HomeMy WebLinkAboutDraft Environmental Impact Statement 02-23-19Harry Kim
Mayor
Wilfred M. Okabe
Managing Director
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
345 Kekuanao'a Street, Suite 41 • Hilo, Hawai'i 96720
Ph: (808) 961-8083 · Fax: (808) 961-8086
Email: cohdem@hawaiicounty.gov
Mr. Scott Glenn, Director
Office of Environmental Quality Control
State of Hawai'i
235 South Beretania Street, Room 702
Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813
February 5, 2019
Subject: Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Project
Tax Map Keys: (3) 7-4-008:058, 7-4-008:073, and 7-4-020:007
Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i
Dear Mr. Glenn:
111iam A. Kucharski
Director
Diane A. Noda
Deputy Director
With this letter, the County of Hawai'i Department of Environmental Management (DEM)
hereby transmits the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Project. A completed Agency Publication Form and a
summary of the proposed action are enclosed (with a copy of the same sent via electronic mail
to oegc@doh.hawaii.gov).
Pursuant to the requirements of Hawai'i Administrative Rules Sections 11-200-3 and 11-200-15,
we request that you publish notice of the DEIS in the next available edition of The
Environmental Notice. The public is to submit comments to Wilson Okamoto Corporation, with
copies to DEM during the 45-day public comment period. We have enclosed one (1) each of
the following items:
• Hardcopy of the DEIS and OEQC publication form
• CD containing three (3) copies of the DEIS and OEQC publication form in PDF format
If you have any questions, please contact Earl Matsukawa of Wilson Okamoto Corporation at
(808) 946-2277.
WK:mef
Enclosures
Director
19-255
County of Hawai'i is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer
Office of Environmental Quality Control February 2016 Revision
Project Name:
Project Short Name:
HRS §343-5 Trigger(s):
lsland(s):
Judicial District(s):
TMK(s):
Permit(s)/ Approval(s):
Proposing/Determining
Agency:
Contact Name, Email,
Telephone, Address
Accepting Authority:
Contact Name, Email,
Telef!_hone, Address
Consultant:
Contact Name, Email,
Telephone, Address
Status (select one)
DEA·AFNSI
FEA-FONSI
FEA-EISPN
Act 172-12 EISPN
("Direct to EIS")
_X_DEIS
FEIS
__ FEIS Acceptance
Determination
FEIS Statutory
Acceptance
__ Supplemental EIS
Determination
AGENCY
PUBLICATION FORM
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R·l Upgrade
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade
1) Use of State and County Lands/ Funds,
2) Proposed use within land classified as a conservation district
Hawai'i
North Kona
7-4-008:058, 7-4-008:073, 7-4-020:007 (par.)
Special Management Area, Conservation District Use Application
County of Hawai'i Department of Environmental Management
Curtis Bailey, 345 Kekuanao'a St., Suite 41, Hilo, HI 96720; 808.961.8279
Curtis.Bailey@hawaiicounty.gov
Mayor of the County of Hawai'i, Harry Kim
Office of the Mayor, West Hawai'i: 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Highway, Bldg C, Kailua-Kona, HI 96740
(808) 323-4444 http://www.hawaiicounty.gov/office-of-the-mayor
Wilson Okamoto Corporation
Earl Matsukawa, ematsukawa@wilsonokamoto.com
1907 South Beretania Street, Suite 400
Honolulu, Hawai'i 96826
T {808) 946-2277 F {808) 946-2253
Submittal Requirements
Submit 1) the proposing agency notice of determination/transmittal letter on agency letterhead, 2)
this completed OEQC publication form as a Word file, 3) a hard copy of the DEA, and 4) a searchable
PDF of the DEA; a 30-day comment period follows from the date of publication in the Notice.
Submit 1) the proposing agency notice of determination/transmittal letter on agency letterhead, 2)
this completed OEQC publication form as a Word file, 3) a hard copy of the FEA, and 4) a searchable
PDF of the FEA; no comment period follows from publication in the Notice.
Submit 1) the proposing agency notice of determination/transmittal letter on agency letterhead, 2)
this completed OEQC publication form as a Word file, 3) a hard copy of the FEA, and 4) a searchable
PDF of the FEA; a 30-day comment period follows from the date of publication in the Notice.
Submit 1) the proposing agency notice of determination letter on agency letterhead and 2) this
completed OEQC publication form as a Word file; no EA is required and a 30-day comment period
follows from the date of publication in the Notice.
Submit 1) a transmittal letter to the OEQC and to the accepting authority, 2) this completed OEQC
publication form as a Word file, 3) a hard copy of the DEIS, 4) a searchable PDF of the DEIS, and 5) a
searchable PDF of the distribution list; a 45 -day comment period follows from the date of publication
in the Notice.
Submit 1) a transmittal letter to the OEQC and to the accepting authority, 2) this completed OEQC
publication form as a Word file, 3) a hard copy of the FEIS, 4) a searchable PDF of the FEIS, and 5) a
searchable PDF of the distribution list; no comment period follows from publication in the Notice.
The accepting authority simultaneously transmits to both the OEQC and the proposing agency a letter
of its determination of acceptance or nonacceptance (pursuant to Section 11-200-23, HAR) of the
FEIS; no comment period ensues upon publication in the Notice.
Timely statutory acceptance of the FEIS under Section 343-5(c), HRS, is not applicable to agency
actions.
The accepting authority simultaneously transmits its notice to both the proposing agency and the
OEQC that it has reviewed (pursuant to Section 11-200-27, HAR) the previously accepted FEIS and
Page 1 of 2 19-255
Office of Environmental Quality Control Agency Publication Form
Withdrawal
Other
Project Summary
February 2016 Revision
determines that a supplemental EIS is or is not required; no EA is required and no comment period
ensues upon publication in the Notice.
Identify the specific document(s) to withdraw and explain in the project summary section.
Contact the OEQC if your action is not one of the above items.
Provide a description of the proposed action and purpose and need in 200 words or less.
The County of Hawai'i Department of Environmental Management (DEM) is proposing improvements to the Kealakele Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP) that will provide additional treatment to produce R-1 standard water suitable for reuse in accordance with
the State of Hawaii, Department of Health Reuse Guidelines. In addition, treated wastewater in excess of demand for reuse will be
further treated through a proposed onsite subsurface flow constructed wetlands and then conveyed to a proposed offsite soil aquifer
treatment (SAT) facility for even further treatment and disposal.
The recycled water will be used to irrigate a proposed landscaped buffer parcel surrounding the WWTP and the DEM also proposes to
construct an underground recycled water transmission pipeline to the Old Kona Airport Park for irrigation within the park. The
transmission pipeline will be avialble to other users in the area. A recycled water transmission pipeline is also proposed from the
WWTP to Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway where it will turn north within the highway right-of-way and connect to a recycled water
transmission pipeline that was constructed in the highway by the State Department ofTransportation for the DEM as part of its Queen
Ka'ahumanu Highway Widening Project. That pipe will extend from the connection at the Kealakehe Parkway intersection to the
driveway entrance of the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club, which plans to use the recycled water for irrigation. At the intersection of
Hina Lani Drive, a new transmission pipe will branch off mauka along Hina Lani Drive to an abandoned Department of Water Supply
reservoir, which has been conveyed to DEM and will be converted to store recycled water.
In future phases, underground transmission pipelines and another new storage tank will be constructed in road rights-of-way and
easements for distribution of recycled water to other users.
Page 2 of 2
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R‐1 Upgrade
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
March 2017
Prepared For
Prepared By
Wilson Okamoto Corporation
1907 South Beretania Street, Suite 400
Honolulu, Hawaii 96826
County of Hawaii
Department of Environmental
Management
February 2019
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawai‘i
S-0
PREFACE
This Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was prepared pursuant to Chapter 343,
Hawaii Revised Statutes, and Title 11, Chapter 200, Administrative Rules, Department of
Health, State of Hawaii. The County of Hawai‘i Department of Environmental Management
(DEM) is proposing improvements to the Kealakele Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) to
provide additional treatment to the effluent to produce R-1 recycled water suitable for reuse
in accordance with the State of Hawai‘i, Department of Health (DOH) Reuse Guidelines.
Treated effluent in excess of demand for reuse will be further treated through a proposed
onsite subsurface flow constructed wetlands and then conveyed to a proposed offsite soil
aquifer treatment (SAT) facility for further treatment and disposal. The facilities related to the
R-1 treatment process will be constructed adjacent to the area of the existing treatment
facilities so that the improvements will be located within WWTP parcel.
The recycled water will be used to irrigate a proposed landscaped buffer parcel surrounding
the WWTP and the DEM also proposes to construct an underground recycled water
transmission pipeline to the Old Kona Airport Park where the recycled water will be used to
irrigate areas within the Park. The transmission pipeline will be designed to allow other
nearby properties to also use the recycled water. A recycled water transmission pipeline is
also proposed from the WWTP to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway where it will turn north within
the highway right-of-way to the Kealakehe Parkway intersection where it connect to a
recycled water transmission pipeline that was constructed in the highway by the State
Department of Transportation (DOT) for the DEM as part of its Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway
Widening Project. The DOT constructed line extends from the connection at the Kealakehe
Parkway intersection to the driveway entrance of the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club, which
plans to use the recycled water for irrigation. At the intersection of Hina Lani Street, the DOT
has constructed a recycled transmission pipeline to the mauka side of the highway where
DEM will extend the pipeline along the north side of Hina Lani Street to an abandoned
Department of Water Supply reservoir, which has been conveyed to DEM and will be
converted to store recycled water.
In future phases, an underground transmission pipeline and another new storage tank will be
constructed in road rights-of ways and easements for distribution of recycled water to other
users.
The DEM, through its previous EIS Preparation Notice published on March 23, 2017,
determined the collective scale of the recommended improvements warrants the preparation
and processing of an environmental impact statement (EIS) to comply with Chapter 343.
This Draft EIS was prepared in accordance with that determination. The R-1 Upgrade
improvements will also use funds provided by the State of Hawaii DOH Clean Water State
Revolving Fund which also requires the project comply with certain federal requirements.
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawai‘i
S-1
SUMMARY
Project Name: Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) R-1 Upgrade
Proposing Agency: County of Hawai‘i Department of Environmental Management
345 Kekuanoa Street, Suite 41
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
William A. Kucharski, Director
Telephone: (808) 961-8083; Fax: (808) 961-8086
Accepting Authority: Harry Kim, Mayor
County of Hawaii
Planning Consultant: Wilson Okamoto Corporation
1907 South Beretania Street, Suite 400
Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96826
Mr. Earl Matsukawa, AICP
Telephone: (808) 946-2277; Fax: (808) 946-2253
Location: Kealakehe, Keahuloa, North Kona, Hawai‘i
Tax Map Keys: Kealakehe WWTP/Buffer: 7-4-008:058/7-4-008:073
Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) facility site: Portion of 7-4-020:007
Various road rights-of-way and easements for transmission pipes
Land Area: 105.4 Acres (approximate) and approximately 3.77 miles of
underground recycled water transmission pipelines
Recorded Fee Owner: 7-4-008:058 (State of Hawai‘i)
7-4-008:073 (State of Hawai‘i)
7-4-020:007 (State of Hawai‘i)
Existing Use: Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), wastewater
disposal basin site, various roads, driveways and jeep trails, one
(1) abandoned water tank and vacant land
State Land Use District: Kealakehe WWTP, buffer and SAT site: Urban
Portions of proposed recycled water transmission pipelines cross
land designated Conservation and Agricultural
Special Management Area: The Kealakehe WWTP, buffer and recycled water transmission
pipelines makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway are located in the
County of Hawai‘i Special Management Area (SMA)
County of Hawai‘i Zoning: Open. Portions of the recycled water transmission pipelines cross
Agricultural-minimum 5 acre building site (A-5a).
Proposed Action: The County of Hawai‘i Department of Environmental Management
(DEM) is proposing improvements to the Kealakele Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP) to provide additional treatment to the
effluent to produce R-1 recycled water suitable for reuse in
accordance with the State of Hawai‘i, Department of Health (DOH)
Reuse Guidelines. Treated wastewater in excess of demand for
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawai‘i
S-2
reuse will be further treated through a proposed onsite subsurface
flow wetlands and then conveyed to a proposed offsite soil aquifer
treatment (SAT) facility for further treatment and disposal. The
facilities related to the R-1 treatment process will be constructed
adjacent to the area of the existing treatment facilities so that the
improvements will be located within WWTP parcel.
The recycled water will be used to irrigate a proposed landscaped
buffer parcel surrounding the WWTP and the DEM also proposes
to construct underground recycled water transmission pipes to
properties that plan to utilize the recycled water. These properties
include the Old Kona Airport. A recycled water transmission line is
also proposed from the WWTP to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway
where it will turn north within the highway right-of-way and connect
to a recycled water transmission pipe that was constructed in the
highway by the State Department of Transportation (DOT) for the
DEM as part of its Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway Widening Project.
The DOT constructed pipeline extends from the connection at the
Kealakehe Parkway intersection to the driveway entrance of the
Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club, which plans to use the recycled
water for irrigation. At the intersection of Hina Lani Street, the
DOT has constructed a recycled pipeline to the mauka side of the
highway where DEM will extend the pipeline along the north side
of Hina Lani Street to an abandoned Department of Water Supply
reservoir, which has been conveyed to DEM and will be converted
to store recycled water.
In future phases, underground transmission pipelines and another
new storage tank will be constructed in road rights-of ways and
easements for distribution of recycled water to other users.
