designates this area for
General Commercial uses. This change of zone request is consistent with the
commercial form of land use depicted on the Land Use Concept Map for this area of
Kona.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 6
The subject area is not within the boundaries of the Kailua Village Special
District. However, lands in the vicinity of the project area are zoned CG -20, CG -10,
A -5a and A-Ia. The existing Crossroads commercial development is situated to the
south as is the proposed Hawaiian Development Corporation commercial development,
which was approved by the County Council on December 7, 1998. To the east of the
subject property is a single family dwelling and baseyard; to the north and northwest
are other Queen Liliuokalani Trust lands including the Makalapua Center; and further
to the southwest is the Lanihau Shopping Center and Kona Coast Shopping Center.
The proposed change of zone request and development will complement the land usage
within the community and neighborhood it is proposed to be located in.
The centralization of commercial activities also complements the overall pattern
of transportation. The project site is adjacent to Palani Road and within close
proximity to major transportation, i.e. Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, and the
employment center of Kailua-Kona. The subject area would provide continued and
additional commercial services for the visitor industry, residents in the Kona district, as
well as for the rest of the residents of the island of Hawaii.
The project site is located within an area adequately served with essential
services and facilities such as water and other utilities. The applicant installed a 1.0
million gallon per day (mgd) potable water well and 1.0 million gallon storage
reservoir in Keauhou above Mamalahoa Highway, which was dedicated to the County
in 1997. Based on this contribution to the regional potable water supply system, water
and storage are available for the development. Six-inch diameter distribution lines will
be constructed to connect to the 16 -inch diameter line on Palani Road.
Access to the proposed development for the 11 acre site would be from three
locations along Palani Road. The location of these three access points are based on
prior approved subdivision plans for the widening of Palani Road. Access to the
remaining 0.945 -acre will be provided from Henry Street. A Traffic Impact Analysis
Study was completed for the proposed project and submitted to the Department of
Public Works for review and comment. According to that agency, the applicant should
follow all recommendations stated in the Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR)
regarding access from Palani Road. The applicant concurs with the Department of
Public Works comments and will make all improvements recommended by the TIAR.
The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary the plants found on the
property were not listed, proposed or a candidate for threatened and endangered
species. Neither were any plants found to be species of concern. All of the plants on
the site can be found in similar lowland, dry habitats throughout the main Hawaiian
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 7
Islands. The survey also found no sensitive native plant -dominated communities on the
site. The existing vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien plant species such as
koa haole, guinea grass, air plant, kiawe and lantana. Of the sixty-nine species of
plants inventoried on the site, sixty-one are introduced species, one is Polynesian
species and seven are native species. Of the seven native species, six are indigenous.
One of the species is endemic. The six indigenous species include the koali, `ilima,
`ala'ala wai nui, `ilihe'e, alahe'e, and `uhaloa. The endemic species is the kauna'oa.
The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary that there is no
evidence found that any endemic or endangered species utilize the area. The majority
of bird and mammal life impacted were found to be exotic species. Mitigation
measures for the present site are not expected nor are they proposed as endangered
mammal species or endemic species of land or sea birds are not expected in the area.
Only feral mammals found included mongoose, mice and rats.
The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary that the property was
found to be situated within the Kona Field System. The Kuakini Wall is located within
the property and is on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places. Eight sites were
identified for evaluation, two additional sites had been destroyed during the
construction of Henry Street and were not included within the survey's evaluation.
Mitigative actions include preservation of the Kuakini Wall, data recovery for two
sites, and no further work for the remaining five sites. Four of the sites were
historically used for livestock control, while three of the sites were used for temporary
habitation, and one site was used as a historical dump complex. The only permanent
habitation in the area dates to the historic period. No burials, or potential burial
features, were found in the project area. Nevertheless, a condition will be included to
require the notification of the Department of Land and Natural Resources -Historic
Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD) should archaeological sites be encountered during
the course of development. Mitigative measures as recommended by the consulting
archaeologist and the DLNR-HPD will be required prior to any land alteration
activities. As such, subject to certain mitigative measures, the subject site should not
have any significant archaeological impacts.
The property has no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot
be rectified or which would render the land unusable. The property is located within
Zone X, area determined to be outside the 500 -year flood plain. All development
generated storm run-off shall be disposed of on-site and not allowed onto adjacent
properties or roadways. Any improvements to the property must comply with Chapter
27 of the County Code relating to Flood Hazard Control.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 8
While the property is within the County's Agricultural zoned district, it is not
currently being used for active agricultural purposes. The Agricultural Lands of
Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Map does not designate the subject area
within any category. The Land Use Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity
Rating for the soils in the area is "E" or Very Poor. Therefore, the reclassification
from Agriculture to the General Commercial zoned district will not be detrimental to
the reduction of this area from the agricultural land inventory in the County of Hawaii.
Based on the above findings, approval of this change of zone request from
Agriculture(A-la) and Agricultural (A -5a) to General Commercial (CG -10) zoned
district would result in an appropriate land use pattern that will further benefit the
general public.
For your favorable consideration, an amendment to Section 25-8-3, the North Kona Zone
Map, of the County Zoning Code is transmitted.
We are enclosing a copy of the application and a copy of the staff background for your
information.
Sincerely,
Leonard S. Tanaka, Chairman
Planning Commission
LQueen03. PC
Enclosures
cc: Mr. James R. Bell
Mr. Frank Jahrling
Department of Public Works
Department of Water Supply
West Hawaii Office
Department of Land & Natural Resources
Kazu Hayashida, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu
May 25, 1999
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director LOG NO: 23470
Planning Department/County of Hawaii DOC NO: 9905RC51
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
SUBJECT: Archaeological Inventory Survey of 60 Acre
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Parcel on South Side of Palani Road
Keahuolu Ahupua'a, North Kona, Hawaii
TMK: 7-4-8: portion 1
This letter reviews this survey report (Henry, Wolforth & Haun 1998. Archaeological Inventory
Survey 60 Acre Agricultural Zoned QLT Parcel. PHRI ms 1879-110198.) which was sent to us
as part of a County Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006) on February 18, 1999.
We believe that the survey adequately covered the project area, finding 37 sites (2 since
destroyed by Henry Street construction). The background section acceptably provides a
historical context and predictions for the project area. Site descriptions and interpretations aI
acceptable, and we found the inclusion of photos and maps with site descriptions to be very
useful. The time range for these sites is appropriately evaluated, with two radiocarbon dates
processed. Sites found include pre -contact remnants of kula zone agricultural features
(mounds, short terraces, etc.) and associated temporary habitations (surface architecture and
cave shelters); 1800s era walls (the Kuakini Wall and a series of connected cattle walls); and a
late 1800s -early 1900s dump sit--.
We agree with the significance evaluations for the surviving 35 sites — 3 sites not significant,
30 sites significant solely for their information content, and 2 sites significant for multiple
criteria (the Kona Field System remnants and the Kuakini Wall).
We also agree with the mitigation commitments proposed for the 32 significant sites —
preservation of the Kuakini Wall and archaeological data recovery of 7 sites (6 temporary
habitations likely to have deposits and the historic dump site, 21,463). The other sites
significant solely for the information content and the Kona Field System remnants (small
agricultural features, small temporary habitations, and livestock walls) have had a reasonable
amount of their significant information recorded/recovered during survey and have little or no
deposits to excavate; thus, they need no further work.
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BENJAMIN J.CAVWAII
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GOVERNOR OF HAWAII
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BOARD OF LAND MIO NATURAL RESOURCES
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JANET E. KAWELO
STATE OF HAWAII
AOUATIC RESOURCES
BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION
CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
ENFORCEMENT
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CONVEYANCES
HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION
FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE
Kakuhihawa Building. ROpn 556
HISTORIC PRESERVATION
601 KNnoklla BoWnard
LAND
KapWN, Hawaii 96707
STATE PARKS
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
May 25, 1999
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director LOG NO: 23470
Planning Department/County of Hawaii DOC NO: 9905RC51
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
SUBJECT: Archaeological Inventory Survey of 60 Acre
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Parcel on South Side of Palani Road
Keahuolu Ahupua'a, North Kona, Hawaii
TMK: 7-4-8: portion 1
This letter reviews this survey report (Henry, Wolforth & Haun 1998. Archaeological Inventory
Survey 60 Acre Agricultural Zoned QLT Parcel. PHRI ms 1879-110198.) which was sent to us
as part of a County Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006) on February 18, 1999.
We believe that the survey adequately covered the project area, finding 37 sites (2 since
destroyed by Henry Street construction). The background section acceptably provides a
historical context and predictions for the project area. Site descriptions and interpretations aI
acceptable, and we found the inclusion of photos and maps with site descriptions to be very
useful. The time range for these sites is appropriately evaluated, with two radiocarbon dates
processed. Sites found include pre -contact remnants of kula zone agricultural features
(mounds, short terraces, etc.) and associated temporary habitations (surface architecture and
cave shelters); 1800s era walls (the Kuakini Wall and a series of connected cattle walls); and a
late 1800s -early 1900s dump sit--.
We agree with the significance evaluations for the surviving 35 sites — 3 sites not significant,
30 sites significant solely for their information content, and 2 sites significant for multiple
criteria (the Kona Field System remnants and the Kuakini Wall).
We also agree with the mitigation commitments proposed for the 32 significant sites —
preservation of the Kuakini Wall and archaeological data recovery of 7 sites (6 temporary
habitations likely to have deposits and the historic dump site, 21,463). The other sites
significant solely for the information content and the Kona Field System remnants (small
agricultural features, small temporary habitations, and livestock walls) have had a reasonable
amount of their significant information recorded/recovered during survey and have little or no
deposits to excavate; thus, they need no further work.
Thus, we believe the development's impacts on significant historic sites can be acceptably
mitigated if the mitigation commitments are successfully executed. For any approved change
of zone, we recommend the following standard conditions to ensure that the commitments are
fulfilled:
1. The Kuakini Wall shall be preserved. An acceptable preservation plan (including buffer
zones, interim protection measures, and a long-term preservation plan) must be approved
by the State Historic Preservation Division and the County Planning Department. The
State Historic Preservation Division must verify in writing to the County when this plan is
successfully executed. No land alteration may occur in the vicinity of this site until the plan
is successfully executed.
Seven significant historic sites (as listed in the archaeological survey report) shall
undergo archaeological data recovery. An acceptable data recovery plan (scope of work)
must be approved by the State Historic Preservation Division and the County Planning
Department. The State Historic Preservation Division must verify in writing to the County
when this plan is successfully executed. No land alteration may occur in the vicinity of this
site until the plan is successfully executed.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Ross Cordy, our Branch Chief for
Archaeology, at 692-8025.
Aloha,
l
DON HIBBARD, Administrator
State Historic Preservation Division
RC:amk
c. Gene Young, Belt Collins (fax 538-7819]
Alan Haun, PHRI
BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO
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KAZU HAYASHIDA
GOVERNOR
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DIRECTOR
DEPUTY DIRECTORS
BRIAN K. MINAAI
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GLENNM.OKIMOTO
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
IN REPLY REFER TO:
869 PUNCHBOWL STREET
HWY-PS
HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097
2.4063
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Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Subject: Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -la to CG -10
TMK: 7-4-08: 63
We have the following comments:
1. We reviewed the traffic consultant's response (Attachment #1, dated April 16, 1999) to
comment No. 1 of our letter (Attachment #2, dated March 24, 1999) and are satisfied with
the additional traffic analysis.
2. The applicant should implement, at his cost, all required roadway mitigation measures
stated in the traffic report.
3. Since the timing of the actual development seems uncertain, the traffic report should be
updated prior to the construction of any improvements on the parcel.
Very truly yours,
KAZU HAYASHIDA
Director of Transportation
Enclosures
004'785
MAY -11-1999 TUE 05:08 PM BELT COLLINS HAWAII FAX NO, 808 538 7819 P. 03
WILBUR
SMITH
ASSOCIATES
ENGINEERS - PLANNERS
1//6 ALA MVANA BLVD - NO 4907 • HONOLULU HI 96813-1618 • 4U6, 049.73,4 • FAXf8G01
April 16, 1999
Mr. Gene Yong
Belt Collins Hawaii
680 Ala Moana Boulevard
Honolulu, HI 96813-5406
Subject: Additional Traffic Assessment in Response to State DOT Comments
Queen Liliuokalani Trust 11.9 -Acre Parcel South ofPalani Road
Dear Mr. Yong:
We have conducted additional analyses and assessments in response to the letter from the
State Department of Transportation (State DOT) dated March 24, 1999.
Queen Knalrumanu Highway Widening
The Long Range Transportation Plan for Hawaii County includes The widening of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to a four -lane roadway through the Kailua-Kona area, with the
widening extending south along the Hawaii Belt Highway to the Honaunau area. The
State DOT is currently preparing design plans for the widening of the section from the
Kona International Airport south to the centerline of the Henry Street intersection. Tile
south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the Ilenry Street intersection would not be
widened as part of the present project. Mr. felipe Cabana of State DOT, in a telephone
discussion on April 1, indicated that the Henry Street intersection should be analyzed
without Tile widening of the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway since that segment is
not included within the list of funded projects by year 2020. Accordingly, we have
analyzed the Henry Street intersection for 2020 without the widening of the south leg of
Queen Kaahumanu Highway,
Without the widening of the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the development of
the Trust's Palani Road commercial project (Project)would not result in any significant
worsening offoiccast conditions at die HenrySweet intersection. The results are
summarized in Table I for the forecast peak hour traffic volumes both without and with
the Trust's Project.
The forecast peak lour volumes would substantially exceed the intersection capacity for
both peak hours without the widening of the south leg. The largest difference in
conditions from those in the TIAR with the widening would occur for the morning peak
hour conditions since the northbound through traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway is
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One of the critical traffic movements during this period. The 2020 morning peak hour
trate without the Trust's Project would exceed capacity by 19.9% without the widening
(versus 8.4% below capacity with the widening of the south leg) The afternoon peak
hour would also exceed capacity (by 16.9%) without the widening and without the Trust's
commercial Project.
The development of the Trust's commercial Project would result in a slight worsening of
the congested conditions forecast at the Henry Street intersection without the widening of
the south leg. The Trust's Project would increase intersection capacity utilization by 3.2
and 2.2 percentage pours in the moruntg and afternoon peak hours, respectively.
The widening of the south leg of the intersection would be needed to provide acceptable
traffic: condi
tions at the Henry Street intersection, either without or with the Trust's Palani
Road commercial project. Based on this analysis, and the earlier analyses documented in
the TZAR, tate additional increment of traffic to/from the Trust's Project would not
necessitate any additional mitigation measures beyond those needed to provide acceptable
conditions without the Trust's Project.
Attainment of Level of Service D in 2020
The State DOT letter indicates that the TIAR should identify actions to provide Level of
Service D conditions, both without and with the Trust's Project, at the Queen Kaahumanu
I lighw2y intersections with Palani Road and Henry Street.
Rased on the analysis, the development of the Trust's Project would require no mitigative
actions, beyond those needed without [he Project, to provide LOS D conditions at tither
of the Quccn Kaahunanu Highway intersections
The TZAR indicated that both intersections would require improvement actions to provide
LOS D conditions in 2020 uirhvar the Trust's Project. The analysis indicated the
identified improvements identified in the TZAR should result in LOS D or better conditions
for the forecast 2020 traffic volumes tvirhmd the Trust's Project (The improvement
actions listed in the TZAR for the henry Street intersection should be expanded to include
the widening of the south leg to include a second northbound through lane, as the TZAR
assumed that this widening would be implemented by 2020)
The TZAR assessment indicated that the sante improvements needed to provide LOS D
conditions at the two Queen Kaahumanu Ilighway intersections a irhour the Trust's
Project would also provide LOS D conditions with the Trust's Project. There is an error
on pan 4-5 that appears to indicate otherwise for conditions at the intersection of Queen
Kaalwmanu Highway with Palani Road. In the discussion of improvement needs with tine
Project, the third paragraph on that page reports that with the addition of a second
(double) left -turn lane on the eastbound approach of Palani Road, the average delay for
the afternoon peals hour at the Palani Road intersection "is estimated as 381.9 seconds
(LOS E) with the Project versus 34.3 seconds (LOS E) without the Projcct - These
average delays, which are stated correctly, are actually equivalent to LOS D conditions
-
.Ayt, A. �r f
MAY -11-1999 TUE 05:09 PM BELT COLLINS HAWAII FAX NO. 808 538 7819 P. 05
LOS E• conditions require averagge delays of greater than 40 seconds. The 343 -second
delay is correctly identified as LOS D in the Chapter 3 discussion of conditions without
the Trust's Project (page 3-4, sixth paragraph).
w : x
Please dont hesitate to contact me if you have questions concerning our assessment, or
need further information.
Very truly yours,
WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
r� J4_
Bryant T. Brothers
Hawaii P.E. N6755
3
0,4" `e I
NAY-it-ly99 (UE 06:10 PM BELT COLLINS HAWAII FAX NO. 808 538 7819 P. 06
Table 1
2020 CONDITIONS AT INTERSECTIONS OF
QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY AND HENRY STREET
WITHOUT WIDENING SOUTH OF HENRY STREET
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
V/C ADPV
I LOS
V/C ADPV
I LOS
Without Development of
^ -
Palani Road Parcel
1.199 " F
1.169
F
Whh Development of
Mani Road Parcel
1.231 F
1.191 "
F
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection
ADPV - Average delay per vehicle, in seconds
LOS — Level of service.
'* Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates; April
16, 1999
kms- 1
99-024
HWY-PS
2.3136
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Subject: Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006), Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani
Trust, Request: A -la to CG -10, TMK: 7-4-08: 63
Thank you for your transmittal requesting our review and comments regarding the subject zone
application.
We have the following comments:
1. The Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR) should be revised to provide an analysis with
the assumption that the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway will not be implemented
in the year 2020. Appropriate roadway mitigation measures should be discussed in the
report with the above condition. A satisfactory traffic'Level of Service (LOS) of D or better
with and without project should be maintained at the intersections of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway with Palani Road and Henry Street.
2. All required roadway mitigation measures must be implemented by the applicant at his
expense.
Very truly yours,
Y, EASt:ID
Director of Transportation
BQuernOl.e -05/10/99
c : 001 NJ11 14k1)
Q111EEN LILWOKALANI
:;► �►I Y1� t: " L1-1
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST has submitted an application for a Change of Zone
by changing the district classification from Agricultural (A -la) and Agricultural (A -5a) to
General Commercial (CG -10) for approximately 11.945E acres of land. The property is
located along the south side of Palani Road at the southwest comer of the Palani Road -Henry
Street intersection and adjacent and north of the Crossroads project site at Keahuolu, North
Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-4-8:63.
GENERAL INFO MATION
1. Land Ownership: Queen Liliuokalani Trust, a private non-profit organization is the
fee simple owner of the subject property.
2. June 22, 1998: The State Land Use Commission approved with conditions a portion,
approximately 432.91 acres of land, of the County of Hawaii's petitioned area of
955.78 acres for a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from Agricultural to Urban
District. The subject parcel 63 and portion of parcel 1, consisting of a total of 60
acres, are a portion of the reclassified Urban district. It should be pointed out that
according to Condition Nos. 4 and 6, prior to the County approval of the change of
zone application, the County must receive in writing verification that a Traffic Impact
Analysis Report (TZAR) is approved by the State Department of Transportation, and
the archaeological inventory survey report, significance evaluations and the mitigation
commitments are acceptable by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources,
Historic Preservation Division. (See Exhibit A - Conditions of Decision and Order)
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
3. Request: The applicant is proposing a commercial development.
4. Objectives "The Trust is proceeding with this request for rezoning on the basis of the
recent LUC decision and to secure entitlements to position itself for future commercial
c--3y(� c a / �k1 P:
opportunities. On the basis of the County's General Plan and the State's recent land
use decision, the Trust recognizes that its proposal is consistent with the long-term
public policies for the area. Seeking commercial zoning now would allow the land
owner to begin; 1) site and area wide planning (to be integrated with Liliuokalani
Trust's overall master plan), 2) infrastructure planning, and 3) traffic planning.°
5. Conceptual Development Plans: °The proposed commercial parcel is effectively
divided into two development areas due to the applicant's proposal to preserve the
historic Kuakini Wall. The development area mauka of the wall is the smaller of the
two at 0.9 -acre, while the larger 11.0 -acre site is situated makai of the wall.
"Based on the proposed site plan, the total commercial floor area is 104,300 s.f. The
11 -acre makai area is proposed to provide approximately 100,800 s.f. of commercial
floor area, while a 3,500 sq. ft. commercial pad is proposed for the smaller 0.9 -acre
mauka area.
"The proposed site plan does not represent a formal proposal on the part of the Trust,
but was completed for the purposes of assessing environmental impacts and
infrastructure requirements. The plan is based on similar commercial developments in
the area and is assumed to be representative of future development scenarios.
"The anticipated time frame for completion of the development is Year 2020, and
would ultimately be dependent upon market factors.
"The total construction cost for the project is estimated to be $20 million, based on
current construction standards and in current dollar terms. This includes an estimate of
$15.6 million for the proposed building structures (based on $1501s.f.), and an
estimated infrastructure cost of $4.1 million, including necessary off-site infrastructure
work.°
6. Supportive Information: The applicant has submitted the following in support of the
request: (See Exhibit B - Change of Zone Application)
STATE AND COUNTY PLN
7. SLUC: Urban
8. Hawaii State Plan Consistency: Economic and Commercial objectives and policies.
-2-
9. General Plan Consistency: Economic, Land Use and Commercial elements goals,
policies and courses of action for North Kona.
10. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map: High Density
Urban Development and Urban Expansion. High Density Urban Development allows
for commercial, multiple residential and related services (general and office
commercial; multiple residential - up to 87 units per acre), and Urban Expansion
allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open
designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable.
11. Kona Regional Plan: The Kona Regional Plan land use concept map designates the
subject area for General Commercial uses.
12. Kailua Village Special District (KVSD): The subject property is situated outside the
KVSD boundary.
13. Keahole to Kaihm Plan: The property is outside the study area of the Keahole to
Kailua Development Plan. However, the land use plan does identify the property for
Urban Expansion.
14. County Zoning: The property is currently zoned Agricultural -1 acre (A -la) and
Agricultural (A -5a).
15. SMA: The property is not situated within the Special Management Area.
16. Property: The subject parcel has a total area of approximately 11.945 acres. The
property is irregular shaped. A portion of the Kuakini- Wall extends within the project
site and the adjacent Crossroads development. The property is divided by the Kuakini
Wall into two areas, an 11 -acre area makai of the Kuakini Wall and a 0.945 -acre area
mauka of said wall. The parcel is located adjacent to the Crossroads commercial
development, approximately 1/4 mile mauka of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway on the
makai comer of Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. The property is vacant of any
structures or uses.
-3-
17. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses: Lands in the vicinity of the project area are zoned
CG -20, CG -10, A -5a and A-Ia. The existing Crossroads commercial development is
situated to the south as is the proposed Hawaiian Development Corporation commercial
development, which was approved by the County Council on December 7, 1998. To
the east of the subject property is a single family dwelling and baseyard; to the north
and northwest are other Queen Liliuokalani Trust lands including the Makalapua
Center; and further to the southwest is the I anihau Shopping Center and Kona Coast
Shopping Center.
18. FIRM: The property is located within Zone X, area determined to be outside the
500 -year flood plain.
19. ALISH System: Unclassified.
20. USDA Soil Survey Report: The are two types of soils on the subject property:
1) Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW). This lava has a billowy, glassy surface that is
relatively smooth. In some areas, the surface is rough and broken, and there are
hummocks and pressure domes. Pahoehoe lava has no soil covering and is typically
bare of vegetation except for mosses and lichens.
2) Punaluu extremely rocky peat (rPYD): This consists of well -drained thin organic
soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. The surface layer is black peat about 4 inches thick.
It is underlain by pahoehoe lava bedrock. This soil is medium acid. The peat is
rapidly permeable, although water moves rapidly through the cracks. Runoff is slow,
and the erosion hazard is slight. This soil is used for pasture.
21. Land Study Bureau: The Land Study Bureau's overall master productivity rating for
agricultural use is Class "E" or Poor.
22. Flora Resources: The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary the plants
found on the property were not listed, proposed or a candidate for threatened and
endangered species. Neither were any plants found to be species of concern. All of
the plants on the site can be found in similar lowland, dry habitats throughout the main
Hawaiian Islands. The survey also found no sensitive native plant -dominated
communities on the site. The existing vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien
Me
plant species such as koa haole, guinea grass, air plant, kiawe and lantana. Of the
sixty-nine species of plants inventoried on the site, sixty-one are introduced species,
one is Polynesian species and seven are native species. Of the seven native species, six
are indigenous. One of the species is endemic. The six indigenous species include the
koali, 'ilima, `ala'ala wai mu, 'ilihe'e, alahe'e, and 'uhaloa. The endemic species is
the kauna'oa.
23. Fauna Resources: The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary that there
is no evidence found that any endemic or endangered species utilize the area. The
majority of bird and mammal life impacted were found to be exotic species. Mitigation
measures for the present site are not expected nor are they proposed as endangered
mammal species or endemic species of land or sea birds are not expected in the area.
Only feral mammals found included mongoose, mice and rats..
24. Archaeological Resources: The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary
that the property was found to be situated within the Kona Field System. The Kuakini
Wall is located within the property and is on the Hawaii State Register of Historic
Places. Eight sites were identified for evaluation, two additional sites had been
destroyed during the construction of Henry Street and were not included within the
survey's evaluation. Recommended mitigative actions include preservation of the
Kuakini Wall, data recovery for two sites, and no further work for the remaining five
sites. Four of the sites were historically used for livestock control, while three of the
sites were used for temporary habitation, and one site was used as a historical dump
complex. The only permanent habitation in the area dates to the historic period. No
burial, or potential burial features, were found in the project area.
25. Access: Access to the proposed development for the 11 -acre site would be from three
locations along Palani Road. The location of these three access points are based on
prior approved subdivision plans for the widening of Palani Road. Access to the
remaining 0.945 -acre will be provided from Henry Street. A Traffic Impact Analysis
Study was completed for the proposed project and submitted to the Department of
51
Public Works for review and comment. The applicant will make all improvements
recommended by the Traffic Impact Analysis Report.
26. Water: The applicant installed a 1.0 million gallon per day (mgd) potable water well
and 1.0 million gallon storage reservoir in Keauhou above Mamalahoa Highway, which
was dedicated to the County in 1997. Based on this contribution to the regional potable
water supply system, water and storage are available for the development. Six-inch
diameter distribution lines will be constructed to connect to the 16 -inch diameter line
on Palani Road.
27. Wastewater: The applicant proposes to tie into the County's Kealakehe Wastewater
Treatment Facility.
28. Utilities: Electrical and telephone services will be made available to the property.
nI t uloIwo
29. Real Property Tax Office (February 24, 1999 Memo):
"There are no comments at this time.'
30. Department of Land and Natural Resources -Land Division (March 9, 1999 Letter):
"We have reviewed the subject application and have no comments to offer on this
matter.
"Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this application."
31. Department of Public Works: (See Exhibit C - March 15, 1999 and April 28, 1999
Memos and Applicant's Response - April 12, 1999 Letter)
32. Police Department: (See Exhibit D - March 10, 1999 Memo and Applicant's
Response - April 12, 1999 Letter)
33. Fire Department: (See Exhibit E - February 24, 1999 Memo and Applicant's
Response - April 12, 1999 Letter)
34. Department of Land and Natural Resources -Historic Preservation Division: (See
Exhibit F - May 5, 1999 Letter)
35. Department of Health: (See Exhibit G - February 22, 1999 Memo Applicant's
Response - April 12, 1999 Letter)
0
36. Department of Transportation: (See Exhibit H - March 24, 1999 Letter
Applicant's Response - April 12, 1999 and April 29, 1999 Letters)
37. Land Use Commission: (See Exhibit I - February 24, 1999 Letter)
38. Department of Water Supply, Department of Agriculture, Kona Soil and Water
Conservation District
39. The Department has not received any comments or objections from the public or
adjacent land owners on the subject application.
-7-
.9
f? Jeff orf
BEFORE THE LAND USE COMMISSION
OF THE STATE OF HAWAII
114 r'%
'p//
In the Matter of the Petition of
) DOCKET NO. A94-705
COUNTY OF HAWAII
) FINDINGS OF FACT,
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
) CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND
DECISION AND ORDER
To Amend the Agricultural Land Use
)
District Boundary into the Urban
)
Land Use District for Approximately
) r : is to certify that this Is a true and correct
955.78 Acres at Keahuolu through
) �ecis;^.c ^^a f+rder on file in the ot!c_
=pY er t
Keauhou, North Kona, Island ofhe
) ottheStwe"m!Use
Hawaii, State of Hawaii, Tax Map
Key No.: 7-4-08: por. 1; 7-5-03: 6,
) JUN 2 2 1998 by
7, 23; 7-5-10: 5; 7-5-17: 1, 19;
) ExecutiveJtP!c
7-6-13: 9; 7-7-04: por. 2, 56;
)
7-7-07: 41; 7-7-08: por. 27, 99,
) L x-
105; 7-8-10: por. 29, and por. 30.
� o
Nr1 � -
T T.
O
C) -2
co 0
m z
FINDINGS OF
FACT,
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND
DECISION AND ORDER
EXHIBIT
A,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that a portion of the Petition
Area being the subject of this Docket No. A94-705 filed by the
County of Hawaii Planning Department, comprised of a total of
approximately 432.91 acres situated in the land divisions from
Keahuolu to Keauhou, North Kona, Island, County and State of
Hawaii, identified as Hawaii Tax Map Key Nos. 7-4-08: portion of
1; 7-5-03: 6, 7; and 7-8-10: portion of 29 and portion of 30, for
reclassification from the State Land Use Agricultural District to
the State Land Use Urban District, and approximately shown in
Exhibit "A" attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference,
shall be and is hereby approved, and the State Land Use District
Boundaries shall be amended accordingly, subject to the following
conditions:
1. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner, developers and/or
landowners of the affected properties, on an individual or
collective basis, shall provide or cause to provide affordable
housing opportunities for low, low -moderate, and gap group income
residents of the State of Hawaii to the satisfaction of the
County of Hawaii. The location and distribution of the
affordable housing or other provisions for affordable housing
shall be under such terms as may be mutually agreeable between
the developers and/or landowners and the County of Hawaii.
2. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner shall ensure that the
developers and landowners of the affected properties and their
-50-
successors and assigns contribute to the development, funding,
and/or construction of public school facilities on a fair share
basis as determined by and to the satisfaction of the State
Department of Education. Petitioner shall ensure that a written
agreement between the affected developers and/or landowners,
their successors and assigns, and the Department of Education
setting forth the contribution and timing of contributions is
on-going as part of the County rezoning process and is fully
executed prior to the County issuing any building permits.
3. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner shall ensure that the
developers and/or landowners of the affected properties
participate in the funding and construction of adequate
wastewater transmission and disposal facilities, on a fair share
basis, as determined by the County of Hawaii Department of Public
Works (DPW) and the State Department of Health (DOH). Developer
and/or landowner participation shall also be in compliance with
conditions of approval of County zoning or determined prior to
applying for County building permits if County rezoning is not
required.
4. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers and/or
landowners of the affected properties each submit for review by
and receive approval from the State Department of Transportation
(DOT) and the County of Hawaii DPW a Traffic Impact Analysis
Report (TIAR), prior to the County approval of a rezoning
application for each affected property or prior to applying for
County building permits if rezoning is not required. The TZAR
-51-
shall identify the traffic impacts attributable to the proposed
development and recommend proposed mitigation measures. The
report should also reflect the latest planning efforts for
transportation (i.e., the conditions, assumptions, and findings
for the upcoming Hawaii Land Transportation Plan). Based on an
analysis of traffic -related impacts, Petitioner shall ensure that
the developers and/or landowners also participate, on a fair
share basis, in the funding and construction of local and
regional transportation improvements and programs, including
dedication of rights-of-way as determined by the State DOT and
the County of Hawaii DPW.
5. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers and/or
landowners of the affected properties, on a fair share basis,
fund and construct adequate civil defense measures as determined
by the County and State Civil Defense agencies as part of the
development of the affected properties.
6. The findings of the archaeological inventory
surveys prepared by the developers and/or landowners of each
affected property shall be submitted to the State Department of
Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division
(SHPD) in report format for adequacy review. Prior to making a
decision on the County rezoning or permit application for each
property, the County agency shall receive in writing from SHPD
verification that the survey report is acceptable, that
significance evaluations are acceptable, and that the mitigation
commitments are acceptable.
-52-
7. If significant historic sites, including trails
and railroad right-of-ways, are present, the developers and/or
landowners of each affected property shall submit a detailed
historic preservation mitigation plan for review by SHPD. This
plan may include preservation and/or archaeological data recovery
subplans (detailed scopes of work). SHPD must approve this plan
before any land alteration can occur on the project area. SHPD
must also verify in writing to the County agency approving the
permit that the plan has been successfully executed, prior to any
land alteration.
8. Should any previously unidentified burials,
archaeological or historic sites such as artifacts, marine shell
concentrations, charcoal deposits, or stone platforms, pavings or
walls be found, the developers and/or landowners of the affected
properties shall stop work in the immediate vicinity and SHPD
shall be notified immediately. Subsequent work shall proceed
upon an archaeological clearance from SHPD when it finds that
mitigative measures have been implemented to their satisfaction.
9. Petitioner, developers and/or landowners of the
affected properties shall notify all prospective buyers of the
property of the potential odor, noise and dust pollution if there
are any Agricultural District lands surrounding the affected
properties.
10. Petitioner, developers and/or landowners of the
affected properties shall notify all prospective buyers of
property that the Hawaii Right -to -Farm Act, Chapter 165, Hawaii
Revised Statutes, limits the circumstances under which
-53-
pre-existing farm activities may be deemed a nuisance if there
are any Agricultural District lands surrounding the affected
properties.
11. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner shall ensure that the
developers and/or landowners of the affected properties fund on a
fair share basis, the design and construction of drainage
improvements required as a result of the development of the
affected properties to the satisfaction of the appropriate State
and County agencies. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers
and/or landowners also participate, on a fair share basis, in
other drainage improvement programs in the area as determined by
the County of Hawaii DPW.
12. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers and/or
landowners participate on a fair share basis in the funding and
construction of adequate water source, storage, and transmission
facilities and improvements to accommodate the proposed
project(s). Water transmission facilities and improvements shall
be coordinated and approved by appropriate State and County
agencies. Petitioner shall transmit to the County of Hawaii DWS
any changes in water demand forecasts and in water development
plans to supply the proposed projects.
13. Petitioner shall timely provide without any prior
notice, annual reports to the Land Use Commission and the Office
of Planning, in connection with the status of the affected
properties and the developers' and/or landowners' progress in
complying with the conditions imposed herein. The annual report
-54-
shall be submitted in a form prescribed by the Executive Officer
of the Commission.
14. The Commission may fully or partially release
these conditions provided herein as to all or any portion of the
affected properties upon timely motion and upon the provision of
adequate assurance of satisfaction of these conditions by the
developers and/or landowners of the affected properties.
15. Within seven (7) days of the issuance of the
Commission's Decision and Order for the subject reclassification,
Petitioner shall: (a) record with the State Bureau of
Conveyances a statement that the properties are subject to
conditions imposed by the Commission in the reclassification of
the affected properties; and (b) file a copy of such recorded
statement with the Commission.
16. Petitioner, shall ensure that the conditions
imposed herein by the Commission are recorded with the Bureau of
Conveyances pursuant to Section 15-15-92, Hawaii Administrative
Rules.
17. Petitioner, landowner/developer, their successors
and assigns shall ensure that development of the reclassified
area is in substantial compliance with the representations made
before the Land Use Commission. Failure of Petitioner,
landowner/developer, their successors and assigns to ensure
substantial compliance may result in reversion of the
reclassified area to its former land use classification, or
change to a more appropriate classification.
-55-
18. Petitioner, landowner/developer, their successors
and assigns shall give notice to the Land Use Commission of any
intent to sell, lease, assign, place in trust, or otherwise
voluntarily alter the ownership interest in the reclassified area
prior to the visible commencement of construction.
IT IS HEREBY FURTHER ORDERED that the remainder of the
Petition Area, as amended, consisting of approximately 522.87
acres, and identified as Tax Map Rey Nos.: 7-5-03: 23; 7-5-10: 5;
7-5-17: 1 & 19; 7-6-13: 9; 7-7-04: portion of 2 & 56; 7-7-07: 41;
7-7-08: portion of 27, 99, and 105, shall remain within the State
1--.1 rl--
-56-
Done at Honolulu, Hawaii, this 22nd day of June 1998,
per motion on June 18, 1998.
LAND USE COMMISSION
STATE OF HAWAII
By )6- azzsz
ttupot K. C UN
Chairperson and Commissioner
By, ( opposed )
M. CASEY JARMAN
Vice Chairperson and Commissioner
By /a
LAWRENCE No
.Vice Chairper on and Commissioner
By (absent)
P. ROY CATALANI
Commissioner
By �aQ�L'��
ISAAC FIESTA, JR.
Commissioner
-57-
By
(absent)
HERBERT S. KAOPUA, SR.
Commissioneer
�
By
Y�
MERLE K. KELAI
Comm^is
o��ner
Filed and effective on
By
_
�U�.(Y�►� r\-
June 22 , 1998
JOANN N. MATTSON
Commissioner
Certified by:
,
0
By
Executive Officer
PETER YUKIMURA
Commissioner
-57-
Honokahk
Bay
Ko. Krlmb KOY4omwksnjb
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A94-705 / COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT
LOCATION MAP
IN APPravW Ana -Tax Map Key Nos 7446: por.1: 7-6-03: 6.7: .
7-6-10- par. 29. a por.80
❑ DwdWAM- Tax Map Key No --7-54428:7-6.10:5:7.617:1.
19:7.618 .7.7.04: par. 2.56: 7-7-07: 41:
7.7.06: par. 27. 99.105
VMm- KeauhM South Kona. Hman
EXHIBIT "A"
BEFORE THE LAND USE COMMISSION
OF THE STATE OF HAWAII
In the Matter of the Petition of
COUNTY OF HAWAII )
PLANNING DEPARTMENT )
To Amend the Agricultural Land Use )
District Boundary into the Urban )
Land Use District for Approximately )
955.78 Acres at Keahuolu through )
Keauhou, North Kona, Island of )
Hawaii, State of Hawaii, Tax Map )
Key No.: 7-4-08: por. 1; 7-5-03: 6, )
7, 23; 7-5-10: 5; 7-5-17: 1, 19; )
7-6-13: 9; 7-7-04: por. 2, 56; )
7-7-07: 41; 7-7-08: por. 27, 99, )
105; 7-8-10: por. 29, and por. 30. )
DOCKET NO. A94-705
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that a copy of the Findings of Fact,
Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order was served upon the
following by either hand delivery or depositing the same in the
U. S. Postal Service by certified mail:
RICHARD EGGED, JR., Director
DEL. Office of State Planning
P. 0. Box 2359
Honolulu, Hawaii 96804-2359
VIRGINIA GOLDSTEIN, Planning Director
CERT. Planning Department, County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
RICHARD D. WURDEMAN, ESQ.
CERT. Office of the Corporation Counsel
County of Hawaii
101 Aupuni Street, Suite 325
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
BENJAMIN A. KUDO, ESQ.
Attorney for Intervenor Liliuokalani Trust
CERT. Dwyer Imanaka Schraff Kudo Meyer & Fujimoto
900 Fort Street, Suite 1800
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
ESTHER UEDA
Executive Officer
-2-
ERIC T. MAEHARA, ESQ.
Attorney for Intervenor
Hawaiian Development
CERT.
Corporation
Grosvenor Center, Suite
2530
737 Bishop Street
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
STEVEN S.C. LIM, ESQ.
Attorney for Intervenor
Kamehameha Investment
CERT.
Corporation
Carlsmith Law Firm
121 Waianuenue Avenue
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
JUDITH GRAHAM
CERT.
Representing Intervenor
E Mau Na Ala Hele
P. O. Box 6384
Kamuela, Hawaii 96743
DATED:
Honolulu, Hawaii, this
22nd day of June 1998.
ESTHER UEDA
Executive Officer
-2-
APPLICANT:
COUNTY OF HAWAII
PLANNING DEPARTMEI',—
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
(Type or legibly print the requested information)
Li_Li-gokalani Trust
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: DATE:—t/049'
TE:t/0 9 ` '
rano a r ng 7� or anaging —7 ee
ADDRESS: First Hawaiian Bank/
P.O.Box 3708
Honolulu, Hawaii 96811
LIST APPLICANT'S IN'T'EREST IF NOT OWNER: Managing Trustee
LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: Frank Jahrl ing
PHONE:(Bus.) (808) 525-7134 (Res.) (Fax) (808) 525-t44
LANDOWNER(S): Queen Liliugkalani Trust
LANDOWNER SIGNA
DATE: 1/5,14ai
LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: c/o First Haw/UEP%nek Yy Tr�ox 3708, Honolulu, HI 96811
REQUEST: -I -la_ Aorirultur (1 ac. min.) TO 10 General Commercial (10 000 f min bldg.
g zoning) (Proposed Zoning)
TAX MAP KEY: TMK 3-1-4-08.63
STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: Vacant Land
SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 11.945 -acres
AGENT: . James R. Bell
ADDRESS: Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.
680 Ala Moana Boulevard, First Floor
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813-5406
TELEPHONE: (Bus.)_(808) 521-5361 (Res
(Fax) (808) 538-7819 .
Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent.
ORIGINAL: Agent COPIES: Applicant/Landowner
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PLANNING DEPARTWNT
COUNTY OF HAWAII
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE
1. If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivioe
the subject land in accordance with the approved change
of zone? No
If yes, please answer the rest of question 1 and then to
quesfion 3.
a. How many acres of the requested area do you intend to
subdivide?
b. Into what lot sizes?
C. If your request is approved, approximately how long
after the date of approval do you expect to submit
your subdivision plans to the Planning Department
for preliminary approval?
If you intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary
schematic subdivision plan together with your chane of
zone application form.
2. If you nave no firm plans of subdividing the subject area,
do you intend to:
a. Sell or lease the land to someone who has firm
plans? X
b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative
plans?
C. Sell or lease the land to someone who has no plans?
d. Keep it?
e. Other (please state)
f. If you intend to do either a, b, or c, please elaoorate
on the kind of plans the other party has. Please, also,
include in your answer approximately how soon after
approval of your rezoning do you expect to transfer the
subject land to another party.
Liliuokalani Trust will likely enter into a land lease agreement
with a private developer to develop the subject property. No
developer has been identified to date. The timing of such an
agreement will greatly depend upon prevailing market conditions.
3. What specific building plans do you have for the subject land?
Include in your answer the following: type of building
(apartment, office, launderette, etc.); financing arrangement;
timetable for construction; and any other information which you
feel might help us in evaluating your request.
None
4. Have you performed any study whicn would demonstrate a need for
your proposed building and/or development? No
If so, please elaborate on your findings in the space provided
oelow.
�L�
5. Have you performed any study which discusses the
environmental impacts your request would have on the Yes
surrounding area and/or the County?
If so, please elaborate on your findings in the space
provided below.
In May 1995, the County of Hawaii Planning Department prepared
a Planning and Environmental Report as part of a petition to the
State Land Use Commission to amend land use district boundaries
from Reauhou to Reahuolu, including the 11.9 -acre subject property.
This report contained a number of studies which discussed the
potential impact of development on the surrounding area.
As part of this application, WSA completed a Traffic Impact Study
in Dec 1998, which is included as Appendix A of the Background
and County Environmental Report for this application.
The report includes descriptions of existing conditions, conditions
with and without the project in 2020, and recommended mitigations.
6. Are there any buildings on the subject area? No
If so, wnat kind?
What do you intend to do with those buildings if your
request is approved?
7. Is the subject land currently being used for any No
agricultural activitity?
If so, please list the kinds of products grown and on
how many square feet or acres of land per product.
-3-
8. To your knowledge, has there been any flooding and/or
drainage problem on the subject area?
If so, please describe the problem.
No
9. Do you think that the roads leading to the subject area
needs improvement? y
es
If so, what kind?
See WSA,Traffic Impact Study, 12/98. Selective widening of Palani Road is
recommended to accommodate left turn storage and right turn deceleration lanes.
Also, a traffic signal at the intersection of Palani Road and Kamakaeha Avenue
is recommended within the WSA stpdy.
Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic volume
or load? No
10. what sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements See WSA Traffic
do you feel will be needed in the subject area when
Impact Study, 12/98
developed?
Yes NO
a. Schools X
b. Roads X
C. Sewer X
d.. Drainage X
e. Police Protection X
f. Fire Protection X
g. Recreational Facilities X
h. Public Utilities X
i. Other X
Elm
For those checked "yes," please elaborate what type or kinds of
improvements and/or assistance are needed.
Roads
See WSA Traffic Impact Study, 12/98
11. Have you performed any historic sites study and/or survey of the
subject area? If so, what were the results? Please, also,
submit a copy of the study together with this change of zone
supplement.
Yes, see Archaeology Inventory Survey by PHRI, 11/98
Kuakini Wall to be preserved, two other sites recommended for
data recovery.
Signature: _
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BACKGROUND AND COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE FOR LILIUOKALANI TRUST
TMK 7-4-08:63, KEAHUOLU, NORTH KONA, HAWAII
A. SUBIECT REQUEST
1. Details of Proposed Use/Development:
a. Project description:
The applicant is requesting a change of the County Land Use Zoning
Map for TMK7-4-08. 63 from A -1a to CG -10.
Earlier on June 22, 1998, this site was included as part of a State Land
Use Commission (LUC) decision (LUC Docket No. A94-705)
approving aCounty of Hawaii petition to amend the land use district
boundaries for lands from Keauhou to Keahuolu. As a result, the
land use district designation for the subject parcel was amended from
Agricultural to Urban. This application for a change of zone to the
County of Hawaii follows on this decision and remains guided by the
County's long range policy plans.
The site is situated along Palani Road, at the makai corner of its
intersection with Henry Street, and is approximately 1/4 mile mauka
of the town of Kailua-Kona and 1/2 mile mauka of the coastline at
Kailua Bay. The site is presently vacant and has not been previously
developed. The historic Kuakini Wall crosses the mauka corner of
the site and is proposed to be preserved.
The parcel is proposed for commercial use, furthering the commercial
retail emphasis of the area. The parcel is a prime development site,
both for its proximity to surrounding commercial developments and
Kailua-Kona, and its location along a significant regional mauka-
makai traffic corridor.
b. Statement of objectives and reasons for the request
The Trust is proceeding with this request for rezoning on the basis of
the recent LUC decision and to secure entitlements to position itself
for future commercial opportunities. On the basis of the County's
General Plan and the State's recent land use decision, the Trust
recognizes that its proposal is consistent with the long-term public
policies for the area. Seeking commercial zoning now would allow
the land owner to begin; 1) site and area wide planning (to be
integrated with Liliuokalani Trust's overall master plan), 2)
infrastructure planning, and 3) traffic planning.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C Number of acres/square feet:
11.945 -acres
d. Proposed floor area of proposer d building envelope:
The proposed commercial parcel is effectively divided into two
development areas due to the applicant's proposal to preserve the
historic Kuakini Wall. The development area mauka of the wall is the
smaller of the two at 0.9 -acre, while the larger 11.0 -acre site is
situated makai of the wall.
Based on the proposed site plan, the total commercial floor area is
104,300 s.f. The 11 -acre makai area is proposed to provide
approximately 100,800 s.f of commercial floor area, while a 3,500
sq. ft. commercial pad is proposed for the smaller 0.9 -acre mauka
area.