Significant Beneficial and Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures
Ground Water: The proposed project improvements will have beneficial water quality impacts to
ground water resources and to coastal waters.
Construction and operation of the proposed improvements is expected to significantly reduce the
mass of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, which percolates to the ground water when
compared to the current amount discharged to the existing percolation basin. The nutrient mass
reductions will be achieved via the combination of water recycling, the subsurface flow
constructed wetlands, and the SAT system. The existing percolation basin will be closed as part
of the project.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements project is expected to reduce the mass of nitrogen and
phosphorus that currently percolates to ground water via disposal by greater than 90 percent
when compared to the current percolation basin disposal method. Other treatment benefits will
be realized through implementation of the R-1 Upgrade project, include reduction of metals, trace
organic compounds, endocrine disrupting compounds, and other pollutants that currently
percolate to ground water from the WWTP’s existing disposal system. Use of the treated effluent
as R-1 recycled water for irrigation purposes will reduce the volume or amount effluent for
disposal. Thus, reduction in the volume of disposal and some reduction of the concentration of
the various pollutants is expected to be achieved.
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawai‘i
S-3
Construction and operation of the project is projected to significantly reduce the mass of nitrogen
and phosphorus that percolates to the basal ground water lens via effluent disposal, in the area
generally flows towards the ocean. As a result, the project will reduce the mass of nitrogen and
phosphorus originating from the Kealakehe WWTP effluent that ultimately enters the ocean via
ground water.
Air Quality: In the long-term, the primary air quality concern will be the odor generated from
the Kealakehe WWTP.
The existing WWTP is equipped with an odor control system at the headworks, and the recently-
upgraded lagoon aeration system ensures that the existing WWTP processes are not a source of
nuisance odors.
The R-1 treatment system and subsurface flow constructed wetlands improvements will be fed
water that has already been oxidized in the aerated lagoons, therefore they will not be a source of
nuisance odors. The use of highly-treated R-1 water is not associated with nuisance odor
conditions. The SAT site will receive WWTP effluent that has been treated in the aerated lagoon
system and subsurface flow constructed wetland and will not be a source of nuisance odors.
Short Term Construction Impacts: There will be short term temporary impacts related to noise
and traffic during the construction period.
Noise
In the short-term, noise levels will increase from construction activities at the Kealakehe WWTP,
the buffer area, the SAT site and along the areas adjacent to the transmission pipelines. It is
expected the noise will be intermittent and unavoidable, since construction vehicles, heavy
equipment generate noise as part of normal operations. The mitigation of noisy activities to
inaudible levels will not be practical in all cases due to the intensity and exterior nature of the
work. Ambient noise levels in the vicinity of construction sites can be expected during
construction periods. Construction activities will need to comply with the provisions of HAR Title
11, Chapter 46, Community Noise Control.
Traffic
Short-term impacts on traffic would occur during construction of the various improvements.
Construction of the R-1 treatment facilities will require bringing construction equipment, supplies,
and material to the Kealakehe WWTP and to the SAT project site. Various types of construction
equipment will be required to excavate the sites for construction of the treatment facilities,
including the constructed wetlands and the SAT. Trucks will be needed to transport the
excavated material from both sites to a disposal site. Also, various types of materials and
supplies will be needed to construct the above ground structures and the administration building
and to install the pumps. The materials and supplies include rebar, concrete, piping, motors,
pumps, conduits, process equipment, controls, and various fabricated items.
Alternatives Considered
Project alternatives were considered related to treatment method and effluent disposal.
The treatment alternatives included:
Activated Sludge Treatment Plant
Advanced Nutrient Removal
Effluent disposal alternatives included.
Surface Water Discharge
Ocean Discharge
Injection wells
Evaporation
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawai‘i
S-4
Slow Rate Land Treatment
Seasonal Storage Reservoir
Desalination
List of Agencies; Other Parties
Consulted in EIS Preparation Notice:
Federal Agencies U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. National Parks Service, Kaloko Honokohau National
Historic Park
U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service
U.S. Department of the Navy
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Highways Administration
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
State Agencies Department of Agriculture
Department of Accounting and General Services
Department of Business, Economic Development and
Tourism (DBEDT)
DBEDT, Strategic Industries Division
DBEDT, Hawai‘i State Energy Office
DBEDT, Land Use Commission
DBEDT, Office of Planning
Department of Defense
Department of Education
Department of Hawaiian Homelands
Department of Health
Department of Health, Environmental Management Branch
Department of Health, Environmental Planning Office
Department of Health, Clean Water Branch
Department of Health, Wastewater Branch
Department of Health, Office of Environmental Quality
Control
Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR)
DLNR, Historic Preservation Division
DLNR, Division of Forestry and Wildlife
DLNR, Engineering Division
DLNR, Commission on Water Resource Management
Department of Transportation
Department of Transportation, Airports Division
Department of Transportation, Highways Division
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
University of Hawai‘i Environmental Center
University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant
County Agencies Fire Department
Department of Parks and Recreation
Department of Planning
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawai‘i
S-5
Department of Public Works
Department of Water Supply
Office of the Mayor
Utilities/Others Hawai’i Electric Light Company (HELCO)
Verizon Hawai‘i
Hawai‘i Gas
Hawaiian Telcom
Oceanic Time Warner Cable
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Kohanaiki Golf & Ocean Club
Aronson, Sue
Aronson, Ron
Bennett, Richard
Clement, Jane
Gaffney, Rick
Holmes, Steve
Kaapu, David
Kahui, Bo
Kanuha, Dru
Kim, Susan
Leicher, Terri
Moore, Bill
Murata, Justin
Nazara, Cynthia
Palacat-Nelson, Shane
Purdy, Mānā
Root, Joe
Sung, Shihwu
Shibata, Michael
Taylor, Bill
Wilson, Ross
Zimpfer, Jeff
Comments and responses to the EIS Preparation Notice are shown in Appendix A
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawai‘i
1-1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In 1993, the County of Hawai’i Department of Public Works constructed the Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) within the area which was then identified as a 52.959-
acre parcel north of Kailua-Kona. It lies about 1.5 miles north of Kailua-Kona and about 4.7
miles south of Runway 35 at Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keāhole on the
western coast of Hawai‘I Island. It is also located about 3,700 feet (0.70 miles) south of
Honokohau Small Boat Harbor and about 4,500 feet (0.85 miles) south of the southern
boundary of Kaloko Honokohau National Historical Park. The WWTP lies at an elevation of
about 56 feet mean sea level (msl). The access road to the Kealakehe WWTP is on the west
(makai) side of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (Route 190) at mile maker 98.06 and is an
extension of Hale Mākaʻi Place which extends mauka on the east side of the highway. The
Kealakehe WWTP is at the end of the access road, approximately 2,000-feet (0.38 miles) from
the highway (See Figure 1-1, Project Location Map). The Kealakehe WWTP is secured with
a 6-foot security fence topped with a 3-strand barbed wire outrigger. A locked traffic gate
located about 250 feet west of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway controls access into the WWTP.
(See Figure 1-2., Project Site Map)
The Kealakehe WWTP treats and disposed of sewage collected from the North Kona
Sewerage system, which extends across the greater Kailua-Kona region from just south of
Kealakehe Parkway at its northern edge to Ali‘i Heights at the southern edge. When
constructed, it was intended that secondary treated effluent from the Kealakehe WWTP would
be reused to irrigate the proposed Kealakehe municipal golf course that was planned to be
located mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway in the area opposite the WWTP. The golf
course, which was to be privately developed, for a variety of factors, was never constructed.
As a result, since 1993, the secondary treated effluent, produced through the aerated lagoon
process, has been disposed of into an approximately 10,000 square-foot disposal percolation
basin located in the lava field located mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and about 1,600
feet north of Hale Mākaʻi Place. The site of the formerly planned golf course is now planned
as a County regional park and lies within TMK: 7-4-020:007. Access to the disposal percolation
basin is via Hale Mākaʻi Place which also provides access to a Hawai'i Electric Light Co.
(HELCO) substation, the Kona Police Substation and the County’s Kealakehe solid waste
transfer station.
The Kealakehe WWTP currently treats about 1.7 million gallons per day (mgd) of incoming
flows to secondary treatment classification through the use of five aerated lagoons. The
existing facilities at the Kealakehe WWTP consist of a headworks; five below-grade lined
lagoons and related facilities used to operate the partial mix aerated lagoons; facilities to further
treat the effluent, including adding sodium hypochlorite; and, a pumping system to transmit the
effluent to the disposal percolation basin.
1.2 Land and Other Site Information
The Kealakehe WWTP occupies an area currently shown as a 52.959-acre parcel (TMK 7-4-
008:058) owned by the State of Hawai‘i (See Figure 1-3, Tax Map Keys). In July 1992, the
parcel was set aside by Executive Order (EO) 3560 for the purposes of the Kealakehe WWTP
and under the control and management of the County of Hawai'i. The EO also includes a 60-
foot wide access easement to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. In February 2001, an
approximately 40.458-acre buffer parcel (TMK 7-4-008:073), owned by the State of Hawai'i
was set aside by EO 3856 for use as an addition to the Kealakehe WWTP. The buffer parcel
surrounds all four sides of the WWTP parcel and includes an additional 30-foot wide access
Island of Hawaii
ProjectLocation
Source: ESRI Topo Map
0 4,000 8,0002,000 Feet
0 1,000 2,000500Meters
FIGURE 1-1PROJECT LOCATION MAP
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeDocument Path: E:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINAL\FIG 1-1 Project_Location.mxd1 inch = 4,000 feet.¯
SAT
KealakeheWWTP
Kohanaiki GolfandOcean Club
Queen Kaahumanu Highway HinaL a niSt.Hale Makai Pl.Kealakehe PkwyHulikoa Dr.Kona PoliceStation
Solid WasteTransfer StationKona InternationalAirport at Keahole
HonokohauSmall BoatHarbor
Kailua-Kona
Future ElevatedStorage Tank
OldKona AirportPark
AbandonedDWS Hina LaniStorage Tank
ExistingKealakehePumpStation
Kaloko-HonokohauNational Park
ExistiNGDisposalPercolationBasin
Legend
Project SiteProposed Initial Phase R-1 StorageProposed Initial Phase R-1 Transmission LinesProposed Future Phase R-1 StorageProposed Future Phase R-1 Transmission LinesEffluent Line
FIGURE 1-2PROJECT SITE MAP
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeDocument Path: E:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINAL\FIG 1-2 Project_Site.mxdSAT
KealakeheWWTP &Buffer
Kohanaiki GolfandOcean Club
Queen Kaahumanu Highway HinaLaniSt.Hale Makai Pl.KealakeheKona PoliceStation
Solid WasteTransfer Station
HonokohauSmall BoatHarbor
Kailua-Kona
Future ElevatedStorage Tank
AbandonedDWS Hina LaniStorage Tank
Source: USGS Topo
0 3,000 6,0001,500 Feet
0 500 1,000 1,500250Meters
1 inch = 3,000 feet.ExistingKealakehePumpStationOldKona AirportPark
Kaloko-HonokohauNational Park
ExistingDisposalPercolationBasin PkwyLegend
Project SiteProposed Initial Phase R-1 StorageProposed Initial Phase R-1 Transmission LinesProposed Future Phase R-1 StorageProposed Future Phase R-1 Transmission LinesEffluent Line
7-4-008:002
7-3-009:005
7-3-009:025
7-3-009:002
7-4-008:005
7-3-009:017
7-4-020:022 7-4-020:010
7-4-008:071
7-4-008:010
7-4-021:020
7-4-008:072
7-4-020:007
7-3-009:028
7-4-008:001
7-4-021:021
7-3-009:0137-4-008:013
7-4-020:9997-4-008:0477-5-003:0107-5-005:0077-4-008:0037-3-009:018
7-4-008:0767-3-010:0067-5-003:0087-3-009:021
7-4-008:081
7-3-009:026
7-3-051:060
7-4-008:0257-4-021:0127-3-010:035
7-4-008:0587-4-021:00 4
7-4-021 :015
7-3-009:0637-4-008:0577-4-008:0777-3-009:0047-4-020:016Source: ESRI World Imagery
0 3,000 6,0001,500 Feet
0 1,000500Meters
FIGURE 1-3TAX MAP KEYS
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeDocument Path: E:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINAL\FIG 1-3 TMK_REV.mxd1 inch = 3,000 feet.SAT
AbandonedDWS Hina LaniStorage Tank
KealakeheWWTP
OldKona AirportPark
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easement that extends eastward to the western edge of the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway.
Executive Order 3856 also established a 3,573.56-foot long by about 60-foot wide (4.918
acres) perpetual non-exclusive irrigation easement along the west side of Queen Kaʻahumanu
Highway.
The existing disposal percolation basin is located east of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway within
a 190.547 acre parcel identified as TMK: 7-4-020:007. That parcel was set aside in 1992 to
the County of Hawai'i, Department of Public Works by EO 3665. The purpose of that EO was
for a Kealakehe Wastewater Reclamation Field and North Kona Golf Course. In 2009, the
County requested the State of Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) to
amend EO 3665 to allow development of an active public park. Subsequently, on November
22, 2010, the Land Board approved the DLNR recommendation to cancel EO 3665 and the
same land be reset aside to the County under a new EO to include the broader purposes
requested by the County. The DLNR stated that one of the reasons a cancellation is
recommended instead of an amendment was that EO 3665 had been issued specifically to
"the Department of Public Works, County of Hawai'i." However, since DLNR understood the
County Department of Parks and Recreation would manage the public park, the DLNR
reasoned that a reset-aside of the parcel to the "County of Hawaii" would give the County the
flexibility to designate the portions to be managed by the appropriate department. Finally, on
March 11, 2011, EO 4355 was issued for the for the Kealakehe Wastewater Reclamation Field,
North Kona, Golf Course and/or Public Park purposes, to be under the control and
management of the County of Hawai'i.