The proposed site plan does not represent a formal proposal on the
part of the Trust, but was completed for the purposes of assessing
environmental impacts and infrastructure requirements. The plan is
based on similar commercial developments in the area and is
assumed to be representative of future development scenarios.
e. Time frame and cost
The anticipated time frame for completion of the development is Year
2020, and would ultimately be dependent upon market factors. If the
project were constructed in a single phase, including off-site and on-
site infrastructures and building construction, it is estimated that the
project would take 24 to 30 months for construction. On-site
infrastructure improvements for the planned commercial
development is estimated to require 12 to 16 months for
construction. Off-site improvements for the driveway connections
and utilities could be completed concurrent with the on-site work.
The total construction cost for the project is estimated to be $20
million, based on current construction standards and in current dollar
terms. This includes an estimate of $15.6 million for the proposed
building structures (based on $150/s.f.), and an estimated
infrastructure cost of $4.1 million, including necessary off-site
infrastructure work.
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Zone Application for
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Application for Change or Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
f. Number of employees and clientele:
It is estimated that the proposed commercial development will create
approximately 480 employment positions, based on an estimated
space standard of 1 employee per 200 s.f for smaller retail stores (less
than 2500 s.f.), and 1 employee per 250 s.f for larger anchor retail
stores.
g. Parking arrangement
h.
The proposed site plan provides a total of 610 parking spaces,
conforming to commercial tenant standards at a ratio of 5.8 parking
stalls per 1,000 s.f of retail space. Of the total, 570 of the parking
stalls are located makai of Kuakini Wall and have access from Palani
Road. The remaining 40 parking stalls are located mauka of Kuakini
Wall and serve the smaller commercial pad area with access from
Henry Street.
There is no access between the two parking areas as the Wall is
proposed to remain intact without any breaches.
The total required parking for the development is 348 parking stalls,
based on commercial retail and office parking standards found in the
Hawaii County Code (1 parking stall per 300 square feet of gross
floor area). As a result, the proposed plan exceeds the County
requirements for parking space.
As part of this application, Wilbur Smith Associates completed a
Traffic Impact Study in December 1998.
The study assessed existing and future traffic flows at four area
intersections; Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Palani
Road/Kamakaeha Avenue, Palani Road/Henry Street, and Henry
Street/Queen Kaahumanu Highway. With the exception of the Palani
Road/Kamakaeha Ave. intersection, all of the intersections have
existing traffic signals. At the Palani Road/Kamakaeha Ave.
Intersection, a stop sign is provided along Kamakaeha Ave. to
moderate access onto Palani Road.
3
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Existing Conditions
The WSA report evaluated peak AM
intersections and concluded that
accommodated within the existing
90%) for each intersection.
and PM conditions for the four
traffic volumes were easily
capacity (varying from 60% to
Traffic conditions in the area for the Year 2020 were evaluated using
projections from the State's Long Range Transportation Plan Study.
Without the project and without any planned improvements,
significant capacity problems begin to occur at all four intersections
during peak afternoon hours, with capacity levels being exceeded by
4% (Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway) to 30% (Palani
Road/Henry Street). Unacceptable delays are anticipated for the
Palani Road/Kamakaeha Avenue intersection, with an average delay
of 12 minutes per vehicle for vehicles turning left from Palani Road
onto Kamakaeha Ave.
Based on these anticipated conditions, the following modifications
were recommended to maintain acceptable traffic flows:
Palani Road/Kamakaeha Ave.: Install traffic signal
Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Hwy: Add second left turn lane to
mauka bound Palani Road
Palani Road/Henry Street: Add right turn lane from
mauka bound Palani Road
& allow right turn from
both HenrySt. lanes
Henry Street/Queen Kaahumanu Hwy: Add right turn lane to
mauka bound Henry Street
& add second left turn lane
from north bound QKH
In 2020, increased traffic volumes due to the project is expected to
vary from 0.7% to 3% during peak periods, except for Palani Road
where traffic volumes may increase from 8% to over 18%.
4
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
For the Year 2020 scenario with the project, WSA assumed that the
non -project modifications highlighted above had been completed.
Given this scenario, capacity problems would occur during
afternoon peak periods at three of the four intersections, including
Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. (+5%), Palani Road/Henry
Street (+ 3391o), and Queen Kaahumanu Hwy./Henry Street (+13%).
Based on both the increased traffic and traffic delays arising from the
proposed project, WSA recommends the following mitigations:
• Add left turn storage lane along makai bound Palani Road
wherever left turn is permitted into project site
• Add right turn/deceleration lane at major driveways into
project site
• Signalize main driveway exit at Palani Road/Kamakaeha Ave.
Intersection to allow left turn egress from project site
• Add right turn lane along mauka bound Palani Road at Henry
Street.
Left Turn Access from Palani Road onto Kamakaeha Ave.
The WSA report further addressed the possibility of signaled left turn
access from mauka bound Palani Road onto Kamakaeha Ave.
leading to Makalapua Center. Currently, left turn access is prohibited,
though vehicles were observed throughout the observation period
making the left turn movement. If signaled left turn access is allowed,
access to the Makalapua Center area from Kailua-Kona and other
areas further south along Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. would be greatly
improved.
Proposed on-site and off-site infrastru ure•
On-site infrastructure will consist of parking areas and driveway
connections to Palani Road and Henry Street. As mentioned earlier,
preserving Kuakini Wall without any breaches will only allow
driveways serving the lower makai portion of the site to have access
along Palani Road, while driveways to the upper mauka portion will
be restricted to access along Henry Street.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Both portions will have water, sewer, electrical, telephone and cable
television service. Interconnection of the two portions of the parcel
with utility lines will be limited to the extent possible to mitigate
crossing of the Kuakini Wall. Discussions with the archaeological
consultant indicated that crossing the Wall with underground utilities
would be possible. The crossing location would be coordinated in
the field with the archaeologist and the Wall should be restored
following utility line installation. Storm water disposal will be on-site
dry wells.
Off-site roadways are County owned and maintained. The location
of the proposed intersections and necessary improvements, such as
turning lanes and signalization, will be provided during the
development of the respective parcels.
Utility services, other than sewer, are in-place along Palani Road and
Henry Street and can be extended to serve the parcels. Wastewater
generated from the proposed development will be conveyed by off-
site sanitary sewer lines to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment
Plant. Demand for water arising from the proposal will be met by an
existing County well and reservoir above Mamalahoa Highway.
B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE/CQ NTY PLAN
2. State Land Use designation:
The State Land Use District Boundary Map designates the subject site within
the Urban District.
This designation is based on the recent LUC decision (LUC Docket No.
A94-705) on June 22, 1998 to amend the Agricultural District boundaries
between Keahuolu and Keauhou (919.366 acres) and increase the areas in
the Urban District. The petition to amend the LUC district boundaries was
submitted by the County of Hawaii Planning Department.
Applicable goals/policies and objectives of the General Plan:
The General Plan for North Kona seeks to achieve greater diversity and
stability for the local economy, while stressing a balance of social, physical
and economic goals for both area residents and visitors alike.
M
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Based on the GP profile of population trends, population in North Kona is
increasing due to employment opportunities in the visitor industry. The
Keahuolu and Kealakehe areas have been targeted for continued residential
development. The proposed commercial project will provide commercial
goods and services, and employment opportunities to this growing
residential population.
4. General Plan designation:
The subject site lies within the High Density Urban Development Zone of
the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map of the County of Hawaii
General Plan. High Density Urban Developments include general and
office commercial type uses.
Areas adjacent to the site and further beyond the Kailua-Kona town center
are earmarked for further Urban Expansion. Urban Expansion areas allow a
mix of various densities (from high to low) and use designations, "where
new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific pattern and mix of
uses have not yet been determined".
Zoning:
The current zoning for the site is A-1 a, Agricultural (1 acre minimum)
6. Community Development Plan:
The site is not within any Community Development Plan areas.
The mauka boundary of the Kailua Village Special District is approximately
500 ft. beyond the subject site's makai boundary, at Queen Kaahumanu
Highway.
7. Special Management Area:
The site is not within the Special Management Area.
The mauka boundary of the Special Management Area is approximately 500
ft. beyond the subject site's makai boundary, at Queen Kaahumanu
Highway,
7
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE
PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA
Physical Characteristics/Environmental Setting.
8. Description of subject property, location, climate, topography, slope, soils
(including size, shape, existing structures):
The area of the subject parcel is 11.945 -acres. It is irregularly shaped and
measures approximately 1200 ft. by 450 ft. The site has approximately 1400
ft. of street frontage along Palani Road and 400 ft. along Henry Street.
Locatio
The parcel is situated along the southern edge of Palani Road, approximately
1/4 mile mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway on the makai corner of
the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. The parcel shares a common
boundary with the Crossroads commercial retail development and the
existing Kailua Fire Station
IC imate
The climate is generally mild with a mean annual temperature of 75 degrees
(F) with relatively small daily and seasonal variations. Annual rainfall varies
from 35 to over 40 inches. Winds are general) light to moderate and are
predominantly from the southwest as a result of seabreezes and Kona
storms.
The site is situated on the western slope of Hualalai, approximately 180 ft. to
270 ft. above mean sea level.
Slone
The site has an average slope of 8%, and is situated in a transitional area
between the lower coastal zone (0-5% slope) and the higher uplands zone
(10-20% slope).
R
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
oil
There are two soils found predominantly on the site (Pahoehoe Lava Flows
and Punaluu Extremely Rocky Peat), neither of which are recognized as
being agriculturally significant.
9. Lava Hazard Zone:
Based upon a 1990 USGS report, 'Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the
Island of Hawaii', the subject site lies within Zone 4 on the slopes of
Hualalai. Zone 4 is based on a nine zone scale in which Zone 1 is the area
of greatest hazard and Zone 9 is the area of least hazard. Zone 4 is
described as an area which 'includes all of Hualalai, where the frequency of
eruptions is lower than on Kiliauea (Zones 2-5) and Mauna Loa (Zones 2-
6)". The site was not affected by either of the two most recent flows on the
slopes of Hualalai, including the Huehue and Kaupulehu flows of 1800-
1801.
10. Distance from coastline:
The site is situated a half -mile (approximately 2,900 ft.) to three-quarters of a
mile (approximately 4,200 ft.) mauka of the coastline at Kailua Bay.
11. Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH)
designation:
The site does not lie within any areas designated of agricultural importance
(based on the January 1977 ALISH map).
12. U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Services Soil Service Report soil
type:
Based upon review of USDA Soil Conservation Service's Soil Survey for the
Island of Hawaii dated December 1973, the subject site contains soils
predominantly described as Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW) and Punaluu
Extremely Rocky Peat (rPYD).
Punaluu Extremely Rocky Peat is described as "well -drained, thin organic
soils over Pahoehoe lava bedrock" (typically at depths less than 10 inches),
with rocky outcrops occupying 40 to 50 percent of the surface. The Peat is
rapidly permeable while the Pahoehoe underneath is typically slowly
permeable, with water rapidly moving through cracks in the lava. This soil is
typically used as pastures.
9
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Pahoehoe lava is typically described with a billowy, glassy surface, with
occasional hummocks and pressure domes. The lava typically contains no
soil covering and is barren of vegetation, except for mosses and lichens.
13. Land Study Bureau soil rating:
Based upon the "Detailed Land Classification -Island of Hawaii' published
by the Land Study Bureau in November 1965, the soil predominantly found
on the site is described as Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe (e285, land
classification symbol).
The Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe contains shallow soils over the
Pahoehoe. Both soils rate 'very poor" in terms of suitability for agricultural
production, the worst of five categories described by master productivity
ratings for agricultural lands on the Big Island.
14. Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designation:
The site lies outside the 500 -year flood plain.
15. Existing drainageways or improvements:
The existing topographic survey of the area shows no existing drainageways
or structures. in accordance with the "Keahole to Kailua Development
Plan," storm drainage in the region is to be addressed on-site within each
development. The proposed on-site infrastructure incorporates drywells
and catch basins with drywells to collect and retain storm water from the site
within each parcel. The intent of the regional development plan for storm
water handling is being implemented under the project.
10
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
16. Air Quality/Noise/Water Quality:
a. Air Quality
The preliminary findings available from the State Department of
Health indicate that there have been no exceedances of the state or
national standards for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide levels
observed at DOH's Kona air monitoring station (Memorandum for
the Record, December 30, 1998). Ambient air monitoring stations
detect pollutants from industrial, agricultural and natural sources. In
the Kona area, these would include the Keahole Power Plant and the
Kailua Landfill, as well as Kilauea Volcano which is located upwind
from the project site during prevailing winds. Carbon monoxide
emissions from vehicular sources typically exhibit a much smaller -
scale effect characterized as "hot spots" that may not be captured by
monitoring stations sited to measure ambient air.
Carbon monoxide hot spots occur along heavily traveled
transportation corridors and are a function of vehicular delays,
number of vehicles, and meteorological conditions. The potential for
CO hot spots increase when vehicular delays are significantly
increased as indicated by one of the following: (1) at intersection
operating near capacity, a change in Level of Service (LOS)
Classification, e.g., from LOS D to LOS E, or (2) at intersections
operating at or above a traffic volume to intersection capacity ratio
(V/C) of 0.95, an increase in the V/C of 0.02 or more. If vehicular
delays are not significantly increased, no significant impact to air
quality is expected. Based on information provided in Traffic Impact
Study, 11.9 -acre Parcel South of Palani Road Queen Liliuokalani
Trust Keahuolu Lands (Wilbur Smith Associates, December 1998),
significant increases in vehicular delays are anticipated as a result of
the proposed 11.9 -acre development project at two intersections: (1)
Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road and (2) Palani Road
and Henry Street. Both intersections are estimated to operate at LOS F
during afternoon peak -hour periods without the project and V/C
increases are estimated to exceed 0.02 with the proposed project.
With the mitigation measures identified to alleviate the existing traffic
delays at these intersections (providing double left -turn lanes on the
mauka-bound Palani Road and the construction of a right -turn lane
on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road), no significant impact
to air quality from the proposed project is anticipated.
11
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
During the construction period, short-term impacts to air quality will
be minimized by developing and implementing traffic mitigation and
parking plans. Fugitive dusts will be controlled in accordance with
the requirements set forth in Hawaii Administrative Rules 11-60.1.
b. Noise
The primary source of noise related to the project will be from
construction activity and from customer and service vehicles.
As the site borders the Crossroads commercial development, the
Kailua fire station and undeveloped vacant land sites (along Palani
Road and Henry Street), noise generated from construction activity is
not expected to impact any sensitive or residential areas. Similarly,
noise from customer and service vehicle traffic attributed to the
proposed development is not be expected to impact any sensitive or
residential areas, as similar vehicle activity is also found on adjoining
properties.
C. Water Quality
No adverse effects on surface water quality are expected given the
distance of the site from the ocean, the low rainfall in the area,
measures that will be taken to prevent runoff, and the results of earlier
monitoring surveys for Makalapua Center.
Relative to the coastline and to the region, the location of the subject
site is similar to the Trust's Makalapua Center, on the mauka side of
Kamakaeha Avenue, 1/4 mile west of the site.
Earlier monitoring programs and site surveys for both Liberty House
and Kmart at the Trust's Makalapua.Center revealed no changes in
water quality attributable to construction related activities.
Historic Resources
17. Existing archaeological, cultural or historic sites on National Register or
Hawaii Register:
Based on an Archaeological Inventory Survey of the site by PHRI in
November 1998 (see Appendix B), eight sites were identified for evaluation
within the survey report. Two additional sites had been destroyed during
the construction of Henry Street and were not included within the survey's
evaluation.
12
Application for Change or Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Recommended mitigative actions include preservation for one site (06302,
Kuakini Wall), data recovery for two sites, and no further work for the
remaining five sites.
Four of the sites were historically used for livestock control, while three of
the sites were used for temporary habitation, and one site was used as a
historical dump complex. The only permanent habitation in the area dates
to the historic period. No burials, or potential burial features, were found in
the project area.
The scope for the survey as found in Appendix a extended beyond the
subject site to include portions of TMK 7-4-08:por 1, mauka of Henry Street.
However, an approximate two acre portion of the subject site along the
makai boundary was not included within the original survey of November
1998. This portion of the site is being included in a follow up survey to be
attached as an addendum to the November 1998 survey.
Natural Resources:
18. Flora/Fauna:
a. Flora:
In September of 1998, Char and Associates completed a Botanical
Survey which included the subject site. This survey can be found in
Appendix C. The survey concluded that plants found on the project
site were not listed, proposed or a candidate for threatened and
endangered species. Neither were any plants found to be species of
concern.
All of the plants on the site can be found in similar lowland, dry
habitats throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The survey also
found no sensitive native plant -dominated communities on the site.
The existing vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien plant
species such as koa haole, guinea grass, air plant, kiawe, and lantana.
Of the sixty-nine species of plants inventoried on the site, sixty-one
(88%) are introduced species, one (1.5%) is a polynesian species,
and seven (10.5%) are native species.
13
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Of the seven native species, six are indigenous, meaning they are
both native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere. One species is
endemic, meaning that it is native only to the Hawaiian Islands. The
six indigenous species include the koali, 'ilima, 'ala'ala wai nui,
'ilihe'e, alahe'e, and 'uhaloa, while the endemic species is the
kauna'oa.
Though the botanical survey did not discover any threatened and
endangered species, it did recommend that native plants be
considered for future landscaping in keeping with the desired
regional character of future developments.
b. Fauna
Findings below regarding existing fauna resources on site are
extracted from an earlier 1989 Survey of Avifauna and Feral
Mammals on QLT's Keahuolu lands by Phillip Bruner. The 1989
survey was completed as part of an EiS to accompany a Petition to
reclassify approximately 1,135 acres of QLT lands from State
Agriculture and Conservation Land Use Districts to the Urban District
(extending from Palani Road to the Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundary)
The subject site is adjacent to areas covered within the earlier 189
study, with very similar habitat conditions. The survey concluded the
following.
• No resident endemic species of land and water birds observed
• No migratory indigenous birds observed
• No resident indigenous birds
• No resident Indigenous seabirds
• 17 species of exotic birds recorded during survey
• No endangered species of feral mammals observed
• Only feral mammals found included mongoose, mice and rats
The majority of bird and mammal life impacted were found to be
exotic species, "for which other habitat opportunities in West Hawaii
exist.' As expressed in the earlier '89 report for the adjacent area,
mitigation measures for the present site are not expected nor are they
proposed as endangered mammal species or endemic species of land
or sea birds are not expected in the area.
14
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
19. Scenic or coastal resources:
The site's principal scenic resource
extends far beyond the boundaries
preserved intact.
is the historic Kuakini Wall, which
of the site and is proposed to be
There are no other significant natural features on the site, nor does the site
possess any significant views of the coastline due to its relatively low
elevation. Existing views from Palani Road and Henry Street will not be
significantly impacted as the proposed structures are situated to the rear of
the parcel away from the street front and are proposed as one and two-story
structures.
Social -Economic Characteristics-
20.
haracteristics
20. Social settlement pattern for the area:
In 1988, a West Hawaii Regional Plan prepared by the Office of State
Planning identified the Kealakehe area as one of four residential support
communities (the only one in the North Kona District, the others are located
further north along the Kohala Coast) for West Hawaii. Population growth
in the County of Hawaii is currently concentrated in this western region and
is directly related to the diverse and growing economy discussed in the
section below.
In keeping with the regional plan, residential development activity is ongoing
at the "Villages of La'I'opua" subdivision in Kealakehe. The State of Hawaii
has also recently purchased portions of QLT's Keahuolu lands, mauka of a
future mid-level connector road (extending from Henry Street towards
Keahole Airport) for future residential development.
The continued development of these residential areas will further develop a
population base to attract commercial retailers and service providers to
surrounding areas.
15
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
21. Economic resources of the area:
As described in a June 1992 Working Paper for the Kailua-Kona Master Plan
prepared for the County of Hawaii Planning Department, "patterns of
population settlement and growth are defined primarily by an area's
economic opportunities". To this end, the West Hawaii region is
recognized as having "many opportunities to sustain a stable and diversified
economy supported by energy resources, high technology research and
developmen4 aquaculture, diversified agriculture, commercial and sport
fishing seafood marketing and ocean research. Expansion in this region will
increase job choice and the availability of high paying jobs."
In the North Kona District, the area between Kailua-Kona and Keahole
Airport has been identified for such economic growth. North Kona is also
recognized for its visitor oriented commercial activities associated with
visitors to both Kailua-Kona and the South Kohala region.
The proposed commercial use for the site will contribute and reinforce
commercial retail destination options for visitors and residents alike.
22. Land values:
"E O : .
Based on a review of available Real Property Assessment records, the
11.945 -acre parcel was valued at $318,900. The valuation was dated Jan 1,
1998 and is based on a State Agriculture District classification and County
A -la zoning. Discussions with staff members at the County's Property Tax
office in Kona, revealed that the valuation for TMK 7-4-08:63 was higher
than agriculture areas further mauka, due to the parcel's proximity to Kailua-
Kona and surrounding commercial areas.
Land Values of areas reclassified from agriculture to commercial zones are
assumed to be in the order of magnitude similar to neighboring lands
similarly rezoned, including those in the Makalapua Center area (TMK 7-4-
20:14).
16
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Surrounding Lands:
23.
24.
Land Use:
The existing land uses for surrounding parcels include the following:
North
TMK 7-4-20: 14
Maki
TMK 7-4-08: 27
South
TMK 7-5-04: 43 & 54
TMK 7-5-04: 19
Mauka
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
Zoning:
Undeveloped Vacant Land
County of Hawaii Fire Station
Commercial Shopping Center
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Surrounding zoning based on the County of Hawaii Zoning Map (described
by TMK reference):
North
TMK 7-4-20. 14
CG -10
Makai
TMK 7-4-08: 17
A-1 a
South
TMK 7-5-04: 19, 43 & 54
Cg -20
Mauka
TMK 7-4-08: 1
A -5a
D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES:
25. Description of access:
Based on the proposed site plan, the parking and service area for the 11 -
acre site makai of Kuakini Wall is provided with access onto Palani Road at
three locations. The location of these three access points are based on prior
approved subdivision plans for the widening of Palani Road.
The parking and service area for the 0.9 acre mauka site is provided with
access onto Henry Street. Access along Henry Street is only limited by
minimum sight safety considerations to be approved by DPW, while access
onto Palani Road from this portion of the site is prohibited.
17
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Access to Kuakini Wall is provided by continuous parking areas alongside
both the mauka and makai edge of the wall. A natural or landscaped buffer
will also be provided, and will be included and specified as part of any
future detailed long-range preservation plan for the Wall.
26. Availability of water.
a. Existing Conditions
Liliuokalani Trust installed a 1.0 million gallon per day (mgd) potable water
well and 1.0 million gallon storage reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa
Highway, which was dedicated to the County in 1997. Based on this
contribution to the regional potable water supply system, water and storage
are available for development of the Trust's land in the region.
b. Protected Demand
The potable water demands for the proposed development were estimated
based on the County Department of Water Supply's, "Water Systems
Standards, Volume I" dated 1985 (DWS Standards). The site is designated
for light commercial usage, with average daily demand of 4,000 gallons per
acre. The computed average daily demands for the proposed on-site
developments are 47,600 god. The maximum daily demand for the parcel
was calculated by multiplying the average daily demand by 1.5, resulting in
71,400 gpd.
C. Proposed Action
Based on DWS Standards, the fire flow is 2,000 gpm for 2 hours. Using the
maximum daily demand and fire flow, the required potable water storage for
the site is 311,400 gallons. This total was obtained by adding the maximum
daily demand and fire flow. Based on the parcel flows, existing water
system infrastructure, and the DWS Standards a 6 -inch ductile iron pipe
looped through roadways will be required. These 6 -inch diameter
distribution lines would connect to the 16 -inch diameter line in Palani Road.
27. Sewage disposal:
a. Existing Condition
Wastewater generated from the development will be conveyed through new
on-site and off-site sewers to the existing sewer network for eventual
conveyance to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. The current
plant capacity is about 2.8 mgd with three 1 mgd expansions planned to
support long-term regional development.
18
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
b. Projected Demand
In accordance with the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works
Wastewater Division practice, the project sewer requirements were
estimated using "Design Standards, Volume 1" of the City and County of
Honolulu Department of Wastewater Management, dated July 1993 (County
Standards). Based on the flow figure in the County Standards of 40 persons
per acre at 80 gallons per person daily, the resulting average daily discharge
is 38,080 gallons.
C. Proposed Action
Design peak flows were calculated at 213,730 gpd or 0.33 cis. Based on
this flow and the velocity criteria in the County Standards, it was determined
that a 6 -inch diameter sewer line would be adequate. The project
development costs, however, were based on using a 6 -inch diameter line
with an 8 -inch diameter line for the off-site sewer. This off-site sewer would
be located within Palani Road, tying into the existing main on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway. This sewer routing would permit gravity service for
the entire parcel, but would require crossing of the Kuakini Wall. Service by
a gravity sewer was compared to having an on-site pump station with a
force main discharging to the Henry Street sewer main; crossing of the
Kuakini Wall by the force main would also be required. Gravity discharge
to the existing main on Queen Kaahumanu Highway was determined to be
more cost effective and was selected for the project's conceptual design.
28. Solid waste:
Solid waste generated from the project will be taken to the West Hawaii
Landfill. This landfill was designed to serve as the regional solid waste
disposal facility.
29. Police and Fire Protection:
The subject property is situated within the Kona police district and is served
by the Kealekehe Police Station, approximately 1.5 miles north of the site
along Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
The site is served by the County of Hawaii Fire Department's Kailua Fire
Station along Palani Road, mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and
adjacent to the site's makai boundary.
19
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
30. Schools:
Not applicable
31. Parks:
The Subdivision Ordinance of the Hawaii County Code does not require
land to be set aside for parks for proposed commercial subdivisions.
Kuakini Wall will be preserved with an appropriate natural or landscaped
buffer, which is expected to be recommended as part of future detailed
preservation plans for the Wall.
32. Electricity:
a. Existing Condition
There are existing Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) 12.47 kilovolt
and 69 kilovolt overhead lines and GTE Hawaiian Tel (HTCO) and Sun
Cablevision of Hawaii overhead lines along Palani Road, and underground
facilities along Henry Street. HELCO's available generation capacity on
Hawaii is approximately 180 megawatts, with a present peak coincident
demand of approximately 163 megawatts
b. Projected Demand
The projected maximum demand for this project based on the Preliminary
Site Plan prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii (dated December 1998) is
forecasted to be approximately 3 megawatts. Based on the forecasted load,
HELCO requires that the proposed Palani Substation be constructed to serve
the project. Existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Road and
Mamalahoa Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site. The necessary
land acquisition is already underway and procurement of the equipment
should be initiated shortly after the zoning change is granted so that the
substation can be in place and ready to serve the project loads as facilities
thereat are completed.
20
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. Proposed Action
Relocation of HELCO 12.47 kilovolt and 69 kilovolt lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the initial
phase of the Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. In addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development. Furthermore,
existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Road and Mamalahoa
Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site. 12.47 KV distribution
feeders will be extended from the substation to the project site and will be
connected to service transformers located adjacent to project facilities to
serve the development.
33. Communications
Telephone and cable television facilities to serve this development must be
extended from HTCO and Sun Cablevision facilites located along Palani
Road. Relocation of HTCO and Sun Cablevision lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the first
phase of Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. In addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development.
a. Telephone
HTCO has requested that the easement (8' wide x 8' deep) for the
initial cross -connect site be located near the Henry Street - Palani
Road intersection, preferably along Henry Street.
Main telephone feeder cables will be tapped from existing cables
along Palani Road and will be extended to the proposed cross-
connect cabinet. Distribution cables will extend from the cabinet,
and will be routed along Palani Road and Henry Street, into the
project site to serve the development.
CAN cables must be extended from Palani Road into the
development. Sun Cablevision anticipates that its existing power
supply located on Henry Street, adjacent to K -Mart, will be adequate
to serve the proposed development.
21
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
E. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS:
34. Relationship between local short term uses of environment and
maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity:
Development of the proposed project resulting from the change of zone will
reduce further options for the future use of the property. The project will
alter the existing natural character of the site, though Kuakini Wall will be
preserved intact.
Benefits of development include the enhanced preservation of Kuakini Wall,
increased access to commercial retail services for area residents, as well as
new employment opportunities for area residents.
35. Mitigative measures proposed to avoid, minimize, rectify or reduce impact:
Impacts and mitigative measures on sensitive archaeological sites have been
described earlier, as well as in the attached archaeology inventory survey.
Based on the earlier archaeology survey, recommendations have been made
to preserve Kuakini Wall, with data recovery recommended for two other
sites.
Mitigative measures to address increased traffic volumes due to the
proposed project have been described earlier and include additional
turning and deceleration lanes, and a new traffic signal. Points of access into
the site have been specified on previous approved subdivision plans and are
incorporated into the proposed site plan.
Mitigation of construction impacts, including noise, dust and access along
public roads will be included within future construction plans and
specifications to the standards of the relevant State and County Agencies.
Similarly, Erosion and Drainage control measures will be included within
future construction plans and specifications.
22
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
36. Alternatives to the proposed development:
In proposing general commercial use for the site, the Trust took into
consideration, the long-term intention of the County to encourage
ongoing commercial development makai of Henry Street and the
future mid-level connector road. These plans are also consistent with
the Trust's long term plans to develop its lands makai of the future
mid-level connector road for commercial use. The site enjoys the
benefit of being at the crossroads of three major regional traffic
corridors, while being adjacent to Kailua-Kona, the major urban
center for West Hawaii.
The Trust recognizes the opportunity to develop the site to provide
commercial goods and services to area residents commuting between
Kailua-Kona and other commercial/resort areas along the coast and
surrounding residential communities. Additionally, the Trust
recognizes the opportunity to further provide visitors with additional
retail and commercial service options.
For these reasons, the Trust has decided to pursue commercial use
on the subject site.
BEEL si . ,
The "no-action"or "no project" alternative would retain the present
status of the site. This alternative was not pursued as it would be a
lost opportunity for the Trust to allow development of the site to
provide goods and services to area residents, and to allow the Trust
to generate income for the benefit of the Trust's beneficiaries.
�, R, ►' s u
The Trust also considered the possibility of medium density
residential for the subject site. The site is conveniently located and
would offer residents easy access to surrounding commercial
services. Its low elevation and the existing slope would allow three to
four story residential block developments without blocking views of
the coastline from areas further mauka, though this same
consideration minimizes the opportunities for residential units to
enjoy prime views of the surrounding scenic coastal area.
23
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Any proposed residential development in this location would
encounter a number of constraining factors that would render this site
less desirable for residential use than other areas further mauka.
The site is surrounded by commercial and industrial uses including a
large-scale commercial development (Crossroads), a fire station
(Kailua), and a GTE Hawaiian Tel site. Future development makai of
the future mid-level connector road and Henry Street is anticipated to
remain predominantly commercial. in addition, the site and the street
block is surrounded by three major regional connector roads (Palani
Road, Henry Street & Queen Kaahumanu Highway), each with
heavy volumes of traffic traveling at high speeds that discourage
residential and pedestrian activity in the area.
For these reasons, the Trust decided not to propose residential use for
the site, and is proposing the site for commercial use, in keeping with
the County's and the Trust's long-term plans to continue developing
areas makai of the future mid-level connector road for commercial
use.
37. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of natural resources that
would be involved if proposed action implemented:
The process of development will result in significant change to the natural
setting of the site.
Based on previous studies, available surveys and the flora and
archaeological surveys conducted for this application, Kuakini Wall was
identified as the primary significant cultural and historical resource on the
site. The wall is proposed for preservation and will be made accessible to
the public. No other significant natural, cultural, or archaeological resources
were identified on the site for preservation.
24
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
AGENCIES - COMMENTS
38. You may consult with the following agencies and include discussion in
your report or attach their written comments regarding your proposal:
a. Department of Public Works -Wastewater Branch
Based on discussions with DPW -Wastewater officials, Belt Collins
was informed that available capacity exists within the Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWTP) for a development of this
magnitude. Off-site sewer lines would need to be constructed by the
project developer along Palani Road to tie into the existing sewer
main on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, leading to the existing KWTP.
Based on discussions with Department of Water Supply officials, Belt
Collins was informed that available capacity exists within the existing
water reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa Highway for the
proposed development. This reservoir and a well were originally
developed by the Trust and conveyed to the County in 1997.
f. State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources - Historic
Preservation Division
Discussion with DLNR HPD is being initiated by way of this change
of zone application through the Planning Department. With regards
to preparations and work on the current Archaeological Inventory
Survey attached in Appendix B, no prior comments or direction from
DLNR HPD have been previously received
25
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
COUNTY OF HAWAII
HILO, HAWAII
DATE March 15, 1999
TO Planning Director
FROM Depaen of Public Works
Engineering Division
SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Location: Keahuolu, North Kona, HI
TMK: 7-4-08: 063
We have reviewed the subject application and offer the following comments:
Building shall conform to all requirements of code and statutes pertaining to
building construction.
Drainage
2. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and shall not be
directed toward any adjacent properties.
3. Applicant shall be informed that if drywells are included in the subject
improvements, an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit must be applied
for from the Department of Health, State of Hawaii.
4. A drainage study should be prepared and a drainage system should be installed
meeting with the approval of DPW.
5. All grading and grubbing activities shall comply with Chapter 10 of the Hawaii
County Code.
Solid Waste
6. A solid waste management plan should be developed with the approval of DPW.
EXHIBIT
Memo to Planning Director
Page 2
March 15, 1999
Roadways
7. All roadways within the proposed development should follow the guidelines
incorporated in the Hawaii Statewide Uniform Design Manual for Streets and
Highways A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets by the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
These roadways should also meet the requirements of DPW. Curb, gutter, and
sidewalks should be required in areas of pedestrian traffic.
8. All recommendations from the TZAR dated December 1998 regarding access
from Palani Road should be followed. All access points will need to reviewed
and approved by DPW; depending on traffic conditions, DPW may require that
any non -signalized driveways be restricted to right -in right -out only.
If you have any questions please contact Thomas Pack in our Kona office at 327-3530.
u��
cc: Engineering - Hilo
Engineering - Kona
Planning - Kona
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
COUNTY OF HAWAII
HILO, HAWAII
DATE April 28, 1999
Memorandum
TO: Planning Director
Plann' cf�6� tment
FROM: Department�of Public Works
Engineering Division - Kona
SUBJECT: Traffic Impact Analysis Report
Condition 4 of LUC Docket No. A94-705
Location: Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
TMK: 7-4-08: 63
We have reviewed and approved the traffic impact analysis report for Liliuokalani Trust
Keahuolu Lands as required by condition 4 of LUC docket No. A94-705.
Should there be any questions, please feel free to contact Mr. Thomas Pack in our
Engineering Division at 327-3530.
cc: Eng -Kona/
Eng -Hilo
BELT COLLINS
April 12, 1999
445-0701/99A-256
r
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department c•�
County of Hawaii = ��
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Change of Zone Application for
11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63
Keahuolu. North Kona District, Island of Hawaii
Please refer to the March 15, 1999 memorandum from the Engineering
Division of the Department of Public Works (DPW) regarding the Trust's Change of
Zone Application for its 11.9 -Acre parcel south of Palani Road.
With regard to DPW's comments in its memo and items 1 Bui i 2-5
D( rainage), 6 (Solid Waste). and 7-8 (Roadways), the Trust concurs and will comply
or ensure that developers for the property will comply with DPW's directions at the
time of development.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact either Jim Bell or
myself here at Belt Collins at (808) 521-5361.
Sincerely yours,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
Senior Planner
GY:gk
cc: Thomas Pack
Royden Yamasato
Frank Jahrling
(),Q,I�c�
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. - 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5406 U.S.A.
TEL 808 521-5361 FAX 808 538-7819 EMAIL: h."U*beltwih..com WEB:...beI=Ihwxom
PLANNING -ENGINEERING - LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
Stephen K Yamashiro
Mayor
d1ount of A26in-i
POLICE DEPARTMENT
349 Kapiolani Sheet - Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3998
(808) 9353311 - Fax (808) %1-2702
March 10, 1999
TO a VIRGINIA GOLDSTEIN,
FROM G. CARVALHO,
PLANNING DIRECTOR
POLICE CHIEF
SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 99-006)
APPLICANT: QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
REQUEST: A -la TO CT -10
TAX MAP KEY: 7-4-08:63
Wayne G. Carvalho
Patio Chief
James S. Comes
Deputy Police Chief
We have reviewed the above -referenced application and do not
currently believe that any commercial development of this parcel
will have a negative impact on traffic in the area of Henry
Street and Palani Road.
However, we request that any future plans for development of the
property take into account the present limited capabilities of
Palani Road and the increased congestion any development in this
area will create at the Kaahumanu intersections of Palani Road
and Henry Street.
DAF:lk
EXHIBIT
F
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
BELT COLLINS
Change of Zone Application for
11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63
Keahuolu. North Kona District, Island of Hawaii
April 12, 1999
445-0701/99A-257
Please refer to the March 10, 1999 memorandum from Mr. Wayne Carvalho, Police
Chief, of the County of Hawaii Police Department regarding the Trust's Change of Zone
Application for its 11.9 -acre parcel south of Palani Road.
With regard to the Police Department's comments, please find below our
comments on behalf of the applicant, Liliuokalani Trust:
"...we request that any future plans for development of the property take into
account the present limited capabilities of Palani Road and the increased congestion any
development in this area will create at the Kaahumanu intersections of Palani Road and
Henry Street."
Please refer to comments from the County Department of Public Works (DPW, see
memo dated March 15, 1999) and from the State Department of Transportation (DOT, see
memo dated March 24, 1999).
Based on the Trust's Traffic Impact Analysis Report and as guided by comments
from DPW and DOT, the Trust will comply with required roadway mitigations directly
related to impacts from its proposed development and will ensure that either itself, as
landowner, or the developers of the property will participate, on a fair -share basis, in local
and regional improvements.
We trust that the above addresses the Police Department's concerns, and we look
forward to your favorable consideration of our response.
0®1i 0AF3
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. - 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5406 U.S.A.
TEL: 808 521-5361 FAX: 808 538.1819 EMAIL: h ... u6beltcollinac. WEB:...beltcolhns.com
PLANNING -ENGINEERING -LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE - FNVIRt1NMFNTAI rnNGI11 T1Nn
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
April 12, 1999 - 99A-257
Page 2
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact either Jim Bell or myself
here at Belt Collins at (808) 521-5361.
Sincerely yours,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
Senior Planner
GY:gk
cc: Wayne Carvalho
Royden Yamasato
Frank Jahrling
Stephen & YamasWro
AV"
fl�auutu of Rain ii
FIRE DEPARTMENT
777 Kilauea Avenue I Mail Lane, Room 6 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720.4239
(808) 9614297 0 he (808) 961-8296
February 24, 1999
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
From: Edward Bumatay, Acting Fire Chief
SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 99-006)
APPLICANT: QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
REQUEST: A -la TO CG -10
TAX MAP KEY: 7-4-08:63
Edward Sumatay
Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with UFC
Section 10.207:
"Fire Apparatus Access Roads
"Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads
shall be provided and maintained in accordance with the
provisions of this section.
"(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be
required for every building hereafter constructed when any
portion of an exterior wall of the -first story is located
more than 150 feet from fire department vehicle access as
measured by an unobstructed route around the exterior of the
building.
"EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are completely
protected with an approved automatic fire sprinkler
system, the provisions of this section may be modified.
"2. When access roadways cannot be installed due to
topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other
similar conditions, the chief may require additional
fire protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b).
EXHIBIT
.
oo, iS4
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 2
February 24, 1999
113. When there are not more than two Group R, Division
3 or Group M Occupancies, the requirements of this
section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of
the chief, fire -fighting or rescue operations would not
be impaired.
"More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is
determined by the chief that access by a single road may be
impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain,
climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access.
"For high -piled combustible storage, see Section 81.109.
"(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus
access road shall meet the requirements of the appropriate
county jurisdiction.
"(d) Vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall
have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13
feet 6 inches.
"EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be
reduced, provided such reduction'does not impair access
by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed and
maintained indicating the established vertical
clearance.
"(e) Permissible Modifications. Vertical clearances or
widths required by this section may be increased when, in the
opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not
adequate to provide fire apparatus access.
"(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed
and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus
and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all-
weather driving capabilities." (20 tons)
"(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus
access road shall be as approved by the chief." (45 feet)
"(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads
in excess of 150 .feet in length shall be provided with
approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus.
TO: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 3
February 24, 1999
"(i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as
access under this section, it shall be constructed and
maintained in accordance with the applicable sections of the
Building Code and using designed live loading sufficient to
carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus.
"(j) Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road
shall not exceed the maximum approved by the chief." (15%)
"(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus
access road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including
parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and clearances
established under this section shall be maintained at all
times.
11(1) Signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs
or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained
for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and
prohibit the obstruction thereof or both."
Water supply shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.301:
"INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE -PROTECTION, LIFE -SAFETY
SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES
"Installation
"Sec. 10.301. (a) Type Required. The chief shall designate
the type and number of fire appliances to be installed and
maintained in and upon all buildings and premises in the
jurisdiction other than private dwellings. This shall be
done according to the relative severity of probable fire,
including the rapidity with which 'it may spread. Such
appliances shall be of a type suitable for the probable class
of fire associated with such building or premises and shall
have approval of the chief.
"(b) Special Hazards. In occupancies of an especially
hazardous nature or where special hazards exist in addition
to the normal hazard of the occupancy, or where access for
fire apparatus is unduly difficult, additional safeguards may
be required consisting of additional fire appliance units,
more than one type of appliance, or special systems suitable
for the protection of the hazard involved. Such devices or
appliances may consist of automatic fire alarm systems,
automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe and
hose, fixed or portable fire extinguishers, suitable asbestos
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 4
February 24, 1999
blankets, breathing apparatus, manual or automatic covers,
carbon dioxide, foam, halogenated and dry chemical or other
special fire -extinguishing systems. Where such systems are
installed, they shall be in accordance with the applicable
Uniform Fire Code Standards or standards of the National Fire
Protection Association when Uniform Fire Code Standards do
not apply.
"(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of
supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be
provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of
buildings are hereafter constructed, in accordance with the
respective county water requirements. There shall be
provided, when required by the chief, on-site fire hydrants
and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow.
"Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks,
elevated tanks, water mains or other fixed systems capable of
providing the required fire flow.
"The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to
a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow
shall be protected as set forth by the respective county
water requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the
fire department apparatus by roadways meeting the
requirements of Section 10.207.
"(d) Fire Hydrant Markers. When required by the chief,
hydrant locations shall be identified by the installation of
reflective markers.
"(e) Timing of Installation. When fire protection
facilities are to be installed by the developer, such
facilities including all surface access roads shall be
installed and made serviceable prior to and during the time
of construction. When alternate methods of protection, as
approved by the chief, are provided, the above may be
modified or waived.
"(f) All fire alarm systems, fire hydrant systems, fire
extinguishing systems (including automatic sprinklers), Class
I, II, III (combination standpipe system) and combined
systems, basement inlet pipes, and other fire protection
systems and appurtenances thereto shall meet the approval of
the fire department as to installation and location and shall
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 5
February 24, 1999
be subject to periodic tests as required herein. Plans and
specifications shall be submitted to the fire department for
review and approval prior to installation."
Wti
ire Chief
EB/mo
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
BELT COLLINS
April 12, 1999
445-0701/99A-259
Change of Zone Application for
11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63
Keahuolu, North Kona District. Island of Hawai'i
Please refer to the February 24, 1999 memorandum from Mr. Edward Bumatay,
Acting Fire Chief, of the County of Hawaii Fire Department regarding the Trust's Change of
Zone Application for its 11.9 -acre parcel south of Palani Road.
With regard to comments within the Fire Department's memorandum and its
requirements relating to 'Fire Apparatus Access Road" and the "Installation and
Maintenance of Fire -Protection, Life -Safety Systems and Appliances," the Trust concurs
and will comply or ensure that developers for the property will comply with the Fire
Department's requirements at the time of development
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact either Jim Bell or myself
here at Belt Collins at (808) 521-5361.
Sincerely yours,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
Senior Planner
GY:gk
cc Edward Bumatay .;rt� A
Royden Yamasato
Frank Jahrling
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. - 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5406 U.S.A.
TEL: 808 521-5361 FAX 808 538-7819 EMAIL: hawaii®beltcolh..com WEB: www.beltrollins.com
BENJAMIN J. CAVETANO • Y TIMOTHY E. JOHNS. CNAIRR[FtiON
GOVERNOR OF HAWAII BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
1� OERVTIES
JANET E. KAWELO
STATE OF HAWAII AOUATIC RESOURCES
BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION
CONSERVATION ANO RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT
CONVEYANCES
HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE
KOk.hihe.. 561din0, Room 555 HISTORIC RRESERVATION
601 K.,4"s BNI.rA1G LAND
Ky , H.. 06101 STATE PARKS
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
May 5, 1999
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director LOG NO: 23316
Planning Department'Ccunty of Hawaii DOC NO: 9905P1W101
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
SUBJECT: Condition 6 of LUC Docket No. A94-705
Queen Liliuokalani Trust (QLT) Keahuolu Lands
TMK: 7-4-08:63
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii Island
On March 2, 1999 Belt Collins sent us for review and comment a report prepared by Paul H.
Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. on an archaeological inventory survey of the subject parcel. The
survey was undertaken to fulfill the requirements of Condition 6 of LUC Docket No. A94-705.
We have not yet completed our review, which will probably ask for some minor revisions. It
appears that the survey was adequate, finding a total of 35 sites. We will probably agree with
most, if not all, of PHRI's significance evaluations and recommended mitigation treatments,
including those for the Kuakini Wall. This important site will be preserved. A small number of
sites will require further data collection.
We are hopeful that we can complete our review very soon 1. If you have any questions plez=
contact Patrick McCoy (692-8029).
DON IBBARD, Administrator
State Historic Preservation Division
PM:amk
c. Gene Young, Belt Collins
EXHIBIT
BENJAMIN J. GYETANO
GOVERNOR
MEMORANDUM
DATE: February 22, 1999
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
ro.BOX91B
HILO, HAWAII 98721-0878
TO: Virginia Goldstein
Planning Director, County of Hawaii
FROM: Aaron Ueno A -A
District Environmental Health Program Chief
SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -la to CG- 10
Tax Map Key: 74-08:63
Bruce S. Anderson, Ph.D., M.P.H.
DIRECTOR OF HEALTH
V
-n
'i
The applicant should contact the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) to identify whether a Federal
permit (including a Department of Army (DA) permit) is required for this project. A Section 401
Water Quality Certification (WQC) is required for "Any applicant for Federal license or permit to
conduct any activity including, but not limited to, the construction or operation of facilities, which
may result in, any discharge into the navigable waters...," pursuant to Section 401(a)(1) of the
Federal Water Pollution Act (commonly known as the "Clean Water Act (CWA)").
If the project involves the following activities with discharges into State waters, an NPDES
general permit is required for each activity:
a. Discharge of storm water runoff associated with construction activities, including
clearing, grading, and excavation that result in the disturbance of equal to or
greater than five (5) acres of total land area;
b. Construction dewatering effluent;
C. Non -contact cooling water;
EX141sa-4 ou r";8
Virginia Goldstein
February 22, 1999
Page 2
d. Hydrotesting water; and
e. Treated contaminated groundwater from underground storage tank remedial
activity.
The application for NPDES general permit coverage should be submitted to the Director at least
30 days prior to the discharge to State waters.
If there is any type of process wastewater discharge from the facility into State waters, the
applicant may be required to apply for an Individual NPDES permit. The application for an
Individual NPDES permit should be submitted to the Director at least 180 days prior to the
discharge of process wastewater to State waters.
Should you have any further questions regarding this matter, please contact the Engineering
Section of the Clean Water Branch in Honolulu at (808) 5864309.
wP7.0:aFZ996.mi
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
BELT COLLINS
Change of Zone Application for
11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63
Keahuolu. North Kona District. Island of Hawaii
April 12, 1999
445-0701/99A-285
0
'
J
,. J
Please refer to the February 22, 1999 memorandum from Mr. Aaron Ueno, District
Environmental Health Program Chief for the State Department of Health (DOH), regarding the
Trust's Change of Zone Application for its 11.9 -acre parcel south of Palani Road.
On April 1, 1999 and in response to DOH's directions within its February 22, 1999
memo, Belt Collins contacted Mr. Peter Galloway of the Honolulu District Engineers Office of the
Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE). Mr. Galloway commented that the Change of Zone application
in and of itself does not trigger the requirement for any Department of the Army permits. At the
time of development, any activities that impact state waters, wetlands, nature or wildlife preserves
may need a permit from the ACOE and the State DOH. Mr. Galloway recommended preliminary
consultations between the developer and agency staff to determine any constraints or permits
required for the development.
At the time of development, the Trust will file for or ensure that the developers of the
property will file for applicable permits, which may include NPDES general or individual permits,
if discharges to State waters, relating to construction activities or on-site operations, are anticipated.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact either Jim Bell or myself here at
Belt Collins at (808) 521-5361.
Sincerely yours,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
Senior Planner
GY:gk ®U V IGG
CC., Aaron Ueno
Royden Yamasato
Frank Jahrling
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813-5406 U.S.A.
TEL 808 521 -5361 FAX: 808538-7819 EMAIL: lutnli®bdtcollitu.c. WEB:..1vitcollins.com
BENJAMIN J. CAVETANO o, M
"GOVERNOR
KAZU HAYASHIDA
: ��. ,•s. '
DIRECTOR
•
DEPUTY DIRECTORS
BRIAN K. MINAAI
j ♦
,a
GLENN M. OKIMOTO
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
IN REPLY REFER TO:
869 PUNCHBOWL STREET
HWY-PS
HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097
2.3136
I 'dd
D
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department _ -n
County of Hawaii c
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Subject: Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-006), Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani
Trust, Request: A -la to CG -10, TMK: 7-4-08: 63
Thank you for your transmittal requesting our review and comments regarding the subject zone
application.
We have the following comments:
The Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR) should be revised to provide an analysis with
the assumption that the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway will not be implemented
in the year 2020. Appropriate roadway mitigation measures should be discussed in the
report with the above condition. A satisfactory traffic Level of Service (LOS) of D or better
with and without project should be maintained at the intersections of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway with Palani Road and henry Street.
2. All required roadway mitigation measures must be implemented by the applicant at his
expense.
Very truly yours,
45
KAZU HAYASHIDA
Director of Transportation
BELT COLLINS
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Change of Zone Application for
11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63
Keahuolu North Kona District Island of Hawaii
April 12, 1999
445-0701/99A-252
Please refer to the March 24, 1999 letter from Mr. Kazu Hayashida, Director of the
State Department of Transportation (DOT), to yourself regarding the Trust's Change of
Zone Application for its 11.9 -acre parcel south of Palani Road.
With reference to conversations between Belt Collins, Wilbur Smith Associates
(WSA) traffic consultant to the Trust, and Mr. Felipe Cabana of DOT, we have the
following comments to DOT's requests:
"1. The Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TZAR) should be revised to provide an
analysis with the assumption that the widening of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway will not be implemented in the year 2020. Appropriate roadway
mitigation measures should be discussed in the report with the above
condition.. "
The Trust has directed WSA to complete the requested revisions to the
original TZAR. The revised report, either in the form of a letter or as a revision
to the original report, will be submitted to the Planning Department and
DOT prior to the public hearing scheduled on May 7, 1999.
Based on WSA's conversations with State DOT representatives, the Trust
understands that DOT's comments relating to Queen Kaahumanu Highway
(QKH) not being widened by the year 2020 apply only to portions south of
M31fiC "7
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.. 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5406 U.S.A.
TEL 808 511-5361 FAX: 808 5384819 EMAIL: hawaiiObel¢oll,..,. WEB: w .bdr..Ih s.wm
PLANNING .ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE •ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
April 12, 1999 - 99A-252
Page 2
Henry Street, thereby affecting WSA's earlier analysis of impacts for the
QKH/Henry Street intersection. The revised TIAR to be prepared by WSA
will assume that QKH remains widened to 4 -lanes for portions north of
Henry Street by the year 2020.
"...A satisfactory traffic Level of Service (LOS) of D or better with and
without the project should be maintained at the intersections of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway with Palani Road and Henry Street."
In WSA's revised analysis of its earlier TZAR, mitigations will be identified to
raise the level of service for these intersections to LOS D.
Based on the TIAR prepared by WSA, 2020 conditions at these intersections
without the Trust's project, results in LOS E for the Queen Kaahumanu
Highway/Palani Road intersection and LOS F for the Queen Kaahumanu
Highway/Henry Street intersection during afternoon peak hours.
The Level of Service does not change for these intersections with the
proposed project. The Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Palani Road
intersection remains at LOS E, and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Henry
Street intersection remains at LOS F.
Consequently, the Trust understands that providing a satisfactory level of
service of D will primarily mitigate regional traffic impacts and not those
directly related to the proposed project.
"2.. All required roadway mitigation measures. must be implemented by the
applicant at his expense."
The Trust will comply with required mitigations directly related to impacts
from its proposed development and proposes to do so at the time of
development.
With regard to required mitigations for local and regional improvements, the
Trust will remain guided by conditions set forth by the Land Use
Commission within its Certificate of Authorization for TMK Nos. 7-4-008:63
and 1 (por) for LUC Docket No. A94-705 (item 4), whereby the Trust is
obligated to ensure that the developers of the property or itself, as
landowner, will "participate, on a fair -share basis, in the funding and
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
April 12, 1999 - 99A-252
Page 3
construction of local and regional transportation improvements and
programs,..."
We trust that the above addresses State DOT's concerns, and we look forward to
your favorable consideration of our response.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact either Jim Bell or myself
here at Belt Collins at (808) 521-5361.
Sincerely yours,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
Senior Planner
GY:gk
cc: Kazu Hayashida
Royden Yamasato
Frank Jahrling
BELT COLLINS
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Traffic Impact Analysis Report (Update)
Change of Zone Application for
11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63
Keahuolu. North Kona District. Island of Hawaii
April 29, 1999
99A-287/445-0701
Please refer to Belt Collins' letter dated April 9, 1999 responding to the March 24, 1999
letter from Mr. Kazu Hayashida, Director of Transportation, regarding the Trust's Traffic Impact
Analysis Report within its Change of Zone Application for an 11.9 -acre parcel south of Palani
Road (TMK 7-4-08:63).
Based upon conversations between Mr. Terry Brothers of Wilbur Smith Associates (WSA,
traffic consultant) and DOT staff, we understand that the request for additional analysis could be
satisfied with either a letter or a revision to the existing report. Please find attached a letter
summary analysis by WSA responding to DOT's request for further analysis including:
No widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, south of Henry Street, by Year 2020.
Achieving a traffic Level of Service (LOS) of D or better with and without the project at the
intersections of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Palani Road and Henry Street.
We trust that the attached adequately addresses DOT's request.
If you have any questions or comments to the above, please do not hesitate to contact either
Jim Bell or myself here at Belt Collins at (808) 521-5361.
Sincerely yours,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
Senior Planner
GYfJjr
cc: Kazu Hayashida, Department of Transportation
Frank Jahrling, Liliuokalani Trust ®®afi-r "%
Terry Brothers, WSA
Attachment
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. - 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813.5406 U.S.A.
TEL: 808 521-5361 FAX: 808 5387819 EMAIL: hawan0bellcolh .com WEB:..belm.thns.com
PLANNING -ENGINEERING - LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
HAWAII - SINGAPORE - HONG KONG - AUSTRALIA - THAILAND - MALAYSIA - PHILIPPINES - GUAM - SEATTLE
WILBUR
SMITH
ASSOCIATES
ENGINEERS • PLANNERS
'.Ar14 &'.T - t.' _ F: -)rI . __ H' aoh'. `-'. _
April 16, 1999
Mr. Gene Yong
Belt Collins Hawaii
680 Ala Moana Boulevard
Honolulu, HI 96813-5406
Subject: Additional Traffic Assessment in Response to State DOT Comments
Queen Liliuokalani Trust 11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road
Dear Mr. Yong:
We have conducted additional analyses and assessments in response to the letter from the
State Department of Transportation (State DOT) dated March 24, 1999.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway Widening
The Long Range Transportation Plan for Hawaii County includes the widening of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to a four -lane roadway through the Kailua-Kona area, with the
widening extending south along the Hawaii Belt Highway to the Honaunau area. The
State DOT is currently preparing design plans for the widening of the section from the
Kona International Airport south to the centerline of the Henry Street intersection. The
south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the Henry Street intersection would not be
widened as part of the present project. Mr. Felipe Cabana of State DOT, in a telephone
discussion on April 1, indicated that the Henry Street intersection should be analyzed
without the widening of the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway since that segment is
not included within the list of funded projects by year 2020.: Accordingly, we have
analyzed the Henry Street intersection for 2020 without the widening of the south leg of
Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
Without the widening of the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the development of
the Trust's Palani Road commercial project (Project)would not result in any significant
worsening of forecast conditions at the Henry Street intersection, The results are
summarized in Table I for the forecast peak hour traffic volumes both without and with
the Trust's Project.
The forecast peak hour volumes would substantially exceed the intersection capacity for
both peak hours without the widening of the south leg. The largest difference in
conditions from those in the TIAR with the widening would occur for the morning peak
hour conditions since the northbound through traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway is
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EMPLnVFG-nwNEn COMPANY
one of the critical traffic movements during this period. The 2020 morning peak hour
traffic without the Trust's Project would exceed capacity by 19.9% without the widening
(versus 8.4% below capacity with the widening of the south leg). The afternoon peak
hour would also exceed capacity (by 16.9%) without the widening and without the Trust's
commercial Project.
The development of the Trust's commercial Project would result in a slight worsening of
the congested conditions forecast at the Henry Street intersection without the widening of
the south leg. The Trust's Project would increase intersection capacity utilization by 3.2
and 2.2 percentage points in the morning and afternoon peak hours, respectively.
The widening of the south leg of the intersection would be needed to provide acceptable
traffic conditions at the Henry Street intersection, either without or with the Trust's Palani
Road commercial project. Based on this analysis, and the earlier analyses documented in
the TIAR, the additional increment of traffic to/from the Trust's Project would not
necessitate any additional mitigation measures beyond those needed to provide acceptable
conditions without the Trust's Project.
Attainment of Level of Service D in 2020
The State DOT letter indicates that the TIAR should identify actions to provide Level of
Service D conditions, both without and with the Trust's Project, at the Queen Kaahumanu
Ifighway intersections with Palani Road and Henry Street.
Based on the analysis, the development of the Trust's Project would require no mitigative
actions, beyond those needed without the Project, to provide LOS D conditions at either
of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersections.
The TIAR indicated that both intersections would require improvement actions to provide
LOS D conditions in 2020 without the Trust's Project. The analysis indicated the
identified improvements identified in the TIAR should result in LOS D or better conditions
for the forecast 2020 traffic volumes without the Trust's Project. (The improvement
actions listed in the TZAR for the Henry Street intersection should be expanded to include
the widening of the south leg to include a second northbound through lane, as the TIAR
assumed that this widening would be implemented by 2020).
The TIAR assessment indicated that the same improvements needed to provide LOS D
conditions at the two Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersections without the Trust's
Project would also provide LOS D conditions ivith the Trust's Project. There is an error
on page 4-5 that appears to indicate otherwise for conditions at the intersection of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway with Palani Road. In the discussion of improvement needs with the
Project, the third paragraph on that page reports that with the addition of a second
(double) left -turn lane on the eastbound approach of Palani Road, the average delay for
the afternoon peak hour at the Palani Road intersection "is estimated as 38.9 seconds
(LOS E) with the Project versus 34.3 seconds (LOS E) without the Project." These
average delays, which are stated correctly, are actually equivalent to LOS D conditions.
2
LOSE conditions require average delays of greater than 40 seconds. The 34.3 -second
delay is correctly identified as LOS D in the Chapter 3 discussion of conditions without
the Trust's Project (page 3-4, sixth paragraph).
Please don't hesitate to contact me if you have questions concerning our assessment, or
need further information.
Very truly yours,
WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Bryant T. Brothers
Hawaii P.E. #6755
Table 1
2020 CONDITIONS AT INTERSECTIONS OF
QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY AND HENRY STREET
WITHOUT WIDENING SOUTH OF HENRY STREET
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
V/C ADPV LOS
V/C ADPV
LOS
Without Development of
Palani Road Parcel
1.199 ** F
1.169 **
F
With Development of
Palani Road Parcel
1.231 ** F
1.191 **
F
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS= Level of service.
** Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates; A
ril 16, 1999
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
February 24, 1999
Page 2
3) Condition No. 6 of the Decision and order requires that
an archaeological inventory survey be submitted to the
State Department of Land and Natural Resources, State
Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), in report format
for adequacy review, and that verification that the
survey report, significance evaluations, and mitigation
commitments are acceptable be obtained from SHPD prior
to a decision on County rezoning. Clarification should
be provided as to whether the applicant has submitted
the Archaeological Inventory Survey included with the
subject application to SHPD, and whether SHPD has made
the required verifications.
We have no further comments to offer at this time. We
appreciate the opportunity to comment on the subject application.
Should you have any questions, please feel free to call me
or Bert Saruwatari of our office at 587-3822.
Sincerely,
ESTHER UEDA
Executive Officer
EU:th
COUNCIL COPY
DO NOT REMOVE
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
KEAHUOLU LANDS
North Kona, Hawaii
TMK 7-4-08:63
Applicant:
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Accepting Agency:
County of Hawaii Planning Department
Submitted by:
Belt Collins Hawaii
January 1998
C_ 34e (�5,') ?R.) FSC
COUNTY OF HAWAII
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
(Type or legibly print the requested information)
APPLICANT: Queen LiJ44Aokalani Trust
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: ';,; TE: t�sg9
FranK,/Janrung gen tor an�ngrngl °u N,) y
ADDRESS. First Hawaiian Bank/
P.O.Box 3708
Honolulu, Hawaii 96811
LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: Managing Trustee
LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: Frank Jahrl ing
PHONE:(Bus.) (808) 525-7134 (Res.) (Fax) (808) 525-7044
en LiliugJs Tani Trust
LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S):
LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: c/o Fir"st
REQUEST:
i DATE: JZI/97
ian�KAb e.Vr6x 3708, Honolulu, HI 96811
bldg.;
(Existing zoning) (Proposed Zoning)
TAX MAP KEY: TMK 3-7-4-08:63
STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: Vacant Land
SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 11.945 -acres
AGENT: James R. Bell
ADDRESS: Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.
680 Ala Moana Boulevard, First Floor
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813-5406
TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (808) 521-5361 (Res.) (Fax) (808) 538-7819 .
Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent.
ORIGINAL: Agent COPIES: Applicant/Landowner
(See Instructions on Reverse Side)
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Novem I9
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Novem I9
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Commercial, RM, Resort, & Industrial
PLANNING DEPARTWNT
COUNTY OF HAWAII
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE
1. If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivioe
the subject land in accordance with the approved change
of zone?
No
If yes, please answer the rest of question 1 and then to
quesiion 3.
a. How many acres of the requested area do you intend to
subdivide?
b. Into what lot sizes?
C. If your request is approved, approximately how long
after the date of approval do you expect to submit
your subdivision plans to the Planning Department
for preliminary approval?
If you intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary
schematic subdivision plan together with your chann_e of
zone application form.
2. If you have no firm plans of subdividing the subject area,
do you intend to:
a.
Sell or lease
the land
to someone wno has firm
plans?
X
b.
Sell or lease
the land
to someone who has tentative
plans?
C.
Sell or lease
the land
to someone who has no plans?
d.
Keep it?
e.
Other (please
state)
f. If you intend to do either a, b, or c, please elaoorate
on the kind of plans the other party has. Please, also,
include in your answer approximately how soon after
approval of your rezoning do you expect to transfer the
subject land to another party.
Liliuokalani Trust will likely enter into a land lease agreement
with a private developer to develop the subject property. No
developer has been identified to date. The timing of such an
agreement will greatly depend upon prevailing market conditions.
3. What specific building plans do you have for the subject land?
Include in your answer the following: type of building
(apartment, office, launderette, etc.); financing arrangement;
timetable for construction; and any other information which you
feel might help us in evaluating your request.
None
4. Have you performed any study which would demonstrate a need for
your proposed building and/or development? No
If so, please elaborate on your findings in the space provided
below.
-2-
5. Have you performed any study which discusses the
environmental impacts your request would nave on the Yes
surrounding area and/or the County?
If so, please elaborate on your findings in the space
provided below.
In May 1995, the County of Hawaii Planning Department prepared
a Planning and Environmental Report as part of a petition to the
State Land Use Commission to amend land use district boundaries
from Keauhou to Keahuolu, including the 11.9 -acre subject property.
This report contained a number of studies which discussed the
potential impact of development on the surrounding area.
As part of this application, WSA completed a Traffic Impact Study
in Dec 1998, which is included as Appendix A of the Background
and County Environmental Report for this application.
The report includes descriptions of existing conditions, conditions
with and without the project in 2020, and recommended mitigations.
6. Are there any buildings on the subject area? No
If so, what kind?
What do you intend to do with those buildings if your
request is approved?
7. Is the subject land currently being used for any
agricultural activitity?
If so, please list the kinds of products grown and on
how many square feet or acres of land per product.
-3-
No
8. To your knowledge, has there been any flooding and/or
orainage proclem on the subject area? No
If so, please describe the problem.
9. Do you think that the roads leading to the subject area
needs improvement? Yes
If so, what kind?
See WSA,Traffic Impact Study, 12/98. Selective widening of Palani Road is
recommended to accommodate left turn storage and right turn deceleration lanes.
Also, a traffic signal at the intersection of Palani Road and Kamakaeha Avenue
is recommended within the WSA stpdy.
Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic volume
or load? No
10. what sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements See WSA Traffic
do you feel will be needed in the subject area when
Impact Study, 12/98
developed?
Yes No
a. Schools X
b. Roads X
C. Sewer
d. Drainage
X
e.
Police Protection X
f.
Fire Protection X
g.
Recreational Facilities X
h.
Public Utilities X
i.
Other X
-4-
For those checked "yes," please elaborate what type or kinds of
improvements and/or assistance are needed.
Roads
See WSA Traffic Impact Study, 12/98
11. Have you performed any historic sites study and/or survey of the
subject area? If so, what were the results? Please, also,
submit a copy of the study together with this change of zone
supplement.
Yes, see Archaeology Inventory Survey by PHRI, 11/98
Kuakini Wall to be preserved, two other sites recommended for
data recovery.
ti�signature: 11 `_i
Address: ►css. K.., ., J2. Eh?:Y 99/ 6 o .% � fl
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Date: 1 :%"
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�SPROPOSED'
=ZONING PLAN F;
Proposed Change of
_ Zone Application for
TM 7-4-
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K 0 •63
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-Queen Liliuokalani Trust
To December 1998'
NORTH SCALE IN FEET , v,
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IC MAKAI
Kailua-Kona
BACKGROUND AND COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE FOR LILIUOKALANI TRUST
TMK 7-4-08:63, KEAHUOLU, NORTH KONA, HAWAII
A. SUBIECT REQUEST
1. Details of Proposed Use/Development:
a. Project description:
The applicant is requesting a change of the County Land Use Zoning
Map for TMK7-4-08: 63 from A -la to CG -10.
Earlier on June 22, 1998, this site was included as part of a State Land
Use Commission (LUC) decision (LUC Docket No. A94-705)
approving a County of Hawaii petition to amend the land use district
boundaries for lands from Keauhou to Keahuolu. As a result, the
land use district designation for the subject parcel was amended from
Agricultural to Urban. This application for a change of zone to the
County of Hawaii follows on this decision and remains guided by the
County's long range policy plans.
The site is situated along Palani Road, at the makai corner of its
intersection with Henry Street, and is approximately 1/4 mile mauka
of the town of Kailua-Kona and 1/2 mile mauka of the coastline at
Kailua Bay. The site is presently vacant and has not been previously
developed. The historic Kuakini Wall crosses the mauka corner of
the site and is proposed to be preserved.
The parcel is proposed for commercial use, furthering the commercial
retail emphasis of the area. The parcel is a prime development site,
both for its proximity to surrounding commercial developments and
Kailua-Kona, and its location along a significant regional mauka-
makai traffic corridor.
b. Statement of objectives and reasons for the request:
The Trust is proceeding with this request for rezoning on the basis of
the recent LUC decision and to secure entitlements to position itself
for future commercial opportunities. On the basis of the County's
General Plan and the State's recent land use decision, the Trust
recognizes that its proposal is consistent with the long-term public
policies for the area. Seeking commercial zoning now would allow
the land owner to begin; 1) site and area wide planning (to be
integrated with Liliuokalani Trust's overall master plan), 2)
infrastructure planning, and 3) traffic planning.
C.
0
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Number of acres/square feet:
11.945 -acres
Proposed floor area of proposed building envelope:
The proposed commercial parcel is effectively divided into two
development areas due to the applicant's proposal to preserve the
historic Kuakini Wall. The development area mauka of the wall is the
smaller of the two at 0.9 -acre, while the larger 11.0 -acre site is
situated makai of the wall.
Based on the proposed site plan, the total commercial floor area is
104,300 s.f. The 11 -acre makai area is proposed to provide
approximately 100,800 s.f. of commercial floor area, while a 3,500
sq. ft. commercial pad is proposed for the smaller 0.9 -acre mauka
area.
The proposed site plan does not represent a formal proposal on the
part of the Trust, but was completed for the purposes of assessing
environmental impacts and infrastructure requirements. The plan is
based on similar commercial developments in the area and is
assumed to be representative of future development scenarios.
e. Time frame and cost:
The anticipated time frame for completion of the development is Year
2020, and would ultimately be dependent upon market factors. if the
project were constructed in a single phase, including off-site and on-
site infrastructures and building construction, it is estimated that the
project would take 24 to 30 months for construction. On-site
infrastructure improvements for the planned commercial
development is estimated to require 12 to 16 months for
construction. Off-site improvements for the driveway connections
and utilities could be completed concurrent with the on-site work.
The total construction cost for the project is estimated to be $20
million, based on current construction standards and in current dollar
terms. This includes an estimate of $15.6 million for the proposed
building structures (based on $150/s.f.), and an estimated
infrastructure cost of $4.1 million, including necessary off-site
infrastructure work.
0701/0031 02.16.96 6
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Number of employees and clientele:
It is estimated that the proposed commercial development will create
approximately 480 employment positions, based on an estimated
space standard of 1 employee per 200 s.f for smaller retail stores (less
than 2500 s.f.), and 1 employee per 250 s.f for larger anchor retail
stores.
g. Parking arrangement:
h.
The proposed site plan provides a total of 610 parking spaces,
conforming to commercial tenant standards at a ratio of 5.8 parking
stalls per 1,000 s.f of retail space. Of the total, 570 of the parking
stalls are located makai of Kuakini Wall and have access from Palani
Road. The remaining 40 parking stalls are located mauka of Kuakini
Wall and serve the smaller commercial pad area with access from
Henry Street.
There is no access between the two parking areas as the Wall is
proposed to remain intact without any breaches.
The total required parking for the development is 348 parking stalls,
based on commercial retail and office parking standards found in the
Hawaii County Code (1 parking stall per 300 square feet of gross
floor area). As a result, the proposed plan exceeds the County
requirements for parking space.
As part of this application, Wilbur Smith Associates completed a
Traffic Impact Study in December 1998.
The study assessed existing and future traffic flows at four area
intersections; Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Palani
Road/Kamakaeha Avenue, Palani Road/Henry Street, and Henry
Street/Queen Kaahumanu Highway. With the exception of the Palani
Road/Kamakaeha Ave. intersection, all of the intersections have
existing traffic signals. At the Palani Road/Kamakaeha Ave.
Intersection, a stop sign is provided along Kamakaeha Ave. to
moderate access onto Palani Road.
3
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Existing Conditions
The WSA report evaluated peak AM and PM conditions for the four
intersections and concluded that traffic volumes were easily
accommodated within the existing capacity (varying from 60% to
90%) for each intersection.
Year 2020 without Project
Traffic conditions in the area for the Year 2020 were evaluated using
projections from the State's Long Range Transportation Plan Study.
Without the project and without any planned improvements,
significant capacity problems begin to occur at all four intersections
during peak afternoon hours, with capacity levels being exceeded by
4% (Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway) to 30% (Palani
Road/Henry Street). Unacceptable delays are anticipated for the
Palani Road/Kamakaeha Avenue intersection, with an average delay
of 12 minutes per vehicle for vehicles turning left from Palani Road
onto Kamakaeha Ave.
Based on these anticipated conditions, the following modifications
were recommended to maintain acceptable traffic flows:
Palani Road/Kamakaeha Ave.
Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Hwy:
Palani Road/Henry Street:
Install traffic signal
Add second left turn lane to
mauka bound Palani Road
Add right turn lane from
mauka bound Palani Road
& allow right turn from
both Henry St. lanes
Henry Street/Queen Kaahumanu Hwy: Add right turn lane to
mauka bound Henry Street
& add second left turn lane
from north bound QKH
Year 2020 with Project
In 2020, increased traffic volumes due to the project is expected to
vary from 0.7% to 3% during peak periods, except for Palani Road
where traffic volumes may increase from 8% to over 18%.
4
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
For the Year 2020 scenario with the project, WSA assumed that the
non -project modifications highlighted above had been completed.
Given this scenario, capacity problems would occur during
afternoon peak periods at three of the four intersections, including
Palani Road/Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. (+5%), Palani Road/Henry
Street (+ 33%), and Queen Kaahumanu Hwy./Henry Street (+13%).
Based on both the increased traffic and traffic delays arising from the
proposed project, WSA recommends the following mitigations:
• Add left turn storage lane along makai bound Palani Road
wherever left turn is permitted into project site
• Add right turn/deceleration lane at major driveways into
project site
• Signalize main driveway exit at Palani Road/Kamakaeha Ave.
Intersection to allow left turn egress from project site
• Add right turn lane along mauka bound Palani Road at Henry
Street.
Left Turn Access from Palani Road onto Kamakaeha Ave.
The WSA report further addressed the possibility of signaled left turn
access from mauka bound Palani Road onto Kamakaeha Ave.
leading to Makalapua Center. Currently, left turn access is prohibited,
though vehicles were observed throughout the observation period
making the left turn movement. If signaled left turn access is allowed,
access to the Makalapua Center area from Kailua-Kona and other
areas further south along Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. would be greatly
improved.
Proposed on-site and off-site infrastructure:
On-site infrastructure will consist of parking areas and driveway
connections to Palani Road and Henry Street. As mentioned earlier,
preserving Kuakini Wall without any breaches will only allow
driveways serving the lower makai portion of the site to have access
along Palani Road, while driveways to the upper mauka portion will
be restricted to access along Henry Street.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Both portions will have water, sewer, electrical, telephone and cable
television service. Interconnection of the two portions of the parcel
with utility lines will be limited to the extent possible to mitigate
crossing of the Kuakini Wall. Discussions with the archaeological
consultant indicated that crossing the Wall with underground utilities
would be possible. The crossing location would be coordinated in
the field with the archaeologist and the Wall should be restored
following utility line installation. Storm water disposal will be on-site
dry wells.
Off-site roadways are County owned and maintained. The location
of the proposed intersections and necessary improvements, such as
turning lanes and signalization, will be provided during the
development of the respective parcels.
Utility services, other than sewer, are in-place along Palani Road and
Henry Street and can be extended to serve the parcels. Wastewater
generated from the proposed development will be conveyed by off-
site sanitary sewer lines to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment
Plant. Demand for water arising from the proposal will be met by an
existing County well and reservoir above Mamalahoa Highway.
B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE/COUNTY PLANS
2. State Land Use designation:
The State Land Use District Boundary Map designates the subject site within
the Urban District.
This designation is based on the recent LUC decision (LUC Docket No.
A94-705) on June 22, 1998 to amend the Agricultural District boundaries
between Keahuolu and Keauhou (919.366 acres) and increase the areas in
the Urban District. The petition to amend the LUC district boundaries was
submitted by the County of Hawaii Planning Department.
3. Applicable goals/policies and objectives of the General Plan:
The General Plan for North Kona seeks to achieve greater diversity and
stability for the local economy, while stressing a balance of social, physical
and economic goals for both area residents and visitors alike.
2
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Based on the GP profile of population trends, population in North Kona is
increasing due to employment opportunities in the visitor industry. The
Keahuolu and Kealakehe areas have been targeted for continued residential
development. The proposed commercial project will provide commercial
goods and services, and employment opportunities to this growing
residential population.
4. General Plan designation:
The subject site lies within the High Density Urban Development Zone of
the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map of the County of Hawaii
General Plan. High Density Urban Developments include general and
office commercial type uses.
Areas adjacent to the site and further beyond the Kailua-Kona town center
are earmarked for further Urban Expansion. Urban Expansion areas allow a
mix of various densities (from high to low) and use designations, "where
new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific pattern and mix of
uses have not yet been determined".
5. Zoning:
The current zoning for the site is A-1 a, Agricultural (1 acre minimum).
6. Community Development Plan:
The site is not within any Community Development Plan areas.
The mauka boundary of the Kailua Village Special District is approximately
500 ft. beyond the subject site's makai boundary, at Queen Kaahumanu
Highway.
7. Special Management Area:
The site is not within the Special Management Area.
The mauka boundary of the Special Management Area is approximately 500
ft. beyond the subject site's makai boundary, at Queen Kaahumanu
Highway,
7
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE
PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA
Physical Characteristics/Environmental Setting.
8. Description of subject property, location, climate, topography, slope, soils
(including size, shape, existing structures):
Subject Propertx
The area of the subject parcel is 11.945 -acres. It is irregularly shaped and
measures approximately 1200 ft. by 450 ft. The site has approximately 1400
ft. of street frontage along Palani Road and 400 ft. along Henry Street.
Location
The parcel is situated along the southern edge of Palani Road, approximately
1/4 mile mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway on the makai corner of
the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. The parcel shares a common
boundary with the Crossroads commercial retail development and the
existing Kailua Fire Station
timate
The climate is generally mild with a mean annual temperature of 75 degrees
(F) with relatively small daily and seasonal variations. Annual rainfall varies
from 35 to over 40 inches. Winds are generally light to moderate and are
predominantly from the southwest as a result of seabreezes and Kona
storms.
Topography
The site is situated on the western slope of Hualalai, approximately 180 ft. to
270 ft. above mean sea level.
S Ioe
The site has an average slope of 8%, and is situated in a transitional area
between the lower coastal zone (0-5% slope) and the higher uplands zone
(10-20% slope).
e
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Soils
There are two soils found predominantly on the site (Pahoehoe Lava Flows
and Punaluu Extremely Rocky Peat), neither of which are recognized as
being agriculturally significant.
9. Lava Hazard Zone:
Based upon a 1990 USGS report, "Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the
Island of Hawaii'; the subject site lies within Zone 4 on the slopes of
Hualalai. Zone 4 is based on a nine zone scale in which Zone 1 is the area
of greatest hazard and Zone 9 is the area of least hazard. Zone 4 is
described as an area which "includes all of Hualalai, where the frequency of
eruptions is lower than on Kiliauea (Zones 2-5) and Mauna Loa (Zones 2-
6)1'. The site was not affected by either of the two most recent flows on the
slopes of Hualalai, including the Huehue and Kaupulehu flows of 1800-
1801.
10. Distance from coastline:
The site is situated a half -mile (approximately 2,900 ft.) to three-quarters of a
mile (approximately 4,200 ft.) mauka of the coastline at Kailua Bay.
11. Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH)
designation:
The site does not lie within any areas designated of agricultural importance
(based on the January 1977 ALISH map).
12. U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Services Soil Service Report soil
type:
Based upon review of USDA Soil Conservation Service's Soil Survey for the
Island of Hawaii dated December 1973, the subject site contains soils
predominantly described as Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW) and Punaluu
Extremely Rocky Peat (rPYD).
Punaluu Extremely Rocky Peat is described as "well -drained, thin organic
soils over Pahoehoe lava bedrock" (typically at depths less than 10 inches),
with rocky outcrops occupying 40 to 50 percent of the surface. The Peat is
rapidly permeable while the Pahoehoe underneath is typically slowly
permeable, with water rapidly moving through cracks in the lava. This soil is
typically used as pastures.
0
13
14.
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Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Pahoehoe lava is typically described with a billowy, glassy surface, with
occasional hummocks and pressure domes. The lava typically contains no
soil covering and is barren of vegetation, except for mosses and lichens.
Land Study Bureau soil rating:
Based upon the "Detailed Land Classification -Island of Hawaii" published
by the Land Study Bureau in November 1965, the soil predominantly found
on the site is described as Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe (e285, land
classification symbol).
The Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe contains shallow soils over the
Pahoehoe. Both soils rate "very poor" in terms of suitability for agricultural
production, the worst of five categories described by master productivity
ratings for agricultural lands on the Big Island.
Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designation:
The site lies outside the 500 -year flood plain.
Existing drainageways or improvements:
The existing topographic survey of the area shows no existing drainageways
or structures. In accordance with the "Keahole to Kailua Development
Plan," storm drainage in the region is to be addressed on-site within each
development. The proposed on-site infrastructure incorporates drywells
and catch basins with drywells to collect and retain storm water from the site
within each parcel. The intent of the regional development plan for storm
water handling is being implemented under the project.
10
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
16. Air Quality/Noise/Water Quality:
a. Air Quality
The preliminary findings available from the State Department of
Health indicate that there have been no exceedances of the state or
national standards for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide levels
observed at DOH's Kona air monitoring station (Memorandum for
the Record, December 30, 1998). Ambient air monitoring stations
detect pollutants from industrial, agricultural and natural sources. In
the Kona area, these would include the Keahole Power Plant and the
Kailua Landfill, as well as Kilauea Volcano which is located upwind
from the project site during prevailing winds. Carbon monoxide
emissions from vehicular sources typically exhibit a much smaller -
scale effect characterized as "hot spots" that may not be captured by
monitoring stations sited to measure ambient air.
Carbon monoxide hot spots occur along heavily traveled
transportation corridors and are a function of vehicular delays,
number of vehicles, and meteorological conditions. The potential for
CO hot spots increase when vehicular delays are significantly
increased as indicated by one of the following: (1) at intersection
operating near capacity, a change in Level of Service (LOS)
classification, e.g., from LOS D to LOS E, or (2) at intersections
operating at or above a traffic volume to intersection capacity ratio
(V/C) of 0.95, an increase in the V/C of 0.02 or more. If vehicular
delays are not significantly increased, no significant impact to air
quality is expected. Based on information provided in Traffic Impact
Study, 11.9 -acre Parcel South of Palani Road Queen Liliuokalani
Trust Keahuolu Lands (Wilbur Smith Associates, December 1998),
significant increases in vehicular delays are anticipated as a result of
the proposed 11.9 -acre development project at two intersections: (1)
Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road and (2) Palani Road
and Henry Street. Both intersections are estimated to operate at LOS F
during afternoon peak -hour periods without the project and V/C
increases are estimated to exceed 0.02 with the proposed project.
With the mitigation measures identified to alleviate the existing traffic
delays at these intersections (providing double left -turn lanes on the
mauka-bound Palani Road and the construction of a right -turn lane
on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road), no significant impact
to air quality from the proposed project is anticipated.
11
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
During the construction period, short-term impacts to air quality will
be minimized by developing and implementing traffic mitigation and
parking plans. Fugitive dusts will be controlled in accordance with
the requirements set forth in Hawaii Administrative Rules 11-60.1.
b. Noise
The primary source of noise related to the project will be from
construction activity and from customer and service vehicles.
As the site borders the Crossroads commercial development, the
Kailua fire station and undeveloped vacant land sites (along Palani
Road and Henry Street), noise generated from construction activity is
not expected to impact any sensitive or residential areas. Similarly,
noise from customer and service vehicle traffic attributed to the
proposed development is not be expected to impact any sensitive or
residential areas, as similar vehicle activity is also found on adjoining
properties.
C. Water Quality
No adverse effects on surface water quality are expected given the
distance of the site from the ocean, the low rainfall in the area,
measures that will be taken to prevent runoff, and the results of earlier
monitoring surveys for Makalapua Center.
Relative to the coastline and to the region, the location of the subject
site is similar to the Trust's Makalapua Center, on the mauka side of
Kamakaeha Avenue, 1/4 mile west of the site.
Earlier monitoring programs and site surveys for both Liberty House
and Kmart at the Trust's Makalapua Center revealed no changes in
water quality attributable to construction related activities.
Historic Resources:
17. Existing archaeological, cultural or historic sites on National Register or
Hawaii Register:
Based on an Archaeological Inventory Survey of the site by PHRI in
November 1998 (see Appendix B), eight sites were identified for evaluation
within the survey report. Two additional sites had been destroyed during
the construction of Henry Street and were not included within the survey's
evaluation.
12
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Recommended mitigative actions include preservation for one site (#6302,
Kuakini Wall), data recovery for two sites, and no further work for the
remaining five sites.
Four of the sites were historically used for livestock control, while three of
the sites were used for temporary habitation, and one site was used as a
historical dump complex. The only permanent habitation in the area dates
to the historic period. No burials, or potential burial features, were found in
the project area.
The scope for the survey as found in Appendix B extended beyond the
subject site to include portions of TMK7-4-08.por 1, mauka of Henry Street.
However, an approximate two acre portion of the subject site along the
makai boundary was not included within the original survey of November
1998. This portion of the site is being included in a follow up survey to be
attached as an addendum to the November 1998 survey.
Natural Resources:
18. Flora/Fauna:
a. Flora:
In September of 1998, Char and Associates completed a Botanical
Survey which included the subject site. This survey can be found in
Appendix C. The survey concluded that plants found on the project
site were not listed, proposed or a candidate for threatened and
endangered species. Neither were any plants found to be species of
concern.
All of the plants on the site can be found in similar lowland, dry
habitats throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The survey also
found no sensitive native plant -dominated communities on the site.
The existing vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien plant
species such as koa haole, guinea grass, air plant, kiawe, and lantana.
Of the sixty-nine species of plants inventoried on the site, sixty-one
(88%) are introduced species, one (1.5%) is a polynesian species,
and seven (10.5%) are native species.
13
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Of the seven native species, six are indigenous, meaning they are
both native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere. One species is
endemic, meaning that it is native only to the Hawaiian Islands. The
six indigenous species include the koali, 'ilima, 'ala'ala wai nui,
'ilihe'e, alahe'e, and 'uhaloa, while the endemic species is the
kauna'oa.
Though the botanical survey did not discover any threatened and
endangered species, it did recommend that native plants be
considered for future landscaping in keeping with the desired
regional character of future developments.
b. Fauna
Findings below regarding existing fauna resources on site are
extracted from an earlier 1989 Survey of Avifauna and Feral
Mammals on QLT's Keahuolu lands by Phillip Bruner. The 1989
survey was completed as part of an EIS to accompany a Petition to
reclassify approximately 1,135 acres of QLT lands from State
Agriculture and Conservation Land Use Districts to the Urban District
(extending from Palani Road to the Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundary)
The subject site is adjacent to areas covered within the earlier '89
study, with very similar habitat conditions. The survey concluded the
following:
• No resident endemic species of land and water birds observed
• No migratory indigenous birds observed
• No resident indigenous birds
• No resident Indigenous seabirds
• 17 species of exotic birds recorded during survey
• No endangered species of feral mammals observed
• Only feral mammals found included mongoose, mice and rats
The majority of bird and mammal life impacted were found to be
exotic species, "for which other habitat opportunities in West Hawaii
exist.' As expressed in the earlier '89 report for the adjacent area,
mitigation measures for the present site are not expected nor are they
proposed as endangered mammal species or endemic species of land
or sea birds are not expected in the area.
14
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
19. Scenic or coastal resources:
The site's principal scenic resource is the historic Kuakini Wall, which
extends far beyond the boundaries of the site and is proposed to be
preserved intact.
There are no other significant natural features on the site, nor does the site
possess any significant views of the coastline due to its relatively low
elevation. Existing views from Palani Road and Henry Street will not be
significantly impacted as the proposed structures are situated to the rear of
the parcel away from the street front and are proposed as one and two-story
structures.
Social -Economic Characteristics:
20. Social settlement pattern for the area:
In 1988, a West Hawaii Regional Plan prepared by the Office of State
Planning identified the Kealakehe area as one of four residential support
communities (the only one in the North Kona District, the others are located
further north along the Kohala Coast) for West Hawaii. Population growth
in the County of Hawaii is currently concentrated in this western region and
is directly related to the diverse and growing economy discussed in the
section below.
In keeping with the regional plan, residential development activity is ongoing
at the "Villages of La'l'opua" subdivision in Kealakehe. The State of Hawaii
has also recently purchased portions of QLT's Keahuolu lands, mauka of a
future mid-level connector road (extending from Henry Street towards
Keahole Airport) for future residential development.
The continued development of these residential areas will further develop a
population base to attract commercial retailers and service providers to
surrounding areas.
1s
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
21. Economic resources of the area:
As described in a June 1992 Working Paper for the Kailua-Kona Master Plan
prepared for the County of Hawaii Planning Department, "patterns of
population settlement and growth are defined primarily by an area's
economic opportunities". To this end, the West Hawaii region is
recognized as having "many opportunities to sustain a stable and diversified
economy supported by energy resources, high technology research and
development, aquaculture, diversified agriculture, commercial and sport
fishing, seafood marketing and ocean research. Expansion in this region will
increase job choice and the availability of high paying jobs."
In the North Kona District, the area between Kailua-Kona and Keahole
Airport has been identified for such economic growth. North Kona is also
recognized for its visitor oriented commercial activities associated with
visitors to both Kailua-Kona and the South Kohala region.
The proposed commercial use for the site will contribute and reinforce
commercial retail destination options for visitors and residents alike.
22. Land values:
TMK 7-4-08: 63
Based on a review of available Real Property Assessment records, the
11.945 -acre parcel was valued at $318,900. The valuation was dated Jan 1,
1998 and is based on a State Agriculture District classification and County
A -1a zoning. Discussions with staff members at the County's Property Tax
office in Kona, revealed that the valuation for TMK 7-4-08:63 was higher
than agriculture areas further mauka, due to the parcel's proximity to Kailua-
Kona and surrounding commercial areas.
Land Values of areas reclassified from agriculture to commercial zones are
assumed to be in the order of magnitude similar to neighboring lands
similarly rezoned, including those in the Makalapua Center area (TMK 7-4-
20:14).
16
J3
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Surrounding Lands:
23.
24.
Land Use:
The existing land uses for surrounding parcels include the following:
North
TMK 7-4-20: 14
Makai
TMK 7-4-08: 27
South
TMK 7-5-04: 43 & 54
TMK 7-5-04: 19
Mauka
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
Zoning:
Undeveloped Vacant Land
County of Hawaii Fire Station
Commercial Shopping Center
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Surrounding zoning based on the County of Hawaii Zoning Map (described
by TMK reference):
North
TMK 7-4-20: 14
CG -10
Makai
TMK 7-4-08: 27
A-1 a
South
TMK 7-5-04: 19, 43 & 54
Cg -20
Mauka
TMK 7-4-08: 1
A -5a
PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES:
25. Description of access:
Based on the proposed site plan, the parking and service area for the 11 -
acre site makai of Kuakini Wall is provided with access onto Palani Road at
three locations. The location of these three access points are based on prior
approved subdivision plans for the widening of Palani Road.
The parking and service area for the 0.9 acre mauka site is provided with
access onto Henry Street. Access along Henry Street is only limited by
minimum sight safety considerations to be approved by DPW, while access
onto Palani Road from this portion of the site is prohibited.
17
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Access to Kuakini Wall is provided by continuous parking areas alongside
both the mauka and makai edge of the wall. A natural or landscaped buffer
will also be provided, and will be included and specified as part of any
future detailed long-range preservation plan for the Wall.
26. Availability of water.
a. Existine Conditions
Liliuokalani Trust installed a 1.0 million gallon per day (mgd) potable water
well and 1.0 million gallon storage reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa
Highway, which was dedicated to the County in 1997. Based on this
contribution to the regional potable water supply system, water and storage
are available for development of the Trust's land in the region.
b. Projected Demand
The potable water demands for the proposed development were estimated
based on the County Department of Water Supply's, "Water Systems
Standards, Volume 1 " dated 1985 (DWS Standards). The site is designated
for light commercial usage, with average daily demand of 4,000 gallons per
acre. The computed average daily demands for the proposed on-site
developments are 47,600 gpd. The maximum daily demand for the parcel
was calculated by multiplying the average daily demand by 1.5, resulting in
71,400 gpd.
C. Proposed Action
Based on DWS Standards, the fire flow is 2,000 gpm for 2 hours. Using the
maximum daily demand and fire flow, the required potable water storage for
the site is 311,400 gallons. This total was obtained by adding the maximum
daily demand and fire flow. Based on the parcel flows, existing water
system infrastructure, and the DWS Standards a 6 -inch ductile iron pipe
looped through roadways will be required. These 6 -inch diameter
distribution lines would connect to the 16 -inch diameter line in Palani Road.
27. Sewage disposal:
a. Existing Condition
Wastewater generated from the development will be conveyed through new
on-site and off-site sewers to the existing sewer network for eventual
conveyance to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. The current
plant capacity is about 2.8 mgd with three 1 mgd expansions planned to
support long-term regional development.
In
28.
29
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
b. Projected Demand
In accordance with the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works
Wastewater Division practice, the project sewer requirements were
estimated using "Design Standards, Volume 1" of the City and County of
Honolulu Department of Wastewater Management, dated July 1993 (County
Standards). Based on the flow figure in the County Standards of 40 persons
per acre at 80 gallons per person daily, the resulting average daily discharge
is 38,080 gallons.
C. Proposed Action
Design peak flows were calculated at 213,730 gpd or 0.33 cis. Based on
this flow and the velocity criteria in the County Standards, it was determined
that a 6 -inch diameter sewer line would be adequate. The project
development costs, however, were based on using a 6 -inch diameter line
with an 8 -inch diameter line for the off-site sewer. This off-site sewer would
be located within Palani Road, tying into the existing main on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway. This sewer routing would permit gravity service for
the entire parcel, but would require crossing of the Kuakini Wall. Service by
a gravity sewer was compared to having an on-site pump station with a
force main discharging to the Henry Street sewer main; crossing of the
Kuakini Wall by the force main would also be required. Gravity discharge
to the existing main on Queen Kaahumanu Highway was determined to be
more cost effective and was selected for the project's conceptual design.
Solid waste:
Solid waste generated from the project will be taken to the West Hawaii
Landfill. This landfill was designed to serve as the regional solid waste
disposal facility.
Police and Fire Protection:
The subject property is situated within the Kona police district, and is served
by the Kealekehe Police Station, approximately 1.5 miles north of the site
along Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
The site is served by the County of
Station along Palani Road, mauka
adjacent to the site's makai boundary.
19
Hawaii Fire Department's Kailua Fire
of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
30. Schools:
Not applicable
31.
Parks:
The Subdivision Ordinance of the Hawaii County Code does not require
land to be set aside for parks for proposed commercial subdivisions.
Kuakini Wall will be preserved
buffer, which is expected to be
preservation plans for the Wall.
32. Electricity:
a. Existing Condition
with an appropriate natural or landscaped
recommended as part of future detailed
There are existing Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) 12.47 kilovolt
and 69 kilovolt overhead lines and GTE Hawaiian Tel (HTCO) and Sun
Cablevision of Hawaii overhead lines along Palani Road, and underground
facilities along Henry Street. HELCO's available generation capacity on
Hawaii is approximately 180 megawatts, with a present peak coincident
demand of approximately 163 megawatts
b. Projected Demand
The projected maximum demand for this project based on the Preliminary
Site Plan prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii (dated December 1998) is
forecasted to be approximately 3 megawatts. Based on the forecasted load,
HELCO requires that the proposed Palani Substation be constructed to serve
the project. Existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Road and
Mamalahoa Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site. The necessary
land acquisition is already underway and procurement of the equipment
should be initiated shortly after the zoning change is granted so that the
substation can be in place and ready to serve the project loads as facilities
thereat are completed.