1.3 Previous Environmental Documents
In July 1981, the County of Hawai'i Department of Public Works (DPW) issued the Revised
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Kailua-Kona Sewerage System Phase IV
(Northern Zone). As described in the Revised EIS, the project included an expanded collection
system, a new treatment plant at Kealakehe near Honokohua Harbor and disposal via a deep
ocean outfall. The project also included abandoning the treatment plant located in the
industrial area of Kailua-Kona.
As described in the Revised EIS, the most cost effective treatment process is aerated lagoons
because of its low operation and maintenance costs. The lagoons will achieve secondary
treatment using the complete mix aerobic systems. Solids will settle in the bottom of the
lagoons and will not require disposal. The document stated the State had committed 25 acres
of land at Kealakehe for the treatment facility. The County had requested the site be expanded
to 30 acres.
The drawing for the plant showed: 4 lagoons; influent line; headworks; blower building; control
and maintenance building; lagoon road; and perimeter fence. A 30-inch deep ocean outfall
was to be used for disposal of the treated effluent. That facility was to have a design capacity
of 2.8 mgd.
In March 1982, the DPW issued the Revised Final Environmental Impact Statement for the
Kailua-Kona (Southern Zone) Facility Plan North Kona District project. As described in the
Revised Final EIS, the project included construction of a sewage collection and transmission
system, including pump stations, force mains, and gravity interceptors for the area designated
as the Kailua-Kona southern zone. The southern zone collection system will be an integral
part of the overall regional concept and will collect and transport the sewage generated within
the southern zone to a treatment facility located within the area designated as the Kailua-Kona
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northern zone. The environmental assessment was limited to proposed actions within the
Kailua-Kona southern zone.
1.4 Previous Special Management Area Permits
Kealakehe WWTP
On January 31, 1989, the County of Hawai'i Planning Commission approved Special
Management Area Use Permit No. 280 to allow the construction of the Kealakehe WWTP and
related improvements at Kealakehe, North Kona, Hawai'i within TMK: 7-4-008: portion of 3.
The application was for the 53+ acre area to be used for the wastewater treatment plant and
related improvements. The applicant was to submit a metes and bounds description of the
53+ acre area. (See Figure 1-4, Special Management Area Map)
The approval stated that the requested Special Management Area Use Permit Application will
not have any significant adverse environmental or ecological effects. The project site is located
on pahoehoe lava with little soil and vegetation. Endangered species have not been
associated with this site. Additionally, no historic or archaeological sites have been associated
with the project site.
Further, the development of the Kealakehe WWTP was determined to be consistent with the
objectives and policies provided by Chapter 205A, HRS, and the Special Management Area
Guidelines. The project did not involve dredging or filling; did not reduce the size of a beach
or recreational area; did not reduce access to the shoreline; did not interfere with the line of
sight from the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway to the shoreline; and did not adversely affect the
coastal water quality, fisheries, wildlife habitats or agricultural use of land.
Moreover, the development was found to be consistent with the County General Plan and
zoning. The project is sited in the Urban District, in an area designated as Alternate Urban
Expansion and is a use permitted in the Zoning Code. The proposed improvements to the
Kealakehe WWTP is part of a coordinated development effort involving the County and State
of Hawai'i.
Further, no adverse impacts on air and water quality are expected to be generated by this
proposal. The nature of these additional improvements is such that no unusual air emissions
will be produced by the aerated lagoon treatment. The municipal golf course is seen as the
field which will consume the chemical nutrients found in the effluent used for irrigation.
The Planning Commission found, although the proposed use will alter the essential character
of the land, it is determined that such a change may make the highest and best use of land
involved for the public welfare at the present time.
Transmission Line and Pump Station
On July 2, 1991, the Planning Commission approved Special Management Area (SMA) Use
Permit No. 315, to allow the construction of a sewage pump station, sewage force main and
related improvements. The project site begins at the Kuakini Highway-old Kona Airport runway
intersection in a northerly direction connecting to the new Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment
Plant (WWTP), North Kona, Hawai'i. The permit covered improvements in Tax Map Key 7-4-
8:2 & 3, and 7-5-5:7 & 83.
One of the criteria for approving a development within the SMA is that it is consistent with the
General Plan and zoning designation. A Course of Action for the North Kona District is to
construct a new wastewater treatment plant at Kealakehe near Honokohau, provide sewage
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pumping station, force mains and interceptor sewers to handle existing and proposed
wastewater flows. Approval of this request would support this course of action for North Kona.
Another criteria in reviewing an SMA Use Permit application is that, "The development will not
have any significant adverse environmental or ecological effect, except as such adverse effect
is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety, or
compelling public interest."
The construction of a sewage pumping station and force main is not anticipated to have a
substantial adverse environmental or ecological effects. The proposed sewage pump station
and force main will be located within an area not known to contain any unique ecological
systems nor provide habitat for any endangered plant or animal species. No adverse impacts
on water quality are expected to be generated by the proposed improvements. Any potential
runoff or discharge as a result of the project can be handled by on-site improvements as may
be required by the Departments of Health and Public Works. The proposed improvements are
part of an overall wastewater treatment system that has been designed to replace the existing
Kailua-Kona Sewage Treatment Plant, which is rapidly approaching its design capacity, as well
as to accommodate future development within the central Kona (Kealakehe) area.
1.5 Kealakehe WWTP Operation
Incoming sewage is received at the headworks, where it passes through mechanical screens
and grit removal basins to remove inorganic debris before flowing into the aerated lagoons.
The removed screenings and grit from the headworks are disposed at the West Hawaiʻi
Landfill.
Next, the wastewater is treated as it flows by gravity through the lagoons in series. An aeration
system consisting of blowers, piping, submerged diffusers, and appurtenances is used to
maintain aerobic conditions within the water column and to provide mixing in each lagoon.
Naturally-occurring aerobic microbes oxidize organic matter and convert ammonia into nitrate
within the lagoons. Solids settle to the bottom of the lagoons where they anaerobically digest
over time. Sludge removal is required infrequently, typically on a 20-year interval. At current
flows, 3 of the 5 lagoons are in use at any time in this process to produce secondary effluent.
As flows increase in the future, it will be necessary to use a fourth lagoon to achieve secondary
effluent quality.
Following treatment through the aerated lagoons, sodium hypochlorite is added to the effluent
before it is pumped to the off-site disposal percolation basin. While this method of effluent
disposal has been used for a number of years, the County has sought to improve the WWTP
treatment process so that the effluent could be beneficial reused in place of potable water, and
allow the disposal percolation basin to be closed.
One of the considerations for effluent reuse is its salinity. The North Kona Sewerage service
area from which wastewater is collected includes portions that are located near the shoreline
where underground pipes may lie below sea level. Both publicly owned and private sewer
lateral connections to the County collection system in these areas are subject to brackish
ground water entering, or infiltrating, pipes through cracks, leaky joints and other breaches in
the collection system. Over the years, the County has made improvements to reduce or
eliminate brackish ground water infiltration to publicly-owned sewer lateral connections to the
collection system. However, the County does not have the authority to make improvements
or require private property owners to make improvements to sewer laterals infiltrating brackish
groundwater on private property. As a result of infiltrating brackish ground water mixing with
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incoming raw sewage, any recycled water produced by an R-1 treatment facility will have
higher than desirable concentrations of chloride and total dissolved solids. This condition will
limit irrigation use of R-1 recycled water to salt-tolerant vegetation.
1.6 Purpose and Need
The purpose of the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project is to construct the necessary
improvements to produce treated effluent that meets the various objectives set forth in Hawai’i
Administrative Rules (HAR) Title 11, Department of Health Chapter 62 Wastewater Systems
(HAR Chapter 11-62), which was adopted on March 21, 2016.
Among various General Requirements, HAR Chapter 11-62 states that the DOH:
(1) Seeks to ensure that the use and disposal of wastewater does not contaminate or
pollute any valuable water resource, does not give rise to public nuisance, and does
not become a hazard or potential hazard to the public health, safety, and welfare.
(2) Seeks to work in close partnership with the counties to manage wastewater to prevent
pollution and harm to public health, safety and welfare.
(3) Seeks to advance the use of recycled water consistent with public health and safety
and environmental quality.
(4) Acknowledges that when properly treated and used, recycled water is a valuable
resource with environmental and economic benefits and can be used to conserve the
State's precious resources and that the most highly treated recycled water and
exceptional quality wastewater sludge can be used for a wide variety of applications
with the appropriate restrictions and when best management practices and other
requirements of this chapter are met.
HAR Chapter 11-62 further seeks to ensure that the use and disposal of effluent from
wastewater systems:
(1) Do not contaminate or pollute any drinking water or potential drinking water supply,
or the waters of any beaches, shores, ponds, lakes, streams, groundwater, or
shellfish growing waters;
(2) Do not encourage the harborage of insects, rodents, or other possible vectors;
(3) Do not give rise to nuisances;
(4) Do not become a hazard or a potential hazard to public health, safety and welfare;
(5) Contribute to the achievement of wastewater management goals contained in
approved county water quality management plans;
(6) Reinforce state and county planning policies; and
(7) Are consistent with the State's administration of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System.
In addition, the proposed action is intended to realize several Policy and Action items outlined
in the County of Hawai’i 2008 Kona Community Development Plan (KCDP):
Policy PUB-4.5: Wastewater Treatment and Effluent Reuse
Action PUB–4.5a: Master plan the expansion of the Kealakehe Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Action PUB–4.5c: Master plan a comprehensive wastewater reclamation system to
maximize reuse.
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The R-1 Upgrade improvements will also serve the purpose of allowing the County to achieve
an increase toward the goals of the Hawai’i Fresh Water Initiative which is to increase the
amount of R-1, R-2, and R-3 recycled water used for irrigation from about 18.3 mgd statewide
to 30.0 mgd by 2030. In 2017, R-1 recycled water represented about 89 percent of the total
recycled water usage. Facilities located within the County of Hawai’i accounted for 1.1 mgd,
or about 6.0 percent, of the 18.3 mgd. The proposed action would allow the County to increase
its statewide share from 6.0 percent to 9.6 percent of statewide goal of 30.0 mgd in 2030.
1.7 Objectives of the Proposed Action
The Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade Project will be undertaken to achieve the following
objectives:
Implement water recycling within the service area to decrease the amount of potable
water currently being used for irrigation (and other non-potable uses);
Reduce the quantity of WWTP effluent requiring disposal;
Increase nutrient removal within the wastewater treatment process to reduce the
nutrient load to the disposal system;
Replace the existing disposal percolation basin with a land application system that will
provide additional environmental protection and is recognized by the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA);
Provide for the wastewater management needs of the service area for the next 20
years;
Minimize impacts to the ratepayers; and
Provide a reliable wastewater management system that is relatively simple to operate
and maintain.
1.8 Department of Health (DOH) Reuse Guidelines Background
The County of Hawai'i, Department of Environmental Management (DEM) proposes to
upgrade the Kealakehe WWTP to produce recycled water meeting the State of Hawai'i
Department of Health (DOH) R-1 classification, which is the highest classification with the
broadest allowable reuse applications. "Recycled water" means treated wastewater that by
design is intended to be used for beneficial purposes. The DOH advocates the use of recycled
water provided that public health and water resources are not compromised. Use of recycled
water has become more significant due to the state's growing population, limited potable water
resources, and wastewater disposal issues.
In January 2016, the DOH issued their reuse guidelines as two volumes. Recycled Water
Facilities Volume 1 provides guidelines primarily for the design of the treatment facilities.
Recycled Water Projects Volume 2 provides guidelines for users of the recycled water. The
design of the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project will meet the DOH Volume 1
requirements. To be classified as R-1 water, treated wastewater effluent must be oxidized,
filtered and disinfected according to that classification.
Volume 2 covers the application process to use recycled water. R-1 water is suitable for
various uses, including for crop and landscaped irrigation, construction, cleaning, cooling,
firefighting, and other applications as outlined in the DOH Reuse Guidelines. Volume 2 also
provides definitions applicable to the recycled water produced by the Kealakehe WWTP R-1
Upgrade project, including:
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"Purveyor" means one who sells or conveys recycled water to an end user, or to an
intermediary other than a public or private entity providing water service.
“Transmission Lines” fall under the jurisdiction of the recycled water purveyor and refer
to the piping from the treatment facility to the approved use area, terminating after
the service meter box for each approved use area. The meter is to be approved,
purchased, and calibrated by the purveyor. The purveyor is also responsible for the
quality of the recycled water. Design of new transmission systems shall conform to
the "Water System Standards" (State of Hawai'i, 2002) and other applicable
requirements.
Under these DOH definitions, for the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project, the County will
be the purveyor and, as the purveyor, will be responsible for construction of the transmission
lines as defined above. Volume 2 also defines the end user of the recycled water as:
“Any person, firm, corporation, association, agency or customer receiving recycled
water service.”
The user will be responsible for meeting the DOH requirements for users set forth in Volume
2, including guidance and best management practices for applying recycled water for purposes
such as irrigation, dust control, cleaning, and fire-fighting.
The following suitable uses for R-1 recycled water are found in Volume 2. The DOH may deem
other uses suitable on a case-by-case basis. The listed R-1 Suitable Uses include:
Irrigation: All landscape and agricultural irrigation via spray, surface drip or subsurface
drip irrigation.
Homes: Irrigation of a home on agricultural land or condominium property regimes
provided there is a recycled water manager as described in Section K. Irrigation of
single-family residential homes without a recycled water manager is prohibited.
Farm Animals: Drinking water for livestock, and poultry with the exception of dairy
animals that produce milk for human consumption.
Supply to impoundments:
Restricted recreational impoundments such as golf course hazards, landscape
water features, fountains, waterfalls;
Irrigation storage reservoirs and ponds; and
Fish hatchery basins.
Dust control: Dampening, wet sweeping and/or wash-down of streets, roads, parking
lots, walkways, etc.;
Cleaning:
Flushing toilets, urinals, and sanitary sewers where permitted by the applicable
county plumbing code;
High pressure water cleaning of surfaces; and
Agricultural cleaning to wash down animals such as cattle, livestock, animal
pens and housing.
Cooling of power equipment while cutting, coring or drilling pavements, walls and other
hard surfaces; Water jetting to consolidate backfill material around piping for recycled
water, non-potable water, sewage, storm drains, gas and electrical conduits;
Washing aggregate and concrete manufacturing;
Boiler feed water;
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Industrial processes and industrial cooling;
Cooling in air conditioning systems;
Fire-fighting; and
Test water for gas pipeline testing.
Although not explicitly set forth in Volume 2, DOH Wastewater Branch confirmed the suitable
uses for R-1 recycled water also include:
Spray irrigation of parks;
Spray irrigation of athletic fields as long as the irrigation does not occur when field users
are present; and
Spray irrigation of golf courses.
1.9 Clean Water State Revolving Fund
The Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project may be funded by federal funds through the State
of Hawai'i DOH Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program, which would constitute
a federal action and will require the project to meet all National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) and Hawai'i SRF program requirements, including the Endangered Species Act (16
USC 1531-5411) and the National Historic Preservation Act (54 USC 300101 and 54 USC
§302706). The State of Hawai'i DOH Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program
was created by the federal Water Quality Act of 1987 which authorized low interest loans for
the construction of publicly owned wastewater treatment works, for implementation of a
nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control management program, and for implementation of an
estuary conservation and management program. In 1988, the Hawai'i State Legislature
passed Act 365, now Chapter 342D, Hawai'i Revised Statues (HRS), to establish the State
Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund to receive the federal capitalization grant. Chapter
342D [Part V.], Water Pollution Control Financing, and HRS 342D-81 set forth that the State’s
policy is to promote water pollution prevention and control, including the use of recycled water,
by financing eligible projects consistent with applicable federal and state laws.
1.10 Environmental Assessment Documents
The DOH administers the Clean Water SRF Program to assist in financing construction of
water pollution control projects necessary to prevent contamination of groundwater and coastal
water resources and to protect and promote the health, safety and welfare of the citizens of
the State of Hawai'i. The Clean Water SRF Program provides low interest loans to county and
state agencies to construct point source and nonpoint source water pollution control projects.
Environmental assessment documentation (EAD) required as part of the DOH CWSFR
program include: 1) an environmental document prepared to meet the requirements of Chapter
343, HRS and Hawai'i Administrative Rules Title 11, State of Hawaii Department of Health,
Chapter 200, Environmental Impact Statement Rules; 2) an Environmental Assessment (EA)
checklist, and 3) a Certification form. In addition, to meet Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) requirements, the impacts of project must address the federal “cross-cutting” authorities.
1.11 Other Information
The lands west (makai) of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway are within the Special Management
Area (SMA). County of Hawai'i Rule 9 applies to lands within the SMA. Rule 9 defines
development subject to an SMA permit as: “uses, activities, or operations on land or in or
under water within the SMA. According to Rule 9, development includes placement or erection
of any solid material or any gaseous, liquid, solid, or thermal waste.” However, Rule 9 states
that development does not include: “installation of underground utility lines and appurtenant
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above ground fixtures less than four (4) feet in height along existing corridors.” Hence, any
such development could be exempted from an SMA permit.
The proposed Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) facility site will occupy an approximately 10-acre
portion of TMK: 7-4-020:007, which lies east and across Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway from
the WWTP. The SAT facility will be located near the area currently used as the disposal
percolation basin for treated effluent from the existing Kealakehe WWTP.
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2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION’S TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC,
SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Proposed Action
The DEM proposes to implement improvements at the Kealakehe WWTP to upgrade the existing
secondary treatment facilities to produce R-1 recycled water meeting the DOH Reuse Guidelines,
which require the effluent to be treated, oxidized, filtered and disinfected to a median fecal coliform
density of less than 2.2 organisms per 100 milliliters. The R-1 Upgrade facilities and systems will
be designed to meet current and future anticipated regional demand for R-1 water in the vicinity
of the Kealakehe WWTP. Effluent in excess of R-1 water demand will also be treated for disposal
through an upgraded process.
The need to address effluent flow in excess of demand for recycled water results from several
factors. Currently, the quantity of sewage inflow received and treated at the Kealakehe WWTP
exceeds the anticipated initial demand for recycled water. Additionally, the demand for recycled
water will vary seasonally with precipitation and evapotranspiration patterns. Furthermore, the
DOH recycled water guidelines require an effluent disposal system for effluent that is not recycled
or does not meet recycled water classifications. Secondary treated effluent that is not further
treated for use as R-1 recycled water will be directed to a subsurface flow constructed wetlands
for further treatment prior to final treatment and disposal at an offsite soil aquifer treatment (SAT)
facility.
The subsurface flow constructed wetlands will be sited within the Kealakehe WWTP parcel
outside of the existing security fence. The subsurface flow constructed wetlands will further
“polish” the secondary effluent to remove additional nutrients and other constituents. After flowing
through the subsurface flow wetlands, the treated effluent will be pumped via the existing effluent
disposal pipe under Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway to the soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system - the
final step to remove nutrients and other constituents prior to subsurface percolation to the soils
below the site and finally to groundwater. The combination of treatment through the subsurface
wetlands system at the WWTP and the SAT system will significantly improve upon the current
percolation disposal basin method of effluent disposal.
Figure 2-1 shows the R-1 Upgrade Process Schematic. Figure 2-2 shows the R-1 Upgrade
Treatment Facility Concept.
To ease discussion, the description of the R-1 upgrade improvements project has been divided
into four components: R-1 Treatment Facilities, Polishing Wetlands, Soil Aquifer Treatment, and
R-1 Recycled Water Storage and Transmission. Other related proposed improvements are also
described thereafter.
2.1.1 R-1 Treatment Facilities
The R-1 treatment facility improvements are proposed to be constructed within the existing
security fencing of the Kealakehe WWTP near the existing treatment facilities. Figure 2-3 shows
the R-1 Upgrade Improvements Plan. These proposed improvements include:
1) Lagoons 5 and 6 Covers
Lagoons 5 and 6 are the last in a series of existing lagoons that progressively treats wastewater
at the WWTP. The effluent in Lagoon 6 is at the end of the secondary treatment process. It
typically contains algae due to the long hydraulic residence time in the treatment process, warm
water temperatures, nutrients in the wastewater, and exposure to ample sunlight. The presence
of algae can significantly increase filtration backwash requirements to further treat the secondary
treated effluent, particularly if cloth media filtration is used. To reduce algae growth, a floating
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STATE OF HAWAII
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NEW R-1 TREATMENTFACILITY2. NEW R-1 TREATMENT FACILITY3. NEW R-1 DISTRIBUTION PS4. NEW R-1 STORAGE TANK5. NEW PROCESS FEED PS6. NEW BACKWASH RETURN PS7. NEW FLOW METER VAULT8. NEW R-1 TRANSFER PS9. NEW TRANSFORMER10. NEW FUEL TANK11. NEW ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR12. NEW BULK FUEL STORAGE TANKSCALE IN FEET030 601. NEW CHEMICAL/ELECTRICAL BUILDING2. NEW R-1 TREATMENT FACILITY3. NEW R-1 DISTRIBUTION PS4. NEW R-1 STORAGE TANK5. NEW PROCESS FEED PS6. NEW BACKWASH RETURN PS7. NEW FLOW METER VAULT8. NEW R-1 TRANSFER PS9. NEW TRANSFORMER10. NEW FUEL TANK11. NEW ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR12. NEW BULK FUEL STORAGE TANKKEY NOTESKealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeE:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\WorkingFIGURE 2-3R-1 UPGRADE IMPROVEMENTS PLANSOURCE: Brown & Caldwell
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cover will be installed over Lagoons 5 and 6 to block exposure to most of the sunlight currently
received by these lagoons. The cover will consist of a layer of floating plastic balls that will deprive
algae of sunlight, thereby reducing growth as well as killing algae, which will settle to the bottom
of the lagoons. The cover will be resistant to degradation by ultra violet sunlight, is suitable for
windy conditions and is permeable to rainfall.
2) Filter Feed Pumps
A filter feed pump station will be installed below grade to lift the effluent from the covered aerated
Lagoon 6 to the R-1 treatment process improvements, described below, that will be constructed
above-grade.
3) Rapid Mix and Flocculation Concrete Tank
Chemicals will be mixed into the secondary treated effluent in a short residence time, high-energy
rapid mix tank. This will initiate the flocculation process, whereby small particles in the effluent
will clump together so they can be filtered out. The process will involve low-energy mixing for 10
to 20 minutes to promote floc formation. The concrete flocculation tanks will all be above-ground
or partially buried rectangular tanks with associated mixing equipment. A concrete roof structure
about 31 feet above grade will provide weather and sun protection for the tanks. Figure 2-4 shows
the R-1 Treatment Facility Plan. Figure 2-5 shows the R-1 Treatment Facility Section.
4) Concrete Filtration Tank
The filtration process will consist of cloth media filters. The filter hydraulic loading rates will comply
with the DOH Reuse Guidelines. The filter backwash will be returned to the aerated lagoons.
Continuous turbidity monitoring systems will be provided upstream and downstream of the
filtration units to comply with DOH guidelines. If filter effluent turbidity exceeds 2 Nephelometric
Turbidity Units (NTU) the recycled water production process will be automatically diverted to the
Lagoon 6, and an alarm will notify the WWTP operators. Similar to the rapid mix and flocculation
tank, the concrete filtration tank will all be above-ground or partially buried rectangular concrete
tanks. There will be a concrete roof structure over the tanks to provide weather and sun
protection.
5) Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection Tanks
After flowing through the flocculation and filtration tanks, the filtered water will be disinfected by
exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. The UV system will be constructed as part of the flocculation
tank structure and will consist of a channel with a system of UV light fixtures. The filtered water
is disinfected as it flows through the channels between the UV lights. The UV system will be
designed to comply with DOH guidelines. The UV dose will be continuously monitored. If the
UV dose drops below the required level, the recycled water production process will
automatically stop, and an alarm will notify the WWTP operators.
6) Chemical Addition Building and Emergency Generator Building
A new building will be constructed to house facilities to store and meter chemicals for the
previously described R-1 treatment process. Facilities for coagulant and/or polymer addition
will be provided so the chemicals can be added as needed to aid the filtration process. The
building will also contain the electrical and control systems in a separate air conditioned
space. These R-1 systems will be connected to the existing supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) control system. A separate room in the chemical addition building will
contain a 1,250 KW emergency generator to provide power to the R-1 treatment processes in the
event of a failure of the commercial power supply. An above-ground, double-wall diesel fuel tank
and related above ground piping will provide fuel to the generator. Such a tank will not require a
spill containment system around its base. The interstitial space between the walls of the tank will
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Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i
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contain a leak detection system. The tank fill openings contain an overfill protection system to
contain any spills when the tank is being filled with fuel. Figure 2-6 shows the chemical addition
building layout)
7) R-1 Transfer Pumps
The below grade R-1 transfer pumps will lift the R-1 water from the UV system to the adjacent R-
1 storage tank.
8) R-1 Above-grade R-1 Storage Tank
An on-site 500,000 gallon above-grade storage tank will provide diurnal storage for the R-1
uses, and will also serve as a clear well for the R-1 transmission pumping systems. The R-
1 storage tank will be about 60 feet in diameter and will stand approximately 30 feet above
grade. R-1 water production will be controlled by a pressure sensor in the tank. When the
tank is full, the R-1 water production process will automatically stop and the feed pumps to
the subsurface constructed wetlands, described below, will be activated. The R-1 water
production process will restart when R-1 water is drawn from the tank and the low tank level
sensor is activated. This will also stop the feed pumps to the subsurface constructed
wetlands.
2.1.2 Subsurface Constructed Wetlands
9) Feed Pumps
A wetland feed pump station and piping will continuously deliver secondary effluent from the
existing Lagoon 6 to the subsurface flow wetlands when the R-1 storage tank is full, as discussed
previously.
10) Subsurface Flows Constructed Wetlands
The existing Kealakehe WWTP aerated lagoon system currently converts ammonia present in the
wastewater into nitrate via a process called nitrification. However, there is no existing mechanism
to remove nitrate from the wastewater, so nitrogen is discharged to the environment with the
treated effluent. The subsurface flow constructed wetland will provide additional treatment to
remove nitrogen from the wastewater via a process called denitrification.