20
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. Proposed Action
Relocation of HELCO 12.47 kilovolt and 69 kilovolt lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the initial
phase of the Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. In addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development. Furthermore,
existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Road and Mamalahoa
Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site. 12.47 KV distribution
feeders will be extended from the substation to the project site and will be
connected to service transformers located adjacent to project facilities to
serve the development.
33. Communications
Telephone and cable television facilities to serve this development must be
extended from HTCO and Sun Cablevision facilites located along Palani
Road. Relocation of HTCO and Sun Cablevision lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the first
phase of Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. In addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development.
a. Telephone
HTCO has requested that the easement (8' wide x 8' deep) for the
initial cross -connect site be located near the Henry Street - Palani
Road intersection, preferably along Henry Street.
Main telephone feeder cables will be tapped from existing cables
along Palani Road and will be extended to the proposed cross-
connect cabinet. Distribution cables will extend from the cabinet,
and will be routed along Palani Road and Henry Street, into the
project site to serve the development.
b. CATV
CATV cables must be extended from Palani Road into the
development. Sun Cablevision anticipates that its existing power
supply located on Henry Street, adjacent to K -Mart, will be adequate
to serve the proposed development.
21
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
E. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS:
34. Relationship between local short term uses of environment and
maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity:
Development of the proposed project resulting from the change of zone will
reduce further options for the future use of the property. The project will
alter the existing natural character of the site, though Kuakini Wall will be
preserved intact.
Benefits of development include the enhanced preservation of Kuakini Wall,
increased access to commercial retail services for area residents, as well as
new employment opportunities for area residents.
35. Mitigative measures proposed to avoid, minimize, rectify or reduce impact:
Impacts and mitigative measures on sensitive archaeological sites have been
described earlier, as well as in the attached archaeology inventory survey.
Based on the earlier archaeology survey, recommendations have been made
to preserve Kuakini Wall, with data recovery recommended for two other
sites.
Mitigative measures to address increased traffic volumes due to the
proposed project have been described earlier and include additional
turning and deceleration lanes, and a new traffic signal. Points of access into
the site have been specified on previous approved subdivision plans and are
incorporated into the proposed site plan.
Mitigation of construction impacts, including noise, dust and access along
public roads will be included within future construction plans and
specifications to the standards of the relevant State and County Agencies.
Similarly, Erosion and Drainage control measures will be included within
future construction plans and specifications.
22
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
36. Alternatives to the proposed development:
a. Proposed Action
In proposing general commercial use for the site, the Trust took into
consideration, the long-term intention of the County to encourage
ongoing commercial development makai of Henry Street and the
future mid-level connector road. These plans are also consistent with
the Trust's long term plans to develop its lands makai of the future
mid-level connector road for commercial use. The site enjoys the
benefit of being at the crossroads of three major regional traffic
corridors, while being adjacent to Kailua-Kona, the major urban
center for West Hawaii.
The Trust recognizes the opportunity to develop the site to provide
commercial goods and services to area residents commuting between
Kailua-Kona and other commercial/resort areas along the coast and
surrounding residential communities. Additionally, the Trust
recognizes the opportunity to further provide visitors with additional
retail and commercial service options.
For these reasons, the Trust has decided to pursue commercial use
on the subject site.
b. No -Action Alternative
The "no -action" or "no project" alternative would retain the present
status of the site. This alternative was not pursued as it would be a
lost opportunity for the Trust to allow development of the site to
provide goods and services to area residents, and to allow the Trust
to generate income for the benefit of the Trust's beneficiaries.
C. Alternative Use of the site
The Trust also considered the possibility of medium density
residential for the subject site. The site is conveniently located and
would offer residents easy access to surrounding commercial
services. Its low elevation and the existing slope would allow three to
four story residential block developments without blocking views of
the coastline from areas further mauka, though this same
consideration minimizes the opportunities for residential units to
enjoy prime views of the surrounding scenic coastal area.
23
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Any proposed residential development in this location would
encounter a number of constraining factors that would render this site
less desirable for residential use than other areas further mauka.
The site is surrounded by commercial and industrial uses including a
large-scale commercial development (Crossroads), a fire station
(Kailua), and a GTE Hawaiian Tel site. Future development makai of
the future mid-level connector road and Henry Street is anticipated to
remain predominantly commercial. In addition, the site and the street
block is surrounded by three major regional connector roads (Palani
Road, Henry Street & Queen Kaahumanu Highway), each with
heavy volumes of traffic traveling at high speeds that discourage
residential and pedestrian activity in the area.
For these reasons, the Trust decided not to propose residential use for
the site, and is proposing the site for commercial use, in keeping with
the County's and the Trust's long-term plans to continue developing
areas makai of the future mid-level connector road for commercial
use.
37. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of natural resources that
would be involved if proposed action implemented:
The process of development will result in significant change to the natural
setting of the site.
Based on previous studies, available surveys and the flora and
archaeological surveys conducted for this application, Kuakini Wall was
identified as the primary significant cultural and historical resource on the
site. The wall is proposed for preservation and will be made accessible to
the public. No other significant natural, cultural, or archaeological resources
were identified on the site for preservation.
24
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08:63, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
F. AGENCIES - COMMENTS
38. You may consult with the following agencies and include discussion in
your report or attach their written comments regarding your proposal:
a. Department of Public Works -Wastewater Branch
Based on discussions with DPW -Wastewater officials, Belt Collins
was informed that available capacity exists within the Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWTP) for a development of this
magnitude. Off-site sewer lines would need to be constructed by the
project developer along Palani Road to tie into the existing sewer
main on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, leading to the existing KWTP.
b. Department of Water Supply
Based on discussions with Department of Water Supply officials, Belt
Collins was informed that available capacity exists within the existing
water reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa Highway for the
proposed development. This reservoir and a well were originally
developed by the Trust and conveyed to the County in 1997.
f. Sate of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources - Historic
Preservation Division
Discussion with DLNR HPD is being initiated by way of this change
of zone application through the Planning Department. With regards
to preparations and work on the current Archaeological Inventory
Survey attached in Appendix B, no prior comments or direction from
DLNR HPD have been previously received.
25
APPENDIX LIST
APPENDIX A Traffic Impact Study, 11.9 -Acre Parcel South of Palani Road,
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Keahuolu Lands, Wilbur Smith
Associates, December 1998
APPENDIX B Archaeological Inventory Survey, 60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned
QLT Parcel, Keahuolu Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island
of Hawai'i (TMK 3-7-4-08:por 1), PHRI, November 1998
APPENDIX C Botanical Survey, QLT Keahuolu Lands, 36.9 -Acre Site,
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District, Hawai'i, Char & Associates,
September 1998
APPENDIX D List of Names and Addresses of Property Owners within 300
feet of Applicant's Property
APPENDIX E Legal Description of the Property in Map and Written Form
by Metes and Bounds
Appendix A
Traffic Impact Study
11.9 -Acre Parcel
South of Palani Road
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Keahuolu
Lands
Prepared by Wilbur Smith Associates
December 1998
TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
11.9 -ACRE PARCEL SOUTH OF PAL_4NI ROAD
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST KEAHUOLU LANDS
Prepared for
Belt Collins Hawaii
Prepared by
101W.��
RrMOUS
uaswivi
December 1998
TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
11.9 -ACRE PARCEL SOUTH OF PALANI ROAD
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST KEAHUOLU LANDS
Prepared for
Belt Collins Hawaii
Prepared by
December 1998
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. EXISTING CONDITIONS
2-1
Existing Roadway System
2-1
Existing Traffic Volumes
2-2
Existing Traffic Conditions
2-4
Methodology for Analyzing Levels of Service
2-4
Morning Intersection Conditions
2-5
Afternoon Intersection Conditions
2-7
3. 2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT 3-1
Roadway Improvements 3-1
Traffic Growth Without the Project 3-1
Weekday Peak Hour Traffic Volumes 3-2
Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections 3-3
4. 2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
4-1
Project Description
4-1
Vehicle Trip Generation
4-2
Peak Hour Traffic Volumes
4-2
Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections
4-3
Recommended Mitigative Actions
4-6
Left -Turn Lane from Palani Road onto Kamakaeha Avenue
4-6
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Page 1
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Follows
1-I
Location Map
1-1
1-2
Siie Plan
1-1
2-1
1998 Morning Peak Hour Traffic
2-3
2-2
1998 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic
2-3
2-3
Level of Service Diagram
2-4
3-1
3-2
2020 Morning Peak Hour Traffic Without Project
2020 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic Without Project
3-2
3-2
4-1
2020 Morning Peak Hour Traffic With Project
4-2
4-2
2020 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic With Project
4-2
TABULATIONS
Table
Page
2-1
Level of Service Criteria for Unsignalized Intersections
2-5
2-2
Existing Weekday Traffic Conditions at Key Intersection
2-6
3-1
2020 Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections Without Project
3-3
4-1
Traffic Increases With Project
4-3
4-2
2020 Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections With Project
4-4
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Paga 2
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The Queen Liliuokalani Trust plans to develop commercial uses on its property located on the
southwest corner of the intersection of Palani Road and Henry Street in the Keahuolu area of
Hawaii County. The parcel, identified as Tax Map Key 7-4-08:63, encompasses about 11.9 acres
of vacant land. Development is anticipated by year 2020. The location of the parcel is depicted in
Figure 1-1.
The parcel is planned for development as a community shopping center with about 104,300
square feet of floor area, as depicted in Figure 1-2. Approximately 610 parking spaces would be
provided on the site. Access driveways would be provided to both Palani Road and Henry Street.
The purpose of this study is to assess the traffic impacts of the planned development of this
parcel. The assessment addresses the following:
1. The number of trips generated by the development of the parcel.
2. The magnitude of the traffic increases on area roadways providing access to the
parcel.
3. Project impacts upon traffic conditions at the key intersections near the Project site,
which include:
• Palani Road and Henry Street
• Palani Road and Kamakaeha Avenue
• Palani Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway
• Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Henry Street
4. Identification of any actions that may be appropriate to mitigate traffic impacts
resulting from the development of the parcel.
The traffic assessment focuses on conditions during the morning and afternoon commute peak
hours on a weekday in year 2020.
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Page 1 - 1
ti FU _
AGRICULTURAL
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PROPOSED COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
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NORTH SCALE IN FEET
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a
FIGURE, 1 -2
SITE PLAN
Proposed Change -of
Zone Application for
TMK 7-4-08:63
tred for. Queen Uliuokalani Trust
Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii
November 1998
To Kw *le To
irport Kallua-Kona
IC MAKAI
Chapter 2
EXISTING CONDITIONS
The Project site is presently vacant land. The Kuakini Wall crosses the parcel in a generally
north -south direction, and separates the northern tip of the parcel from the larger portion makai of
the Wall.
The Makalapua Center commercial area is located along Kamakaeha Avenue across Palani Road
from the Project parcel. At present, a Kmart with 120,000 square feet of floor area and a Liberty
House with about 50,400 square feet of floor area have been opened within the Center.
Commercial areas have been developed along Henry Street south of the parcel. These include a
Walmart store, a Safeway supermarket, Borders bookstore, and several smaller retail uses.
The commercial center of Kailua-Kona is located along Palani Road makai of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway. The area along Palani Road on the mauka side of the parcel is vacant land. Residential
uses are located about one mile mauka along Palani Road.
EXISTING ROADWAY SYSTEM
Access to the Project parcel is provided by Palani Road, Henry Street, and Kamakaeha Avenue.
These roads connect to several major regional highways, which include Queen Kaahumanu
Highway and Mamalahoa Highway.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway - This two-lane State highway serves as the main north -south
route through the Kailua area. At present, Queen Kaahumanu Highway provides one through
lane in each direction with separate left- and right -turn lanes at key intersections. The State
Department of Transportation (State DOT) is planning to widen the section between the Palani
Road area and the Airport to a four -lane divided highway.
Palani Road - Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Palani Road is a two-lane roadway. The
makai segment is a four -lane divided roadway that serves the Kailua commercial area. At its
intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway:
• Both approaches on Queen Kaahumanu Highway provide a left -turn lane, a through
lane, and a channelized right -turn lane.
• Both approaches on Palani Road provide a left -turn lane, a through lane, and a
channelized right -turn lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated, multi -phase traffic signal.
Henry Street - Henry Street is a four -lane roadway that extends from Palani Road to Kuakini
Highway. The roadway provides access to the commercial area located along the segment
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
between Palani Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The roadway is used by through traffic
traveling between the mauka residential areas along Palani Road and the areas south of the Kailua
commercial center. At its intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway:
• Both approaches on Henry Street provide a left -turn lane and two through lanes, with
the right -turn movement made from the through lane. A raised traffic island is
provided on each approach to facilitate the right -turn movement.
• The southbound approach on Queen Kaahumanu Highway provides two through lanes
while the northbound approach provides only a single through lane. Both approaches
provide a separate left -turn lane and a channelized right -turn lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated, multi -phase traffic signal.
The intersection of Henry Street with Palani Road has the following features:
• The two lanes on the Henry Street approach are striped as a right -turn lane and a left -
turn lane.
• Eastbound (mauka-bound) Palani Road has only a single lane.
• Westbound (makai-bound) Palani Road has a through lane and a separate left -turn
lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated signal.
Kantakaeha Avenue - This two-lane roadway provides access to the present and future
developments planned for Makalapua Center. At present, the road extends from Palani Road to
Makala Boulevard, but it will be extended northward as future development occurs in that area.
At its intersection with Palani Road:
• The Kamakaeha Avenue approach is STOP sign -controlled, with separate left- and
right -turn lanes.
• Makai-bound Palani Road provides a through lane and a right -turn lane.
• Left turns are prohibited from the single lane on mauka-bound Palani Road.
EXISTING TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The most recent 24-hour machine counts of traffic were made by the State DOT at the
intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road on October 6-7, 1998, and on Palani
Road mauka of Henry Street on October 7-8, 1998. The counts recorded weekday volumes as
follows:
Queen Kaahumanu Highway north of Palani Road 25,400 vehicles
Queen Kaahumanu Highway south of Palani Road 19,700
Palani Road makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway 20,000
Palani Road mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway 11,300
Palani Road mauka of Henry Street 18,700
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Wilbur Smith Associates conducted traffic turning movement counts at the study intersections
during the peak commute periods on October 7, 1998. The counts were made from 6:00 to 9:30
AM and 3:00 to 6:30 PM. Based on a review of the counts, the 7:15-8.15 AM and 4:30-5:30 PM
periods were selected as the peak traffic hours for the analysis since these represented the highest
volumes at most locations during the peak commute periods.
The traffic volumes at the key intersections are depicted in Figures 2-1 and 2-2 for the morning
and afternoon analysis hours, respectively.
Morning Peak Hour
In the morning peak hour, the traffic volumes along Palani Road are heaviest in the makai-bound
direction into the Kailua commercial areas. The highest volume occurs mauka of Henry Street
with approximately 1,150 makai-bound and 570 mauka-bound vehicles. At the Henry Street
intersection, the traffic splits between Henry Street and Palani Road with Henry Street used by
slightly over one-half of the traffic in both travel directions.
Kamakaeha Avenue accommodates low volumes during the morning peak hour, with most of the
vehicles at the Palani Road intersection turning to/from the areas mauka of the intersection.
Although prohibited, several vehicles were recorded making the left turn from Palani Road onto
Kamakaeha Avenue during each hour.
On Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the northbound traffic volumes through the study area range
between about 800 and 1,070 vehicles, with southbound volumes between 500 and 680 vehicles.
The highest turning volumes occur at Henry Street, between the mauka leg of Henry Street and
the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
Afternoon Peak Hour
The traffic volumes on Palani Road, mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, are heaviest in the
mauka-bound direction. Makai of Henry Street, Palani Road traffic totaled about 630 and 460
vehicles in the mauka-bound and makai-bound directions, respectively. Mauka of Henry Street,
the volumes increase to 990 mauka-bound and 690 makai-bound vehicles.
Traffic volumes are much higher on Kamakaeha Avenue during the afternoon peak hour, with
approximately 200 southbound and 100 northbound vehicles. The traffic exiting Kamakaeha
Avenue onto Palani Road is about evenly split between right and left turns.
The traffic volumes along Queen Kaahumanu Highway are approximately 15% higher than in the
morning peak hour. The southbound volumes in the afternoon peak hour range between 950 and
1,200 vehicles. Northbound volumes range between 730 and 880 vehicles. High volumes of both
left- and right turns occur at both the Palani Road and Henry Street intersections in the afternoon
peak hour.
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1/510\\
IImmu1
\UNERN
Y & WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Figure 2-1
1998 MORNING PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC
3M28MBA AI/19/98
11.9 -ACRE PARCEL SOUTH OF PALANI ROAD GILT KEAHUOLU LANDS TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
"Akvtk
I/M\U1
ILtNRRI
Y Y ANI -BUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Figure 2-2
1998 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC
3362!0\BASE-1I 80198
EXISTING CONDITIONS
EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
Traffic conditions were analyzed for the key intersections for the weekday morning and afternoon
peak traffic hours.
Methodology for Analyzing Levels of Service
The Transportation Research Board (TRB), a division of the National Science Foundation, has
developed standardized methods for use in evaluating the effectiveness and quality of service for
roadways and streets. Different methodologies are available for analyzing traffic signal -controlled
intersections and other types of roadways.
The TRB evaluation methods use a concept known as level -of -service (LOS). This concept
describes facility operations on a letter basis from A to F, which signify excellent to unacceptable
conditions, respectively. The methods generally compare traffic volumes on a facility to the
facility's theoretical capacity. Capacity is estimated based on the facility's physical characteristics
(e.g. number and widths of lanes), traffic characteristics (e.g. types of vehicles), and type of traffic
controls. The comparisons are frequently referred to as the volume -to -capacity ratio (V/C). The
methodologies are described in the /994 Highway CapaciryManual (1994 HCM)'.
Signal -Controlled Intersections --Traffic conditions at traffic signal -controlled intersections were
evaluated using the Operations Analysis methodology described in the 1994 HCM. Using this
method, the level -of -service is based on the average delay time per vehicle passing through the
intersection. The delay time, calculated in seconds, is the result of the phasing and timing of the
traffic signal as well as the intersection's physical layout and the composition of the traffic.
Average delay time and level -of -service are estimated for the entire intersection, for each roadway
approach, and for each traffic movement or lane group. A description of the characteristics and
criteria associated with LOS A through LOS F is provided in Figure 2-3
The methodology also calculates a ratio of actual or estimated peak hour traffic volumes to the
theoretical capacity of the intersection. This ratio indicates the proportion of available capacity
being used by traffic volumes and where there is unused capacity available for future traffic
increases. This volume -to -capacity ratio (V/C) reflects the physical characteristics of the
intersection and the traffic characteristics, and is somewhat independent of the efficiency of the
traffic signal phasing/timing.
Unsignalized Intersections—At intersections with STOP sign controls, the level of service was
calculated using the 1994 HCM procedures for intersections with STOP or YIELD signs. In this
methodology, the six levels of service, A through F, are used to describe traffic conditions for
those movements that must yield to other movements:
• Left -turn out of the side street or driveway,
• Through movement from the side street,
1 Highwnv, Capncin-Man al, Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board "third Edition. 1994.
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The OPERATIONS LEVEL METHODOLOGY, which is described in the
Transportation Research Board's Highway Capacity Manual, defines Level of Service
(LOS) for signalized intersections in terms of delay. Technically, delay is the amount
of time an average vehicle must wait at an intersection before being able to pass
through the intersection. For signalized intersections, the relationship between LOS
and delay is based on the average stopped delay per vehicle for a fifteen minute
period.
LEVEL OF SERVICE W- Delay 0.0 to 5.0 seconds
Describes operations with very low delay, i.e., less than 5 seconds per vehicle. Thi<
occurs when signal progression is extremely favorable. Most vehicles arrive during
the green phase and are not required to stop at all.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.00 to 0.60.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'B' - Delay 5.1 to 15.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 5 to 15 seconds per vehicle generally
characterized by good signal progression and/or short cycle lengths. More vehicles
are required to stop than for LOS 'A' causing higher levels of average delay.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.61 to 0.70.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'C' - Delay 15.1 to 25.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 15 to 25 seconds per vehicle.
Occasionally, vehicles may be required to wait more than one red signal phase. The
number of vehicles stopping at this level is significant although many still pass through
the intersection without stopping.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.71 to 0.80.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'D'- Delay 25.1 to 40.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 25 of 40 seconds per vehicle. At LOS
D', the influence of congestion becomes more noticeable. Many vehicles stop, and
the proportion of vehicles not stopping declines. The number of vehicles failing to
clear the signal during the first green phase is noticeable.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.81 to 0.90.
LEVEL OF SERVICE W- Delay 40.1 to 60.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 40 to 60 seconds per vehicle. These
high delay values generally indicate poor signal progression, long cycle lengths and
high V/C ratios. Vehicles frequently fail to clear the intersection during the first green
phase.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.91 to 1.00.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'F' - Delay 60.1 seconds plus
Describes operations with delay in excess of 60 seconds per vehicle. This condition
often occurs with oversaturation, i.e., when arrival flow rates exceed the capacity of
the intersection.
Corresponding VIC ratios of over 1.00 are usually associated.
SOURCE: Tronsportation Research Board, 'Operations Level Methodology -Signalized Intemclions",
Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, 1985.
//I\\\
II■\IIII1
Y yV \ WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
LOS 'A'
LOS 'C
LOS 'D'
LOS 'F'
Figure 2-3
LEVEL OF SERVICE DIAGRAM
tos-t¢s
EXISTING CONDITIONS
• Right -turn out of the side street or driveway, and
• Left -turn into the side street.
Through vehicles on the major streets are not required to yield to other movements at two-way
STOP controlled intersections.
The general indicator of intersection delay is determined by calculating the one-hour capacity for
each key movement, based on the conflicting traffic volumes, and then comparing the number of
vehicles making that maneuver to the calculated capacity. The unused or "reserve" capacity for
the movement is then used to identify a delay time and a level -of -service for that movement.
Unlike analysis at signalized intersections, an overall intersection level -of -service is not
calculated, but a level -of -service is calculated for each lane group subject to the STOP or YIELD
condition.
The level -of -service criteria for unsignalized intersections with STOP or YIELD controls is
defined in Table 2-1.
Morning Intersection Conditions
Traffic conditions at the key intersections are summarized for the morning and afternoon peak
hours in Table 2-2.
Each of the intersections operate at very good levels of service in the morning peak hour. The
traffic volumes at the intersection of Palani Road with Queen Kaahumanu Highway use only
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Table 2-1
LEVEL -OF -SERVICE CRITERIA
FOR LINSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
Traffic Impact Study
LOS
Average Stopped Delay (seconds/vehicle)
A
<5.0
B
5.1 - 10.0
C
10.1 -20.0
D
20.1 -30.0
E
30.1 -45.0
F
>45
Source:
Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board, Chapter
10, 1994.
Morning Intersection Conditions
Traffic conditions at the key intersections are summarized for the morning and afternoon peak
hours in Table 2-2.
Each of the intersections operate at very good levels of service in the morning peak hour. The
traffic volumes at the intersection of Palani Road with Queen Kaahumanu Highway use only
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
about 78% of the estimated capacity of the existing intersection. The overall delay at the traffic
signal averages 22.4 seconds per vehicle, or level -of -service (LOS) C.
At its STOP sign -controlled intersection with Palani Road, the vehicles turning either left or right
from Kamakaeha Avenue experience only short delays. The LOS C listed in Table 2-2 for this
intersection represents the left -turn movement from Kamakaeha Avenue, with the right -turn
movement operating at LOS B.
The morning traffic amounts to about 57% of the capacity of the intersection of Palani Road and
Henry Street. Average delay per vehicle is equivalent to LOS B.
At the intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the morning peak hour
traffic uses 79% of the intersection capacity, with delays at LOS B.
Table 2-2
EXISTING CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak
Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.786 22.4 C
0.890 26.0
D
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
HenrySt.
0.790 18.3 C
0.884 20.4
C
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
0.566 13.9 B
0.819 16.4
C
Palani Rd. &
Kamakaeha Ave.
* 11.7 C
* 22.4
D
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS= Level of service.
* V/C is not calculated for intersections with STOP sign controls.
Wilbur Smith Associates, November 10, 1998
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Afternoon Intersection Conditions
At the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Palani Road, the traffic volumes
approximate 89% of the estimated capacity. The LOS D conditions are acceptable for peak
traffic hours. Field observations indicate that the waiting traffic clears the intersection with very
little delay, with the exception of some delay and queuing of southbound traffic for a short period
around 5:00 PM.
The left -turn movement fron Kamakaeha Avenue onto Palani Road experiences a longer average
delay than in the morning, due to the much higher volume of left -turn vehicles. The LOS D in the
afternoon is an acceptable service level.
Traffic volumes at the intersection of Palani Road with Henry Street use approximately 82% of
the estimated capacity, with delays at LOS C. The critical conflicting traffic movements that
determine the intersection conditions are the mauka-bound traffic on Palani Road and the vehicles
turning right from Henry Street.
The intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway operates at acceptable
conditions in the afternoon, with the estimated average delay of 20.4 seconds per vehicle (LOS
C), similar to that in the morning. However, the afternoon volumes amount to 88% of the
intersection capacity, versus 79% in the morning.
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Poge 2 - 7
Chapter 3
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
The development of the Project parcel is planned for completion and full occupancy by year 2020.
Forecast traffic volumes and conditions are presented for year 2020 without the Project as a base
from which to identify the incremental effects of the Project.
ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS
The State DOT is planning to widen Queen Kaahumanu Highway through the study area within
the next several years. The initial project will provide two through lanes in each direction from
south of Henry Street to north of Keahole Airport. The Long Range Land Transportation Plan'
includes the future extension of the widening project to Kawaihae. The State widening project is
not expected to provide any additional turn lanes at the Palani Road and Henry Street
intersections.
The Long Range Land Transportation Plan also includes the construction of a new Mid Level
Road that would parallel Queen Kaahumanu Highway north of Palani Road through the study
area. The Mid Level Road would extend north from the Henry Street intersection with Palani
Road. The initial construction phase is planned as a two-lane roadway.
However, the Long Range Land Transportation Plan indicates that funding is not expected to be
available for the Mid Level Road by 2020. Therefore, the roadway may not be built unless the
areas adjacent to the roadway alignment are developed, with the Mid Level Road constructed to
provide access to these new developments. The development area immediately nnrth of Palani
Road are Queen Liliuokalani Trust lands Since the Trust does not expect to develop this area
prior to year 2020, the Mid Level Road is not included in the roadway network for this study.
TRAFFIC GROWTH WITHOUT THE PROJECT
The year 2020 traffic forecasts were developed from those made for the Long Range Land
Transportation Plan Study. The general methodology used to estimate the weekday peak hour
volumes was as follows:
1. The base year (1992) and forecast 2020 traffic volumes, as developed in the Long
Range Land Transportation Plan Study, were identified for the major roadways or
corridors at the periphery of or within the study area.
2. Average annual growth rates were calculated at each location for the period between
the 1992 base year and 2020.
' Hamaii Long Range Land Tinnsponanon Plan, Drei i Final Report prepared for Slate Department of Transportation and
County of Ha%vaii Department of Public works and Planning Department, by Frederic R. Ilan is Inc.. Ianuan 1998.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
3. The average annual growth rates were applied to the 1998 peak hour volumes
recorded in the field counts for this study to estimate the year 2020 peak hour turning
movements at each intersection in the study area.
4. The forecast volumes were adjusted as appropriate to balance the volumes at adjacent
intersections.
5. The volume of traffic entering and exiting Kamakaeha Avenue at Palani Road was
increased to reflect the buildout of the Makalapua Center retail area.
At buildout, the Makalapua Center retail area is planned to contain about 250,000 square feet of
floor area. Based on standard trip generation factors ,2 the retail uses would generate
approximately 355 and 1,458 vehicle trip ends (origins and destinations) during the morning and
afternoon peak hours, respectively. Driveway counts made at the same time as the intersection
counts recorded the 1998 peak hour volumes for Kmart and Liberty House as:
The traffic counts on Kamakaeha Avenue were increased to reflect the projected increase in peak
hour trips with buildout of the Makalapua Center retail uses, based on the continuation of the
present traffic patterns in the area.
WEEKDAY PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The estimated year 2020 traffic volumes are depicted in Figures 3-1 and 3-2 for the morning and
afternoon peak hours, respectively. The increase over the 1998 peak hour volumes are:
Location
Enter
Exit
Total
Morning Peak Hour
103
63
166
Afternoon Peak Hour
266
241
507
The traffic counts on Kamakaeha Avenue were increased to reflect the projected increase in peak
hour trips with buildout of the Makalapua Center retail uses, based on the continuation of the
present traffic patterns in the area.
WEEKDAY PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The estimated year 2020 traffic volumes are depicted in Figures 3-1 and 3-2 for the morning and
afternoon peak hours, respectively. The increase over the 1998 peak hour volumes are:
Location
Morning
Afternoon
Peak Hour
Peak Hour
Palani Road
Mauka of Henry St.
+64.0%
+ 63.5%
Makai of Queen Kaahumanu Hwy
+69.2%
+69.3%
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
North of Palani Rd.
+55.5%
+61.0%
South of Henry St.
+48.4%
+51.4%
Henry St.
Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Hwy
+ 87.4%
+74.0%
2 Trip Generation, Sixth Edition, Institute of I ranslxxtation Engineers_
1997_
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m9:1n:1Ff-rir.ff-1T*1*1*n►xi
11.9 -ACRE PARCEL SOUTH OF PALANI ROAD GILT KEAHUOLU LANDS TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
//I►\\
IIm\illik
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2020 MORNING PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT
Y YV \ WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES 3M2BMBISE.TVO/98
11.9 -ACRE PARCEL SOUTH OF PALANI ROAD QLT KEAHUOLU LANDS TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
"Akvk\
IImKlb1
%%owns
Y YV -\ WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Figure 3-2
2020 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT
3362Mu .nnvroe
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
The traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours at each of the key intersections
within the study area are summarized in Table 3-1.
Palani Road-Kamakaeha Avenue
The increased volume of traffic turning left from Kamakaeha Avenue, combined with fewer gaps
available in the traffic flow on Palani Road due to increased through traffic, would greatly
increase the delay to vehicles turning left. For the morning peak hour, the delays would increase
to LOS E, a marginally acceptable condition for STOP sign controls. However, the traffic model
predicts unacceptably long delays that average about 12 minutes per vehicle for the afternoon
peak hour. The long afternoon delays would warrant mitigative actions, such as the installation of
traffic signal controls.
Highway officials have adopted a series of "warrants" for consideration of a traffic signal at a
location.' If a location does not satisfy one or more of the warrants, a traffic signal is not
appropriate, if it satisfies one or more warrants, a traffic signal may be considered as a potential
action to improve operations or safety.
Table 3-1
2020 CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak
Hour
V/C ADPV
LOS
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.890 26.0 D
1.035 45.6
E
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy &
HenrySt.
0.914 23.0 C
1.123 **
F
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
0.973 23.7 C
1.299 * *
F
Palani Rd. &
Kamakaeha Ave.
* 41.9 E
* 772.2
F
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS = Level of service.
* V/C is not calculated for intersections with STOP sign controls.
** Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates, November 10, 1998
Manual on Umfinnn 77nlfic Control Urvicec. U. S. Department or Translx)rtation_ Auleral }lillmw% Administration, 1988.
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Page 3 - 3
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
The forecast conditions at the Kanlakaeha Avenue intersection were assessed relative to Warrant
911, Peak Hour Volume. For the number of lanes at this intersection and the afternoon peak hour
volumes (1,650 vehicles) along Palani Road, this warrant would require a minimum of 150
vehicles on the Kamakaeha Avenue approach to the intersection.
The intersection satisfies this criteria since the forecast afternoon peak hour volume is 540
vehicles, or more than triple the requirement.
Traffic conditions were analyzed for this intersection with installation of a traffic signal and the
existing roadway lanes. The assessment indicates the intersection should operate at very
acceptable conditions as summarized in the following table.
Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Morning
0.565
3.8
A
Afternoon
0.713
14.6
B
Palani Road- Queen Kaahumanu Highway
With the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, this intersection would operate at acceptable
conditions in the morning peak hour, with the forecast traffic approximating 89% of the increased
intersection capacity, and average delays at LOS D.
In the afternoon peak hour, the forecast volumes would exceed the estimated intersection capacity
by about 3.5%, with delays at LOS E.
With the forecast traffic volumes and planned widening, the most effective improvement action
for the afternoon conditions would be the construction of a second (double) left -turn lane on the
mauka-bound approach of Palani Road. This would serve the very high volumes of vehicles
turning left onto northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway in both peak hours, estimated at 255
and 400 vehicles in the morning and afternoon peak hours, respectively. With the double left -turn
lane, the forecast afternoon peak hour volumes would approximate 92.8% of capacity with the
average delay at 34.3 seconds per vehicle (LOS D).
Palani Road -Henry Street
The forecast morning peak hour traffic volumes would approach the capacity of the existing
intersection, with a volume -to -capacity ratio (V/C) of 0.973. The peak hour traffic is forecast to
operate at a good service level (LOS C) since most of the delay would be experienced by the low
volume mauka-bound through traffic on Palani Road and the left -turn vehicles from Henry Street.
The forecast volumes in the afternoon peak hour would exceed the intersection capacity by 29.9%
with delays at LOS F. The critical conflicting traffic movements would be the nlauka-bound
through traffic on Palani Road and the right -turn vehicles from Henry Street.
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Page3-4
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
The only potential local intersection improvement for the afternoon peak hour would be the
construction of a right -turn lane on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road. The other
potential improvements would be the restriping of Henry Street to allow right turns from both of
the existing lanes, or the widening of Palani Road to provide two mauka-bound lanes through the
intersection. Both of these modifications would require the widening of Palani Road on the
mauka side of the intersection to provide two mauka-bound lanes up the hillside, with the
additional lane likely extending to the beginning of the existing climbing lane, located about 2,500
feet mauka of the intersection. The forecast conditions in the afternoon peak hour with the
alternative modifications are summarized below:
Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Add Right -turn Lane to
EB Palani Rd.
1.069
43.5
E
Add Through Lane to
EB Palani Rd.
0.914
24.5
C
Provide 2 Right -turn
Lanes on Henry St.
1.154
F
Add 2"d Left -turn Lane to
EB Palani Rd. & 2nd Right-
1.051
45.8
E
turn Lane on HenrySt.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway -Henry Street
With the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, this intersection would operate at acceptable
conditions in the morning peak hour, with the forecast traffic approximating 91.4% of the
increased intersection capacity, and average delays at LOS C.
In the afternoon peak hour, the forecast volumes would exceed the estimated intersection capacity
by about 123%. Traffic delays would likely be at LOS F.
The traffic conditions in the afternoon peak (lour could be improved to acceptable levels by the
combination of two modifications:
• Add a right -turn lane to the Inauka-bound approach of Henry Street, and
• Add a second (double) left -turn lane on northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
With these improvements, the afternoon traffic would approximate 92.8% of the intersection
capacity, with average delay per vehicle at 35 seconds (LOS D).
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Page 3 - 5
Chapter 4
2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
The development of the Project parcel is planned for completion by year 2020. The traffic
assessment of the Project reflects conditions in 2020 with the non -project roadway improvements
and traffic growth presented in Chapter 3.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The 11.9 -acre site is planned as a community shopping center with approximately 104,300 square
feet of floor area. The site, as depicted in Figure 1-2, is divided by the Kuakini Wall with about
10 acres of the site makai of the wall. Most of the development would likely be constructed
makai of the wall, with about 100,800 square feet of the building area and 570 parking stalls
located in this area in the preliminary site plan. The preliminary site plan has only a single building
of about 3,500 square feet and 40 parking stall mauka of the wall along Henry Street.
The Kuakini Wall would not be penetrated for vehicle circulation on-site. Three driveways are
planned along Palani Road to provide vehicular access to the makai parking areas. Access to the
parking on the mauka portion of the site would be provided by a single driveway along Henry
Street.
• Main Driveway, Palani Road - The major entrance to the project site would be located
opposite Kamakaeha Street. It is anticipated that this intersection would be controlled
by a traffic signal, which would have been installed to address the left -turn problem
from Kamal_aeha Avenue. A right -turn lane would be added on mauka-bound Palani
Road and a left -turn storage lane on makai-bound Palani Road at this intersection as
part of this project. The traffic assessment is based on the continued prohibition of left
turns from mauka-bound Palani Road onto Kamakaeha Avenue.
• Middle Driveway, Palani Road - The traffic exiting this driveway would be controlled
by a STOP sign. A right -turn lane would be added on mauka-bound Palani Road for
vehicles entering the site. The left -turn movement from Palani Road onto the site
would be prohibited.
• Mauka Driveway - The traffic exiting this driveway would be controlled by a STOP
sign. A left -turn storage lane would be added on makai-bound Palani Road for vehicles
entering the site.
• Henry Street Driveway - This driveway would be restricted to right -turn movements
into or out of the site.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
PROJECT TRIP GENERATION
The numbers of vehicle trips to/from the Project site were based on average trip generation rates
for a community shopping center as compiled by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE).1
The numbers of vehicle trips entering or exiting a commercial development include both new
vehicle trips and additional stops by vehicles that would be traveling through the area whether or
not the project is developed. These additional stops, referred to as pass -by trips, occur primarily
for retail and service uses. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook provides a methodology and
equation for estimating the proportion of the generated vehicle ends that are pass -by trips. For a
104,000 square -foot retail complex, approximately 38% of the Project trips in the afternoon peak
hour would typically be pass -by trips.
The resultant numbers of vehicle trips traveling to or from the reuse parcels during a typical
weekday and during the peak commute hours are summarized in the following table, both for the
total number of vehicles entering or exiting the site, and for the numbers of new vehicle trips in
afternoon peak hour with the adjustment for pass -by trips.
Condition
MorningPeak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
Total
Enter
Exit
Enter
Exit
Weekday
Total Trip Ends With
Pass -b s
101
68
342
343
7,370
Additional (New) Trips
on Adjacent Roads
212
213
Without Pass -b s
The shopping center would generate an estimated 7,370 vehicle trip ends on a weekday, including
those vehicles entering or exiting the parcel as they make an additional stop when passing by on
the adjacent roadways (pass -by trips). A total of 266 vehicle trips would be made to or from the
parcels during the morning peak (lour. In the afternoon peak hour, a total of 685 vehicles would
enter or exit the site, with 425 of these representing additional vehicles on the adjacent roadways.
PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The directional distribution and routing of the Project trips was based on the traffic patterns in the
study area. The traffic volumes during the 2010 weekday morning and afternoon peak hours are
depicted in Figures 4-1 and 4-2, respectively. The estimated increases in peak hour traffic
volumes and the percentage increase as a result of the Project are listed in Table 4-1.
I Trip Generation, Sixih EJiiion, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1997.
2 Trip Generation P/nudb00%. An 17E Proposed Recommended Practice, Institute ol-I ransportation Engineers, Octobx r 1998.
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11.9 -ACRE PARCEL SOUTH OF PALANI ROAD CILT KEAHUOLU LANDS TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
Q'
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Y YV � WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES 336280\ E-1 In0N8
11.9 -ACRE PARCEL SOUTH OF PALANI ROAD OLT KEAHUOLU LANDS TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
MAKALAPUA
CENTER
KAMAKAEHA
I60
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96
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1.844 274---/ —, R t /I
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1 A nA 2020 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT
336290\BASE.11/20/9!
2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
The largest numerical and percentage traffic increases would occur on the section of Palani Road
between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Project site. The development would increase
traffic volumes on this segment by about 8% and 18% in the morning and afternoon peak hours,
respectively. Traffic on most other roadway segments in the study area would increase by less
than 3%.
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours with the Project traffic are
summarized for the key intersections in Table 4-2. The table presents the overall conditions for
each intersection, with the difference in the values as compared to Table 3-1 representing the
incremental impact of the Project traffic. The conditions in Table 4-2 do not reflect the potential
improvement actions discussed in Chapter 3 except for the traffic signal at the intersection of
Palani Road with Kamakaeha Avenue/Project Main Driveway.
Palani Road-Kamakaeha Avenue -Main Driveway
Traffic conditions at this intersection would remain at very acceptable levels with the addition of
the Project Main Driveway as the south leg of the intersection. The relatively low volumes using
the Driveway in the morning peak hour would have minimal effect on traffic conditions. In the
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WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Table 4-1
TRAFFIC INCREASES
WITH PROJECT
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
Without
Project
Percent
Without
Project
Percent
Location
Pro'ect
Increase
Increase
Project
I Llcrease
Increase
Palani Rd. Makai of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
1,690
25
1.5
2,850
81
2.8
Palani Rd. Mauka of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
1,205
99
8.2
1,690
312
18.5
Palani Rd. Mauka of
HenrySt.
2,820
46
1.6
2,750
76
2.8
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
North of Palani Rd.
2,450
36
1.5
3,220
89
2.7
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
South of HenrySt.
2,590
41
1.6
3,140
88
2.9
Henry St. Mauka of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
2,020
15
0.7
2,660
75
2.9
Wilbur Smith Associates, November 10, 1998
The largest numerical and percentage traffic increases would occur on the section of Palani Road
between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Project site. The development would increase
traffic volumes on this segment by about 8% and 18% in the morning and afternoon peak hours,
respectively. Traffic on most other roadway segments in the study area would increase by less
than 3%.
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours with the Project traffic are
summarized for the key intersections in Table 4-2. The table presents the overall conditions for
each intersection, with the difference in the values as compared to Table 3-1 representing the
incremental impact of the Project traffic. The conditions in Table 4-2 do not reflect the potential
improvement actions discussed in Chapter 3 except for the traffic signal at the intersection of
Palani Road with Kamakaeha Avenue/Project Main Driveway.
Palani Road-Kamakaeha Avenue -Main Driveway
Traffic conditions at this intersection would remain at very acceptable levels with the addition of
the Project Main Driveway as the south leg of the intersection. The relatively low volumes using
the Driveway in the morning peak hour would have minimal effect on traffic conditions. In the
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
Table 4-2
2020 CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS WITH PROJECT
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak
Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.921 27.5 D
1.058 53.1
E
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
HenrySt.
0.938 23.9 C
1.138 **
F
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
0.994 26.3 D
1.338 **
F
Palani Rd. &
Kamakaeha Ave.
0.572 4.4 A
0.750 16.6
C
Palani Rd. &
Middle Pro ect D
* 26.5 D
* 60.7
F
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV =Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS= Level of service.
V/C is not calculated for intersections with STOP sign controls.
** Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates; November 10, 1998
afternoon peak hour, the Project traffic would increase the capacity utilization to 75%, versus
71.3% without the Project. Traffic delays would be at LOS C, versus LOS B without the Project.
Middle and Mauka Project Driveways at Palani Road
The traffic conditions listed in Table 4-2 represent the delays for vehicles turning left from the
Project driveways onto Palani Road. In the afternoon peak hour, vehicles turning left from these
STOP sign -controlled exits would experience long delays while waiting for a gap in the Palani
Road traffic flow. With these long waits, most makai-bound vehicles would likely exit at the
traffic signal -controlled Main Driveway.
The left -turn movement from makai-bound Palani Road into the site should experience only short
wait times. With the forecast volumes, the average delay for the left -turn movement into the site
is estimated at 3.7 seconds (LOS A) in the morning and 11.5 seconds (LOS C) in the afternoon
peak hours.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
Palani Road- Queen Kaahumanu Highway
With the planned State DOT widening project, the intersection would operate at acceptable levels
in the morning peak hour, at 92% of capacity with average delays at LOS D.
The Project would worsen the problem conditions anticipated in the afternoon peak hour with
only the planned addition of through lanes along Queen Kaahumanu Highway. With the Project
traffic, the peak hour volumes would exceed capacity by 5.8%, versus 3.5% without the Project.
If the State provides double left -turn lanes on the mauka-bound Palani Road to address the very
high volumes anticipated for that movement, as discussed in Chapter 3, the intersection would
operate at 95.2% of capacity with the Project traffic versus 92.8% with the Project. The average
delay is estimated as 38.9 seconds (LOS E) with the Project versus 34.3 seconds (LOS E) without
the Project.
Palani Road -Henry Street
The Project traffic would increase the proportion of the intersection capacity used in the morning
peak hour to 99.4% versus 97.3% without the Project. The average delay would increase to LOS
D. In the afternoon peak hour, the traffic volumes are estimated to exceed the existing
intersection capacity by 33.8% with the Project, an increase of 3.9 percentage points from
severely congested conditions forecast without the Project.
The construction of a right -turn lane on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road would more
than offset the impacts of Project traffic oil this intersection. With this lane, the intersection
conditions would be as follows:
Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Morning
0.932
20.4
C
Afternoon
1.096
**
F
Queen Kaahumanu Highway -Henry Street
The Project traffic would have only minimal impact on this intersection. Tile morning peak hour
conditions would remain at acceptable levels with the forecast volumes. The Project traffic in the
afternoon peak hour would contribute an incremental 1.5% increase to the congested conditions
anticipated at this intersection.
With the mitigative actions discussed in Chapter 3, the forecast afternoon peak hour traffic with
the Project would amount to 94.2% of capacity and the intersection would operate at LOS D.
The Project traffic would not warrant additional mitigative actions beyond those needed without
the Project.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
RECOMMENDED MITIGATIVE ACTIONS
If not implemented prior to the development of the Project site, the following actions are
recommended to mitigate traffic impacts of the Project:
Left -turn storage lanes should be provided on makai-bound Palani Road at any
locations at which left turns are permitted into Project driveways.
2. A right-turn/deceleration lane should be provided at the major driveways into the site
along Palani Road.
3. The major Project exit driveway along Palani Road should be provided traffic signal
controls to facilitate the safe exit of traffic turning left onto Palani Road. The
preliminary Project plan locates the Main Driveway opposite Kamakaeha Avenue.
4. A right -turn lane should be constructed on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road
at its intersection with Henry Street to offset the impact of the Project on traffic
conditions at this intersection.
The other potential improvements identified in Chapter 3 are not included as mitigative actions for
the Project since the assessment indicates that those or similar actions would be needed to
accommodate forecast 2020 traffic volumes, whether or not the Project parcel is developed by
2020.
LEFT -TURN LANE FROM PALANI ROAD ONTO KAMAKAEHA AVENUE
At present, the left -turn movement from mauka-bound Palani Road onto Kamakaeha Avenue is
prohibited. All vehicles traveling to Makalapua Center from the areas makai of the site must use
Makala Boulevard to reach the site, or Use Henry Street and turn left onto makai-bound Palani
Road, then right onto Kamakaeha Avenue. Although prohibited, several vehicles were observed
each hour making the left -turn movement.
Traffic conditions were assessed for the year 2020 weekday peak hours if the left -turn movement
onto Kamakaeha Avenue is permitted with the installation of traffic signal controls at the
intersection. The numbers of vehicles turning left were assumed to amount to two-thirds of the
vehicles approaching Makalapua Center from the south on Queen Kaahumanu Highway and one-
half of the vehicles approaching on Makala Boulevard makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
The resultant number of vehicles turning left are estimated as:
Morning Peak Hour 50 vehicles
Afternoon Peak Hour 240
This amounts to about one-third of the vehicles entering the Center and should represent a
conservative (hi(,h) estimate. If a new roadway connection is provided between Queen
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT
Kaahumanu Highway and Makalapua Center, the estimated lett-turns may be reduced by half or
more.
The resultant conditions at the intersection of Palani Road and Kamakaeha Avenue with the 50
and 240 left -turn vehicles in the morning and afternoon peak hours, respectively, and the
provision of a protected left -turn phase, would be as follows:
Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Morning
0.621
T7
B
Afternoon
0.764
21.7
C
The left -turn movement would increase the volume -to -capacity ratio by about 0.05 in the morning
peak hour when the movement is made opposing the peak traffic direction on Palani Road. In the
more heavily traveled afternoon peak hour, the left -turn movement would increase the volume -to -
capacity ratio by only about 0.014 since the peak travel direction along Palani Road would be
mauka-bound, which would permit an overlap with the left -turn movement onto Kamakaeha
Avenue.