The on-site subsurface flow wetlands system will be located within the Kealakehe WWTP 52.959-
acre parcel in the area currently outside of the security fence. The four (4) subsurface flow
wetlands will each “polish” the secondary treated effluent by removing the nitrogen and other
constituents, including: settleable biochemical oxygen demand; suspended solids; a limited
amount of phosphorus via adsorption and plant uptake; metals (copper, zinc, and cadmium) from
applied water via adsorption, sedimentation, precipitation, and plant uptake; trace organic
compounds via volatilization or adsorption and biodegradation; greater than 90 percent of bacteria
and virus via adsorption and filtration. The 4 subsurface flow wetlands will collectively occupy a
total of about 6.3 acres, which is comparable in size to the area occupied by existing Lagoons 2
and 3.
The subsurface flow wetlands will be excavated about 5 feet below grade and will then be filled
with a gravel media mix. A perforated distribution pipe on the surface of the gravel media will
distribute the secondary treated effluent. In each wetland, the secondary treated effluent will flow
through the gravel media in which emergent wetland vegetation would be grown. After flowing
through the gravel media, the now polished effluent will be collected by a perforated pipe at the
bottom of each wetland and then will be pumped by the wetlands pump station to the pipeline that
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Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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will be used to transmit the polished effluent to the proposed new Soil Aquifer Treatment System
discussed below.
Trenches will need to be excavated for the 16-inch wetlands distribution force main and the 16-
inch return force main. The trenches for these wetland force mains will be constructed in the
existing service road on the south side of Lagoons 5 and 6 and the west side of Lagoon 3.
The wetlands will be lined with the same material used for lining the existing lagoons and will be
surrounded by above grade berms. The flows in the wetlands will not rise above the surface of
the gravel media. Therefore, there will be no exposed water surface or standing water that could
attract birds. Appropriate Hawaiian native plant species will be selected for planting in the
wetland.
11) Effluent Pump Station
An existing effluent pump station and pipeline presently transmit secondary treated effluent across
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway to the existing percolation disposal basin. This pump station and
pipeline will be used to transmit the polished effluent to the Soil Aquifer Treatment System.
2.1.3 Soil Aquifer Treatment
12) Underground Transmission Pipeline
A new underground line will be connected to the previously described existing effluent pipeline
near Hale Makai Place. From that point, the new line will connect to a weir box which will be used
to distribute the treated effluent into the SAT system basins. The rest of the existing line to the
existing percolation disposal basin will be abandoned or removed with the closure of the basin.
13) Soil Aquifer Treatment
The proposed soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system will be the final step to remove nutrients and
other impurities from the polished effluent prior to releasing it into the subsurface below the SAT
basins. The SAT system is an EPA-recognized form of land treatment and disposal that will
replace the current percolation disposal basin method. The polished effluent from the surface
flow wetlands will be applied over one of eight basins, which will allow the effluent to percolate
downward through a soil system engineered to provide additional treatment and flow control. The
combination of polishing through the subsurface flow wetlands and the additional natural
processes occurring through the SAT system will ensure that the highly treated effluent is safely
returned to the environment.
The Kealakehe WWTP SAT system will be located within TMK: 7-4-020:007 east of Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway and north of Hale Makai Place. The site is adjacent to the area currently
used for the percolation disposal basin. Occupying approximately 10 acres, the SAT will have a
total of 8 basins (7 active basins and 1 reserve) each about 1-acre in area. The SAT’s seven
active basins will allow a weekly alternating wet/dry cycle where each basin will receive flows on
one day of the week and then rotated out for the next six days to dry before receiving flows again
the following week. The eighth basin will be an emergency or reserve basin to be used when a
basin or the distribution system requires maintenance. Figure 2-7 shows the SAT Site Plan.
The SAT system concept is to intermittently apply the polished effluent over a large area and then
allow it to trickle through permeable soils or sands, then into the native soils beneath the site. As
the effluent percolates through the engineered sand and/or soil matrix, it is treated by physical
filtration and by natural biological and chemical mechanisms. After an application period or
wetting period, the SAT surface is allowed to dry so that oxygen can reenter the soil matrix, which
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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aids aerobic biological treatment. This alternating wetting and drying also maintains the infiltration
rate through the soil surface and minimizes soil clogging.
The 1-acre SAT basins will less than ½ the size of the smaller existing lagoons at the Kealakehe
WWTP. These existing lagoons range in size from approximately 2.6 to 4.4 acres.
The SAT system area will be cleared and graded and then excavated to create the SAT basins.
The native ʻaʻā lava will be crushed and graded as needed to create structural fill to berm the
basins. Portions of the basin bottoms will be over-excavated to highly-permeable clinker layers
located below the surface and backfilled with the excavated rock and gravel to create hydraulic
pathways to the permeable geology below. The over-excavated areas will be constructed so that
they are wider than they are deep, so by definition would not be regulated as injection wells.
Then, the basins will be filled with 4.25 feet of imported sand media. The basin surface will be
about 2 feet below the top of the berm. Gravel access roads will surround each basin. A perimeter
fence will be installed to prevent public access to the basins. Volunteer vegetation can be allowed
to grow on the SAT surface.
The SAT distribution system will consist of pressure dosed piping near the surface. The piping
will have slots or drilled orifices to allow the applied wastewater to be uniformly distributed over
the basin surface. Typical spacing would be 5 feet between lines with openings every 4 feet.
Once installed over the sand media, the piping system will be covered with gravel to protect the
piping and to allow rainfall to percolate into the sand medium in the basin. Since the gravel
covering will be highly permeable and the selected sand medium will also to be highly permeable,
the effluent and rainfall will not accumulate on the surface of the SAT basins for any significant
length of time. Hence, no prolonged ponding will occur, which could otherwise attract birds.
Once the SAT facility is complete and operational, the existing disposal basin will be closed
according to DOH requirements and the area restored so it appears similar to the surrounding
area.
2.1.4 R-1 Water Transmission and Storage (Initial Phase)
14) R-1 Water Transmission System
From the above-ground R-1 storage tank at the Kealakehe WWTP, as discussed in Section 2.1.2
R-1 Treatment Facilities, item 8, an approximately 2,500 foot long, 20-inch diameter R-1 water
transmission pipeline will extend eastward (mauka) along Hale Mākaʻi Place to Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway. From there, an approximately 3,700-foot long transmission pipeline will
be constructed beneath the makai shoulder area, and within the right-of-way of the recently
widened Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway northward to the Kealakehe Parkway intersection. At that
intersection, the 20-inch pipeline will connect to the existing R-1 recycled water transmission
pipeline that was constructed by the State Department of Transportation (DOT) for DEM as part
of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway Widening project. That DOT installed underground pipeline
extends approximately 12,700 feet (2.4 miles) from the Kealakehe Parkway intersection north to
Hulikoa Drive, the driveway for the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club, which plans to use R-1 water
recycled for irrigation.
At the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and Kealakehe Parkway intersection, the DOT also
constructed a stub-out so that, in the future, the State can obtain R-1 water from it by connecting
a transmission pipe leading to the Honokohau Small Boat Harbor and to a nearby proposed
Department of Land and Natural Resources facility. Lastly, at the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway
and Kealakehe Parkway intersection, the DOT has constructed a stub out to the mauka side of
SCALE IN FEET0250 500PROPOSED SAT SITE(APPROXIMATELY 10ACRES ±)PROPOSED PARKACCESS ROADBASIN 1TOP=63'BOT=59'BASIN 2TOP=65'BOT=61'BASIN 3TOP=67'BOT=63'BASIN 4TOP=69'BOT=65'BASIN 8TOP=67'BOT=63'BASIN 7TOP=65'BOT=61'BASIN 6TOP=63'BOT=59'BASIN 5TOP=61'BOT=57'WEIRBOX STATE RIGHT-OF-WAYTO HONOKOHAU SMALLBOAT HARBOR24" FMTO KEALAKEHEWWTPEXISTING 24" FMTMK: 4-7-020:007EXIST 24" FMKealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeE:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\WorkingFIGURE 2-7SAT SITE PLANSOURCE: Brown & Caldwell
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the highway, from the stub out, the DEM will extend the R-1 water recycled transmission pipeline
to the upper end of SAT site so that the recycled water can be used to irrigate a planted buffer.
In addition, an approximately 9,300-foot (1.76-mile) long transmission pipeline will be constructed
from the R-1 storage tank at the WWTP to the County of Hawaiʻi Old Airport Park, where the R-1
recycled water will be used to irrigate various areas in the Park. The R-1 transmission pipeline
will be constructed within the existing easement that was established when DEM constructed the
force main from the Old Airport Park pump station to the Kealakehe WWTP.
10) R-1 Recycled Water Storage at Abandoned Tank
In addition to the R-1 water storage tank at the Kealakehe WWTP site, an existing abandoned
1.0-million gallon Department of Water Supply (DWS) concrete reservoir will be used for R-1
water storage. This tank was constructed by the DWS and is about 14,200 feet (2.7 miles)
southeast of Runway 35 at Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keahole. The tank has
never been used by the DWS and will be disconnected from the potable water system. The tank
has been conveyed to DEM. The tank is about 96 feet in diameter and approximately 20 feet
high. The abandoned reservoir lies at about elevation 125 feet msl on the north side of Hina Lani
Street. A pipeline will connect the R-1 storage tank to the existing R-1 transmission pipeline that
was constructed to the mauka side of the highway by the DOT as part of the Queen Kaʻahumanu
Highway Widening project. The pipeline will extend about 580 feet east (mauka) to the R-1
storage tank. A low-head pumping system will deliver R-1 water to the repurposed tank.
2.1.3 R-1 Recycled Water Transmission and Storage (Future Phase)
In future phase(s), R-1 recycled water transmission pipelines will branch off of the proposed 20-
inch diameter pipe in Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway near Hale Mākaʻi Street. One branch will
extend approximately 2,500 feet east (mauka) to a future regional park site where the municipal
golf course was once planned and envisioned to use recycled water for irrigation. The other
pipeline will extend approximately 4,000 feet (0.75 miles) east (mauka) to a 2.0 million gallon R-
1 water storage tank at elevation 200± feet that will serve the future regional park as well as future
developments on Queen Liliuokalani Trust lands to the south. A high-head pumping system will
deliver R-1 recycled water to the future elevated storage tank. (See Figure 1-2).
2.2 Buffer Parcel
The 40-acre buffer parcel that surrounds the Kealakehe WWTP parcel will provide an area to
apply R-1 recycled water to planted vegetation. The buffer parcel will be graded and planted with
salt-tolerant vegetation to provide a green buffer around the WWTP. Top soil will be imported
from an on-island source to provide a media for vegetation growth. A sprinkler irrigation system
will be constructed to apply the R-1 recycled water. The buffer parcel irrigation pumps will deliver
water from the R-1 recycled water above-grade storage tank to the sprinkler system. An irrigation
control system will be provided to start and stop the flow of irrigation water. The buffer will not be
fenced.
2.3 Redundant Force Main
As previously discussed, on July 2, 1991, the Planning Commission approved Special
Management Area (SMA) Use Permit No. 315, to allow construction of a new sewage pump
station, sewage force main and related improvements. The project site begins at the Kuakini
Highway-Old Airport runway intersection and is aligned in a northerly direction, connecting to the
then-new Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), North Kona, Hawai'i. The permit
covered improvements in Tax Map Key 7-4-8:2 & 3, and 7-5-5:7 & 83.
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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As part of the Kealakehe R-1 Upgrade, DEM will construct a redundant force main adjacent to
the existing one. The redundant line would back-up the existing force main to ensure that
wastewater collection and treatment services are not interrupted in the event that either line
should fail. The redundant line would follow the same alignment as the existing one and would
be placed in the same trench as the R-1 transmission pipeline to the Old Airport Park. Both lines
will follow the existing easement between the Old Airport Park and the WWTP.
2.4 Other Project Improvements
The following improvements will also be undertaken as part of the R-1 Upgrade project. The
improvements are considered exempt from assessment in this EIS pursuant to the DEM’s
Comprehensive Exemption List, Revised February 10, 2005. The specific exemption is
Exemption Class 1: Operations, repairs or maintenance of existing structures, facilities,
equipment or topographical features involving negligible or no expansion or change in use beyond
that previously existing. Item 4: Operate, repair and maintain all wastewater facilities including
sewer lines, pump stations and treatment plan components.
2.4.1 Lagoon 5 and Lagoon 6 Liner Replacement
In addition to the covers for Lagoons 5 and 6, the R-1 Upgrade project will include maintenance/
repair of the lining for Lagoon 5 and Lagoon 6. The maintenance/repair work will involve removal
of the sludge in the lagoons and installation of a new lining over the existing lining. The work will
involve the following: 1) removal of the bulk of the sludge from Lagoon 6 by dredging or pumping,
mechanically dewatering the material, and then hauling it by truck for disposal at the West Hawaiʻi
Landfill; 2) draining the remaining lagoon water into Lagoon 1 using temporary pumps and above
ground lines; 3) once the lagoon has been drained, removing the remaining sludge and installing
a new lining over the existing lining; 4) the same process will be repeated for Lagoon 5; and, 5)
excavating an approximately 2 feet wide by 2 feet deep anchor trench for the liner around the
perimeter of each lagoon and, after the new lining has been installed, backfilling the anchor trench
to keep the lining in place. Other than the work on the perimeter of the lagoons, there will be no
subsurface work on the service roads between the lagoons.
2.4.2 Underground Storage Tank Removal
In addition to the Lagoons 5 and 6 work, the R-1 Upgrade project will include removal of an
existing underground storage tank (UST) used to store diesel fuel and related piping that supplies
the existing emergency generator. Emptying, cleaning and removal of the underground storage
tank and piping will be done according to DOH requirements. In addition, soil samples will be
required to satisfy DOH requirements for tank closure. When laboratory analyses of soil samples
confirm that soil meets the DOH specified levels, the excavated area will be backfilled.
The Lagoons 5 and 6 liner work and the underground storage tank removal are maintenance/
repair which is exempt from environmental documentation.
2.4.3 Kailua Park (Old Airport Park) Improvements
The Hawaiʻi Old Airport Park is owned and managed by the County of Hawaiʻi Department of
Parks and Recreation (DPR). The DEM and DPR have agreed that DEM will remove and replace
certain landscaped areas within the park, including the grassed playing fields, and replace the
irrigation system with one meeting requirements for applying R-1 recycled water. To minimize
ground disturbance, where appropriate, the existing potable water irrigation system will be
abandoned in-place. As part of the agreement, DEM will also seek site approval from the DOH,
Wastewater Branch for the use of recycled water at the park. Upon completion of construction,
DPR will own, operate and maintain the improvements and will be responsible for meeting the
DOH Reuse Guidelines. Although these activities would be “user” responsibilities as defined by
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the DOH Volume 2 Reuse Guidelines, DEM will be providing funds to undertake these
improvements.
The anticipated high salinity of the recycled water effluent from the Kealakehe WWTP means that
the landscape irrigation areas will be restricted to salt-tolerant grass and plants. Salt-tolerant
species of grass include seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) or Bermuda grass (Cynodon
dactylon). Preliminary plans show a total of about 21.9 acres of planted areas within the park will
be removed and replaced with the salt tolerant plant materials. The replacement R-1 recycled
water irrigation system will service these areas.
In February 2011, the Department of Parks and Recreation issued the Kailua Park Master Plan
Final Environmental Assessment. Kailua Park is often referred to as Old Kona Airport State
Recreation Area, Old Kona Airport Park, Old Airport Park, or Makaʻeo, as it rests on roughly 98
acres of the former Kona Airport. The Master Plan included a wide range of improvements such
as additional restrooms and lockers, concessions, canoe hālau, youth and senior centers, 25-
yard swimming pool, skate park, shared-use pedestrian and bicycle path, new access roads and
parking and additional lawn and landscaped areas.
The Final EA stated that future improvements at the Kealakehe WWTP may provide the park
with recycled (i.e., reclaimed) irrigation water, thereby reducing the existing domestic water
demand within the park. Once improvements are completed at the Kealakehe WWTP, R-1
recycled water can be used for irrigation of the ballfields and landscaped areas. Without the
demand on domestic water for irrigation, there should be adequate domestic water available for
the proposed facilities. Irrigation mains will have to be installed from the treatment plant to the
park and connected to the park's existing irrigation main.
Notwithstanding the information from the 2011 Final EA, the replacement irrigation system and
replacement landscaping material can be exempted under the DPR Comprehensive Exemption
List (August 2001), Exemption Class #2, “replacement or reconstruction of existing structures and
facilities where the new structure will be located generally on the same site and will have the same
purpose, capacity, density, height, and dimensions as the structure replaced, Item 6 essential
utilities, including but not limited to, wastewater systems, drainage systems, water system,
electrical systems, communication systems and irrigation systems”, and Item 7, “landscaping”.
Based on the above, the replacement irrigation system and replacement landscaping at Kailua
Park (Old Airport Park) will not be further discussed in this EIS.
2.5 Alternatives
2.5.1 No Action
No Action would retain the existing aerated lagoon treatment system which provides secondary
treatment of the effluent prior to disposal in the existing percolation basin. No R-1 Upgrade
facilities would be constructed and no R-1 recycled water would be produced and potable water
would have to be used for irrigation of playing fields and landscape areas within the existing Old
Airport Park and the future Kealakehe Regional Park. No Action means the County DPR would
need to continue the use of potable water for irrigation within the Old Airport Park and the future
Regional Park. Also, No Action means there would be no opportunity for beneficial use of treated
effluent for irrigation within the lands of the future Makalapua Project District planned in the area
east (mauka) of the Old Airport Park.
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No Action means, although users would not have to plant salt tolerant plant material, the users
may need to use commercial fertilizer products to provide the nitrogen and phosphorus that would
have been provided by the recycled water.
No Action would continue use of the existing percolation basin disposal. The volume of effluent
discharged to the existing disposal system will increase as the service area develops and influent
flows to the WWTP increase. The mass of nutrients discharged to the percolation basin disposal
system will increase over time as population and commercial growth occurs in the service area.
As a result, the mass of nutrients that the Kealakehe WWTP contributes to the area ground water
will increase over time with this growth. The environmental impact to the ocean from the
increased nutrient discharge cannot be estimated due to the contributions from other sources,
including cesspools, individual wastewater systems, other WWTPs, etc. Nevertheless, the ocean
ultimately receives the groundwater. The existing disposal system will need to be expanded
before it reaches its hydraulic capacity, which is currently unknown.
No Action means the recycled water transmission pipelines constructed as part of the Queen
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway widening project would not be used. Thus, County and DOT
investment in these pipelines would be lost.
No Action would not achieve the purpose and need for the proposed action as stated in Section
1.7, nor would it meet the objectives of the proposed action as stated in Section 1.8. Therefore,
the No Action alternative is not considered a prudent alternative to pursue.
2.5.2 Treatment Alternatives
The R-1 Upgrade improvement project relies on the existing aerated lagoon treatment system to
provide secondary treatment and then using the effluent produced from that process for further
treatment to produce R-1 recycled water, with excess effluent receiving alternative treatment
through the subsurface flow constructed wetland and finally through the soil aquifer treatment
(SAT) process before disposal via percolation. Alternative treatment processes could be used in
place of the lagoon treatment system and produce R-1 recycled water with excess effluent
disposal via the SAT or an alternative method of disposal, as subsequently discussed.
Activated Sludge Treatment Plant
One of the treatment alternatives would convert the existing Kealakehe WWTP to a conventional
activated sludge treatment plant. This alternative could be constructed by filling Lagoons 5 and
6 to accommodate various processing tanks needed for biological nutrient removal (BNR). The
BNR process would remove nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater. Lagoons 1, 2, and 3
would be retained for emergency and effluent storage purposes. The improvements would
include:
Aeration tanks with anoxic and anaerobic zones for BNR
Circular secondary clarifiers
Return and waste activated sludge pumping
Filtration
Disinfection
Sludge thickening
Sludge digestion
Sludge dewatering
An activated sludge process with BNR can reliably produce an effluent containing less than 10
mg/L total N (nitrogen) and less than 3 mg/L total P (phosphorus). This process would produce
an effluent that could be distributed via the R-1 storage and transmission infrastructure and be
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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disposed of through the SAT. The process, however, has a high electrical power requirement
when compared to the R-1 Upgrade improvements project. In addition to increasing long-term
operational costs, the high electrical requirement would result in an increased use of fuel at the
Keahole Power Plant, which would increase emissions of various air pollutants. Therefore, the
activated sludge BNR treatment process is not the preferred alternative.
Advanced Nutrient Removal
Advanced nutrient removal is a process which would involve additional processes to the activated
sludge with BNR process discussed above. The additional processes include:
The use of denitrification filters to remove nitrate. This process requires addition of a
supplemental chemical carbon source (typically methanol) prior to the denitrification filters
to act as a carbon source for naturally-occurring denitrifying bacteria in the filters that
convert nitrate into nitrogen gas.
Addition of aluminum sulfate (alum) or ferric chloride to precipitate phosphorus.
Advanced nutrient removal would improve the quality of effluent for R-1 use and disposal but
would be an added cost to the BNR process, which is already costlier and more energy consuming
than the existing aerated lagoon treatment process. Thus, the advanced nutrient removal process
is not the preferred alternative.
2.5.3 Effluent Disposal Alternatives
Effluent disposal is required for the proposed action as well as the two treatment alternatives.
Various forms of effluent disposal are potentially available, as discussed below.
Surface Water Discharge
Discharging treated wastewater to surface waters, such as nearby creeks, streams, rivers, or
lakes, is a common practice throughout the US. The receiving water dilutes the effluent and
natural biological, physical and chemical actions within the water course further attenuate the
remaining pollutants in the discharge. Surface water discharges are regulated via the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).
Since there are no creeks, streams, rivers, or lakes near the Kealakehe WWTP, this surface water
effluent discharge method is not considered a feasible alternative.
Ocean Discharge
Ocean discharge is also common practice for coastal WWTPs, including those at various
locations in Hawaii. Under this method, treated effluent is disposed via an ocean outfall located
at some distance and depth off shore. Outfall systems are designed to provide dilution and
dispersion of effluent and are sited to ensure currents carry the treated wastewater away from the
shoreline. Natural biological, physical and chemical processes within the ocean water column
attenuate the remaining pollutants in the discharge. Ocean discharge is regulated via the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program.
Discharge to the ocean was explored as part of the original Environmental Assessment for the
Kealakehe WWTP prepared by the County in the 1981. However, ocean discharge was rejected
by the County in lieu of other strategies.
The State of Hawai‘i has set forth the general policy of water quality, which is to protect and
maintain existing uses and the level of water quality. Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) Title
11, Chapter 54, Water Quality Standards (revised November 15, 2014), show that the entire Kona
coast, including the area in the vicinity of the Kealakehe WWTP project site is classified as AA
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Marine waters. Class AA Marine waters are recognized as high quality coastal waters with the
objective that "these waters remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as possible with an
absolute minimum of pollution or alteration of water quality from any human-caused source or
actions". Based on the need to comply with the AA Marine waters classification, the use of an
ocean outfall for effluent disposal is not a preferred alternative for effluent disposal.
Injection wells
Injection wells are a common way of disposing of treated effluent in Hawai‘i due to the often
impermeable basalt layers in the subsurface geology that limit percolation of surface-applied
water to the basal ground water lens. In addition, injection wells require very little land area to
implement.
Injection wells are defined by the State of Hawaii as shafts or holes in the ground that are deeper
than they are wide. Although the regulatory definition includes systems that don’t extend all the
way to the basal groundwater lens, for purposes of analysis it is assumed that injection wells for
the Kealakehe WWTP would extend below sea level.
Treated wastewater that is discharged to an injection well is diluted by the groundwater flow.
Additional degradation of wastewater constituents can occur as the groundwater and treated
wastewater moves through the aquifer towards the ocean.
Injection wells are regulated in Hawaii as part of the Underground Injection Control (UIC) program
which seeks to limit their use over potable water aquifers. The DOH has defined UIC lines for
each island that defines the boundary of the potable water aquifer for the island. The Kealakehe
WWTP is located makai of the UIC line, where injection wells are not prohibited. However, on
July 5, 2018, Act 131 (18) was signed into law, which prohibits the DOH from issuing permits “for
the construction of sewage wastewater injection wells unless alternative wastewater disposal
options are not available, feasible, or practical.” Since other effluent disposal methods are
available, injection wells are not a feasible alternative at Kealakehe WWTP.
Evaporation
Evaporation is a zero-discharge approach, meaning that no treated effluent makes contact with
surface water, ocean water or ground water. Under this method, treated effluent would be
disposed by pumping it into shallow impermeable basins where the effluent is allowed to
evaporate. Discharge to the basins would need to be rotated to allow the effluent to evaporate
prior to re-flooding. The sediment left behind would need to be disposed of in a landfill.
Based on Kona climate data, approximately 185 acres of land would be required for disposal for
each 1.0 mgd of effluent flow. Thus, to accommodate the full 5.3 mgd treatment capacity of the
Kealakehe WWTP, a total of about 980 acres (net) of evaporation ponds would be required.
In addition, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) guidance strongly discourages the
development of open-water features that could attract birds within 10,000 feet of a public use
airport such as the Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keāhole and within 5 miles for
the protection of approach, departure and circling space.
Based on the large land area requirements and the FAA guidance regarding wildlife attractants,
the use of evaporation ponds is not considered a feasible alternative.
Slow Rate Land Treatment
Slow rate land treatment consists of irrigating planted vegetation with treated effluent. Significant
treatment is provided as the effluent percolates through the specified soil medium. The planted
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vegetation uses the nutrients in the effluent as fertilizer and transpires a portion of the applied
water. The effluent is applied in excess of the crop requirement, resulting in a significant
percolation component.
A slow rate land treatment system would require significantly more land area than the R-1
Upgrade SAT system and would require suitable soils to grow vegetation. Since the lava fields
in the vicinity of the Kealakehe WWTP will not support suitable vegetation, significant quantities
of soil would need to be imported to the site. Due to the large land area requirement and the lack
of suitable soil in the area, use of the slow rate land application system is not considered a feasible
alternative.
Seasonal Storage Reservoir
Implementation of a seasonal storage reservoir would make it possible to use 100 percent of the
R-1 recycled water produced by the Kealakehe WWTP in a typical year. The seasonal storage
reservoir would make it possible to store or save recycled water produced during the wet season
for use during the dry season.
Based on the 5.3 mgd WWTP capacity, analysis of recycled water supply and use and an annual
water balance shows the need for a peak storage capacity of approximately 254 acre-feet (83
million gallons) which would occur during June. By November, the storage reservoir would be dry
and ready for another wet season. A lined, 20-foot-deep storage reservoir would have a water
surface area of approximately 15 acres. The stored capacity of 83 million gallons would make it
possible to irrigate approximately 643 acres of golf courses, parks, schools and other areas
accessible to the public.