The left -turn lane should provide storage for 13 vehicles, based upon the 240 left turns in the peak
hour and an average cycle length of 120 seconds.' This would amount to a storage length of
about 325 feet, and would extend approximately one-half the 700 -foot distance between the
Palani Road intersections with Kamakaeha Avenue and Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
'his would retkxt a 95% probabflm that the storage length "ould not be exceeded.
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Appendix Q
- Archaeological Inventory Survey
60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned
QLT Parcel
Keahuolu Ahupua'a,
North Kona District
Island of Hawai'i
(TMK 3-7-4-08: por 1)
Prepared by PH RI
November 1998
Report 1879-110198
Archaeological Inventory Survey
60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned
QLT Parcel
Keahuolu Ahupua6a, North Kona District
Island of Hawai6i (TMK:3-7-4-08:Por.1)
BY
Jack D. Henrv, B.S.
77to nas R. Wolronh, M.S.
and
Alan E. Hmun, Ph.D.
PREPARED FOR
Project Supervisor
• Project Manager
Principal Investigator
Queen Liliuokaani Trust
clo Belt Collins Hawaii
680 Ala Moana Blvd., First Floor
Honolulu, Hmva'i 96813
NOVEMBER 1998
PHRIPaul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc.
Archaeological • Historical • Cultural Resource Management Studies & Services
HAWAII: 2W Waiaamwx Avenue • H.1, Ha i 96720 • (808) 969.1763 • GUAM: P.O. Box 23305 • GM.F_ Gum 96921 • (671) 472-3117
SUMMARY
This Inventory Survey report is for the approximately 60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned Queen
Liliuokalani Trust (QLT) Parcel situated south of and immediately adjacent to Palani Road, within
Keahuolu Ahupua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (T1W:3-7-4-08:Por.l). There are 35 sites
currently in the project area. In addition, two sites that were destroyed during construction of Henry
Street are described, but are not evaluated in this report. There are 21 temporary habitation sites, ten
livestock control sites, one site with a temporary habitation and a livestock control wall, one
livestock/dump site, one boundary wall site, one trail site, one permanent habitation, and the Kona Field
System site. The only permanent habitation in the project area dates to the historic period. No burials, or
potential burial features, are in the project area.
Three sites (14239, 21465, and 21482) are evaluated as not significant. Thirty-two sites are evaluated
as significant. Data recovery is recommended for seven sites. Six sites (14228, 21462, 21466, 21467,
21468, and 21476) recommended for data recovery are prehistoric temporary habitations in caves. The
historic dump (21463) is also recommended for data recovery. Preservation is recommended for Kuakini
Wall (6302).
III
Contents
I. Introduction I
1.1 Scope of Work 1
1.2 Project Area Description 1
1.3 Prehistoric Settlement and Land Use Patterns - 3
1.4 The Legendary Setting 7
1.5 Historic Land Tenure and Land Use Patterns 9
1.6 Expected Settlement and Land Use Patterns 14
1.7 Methods 16
2. Findings 18
2.1 Formal SitelFeature Types 20
2.2 Functional Categories 22
2.3 Excavations - 41
2.4 Site Descriptions - 41
3. Conclusion 83
3.1 Changes Over Time in the Project Area 83
3.2 Initial Significance Evaluations 86
3.3 Mitigation Recommendations 87
4. References Cited 90
Appendix A: Radiocarbon Results A-1
12
Illustrations
Figure 1.1.1 Project Location Map 2
Figure 2.1 Site Location Map 19
Figure 2.2.1 Site 6601 Agricultural Feature Distribution Map 23
Figure 2.2.2 Site 6601, Feature 7, EU 18S4-2, West Face 27
Figure 2.2.3 Site 6601, Feature 1, EU 1854-3, Northwest Face and
EU 1854-4, Southeast Face - 19
Figure 2.2.4 Site 6601, Feature 85, EU 1854-20, East Face 30
Figure 2.2.5 Site 6601, Feature 23, EU 1854-5, West Face 32
Figure 2.1.6 Site 6601, Feature 104, EU 1854-13, West Face 33
Figure 2.2.7 Site 6601, Feature 101, EU 1854-12, West Face 35
Figure 2.2.8 Portion of c. 1930 Map Showing Sisal Mill 36
Figure 2.1.9 Distribution of Temporary Habitation Saes 38
Figure 2.2. 10 Distribution of Livestock Control Saes 40
Figure 2.4.1 Photograph of Site 6302 43
Figure 2.4.1 Photograph of Site 14215 44
Figure 2.4.3 Plan View of Site 14226 46
Figure 2.4.4 Plan View of Site 14227, and EU 1854-9, Southeast Face 47
Figure 2.45 Plan View of Site 14228, and EU 1854-10, Northeast Face 48
Figure 2.4.6 Photograph of Site 14230 49
Figure 2.4.7 Photograph of Site 14231 50
Figure 2.4.8 Plan View of Site 14238 52
Figure 2.4.9 Photograph of Site 14239 55
Figure 2.4. 10 Plan View of Site 21462, and EU 1854-1, West Face 51
Figure 2.4.11 Plan View of Site 21463, Feature A 59
Figure 2.4.12 Photograph of Site 21463, Feature 8 60
Figure 2.4.13 Plan View of Site 11464, and EU 1854-6, East Face 61
Figure 2.4.14 Plan View of Site 21466, and EU 1854.7, West Face 64
Figure 2.4.15 Plan View of Site 2 146 7, and EU 1854-8, West Face, and
EU 1854.11, North Face - 66
Figure 2.4.16 Plan View of Site 21468, and EU 1854-15, Southwest Face 68
Figure 2.4.17 Photograph of Site 21471 - 69
iv
Illustrations (cont.)
Figure1.4.18
Photograph of Site 21472 70
Table 2.1.1
Figure 2.4.19
Photograph of Site 21473 71
Table 2.2.1
Figure 2.4.20
Plan View of Site 21474, and EU 1854-I6, South
Face, and
EU 1854-21,
South Face 72
Table 1.3.1
Figure 2.4.21
Plan View of Site 21475, and EU 1854-17, North
Face 75
Figure 2.4.22
Plan View of Site 11476 • 77
Table 2.4.2
Figure 2.4.23
Plan Yew of Site 21477, and EU 1854-I8, North
Face 78
Figure 2.4.24
Plan View of Site 21478, and EU 1854-19, South
Face 79
Figure 2.4.25
Plan View of Site 21479, and EU 1854-14, North
Face 81
Figure 2.4.26
Photograph of Site 21480 82
Table 2.4.6
Figure 2.4.27
Plan View of Site 21481 82
Table 2.4.7
Figure 3.1.1
Distribution of Radiocarbon Calibrated Dates and Intercepts 84
Tables
Table 2.1 Summary of Identified Sites and Features 18
Table 2.1.1
Formal and Functional Site and Feature Types
11
Table 2.2.1
Summary of Site 6601 Kona Field System Elements
- 25
Table 2.2.2
Summary of Temporary Habitation Sites 37
Table 1.3.1
Summary of Excavation Units 42
Table 2.4.1
Summary of Wall Site 6302 43
Table 2.4.2
Summary of Wall Site 14225 44
Table 2.4.3
Summary of Enclosure Site 14230 - 49
Table 2.4.4
Summary of Wall Site 14231 50
Table 2.45
Summary of Wall Site 14239 54
Table 2.4.6
Site 21462, EU -I, Inventory of Material Remains
58
Table 2.4.7
Site 21466, EU -7, Inventory of Material Remains
63
Table 2.4.8
Site 21467, EU -8, Inventory of Material Remains
65
Table 2.4.9
Site 11467, EU -11, Inventory of Material Remains
67
Table 2.4. 10 Site 21468, ELL 15, Inventory of Material Remains
67
Table 1.4.11
Summary of Wall Site 21471 70
Table 2.4.12
Site 21474-A, EU -16, Inventory of Material Remains
73
Table 1.4.13
Site 21474-A, EU -21, Inventory of Material Remains
74
Table 3.2.1
Initial Significance and Recommended Mitigation
88
v
1. INTRODUCTION
This inventory survey report is for the approximately 60 -acre Agricultural Zoned Queen Liliuokalani
Trust (QLT) Parcel situated south of and immediately adjacent to Palani Road, within Keahuolu
Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-4-08:Por.1). The purpose of the current
investigation is to provide information sufficient to facilitate planning for future development within the
project area. The investigation was conducted in accordance with all current historic preservation
regulatory review guidelines (draft rules) of the State of Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural
Resources - State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD), as contained within Hawaii
Administrative Rules, Title 13, Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Division Rules (DLNR 1996).
The significance of all archaeological remains identified within the project area were assessed in terms of
the Chapter 275: Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review (DLNR 1996).
1.1 SCOPE OF WORK
The following tasks were conducted to ensure that the inventory survey was adequate and
appropriate for the project needs:
L Background review and research of archaeological and historical documentary
literature relating to the project area and its immediate vicinity;
2. Pedestrian surface survey and complete inventory survey -level recordation of all
identified sites;
3. Limited subsurface testing at selected sites to obtain information appropriate for
site evaluation; and
4. Analyze data and prepare appropriate reports
1.2 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION
The boundaries of the project are: Palani Road on the north; a line parallel to the ocean at about 200
feet (60 meters) above sea level on the west; the boundary between the ahupua'a of Keahuolu and
Lanihau I-2 on the south; and a line parallel to the ocean about 460 feet (140 meters) above sea level on
the east (Figure 1.'.1). The mean annual temperature in the area is approximately 75 degrees F
(Armstrong 1983:63-64), and annual rainfall in the general vicinity of the project area is 75 to 100 cm (30
to 40 in). The bedrock in the project area is pahoehoe flow created prior to 1-0,000 years ago (Wolfe and
Morris 1996). Soils in the project area are Punalu'u extremely stony peat (6-20% slopes) and pahoehoe
lava flows (Sato et al. 1973). The Punalu'u extremely rocky peat represents the Punalu'u series of well -
drained, thin organic soils (c. four inches thick) overpahoehoe bedrock.
The predominate tree species in the project area are kiawe (Prosopis pallida [Humb. and Bonp. ex
Willd.] HBK), koa-haole (Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit, alahe'e (Canthium odoratum [Forst.]
Seem), and Christmas berry (Schinus terbinthijolius Raddi). Understory plants are dominated by lantana
(Lantana carnara L.), kohl (dcasia jarnesiana [L.] Willd.), 'ilima (Sida sp.), fountain grass (Penniseturn
\ •• . � � fit 1000 II000'\
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"KAILUA, HAWAII")
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2
■ MAP LOCATION
setaceum [Forsk.] Chiov.), California grass (Brachiaria mutica [Forsk.] Stapf), Jamaica vervain
(Stachytarpheta jamaicensis [L.1 Vahl), and air plant (Brophyllum pinnaturn [Lam.] Kurz.). Some of trees
in the western portion of the project area are covered with an epiphytic cactus, the night -blooming cereus
(Hylocereus undatus [Haw.] Britt. and Rose). In addition, a few tall sisal plants (Agave sisalina [Engelm.
Perrine]) were noted in the eastern portion of the project area.
Vegetation prior to human occupation was probably native shrubland and forests with 'a'ali'i
(Dodonaea viseosa), 'akia (Wikstroemia spp), 'aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense), ko'oko'olau (Bide,
men_iesii), pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae), alahe'e (Canthium odoratum), and 'ahi'a (Metrosideros
polymorpha) (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). The grasslands observed just inland from the shoreline in the
late 1700s and early 1800s (Beaglehole 1967; Ellis 1827) were probably created as a result of burning
and clearing by native Hawaiians (Kirch 1982). Alien grasses that currently dominate the project area
were introduced in the early 1900s to promote cattle grazing (Haun et al. 1998). Modem impacts to the
area have occurred as a result of cattle grazing and mechanical grubbing.
Prior impacts to the land surface and subsurface components within and adjacent to the project area
range from minimal to substantial. Extensive impacts are evident in the west half of the property, where
bulldozing and modem trash dumping have occurred. The east half of the property has also been
impacted by bulldozing, with push piles evident along the inland side of Henry Street, and along Palani
Road. The installation of a telephone pole support wire along Palani Road damaged one wall site
(14239).
1.3 PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE PATTERNS
Explication of the settlement and land use patterns for project areas are required in several sections
of the relevant draft regulations governing the cultural resource assessments in Hawaii (DLNR 1996).
This provides the context for the interpretation of the archaeological results and their significance. For
this project the numerous investigations in the Kona region provided information sufficient to formulate
general settlement and land use models for the current project area, and information on archaeological
work done specifically in the project area was obtained from records at the SHPD Hawaii Island office.
Previous Archaeological Work in the Project Area
Several archaeological investigations have been conducted within portions of the project area. The
purpose and general results from those investigations are presented in this section. Sites that were
identified during those investigations are discussed individually in the Site Description section of this
report.
Inventory survey work was conducted along the southern side Palani Road for the Department of
Public Works (Jensen 1990). There were 32 sites identified with a total of 44 features. All of the historic
sites in that project area are boundary walls, including Kuakini Wall. Prehistoric features include a
storage cave, temporary habitation structures (a cave, modified outcrops, C -shapes, and U -shapes), and
agricultural mounds. Testing at four sites revealed shallow soil deposits with limited subsistence debris
and artifacts. Foto radiocarbon dates indicate that the area was occupied and used from AD 1400 through
the end of the prehistoric period.
A series of investigations were conducted for the Henry Street Extension including reconnaissance
(Rosendahl 1993), inventory survey (Wulzen, Wolforth, and Franklin 1996), and additional tests (Wulzen
and Wolforth 1997). This project area is in the central portion of the project area. Historic walls,
including Kuakini Wall, and two prehistoric sites (a temporary habitation and several agricultural
features) were the only sites encountered in this highly disturbed area. Two radiocarbon dates suggests
occupation in the area after AD 1600s. Material remains from the temporary habitation (Site 19486)
include a few subsistence remains, basalt and volcanic glass flakes, an echinoid abrader, bone awls, and
historic metal and glass fragments.
Results of the previous investigations within the project area are consistent with the current
understanding of settlement and land use practices of the Kona Field System. Notably, no burial remains
were encountered in the previous work in the project area. Inventory survey work directly across Palani
Road from the current project area (Donham 1990) demonstrates that the same kinds of historic and
prehistoric features occur nearby. In addition to the usual habitation and agricultural features expected
for the this portion of the Kona Field System, features across Palani Road include trails and cairns.
The Kona Field System
Many of the projects conducted within Kona deal with archaeological components of the Kona Field
System (Cordy 1995; Newman 1970; Schilt 1984). This area extends north at least to Ka'u Ahupua'a
and south to H6naunau, west from the coastline and east to the forested slopes of Hualalai (Cordy 1995).
A large portion of this area is designated in the Hawaii SIHP (State Inventory of Historic Places) as Site
50-10-37-6601 and has been determined eligible for inclusion in the NRNP. The basic characteristics
and general locations of the zones within the system as presented in Newman (1970) have been
confirmed and elaborated on by more intensive and extensive ethnohistorical investigations (Kelly 1983).
Schilt (1984) used information gathered from a transect across the Kona Field System to propose a
chronology of development for the system. The basic archaeological spatio-temporal characteristics of
the system include the following zones and chronology.
The kula zone is the area from sea level to 150 in above mean sea level (AMSL). Annual rainfall in
the kola zone is 75 to 125 cm. This lower elevation zone is traditionally associated with habitation and
the cultivation of sweet potatoes ('uala), paper mulberry (wauke), and gourds (lpu). Agricultural features,
such as clearing mounds, planting mounds, planting depressions, modified outcrops, and planting
terraces, are common throughout much of this zone (Hammatt and Clark 1980; Hammatt and Folk 1980;
Haun et al. 1998; Schilt 1984). Dwellings can be scattered throughout the agricultural portion of the kola,
but they are commonly concentrated along the shoreline subdivision of the kula zone (Cordy 1981;
Hammatt and Folk 1980). The shoreline zone, extending inland approximately 200 in, was used primarily
for permanent habitation and other non-agricultural activities, such as canoe storage, ceremonial and
burial practices, recreation, and fishing -related activity.
Royal centers and high chiefly centers were also situated within the shoreline of the kula. These
complexes include dwellings for rulers, chiefs, and the supporting populace, places of refuge, and other
structures. Single or clustered burials are also situated in the shoreline, and near -shore kula (Han et al.
1986; Hamman and Clark 1980; Hammatt and Meeker 1979). Burials occur in caves, within finely built
platforms, cruder rock mounds, and houses in the shoreline, and are more often in the near -shore kula
(Cordy 1995; Han et al. 1986; Schilt 1984; Tainter 1973; Tomonari-Tuggle 1993).
The kaluulu zone is at 150 to 300 m AMSL, with an annual rainfall of 100 to 140 cm. This is a
zone of cultivation of sweet potatoes, paper mulberry, and especially breadfruit ('ulu). This zone is not
archaeological distinguishable from the neighboring 'apa'a zone (Cordy 1995). Based on this situation,
it is currently held that the demographic patterns are the same for these two zones. The 'apa'a zone is
between 300 to 750 in AMSL, with an annual rainfall of 140 to 200 cm. This zone was associated with
the dryland cultivation of taro, sweet potato, ti, and sugar cane. There are archaeological indications of
permanent habitation in the 'apa'a zone, but these occur infrequently (Burtchard 1995; Kaschko and
Rosendahl 1987; Henry, Wolforth and Rosendahl 1996). Habitation at these elevations was observed by
the early chroniclers, but many of these may have been for temporary use in agriculture, bird -catching,
and timbering pursuits. Obvious archaeological expressions of burials and ceremonial areas are rare for
the upper elevations (Kawachi 1989). Neiau and burial interments may be much less formal in this zone,
and as such, not as readily distinguishable from habitations without excavation. Burials may be more
frequently interred in caves at the higher elevations.
Kuaiwi are a prominent feature of the landscape within the 'apa'a, neighboring 'ama'u, and probably
the kaluulu zones (Cordy 1995; Newman 1970). These are low, broad, long piles of rocks that serve
several functions in the system. The piles are a by-product of land clearing — removing rocks from the
planting soil in the fields. Kuaiwi are oriented upslope-downslope with shorter, connecting segments
oriented perpendicular. Specific fields are thus marked by the rectangular pattern created by the kuaiwi.
The short, perpendicular segments serve to trap soils moving downslope, creating terrace -like areas to
enhance planting (Burtchard 1995; Hammatt et al. 1997; Wolforth 1998). The presence of kuaiwi is
indicative of "formal walled fields," as opposed to the scattered planting mounds and terraces, or
"informal fields."
The 'ama'u zone is at 750 to 1,200 in AMSL where annual rainfall is over 200 cm. This zone was
associated with the cultivation of bananas and plantains (both called mai'a). The dearth of archaeological
investigations in this uppermost zone precludes any clear assessment of the archaeological expression for
the 'ama'u. Small, temporary habitations in support of short -tens resource extraction and agricultural
maintenance can be expected (Allen 1984; Burgett and Rosendahl 1991).
The outline of the Kona Field System above provides a rough sketch of the distribution of the
archaeological manifestations of the cultural construct. In general, the zones can be thought of as bands
oriented north -south, parallel to the ocean. Deviations from this idealized model occur, and are associated
with environmental and cultural phenomenon discussed below.
The distribution of soils suitable for agriculture determines, in part, the locations of the formal
walled fields, and the distribution of suitable soils is directly associated with older lava flows.
Consequently, areas of young lava flow in the 'apa'a do not always have kuaiwi (Burtchard 1995;
Hammatt et al. 1994; Haun et al. 1998). Formal walled fields can also be present further downslope and
upslope than expected in the idealized model (Allen 1984; Barters 1990; Hammatt et al. 1994; Walker
and Rosendahl 1988).
The large and densely populated royal centers were situated at several locations along the shoreline
between Kailua and Honaunau (Cordy 1995; Tomonari-Tuggle 1993). The residential areas, large and
small Neiau, sporting areas, and burial clusters, are present continuously farther inland than the usual 200
meters for the shoreline habitation portion of the kula. Consequently, a variety of non-agricultural
features are present in the kula near royal centers.
Based on the site-specific data generated by the archaeological investigations, the Kona Field System
can be thought of as a series of primary bands oriented north -south, parallel to the ocean, with the
distribution of the formal walled fields deviating to the east (upslope) and west (downslope) in concert
with the preferred soils (on older lava flows), and with royal center zones radiating out from the shoreline
at several locations.
5
The archaeological data also provides a significant contribution to understanding how the Kona Field
System changed over time. The process of examining these changes is an ongoing one, as reflected in
the various suggestions for a cultural chronology of the system (Burtchard 1995; Cordy 1995; Haun et al.
1998; Kirch 1985; Hommon 1986; Schilt 1984). The chronology and terminology outlined by Haun et al.
(1998) is used for this discussion.
The Kona Field System was not brought to Kona as a fully -developed system. Rather, it grew out of,
and integrated with, the evolving socio-political structure and increasing population in the island chain.
The first inhabitants of Hawaii Island probably arrived by at least AD 600, and focused habitation and
subsistence activity on the windward side of the island (Burtchard 1995; Kirch 1985; Hommon 1986). To
date, there is no archaeological evidence for occupation of the Kona region during this initial, or
Colonization (AD 300 to 600) stage of island occupation.
There is also little indication that during the subsequent period, Early Expansion (AD 600 to 1100),
much activity was taking place in Kona (Burtchard 1995: Table 3-3). Through the first half of the Early
Expansion Period, permanent habitation was still concentrated on the windward side. It is likely that
windward residents traveled to the leeward Kona coast to fish and collect other resources (Cordy 1995).
By the latter half of the Early Expansion Period, permanent habitation was beginning in Kona (Cordy
1981,1995; Schilt 1984). Habitation was concentrated along the shoreline and lowland slopes, and
informal fields were probably situated in the kula and higher elevations, areas with higher rainfall.
Agricultural fields and habitation areas expanded across the slopes and coastal area of Hualalai
during the Late Expansion Period (AD 1100 to 1400) (Burtchard 1995; Cordy 1995). The earliest fields
may have been located in the southern portion of the system (Schilt 1984; Wolforth 1998), with new
fields expanding northward over time (Haun et al. 1998).
The development of the extensive formal walled fields sometime during the initial stages of the
Intensification Period (AD 1400 to 1600) marks the initiation of the Kona Field System (Schilt 1984).
The development of the fields may be in part a by-product of the need to extract more subsistence
resources from an increasingly limited agricultural base. The population in Kona increased dramatically
during this period, as reflected in the abundant radiocarbon dates from habitation structures, shelter
caves, and agricultural soils of this period (Burtchard 1995; Haun et al. 1998; Schilt 1984). During this
period, the stratified chiefdom structure becomes clearly developed in the archaeological record. Large
residential complexes and heiau reflect the segregation of places and power for the growing hierarchy of
high and lower chiefs, and ceremonial stewards (Cordy 1981; Haun et al. 1998; Hommon 1986). The
produce from the formal walled fields were distributed to higher chiefs through a hierarchy of lower
chiefs responsible for management and collection of the cultivated and wild resources.
By the time of the Competition Period (AD 1600 to 1800), the royal centers and larger heiau were in
place, reflecting the growth in power of the rulers and chiefs ih the region (Barrera 1971; Hammatt and
Folk 1980). Resources may have reached their maximum carrying capacity, resulting in social stress
between neighboring groups. Hostility between groups is reflected archaeologically with the development
of refuge caves during this period (Schilt 1984). This volatile period was probably accompanied by
internal rebellion and territorial annexation (Hommon 1986; Kirch 1985). Royal centers are located at
Kailua, Holualoa, Kahalu'u, Kealakekua, and Honaunau (Cordy 1995).
Archaeological data contributes to the delineation of habitation activities during the historic period in
the Kona Field System. Nineteenth century habitation features built on stone platforms are present in the
kula (Hammatt and Meeker 1979; Schilt 1984). Stone p?atforms with clearly defined internal divisions
are present (O'Hare and Wolforth 1997) and probably reflect a change in residential plans from a
complex of multiple, separate, single -function structures (men's sleeping, women's sleeping, cooking) to
a single structure with multiple rooms and functions (entire family's quarters and cooking) (Ladefoged
1991). Burials with historic -era accouterments and architecture (i.e., mortar and corrugated tin) are
present in the lower elevations. These can be isolated structures or interments within stone platforms
(O'Hare and Wolforth 1997).
1.4 THE LEGENDARY SETTING
The legendary setting for this project area is the same as was identified (Maly 1996) during the
inventory survey work for the Henry Street Extension (Wulzen et al. 1996). The traditional histories
discussed below are from newspaper accounts, historians, and observations from early European
travelers. Accounts from the newspapers must be considered within the context of their printed
presentation; the stories may have been modified and embellished for publication, and may not reflect
unadulterated traditional versions.
"Ka'ao Ho oniva Pu'uwvai No Ka-,Viki" ([the] Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki) was published as a
serial in the Hawaiian newspaper Ka Hoku a Hawaii in 1914 through 1917. It is an account of two
supernatural brothers, Ka-Miki (The quick, or adept one) and Maka-'iole (Rat [squinting] eyes) who
traveled around the island of Hawaii along the ancient ala loa and ala hele (trails and paths) which
encircled the island. Ka-Miki and Maka-'iole were empowered by their ancestress Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-
kolo-i-uka (The great entangled growth of uluhe fern which spreads across the uplands), a reincarnate
form of the earth -mother goddess, creative force of nature Haumea (also called Papa) who dwelt at
Kalama'ula in the uplands of Kohana-iki, Kona.
Bom in 'e'epa (mysterious — premature) forms, Ka .Miki and Maka-'iole were the children of
P6haku-o-K5ne (k) and Kapa'ihilani (w), the ah'i of the lands of Kohana-iki and Kaloko. Reared by Ka-
uluhe and instructed in the uses of their supernatural powers, Ka-uluhe sent Ka-Miki and Maka-' iole on a
journey around the island of Hawaii to challenge disreputable '61ohe (experts, skilled in all manner of
fighting techniques and competing in riddling, running, leaping, fishing and debating contests etc.) and
priests whose dishonorable conduct offended the gods of ancient Hawai' i.
The legend is set in the time of Pili-a-Ka'aiea (Pili), sovereign chief of all Kona around the 13th
century. During their journey, Ka-Miki and Maka-'iole competed along the trails and on the kahua
le'ale'a (contest arenas) associated with the royal courts of the chiefs of the islands' six districts. Their
story provides commentary on: place name origins; site and community histories; local and regional
practices; ceremonial and inele (chant) texts.
Following an 'siva ceremony with their ancestress Ka-uluhe, Ka-Miki and his brother Maka-'iole
ventured from Kalama'ula below the summit of Hualalai to visit some of the places of Kona. Upon
returning to Kalama'ula, Ka-uluhe described the lands, features and people that they had seen:
...Within the lands of Keahuolu you saw Hale-pa'u (Interpretive translation: Sooty
[soot covered] house ) which is also near Ka-pa-wai (The water enclosure).
Kapiwai is also known as Maka'eo (Look with anger), and a coconut grove
encircled those places. Further on, between the lands of Keahuolu and Kealakehe
was the dhua (hillock -plantation mound) of Lae-oniau... (April 2 and 9, 1914)
...The priest who officiated over rituals of Keahuolu and Kealakehe was named
Kalua'61apauila. He was the priest of the temple Kalihi, which is also called
Kalua'61apauila. This temple is in the coastal area along the border of Keahuolu
and Kealakehe, near the old road into Kailua... (April 30, 1914)
7
...The district of Keahuolu and divisions of Lanihau (1 and 2) were under the rule
of Kapohoku'imaile (kane) and Papalula (wahine), and Papaumauma was their
warrior champion. When Papaumauma competed with Ka-Miki at the contest site
'Iwa'awa'a (at Kohana-iki), he was defeated. Papaumauma was honorable, and he
greatly admired the superior skills of Ka-Miki and asked to tum his status and land
rights over to Ka-Miki, but Ka-Miki declined... (May 21, 1914)
Ka-noenoe (The mist, fogginess) The mound -hill called Pu'u-o-Kaloa sits upon the
plain of Kanoenoe which is associated with both Keahuolu and Kealakehe. The
settling of mists upon Pu'u-o-Kaloa was a sign of pending rains; thus the traditional
farmers of this area would prepare their fields. This plain was referenced by Pili
when he described to Ka-Miki the extent of the lands which Ka-Miki would over
see upon marrying the sacred chiefess Paehala of Honokohau. The inheritance
lands included everything from the uplands of Hikuhia above Nipu'u and the lands
of the waterless Kekaha, which spanned from the rocky plain of Kaniku
(Keahualono) to the plain of Kanoenoe at Pu'uokaloa. (October 25, 1917)
Pu'u-o-kaloa (Mound, or hill of Kaloa) The narratives in Ka-Miki identify
Pu'uokaloa as "Pu'uokaloa i ka malo o Ka'eha a waiho ala..." Pu'uokaloa where
Ka'eha's loin cloth (symbolic of the mists) was spread out. (October 25, 1917)
Another legendary account, also published in the Hawaiian newspaper Ka Hoku o Haivai'i, was
authored by J. W.H.I. Kihe, and titled "Na Ho'onanea o ka Manmva, Kekahi rnau Wahi Pana o Kekaha
ma Kona" (A pleasant passing of time, [Stories from] Some of Famous Places of Kekaha at Kona). The
account from this series cited below describes agricultural practices of the area:
Pu'u-o-kaloa is a mound -hill site in the lands of Keahuolu - Kealakehe, not far
from the shore of Kaiwi and Hi'iakanoholae. During periods of dry weather (Ka la
tnalo'o) when planted crops, from the grassy plains to the 'ama'uma'u (fern forest
zone) zone, and even the ponds (ki'o wai) were dry, people would watch this hill
for signs of coming rains. When the Chau (light dew mists) sat atop the hill of
Pu'u-o-kaloa, rains were on the way. Planters of the districts agricultural fields
watched for omens at Pu'uokaloa, and it was from keen observation and diligent
work that people prospered on the land. If a native of the land was hungry, and
came asking for food, the person would be asked:
Ua ka ua i Pu'uokaloa, Thea 'oe?
When rains fell at Pu'uokaloa, where were you? (If the answer was...
I Kona nei no!
In Kona! (there would be no sweet potatoes for this person.)
But if the answer was:
I Kohala nei no!
In Kohala! (The person would be given food to eat for they had been away, thus
unable to accomplish the planting.) [May 19, 1914]
The northern seaward boundary of Keahuolu is Kaiwi, referencing Ka-Miki once again we are
provided with an account of the place name origin, and descriptions of associated features:
0
Ka-iwi (The bone) is also called Ka-lae-o-Ka-iwi (The point of Ka-iwi) and is the
name of a shark shaped stone near heiau of Kalua'olapauila. The priest
Kalua'olapauila had two body forms, one human, as the priest; and the other body
form as a shark in which he swam along the shore of Kealakehe and Keahuolu,
attacking people. The shark form was named Kaiwi, and the point Ka-lae-o-Kaiwi
is named for him.
Both the priest and shark had offended Ka-uluhe and Haumea ma, and
Kalua'olapauila plotted to kill Ka-Miki and his brother. Ka-uluhe warned Ka-Miki
and Maka-'iole about the priests' intentions (April 30, 1914), and Ka-Miki revealed
the Kalua'olapauila's dual forms to the people of the region. Found guilty of
attacking people, Kalua'olapauila was fetched (Ki'ikahala) and baked in an imu.
The site where the imu was located is in the parcel of'Ohiki (Kauahia), at the place
called Ke puhi-Imnaka (The baked man), below the royal compound of Ka'aipapa'a
at Kaloko. (June 11, 1914)
When Kaiwi was sleeping in an underwater cavern, he was startled by the heat of
his body, and he realized that his human form was being burned. Kaiwi determined
to save Kalua'olapauila by getting to the heiau of Kalua'olapauila (also called
Kalihi). Once there, the priest would be restored, and they would destroy those
responsible for trying to kill them. When Kaiwi reached the shore, the winds
became wild, the seas rose, the sky darkened and rains fell. Ka-uluhe understood
the nature of these signs, and she chanted to Ka-Miki, warning him about Kaiwi's
actions.
Ka-Miki chanted to Ka-uluhe and Pele for assistance in defeating Kaiwi, and Pele
sent a great flash flying from Mauna loa. It struck Kaiwi and turned him to stone
where he remains on the south (Keahuolu) side of the heiau. This event was also
the source of naming the point of Hi'iakanoholae. (June 11, 1914)
LS HISTORIC LAND TENURE AND LAND USE PATTERNS
During the reign of Kamehameha III, the most significant event in the reformation of the land system
was incorporated. "The Great Mahele" separated and defined the undivided land interests of the King
(Chinn 1958, 1961). More than 240 of the highest ranking chiefs and honohiki in the kingdom joined
Kamehameha III in this division. The first Mahele was signed on Jan. 27, 1848 by Kamehameha III, and
for Princess Victoria Kamamalu by her guardians Mataio Kekuanao'a and Ione I'i. The last thele was
signed by the King and E. Enoka on March 7, 1848 (Chinn 1958:16).
The ahupua'a of Keahuolu was awarded to Ane Keohokalole (d. 1857), mother King David
Kalakaua, Queen Lydia Lili'uokalani, and William Pitt Leleioh6ku (who was adopted by Ruth
Ke'elikolani). Her youngest daughter, Miriam Likelike, was the mother of Ka'iulani, who was
proclaimed heir apparent in 1891 after her aunt, Lili'uokalani, took the throne following the death of
Kalakaua. Keohokalole was the great-granddaughter of Kame'eiamoku, one of the important chiefs who
supported Kamehameha I during his rise to power. Approximately half of the lands that Keohokalole
received in the Mdhele were on the island of Hawaii, and two-thirds of those were lands in Kona District
(Kelly 1983:31).
A part of Keohokalole's land holdings included LCA 8452, Apana 12 (Royal Patent 6851), the
ahupua'a of Keahuolu a parcel which had a total area of 4,071 acres, and in order to keep Keahuolu,
Keohokalole commuted some of her other land holdings. Excerpts pertaining to the chiefess' lands, from
the State Archives Land Files correspondence, include the following communications:
To Your Highness, John Young
Minister of Interior
Greetings:
Here is a list of names of my lands which has been left for me pending for an
approval of its distribution....Keahuolu ahupua'a, Kona, Hawai'i...
With appreciation,
A. Keohokalole (Native Test. 10:326-327)
Whenever ali'i (royalty) were awarded an entire ahupua'a, they were required to respect the rights of
the existing tenants. If a hoa'aina (native tenant) filed a claim to the Board of Commissioners to Quiet
Land Titles, and it was accepted, the tenant(s) were able to continue to reside upon and cultivate their
parcels. Aside from Keohokalole, six other individuals were awarded land within the ahupua'a of
Keahuolu. The following are excerpts of testimonies for lands which were granted within Keahuolu
(Board of Commissioners 1929), only one of the awards appears to be on the coast, and the other awards
appear to have been situated nearer the forests' edge (c. 750 foot elevation), based on the descriptions of
agricultural products. One testimony for award LCA 10303, to Ma'a, is included in its entirety below
because of its diversity; the narrative describes land use in both the upland and coastal regions:
LCA 11071- Aid for .60 acres (Native Testimony 4:527)
Kuia swom, He has seen Aki's land that which he had cultivated himself, it is in
the 71i land of Papua'aiki of Keahuolu ahuptra'a, Hawai'i. Section 1, 5 cultivated
kihapai (gardens). Section 2, 1 garden area not cultivated. Section 3, 4 planted
gardens. Section 6, just below the land unit of Papua'anui, and above the shoreward
trail to Kohala... These land interests were his throuZh Kaea, Nahaalualu and
Halekahi in the time of Kamehameha I, no one has opposed him.
LCA 10303 - Ma'a for 2.25 acres (Native Testimony 4:526)
Mahu, ho'ohiki 'ia: Ua 'ike au he pauku 'aina 'oko'a, aka, a like no me kana i ha'i
ai ma kana palapala kuleana; pela no 11 kihapai kalo, 10 kihapai mahi 'uwala, aia
ma ka 'ili 'aina I Maili, Ahupua'a o Keahuolu.
1 - Kalo: mauka o Honu 'ili 'aina; ma Ka'u o ke ahupua'a o Lanihau 1; makai o
Papua'a 'ili 'aina; ma Kohala o Papua'anui, ua mahi hapa 'ia.
2-'Uwala: mauka o Papua'anui 'ili 'aina; ma Ka'u ahupua'a o Lanihau 1; makai o
Honu 'ili 'aina; ma Kohala o Papua'aiki. Ua mahi hapa 'ia, a'ole i pau loa i ka
mahi'ia, he mau kumu loulu 7, na Samuela ka hua, na Ma'a i kanu, o Iaua pu ka i
loko o kaia mau kumu loulu 7. He uluniu kekahi na kona mau kupuna i kanu nana
LN nona ka 'aina, o ka malama o ka na kupuna o Ma'a, a pals mai i kona mau
makua, a hiki loa mai iaia i kaia wa, a i ka wa i make ai o Ke6ua, lilo ka niu is
Keohokalole. Malaila ka lilo ana a hiki I k5ia wa. He'Aina Pa'akai 1 'apana 'oko'a
ke hana nei no i ka pa'akai...
f0
He 'aina kahiko no kona mau kupuna, a i kona mau makua, a iaia i keia wa, i ka wa
o Kamehameha 1, loa'a i kona mau kupuna ka 'ili 'aina o Maili i Keahuolu...
Kuia, Ho'ohiki'ia: Ua like no ko ma 'ike, no na mea apau i pili i ka 'aina o Ma'a.
(Translation)
Mahu sworn: I have seen all the parcels of land, but, it is just as he [Ma'a] has
indicated in his land claim; there are i I dryland taro gardens, and 10 dryland sweet
potato gardens in the land unit of Maili in the ahupua'a of Keahuolu.
1 - Taro land: towards the uplands is the land parcel of Honu; towards Ka'u is the
land of Lanihau 1; towards the shore is the Papua'a (Pig enclosure) land unit;
towards Kohala is Papua'anui (the larger Papua'a); it is partially cultivated.
2 - Sweet potato land: towards the uplands, is the Papua'anui land unit; towards
Ka'% is the land of Lanihau 1; towards the shore is the land unit of Honu; towards
Kohala is Papua'aiki. It is partially cultivated, not completed planted. There are 7
loulu [Pritchardia palms] planted by Ma'a, the fruit is for Samuela, they are
together for these loulu trees. There is also a coconut grove, planted by his elders
for the chief to whom the land belonged, it was cared for by the elders of Ma'a, and
then by his parents, and now by him at this time. It was at the time of the death of
Keoua, that the coconut trees went to Keohokalole. And this is how it has been
handed down to this time. There is also a Salt [making] Land, 1 entire section in
which salt is made.
This is an ancient land [holding], from his elders, to his parents, and now to him at
this time. It was in the time of Kamehameha 1, that his elders received the land of
Maili in Keahuolu.
LCA 10345 - Nahaalualu for 2 acres (Native Testimony 4:527)
Kuia sworn: I have seen his cultivated place in the land unit of Pu'uokali'u in the
ahupua'a of Keahuolu, Hawaii. Section 1, cultivated; Section 2, in Papa'ula, 4
cultivated gardens; Section 3, 1 cultivated garden, Section 4, on the Kohala side of
Ma'a are 4 cultivated gardens....
LCA 10198 - Hailewalewa for 1.30 ac (Native Testimony 4:525)
Mahu sworn, He has seen the place on which Hailewalewa had cultivated with his
own hands, it is in Ululele 71i of Keahuolu ahupua'a. Section 1 Taro. Section 2,
Kaluulu. Land has been cultivated, 1 land section. On land from Hailewalewa's
parents to him. Uncertainty for 1 section.
LCA 8012-'Apiki for 1.10 acre (Native Testimony 8:676)
Mahu, sworn, says he knows the kaleana of Claimant in Kailua, Kona. It consists
of 5 patches of kalo and a lot of patches of potatoes. The kalo patches form 1 piece,
bounded on Ka'u side by Lanihau, makai by the land of Papa'ula; Kohala side the
same, mauka by Hai's land. The potato land is bounded mauka by Haino's land,
Ka'u side by Lanihau, makai by Kahili's land, Kohala side the same. Claimant
derived the land from the Konohiki, before the death of Kuakini, and has held it
ever since without disputes.
LCA 7351 - Kahuenui for 2.90 acres (Native Testimony 8:682)
Papa'ula, sworn says I know the claim of Kahuenui. It is in the ahupua'a of
Keahuolu, Kona. It consists of one piece of kalo land, 5 patches—all lying together.
One of these patches is planted with coffee. It is bounded ntauka by the land of
Kaho'okohukane'ole, Ka'u by Lanihau, makai by the land Nahaalualu, Kohala by
the konohiki. Claimant received this land from his brother in 1846, and his title has
never been disputed.
The complete boundary references (not included above) in the LCA narratives indicate that these six
land awards were in the same general area (with the exception of the "salt producing land" of Ma'a); one
individual's land appears to border another individual's land. Additionally, use of the term "kaluulu'
(i.e., ka-uluulu - an area of abundant growth) designates a viable area of the Kona dry land agricultural
system at c. 500 to 1000 ft in elevation (Kelly 1983:73). Though no map identifying the exact locations
of the LCAs has been located, we are given an idea of their location through the use of the word
"kaluulu," and the fact that Lanihau is the Ka'u-side boundary of several parcels.
Regarding the land claim of Keohokalole, her son, David Kalakaua (the King 1874-1891) wrote a
letter to his sister, Lili'uokalani (the Queen 1891-1893), and provided a detailed description of Keahuolu:
This land is situated in the District of North Kona, bounded by the ahupuaa of
Lanihau (in Kailua) belonging to Prince Lunalilo on the Kau side, and on the
Kohala side, by Kealakehe, a government land and Honokohauiki belonging to
Keelikolani. Keahuolu runs clear up to the mountains and includes a portion of
nearly one half of Hualalai mountains. On the mountains the koa, kukui and ohia
abounds in vast quantities. The upper land or inland area is arable, and suitable for
growing coffee, oranges, taro, potatoes, bananas &c. Breadfruit trees grow wild as
well as the koli oil seed. The lower land is adopted for grazing cattle, sheep, goat,
&c. The fishery is very extensive and a fine grove of cocoanut trees of about 200 to
300 grows on the beach. The flat land near the sea beach is composed chiefly of
lava, but herbs and shrubbery grows on it and [it is] suitable for feed of sheep and
goats. It is estimated at 15,000 to 20,000 acres or more (July 8, 1869).
One of the prominent historic period archaeological features in the Kailua region is Kuakini Wall, a
wall reportedly built at the order of the governor -chief Kuakini (c.1830-1840). A portion of the wall is in
the project area:
It has long been presumed that this wall was built sometime during the
governorship of John Adam Kuakini (1820.1844) to protect the cultivated uplands
from the depredations of cattle. However, as the wall is at all points less than a
mile from the seacoast, only the food plots in the coastal region would have been
protected by it. It probably would have only kept cattle and horses grazing on the
kula away from the house lots and small gardens along the shoreline (Kelly
1983:75).
...the Kuakini wall may have been the Pd'dina named as the makai boundary in
several claims to land along its course. At times, the wall reaches a height of 8 or 9
feet, which seems unnecessarily high as a barrier to roaming cattle or pigs... The
fact that the term used in the register of claims in "pdpipi," which refers to a wall
12
or enclosure for cattle, not pigs, should answer the question of what kind of animal
the wall was meant to restrict in the 1840s. Perhaps in more recent years it serves
other purposes. Why it is located between the coast and the gardens, instead of
between the grazing land and the gardens, or why it is so high in places, we can
only surmise (Kelly 1983:76).
Perceptions of the land changed with the influx of Europeans. Nineteenth century descriptions of
inland Kealakehe and Keahuolu by government surveyors tend to reflect land assessment values that were
not necessarily reflective of traditional Hawaiian land values. Their descriptions of Kealakehe present an
environment more like Kekaha than the Kona agricultural lands:
It is worth noting that historical descriptions of the land makai [seaward] of the
"government road" (Mamalahoa Highway), in the vicinity of the present project
area (immediately east of this project area), tend to discount its productivity. The
1865 roster of government lands describes this area as including some land "which
will do for goat pasture, balance nothing but rocks." Emerson in 1882, discounted
the entire ahupua'a of Kealakehe as "of comparatively small value." McDougall in
1893 describes the land as "worthless" or at best as "of very little value". In that
same year the Government Surveyor recommended that the land not be sold for less
than about 33 cents an acre, a low price even for the time (Hammatt et al. 1987:67-
68).
During Emerson's 1880 Government Survey of North Kona, he identified the lower, seaward edge of
a forest zone, which he described as "lava covered with scattering forest and dense masses of ki root"
(Kelly 1983:58). The land below this forest edge was described as "rocks covered with long grass"
(Kelly 1983:58). According to Kelly's estimations, the forest edge occurred at an average elevation of
550 to 650 ft around Kailua and to the south (Kelly 1983:58). However, it appears that the forest edge
was somewhere between 750 and 800 ft elevation in Kealakehe (see reproduction of Emerson's map in
Kelly 1983:59). This approximation places the nineteenth century forest edge very close to the eastern
boundary of the project area. According to Emerson's documentation of nineteenth century vegetation,
the project area would be within the kula zone.
According to an 1893 testimonial from McDougall, there appears to have been no major pasture
demarcations in Kealakehe between the homesteads (c. 800 ft elevation) and the seashore. McDougall
offered 5300 for c. 1,600 acres of Kealakehe land, which was valuable to him because he owned land on
both sides, noting "..it would take more than all it is worth to fence it in" (Interior Dept. IN Wong -Smith
1990:13-6).
A small commercial venture did take place within the project boundaries at the tum of the century.
Sometime during the late 1890s, a sisal mill with 500 acres used for sisal cultivation was established
along Palani Road near the east edge of the project area (Kelly 1983:89). Operation of the mill was
terminated sometime before 1920, due to lessened demand for sisal hemp by sailing vessels (Donham
1990).
Between 1895 and 1915, at least twenty homestead grants were awarded in Kealakehe. These grants
were all located in the same general zone as the kuleana, at an elevation of between 800 and 1,500 ft.
According to a partial listing of homestead grants in Silva (1987), awarded parcels averaged 20.7 acres.
The homestead area was bounded on the east by the tipper Government Road (Mamalahoa Highway) and
on the west by a surveyed line, which is shown on the 1924 USGS topographic map, between 750 and
13
800 ft elevation. This line appears to have been very close to the existing Kealakehe Road alignment,
and correlates with the location of Emerson's forest edge boundary.
1.6 EXPECTED SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE PATTERNS
The expected patterns of settlement and land use were generated from the preceding discussions on
background in this volume and oral information from Haun et al. (1998). These provide a basis for the
interpreting the results of the inventory survey work, and establishing the significance of the sites
encountered. The project area is entirely within the kula. Patterns for the entire Kona Field System are
discussed, with emphasis on the kula.
300 to 600 Colonization
There is no evidence of occupation in Kona during this time, and none is expected for the project
area. New evidence of such early occupations would be ephemeral in nature, and would likely be
represented by temporary habitations of near -coastal caves, either within the shoreline zone or in the
lower portions of the kula. Material remains reflecting resource procurement and extraction might be
included within these features.
600 to 1100 Early Expansion
There is little evidence of occupation and use in Kona during this time. The coastal marine resources
were probably exploited by those living on the windward side, so temporary habitations along the
shoreline may be present. A radiocarbon date of AD 1055 to 1270 (Schilt 1984) at a site in Lanihau 2
suggests that permanent habitation may begin at the end of this period. Sites that date to this period may
be present along the shoreline, or above the kula in areas where plentiful rainfall and good soils provide
for good agricultural conditions. Sites from this time period are not expected in the project area.
1 100 to 1400 Late Expansion Period
Evidence for informal agricultural fields and associated habitations in the higher elevations with
prime growing conditions may be present during this time. The development of formal walled fields may
begin in the later stages of this period, but these early kuaiwi are likely to be at elevations above, and
further south than, the project area. Permanent habitations are expected for the shoreline portion of the
kula. Although these habitations probably represent small communities that may not have spread far
inland, the lower kula may have been used for informal fields in association with these habitation areas.
The beginning of trail -building may occur during this time period to facilitate movement between coastal
habitation and upland agricultural fields.
1400 to 1600 Intensification Period
While the use of upland agricultural fields intensified, formalized, and spread across Kona, and the
population in coastal villages increased during this time, the non -shoreline kola remained largely
unoccupied with light agricultural use. This characterization of the non -shoreline kula portion, however,
is based largely on the results of the archaeological transect along the Kuakini Highway corridor that is
situated largely within the higher elevations of the kula (Schilt 1984). Instead, different types of informal
agricultural features may be distributed in different locations in the kula. In the kula east of Kailua
(Donham 1990), agricultural mounds occur more frequently above 120 in AMSL, agricultural platforms
14
are more common between 60 and 120 in AMSL, agricultural modified outcrops are predominant below
60 m AWL, and agricultural terraces occur throughout the kula. Agricultural practices and land -clearing
in the uplands may have resulted in deposition of eroded soils in the kula (Schilt 1984), facilitating
agricultural exploitation of the kula in the later stages of this period and into the next.
Temporary habitations are expected for the higher elevations, but may also occur in the kula.
Temporary habitation for fishing may be situated within the shoreline, and within the kola in conjunction
with agricultural activity. Archaeologically, these would occur as small pavings, terraces, platforms,
enclosures of various configurations, overhangs, and caves with only a few material remains and limited
diversity.
The political structure is becoming more complex with social stratification, land divisions, and
centers of power and elite residence developing during this period. Archaeological expressions of these
developments include larger population centers with a wide variety of features reflecting elite status,
well -constructed platform burials, cave burials, ceremonial activity including larger heiau, coastal trails
linking population concentrations, and more trails linking more and larger populations along the coast to
the expanding formal agricultural areas at higher elevations. Populations may be large enough, especially
at the developing political loci, that permanent habitation and associated structures may be spreading into
the non -shoreline kola by this time. Caves with burials and habitation could be situated at any elevation
within the project area.
1600 to 1779 Competition Period
Growth to the point of stress characterizes this period. Formal walled fields fill soiled land, and
informal fields are scattered over the lava flows. Permanent habitations cover the shoreline, and
temporary habitations with a few permanent habitations occur across the upland agricultural fields.
Royal centers were fully developed at Kailua, H61ualoa, Kahulu'u, Kealakekua, and Honaunau during
this period. These population centers were situated along the shoreline, but were large enough to spread
out into the non -shoreline kula. Consequently, the full spectrum of royal center structures, including
large and complex residences, heiau, sporting grounds, places of refuge, and habitation and garden
features associated with the non -elite populace can be expected to be located within the project area in
these areas.
The complex religio-political system is reflected in the diversity of heiau types that may be present
in the project area. Heiau may occur as upright stones, concentrations of branch coral, relatively small
platforms, or as the expected large heiau at the royal centers, and may occur along trails or in caves.
Intergroup stress during this period is also represented archaeologically by refuge caves. Such caves
could exist at any elevation within the project area.
1779 to 1819 Lost of the Ruling Chiefs
Settlement and land use patterns are the same for this first historical period as they are for the
preceding prehistoric period. Although there are a few notable changes to the local pattern, with
Kamehameha residing at Kailua, and the building of Kuahewa in the uplands, these take place beyond the
project area.
1820 to 1847 Merchants and Missionaries
The introduction of foreign ideas, plants, animals, diseases, religion, and trade, and the royal
endorsement of the end of the Iarpu system affected the Kona settlement and land use pattern. The royal
IS
centers no longer functioned as focal points for religious and political activity. The population at the
royal centers dropped overall, and was altered with the departure of the royal entourage to Honolulu. The
remaining commoner, population also dropped and spread out over the shoreline. Some heiau were
destroyed, and men and women were no longer separated by kapu during certain domestic activities.
Churches along the shoreline were among the earliest historic structures in the area. Western material
goods entered the region, and quickly changed the domestic artifact assemblage. Kuakini Wall was
completed during this period.
The kula was used less intensively than previously. The upper elevations began to incorporate new
crops such as coffee and cotton. Old agricultural features, such as terraces and mounds, were altered or
destroyed during the clearing of fields for cotton cultivation. More subsistence items, including native
and introduced crops, were grown near the shoreline habitations. Consequently, habitation within the
project area is likely to be represented by non -elite permanent residences built on stone, with small
agricultural plots and pens for animals.
1848 to 1899 The Legacy of the Great Mahele
The implementation of privately owned land in Hawaii through the Great Mshele marks the
beginning of this period and results in major changes to the settlement and land use patterns in Kona. By
the end of this period, foreign landowners and business people had greater control over broad land use
practices. Ranching and coffee affected many acres and livelihoods. Upland agricultural fields were
modified to facilitate coffee plantations, and permanent habitations built with contemporary materials
and styles were established in the uplands. Although cattle were grazed at higher elevations, they were
moved through the lower elevations to the shipping ports in Kailua, Keauhou, and Napo'opo'o. Some
older walls were modified to build corrals in the kula. Other walls are built to delineate ahupua'a
boundaries and private property. Old trails were used to move cattle down to port.
Permanent habitations were scattered along the shoreline. Old stone foundations were still being
used for housing. Burials were being interred in nearby caves, and within stone burial platforms and
house platforms in the kula. Historic -era features can look like prehistoric ones, but associated material
remains will provide data to distinguish between the two. The population reached a low during this
period, and began to climb due to the influx of foreign laborers and business people. The widening
ethnic diversity was reflected in European and Asian material remains, cultivation choices, and
residential patterns.
1900 to 1959 Territorial Period
The population remained relatively stable through much of this period. Lowland occupation was
concentrated in the small •pillages of Kailua and Keauhou, with permanent residences with gardens and
pens scattered along the shoreline. Upland habitation was associated with the agricultural and ranching
pursuits. More walls were added to the kula as cattle pastures expanded into the lower elevations during
this period. The Kuakini Wall was breached in many places, and cattle were pastured in the shoreline
area. Consequently, residential, economic, and burial patterns for this period were similar to those in the
preceding one. Material remains and house construction techniques reflect 20th century developments,
however.
1.7 METHODS
Field Procedures
The field work for the current project was conducted December 29-31, 1997 and January 13-18, 1998
under the supervision of Projects Supervisor Jack D. Henry, B.S. The field personnel were Field
Fri
Archaeologists Mike Fager, B.A., and Matthew Turec, B.A. Project Manager Tom Wolforth, M.S.,
provided overall guidance for the project. The pedestrian survey of the project area was conducted
December 29-31, 1997. Transects were oriented perpendicular to Palani Road and were spaced 10 in
apart. Features identified during the survey were flagged and assigned temporary PHU designations.
Their locations were then plotted on a 1"=100' scale map obtained from Inaba Engineering, Inc.
Recording of all features and selective testing of 18 features was conducted January 13-18, 1998.
Limited information was gathered on the numerous agricultural features identified during the survey.
This information included determinations of length, width, height, orientation, and method of
construction. No plan maps of these features were drawn. The historic walls within the project area were
measured and described in detail and photographed. Scaled plan maps and PMU site and feature forms
were prepared for all the remaining sites and features, and photographs were taken.
Subsurface testing was undertaken at the 18 of the sites or features using the following methods.
Each site/feature was cleared of vegetation and carefully examined to determine the location in which
soil deposits appeared deepest. Once established, the units were dug in conformance with the natural
strata, with 10 cm arbitrary levels dug within identifiable natural or cultural layers. All excavated matrix
was sifted through 1/4" mesh. Recovered materials were placed within bags and returned to the PHRI
laboratory for analysis. The excavation of all units was terminated on bedrock.
PHRI excavation records were maintained for each stratum identified during the excavation. Upon
completion of the excavations, photographs were taken, profile drawings prepared, and a stratigraphic
record was completed, utilizing Munsell color charts. The units were then backfilled.
Laboratory Procedures
Materials collected during these investigations were separated into two categories: screened material
and charcoal samples collected in the field. For the screened material, artifacts were removed and placed
in lots, rocks and recent organic materials were discarded, and bones, shells and other material were
bagged as faunal samples. Quarter -inch screened material was sorted to the lowest taxonomic level
possible.
Invertebrate faunal remains were analyzed by PHRI Lab Technicians and identified to the lowest
taxonomic level possible. Vertebrate faunal remains were submitted to Dr. Alan Ziegler for
identification, and reinspected after analysis. The Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) and the
Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) were determined. The NISP calculation is a count of the number
of bones identified to each taxon. This is also a calculation of the maximum number of individuals
(Collins 1990:346), since each bone is considered to represent one animal. A more accurate measure of
the abundance of certain taxa is the determination of MNL This is a calculation of the minimum number
of individuals that the total bone assemblage for each taxon represents; in other words, several of the
bones from different parts of the body are assumed to belong to the same individual.
Radiocarbon Dating
Charcoal samples were collected in situ from excavated units, and picked from quarter -inch screened
material in the field. Radiocarbon samples were selected based on the amount and nature of datable
material present, stratigraphic context, and overall distribution within the project area. Five charcoal
samples were submitted to Beta Analytic, of Miami, Florida for radiocarbon dating. All samples were of
charred wood. Radiometric techniques for all samples included extended counting, and C13/C12 ratio
measurement. Beta Analytic, Inc. Report of Radiocarbon Dating Analyses is presented in full in
Appendix A of this report. The context and significance of the radiocarbon dates are included in the
discussion for each feature that has a radiocarbon date.
17
2. FINDINGS
The inventory survey identified 37 archaeological sites comprising 44 component features, and 104
agricultural elements of the Kona Field System (Site 6601). The 37 sites include 17 identified during
previous surveys (Jensen 1990, Rosendahl 1993, Wulzen et al. 1996) and 20 newly recorded sites.
Table 2.1 presents a summary of the identified sites and features. This table gives site type, function,
number of features, elevation, distance from the coast, and soil type. Feature area is omitted for several
of the very long walls. The distribution of these sites and features is illustrated in Figure 2.1.
Table 2.1 Summary of Identified Sites
'SIHP Type
Function
Total
Area
From
Elevation
Soil Type
Site $
Features
(sq m)
Coast
(AMSL)
(m)
6302
Wall
Livestock Control
1
186
1371
255-275
rPYD
6601
Complex
Agriculture
104
120531
1082-2204
206-480
rPYD/rLW
14225
Wall
Livestock Control
1
-
1592
425-430
rPYD
14226
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation
1
2
1964
399
rPYD
14227
C -shape
Temp. Habitation
1
6
1943
390
rLW
14228
Complex
Temp. Habitation
2
103
1921-1931
376.378
rLW
14230
Enclosure
Livestock Control
1
1019
1739-1402
353-368
rLW
14231
Wall
Livestock Control
I
-
1663
338
rLW
14232
Wall
Livestock Control
I
-
1452
290
rPYD/rLW
14233
Terrace
Temp. Habitation
I
IS
1403
281
rPYD
14235
Enclosure
Livestock Control
1
15933
1371-1452
255-290
rPYD
14238
Complex
Temp. Habitation
3
157
1273.1280
253.2S5
rPYD
14239
Wall
Livestock Control
I
-
1733-1813
200.435
rPYD/rLW
14244
Wall
Livestock Control
1
-
1120
221
rPYD
19485
Wall
Livesuck Control
1
-
1379-1412
258-268
rPYD
19486
Complex
Temp. Habintion
2
105
1487-1494
302-304
rLW
19487
Wall
Livestock Control
I
-
1496
305
rPYD
21462
Cave
Temp. Habitation
I
50
II55
214
rPYD
21463
Complex
Livestock
2
1883
1180.1199
228-230
rPYD
Control/Dump
21464
Platform
Temp. Habitation
1
24
1268
258
rPYD
21465
Complex
Perm Habitation
2
454
1523-1527
312-314
rLW
21466
Cave
Temp. Habitation
1
10
1584
325
rLW
21467
Terrace
Temp. Habiudon
1
30
1699
345
rLW
21468
Cave
Temp. Habintion
1
4
1818
370
rLW
21470
Enclosure
Temp. Habintion
1
7
2069
429
rPYD
21471
Wall
Boundary
I
-
1658-2230+
335-385+
rPYD/rLW
21472
CShape
Temp. Habitation
1
2
1930
390
rLW
21473
C4hape
Temp. Habitation
1
3
1944
399
rLW
21474
Complex
Temp. Habitation/
3
272
1993-2012
419-125
rPYD
Livestock Control
21475
C4hape
Temp. Habitation
1
9
1973
406
rPYD
21476
Cave
Temp. Habintion
1
49
2029
424
rPYD
21477
C4hape
Temp. Habitation
1
8
2025
412
rpYD
21478
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation
I
II
2053
430
rPYD
21479
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation
1
6
2058
427
rPYD
21480
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation
1
5
2087
435
rPYD
21481
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation
I
IS
2185
470
rPYD
21482
Trail
Transportation
1
210
2102-2210+
430.465+
rPYD
v State Imenany of Hauesc Places (SIHP) numbers.
SIHP numbers are fivedigh numbers prefixed by
S410-28- (50=5ratc of Howai'i. 10=1slo d
of HowoPP, 28=USG5 7.5' series quod map f'Kagm Howa'L 1982])
rPYD = Punatu'u Ememe 8ady Peat
rLW = Pahoehoe Lem flows
18
ung
05 wo
aao'
QP
e� aza
fJY
azn
ILpp
a I aae'
Ma
o
r e n
so]
ic
2.1 FORMAL SITE/FEATURE TYPES
The 44 features consist of six complexes and 30 single -feature sites. The 30 single -feature sites
consist of seven formal or morphological types: wall (9 features), enclosure (8), C -shape (5), cave (4),
terrace (2), platform (1), and trail (1). The complexes include from two to three component features of
variable formal type. The three remaining formal types, which occur only within complexes, consist of
cupboard, J-shape wall, and 'historic artifact scatter. Table 2. 1.1 presents a summary of the 104 features
of the Kona Field System complex, including a breakdown of the 14 formal types. The types are defined
below.
C-shape/J-shape - A walled structure that resembles a C or J in plan and partially encloses an area
Cave - A cave formed by a natural lava tube or blister that may or may not have been modified, but
which generally contains cultural material. Modifications to a cave may consist of internal, or adjacent
external structures such as mounds, platforms or terraces.
Enclosure - A wall constructed in a circular, square, or rectangular shape that encloses at least 75%
of an interior space. One or more sides of an enclosure my be formed by natural features, such as the
sides of an outcrop or an elevated lava flow.
Historic artifact scatter - A concentration of artifacts, historic in nature, present on the ground
surface. If the concentration is directly associated with a structural feature, it is considered an attribute of
that feature, and not defined as a separate entity.
Modified depression - A naturally formed depression in the ground -surface with any type of
modification.
Modified outcrop - A natural stone outcrop modified by the addition of stones.
Mound - A stone structure more than two stones high, the sides and top surface of which are
irregular, displaying neither paving nor horizontal facing. Mounds may be ovoid, circular, linear, or
irregular in plan, and are typically domed -shaped in profile.
Planting area - An area from which stones have been removed to expose soil for agricultural
purpose. The removed stones are often stacked or piled around the perimeter of the area.
Platform - A free-standing, stone structure at least two stones high ardund its entire periphery. The
sides may be faced, and the top is usually relatively flat. Platforms are generally square to rectangular,
but can have more than four sides, or even be circular.
Terrace - A free-standing, relatively flatted topped structure, with at least one side flush with the
adjacent ground surface. Terraces may be rock -filled or earth -filled.
Trail - Linear pavements, alignments, or trodden linear surfaces. Trails may appear as wear patterns
in smooth pahoehoe or over rough 'a "a, or they may be constructed with steppingstones or kerbstones.
Steppingstone trails consist of alignments of stone slabs; kerbstone trails are post -Contact trails bordered
by alignments of kerbstones.
20
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21
Wall - A free-standing, linear structure at least two stones high and longer than it is wide. Walls
generally have stacked (sometimes faced) sides and a flat top surface, as opposed to linear mounds that
have sloping sides and irregular top surfaces.
In the project area, modified outcrops (40) are the most common formal type, followed by mounds
(36), enclosures (18), terraces (17), walls (12), C -shapes (7), caves (5), platforms (5), planting areas (3),
modified depression (1), cupboard (1), trail (1), J-shape (1), and historic artifact scatter (1).
2.2 FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES
There are seven feature functions represented in the project area, and these are defined and discussed
in detail below. Agriculture (104 features) is the most frequent feature function, followed by temporary
habitation (27), livestock control (12), permanent habitation (2), ahupua'a boundary (1), disposal (1) and
transportation (1).
There are eight site functions in the project area: temporary habitation (21 sites), temporary
habitation/livestock control (1), livestock control (10), livestock control/disposal (1), permanent
habitation (1), ahupua'a boundary (1), transportation (I), and agriculture (1), as represented by the
portion of the Site 6601 Kona Field System complex within the project area.
Agriculture
Agricultural features are interpreted as such based on formal type, informal construction, and lack of
habitation debris. Mounds and modified outcrops are piles of stones cleared from adjacent planting areas.
The platforms are types normally not assigned an agricultural function. These features probably result
from stone clearing activity, and through chance, or unusual care in building, resemble feature types
normally associated with non-agricultural activities. Terraces functioned to retain areas of soil for
planting. In many cases, the terraces appear to be by-products of stone clearing activity. Agricultural
walls and enclosures border garden areas, providing shelter from the wind, and possibly protection from
livestock. Modified depressions represent excavated, often sheltered, planting areas.
The agricultural features vary in density primarily based on the abundance of surface stones and
outcrops, being most common where there are many surface stones and outcrops. They are
opportunistically -placed and are not organized in obvious linear or gridded fields, as is the case in other
areas of the Kona Field System, where there is better soil. The soils throughout the project area Punalu'u
series extremely rocky soils, and the remaining areas are 'a'd lava flows. These are considered marginal
to unsuitable for modem subsistence agriculture, but were nevertheless cultivated intensively during the
prehistoric and historic periods.
Site 6601 is the Kona Field System agricultural complex which extends north at least to Ka'u
Ahupua'a and south to H6naunau (Cordy 1995:1). Examination of the project area during the survey
resulted in the identification of 104 features interpreted as agricultural elements of this prehistoric
complex. Of these, 23 are previously recorded agricultural sites and features, and 77 were identified
during the project. The 104 features include 39 modified outcrops, 36 mounds, 14 terraces, six
enclosures, three walls, three planting areas, two platforms and one modified depression. The distribution
of these features is illustrated in Figure 2.3.1.
Table 3.11 summarizes the characteristics of the 100 agricultural features in the proiect area. As
indicated in this table, and evidenced in Figure 3.2.1, the agricultural features are present throughout the
project area, extending from the 206 to 483 ft elevation. The majority of these features (n=60) are below
23
the 300 -foot contour and are 1,082-1,355 in inland of the coast. This area is dominated by modified
outcrops (n=28) and mounds (n=23), though seven terraces, one enclosure, and one wall were also noted.
A second cluster of 29 features is located from the 300 foot elevation to 408 feet AMSL, from 1,355
to 1,969 in from the coastline. This cluster is again dominated by modified outcrops (n=9) and mounds
(n=5) though a greater diversity of feature types was also noted. The additional features include five
terraces, three planting areas, three enclosures, two walls, one platform, and one modified depression.
The final clustering of agricultural features occurs above the 448 -foot contour, extending to the
eastern project area boundary at 483 feet AMSL. A total of 11 features (11%) were located within this
area, at distances 2,167 to 2,204 in inland of the coast. Mounds were the primary feature category (9),
followed by two modified outcrops and one terrace.
Of the 100 agricultural features, 19 were previously recorded by Jensen (1990), four were
documented by Wulzen et al. (1996), and 77 were newly identified. The 19 features recorded by Jensen
include Features 1-4, 23, 26-27, 43-44, 52-56, 60, 85-86, and 97-98. Feature 60 was destroyed prior to the
survey of the project area.
The four features recorded by Wulzen et al. are Features 61 through 64. Feature 64 was relocated
during the recent survey; however, Features 61-63 have been destroyed in conjunction with the
construction of Henry Street. Table 2.2.1 presents a correlation between the Site 6601 feature numbers
and any previously assigned site/feature designations.
Modified Outcrops
The 39 modified outcrops identified in the project area are 1.0 to 8.9 m long (averaging 3.6 m), 0.4
to 4.5 in wide (averaging 1.8 m), and 0.4 to 1.6 in high (averaging 0.7 m). The majority of these features
are irregular in plan view (n=29); nine are roughly oval in plan (Features 12, 16, 32, 39, 58, 59, 69, 74
and 80) and one is linear (Feature 44). These features are typically constructed of piled pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. No portable remains were present at any of the modified outcrops.
Mounds
The 36 mounds range in length from 1.5 to 8.0 m (averaging 3.3 m), in width from 0.8 to 4.5 m
(averaging 2.1 m), and in height from 0.3 to 1.3 m (averaging 0.7 m). The majority of these features are
oval or circular in plan view (n=23). The 13 remaining mounds include nine which are irregularly in plan
(Features 27, 43, 52-56, 83 and 93), three linear -shaped (Features 26, 29 and 86), and one rectangular -
shaped mound (Feature 7).
The majority of the mounds were crudely constructed of piled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders
(n=33). Two of the mounds evidenced piling and stacking of stones (Features 11 and 87), and one was
nicely constructed of stacked cobbles and boulders (Feature 7). A 1.0 by 1.0 m unit into the mound
during the project (EU 1854-2). This unit was excavated in order to determine if Feature 7 may have
functioned as either a burial mound or a habitation area.
EU 1854-2 revealed a stone architectural layer (Layer I) overlying pahoehoe bedrock. Layer I
consisted of 0.56 to 0.72 m (0-72 cmbd) of tightly packed pahoehoe boulders, cobbles, and pebbles. No
portable remains were present. This absence of cultural remains, and the feature's proximity to numerous
other agricultural features, indicates that Feature 7 likely functioned as a clearing mound. Figure 2.2.2
depicts the stratigraphy of EU 1854-2.
24
Table 7.2.1 - Summary of Site 6601 Kona Field System Elements
Feature
L
W
H
Mete"
Elevation
Other
Deets.
Type
(m)
(m)
(m)
Shape
Construction
From
Meters AMSL Site th
Coast
I
Terrace
4.1
25
0.6
Rectangular
Stacked and piled
1082
206
14247
2
Mound
4.0
Ib
OS
Owl
Piled
1090
210
14246
3
Mound
3.0
1.0
03
Oval
piled
1099
213
14245-b
4
Mound
3.0
25
0.9
Ont
Piled
1104
215
14245-a
5
Mound
27
1.8
0.7
Oval
Piled
IIII
217
1854 -II
6
Mound
4.9
3.1
0.6
Owl
Piled
1117
212
1854-10-j
7
Mound
2.3
1.9
1.3
Rectangular
Stacked
1118
210
1854-10-m
8
Modified Outcrop
2.7
1.1
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1133
222
1854-10-h
9
Modified Outcrop
6.2
2.2
OS
Irregular
Piled
1126
218
1854-10-i
10
Mound
3.3
2.6
0.7
Oval
Piled
1127
215
1854-10-k
I I
Mound
2.4
2.4
1.0
Circular
Stacked and piled
1128
215
1854-10-1
12
Modified Outcrop
23
1.6
05
Owl
Piled
1134
214
1854-10-n
13
Modified Outcrop
4.2
25
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1135
210
1854-9-d
14
Modified Outcrop
3.9
1.8
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1142
212
1854-9-c
15
Modified Outcrop
2.9
1.6
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1150
214
1854-9-a
16
Modified Outcrop
3.1
2.1
0.6
Owl
Piled
1148
216
1854-9-b
17
Modified Outcrop
5.4
2.2
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1147
223
1854-10-c
18
Modified Outcrop
4.1
3.1
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1154
224
1854-10•a
19
Terrace
5.0
4.3
0.9
Owl
Stacked
1153
225
1854-10.6
20
Mound
3.0
1.9
0.7
Oval
Piled
1144
223
1854.10-e
21
Modified Outcrop
3.1
2.0
0.6
Irregular
Piled
1150
225
1854.10-f
22
Mound
2.3
1.7
0.6
Oval
Piled
1149
225
1854-10.2
23
Enclosure
65
3.2
1.0
U-shaped
Sacked and piled
1158
228
14243
24
Terrace
9.1
55
1.0
Irregular
Sucked and piled
1174
222
1854-8-a
25
Mound
25
2.2
0.9
Oval
Piled
1173
221
1854-8-b
26
Mound
4.2
1.6
1.0
Linear
Piled
1190
233
14242
27
Mound
5.0
3.9
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1221
242
14241
28
Terrace
8.0
23
0.7
Rectangular
Piled
1234
243
1854-1.1
29
Mound
4.1
1.3
OS
linear
Piled
1223
241
1854-1-m
30
Mound
3.0
21
0.6
Owl
Piled
1228
242
1854-1-n
31
Terrace
6.3
4.8
0.9
Irregular
Sucked and piled
1229
242
1854-1-o
32
Modified Outcrop
7.3
3.2
0.6
Oval
Piled
1244
245
1854.5-0
33
Modified Outcrop
6.0
45
1.2
Irregular
Piled
1235
243
1854-5-e
34
Modified Outcrop
2.1
1.2
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1216
240
1854-5-h
35
Terrace
65
3.0
0.6
Rectangular
Sucked
1209
238
1854-5-8
36
Modified Outcrop
3.1
1.7
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1255
246
1854-5-f
37
Mound
2.2
11
OS
Oval
Piled
1254
248
1854-5-c
38
Modified Outcrop
1.4
0.8
05
Irregular
Piled
1270
252
1854-5-a
39
Modified Outcrop
3.7
1.9
0.4
Owl
Piled
1267
252
1854-5-b
40
Modified Outcrop
3.9
IS
0.6
Irregular
Piled
1259
250
1854-i-1
41
Modified Outcrop
1.0
0.8
0.4
Irregular
Piled
1251
249
1854-1-i
42
Modified Outcrop
5.0
3.0
05
Irregular
Piled
1244
248
1854-1-k
43
Mound
41
2.1
0.4
irregular
Piled
1256
247
14240
44
Modified Outcrop
8.9
11
0.6
Unear
Stacked
1290
257
14238-d
45
Modified Outcrop
1.6
1.4
OS
Irregular
Piled
1295
256
1854.1-g
46
Modified Outcrop
3.8
2-8
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1286
253
1854 -I -h
47
Modified Outcrop
1.5
1.0
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1303
258
1854-1-f
48
Modified Outcrop
1.7
0.4
0.4
Irregular
Piled
1301
255
1854-3
49
wall
9.0
1.0
0.6
L -shape
Piled
1334
262
1854-1-a
50
Mound
3.2
1.4
0.6
Owl
Piled
1322
262
1854-1-0
25
Table 2.2.1 /Cont
Feature
L
W
H
Meters
Elevation
Other
Desig.
Type
(m)
(m)
(m)
Shape
Construction
From
Meters
Site 86
Coast
AMSL
52
Mound
8.0
45
13
Irregular
Piled
1317
261
14237
53
Mound
35
2.0
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1334
266
14236-a
54
Mound
2.7
2.0
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1337
268
14236-1,
55
Mound
1.9
1.0
OS
Irregular
Piled
1355
271
14236-c
56
Mound
2.7
2.1
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1349
268
14236-d
57
Modified Outcrop
1.7
1.4
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1346
266
1854-1-b
58
Modified Outcrop
25
1.0
OS
Oval
Piled
1357
254
1854-2-a
59
Modified Outcrop
22
IS
0.4
Owl
Piled
1355
251
1854-2-b
60
Terrace
35
Liner
Piled
1387
278
14234
61
Mound
33
3.1
0.8
Oval
Piled
1479
300
19488-0,7-7
62
Mound
2.6
1.8
0.7
Oval
Piled
1480
301
19488177
63
Terrace
3.6
3.4
0.6
Oval
Piled
1486
302
19488-477
64
Modified
3,8
3.0
0.9
Irregular
Piled
1486
302
19486-b, T-5
Depression
65
Planting Area
43
4.0
-OS
U-shaped
Piled
1543
316
1854-13
66
Planting Area
135
5.0
-0.9
Oval
Stacked and piled
1574
321
1854-14
67
Planting Area
145
7.0
-0.6
Irregular
Piled
1614
325
1854-16
68
Platform
10.0
6S
0.6
Irregular
Piled
1645
332
1854-17
69
Modified Outcrop
2.1
1.8
0.6
Owl
Piled
1691
342
1854-19-a
70
Modified Outcrop
IS
1A
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1683
341
1854-19-b
71
Terrace
5.0
45
0.6
Irregular
Stacked end piled
1688
343
1854-19-d
72
Modified Outcrop
5.0
05
1.0
Irregular
Piled
1705
345
1854-19-e
73
Modified Outcrop
6.0
0.6
05
Irregular
Piled
1720
348
1854-19-f
74
Modified Outcrop
3.7
0.9
OS
Owl
Piled
1776
357
1854-20-b
75
Modified Outcrop
3S
2.1
0.9
Irregular
Piled
1776
358
1854-20-c
76
Terrace
45
20
0.6
Oval
Piled
1779
360
1854.20-e
77
Modified Outcrop
6.3
3.6
1.6
Irregular
Piled
1793
363-
1854-20-f
78
Terrace
25
22
0.6
Rectangular
Stacked and piled
1792
361
1854.20-d
79
Modified Outcrop
4.0
1.6
0.6
Irregular
Piled
1789
360
1854.20-a
80
Modified Outcrop
1.7
1.4
0.8
Owl
Piled
1805
367
1854-21-c
81
Enclosure
105
5.0
0.6
U-shaped
Piled
1803
364
1854-22-b
82
Wall
15.0
0.7
0.7
Curved
Piled
1815
368
1854 -I2 -a
83
Mound
25
25
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1835
375
1854-21-b
84
Wall
4.2
1.1
0.9
Curved
Piled
1866
385
1854-23-a
85
Terrace
4.3
3.0
0.9
Oval
Piled
1833
369
14229
86
Mound
5.0
I5
0.6
Linear
Piled
1928
388
14228-c
87
Mound
1.7
1.6
0.8
Oval
Stacked and piled
1969
408
1854-29-1,
88
Mound
2.3
1.9
0.8
Oval
filed
2164
460
1854.35-a
89
Mound
2.9
1.3
0.8
Oval
Pied
2165
461
1854-35-c
90
Mound
2.8
2.1
0.8
Oval
Pied
2174
465
1854-35-b
91
Modified Outcrop
2.4
2.4
0.9
Irregular
Piled
2177
466
1854-35-d
92
Modified Outcrop
2.6
2.0
1.0
Irregular
Piled
I188
471
1854.35-g
93
Mound
2.1
2.0
0.8
Irregular
Piled
2181
470
1854-35-e
94
Mound
15
1.4
0.6
Owl
Piled
2196
480
1854-36-c
95
Terrace
52
2.6
0.7
Irregular
Piled
2193
475
1854-36-a
96
Mound
3.7
2.3
0.7
Oval
Piled
2204
483
1854-36-b
97
Mound
1.6
0.8
0.3
Owl
Piled
2167
448
14223-a
98
Mound
6.0
4.0
0.8
Oval
Piled
2170
448
14223-b
99
Enclosure
75
4.0
0.8
Owl
Piled
1858
382
1854-23-b
100
Enclosure
125
7.0
0.7
Owl
Piled
1888
391
185426
101
Platform
15.8
8.2
2.0
Irregular
Stacked
2070
430
14224-b
102
Enclosure
13.0
2.9
0.7
Oval
Stacked
2080
437
14224-c
103
Terrace
7.1
3.9
0.85
Owl
Stacked and piled
2081
436
14224-a
104
Enclosure
11.6
9.2
2.1
U-shaped
Snacked and piled
2069
430
14224-0
1854 #s = PHRI Temporary Feld Designations
14000 ria = Sites recorded by Jemen (1990)
19000 its = Sim recorded by Wulzen et al. (1996)
T- ifs = Sites recorded by Rosendahl (1993)
Italicized * = Own yed Siteffeaeuse
26
EU 1854-2, West Face
Layer I Architectural layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. No cultural remains present Excavation
of EU 1854-2 terminated on bedrock. -
OPaheehoe Rock
Bedrock
27
Terraces
Agricultural terraces were identified in 14 locations within the project area. These features ranged in
length from 2.5 to 9.1 m (averaging 5.2 m), from 2.0 to 5.5 m wide (averaging 3.3 m), and from 0.6 to
1.0 in in height (averaging 0.7 m). Five terraces are roughly oval in plan (Features 19, 63, 76, 85, and
103), four are irregular in plan (Features 24, 31, 71, and 95), four are rectangular (Features 1, 28, 35, and
78), and one is linear (Feature 60).
The terraces were constructed with varying techniques, though all were built of pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. Of the 14 features, six consisted of piled stones (Features 28, 63, 66, 76, 85, and 95), six
were of stacked and piled stones (Features 1, 24, 31, 71, 78, and 103), and two were built of stacked stone
(Features 19 and 35). The surface of each of these terraces is uneven and irregular, and no portable
remains were present, suggesting agricultural functions.
Subsurface testing has been undertaken at three of the agricultural terraces. Features 1 and 85 were
tested during the study, and Feature 63 was previously excavated by Wulzen et al. (1996).
Feature 1 was tested with the excavation of two 1.0 by 0.5 in test units (EUs 1854-3 and -4). This
feature was originally recorded by Jensen as Site 14247, and interpreted as a possible habitation site
(1990:23). EU 1854-3 was situated on top of the terrace, in approximately the center of the feature. The
excavation of this unit evidenced a 0.33 to 0.52 in (0-0.52 cmbd) stone layer (Layer I) comprising loosely
packed pahoehoe pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. No portable remains were present within Layer I. The
excavation of the unit was terminated on bedrock. Figure 2.2.3 depicts EU 1854-3.
A second unit was excavated in an area of soil 1.4 in southeast of the terrace. The excavation of EU
1854-4 revealed 0.06 to 0.32 m (0-32 cmbd) of a light brown powdery silt loam (Layer I), over bedrock.
Several pieces of modem bottle glass were present within this deposit. The stratigraphy of this unit is also
presented in Figure 2.2.3.
Feature 63 was previously recorded as a component of Site T-7 by Rosendahl (1993:5) and as Site
19488, Feature A by Wulzen et al. (1996:46, 55). Testing of this feature was also undertaken during the
initial survey. A 1.0 by 0.5 in unit (TU -1) was excavated on the terrace by Wulzen et al., revealing a
cobble and boulder layer (Layer I), underlain by a 0.37 to thick strong brown to dark brown, culturally
sterile silt loam (Layer 11). Bedrock was encountered beneath Layer Ir.
Feature 85 was originally recorded as Site 14229 by Jensen (1990:18). Jensen interpreted the terrace
a possible habitation feature, and subsurface testing was undertaken during the study to determine its
function. EU 1854-20 was situated on the surface of the terrace, in the approximate center. This unit
displayed a 0.4 to 0.72 m (0-82 cmbd) stone layer (Layer I) over bedrock. Layer I comprised loosely
packed pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. No cultural remains were present. Figure 2.2.4 depicts the
stratigraphy noted within this unit. The absence of subsurface cultural remains within the three tested
features discussed above confirms their function as agricultural terraces.
Enclosures
Agricultural enclosures were noted in six locations within the project area. Feature 23 was previously
documented as Site 14243 and Features 102 and 104 as Site 14224 by Jensen (1990). Features 81, 99, and
100 were identified during the survey. Feature 23 is U-shaped and is c. 6.5 in long, 3.2 in wide and 1.0 m
tall. The walls are built of stacked and piled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Soil is present in the
interior, and no portable remains were observed.
28
EU 1854-3, Northwest Face
Layer I Architectural layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. Modern glass fragments present
Excavation of EU 1854-3 terminated on bedrock.
Pahoehoe Rock
1111=i ii= Bedrock
EU 1854-4, Southwest Face
a looer.,
Layer I Non -cultural layer of pale brown (IOYR 6/3) fine silt
loam. Excavation of EU 1854.4 terminated on bedrock
w saga -a, Zoumeasc race
29
EU 18S4-20, East Face
Layer I Architectural layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. No cultural remains present. Excavation
of EU 1854-20 terminated on bedrock.
Pahoehoe Rode
Bedrock
Site 6601, Feature SS, EU ISS4-20, East
tIOJ
A 1.0 by 1.0 in test unit was excavated within the enclosure, adjacent to the rear wall (EU 1854-5).
This unit evidenced 0.13 to 0.34 in (0-38 embd) of a dark yellowish brown silt loam overlying bedrock.
No cultural remains were present. Figure 2.2.5 illustrates the stratigraphy of this unit.
Feature 104 is an enclosure formed by the vertical walls of an 'a'a outcrop on the north and east
sides, and by a stacked stone wall along the southern side. The western side of the enclosure is open. The
interior has overall dimensions of 11.6 in long by 9.2 in wide. 'A'a cobbles and boulders have also been
stacked along the outcrop on portions of the northern side. There is a large, mound situated within the
enclosure, which effectively divides the interior into two compartments. This mound is c. 7.2 in long
(NW/SE), 3.9 to 5.0 in wide, and 2.1 in in height above the ground surface. The walls of this mound are
near vertical, though the surface slopes to the west.
There is a small overhang at the base of the outcrop, on the eastern side of the enclosure. This
overhang is 1.4 in long (NE/SW) and 1.0 in wide, with a ceiling height of 0.73 in. The interior floor of
the overhang is covered with a thin layer of a brown silt loam. No portable remains were observed within
the overhang.
The floor of the enclosure also evidences soil, and a 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was dug adjacent
to the southern side of the internal mound during the project (Eli 1854-13). The excavation of this unit
revealed 0.03 to 0.17 in (0-19 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam. Bedrock was encountered below this
deposit, and no cultural materials were recovered. The stratigraphy noted within this unit is illustrated in
Figure 2.2.6.
The four remaining enclosures range in size from 7.5 to 13.0 in long, 2.9 to 7.0 in wide, and 0.6 to
0.8 in tall. Feature 81 is U-shaped and Features 99, 100, and 102 are oval. The walls of these enclosures
are built of stacked or piled cobbles and boulders. Soil was present inside each, though no portable
remains were noted. These enclosures are interpreted as planting enclosures, due to their crude method of
construction, the lack of associated cultural remains, and on their proximity to other agricultural features.
Additionally, the orientation of these features to the prevailing winds, would potentially have provided
shelter for plants.
IYAMIP
Three agricultural walls were identified during the recent survey (Features 49, 82, and 84). All of
these walls are crudely built of piled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Feature 49 is roughly L-shaped,
with one leg c. 9.0 in long (E/W) and the other 3.5 in. The wall averages 1.0 in in width and 0.6 in in
height.
Features 82 and 84 are both curvilinear in shape and a*e from 4.2 to 15.0 m long, 0.7 to 1.1 in wide,
and 0.7 to 0.9 in tall. No cultural remains were observed in association with any of these three walls. This
absence of portable remains, and their proximity to other agricultural features, suggests that they
functioned as components of the Site 6601 agricultural complex.
Planting Areas
Agricultural planting areas were identified in three locations within the project area (Features 65, 66,
and 67). These features consist of areas in which stones have been removed in order to create level, soil -
filled spaces. The planting areas range in size from 4.3 to 14.5 in long, 4.0 to 7.0 in wide, and 0.5 to 0.9
in in depth below the surrounding ground surface. No portable remains were present within or adjacent to
these features, indicating their agricultural functions. .
31
EU 1854-5, West Face
C MOM
Layer I Non -cultural layer of dark yellowish brown (I OYR 4/4)
silt loam. Excavation of EU 1854.5 terminated on
bedrock
OPahoehoe Rock
i,=1i Bedrock
Faure 2.2.S
32
EU 1854-13, West Face
o �
1 eaem
Layer I Non -cultural layer of a very dark brown (I OYR 2/2) silt
loam. Excavation or EU 1854-13 terminated on bedrock
Pahoehoe Rocks (Portion of Wall Enclosure)
� i ; „, , Bedrock
Site 6601, Feature 104, EU 1854-13. West Face
Platform
Two agricultural platforms were recorded during the recent survey. Feature 68 is irregular in plan
and measures c. 10.0 m long, 6.5 m wide, and 0.6 m in height. The surface is uneven and unpaved, and
no portable remains were present. The feature is crudely constructed of loosely piled pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders.
Feature 101 is a multi -tiered platform located c. 8.0m. west of Feature A. This surface of the feature
is -level and measures c. 15.8 m long (E/W) by 8.2 m wide. The sides of the feature are built of stacked
`a`a cobbles and boulders, ranging in height from 1.2 to 2.0 m above the surrounding ground surface.
There are two raised tiers on the surface of the platform, one at the northeast end, and one along the
southern side. The northeastern tier is c. 4.4 m long (NW/SE), 3.7 m wide, and 0.7 m taller than the main
platform surface. The southern raised tier is 3.2 m long (NW/SE), 2.0 to wide, and 0.9 m in height above
the platform's surface.
A 1.1 by 0.5 m excavation unit was dug into the surface of the southern tier during the study. EU
1854-12 revealed 1.1 to 1.3 m (0-130 cmbd) of loosely packed architectural layer of 'a`a pebbles,
cobbles, and boulders overlying bedrock. No cultural remains were present, and no evidence was found to
suggest that the structure had been built during more than a single construction episode. The western
33
profile of this unit is presented in Figure 2.2.7. These features are assigned agricultural functions due to
either their crude method of construction, the lack of cultural remains, and its proximity to other
agricultural features within the complex.
Modified Depression
Feature 64 is an irregularly-shaped depression originally recorded as a component of Site T-5 by
Rosendahl (1993:5), and as Site 19486, Feature B by Wulzen et al. (1996:41). This depression consists of
pahoehoe cobble and boulders piled to form a wall which borders a collapsed pahoehoe bedrock
depression. The depression is c. 2.6 in long, 1.5 in wide, and 0.9 in deep. The wall is c. 3.8 in long, 0.75
in wide, and 0.45 in tall. The interior of the depression is soilfilled though no portable remains are
present.
A 0.5 by 0.5 in test unit was dug into the interior soil area by Wulzen et al. (1996:41,43). TU -3
revealed a c. 0.2 in. thick, dark brown, culturally sterile silt loam deposit over bedrock. The nature of this
feature and the absence of surface and subsurface cultural remains indicates a probable agricultural
function.
Historic documentary research indicates that a sisal mill once existed in the northeastern portion of
the project area (Figure 2.2.8). The location of this mill corresponds to the approximate location of four
of the agricultural features discussed above. These include two enclosures (Features 102 and 104), a
platform (Feature 101) and a terrace (Feature 103). Subsurface testing at two of the feature (Features 101
and 104) yielded no cultural remains, however their location may indicate their association with the
historic processing of sisal.
Permanent Habitation
Permanent habitation features are the basic dwelling structures at permanent habitation sites. The
presence of a permanent habitation feature, typically a platform, terrace, or enclosure, is the basis for
classifying a site in this category. Habitation features were identified as permanent based on criteria
defined by Cordy (1981:66-82). In his revised model, Cordy presents the following criteria for permanent
habitation features: (a) external area greater than 16-19 sq m); (b) substantial construction (stone -filled
and bifrced walls); (c) presence of special purpose structures (small, special purpose structures for work
and storage; and (d) location (permanent housing tends to cluster mostly on the coast, either along the
shore or at the mouth of and on the sides of valley floors.
Only one site was found during the study which, based on feature type and area, would be classified
permanent habitation (see Figure 2.1). Site 21465 consists of two large platforms constructed of stacked
and faced cobbles and boulders held together with cement mortar. The platforms are 78 to 147 m in size.
The surfaces of these features are also paved with a mortared finish. The construction materials (mortar,
milled lumber, pipe), indicate a historic age for the structures.
Temporary Habitation
According to Cordy's model, temporary habitations are (a) less than 16 sq in in external area, (b)
insubstantial constructions, (c) contain numerous features of internal stratification (multiple frrepits), and
(d) have few to no associated structures. These are short-term habitation structures (e.g., small
enclosures, terraces) and natural overhangs and caves with evidence of modification or midden present
(or both).
34
EU 1854-12, West Face
Layer I Architectural layer comprised of loosely packed aa
pebbles, cobbles and boulders. No cultural remains
present Excavation of EU 1854-12 terminated on
bedrock
O PRock
nii = Bedrock
Figure 2.2.7 Site 6601, Feature 101, EU 1654-12, West Face
35
36
Temporary habitation sites are those where short-term or recurrent habitation is believed to have
taken place. Temporary habitation features in the project area (27 features at 22 sites) consist of
insubstantially constructed enclosures (8 features), C -shapes (7), terraces (3), a J-shaped wall (1),
modified outcrop (1), platform (1), and cupboard (1). Five caves are also interpreted as temporary
habitations. Table 2.2.2 lists all features interpreted to have functioned as temporary habitations and
Figure 2.2.9 illustrates their distribution.
Table 7.2.2 Summary of Temboro" Habitation Sites
Site
Type
Shape
Insubstantial
Area Associated
No.
21462
Cave
Construction
(sq m) Features/Comments
14226
Enclosure
Caval
Unfaced walls
10
Unfaced walls
14227
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
6
Enclosure
14228-a
Cave
Irregular
N/A
1 I
Agricultural features in area
14228-1,
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
7
Unfaced walls
14233
Terrace
Rectangular
Unfaced walls
IS
Destroyed
14238-a
Terrace
L -shape
Unlaced walls
10
14238-b
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
6
Unfaced walls
14238-c
Cupboard
Irregular
Propped stones
I
Ancillary feature
19486-a
Wall
J-shape
Unfaced walls
15
Agricultural features in area
19486-c
Modified
Irregular
Unfaced/Piled walls
4
Unfaced walls
21474-c
Outcrop
C -shape
Unfaced walls
6
21475
21462
Cave
Irregular
N/A
51
Cave
21464
Platform
Irregular
Unfaced walls
24
Cupboard on surface of
Unfaced walls
7
21478
Enclosure
Oval
feature
21466
Cave
Irregular
N/A
10
Subsurface soil feature
21480
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
5
present
21467
Terrace
Irregular
Unfaced walls
30
Small ave on adjacent
outcrop
21468
Cave
Irregular
Unfaced walls
14
21470
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
4
Small ave in outcrop adjacent
to feature
21472
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
6
21473
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
9
21474-a
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
10
Uvestock control and
agricultural features in area
21474-c
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
6
21475
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
9
21476
Cave
Irregular
Unfaced walls
642 Rubble -filled
21477
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
7
21478
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
10
21479
Enclosure
Owl
Unfaced walls
6
21480
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
5
21481
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced wails
9
37
38
Most of the sites (18) have a single temporary habitation feature. Three sites have two features and
one has three. Most of the temporary habitation structures (23) have small areas less than 16 sq m. The
four remaining features are caves (2), a platform, and a terrace. Although the platform (Site 21464) and
the terrace (Site 21467) are larger than the area criterion for temporary habitation features, they are
interpreted as such because of their isolation and insubstantial construction.
The temporary habitation sites are scattered throughout the project area, though there does seem to
be more of a concentration in the western portion. One site, Site 14233, has been destroyed, likely during
construction of Henry Street.
Many of the small enclosures and C -shapes interpreted as temporary habitations, yielded no cultural
remains. The majority of the C -shapes (5) also are not open to the west or southwest, opposite the
prevailing trade winds. It is possible that these features may not be prehistoric in origin, and may in fact
modem historic hunting blinds. It is also possible that these features, located in the northeastern portion
of the project area, may have been associated with the historic cultivation and/or processing of sisal. The
location of a sisal mill in this general area is depicted in Figure 2.2.8.