Storage of recycled water is not without its challenges. Recycled water contains nutrients that
allow algae to grow. The algae can cause odors if stagnant water conditions are allowed to
develop. Recycled water stored in open reservoirs must often be re-treated to improve the water
quality characteristics before it be put to beneficial uses. Recycled water reservoirs can be
equipped with mixers to prevent stagnant water conditions, and/or be equipped with floating
covers to block the sunlight that fosters algal growth.
In addition, as previously discussed, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) guidance strongly
discourages the development of open-water features that could attract birds within 10,000 feet of
a public use airport and within 5 miles for the protection of approach, departure and circling space.
Based on the various drawbacks, use of a seasonal storage reservoir is not considered a feasible
alternative.
Desalination
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will produce recycled water with elevated chloride
concentrations. Some of this is due to the relatively high saline content of the service area’s
drinking water. Most of it is due to infiltration of brackish groundwater into the wastewater
collection system. Desalination could reduce the chloride content of recycled water, allowing it to
be used on vegetation that is not salt tolerant.
Desalination could be accomplished using reverse osmosis (RO) which is an energy-intensive
process that typically requires microfiltration or ultrafiltration using membrane technology as a
pretreatment. The Honouliuli Wastewater Treatment Plant on Oahu, for example, uses
desalination to produce high quality recycled water for industrial use.
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The RO process separates and concentrates the salts present in the effluent into a brine that
requires disposal. The brine production rate is typically 15 to 20 percent of the flow and contains
high concentrations of dissolved solids. Brine is most-commonly managed by marine discharge
via ocean outfall or deep injection wells where an ocean outfall is not available. Evaporation in
large, shallow, lined ponds with landfill disposal of the resulting solids is another option.
As previously discussed, an ocean outfall or injection wells are not considered to be feasible
options for the Kealakehe WWTP, leaving evaporation ponds as the potential brine management
solution. Desalination of the full 5.3 mgd design flow of the WWTP would create approximately
4.3 mgd of recycled water and 1.0 mgd of brine requiring disposal. An evaporation pond system
encompassing approximately 200 net acres would be required to evaporate the brine, based on
local climate data. Although the R-1 Upgrade improvements project produces recycled water that
requires use of salt tolerant vegetation, the large land area required for brine management,
coupled with high energy requirements for the RO process, use of desalination is not a feasible
alternative for the Kealakehe WWTP.
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3. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT, IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
Climate
The Kailua-Kona area of the island of Hawai‘i is characterized by a tropical climate, consisting
of a dry (April to October) and a wet (November to March) season. There are local climatic
differences across the island due primarily to the mountainous terrain created by Mauna Kea,
Mauna Loa, Hualālai, and the Kohala Mountains. The tradewinds that affect the east side of
the island are blocked by the mountains, leaving the west side of the island drier and subject
to ground heating and cooling.
In the absence of tradewinds, the difference in the ocean and land temperatures and related
pressure differences create a local diurnal variation in the wind pattern along the Kona coast.
Surface heating of the land causes upslope winds during the day. The wind direction reverses
at night as cooled mountain air moves downslope. The higher surface heating in the summer
intensifies this process. Due to these conditions, Kona is in the only place in the state that
experiences peak rainfall levels in summer months.
Average temperatures in the Kailua-Kona region range from 72 degrees Fahrenheit in January,
the coolest month, to 77 degrees in August, the warmest month. Kailua-Kona is located in the
drier region of the island with an average precipitation of 25 inches per year. Rainfall in the
region is highly seasonal, with most of the precipitation occurring in the winter months.
However, storm events can result in heavy rain fall along the Kona coast, which can create
localized flooding in the Kailua-Kona. Recently, on October 24-25, 2017, a storm event
resulted in 1.66 inches of rain at the Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keāhole.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
No significant impacts are anticipated on climate from the project to surrounding area.
Construction and operation of the proposed project are not anticipated to affect
temperatures, wind, or rainfall levels along this portion of the Kona coast.
Geology
The island of Hawai‘i is composed of five major volcanic mountains. All of them are very young,
and three have been active in historic time. The project site and surrounding area are located
along the western coast of the island between Kailua-Kona and Keāhole, on the southwest
slopes of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualālai Volcanoes. Mauna Kea, the highest mountain,
reaches 13,784 feet mean sea level (MSL). The volcano has not erupted during historic time.
It is built up of olivine basalt and covered with layers of volcanic ash. Hualālai, 8,251 feet high,
is built up of basalt.
Hualālai is nearest volcano to the project site at approximately 9.5 miles to the east. It is the
third youngest and third-most historically active volcano on the Island of Hawai'i. It is
considered to be in the post-shield stage of activity. Six different vents erupted lava between
the late 1700s and 1801, two of which generated lava flows that poured into the sea on the
west coast of the island. The oldest dated rocks are from about 128,000 years ago and it
probably reached an elevation above sea level before 300,000 years ago. The volume of
Hualālai is 12,400 km3 (2,975 mi3). Its area is 751 km2 (290 mi2).
The last eruption of Hualālai, in 1800-1801, produced olivine basalt. Though Hualālai is not
nearly as active as Mauna Loa or Kīlauea, geologic mapping of the volcano shows that 80
percent of Hualālai's surface has been covered by lava flows in the past 5,000 years. In the
past few decades, when most of the resorts, homes, and commercial buildings were built on
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the flanks of Hualālai, earthquake activity beneath the volcano has been low. However, in
1929, an intense swarm of more than 6,200 earthquakes rattled the area around Hualālai
Volcano for more than a month. The earthquakes were most likely caused by an intrusion of
magma beneath the volcano. Two large earthquakes (each about magnitude 6.5) destroyed
houses, water tanks, stone fences, and roadways. For these reasons, Hualālai is considered
a potentially dangerous volcano that is likely to erupt again.
Geotechnical borings were conducted during April and May 2017 within the Kealakehe WWTP
in the area of the R-1 improvements, the subsurface constructed wetlands area, within the
SAT system site, and within the existing easement along the R-1 transmission pipeline
alignment between the Kealakehe WWTP and Kailua Park (Old Airport Park). The purpose of
the borings was to provide subsurface information related to the design of foundations,
including seismic considerations, probing for the presence of voids and the need for grouting,
resistance to lateral pressures required for retaining walls, slabs on grade, and site grading.
Three borings were conducted at Kealakehe WWTP within the area of the R-1 Upgrade
improvements. The borings encountered surface fill classified as gray basaltic gravel with
sand. The fill was in a dense condition, and generally extended to depths ranging from about
5 to 6 feet, except for one which only encountered 1 foot of fill. Underlying the gravel fill was
gray, moderately to slightly weathered basalt which was in a medium hard to hard condition,
extending to the maximum depths drilled. A void was encountered in one boring at a depth of
about 3.5 feet with a vertical dimension of about 0.5 feet. Neither ground water nor seepage
water was encountered in the borings at the Kealakehe WWTP.
Borings in the buffer area also encountered surface fill classified as gray basaltic gravel with
sand. The fill thickness was usually thin, ranging from only a few inches to about 1.5 feet.
However, fill encountered in the three borings drilled along the south side of the existing
lagoons, ranged from about 6 feet to the maximum depth drilled of 11 feet in one boring.
Underlying the gravel fill was gray, moderately to slightly weathered basalt which was in a
medium hard to hard condition and extended to the maximum depths drilled. A void was
encountered in one boring at a depth of about 5 feet with a vertical dimension of about 0.5 feet.
Neither groundwater nor seepage water was encountered in borings in the buffer area
The borings in the SAT system site encountered gravelly material at ground surface, usually
only about 0.5 to 2.5 feet in thickness. One of the borings encountered about 5.5 feet of gravelly
material, but a portion of the layer could be clinker. Underlying the gravelly fill was gray
moderately to slightly weathered basalt which was in a medium hard to hard condition and
extended to the maximum depths drilled. Voids were also encountered with vertical
dimensions ranging from about 0.5 to 4 feet. Ground water was encountered in the borings at
depths ranging from about 57.5 to 69.5 feet.
Three borings were conducted within the existing force main easement which will be used for
the R-1 transmission pipeline between the Kealakehe WWTP and Old Kona Park. The three
borings encountered surface fill classified as gray basaltic gravel with sand. The fill thickness
was only a few inches thick. Gray, moderately to slightly weathered basalt was encountered
below the relatively thin surface fill. The moderately to slightly weathered basalt was in a
medium hard to hard condition, extending to the maximum depths drilled. A void was
encountered in one boring at a depth of about 3 feet with a vertical dimension of about 0.5 feet.
Neither groundwater nor seepage water was encountered in the borings along the R-1
transmission pipeline.
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Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The Kealakehe WWTP facilities will require excavation for footings and foundations for
the chemical addition building, above grade storage tank, the process feed pump
station, the flocculation/UV structure, and the transfer pump station. The building
footing and foundations would be relatively shallow with excavation of about less than
3 feet, including for base course material. The flocculation basins/UV structure would
require excavation of about 10 feet below grade. Excavation of about 10 to 20 feet will
also be required for the pumping facilities. Excavation will also be required for the
subsurface constructed wetlands and the SAT basins.
Further, trenching will be required for placement of the recycled transmission pipelines
along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway which will to connect to the recently completed line
constructed by the HDOT.
The trenches required to place the R-1 recycled transmission pipelines will be designed
to County of Hawaiʻi standards applicable to water lines, as modified per DOH recycled
water pipeline requirements. The typical trench would require 4 feet of cover from the
top of the recycled water transmission pipeline to grade, 12 inches of cushion material
on both sides of the pipeline, and 6 inches below the pipeline. The trench could be
backfilled with suitable materials or controlled low strength material (CLSM), or flowable
fill, a type of low strength concrete mix. Based on a 24-inch R-1 pipeline, the trench
would be about 4 feet wide and 7’-6” deep. Similar trenches will be used for the future
transmission pipelines.
Construction of the building footings, foundations and trenches would not create an
adverse impact to the geological conditions of this area of the Kona coast.
On March 28, 2012, Ordinance No. 12 27 adopted the 2006 International Building Code
(IBC) as the applicable code for the construction of buildings, structures, and facilities
in the County of Hawaiʻi. The purpose of the seismic provisions in the IBC is primarily
to safeguard against major structural failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or
maintain functions. Structures are to be designed and constructed, at a minimum, to
resist the effects of ground motions from seismic events. The site seismic hazard
characteristics in the IBC are based on the seismic zone and proximity of the site to
active seismic sources.
The findings of the geotechnical study will be incorporated into the design of the R-1
Upgrade improvements, including the SAT system, the structures and facilities within
the Kealakehe WWTP and the buffer area, and along the R-1 transmission pipeline
between the Kealakehe WWTP and the Old Airport Park. Designs based on the
findings of the geotechnical study should assure that the geological conditions do not
adversely affect the R-1 Upgrade project.
The Kealakehe WWTP facilities will be designed and constructed to meet the
requirements of the 2006 IBC and Hawaiʻi County Code Chapter 5 and will comply with
seismic loadings established for the County of Hawaiʻi. This will ensure that the
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 facilities can meet the seismic loadings established in the IBC.
This will also ensure that the geological conditions at the project site do not adversely
affect the proposed building and facilities.
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Soils
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, the
Kealakehe WWTP project site and surrounding areas, including near the abandoned Hina Lani
storage tank, are comprised mainly of Lava flows Honokohau complex. The SAT site is Lava
Flows a’a. These soils are described as follows (see also Figure 3-1):
107 Lava Flows-Honokohau complex: The Honokohau series consists of very shallow,
well drained soils formed in organic material mixed with minor amounts of basic
volcanic ash over pahoehoe lava. Slopes range from 2 to 20 percent. From 0 to 6
inches below the surface, the soil is black highly decomposed plant material, very dark
brown) dry; strong very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and
nonplastic. Over 6 inches; the soil is hard, massive pahoehoe lava.
10 Lava Flows, .a’a. This lava has practically no soil covering and is bare of vegetation,
except for mosses, lichens, ferns, and a few small ʻōhiʻa trees. It is found at elevation
ranges near sea level to 13,000 feet and receives from 10 to 250 inches of rainfall
annually. It is associated with pahoehoe lava flows and many other soils. This lava is
rough and broken. It is a mass of clinkery hard, glassly, sharp pieces piled in tumbles
and heaps. In areas of high rainfall, it contributes substantially to the underground
water supply and is used for watershed.
12 Lava Flows, Pahoehoe. This lava has a billowy, glassy surface is relatively smooth.
In some areas the surface is rough and broken, and there are hummocks and pressure
domes. Pahoehoe lava has no soil covering and is typically bare of vegetation, except
for mosses and lichens.
17 Landfill
23 Sewage Treatment Plant
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The R-1 transmission pipeline along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and to the Old
Airport Park, and the redundant force main are located in the Lava Flows-Honokohau
complex. Trenching will be required for placement of the R-1 transmission pipelines.
The trenches will be designed to County of Hawaiʻi standards applicable to water lines,
modified per DOH recycled water pipeline requirements. The typical trench would
require 4 feet of cover from the top of the R-1 transmission pipeline to grade and 12
inches of cushion material on both sides of the line and 6 inches below the line. The
trench could be backfilled with suitable materials or with controlled low strength material
or flowable fill, a type of low strength concrete mix. The type of cover will depend on
the subsurface condition along the line and/or its location.