Livestock Control
Twelve sites with walls (8) or enclosures (4) interpreted as livestock control features were noted
during the survey. There are ten single -feature sites (Sites 6302, 14225, 14230, 14231, 14232, 14235,
14239, 14244, 19485, 19487) and two features of two site complexes (Feature A of Site 21463 and
Feature B of Site 21474). The majority of these sites/features are interpreted as being associated with
historic ranching. Figure 2.2. 10 depicts the location of the livestock control features.
A portion of Kuakini Wall (Site 6302) is present within the project area. This wall, discussed in the
Previous Research section of this report, was constructed in the early to mid -1800s and functioned to
control the movement of livestock. Most of the walls within the project area are more than 50 in long
and many extend for much longer distances beyond the project area. They are distributed throughout the
project area. Some are oriented seaward -inland, parallel with the ahupua'a boundary wall along the
southern boundary, and presumably served to further subdivide areas into smaller pastures. Other walls
are oriented perpendicular to, or diagonally to, the seaward -inland walls, also serving to subdivide the
areas. Most of the walls are a meter or more in height and are faced.
The enclosures range in size from 75 to 9,000 sq in, and are all constructed of stacked cobbles and
boulders. Sites 14230 and 14235 are bi-faced and core -filled. The larger enclosures likely were used to
contain cattle, and the smaller ones may have restricted the movements of pigs or other small animals.
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous features consists of an ahupua'a boundary wall (Site 21471), a trail (Site 21482), and
a historic artifact scatter (Feature B of Site 21463). The location of these sitelfeatures is depicted in
Figure 2.1. The boundary wall separates Keahuoln in the north from Lanihau in the south, and is faced
and core -filled. The trail consists of a crude pavement of cobbles and appears to be historic in origin,
extending to the east out of the project area. The historic artifact scatter comprises numerous bottles,
cans, junked cars, and debris and is interpreted as a dump site.
39
40
a-
2.3 EXCAVATIONS
A total of 10.5 sq m of excavations were undertaken during the survey. These include the excavation
of 210.5 by 1.0 in units at 18 sites/features. Tested formal types include five enclosures, four caves, three
terraces, three C. -shapes, two platforms, and a mound. The units were placed at 14 temporary habitation
features and seven agricultural features. The results of these units are discussed in the following sections
and summarized in Table 2.3.1. The excavation locations are shown on the appropriate site plan maps.
Stratigraphic descriptions of the units, profile drawings, and tabulations of portable remains are given in
the following site and feature descriptions.
A stone layer was noted in four units (EU 1854-2, -3, -6, -8, -12, and -20). In four of these units, this
stone layer is interpreted as fill associated with agricultural clearing (EUs 1854-2, -3, -12 and -20). In
EUs 1854-6 and -8, this layer represents a purposely constructed architectural layer. Bedrock was present
below the stone in EUs 1854-2, -3, -12, and -20). In EU 1854-8, a single cultural soil layer was identified
below the architectural layer, and a culturally sterile layer was noted in EU 1854-6. The excavation of the
architectural layer in these units found no evidence to suggest that these structures had been built during
more than a single construction episode.
A single soil deposit with no architectural layer was present in nine units. Of these single layers,
seven were culturally sterile (1854-4, -5, -13, -14, -17, -18 and -19), and two contained cultural remains
(1854-10 and -15). Two soil layers were present in six of the units, with one consisting of two sterile
layers (1854-9), one with one cultural layer over a sterile layer (1854-1), and four with two cultural soil
deposits (1854-7, -11, -16, and -21).
A single subsurface feature was identified during testing. A fire -pit was noted at the interface
between Layers I and 11, in EU 1854-7, within the Site 21466 cave.
2.4 SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Site 6302
Site 6302 is situated in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry Street. This massive
core -filled wall extends for miles along the Kona Coast, and has been recorded by numerous researchers.
In the Native Testimony records of the 1860s and the Boundary Commission records of 1879 and the
1880s, reference is often made to a prominent stone wall, known variously as the Great Wall, the Pa pipi,
the Great Stone Wall, Governor Adam's Wall, or Kuakini Wall. Based on a number of historical records,
the construction of this wall was begun in the early 1800's. During 1820 to 1840, Kuakini, the brother of
Kamehameha's favorite wife Kaahumanu, acted as governor of the island of Hawaii. Although
construction of the wall may not have been originally ordered by Governor Kuakini, by the mid 1850s the
final configuration of the wall was attributed to him. A variety of functions have been assigned to the
wall. It may have been designed to enclose pigs, built to keep cattle in the uplands out of the shoreward
houselots, or conversely, built to keep cattle in shoreward houselots out of the upland agricultural areas
(Kelly 1983:75-76; Maly 1996).
41
Table 2.3.1 - Summary of Excavation Units
Units
Site #
Feature
Type
Function
# of Soil
# of Cultural Soil
Comments
Layers
Layers
1854-1
21462
-
Cave
Temporary
2
1
Habitation
1854-2
6601
7
Mound
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer present
1854-3
6601
1
Terrace
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer present
1854-4
6601
1
Terrace
Agriculture
1
0
1854-5
6601
23
Enclosure
Agriculture
1
0
1854-6
21464
-
Platform
Temporary
1
0
Architectural layer present
Habitation
1854-7
21466
-
Cave
Temporary
2
2
Habitation
1854-8
21,467
-
Terrace
Temporary
I
I
Architectural layer present
Habitation
1854.9
14227
-
C -shape
Temporary
2
0
Habitation
1854-10
14228
A
Cave
Temporary
I
I
Habitation
1854.11
21467
-
Terrace
Temporary
2
2
Habitation
1854-12
6601
101
Platform
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer present
1854-13
6601
104
Enclosure
Agriculture
1
0
1854-14
21479
-
Enclosure
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854-15
21468
-
Cave
Temporary
I
I
Habitation
1854-16
21474
A
Enclosure
Temporary
2
2
Habitation
1854-17
21475
C -shape
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854-18
21477
-
C -shape
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854.19
21478
-
Enclosure
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854.20
6601
85
Terrace
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer present
185421
21474
A
Enclosure
Temporary
2
2
Habitation
Site 6302 within the project area evidences partial disturbance. The northern end of the wall, south
of Palani Road is intact, measuring c. 1.7 in in height and 1.6 m in width, and is constructed of stacked
and core -filled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The southern portion has been disturbed in varying
degrees, likely through a combination of modem bulldozing activity and historic cattle gra_ zing. Table
2.4.1 summarizes the characteristics of Site 6302 within the project area, and Figure 2.4.1 illustrates an
intact section of this historic wall.
The portion of the wall in the project area is comparable in size and morphology to other parts of the
wall elsewhere. To the south, in the ahupua'a of Kahului 1, Kuakini Wall is 1.7 in high and most often
1.0 to 1.3 in wide (O'Hare and Wolforth 1997). Haun et al's work along the Ali'i Highway corridor
identified the wall in several ahttpua'a, including Kahului and Pahoehoe 1, 2, and 3 (1998). Though
disturbed, Haun et al. noted intact sections measuring c. 2.0 m wide and 1.7 m in height.
42
Table 2.4.1 - Summary of Wall Site 6302
Segment
H
W
L
Vertical
Horizontal
#
(m)
(m)
(m)
courses
Courses
Construction
Status
Comment
1
1.7
1.6
28
6-8
6-8
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
From intersection with Wall
Site 14239 to south
2
0.8
3.3
26
2-4
10-15
Stacked
Only base intact
3
1.3
1.3
11
5-7
5-7
Stacked
Top wall collapse
4
Wall Missing
17
Bulldozed
5
1.3
1.8
38
5-7
6-8
Stacked
Top wall collapse
To south end of project area
at Henry Street
43
Site 6601
Site 6601 is the Kona Field System agricultural complex discussed at length in the Introduction of
this report. A total of 104 component features of this complex were identified within the project area. The
distribution and characteristics of these features are discussed under "Agriculture," in the preceding
Functional Categories section of this report.
Site 14225
Site 14225 is nicely constructed wall located near the eastern end of the project area, originally
recorded by Jensen (1990:16). The wall is oriented approximately north/south and extends between Wall
Sites 14239 and 21471. The wall is intact except for a c. 15.0 in long section at the north end. The intact
portions are 0.7 to 0.8 m wide (3-6 courses) and 1.2 m in height (4-6 courses), built of stacked pahoehoe
cobbles and boulders. A wooden gate has been incorporated into the wall c. 71 south of the north end.
The following table (Table 2.4.2) presents the characteristics of Site 14225 and Figure 2.4.2 illustrates an
intact section.
Table 2.4.2 — Summary of Wall Site 14225
Segment
H W
L
Vertical
Horizontal
#
(m) (m)
(m)
courses
Courses Construction Status
Comment
1
1.2 0.8
120
4-6
4-6 Stacked Intact
From Wall Site 21471 north
to gate
2
Gate -
2
-
-
3
11 0.7
56
5-6
3-5 Stacked Intact
From gate to north
4
Wall Missing
15
-
- -
Gap between Segment 3 and
Wall Site 14239 to north
44
Site 14226
Site 14226 is an oval enclosure originally recorded by Jensen (1990:16). The interior dimensions of
the enclosure are 1.8 m long (NW/SE) by 1.3 in wide, with the walls built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders, 0.4 to 1.0 in wide (1-4 courses) and 0.72 to 0.95 in in height (3-4 courses). There is a c. 0.3
in wide entrance into the interior along the southwestern wall. Site 14226 is depicted in Figure 2.4.3.
Soil is present in the interior of the enclosure, though no portable remains were noted. Jensen
excavated a 0.5 sq. in test unit within the interior (1990:16). The excavation of this unit evidenced 0.12 in
of a "light to dark brown humus soil". No cultural materials were present in this unit. Bedrock was
encountered below the deposit. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitation.
Site 14227
Site 14227 is a C -shape constructed on top of a pahoehoe outcrop, first documented by Jensen
(1990:16-17). The enclosure is open to the northeast, and the interior measures c. 1.3 in long (E/W) by
1.15 in wide. The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, measuring c. 0.5 to 0.9 in
wide (2-5 courses) and 0.4 to 0.8 in tall (2-5 courses). A small amount of soil is present in the interior.
Figure 2.4.4 depicts Site 14227. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitation.
A total of 0.75 sq in of excavation has been undertaken at this site. Jensen excavated a 0.5 sq in test
unit within the enclosure (TU -1), and a 1.0 by 0.5 in unit was excavated at the entrance during the study
(EU 1854-9). Jensen cites the presence of 0.18 in of a light brown, culturally sterile soil over bedrock.
The excavation of EU 1854-9 evidenced 0.03 to 0.21 in (0-21 cmbd) of a very dark brown, very fine
powdery silt (Layer I), with no cultural remains present. Bedrock was present below this layer is the
southern half of the unit, with a black very fine silt loam noted in the northern half (Layer II). This lower
deposited measured c. 0.04 to 0.09 in thick (21-30 cmbd), and also contained no portable remains.
Bedrock was present below Layer II. The stratigraphy identified within EU 1854-9 is also presented in
Figure 2.4.4.
Site 14228
This site was initially identified by Jensen as a complex of three features, including a cave (Feature
A), a C -shape (Feature B) and a mound (Feature C) (1990:17-18). The site is situated in the eastern
portion of the project area, at the c. 376 -foot elevation. The site was reexamined during the study. A
discussion of the cave and the C -shape is presented below, though the mound has been re -interpreted as a
component of the Kona Field System (Site 6601, Feature 86), and is presented in a preceding section of
this report. Figure 2.4.5 depicts the Site 14228 features.
Feature A is a small cave within a collapsed lava blister. The opening into the cave measures c. 1.5
in long (N/S) by 1.4 in wide, and there is a vertical drop of 1.2 in into the interior. The interior of the
cave is irregular in plan and is 5.6 in long (NW/SE) by 1.5 to 1.9 in wide. The ceiling height ranges from
0.40 to 0.85 in. Soil is present inside the cave and a variety of cultural remains were noted on the surface,
including marine shell, kukui nuts shells, and gourd fragments.
A 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was placed within the cave during the project, in order to determine
the nature and extent of the occupation (EU 1854-10). The excavation of this unit evidenced 0.02 to 0.06
in (0-6 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam, over bedrock. Kukui nut shells were the only cultural
remains present. Figure 2.4.5 also presents a section view of the northeast side wall of this unit.
45
Site 14226
�I
TU -1 I
i
M
Lam
■ Unit Exmvated by Jensen (1990)
Ostone
Figure 2.4.3 Plan View of Site 14226
Feature B is a C-shaped enclosure c. 5.0 m to the southwest of Feature A. This enclosure is open to
the northeast and has interior dimensions of 3.1 in (SSW) by 2.3 m. The walls are built of stacked
pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, and are 0.7 to 0.9 m wide (3-4 courses) and 0.3 to 0.8 m tall (1-4
courses). Soil is present in the interior.
Jensen excavated a 0.5 by 1.0 m test unit inside the enclosure (1990:17). The excavation of TU -1
yielded 0.06 m of a light brown soil, overlying bedrock. Several marine shell fragments, and pieces of
waterworn coral and basalt were present within this deposit.
The features within the Site 14228 complex are interpreted as temporary habitations. This is based on
the limited size and nature of the features. The excavation of the units indicates that the soil deposits
present are associated with the occupation of each surface feature.
Site 14230
Site 14230 is an enclosure formed by an L-shaped wall on the south and west, and by wall Site 14239
on the north. The enclosure is open at the east end, and evidences overall dimensions of 81.0 m long
(ENE/WSW) by 13.0 m wide. Jensen initially documented this site as a wall paralleling Site 14239 and
Palani Road, and indicated that the long axis of the site measured c. 230 m (1990:18). It is possible that
mauka portions of this site have been destroyed following Jensen's study, and prior to the current project.
46
48
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E
O
•3S
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� W
o
Le
=
A —
LL
L
m
% Y
b
=
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X
=
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L
n
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= C
O
u
o
Z
-
m u
tl
� ry q
Q
0 11
V v
Ln
Q
rl
L ^ O
—
LU
ed
F-7
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J
L
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V
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<�
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L
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U.
i
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to
p
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LL
coC
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N
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e `o
i
a
48
Site 14226
rl
TU -I
� Y
i
9 z.am
■ Unit Fxmvat&d by Jensen (1990)
0 Stone
Figure 2.4.3 Man Ylew of bite 14226
Feature B is a C-shaped enclosure c. 5.0 m to the southwest of Feature A. This enclosure is open to
the northeast and has interior dimensions of 3.1 m (NI&SW) by 2.3 m. The walls are built of stacked
pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, and are 0.7 to 0.9 m wide (3-4 courses) and 0.3 to 0.8 m tall (1-4
courses). Soil is present in the interior.
Jensen excavated a 0.5 by 1.0 m test unit inside the enclosure (1990:17). The excavation of TU -1
yielded 0.06 m of a light brown soil, overlying bedrock. Several marine shell fragments, and pieces of
waterworn coral and basalt were present within this deposit.
The features within the Site 14228 complex are interpreted as temporary habitations. This is based on
the limited size and nature of the features. The excavation of the units indicates that the soil deposits
present are associated with the occupation of each surface feature.
Site 14230
Site 14230 is an enclosure formed by an L-shaped wall on the south and west, and by wall Site 14239
on the north. The enclosure is open at the east end, and evidences overall dimensions of 81.0 m long
WSW) by 13.0 m wide. Jensen initially documented this site as a wall paralleling Site 14239 and
Palani Road, and indicated that the long axis of the site measured c. 230 m (1990:18). It is possible that
mauka portions of this site have been destroyed following Jensen's study, and prior to the current project.
46
3 �-
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O
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O
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O 1i O m L O C
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H 0
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V
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47
Several sections of the enclosure are damaged, potentially as the result of cattle grazing activity in
the area. The intact sections of wall range in width from 0.7 to 0.8 in (3-8 courses) and from 1.1 to 1.4 m
tall (4-8 courses). The majority of the enclosure walls are built of stacked and core -filled pahoehoe
pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, though a non-core filled section is present along the west wall. The
following table presents a summary of the enclosure's characteristics. Figure 2.4.6 illustrates an example
of an intact wall section. Table 2.4.3 summarizes the characteristics of the enclosure:
Table 2.4.3 Summary of Enclosure Site 14230
Segment
H W
L
Vertical Horizontal
#
(m) (m)
(m)
courses Courses Construction
Status
Comment
I
Wall Missing
4
- - -
-
Cattle break?
2
0.6 0.9
9
2-4 3-4 Stacked
Base intact- Top
From Segment I south to
collapsed
comer
3
1.1 0.7
31
4-6 5-8 Stacked, core -filled
-
From corner to northeast
4
Wall Missing
I
- - -
-
Cattle break?
I.4 0.7 19 6-8 4-7 Stacked, core -filled Intact
Wall Missing I - - Cattle break?
1.1 0.8 29 4-6 3-5 Stacked, core -filled Intact From Segment 6 to northeast
end of site
49
Site 14231
Site 14231 was originally identified by Jensen as a short wall segment to the east of Wall Site 14239
(1.990:18). The site is located in about the center of the project area. This short wall section was
identified during the study, although longer, intact sections were also noted to the south, outside of
Jensen's area of investigation. Site 14231 extends between Wall Sites 21471 at the south end, to Site
14239 in the north, a distance of c. 99.0 m. Several segments are disturbed or missing, likely the result of
either modern bulldozing activity, or cattle grazing activity.
The wall is built of stacked and core -filled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Intact sections measure c.
0.9 m wide (5-7 courses) and 1.0 to 1.1 m tall (4-6 courses). Table 2.4.4 summarizes the Site 14231 wall,
and Figure 2.4.7 illustrates an intact segment.
Table 2.4.4 Summary of Wall Site 14231
Segment
#
H W
(m) (m)
L
(m)
Vertical
courses
Horizontal
courses
Construction
Status
Comment
1
1.1 0.9
25
4-6
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
From Wall Site 21471 to
north
2
Wall missing
I
-
-
-
Cattle break?
3
1 0.9
5
4-6
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
4
0.7 1.6
7
2-4
8-10
Stacked
Top wall collapse
5
1 0.9
18
4-6
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
6
Wall missing
4
-
-
-
-
Cattle break?
7
1 0.9
27
4-6
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
8
Wall missing
10
-
-
-
-
Bulldozed?
9
1 0.9
2
4-6
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
Wall stub on south side of
Wall Site 14239
rlgure s. -r.1 rnozogropn OT -►se 1,1A.31
50
Site 14232
Site 14232 was a wall initially documented by Jensen (1990:18), and subsequently recorded as Site
T-2 by Rosendahl (1993:5) and later examined by Wulzen et al. (1996:26). This wall was destroyed
during road construction at the Palani Road and Henry Street intersection, following Wulzen et al.'s
study. No remnants of this wall remain.
According to Wulzen et al., this wall originally measured c. 100.0 in in length and extended from
Site 14239 (a wall) to the south/southeast, to the project area boundary (1996:26). The wall was
constructed of stacked and core -filled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, and was from 0.8 to 1.15 in wide
and 0.5 to 1.1 in tall.
Site 14233
Site 14233 was a rectangular -shaped terrace previously recorded by Jensen (1990:18). It was situated
in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry Street. An examination of this area during the
study indicates that this site has been destroyed. The main portion of the terrace was 6.0 in long (NW/SE)
by 2.5 in wide, and from 1.0 to 1.3 in in height. A lower tier abutted the main terrace in the center of the
southwest wall. This tier measured c. 3.0 in long (NW/SE) by 2.8 in wide, and from 0.85 to 0.9 in tall.
The terrace was constructed of stacked and pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The surface was level.
The eastern side of the terrace was disturbed, evidenced by the presence of a large bulldozer
pushpile. No portable remains were observed at the site by Jensen, though the size and nature of the
structure indicate a probable temporary habitation function. A plan view of this site is presented in Jensen
(1990:19).
Site 14235
This site was a large enclosure located in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry
Street. It was formed by four walls, each of which have been previously assigned SIHP site numbers.
These walls include Sites 14239 on the north, 19485 on the south, 14232 on the east, and 6302 on the
west, which are individually described elsewhere in this section. This enclosure was assigned a site
number by Wulzen et al. (1996:30). According to Wulzen et al.:
The constituent walls of Site 14235 were not built concurrently with one
another. The sequence of construction began with the Great Wall of
Kuakini, in the first half of the 19th Century, followed by walls 14232 and
19485, which were probably built in the latter half of the 19th century or
early 20th century. The 14239 wall was the last to be built and was
probably constructed in conjunction with Palani Road. (1996:30).
Site 14238
Site 14238 is a complex of temporary habitation features initially recorded by Jensen (1990:20). The
site is in the western portion of the project area, at the c. 255 -foot elevation. Jensen's documented
features include a terrace (Feature A), an enclosure (Feature B), and a cupboard (Feature C) but his site
map also indicates a modified outcrop and a mound. The terrace, enclosure, and cupboard were examined
during the study and determined to be components of a single site, though the modified outcrop was re-
interpreted as an element of the Kona Field System (Site 6601, Feature 44). The mound was not
relocated. Figure 2.4.8 depicts the Site 14238 features.
Ei
Site 14238
TU -1
Feature B
TU -2
O1t Feature C
TU -3
Feature A
O /.Om
■ Unit Excavated by )amen 0 "0)
nock
inn a Bedrock
Fi¢ute 2.4.8 Plan View of Site 14238
52
Feature A is a terrace built on the north and northwest side of a low pahoehoe outcrop. The feature is
L-shaped, with one leg measuring c. 3.8 m long (NE/SW) and the other 2.5 m long (NNW/SSE). These
legs range in width from 1.0 to 1.6 m, and in height from 0.4 to 0.65 m. The feature is built of stacked
pahoehoe boulders and cobbles, and the surface of the terrace is uneven and unpaved.
There is an area of soil adjacent to the terrace to the northwest. Jensen excavated a 0.5 sq in test unit
within this soil area (TU -3). Approximately 0.2 m of a brown silt loam was encountered within this unit.
No cultural remains were present, and bedrock was present below the deposit.
Feature B is an oval enclosure c. 5.5 m northeast of Feature A. Jensen describes this feature a C -
shape, though this is clearly not the case. The interior of the enclosure measures c. 3.7 m long (NE/SW)
by 1.7 m wide. The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, and are 0.9 to 1.45 in wide
and 0.35 to 0.55 m tall. Soil is present within the enclosure and Jensen excavated two 0.5 sq m test units
within the interior (TU -1 and -2). The excavation of these units revealed 0.11 to 0.3 m of a dark brown
silt loam over bedrock. Volcanic glass flakes were recovered from both of these units.
Feature C is a cupboard c. adjacent to Feature A to the northwest. The feature was created by
propping up a targe pahoehoe slabs with cobbles and boulders, forming an enclosed space which is 1.5 m
long, 0.45 m wide and 0.1 to 0.3 m tall. No soil or portable remains were observed inside the cupboard.
Site 14238 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site, based on the size and nature of the
component features. The Feature C cupboard likely functioned as a storage feature in conjunction with
the prehistoric use of this site, based on its formal type.
Site 14239
Site 14239 is a wall which borders the south and southeastern sides of Palani Road. The wall has
been documented by Jensen (1990:22), Rosendahl (as Site T-1) (1993:5) and Wulzen et al. (1996:30-31).
The wall's association with Palani Road suggests that it was likely built following the road construction
and is therefore modem.
The portion of Site 14239 within the project area is c. 1,147.25 m in length, and extends to the
northeast out of the project area. The wall is built of stacked and core -filled pahoehoe cobbles and
boulders, and ranges in width and height from 0.8 to 1.1 m. There are numerous breaks in the wall, likely
attributable to modern bulldozing. Table 2.4.5 summarizes the characteristics of this wall, and Figure
2.4.9 illustrates an intact section.
Site 14244
Site 14244 is a short segment of wall first recorded by Jensen, located in the northwest comer of the
project area (1990:23). The wall is crudely built of piled pahoehoe boulders and cobbles, and is 14.9 m
long, 1.2-1.5 m wide, and 0.5 m in height. This wall is situated c. 10 m south of wall Site 14239, and is
oriented parallel to it. No portable remains were found in association with iL
Site 19485
Site 19485 is a wall in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry Street. It was originally
recorded by Rosendahl as Site T-2 (1973:5), and revisited by Wulzen et al (1996:31). Wulzen et al.
identified the wall as extending east from the Great Wall of Kuakini (Site 6302), to wall site 14232.
Inspection of this site during the study indicates that most of this wall has been destroyed by the recent
construction of Henry Street.
53
Table 2.4.5 Summary of Wall Site 14239
Segment
#
H W
(m) (m)
L
(m)
Vertical
courses
Horizontal
courses
Construction
Status Comment
1
05 0.8
40
2-3
2-4
Sucked, core -filled
Top wall collapse From west and of wall to east
2
0.4 1.3
41
1.3
5.6
Sucked
Only base intact
3
Wall missing
24
Bulldozed
4
I.1 0.9
148
4.6
3-4
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
5
12 0.7
47
4-7
4-6
Stacked, core -filled
Minor top wall collapse
6
Wall missing
10
7
0.6 12
6
3-4
5-7
Sucked
Top wall collapse To center of Wall Site 6302
8
0.8 0.9
8
3-5
2.5
Sucked, core -filled
Minor top wall From center of Wall Site 6302
collapse to east
9
Wall missing
84
-
-
-
- Bulldozed
10
Henry Sweet
25
I 1
Will musing
47
-
-
Bulldozed
12
1.1 0.9
37
4-6
4-5
Stacked, core•filied
Intact
13
0.6 1.0
22
3-5
4-6
Stacked
Top wall collapse
14
1.0 0.8
6
4-6
4-5
Stacked, core filled
Intact
IS
0.7 1.0
8
34
3-5
Sacked
Top wall collapse
16
0.8 0.8
21
4-6
4-6
Sacked, mre-filled
Minor top wall collapse
17
Wall missing
16
-
-
-
- Bulldozed
18
1.0 1.1
21
3-4
4.6
Sacked, core -filled
Inuct
19
Wall missing
5
-
-
-
- Bulldozed
20
0.8 0.9
69
3-5
3.4
Sucked, core -filled
Intact To northhouth jog
21
0.8 0.8
2
3-5
34
Stacked, cora-filled
Intact North/south jog
22
1.1 0.8
213
4-6
3-5
Sucked, care -filled
Intact From north/south jog to east
23
Wall missing
17
_
_
_
- Bulldozed
24
0.9 1.0
74
4-6
4-5
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
25
05 1.6
8
1.3
7.10
Sucked
Only base inuct
26
1.1 Ob
109
-4-6
4-6
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
27
Wall missing
173
-
-
-
- Road leading into beehive area
28
09 0.7
22
4.5
34
Sucked
Minor top wall collapse
29
0.8 0.8
2
3-4
3.4
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
30
Wall missing
145
-
-
-
- To extreme east end of project
area
An intact section of Site 19485 was identified during the project, originating at Site 6302 and
extending to the east for c. 18.0 in. The wall is stacked and core -filled, built of pahoehoe cobbles and
boulders. It is c. 0.9 in wide (4-6 courses) and 1.3 in in height (5-7 courses). Wulzen et al. note the
presence of concrete incorporated into the wall, though this was not observed during the project.
Numerous photographs of this wall are presented in Wulzen et al. (1996:32-37)..
Site 19486
Site 19486 is a complex of features located just east of Henry Street. The site was initially
designated Site T-5 by Rosendahl (1973:5), and subsequently examined by Wulzen et al., and assigned its
current SIHF number (1996:31-45). The site, as described by Wulzen, included three features, including a
J-shaped wall (Feature A), a modified depression (Feature B) and a modified outcrop. An examination of
this site during the study indicates that Feature B is an agricultural feature associated with the Site 6601
Kona Field System Complex. Feature B has been redesigned as Feature 64 of this site, and is discussed in
a preceding section. An excellent map of this site is presented in Wulzen et al. (1996:38).
54
Mgure 1.4.Y Photograph o f Site 14239
Feature A is a 7 -shaped wall comprising two contiguous segments: a slightly curved wall at the
southern end and a rubble mound at the northern end. The curved wall is2.7 m long, 0.4 to 0.8 m wide,
and 0.7 to 0.95 in tall. The wall is built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. An area of soil is
located on the eastern side of this wall segment.
The mound forming the northern end of the feature measures c. 1.82 in long by 1.7 m wide, by 1.1 m
tall. The mound is constructed of stacked and piled cobbles and boulders. There is a slightly recessed area
in the center which may have originally formed an enclosure, though its current state of collapse makes
this difficult to determine.
There is a small cupboard -like space between the two sections of this feature. It is formed beneath a
low outcrop, and is c. 1.0 in long, 0.5 in wide, and 0.3 m in height.
Wulzen et al. excavated a 0.5 sq m test unit (TU -2) adjacent to the northwest end of the mound
portion of the feature (1996:39 and 41). The excavation of this unit revealed 0.08 m (0-8 cmbd) of a very
dark brown silt loam with large quantities of metal fragments and marine shell (Layer I). This was
underlain by c. 0.35 m (8-43 cmbd) of a very dark gray silt loam with metal, marine shell, kukui nut, a
coral manuport, charcoal, and a bone fishhook tab (Layer 11). The excavation of this unit was terminated
on several large boulders.
55
Feature C is a modified outcrop 2.0 m southeast of Feature A. This feature is 2.0 in long
(NNE/SSW), 1.8 in wide and, 0.7 in tall, and consists of four pdhoehoe boulders placed over a domed
outcrop, forming a slight overhang. Cobbles and boulders have been placed within the boulders to fill in
the gaps. Soil is present within and in front of this feature.
A second unit (TU -4) was placed outside of the overhang to the north by Wulzen et al (1996:43 and
45). This unit evidenced c. 0.1 in (0-10 cmbd) of a very dark brown duff/silt loam layer, which contained
no cultural remains (Layer I). This was underlain by 0.06 in (10-16 cmbd) of a very dark gray silt loam,
with marine shell, non -human mammal bone, metal, and charcoal. Bedrock was encountered below Layer
1I.
Site 19486 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the relatively small size of
the component features and the lack of substantial construction. The metal recovered from both units may
suggest this site was utilized post -contact, or this material may have been secondarily deposited from
above.
Site 19487
Site 19487 is a wall in the western portion of the project area, east of Henry Street. It was first
identified by Rosendahl as Site T-6 (1993:5), and revisited by Wulzen et al. (1996:46). The wall initially
originated on the south side of Site 14239 (a wall) and extended c. 103 in to the south/southeast.
However, construction activity associated with Henry Street has destroyed the northern 10.0 in of the
wall. The remaining intact portion is c. 93 in long, and measures a uniform c. 1.2 in wide and 1.2 in in
height. The wall is in good condition, constructed of boulders stacked 5-6 courses tall, and 3-4 course
wide, with cobble and pebble core -filling. Numerous photographs of Site 19487 is illustrated in Wulzen
et al. (1996:47-52)..
Site 21462
Site 21462 is a cave within a lava blister, in the southwestern comer of the project area. The top of
the blister is c. 1.3 in above the surrounding ground surface. The entrance consists of an oval-shaped hole
in the surface of the blister (1.0 in by 0.8 m), with a 1.3 in drop to the interior floor. The interior of the
cave is irregular in plan view, and is 8.15 m long (ENE/WSW) by 6.25 m wide. The ceiling heights range
from 0.3 to 1.25 in. Soil is present inside the cave, and a single kukui nut was noted on the surface.
Figure 2.4. 10 depicts the Site 21462 cave.
A 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was dug into this soil deposit during the project. EU 1854-1
evidenced 0.16 to 0.23 in (0-23 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam (Layer 1). Cultural remains
recovered from this layer included marine shell, k-ukui nut, volcanic glass, and non -human mammal bone
(Table 2.4.6). This was underlain by 0.02 to 0.05 in (23-28 cmbd) of a yellowish brown, culturally sterile
silt, over bedrock. The stratigraphy present within this unit is also presented in Figure 2.4.10.
The size and nature of this site suggest a temporary habitation function. The results of subsurface
testing indicates that the soil deposit within the cave is associated with its occupation.
Site 21463
Site 21463 is a complex of two features situated near the southwestern corner of the project area..
This site contains the remnants of a crudely constructed enclosure (Feature A), and a large historic
artifact scatter (Feature A). This area appears to have been extensively bulldozed, which has likely
resulted in the partial destruction of Feature A.
56
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Table 2.4.6. Site 21462, EU -1, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genus/species Layer
Wt* NISP MNI
Gastropod Conidae 0.91 1 1
Gastropod Cypraeidae 0.28 1 1
Gastropod Non -marine 0.09 1 1
Vegetal Aleurites moluccana 6.08 11 1
Artifact Volcanic glass 1.26 1 1
Mammal Medium arciodactyl 14.39 1 1
*All weights are in grams
The Feature A enclosure consists of a linear wall constructed of stacked and piled pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders, measuring 14.7 in long (NW/SE), 0.7 to 1.0 in wide (3-4 courses), and 0.65 to 0.8 in in
height (3-4 courses). There is a c. 2.1 in wide gap near the center of this wall. There are three piled
cobble and boulder walls extending perpendicularly to the northeast from this main wall. The first is
located at the southeast end of the main wall. It is 1.9 in long (NE/SW), 0.65 in wide, and 0.6- to 0.85 in
in height, and is built of piled cobbles, 3-5 courses tall and 2-3 courses wide. The second wall is located
2.7 in northwest of the first perpendicular wall. It is c. 2.3 in long (NE/SW), 0.75 to 1.2 in wide (3-4
courses), and 0.65 to 1.0 in tall (3-5 courses). The final perpendicular wall is situated at the northeast end
of the main wall. It is c. 1.7 in long (NE/SW), 0.6 in wide (2-3 courses), and 0.75 in in height (4-5
courses)
The northwest and northeast sides of the enclosure are open, likely destroyed by bulldozer activity. A
large pushpile of boulders and cobbles is located adjacent to the enclosure to the southeast. There are
numerous automobile parts, bottles and other debris incorporated into this pushpile. This enclosure is
interpreted as a probable historic animal pen due to the height of the walls and its proximity to other
livestock control features. Feature A is depicted in Figure 2.4.11.
Feature B is a large surface and subsurface scatter of historic debris, encompassing an area of 60.0 m
(E/W) by 50.0 in (N/S). Junked cars, bottles, tin cans and other debris were scattered on the ground
surface throughout the area (Figure 2.412). Pits and exposed cutbanks reveal that these materials extend
to depths of more than 1.2 in below surface. The presence of historic trash in both surface and
subsurface contexts indicates that this is likely the location of a dump site.
Examination of the numerous items in the dump is not feasible for inventory survey. A small sample
of complete bottles (n=5) was examined to determine possible date ranges of deposal at the dump. Based
on the neck finish, glass color, manufacturer, and embossing, all five bottles could have been created as
early as 1880 (Fike 1987; Munsey 1970; Toulouse 1972). Cars built in the 1930s are also in the dump,
suggesting that the area was used for disposal at least until circa World War II.
Site 21464
Site 21464 is a platform in the western portion of the project area, at the c. 258 ft elevation. The
platform is built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, and is 5.0 in long (E/W) by 4.8 in wide, and
0.7 in tall. The surface is uneven and is crudely paved with cobbles and small boulders. This site is
depicted in Figure 2.4.13.
58
Site 21463
Feature A
m
o LOM
OStone
Figure 2.4.11 Plan View of Site 21463, Feature A
59
There is a cupboard situated on top of the platform, consisting of an oval depression, 0.75 m long,
0.7 m wide, and 0.3 to 0.5 m deep. A pahoehoe slab has been placed horizontally over the depression,
partially enclosing the cupboard. No portable remains were present within the cupboard or on the surface
of the platform.
A 0.5 by 1.0 m unit was excavated into the platform during the study (EU 1854-6). The excavation
of this unit revealed an architectural layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, 0.46 to 0.58
m thick (8 cmad-52 cmbd). Cultural remains within this layer included waterwom pieces of basalt and
coral. A brown, very fine powdery silt deposit (Layer I1) was encountered below the architectural layer.
This deposit measured 0.1 to 0.22 to thick (45-70 cmbd) and contained no cultural remains. Bedrock was
present below Layer II. Figure 2.4.13 also illustrates the stratigraphy noted in EU 1854-6.
Site 21464 is interpreted as a temporary habitation platform, based on its size and formal type. The
excavation of EU 1854-6 indicates that the structure was built during a single construction episode, and
that the Layer II soil deposited naturally, prior to the erection of the platform.
M
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Site 21465
Site 21465 consists of two adjacent raised platforms that are constructed of stacked and mortared
pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The site is situated in the western portion of the project area, east of
Henry Street. Feature A is rectangular and measures c. 15.5 in long (NNW/SSE) by 9.5 m wide. The
sidewalls are vertical and are from 0.25 to 0.87 m in height. The surface of the platform is C. 0.1 in below
the top of the sidewalls and is covered by a thin layer of mortar. Sections of one -inch white PVC pipe
and pipe fittings are present on and around the feature.
Feature B is c. 5.0 m north of Feature A. This platform is not as well defined as Feature A, but
evidences similar construction. It consists of a rectangular section which is 12.5 in long (NNW/SSE) by
6.2 m wide, ranging in height from 0.3 to 0.5 in. There is a possible entryway along the south wall, near
the southwest comer; this wall is c. 5.0 in long by 3.2 m wide. A rectangular depression is situated c. 3.5
m north of this entry, measuring c. 3.0 in long, 2.4 m wide, and 0.3 m deep below the surface of the
platform. Milled lumber and PVC pipe were present on the structure.
The nature of these platforms, their portable remains, and their style of construction indicates that
they functioned as structural foundations, likely supporting wooden structures. The presence of the PVC
pipe further suggests a modem origin.
Site 21466
Site 21466 is a small blister cave in approximately the center of the project area, north of Site 14239,
a wall, and south of Palani Road. The blister has collapsed on the northwest side, exposing a domed
interior. The entrance is 3.5 m long by 1.35 m tall, with the interior measuring c. 4.5 m long (N/S) by 2.3
in wide. The interior ceiling heights range from 0.3 to 0.9 m. Soil is present within the cave and one
kukui nut was noted. Site 21466 is depicted in Figure 2.4.14.
A 0.5 by 1.0 m excavation unit was dug within this soil deposit during the study. The excavation of
EU 1854-7 yielded two cultural deposits over bedrock. Layer I consisted of 0.14 to 0.21 m (0-21 cmbd)
of a very dark grayish brown silt loam including kukui nut, marine shell and non -human mammal bone
(Table 2.4.7). Two radiocarbon dates were generated from the unit matrix, and another from the pit
feature described below. Charred material from 10 to 20 crabs dates (Beta # 119401) yielded a calibrated
range of A.D. 1680 to 1940. The calibrated date range for material from 20 to 40 cmbs (Beta # 119402)
is A.D. 1440 to 1950.
Site 21467
Site 21467 is a terrace built against a pahoehoe outcrop, with a small blister on the top. The site is
situated near the center of the project area at the c. 345 -foot contour. The terrace is built on the
southwestem side of the outcrop, and is 3.5 m long (NE/SW) by 2.25 m wide. There is a relatively level
area at the northeast end, though the majority of the terrace slopes to the southwest. The southwest side is
built up with a stacked pahoehoe cobble and boulder wall, 0.8 in in height. Marine shell and kukui nut
were collected from the surface of the terrace.
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There is an open lava blister on top of the outcrop, at the northwest end. The opening into the blister
is 0.8 m long by 0.6 on wide, and there is a vertical drop of 0.85 m to the interior floor. The inside of the
cave is 2.25 m long (E/W) by 1.8 to 2.1 m wide. The ceiling height ranges from 0.35 to 0.9 m. There is a
small skylight (0.35 by 0.35 m) at the western end of the cave. No portable remains were present within
the interior.
There were several crude mounds of piled cobbles and boulders on the surface of the outcrop. One
was on the northwestern end and was 2.3 m long (NW/SE), 1.4 m wide, and 0.8 m tall. Another was at
the northeast end and measured c. 4.0 m long (E/W) by 0.5 to 1.75 to wide and 0.65 m tall. No cultural
materials were found in association with either mound. Figure 2.4.15 illustrates Site 21467.
Subsurface testing was undertaken on and around the terrace to determine its function. EU 1854-8
was a 0.5 by 1.0 m unit situated on the level area on top of the terrace. This unit revealed an architectural
layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, 0.21-0.31 m thick (6-51 cmbd). No cultural
remains were present. The layer was underlain by a very dark grayish brown silt loam soil, 0.08 to 0.49 m
thick (37-86 cmbd). A variety of portable remains were recovered from this layer, including marine shell,
kukui nut, sea urchin, non -human mammal bone, fish bone, bird bone, charcoal, and basalt flakes (Table
2.4.8). Bedrock was encountered below Layer H. The stratigraphy noted in EU 1854-8 is also presented
in Figure 2.4.15.
Table 2.4.8 Site 21467, EU -8, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genusispeeies Surface Layer It Total
we NISP MNI Wt NISP MINI Wt NISP MINI
Gastropod
Calana sp
- - - 531
4
1 5.31
4
Gastropod
Conus sp.
- - 1.45
2
1 1.45
2
Gastropod
Cypra. sp.
9.05 4 4 86.49
41
19 9554
45
Gastropod
Nerits picea
- - 0.45
2
2 0.45
2
Gastropod
Thaididae
- - .65
1
1 AS
1
Bivalve
Isognomonidae
- - 539
8
1 539
8
Bivalve
Unidentified
- 38
2
1 .38
2
Echinoid
mammal
2.18 1 1 1723
140
1 19A 1
141
Crustacean
Small to medium 8ior - -
- - - 39
3
1 39
3
Fish
Acanthuridae
- - - 59
1
1 59
1
Fish
Holocenondae
- - - .24
1
1 24
1
Fish
Scaridae
- - - 59
1
1 59
1
I
23
2
Fish
Unidentified - -
- .63
17
1 .63
17 1
Bird
Buteo sobtanus - -
.15
1
1 .15
1 1
Bird
Medium procellariidae - -
- 1.85
1
1 1.85
1 1
Mammal
Canis hmiliaris
- 53
1
1 53
1 1
Mammal
Rattus eaulans -
- 20
2
1 2
2 1
Mammal
Sus scrofa -
- 1.66
2
1 1.66
2 1
Mammal
Small w medium or medium - -
- 0.08
1
1 0.08
1 1
mammal
Mammal
Small to medium 8ior - -
- 128
4
1 128
4 1
medium mammal
Mammal
Medium mammal - -
- .69
1
1 .69
1 1
Vesetil
Aleurites moluccana 4.7 2
- 2035
21
- 24.42
23 -
Vegetal
Charcoal - -
- 0.02
2
- .02
2 -
Basalt
Flake -
- 2.09
1
- 2.09
1 -
Artifact
Modified/cut bone -
- 2.96
6
- 2.96
6 -
'A8 weights are in pmts
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A second unit was excavated at this site, located adjacent to the terrace wall, on the southwest side
(EU 1854-11). This 0.5 by 1.0 in unit evidenced two soil layers overlying bedrock. Layer I was 0.18 to
0.2 in thick (0-20 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam. Kukui nuts were present within this deposit.
Layer II was 0.02 to 0.06 in thick (20-26 cmbd) and consisted of a black silt loam containing marine shell
(Table 2.4.9). Figure 2.4.15 depicts the stratigraphy identified within this unit.
Table 1.4.9 Site 11467, EU -11, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genusispecies Layer 1 Layer II Total
Wt* NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI
Gastropod Cypraea sp. - - - 5.37 2 2 5.37 2 2
Ve¢etal Aleurites moluccana 2.72 4 - - - - 212 4 -
weights are in grams
Site 21467 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the site's size and formal
type. The excavation of EU 1854-8 indicates that the terrace was built in a single construction episode.
However, the presence of the cultural layer beneath the architecture, and the stratified deposits noted in
EU 1854-11 suggests that this location was likely occupied prior to the construction of the surface
feature. It is probable that the small cave may have functioned as a storage area in conjunction with the
use of the terrace.
Site 21468
Site 21468 is a small blister cave on the western side of a pahoehoe outcrop. The site is in the east -
central portion of the project area, at the 370 -foot contour. The entrance faces the west and is 2.25 in long
(NE/SW) by 0.7 to 0.9 in tall. The interior is domed -shaped and is 2.75 m long (NFISW) by 1.25 in wide.
Soil is present inside the cave. No portable remains were noted.
There is a stacked pahoehoe cobble wall outside of the cave, c. 0.9 in west of the dripline. This wall
is 3.1 in long (NE/SW), 2.0 in wide, and 0.4 in in height. The stones are stacked 2-3 courses tall and 6-8
wide. Site 21468 is depicted in Figure 2.4.16.
A 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was placed beneath the dripline. EU 1854-15 revealed a 0.07 to 0.22
m thick (0-22 cmbd) layer of very dark brown silt loam. Marine shell was recovered from this deposit
(Table 2.4.10), and bedrock was encountered below it. A stratigraphic profile of this unit is also presented
in Figure 2.4.16. Site 21468 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This interpretation is based on
the site's formal type, and one the presence of cultural remains.
Table 1.4.10 Site 11468, EU -15, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genus/species Layer I
Wt* NISP MNI
Gastropod Cypraeidae 0.66 1 1
*AII weights are in grams
67
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Site 21470
Site 21470 is an enclosure on the northwestern side of a low pahoehoe lava blister. It consists of two
parallel walls which range in length from 1.25 to 1.35 in, and are 0.4 to 0.6 in wide (1-3 courses) and
0.45 to 0.7 in tall (2-4 courses). The walls are made of stacked cobbles and are spaced c. 1.1 in apart,
creating the enclosed space between them and the blister. The enclosure is open to the northwest.
Exposed bedrock is present on the floor of the enclosure and no portable remains were noted.
There is a small opening into the lava blister at the southeast side of the enclosure. This opening is c.
0.9 in wide and 0.55 m deep, with a ceiling height of 0.25 m. Windblown soil over bedrock is present in
the interior. No portable remains were prescnt. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary
habitation.
Site 21471
One site identified during the study is interpreted as a boundary feature. Site 21471 is a nicely
constructed wall which forms the southern boundary in the eastern two-thirds of the project area. This
mauka-mahai wall is situated on the boundary between Keahuolu and Lanihau and is 602 m ]on-. It is
core -filled and built of boulders and cobbles stacked to form a wall 0.69 to 0.9 in wide (3-6 courses) and
0.96 to 1.1 in tall (3-7 courses). The western end of this wall has been destroyed, likely during
construction of a housing subdivision in this area, and has been replaced by a chain-link fence. Table
2.4.11 summarizes the characteristics of this wall, and Figure 2.4.17 illustrates an intact section.
69
Table 2.4. 11 Summary of Wall Site 21471
Segment
H
W
L
Vertical
Horizontal
##
(m)
(m)
(m)
courses
Courses
Construction
Status
Comment
I
No
-
210
-
-
-
-
Cyclone Fence - Extends east from
wall
sidewalk at Henry Street
2
1.1
0.9
4
3-5
4-6
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
From cyclone fence to center of Wall
Site 14231
3
1
0.7
458
3-7
3-6
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
From center of Wall Site 14231 to
center of Wall Site 14225
4
1.1
0.8
141
5-8
3-6
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
From Wall Site 14225 to east end of
project area
Site 21472
Site 21472 is a C -shape. It is built on top of a pahoehoe outcrop and is open to the east/northeast.
The interior of the enclosure is c. 1.25 m long by 1.25 m wide and the walls are built of stacked pahoehoe
cobbles and boulders. The walls range in width from 0.50 to 0.75 m (2-5 courses) and from 0.30 to 1.30
m high (3-6 courses). Exposed bedrock is present on the interior of the enclosure and no portable remains
were observed. Site 21472 is illustrated in Figure 2.4.18. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
rlgureL.4. i a rnotograpn oT aite z e 4iz
70
Site 21473
Site 21473 is a C -shape first recorded during the current survey. This enclosure is built on top of a
pahoehoe outcrop c. 2.5 m in height above the surrounding ground surface. The entrance to the enclosure
faces the east/southeast, and the interior measures c. 2.0 m long (E/W) by 1.4 m wide. The walls are built
of stacked pahoehoe boulders and cobbles, and are 0.50 to 0.75 m wide (2-4 courses) and 0.45 to 0.80 m
tall (2-5 courses). Exposed bedrock is present on the floor of the enclosure. A large piece of black plastic
was wedged into the rocks near the base of the wall along the southern interior side. Figure 2.4.19
depicts Site 21473. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitation.
Site 21474
Site 21474 is a complex of three features in the eastern portion of the project area, at 419 to 425 ft
AMSL. The site consists of two enclosures (Features A and B), and a C -shape (Feature C). The site
encompasses 720.0 sq m, and is illustrated in Figure 2.4.20.
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Feature A is a small oval enclosure with interior dimensions of 2.8 in (WNW/ESE) by 1.85 in. The
enclosure is open to the east and the walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The walls
range in width from 0.65 to 0.75 in (2-4 courses) and in height from 0.25 to 1.0 in (1-5 courses). Soil is
present within the interior.
Subsurface testing was undertaken within and around Feature A. EU 1854-16 was excavated within
the enclosure. This 0.5 by 1.0 in unit evidenced 0.06 to 0.16 in (9-29 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt
loam (Layer I). Portable remains within this deposit included kukui nut, marine shell, sea urchin, and
volcanic glass (Table 2.4.12). Layer II was a dark grayish brown silt loam 0.11 to 0.27 in in thickness
(26-53 cmbd). Marine shell, fish bone, sea urchin, charcoal, volcanic glass, and kukui were recovered
from this layer. A stratigraphic profile of EU 1854-16 is presented in Figure 2.4.20. Charred material
from 20 to 40 cmbs (Beta # 11403) yielded a range of calibrated dates from A.D. 1525 to 1950.
Table 2.4.12 Site 21474-A, EU -16, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family
Genus/species
Layer 1
Layer 11
Total
Wt*
NISP
MNI
Wt NISP
MNI
Wt
NISP
MNI
Gastropod
Cellana sp.
10.02
S
I
1.49
10
4
11-51
is
5
Gastropod
Conidae
4.80
4
1
3.91
9
1
8.71
13
2
Gastropod
Cypraeidae
10.27
12
4
2150
21
4
31.77
33
8
Gastropod
Nerita picea
2.66
8
8
652
24
21
9.18
32
29
Gastropod
Thaididae
2.80
9
3
1.76
6
1
4.56
IS
4
Gastropod
Unidentified gastropod
2.08
7
1
8.27
32
1
10.35
39
2
Bivalve
Isognomonidae
0.90
5
3
4.00
31
9
4.90
36
12
Bivalve
Unidentified bivalve
-
-
-
0.37
1
1
0.37
1
1
Echinoid
2.19
II
1
15.39
95
1
1758
106
2
Crustacean
-
-
-
0.27
2
1
0.27
2
1
Fish
Unidentified
-
-
-
0.53
3
1
0.53
3
1
Vegetal
Aleurites molucca..a
054
1
1
-
-
-
0.54
1
1
Artifacts
Volcanic glass
5.74
9
9
8.39
13
10
14.13
22
19
Charcoal
0.24
3
-
024
3
-
*All weights are in grams
A second 0.5 by 1.0 in unit was excavated outside the enclosure, 0.5 in to the west. EU 1854-21
revealed 0.02 to 0.19 in (0-19 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam, with marine shell, sea urchin, and
volcanic glass flakes (Layer I)(Table 2.4.13). This was underlain by 0.04 to 0.15 in (21-40 cmbd) of a
black silt loam (Layer II). Cultural material from this layer consisted of marine shell, coral, sea urchin,
and volcanic glass flakes. Bedrock was present below Layer II. Figure 2.4.20 also depicts the stratigraphy
of this unit. Charred material from 20 to 40 cmbs (Beta # 119404) yielded a calibrated date range of
A.D. 1410 to 1665.
73
Table 1.4.13 Site 21474-A, EU -21, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genus/species Layer 1 Layer 11 Total
Wt" NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI
Gastropod
Cellana sp.
-
-
-
2.13
7
1
2.13
7
1
Gastropod
Conidae
4.61
4
1
9.65
8
1
14.26
12
2
Gastropod
Cypraeidae
12.94
10
2
48.02
26
1
60.96
36
3
Gastropod
Nerita picm
1.15
4
4
8.63
32
29
9.78
36
33
Gastropod
Thaididae
3.74
3
2
6.71
IS
2
10.45
18
4
Gastropod
Unidentified
4.31
12
1
17.12
50
I
21.43
62
2
Bivalve
Brachidontes
0.16
1
1
0.89
4
2
1.05
5
3
Bivalve
Isognomonidae
-
-
-
3.15
26
8
3.15
26
8
Bivalve
Tellina palatam
-
-
-
1.70
2
1
1.70
2
1
Echinoid
337
16
1
18.62
122
1
22.19
138
2
Crustacean
-
-
-
1.16
1
1
1.16
1
1
Artifact
Volcanic glass
10.77
10
8
19.46
32
32
30.23
42
40
Coral frag.
-
-
-
4.92
21
-
4.92
21
-
*AR weights are in grams
Feature B is a large rectangular enclosure c. 12.0 in northeast of Feature A. It is c. 19.0 m long
(,NNW/SSE) by 17.0 m wide and is built of stacked and piledpahoehoe cobbles and boulders 0.8 to 2.7 in
wide (4-8 courses), and 0.3 to 0.6 in tall (1-3 courses). The interior has some soil but most of it is
weathered pahoehoe. No portable remains were observed.
Feature C is a small, C -shape adjacent to the southeast comer of Feature B. This enclosure is open to
the west and has internal dimensions of 1.6 in (E/W) by 1.3 in. The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe
cobbles and boulders, 0.7 to 0.8 m wide (3-4 courses) and 0.5 to 0.7 in tall (2-4 courses). A small amount
Of soil is present inside the enclosure and several kukui nut fragments were observed.
Site 21474 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based the size and nature of the
Feature A and C enclosures. Feature B is interpreted as a possible animal enclosure, used in conjunction
with the habitation features. This is supported by the large size of the enclosure. The low walls of this
feature suggest that cattle were likely not penned inside, and is likely not historic.
Site 21475
Site 21475 was identified during the project as a C -shape. This enclosure is built on top of a bedrock
outcrop, which measures c. 0.5 in above the surrounding ground surface. The enclosure is open to the
west/northwest, and the interior measures c. 1.6 in long (NNE/SSW) by 1.5 in wide. The walls are
constructed of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders and are 0.4 to 0.6 in wide (2-3 courses) and 0.45 to
1.05 in tall (3-5 courses). Soil is present in the interior of the enclosure though no cultural remains were
observed. Site 21475 is presented in Figure 2.4.21. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
74
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A 1.0 in by 0.5 in excavation unit was excavated into the enclosure interior during the project (EU
1854-17). This unit revealed a 0.02 to 0.07 in thick (0-7 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam overlying
bedrock. No portable remains were within this deposit. The stratigraphy identified in this unit is
illustrated in Figure 2.4.21.
Site 21476
Site 21476 is a collapsed lava tube cave in the eastern portion of the project area, at the c. 424 ft
contour. The entrance into the tube is on the top of a low pahoehoe outcrop, and it is 1.6 in long by 0.4 in
wide, with a 1.25 in vertical drop to the interior. The cave is c. 13.0 in long (WNW/ESE) and from 1.5 to
3.8 in wide. The interior of the cave is a jumble of pahoehoe slabs and boulders, which appear to
represent roof fall. The cave continues to the east, through a restricted passage too narrow for the field
crew to manage.
The ceiling heights within the cave vary from 0.4 to 1.2 in. An area at the west end of the cave is
free of stones, though no soil is present. Several kukui nuts were found with the stone rubble. Figure
2.4.22 depicts Site 21476. This site is interpreted as a possible temporary habitation, based on its formal
type.
Site 21477
Site 21477 is a C -shape identified during the current project. It is located on a low pahoehoe outcrop
(0.2-0.4 in above ground surface). The interior is c. 1.85 in long (NW/SE) by 1.5 in wide. The northeast
side of the enclosure is open, and the walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The walls
are 0.3 to 0.7 in wide (24 courses) and 0.5 to 0.75 in tall (2-5 courses). Soil is present in the interior
though no cultural remains were noted. Figure 2.4.23 depicts this enclosure.
A 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was dug into the interior of the enclosure (1854-18). The excavation
of this unit evidenced 0.18 to 0.22 in (0-27 cmbd) of a black silt loam. No cultural materials were
recovered and the unit was terminated on bedrock. The stratigraphy noted in this unit is also presented in
Figure 2.4.23. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitation.
Site 21478
Site 21478 is an oval enclosure identified during the current survey. This enclosure is constructed on
top of a low pdhoehoe outcrop (0.2-0.4 in above ground surface). The interior is c. 2.7 in long (E/W) by
1.5 in wide, and the walls are 0.4 to 0.6 in wide (1-3 courses) and 0.3 to 0.9 in tall (2-5 courses). The
walls are built of stacked pdhoehoe cobbles and boulders. No portable remains were noted on the ground
surface of the enclosure. This site is presented in Figure 1.4.24.
A 0.5 by 1.0 m excavation unit was placed within the enclosure to test a soil deposit (EU 1854-19).
This excavation revealed 0.02 to 0.09 in of a very dark brown, culturally sterile silt loam. Bedrock was
encountered below this soil layer. Figure 1.4.24 illustrates the stratigraphy in EU 1854-19. This site is
interpreted as a temporary habitation based on size and formal type.
76
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Site 21479
Site 21479 is an oval enclosure located during the current survey. This enclosure is built on the
northern side of a low pahoehoe outcrop (0.5 in tall). The interior is 1.45 in long (E/W) by 1.0 m wide.
The walls are constructed of stacked pahoehoe cobbles, and are 0.6 to 0.7 in wide (2-3 courses) by 0.30
to 0.65 in high (2-3 courses). No portable remains were observed on the ground surface, though soil is
present in the interior. This site is presented in Figure 2.4.25.
EU 1854-14 was dug in the enclosure's interior. This unit evidenced 0.07 to 0.10 in (0-10 cmbd) of a
very dark brown silt loam overlying bedrock. No portable remains were recovered from this deposit. The
section view of this unit is also presented in Figure 2.4.25. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
Site 21480
Site 21480 is a small, oval enclosure identified during the current survey. The interior of this
enclosure is c. 1.65 in long (E/W) by 0.95 in wide. The walls are 0.4 to 0.6 m (2-3 courses) wide and 0.3
to 0.55 in high (2-3 courses). The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe boulders and cobbles. A thin layer
of brown silt loam (0.02 in thick), over bedrock is present in the enclosure's interior. No portable
remains were present. Figure 2.4.26 depicts Site 21480. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
Site 21481
Site 21481 is an oval-shaped enclosure identified during the current survey. This enclosure is
constructed on top of a low pahoehoe outcrop (0.2-0.4 in above ground surface). The interior measures c.
1.65 in long (NIS) by 1.2 in wide, and the walls are from 0.5 to 1.0 in wide (2-5 courses) and 0.3 to 0.9 in
tall (2-5 courses). The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Exposed bedrock is
present in the enclosure's interior. No portable remains were noted. The size and formal type of this site
suggest it is a temporary habitation. This site is presented in Figure 2.4.27.
Site 21482
One site identified during the project is interpreted as a transportation feature. Site 21482 is a trail or
path located near the eastern project area boundary. It originates at Palani Road and extends c. 105.0 m to
the east, outside of the project area. The western end is well-defined and is 2.0 in wide and paved with
'a'd cobbles and pebbles. This pavement may be of recent origin however, as numerous wooden beehives
are located at the east end of this well -paved section. To the east of the beehives, the trail is more poorly
defined, consisting of scattered stones in a roughly linear configuration.
The path intersects Palani Road where the old sisal mill was (see Figure 2.2.8). The path may have
been used during sisal operations to directly connect the mill to the upper road, or as a main transporation
artery for the 500 acre cultivated area. It is possible that this path coopted a prehistoric trail, but the
current wide, cobble path precludes
[I]
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Site 21481
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Figure 2.4.27 Plan View of Site 21481
82
3. CONCLUSION
Results of the this investigation do not deviate from the expectations generated in the Kona Field
System model of settlement and land use presented in the Introduction of this report. The project area is
within the kula and contains prehistoric temporary habitations and informal agricultural features. There
are no heiau or burial features in the project area. Historic walls, including Kuakini Wall, an ahupua'a
boundary wall, and ranching walls, are prominent historic -era features in the project area. Portions of the
project area were also used for sisal cultivation and trash disposal during historic times.
3.1 CHANGES OVER TIME IN THE PROJECT AREA
Colonization (AD 300 to 600) and Early Expansion (AD 600 to 1100)
Periods
No permanent habitation or agricultural features were expected for this time frame, and no direct
evidence of occupation and use of the project was encountered during the inventory survey. Based on
inferences drawn from pan -island development and resource utilization models, it is suggested that
temporary habitations in near -shoreline caves may have occurred during these early stages of use in the
Kona region. The caves in the project area are small and are over one kilometer from the shoreline, so
they are not expected to have been used during these early periods of prehistory.
Late Expansion Period (AD 1 100 to 1400)
There is no direct evidence of use of the project area for this period. Informal agricultural features
and formal walled fields are expected farther south and in higher elevations. Trail building may occur
during this period as the upland -lowland segregation of residences and agriculture begins to take shape.
Historic -era roads are often built over older transportation routes, and it is possible that Palani Road is
situated over an older lowland -upland trail. There is no direct evidence of a potential earlier trail in the
project area, however.
Intensification Period (AD 1400 to 1600)
The numerous informal agricultural features in the project area were not directly dated during this
project. It is likely that some were built and used during this period, but most probably date to the
subsequent period. The model indicates that agricultural features are introduced in to the kula during this
period, but they are not expected to dominate the landscape at this time, and they are more likely to be in
the lower kula near shoreline habitation (Haun et al. 1998; Schilt 1984). Agricultural use during this
period can be inferred through association with the radiocarbon -dated temporary habitation at Site 21474.
The calibrated range for this date is AD 1410 to 1665 with an intercept at 1475 suggesting that the
material associated with cultural activity was deposited sometime around AD 1500 (Figure 3.1.1).
Temporary habitation is presumed to be associated with agricultural activity in the kula. Permanent
habitation sites are expected for this period farther seaward, and none are present in the project area.
Sites reflecting status differentiation and ceremonial activity that was developing during this period, such
as heiau, burials, and high status residences, could occur in the kola, but none are present in the project
area.
83
it
84
Competition Period (AD 1600 to 1779)
Population increased during this period to the point of stressing the subsistence resource base and
causing inter -group tension. It is expected that the upper and lower elevations of the kula would have
been used more extensively for agriculture. Permanent habitation in royal centers along the shoreline
was expanding, and some habitations were located in the lower kola. There are no prehistoric permanent
habitations in the project area, however. Four radiocarbon dates (with six intercepts: 1650, 1655, 1680,
1745, 1805, and 1935) from the two temporary habitations that yielded charred material sufficient for
dating (21466 and 21474) suggest that temporary habitation was common in the projeci area during this
period. The expected association between temporary habitation and informal agricultural features
suggests that many of the agricultural features within the project area are probably products of this time
period.
An examination of informal agricultural features has been conducted across Palani Road in Keahuolu
and Kealakehe ahupua'a (Donham 1990) for the Kealakehe Planned Community (KPC). Rock mounds
occur more frequently in higher elevations (greater than 600 feet [180 meters]) than at lower elevations
(below 400 feet [120 meters]) in the KPC. Pahoehoe excavations are also present in the KPC, and this
type of informal agricultural feature occurs in nearly the same frequencies at all elevations in the KPC
property. This distributional pattern is interpreted to mean that rock mounds may "reflect a more
specialized use or a more limited range of associated cultigens than pahoehoe excavations" (Donham
1990:20).
The current project area (referred to here as QLT) is below 460 feet (140 meters) elevation, and
corresponds to the lower portion of the KPC. At this elevation, the KPC has 21 pahoehoe excavations, 12
rock mounds, and one modified outcrop in an area that is about ten times larger than the QLT project
area. There are 36 rock mounds, three planting areas (similar to the pahoehoe excavations), and 39
modified outcrops in the QLT project area. Because the QLT area is roughly 1/10 the size of the KPC
area, the number of QLT features can be multiplied by 10 to provide a rough estimate of a concentration
index to compare the KPC and QLT data. Multiplying by 10 yields 360 rock mounds, 390 modified
outcrops, and 30 planting areas. Consequently, the QLT differs from the neighboring KPC in that there is
a much greater density of rock mounds and modified outcrops in the QLT. There is roughly the same
density of pahoehoe excavations/planting areas in both project areas.
The high frequency of rock mounds below 460 feet (140 meters) elevation in the QLT indicates that
the correlation between rock mounds and elevation observed in the KPC does not hold for the QLT.
Consequently, the proposed explanation for the differential distribution of rock mounds, that of a more
specialized use or limited range of associated cultigens, cannot be supported by the QLT data.
Alternatively, the distribution of soil in the KPC and QLT displays a positive correlation with the
distribution of rock mounds and modified outcrops across the two project areas. Nearly the entire KPC
area below 400 feet (120 meter) elevation is on terrain classified as Lava flows 'Ad or Lava flows
Pahoehoe (Sato et al. 1973); soil and vegetation coverage is sparse. About 30% of the QLT is classified
as Lava flow Pahoehoe (Sato et al. 1973), and the rest is covered with Kaimu or Punaluu soils.
The examination of the distribution of informal agricultural features in the KPC and the QLT
indicates that rock mounds and modified outcrops are more likely to occur on terrain with soil, than on
terrain lacking soil. This distribution is not a function of specialized use or limited cultigen association.
Rather, the informal agricultural features are placed on terrain with soil sufficient to support cultivation
of domesticated cultigens. This interpretation is further supported by the distribution of features at higher
elevations in KPC. The greater frequency of rock mounds in higher elevations of the KPC (Donham
1990) correlates directly with the presence of Punaluu soils (Sato et al. 1973).
34
Last of the Ruling Chiefs (AD 1779 to 1819) and Merchants and
Missionaries (AD 1820 to 1847) Periods
Direct evidence in the form of early historic artifacts or clearly historic radiocarbon dates is lacking
in the project area. Kuakini Wall (6302) is the only structure that is definitely a product of the first half of
the 19th century. The informal agricultural features in the project area may have continued to be used
during this early historic time frame. The ahupua'a boundary wall (21471) may also date to this period.
The Legacy of the Great Mahele (AD 1848 to 1899)
The project area was probably not extensively used for agricultural during this period, because the
native population was greatly diminished during this time. Sisal cultivation for hemp production is
introduced near the end of this period. A sisal mill was located near the eastern end of the project area,
and may be partly represented by some of the platforms and enclosures observed near the trail site
(21482) during the inventory survey. In addition, the small C -shapes lacking soil may also be associated
with sisal cultivation or production in some way.
More informal agricultural features occur below Kuakini Wall than above the wall (see Figure
2.2.1). This distribution of agricultural features could be the result of different activities and impacts to
the landform above and below Kuakini Wall during the historic period. Rocks that were part of
prehistoric features may have been moved to promote sisal cultivation, as is known to have occurred in
sugar cane fields.
The historic dump (21463) was probably being used by the latter portion of this period. It is situated
below Kuakini Wall, suggesting that it was not part of the sisal plantation. The presence of the dump in
the lower, western portion of the project area implies that the area was abandoned, or at least not part of
sisal production. Historic -era impacts to the western part of the project area may have been limited to the
immediate vicinity of the dump and transportation routes into the dump.
Territorial Period (AD 1900 to 1959)
The sisal mill and cultivated fields were abandoned before 1920. Soon after, alien pasture grasses
were introduced in to the lower kula, facilitating cattle ranching over much of the lowland area. The
livestock control walls date to this period. Prior to 1940, Palani Road followed a different path (see
Figure 2.2.89. Palani Road above Henry Street is the same as the old Palani Road, but the old road
followed Henry Street further down slope. The wall alongside Palani Road (14239) was probably built
when the roadway was constructed in the 1930s. The dump was used at least through the 1930s.
3.2 INITIAL SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS
Pursuant to DLNR (1996) Chapter 275-6 (d), the initial significance assessments are not final until
concurrence from the DLNR has been obtained. The findings of the project are being evaluated under the
draft state rules and regulations governing cultural resource management. Consequently, sites identified
and relocated during this survey are assessed for significance based on the criteria outlined in the Rules
Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review (DLNR 1996:Chap 275). According to the rules
referred to above, a site must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association and shall meet one or more of the following criteria:
86
(1) Criterion "a Be associated with events that have made an important contribution
to the broad patterns of our history;
(2) Criterion "b". Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
(3) Criterion "c". Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of
construction; represent the work of a master; or possess high artistic value;
(4) Criterion "d". Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research
on prehistory or history;
(5) Criterion "e". Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian
people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional
cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due to
associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts --these associations
being important to the group's history and cultural identity.
Two sites have been destroyed by construction of Henry Street prior to this project (14232 and
14233) and these are not evaluated for significance. Wall site 14239 is evaluated as initially not
significant. It was built in the 1930s in association with the paving and modem route of Palani Road.
The site does not contain any information pertaining to important research on prehistory or history, or
meet any of the other criteria for significance. Site 21465 is the remains of a historic -era habitation with
modem construction materials (PVC) and is not initially significant under any of the criteria. Trail site
21482 is evaluated as initially not significant. It is a wide, cobble path designed for truck travel. It is
currently being used, which further compromises any integrity that it may have once held. Consequently,
it does not contain any information pertaining to important research on prehistory or history, or meet any
of the other criteria for significance.
Thirty-two (32) sites are evaluated as initially significant (Table 3.2.1). Thirty (30) are significant
for information important for research on prehistory or history (Criterion D). The wall sites have
information important for research on the history of the changing land divisions, and on cattle ranching
strategies and technologies. The information that makes these sites significant is contained in their
location and morphology. The habitation sites have information on the architecture and material contents
of permanent and temporary habitation structures. The information that makes these sites significant is
contained in their location, morphology, and context of material remains.
Two sites are significant for multiple criteria: the Kona Field System (6601) and Kuakini Wall
(6302). These sites have already been determined significant, are on the State Register of Historic
Places, and have been determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
3.3 MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Final mitigation determinations will be made in consultation with the DLNR-SHPD. Consequently,
the recommendations below should not be considered the ultimate site treatments until all required
review and consultation has transpired.
87
Table 3.2.1 Initial Significance and Recommended Mitigation
Site No. Type Function Criteria Recommended No. of
'Abeady detemuntd os Swul caM aho ek 6k for dating on the NRHP.
NA= Not oppdmbk bemuse site has been destroyed
No Further Work
No further work is recommended for 24 sites (representing 75% of the sites evaluated as significant)
(Table 3.2.1). For each of these sites, the information that has made them significant has been recovered
during this investigation. Information on structure morphology, location, chronology, and content has
been retrieved through photographs, maps, descriptions, historic document review, and in some cases,
test excavations and analysis of materials within the context of appropriate models of prehistory and
history.
M.;
Data Recovery
Data recovery is recommended for seven sites. Six sites (14228, 21462, 21466, 21467, 21468, and
21476) include a prehistoric temporary habitation in a cave. Information contained in the six sites with
temporary cave habitation can contribute to important research in prehistory. Temporary habitation in
association with informal agricultural features is expected for both the Intensification and Competition
Periods. Examination of the quantity and chronological placement of temporary habitations and informal
agricultural features is important in understanding how the kula was used during the changing cultural
developments and growing population in the region.
The temporary habitation caves are more likely to contain charred material in undisturbed and
uncontaminated contexts, than are the surface temporary structures and informal agricultural features.
Data recovery in these caves can be focused on this specific research topic (chronology of use of the
kula) by structuring the field methods to maximize retrieval of charred material for radiocarbon dating.
Investigation of alternative dating methods, such as hydration rind dating, or the value of dating
subsistence debris, could contribute to the research value.
The historic dump (21463) is also recommended for data recovery. Disposal areas are rich in
information regarding status, resource distribution, and technology. The date range for the dump site is
estimated to be from around AD 1880 to 1940. Population fluctuations, changes in agricultural and
industrial pursuits, and influx of foreigners mark this period. The dump is expected to contain important
information regarding the research of historical resource distribution, technologies used, and ways that
the changing multi-ethnic culture in Kona is expressed through its material culture.
Preservation
Preservation is recommended for Kuakini Wall (6302).
The descriptions, evaluations, and recommended treatments above are based on the findings
generated from the previous work, surface survey, and the limited excavations described in this report.
There is always a possibility that potentially significant unidentified cultural remains will be encountered
during future development involving modification of the ground surface. Should any cultural remains be
encountered during construction, archaeological consultation should be sought immediately to ensure
compliance with all pertinent cultural resource management rules and regulations.
89
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Hammatt, H. H., D. F. Borthwick, B. L. Colin, I. Masterson, J. J. Robins and H. Wong -Smith
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'
and 4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 7-5-11:2). Report 1348-
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and P. H. Rosendahl
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1983
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and T. R. Wolforth
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Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Gomes Property Parcel, Land of Kahalui
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Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr.
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93
Walker, A.T., and P.H. Rosendahl
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010890. PHRI. Submitted to Belt Collins, Honolulu.
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94
APPENDIX A:
RADIOCARBON RESULTS
A-1
4,AlAbKA11V1N Vr K 1L1VlAKtiVLV AU L 10 (,ALh1NLAK YEAKJ
(Variables:C13/C12=27.2:1ab mult.=1)
Laboratory Number: Beta -119400
Conventional radiocarbon age:
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercepts of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sizma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
160 ± s0 BP
:NN
a 300
m_
m
rn
m
c
.0
w 200
0
m
a:
100
0 f-- 1
1600
160 f 50 BP
cal AD 1655 to 1950
cal AD 1680 and
cal AD 1745 and
cal AD 1805 and
cal AD 1935
cal AD 1670 to 1950 and
cal AD 1825 to 1835 and
cal AD 1880 to 1915
4
1700 1800 1900 2000
cal 010
References:
Pretoria Calibration Curvefor Short Lived Samples
Vogel. J. C. Fa$. A., Visser, E and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
A Simplified Approach to CaBbrating C14 Dares
Tacna, A. S and Voge( J C. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-312
Calibration -1993
Shiver, M. Long, A., Kra, R S. and Devine, J. M., 1993. Radiocarbon 35(1)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 S.W. 74th Court, Itiami, Florida 33155 ■ Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 ■ E-mail: beta@radiocarbon.com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables: C13/C12=-30.1:lab. mult=l)
Laboratory Number: Beta -I 19401
Conventional radiocarbon age:
Kim
r8 200
0
a
100
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercepts of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
70 ± 50 Be
70 t 50 BP
cal AD 1680 to 1755 and
cal AD 1805 to 1940
NO INTERCEPTS
cal AD 1700 to 1720 and
cal AD 1820 to 1855 and
cal AD 1860 to 1920
CHARRED MATERIAL
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
cal AD
References:
Pretoria Calibration Catrrejor Short Ltmdsanie4r
Vogel.!. C. Fula A., Viner. E and ilecker, B.. 1993. Rodiocorbon 31(1), p73-86
A Sb WWW Approoch to CaMbradmr C14 Dan
Tabor, A. S and Vogel, J C. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2). p317-312
Callbradon -1993
Shiver. X Long. A.. 1Go. P S. and Devote. J M. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 SW 74th Court. Miami, Florida 33155 ■ Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 ■ E-mail: beta@radiocarbon.com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables: CI3/C12=-28.1:lab. mull --l)
Laboratory Number: Beta -119402
Conventional radiocarbon age:
700
F4I]
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
280 ± 90 9R
280 f 90 BP
cal AD 1440 to 1890 and
cal AD 1905 to 1950
cal AD 1650
cal AD 1495 to 1675 and
cal AD 1775 to 1800 and
cal AD 1945 to 1950
CHARRED MATERIAL
100
0
1100 ICO 1600 1700 1900 1900 2000 2100
Cal AD
References:
Pretoria Calibration Canejor Short LtmaiSt apia
Vogel, J C. Fu1j. A.. Visser, E and Recker, R., 1993. Radiocarbon 35(D. p73.86
A SimpbJkdApproach to Calibrating C14 Data
Tabna. A. S. and Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317.322
Calibration - 1993
Smrver, bL. Long. A.. Kra, R S. acrd Devine. J. M., 1993. Radiocarbon 35(1)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 S. W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 ■ Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 • E-mail: beta@radiocarbon.com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables: C13/C12=27.9:Iab. mult=l)
Laboratory Number: Beta -119403
Conventional radiocarbon age:
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
I sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
280 3 40 9P
400
300
v
Cp4
S
k 200
U
O
R
250 t 40 BP
cal AD 1525 to 1560 and
cal AD 1630 to 1680 and
cal AD 1755 to 1805 and
cal AD 1940 to 1950
cal AD 1655
cal AD 1645 to 1670
t
C1 AAM MATERIM
1800 1600 1700 1000 1900 2000
cal ro
References:
Pretoria CadbrmMn Cumjar SkarrLlvedSaep#s
Vogel. J C. Fuk. A.. Vixier. E and Becker. B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
A SimpBJkdApproaek to Calibrating C14 Data
Tabor. A S and Vogel J. C. 1993. Radiocarbon 35(2), pat 7.321
Calibradon -1993
Shiver, M. Long, A., Kra, R S and Devoe, J. M., 1993. Radiocarbon 35(1)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 S. W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 • Tel.- (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0464 ■ E-mail: beta@radiocarbon.com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables: C13/C12=-24.8:1ab. mult=l)
Laboratory Number: Beta -119404
Conventional radiocarbon age:
FOR
r -M
800
100
0 300
a
200
F[.1
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
390:E 80 BP
cal AD 1410 to 1665
cal AD 1475
cal AD 1435 to 1640
iso t e0 eo CHAP ED rwrm:nL
r
I LIMME;l
two 1400 1800 1600 1700 law 1900 2000
cal An
References:
Prearia CoUbroam Chase for Sion Llved Swwla
Yoge( J C, Fu4 A. Miner, E and Becker. B., 1993. Radlxarbon 35(1), p73-86
A Sl %W&dApproaeb w CaUbradng C14 Data
Talmo. A.S. and Yogel, J. C., 1993, Radiamrban 35(2), p317-322
Ca0radon -1993
Saiver. M. Long, A. Kra, R S and Devine, J. M.. 1993, Radiocarbon 350)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
?5 S. W. 74th Court, ,Miami. Florida 33155 ■ Tel: (305)667-5167 a Fax: (305)663-0964 a E-mail. beta@radiocarbon.com
Appendix C
Botanical Survey
QLT Keahuolu Lands
36.9 -Acre Site
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District,
Hawai'i
Prepared by Char & Associates
September 1998
BOTANICAL SURVEY
OLT KEAHUOLU LANDS: 36.9 -ACRE SITE
KAILUA-KONA, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, HAWAII
by
Winona P. Char
CHAR & ASSOCIATES
Botanical Consultants
Honolulu, Hawai'i
Prepared for: BELT COLLINS HAWAII
September 1998
Table of Contents
K -Lem
INTRODUCTION ........................... 1
SURVEY METHODS ......................... 2
DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION .......... 2
Koa Haole/Air Plant Scrub ............ 3
Koa Haole/Guinea Grass Scrub ......... 4
Roadside Vegetation .................. 5
RARE PLANTS ............................ 5
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......... 6
LITERATURE CITED ....................... 8
PLANT SPECIES LIST ..................... 9
BOTANICAL SURVEY
QLT KEAHUOLU LANDS: 36.9 -ACRE SITE
KAILUA-KONA, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, HAWAP I
INTRODUCTION
The 36.9 -acre site on Queen Lili'uokalani Trust (QLT) Keahuolu
Lands is located along Palani Road, and east (upslope) of the
Kailua Fire Station. The 36.9 -acre site is divided into two
parcels, TMK 7-4-08: por 1 and 7-4-08: 63, as a result of the
Henry Street extension. The parcel mauka of Henry Street consists
of 24.937 acres and a single family residential subdivision is
planned for the site. A commercial retail development is proposed
for the smaller, 11.945 -acre site makai of Henry Street.
Elevation along the lower boundary of the project site is about
175 feet; along its upper limits, the elevation is approximately
470 feet. The vegetation on the site consists of koa haole scrub
with scattered trees.
Field studies to assess the botanical resources on the 36.9 -acre
QLT project site were conducted on 29 August 1998. A team of
three botanists was used to gather the data contained in this
report. The primary objectives of the survey were to:
1) provide a general description of the vegetation on the site;
2) inventory the flora;
3) search for threatened and endangered plants as well as species
of concern; and
4) identify areas of potential environmental problems or concerns
and propose appropriate mitigation measures.
SURVEY METHODS
Prior to undertaking the field studies, a search was made of the
pertinent literature to familiarize the principal investigator
with other studies conducted in the general vicinity. Topographic
maps as well as colored aerial photographs (1" = 400') were
examined to determine vegetation cover patterns, terrain charac-
teristics, access, boundaries, and reference points.
A walk-through (pedestrian) survey method was used. Notes were
made on plant associations and distribution, substrate types,
drainage, exposure, disturbances, topography, etc. Plant identi-
fications were made in the field; plants which could not be
positively identified were collected for later determination in
the herbarium, and for comparison with the recent taxonomic
literature.
The species recorded are indicative of the season ("rainy" vs.
"dry") and the environmental conditions at the time of the survey.
A survey taken at a different time of the year and under varying
environmental conditions would no doubt yield slight variations
in the species list, especially of the weedy, annual plants.
Woody species have been censused to a greater degree of reliability.
DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION
The substrate on the project site consists of thin organic soils
over pahoehoe lava bedrock (Sato et al. 1973). On the mauka parcel
(TMK 7-4-08: por 1), the soil is thinner and pahoehoe outcrops
are abundant. On this parcel, the koa haole scrub is dense and
tall and trees are more numerous. Ground cover is primarily air
plant.
2
On the smaller, makai parcel (TMK 7-4-08: 63), the dark gray to
black soils are deeper, but rock outcrops occupy 40 to 50% of the
surface. A portion of this parcel served as a landfill in the past.
The koa haole scrub is more open on this parcel with a few small
stands of kiawe trees. Ground cover consists of dense clumps of
Guinea grass.
Koa haole/air plant scrub and koa haole/Guinea grass scrub as
well as the weedy, roadside vegetation are described in more
detail below. An inventory of all the plants found on the project
site during the field studies is presented in the checklist at
the end of the report.
Koa Haole/Air Plant Scrub
Koa haole or ekoa (Leucaena leucocephala), a shrubby member of
the legume or pea family (Fabaceae), is native to the New World
tropics (Neotropics) where it is cultivated for various purposes
such as fodder, firewood, erosion control, soil improvement, and
shade trees for coffee and cocoa plantations. It escapes cultiva-
tion easily and is now widely naturalized throughout the tropics.
In Hawai'i, it is very common forming the dominant element of the
vegetation in low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats, from sea -
level to about 1,000 ft. elevation (Wagner et al. 1990).
On the mauka parcel, koa haole forms a dense, closed scrub cover,
10 to 15 ft. tall. Scattered among the koa haole shrubs are small
stands or individual trees of 'opiuma (Pithecellobium dulce),
kiawe (Prosopis pallida), autograph tree (Clusia rosea), monkeypod
(Samanea saman), and jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia), 15 to 30
ft. tall. Stands of autograph tree are common along the rock wall
which delineates the south boundary. Also locally common in this
area are low patches of 'ala'ala wai nui (Peperomia leptostachya)
and 'ilihe'e (Plumbago zeylanica). Other shrubs found scattered
3
throughout the mauka parcel are lantana (Lantana camara), klu
(Acacia farnesiana), Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius),
and alahe'e (Psydrax odoratum), a native species. A few small
patches of sisal (Agave sisalana) with sharp -pointed leaf tips
occur on the upper section of the parcel.
Air plant (Kalanchoe pinnata), a succulent perennial herb 1 to 3
ft. tall, is the main ground cover under the koa haole shrubs. In
places with pockets of shallow soil, clumps of Guinea grass
(Panicum maximum) or shrubs of Philippine violet (Barleria
cistata) are locally abundant.
Koa Haole/Guinea Grass Scrub
This vegetation type occurs on the smaller makai parcel. Koa
haole shrub cover is open to semi -open, 40 to 60% cover, and 6
to 12 ft. tall. Small stands of kiawe trees, 20 to 40 ft. tall,
are found scattered throughout the parcel. On the lower portion
of the parcel lantana shrubs are common, but become less numerous
as one moves upslope.
Guinea grass forms a dense, almost monodominant ground cover, 3
to 6 ft. tall, between the woody components. Plants of Philippine
violet, air plant, and talinum (Talinum fruticosum) are found in
only a few places where the Guinea grass cover is thin and the
substrate stony. The dense Guinea grass cover tends to exclude
many other species.
A portion of the old Kailua dump is located on the makai parcel
near Henry Street. Night -blooming cereus (Hylocereus undatus)
forms a sprawling tangle on the ground and over the rock wall and
trees around the former refuse site. There are piles of rusted
out barrels, cars, large appliances, and bed springs, bottles,
4
tires, broken dishes, concrete, etc., in this area. An even older
refuse site with cars from the 1920's and 1940's is located
midway on the property on the south side. A large patch of snake
plant or mother-in-law's tongue (Sanseviera trifasciata), a
common ornamental species, has established itself here, probably
from yard trimmings originally tossed out at this site.
Roadside Vegetation
This minor vegetation type is found as a narrow band along Palani
Road and Henry Street. The roadside areas are periodically
maintained so there are rarely any woody species. The vegetation
along the roadsides consists of weedy, mostly annual species
which occur as scattered, small patches of plants, and includes
such plants as hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), coatbuttons
(Tridax procumbens), wild spider flower (Cleome gynandra), comb
hyptis (Hyptis pectinata), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum),
Spanish needle (Bidensip losa), swollen figergrass (Chloris
barbata), etc.
Part of the road to the former refuse site is found near the
intersection of Palani Road and Henry Street. A large ceara
rubber tree (Manihot glaziovii) and a purple bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) are found here.
RARE PLANTS
At least six endangered species are known from the nearby
Kealakehe Villages of La'i 'Opua project site, the Lanihau/Palani
ranch property, and the Kaloko lava flow by Hina Lani Street.
These plants are the uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis), hala pepe
(Pleomele hawaiiensis), Isodendrion pyrifolium, 'aiea (Nothocestrum
breviflorum), Neraudia ovata, and Mariscus faurei (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service 1996, 1998; Wagner et al. 1990). The plants are
W
found on the rougher 'a'a substrates where grazing animals are
lesslikely to venture.
One candidate species for listing either as threatened or endangered
is Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla; this ko'oko'olau is found
on the leeward slope of Hualalai on 'a'a as well as pahoehoe lava
flows. It occurs on the three properties mentioned above as well
as the QLT lands to the north of Palani Road.
We did not find any of these species or any other rare plants on
the 36.9 -acre study site. Substrate on the project site is thin
soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. The site also appears to have
been used for grazing in the past as there are remnant old fence
lines and a few bleached cattle bones here and there. The makai
parcel has been used as a refuse site.
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The vegetation on the project site is dominated by introduced or
alien plant species such as koa naole, Guinea grass, air plant,
kiawe, and lantana. Introduced species are all those plants which
were bought to the Hawaiian Islands by humans, intentionally or
accidentally, after Western contact, i.e., Cook's discovery of
the islands in 1778. A total of 69 species were inventoried on
the site. Of these, 61 (88%) are introduced species, one (1.57,)
is a Polynesian introduction, and seven (10.5%) are native species.
Of the seven natives, six are indigenous, that is, they are
native to the Hawaiian Islands and also elsewhere, and one is
endemic, that is, it is native only to the Hawaiian Islands. The
six indigenous species are: koali (Ipomoea indica), 'ilima (Sida
fallax), 'ala'ala wai nui (Peperomia leptostachya), 'ilihe'e
(Plumbago zeylanica), alahe'e (Psydrax odoratum), and 'uhaloa
(Waltheria indica). The one endemic species is the kauna'oa
R
(Cuscuta sandwichiana).
None of the plants found on the project site is a listed, proposed,
or candidate threatened and endangered species; nor is any plant
a species of concern (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1997). All
of the plants can be found in similar lowland, dry habitats
throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. There are no sensitive
native plant -dominated communities on the 36.9 -acre site.
Given the findings above, the proposed use of the site for a
residential subdivison (mauka parcel) and a commercial retail
development (makai parcel) should not have a significant negative
impact on the botanical resources of the site, or the general
region.
It is recommended, however, that native plants be considered for
landscaping the common areas, especially on the commercial retail
site. Native plants such as the loulu palm (Pritchardia affinis),
naio or false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), 'ohe makai
(Reynoldsia sandwicensis), nehe (Lipochaeta lavarum, L. cordata),
wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis), hala pepe, etc., should be
considered for landscaping. These plants are attractive and
adapted to the local environmental conditions, thus requiring
less water and little, if any, soil. The Kona Outdoor Circle and
the Amy Greenwell Botanical Garden have excellent displays of
native plants used for landscaping and should be contacted for
more information and planting material.
7
LITERATURE CITED
Evenhuis, N.L. and S.E. Miller, eds. 1995-1998. Records of the
Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers
Nos. 41-56.
Lamoureux, C.H. 1988. Draft checklist of Hawaiian pteridophytes,
"Kupukupu 0 Hawai'i Ne'i". Lyon Arboretum, University of
Hawaii, Manoa.
Sato, H.H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr.
1973. Soil survey of the island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii.
Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Big Island plant cluster
recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.
1997. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species list,
plants. September 25, 1997. Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office,
Honolulu, HI.
1998. Big Island II: Addendum to the recovery plan
for the Big Island plant cluster. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Portland, OR.
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the
flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. University of Hawai'i
Press and B.P. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. B.P. Bishop
Museum Special Publication 83.
9
PLANT SPECIES LIST -- OLT Keahuolu Lands: 36.9 -acre Site
The following checklist is an inventory of all the plants observed
on the project site during the field studies. The plant names are
arranged alphabetically by families within each of three groups:
Ferns, Dicots, and Monocots. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the
Ferns follow Lamoureux (1988), while the flowering plants, Dicots
and Monocots, are in accordance with Wagner et al. (1990). The
few recent name changes for the flowering plants follow those
reported in the Hawaii Biological Survey series (Evenhuis and
Miller 1995-1998).
For each species, the following information is provided:
1. Scientific name with author citation.
2. Common English and/or Hawaiian name(s), when known.
3. Biogeographic status. The following symbols are used:
E = endemic = native only to the Hawaiian Islands.
I = indigenous = native to the Hawaiian Islands and also
elsewhere.
I? = questionably indigenous = data not clear if dispersal by
natural or human -related mechanisms, but weight of
evidence suggests probably indigenous.
P = Polynesian = plants originally of Polynesian introduction
prior to Western contact, that is, Cook's discovery of
the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.
X = introduced or alien = all those plants brought to the
Hawaiian Islands by humans, intentionally or accidentally,
after Western contact.
4. Presence (+) or absence (-) of a particular species within
each of three vegetation types recognized on the project site
(see text for discussion):
k/a = Koa Haole/Air Plant Scrub
k/g = Koa Haole/Guinea Grass Scrub
r = Roadside Vegetation
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14
Appendix D
List of Names and Addresses of
Property Owners within 300 feet
of Applicant's Property
TMK 7-4-08:63
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District,
H awa i' i
LIST OF NAMES, ADDRESSES AND TAX MAP KEYS OF ALL OWNERS AND
LESSEES OF RECORD OF SURROUNDING PROPERTIES WHO ARE REQUIRED
TO RECEIVE NOTICE (WITHIN 300 FEET OF SUBJECT PROPERTY)
7-4-08:1 Fee: Liliuokalani Trust Estate (Applicant)
7-4-08:20 Fee: GTE Hawaiian Tel Co. Inc.
SU -Public Utility
P.O.Box 2200
Honolulu, Hawaii 96841
7-4-08:21 Fee: State of Hawaii
c/o Dean Uchida
Land Administrator
State of Hawaii
Department of Land & Natural Resources (Land Division)
Kalanimoku Building, Room 220
1151 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
7-4-08:27 Fee: County of Hawaii
Harry Takahashi
Department of Finance
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
7-4-08:29 Fee: County of Hawaii
Harry Takahashi
Department of Finance
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
7-4-08:56 Fee: State of Hawaii
c/o Dean Uchida
Land Administrator
State of Hawaii
Department of Land & Natural Resources (Land Division)
Kalanimoku Building, Room 220
1151 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
7-4-20:14 Fee: Liliuokalani Trust Estate (Applicant)
Application for Change of Zone
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Keahuolu Lands
North Kona, Hawaii
TMK 74-08;63
January 1998
7-5-03:10 Fee: Clarence Rapoza et AI
P.O. Box 1287
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745
Fee: Irene Rapoza Trust
P.O. Box 4549
Kailua-Kona, HI 96745
7-5-03:19 Fee: EHP Corporation
P.O. Box 1090
Greenwood, Arizona 72936
7-5-03:27 Fee: John C. Rapoza
P.O. Box 4549
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745
7-5-04:19 Fee: Maryl Development, Inc.
P.O. Box 1928
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745
7-5-04:43 Fee: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. #2321
c/o Property Tax Dept. #8013
1301 SE 10th Street
Bentonville, Arkansas 72 71 6-801 3
7-5-04:54 Fee: Maryl Development, Inc.
P.O. Box 1928
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745
Lease: CRSC Inc.
75-1000 Henry Street
Suite 200
Kailua-Kona, HI 96740
7-5-04:62 Fee: Betty Lau/Lau Enterprises
6176 May Way
Honolulu, Hawaii 96821
7-5-04:63 Fee: County of Hawaii
Harry Takahashi
Department of Finance
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Application for Change of Zone
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Keahuolu Lands
North Kona, Hawaii
TMK 7-4-08:63
January 1998
Appendix E
Legal Description of the Property
in Map and Written Form
by Metes and Bounds
TM K 7-4-08:63
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District,
Hawai'i
DESCRIPTION
Parcel 2
A-1 a Zoning to CG -10 Zoning
Being a portion of Royal Patent 6851, Land Commission
Award 8452, Apana 12 to A. Keohokalole
Situated at Keahuolu, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
Beginning at the southeast corner of this parcel of land, on the westerly side of Henry Street, the
coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station
"KAILUA (North Meridian)" being 2,096.21 feet North and 1,842.48 feet East, thence running by
azimuths measured clockwise from True South:
1. 560 25' 525.05 feet along R.P. 7456, L.C. Aw. 8559-13, Apana 11 to
William C. Lunalilo;
2. 520 56' 30" 320.66 feet along R.P. 7456, L.C. Aw. 8559-13, Apana 11 to
William C. Lunalilo;
3. 1150 51' 665.84 feet along the Kailua Fire Station Lot;
4. Thence along the southeasterly side of Parcel "A" (20 ft. wide road widening parcel for Palani
Road), on a curve to the right with a radius of 676.80 feet,
the chord azimuth and distance being:
2380 28' 49" 208.90 feet;
5. 2470 21' 30" 1,064.55 feet along the southeasterly side of Parcel "A" (20 ft. wide
road widening parcel for Palani Road);
6. Thence along the southeasterly side of Parcel "A" (20 ft. wide road widening parcel for Palani
Road), on a curve to the left with a radius of 1,950.10 feet,
the chord azimuth and distance being:
2450 16' 19.5" 141.98 feet;
7. Thence along the westerly side of Henry Street, on a curve to the right with a radius of 30.00
feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
291 4 57' 51.5" 45.13 feet;
8. Thence along the westerly side of Henry Street, on a curve to the right with a radius of
260.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
3560 15' 17" 139.07 feet;
11' 46' 234.54 feet along the westerly side of Henry Street to the point of
beginning and containing an area of 11.945 acres, more or
less.
680 Ala Moana Boulevard
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
First Floor
ICE
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a PROFESSIONAL
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
LAND
SURVEYOR
July 15, 1998
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Licensed Professional Lan rveyor
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