Excavation activities associated with construction of the trenches will be regulated by
the County standards and the NPDES permit requirements administered by the State
DOH. An NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water Associated with Construction
Activity will be required for the project, since the total areas of soil disturbance will
exceed 1.0-acre. Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with site-specific
assessments, including installing silt fences or filter socks around the disturbed areas
to control surface flows into adjacent areas. Once the trench work has been completed,
107
107
10
10
103
10
10
10
10
227107
10
10
10
122
17
249
221
226
1410
226
245
20
14 221
227
107
10
W 23
107 107107
107107
107
12
12
107
10
20
122
107
22 10
10
10
20 20
107
10
10
10
225
225
223
109
14
22
W
10710
Source: ESRI World Imagery
0 3,000 6,0001,500 Feet
0 1,000500Meters
FIGURE 3-1SOILS MAP
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeDocument Path: E:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINAL\Fig 3-1 Kealakehe_SOILS_REV.mxd1 inch = 3,000 feet.SAT
AbandonedDWS Hina LaniStorage Tank
KealakeheWWTP
OldKona AirportPark
HonokohauSmall BoatHarbor
Future ElevatedStorage Tank
ExistingKealakehePumpStation
Queen K aahumanu Highway
Kohanaiki GolfandOcean Club
Kaloko-HonokohauNational Park
ExistingDisposalPercolationBasin
Legend
Project SiteProposed Initial Phase R-1 StorageProposed Initial Phase R-1 Transmission LinesProposed Future Phase R-1 StorageProposed Future Phase R-1 Transmission LinesEffluent Line
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exposed soils at the project site and surrounding area will be stabilized and the
excavated areas will be returned to the specified condition. Depending on the existing
condition, this may involve repaving or re-vegetating to control erosion. Thus, the
project is not anticipated to have any long-term impacts on area soils.
The Kealakehe 40-acre planted buffer area is also located in the Lava Flows-
Honokohau complex. The planted buffer will be cleared and excavated and then top
soil will be imported and placed on the site to create the 40-acre planted area. The
contract documents will specify the type of soil to be imported to ensure that it is free
of constituents or materials that could affect the soils of the surrounding area.
Almost all of the SAT system site is located within soil classified as Lava Flows, a’a,
which has practically no soil covering and is bare of vegetation. The SAT system site
will consist of 8 basins (7 active and 1 reserve). Using one basin per day will result in
a wet dry cycle of 1 day wetting and 6 days of drying. The 8th basin will be used as an
emergency or reserve basin, such as when maintenance is required to the basins’
surface or to the distribution system. Each basin will be about 1-acre. A perimeter
fence will be installed to prevent public access. Internal access roads will surround
each basin.
The distribution system will consist of pressure dosed piping near the surface. The
piping will have slots or drilled orifices to allow the applied wastewater to be uniformly
distributed over the basin surface. Typical spacing would be 4 feet between lines with
openings every 2 feet. The piping system will be covered with gravel.
The existing area will be excavated and the a'a lava will be crushed to form part of the
media base in the SAT basins. The media depth in the basin will be about 4.25 feet of
a base of crushed a’a and sand which will be imported from an on-island quarry. The
contract documents will specify the type of soil to be imported to ensure that it is free
of constituents or materials that could affect the soils of the surrounding area.
The SAT basins will be designed so that the surface will normally be dry with no
standing water.
The State of Hawaiʻi DOH regulates wastewater discharges. Initial discussions with
the DOH have indicated that the Kealakehe WWTP SAT system would be regulated as
land disposal, as set forth in the requirements contained in HAR 11-62. HAR 11-62
regulations require secondary treatment (BOD5 and TSS less than 30 mg/L) prior to
land disposal and establishes minimum monitoring, record-keeping and reporting
requirements. The treated effluent from the Kealakehe WWTP discharged to the SAT
basins will be of better quality than the minimum requirements for land disposal.
Surface Water
There are no perennial streams, rivers, or major drainage features on the project site and
surrounding area. Similarly, there is no designated wetland on the project site and surrounding
area. Most rainfall percolates into the ground to the underlying groundwater body and moves
slowly seaward to be discharged through the seafloor into offshore waters. Occasionally
intense rain storm events occur and these can produce sheet flow, some of which could reach
the adjacent shoreline as surface flows.
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Kaloko Fishpond, located along the shoreline within the area of Kaloko-Honokōhau National
Historical Park, is the surface water feature nearest the Kealakehe WWTP project site and the
various transmission pipelines.
Based on documents shown in the Atlas of Hawaiʻian Watersheds & Their Aquatic Resources,
Island of Hawaiʻi, the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) Commission on
Water Resources Management, the project area is located within the Honokōhau watershed.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
No adverse impacts are anticipated on surface waters since the project is not expected
to alter existing drainage patterns or have any long term water requirements. No
alterations to drainage facilities will be required. Similarly, no dredging or filling of
surface waters will be required.
Construction of the proposed improvements at the Kealakehe WWTP, planted buffer
and the transmission pipelines sites will require the contractor to submit erosion control
and stormwater control plans. Typically, the plans will require use of silt fences or filter
socks to surround the construction sites, including material storage and staging areas,
to control surface flows during construction. Any drainage inlets near the construction
sites will be protected to prevent silt in surface runoff from entering into the stormwater
system. Lastly, since the Kealakehe WWTP and the surrounding area show almost no
slope, runoff to surrounding areas would be minimal.
The Kealakehe SAT basins will be located at elevations ranging from approximately 70
to 90 feet above sea level, and at least 3,000 feet mauka of the Honokohau Harbor,
the closest surface water body. The SAT basins will be surrounded by berms designed
to contain the applied effluent and rainfall on the basins from a 24-hour 100 year storm
event. This will prevent discharges from the SAT basins.
Effluent applied to the SAT basins will percolate through an unsaturated vadose zone
to the basal ground water lens, located a few feet above sea level. The water will then
mix with and travel with the regional ground water flow generally makai to the ocean.
In addition to the SAT basins, recycled water will be used to irrigate the buffer parcel
surrounding the Kealakehe WTTP. The DOH reuse guidelines require that recycled
water irrigation systems be designed with controls to “prevent direct or indirect runoff
from approved use areas to outside areas such as streets, right of ways, sidewalks,
parking lots, storm drains, gutters, and water bodies such as streams, ponds and
oceans”. The buffer parcel irrigation system will be designed to conform with the DOH
reuse guidelines to prevent discharge to surface waters.
Ground Water
Ground water occurs within portions of geologic formations where aquifers receive and store
water. The island of Hawai‘i is divided into nine ground water sectors, identified as Aquifer
Sector Areas, which reflect broad hydrogeological (subsurface) similarities while maintaining
hydrographic (surface), topographic, and historical boundaries. Within the Aquifer Sector
Areas, smaller sub-regional hydrologic units, or Aquifer System Areas are delineated based
on hydraulic continuity and related characteristics. The project site and surrounding area are
within the Hualālai Aquifer Sector Area, and specifically within the Keauhou Aquifer System
Area, which extends over the western and southwestern flank of Hualālai and the entire
coastline from Mahai‘ula to Keikiwaha point. The Keauhou Aquifer System is described as
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being comprised of a basal water system in the coastal area with the possibility of having high-
level, dike confined ground water near the rift zones of Hualālai.
The State DLNR Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) estimates that the
Keauhou Aquifer System Area has a sustainable yield of 38 million gallons per day (mgd),
based on a recharge estimate of 87 mgd and an unconfined, thin basal water development
scenario. However, this estimate may be underestimated due to the discovery of high-level
ground water occurrence in the southern and northern regions of North Kona. Based upon
water level data from 14 wells (from Kalaoa to Ke‘ei), the hydrologic discontinuity between the
high-level ground water and basal-water aquifers roughly aligns with Māmalahoa Highway,
and the high-level water appears to occur above 1400 feet mean sea level. This high-level
ground water is considered to be of pristine quality, largely due to the absence of saltwater
intrusion and little to no urban development overlying the aquifer recharge area.
The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, administered by the State DOH’s Safe
Drinking Water Branch, was established to protect the quality of underground sources of
drinking water from contamination by subsurface disposal of fluids. Chapter 340 E, HRS, and
Title 11, Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules Department of Health Chapter 23, Underground Injection
Control set forth the requirements related to protection of underground sources of drinking
water. The DOH has also established maps that show the UIC line as the boundary between
non-drinking water aquifers, generally located makai of, or below, the UIC line, and
underground sources of drinking water, generally located mauka, or above, of the UIC Line.
The UIC line is generally located along the 500-foot MSL topographic contour line in the area
of the Kealakehe WWTP. Further, the DOH maps indicate that the Kailua-Kona area, including
Kealakehe WWTP, is located below the UIC line. The Kealakehe WWTP is located at about
50 to 56 feet MLS and the SAT basins at approximately 60 to 70 feet MSL. Thus, these areas
will be about 410 to 450 feet vertically and approximately 6,000 to 8,200 feet horizontally below
the UIC line.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
No significant adverse impacts to ground water resources are anticipated from
construction and operation of the proposed improvements. Construction and operation
of the proposed improvements is expected to significantly reduce the mass of nutrients,
primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, which percolates to the ground water when
compared to the current amount discharged to the existing disposal percolation basin.
The nutrient mass reductions will be achieved via the combination of water recycling,
the subsurface flow constructed wetlands, and the SAT system. The existing disposal
percolation basin will be closed as part of the project.
Construction activities are not likely to introduce to, nor release from the soil any
materials which could adversely affect ground water. Construction material wastes will
be appropriately disposed to prevent leaching into the ground water. Dewatering
activities are not anticipated for this project.
The R-1 Upgrade project will allow a portion of the recycled water to be put to beneficial
use. Nutrients present in the recycled water will be distributed over the areas that are
irrigated. The applied nutrients will then taken up by the plant material as fertilizer or
immobilized in the soil. Over-application of nitrogen via recycled water application
represents a risk to the environment, therefore the amount of nitrogen applied via
recycled water should not exceed the needs of the vegetation it is applied to. Applied
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phosphorus is generally taken up by the crop or adsorbed to soil particles and
represents less environmental risk so long as recycled water is applied at appropriate
rates to prevent run off to surface water.
The proposed project will allow the County to control the nutrient content of the recycled
water by blending a portion of the polished effluent from the subsurface flow
constructed wetland with the lagoon effluent that is directed to the R-1 treatment
processes. A 15 mg/L total nitrogen concentration has been established as a target for
the recycled water, based on local climate and irrigation data. As previously discussed,
areas that receive recycled water will need to be primarily planted with salt-tolerant turf
grass, including the buffer parcel, areas within parks, and golf courses. The recycled
water will provide most or all of the nitrogen requirements of the vegetation, and no
supplemental fertilization will be required. Additional detail is provided in Appendix B.
Aerated lagoon effluent will be continuously circulated through the subsurface flow
constructed wetland to remove nitrogen via denitrification and provide additional
polishing treatment benefits. Denitrification is a biological process that requires anoxic
conditions and a carbon source, both of which are present in a wetland environment.
The naturally-occurring bacteria that accomplish the denitrification process attach to
the gravel media within the wetland, but do not rely on chemical characteristics of the
media. As a result, the subsurface flow constructed wetlands are expected to have a
viable life of at least 40 years.
Water level control structures will be provided at each wetland cell to allow the County
to set the operational water level within the wetland gravel matrix. The water level will
be maintained below the surface of the gravel media to provide the desired treatment
and to ensure no standing water. The return flow from the wetlands will be collected
by a collection system in the wetland and then pumped so that it can be stored in
Lagoon 6. This means the treated effluent directed to the SAT site will contain low
concentrations of nitrogen. See Appendix B. A wetland monitoring schedule will be
developed as part of the facility’s operation and maintenance manual. Wetland
operational performance monitoring will likely consist of periodic grab samples that will
be tested for ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total
suspended solids (TSS).
The subsurface flow constructed wetlands will be lined with 60-mil high density
polyethylene synthetic geomembrane liners to prevent percolation to subsurface
ground water resources. The selected liner material is used to line sanitary landfills
and has an expected lifetime of over 50 years when protected from sunlight.
The sand media used in the SAT basins will adsorb phosphorus from the applied
treated effluent, so that water released to the environment from the bottom of the SAT
will have low phosphorus concentrations. The SAT sand media is expected to last on
the order of up to 40 years, based on results of phosphorus adsorption testing on
potential media to be used in the basins. The actual life of the SAT media will depend
on the amount of water that is disposed, the phosphorus concentration in the effluent,
and the rate of chemical precipitation that occurs within the media. When the media is
adsorption capacity is exhausted it will require replacement or supplementation to
provide necessary adsorption capacity. See Appendix B.
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The combination of water recycling, the subsurface flow constructed wetlands, and
SAT system will significantly reduce the mass of nitrogen and phosphorus that
percolates to ground water from the WWTP’s disposal system. The R-1 Upgrade
improvements project is expected to reduce the mass of nitrogen and phosphorus that
currently percolates to ground water via disposal by greater than 90 percent when
compared to the current percolation basin disposal method. See Appendix B.
Other treatment benefits will be realized through implementation of the R-1 Upgrade
project, include reduction of metals, trace organic compounds, endocrine disrupting
compounds, and other pollutants that currently percolate to ground water from the
WWTP’s existing disposal percolation system. Although removal of these pollutants is
not a primary design goal of the R-1 Upgrade project, and quantification of the
reductions that will be achieved by the proposed processes cannot be accurately
predicted, use of the treated effluent as R-1 recycled water for irrigation purposes will
reduce the amount of effluent for disposal. Thus, reduction in the volume of disposal
and the reduction in the concentration of the various pollutants is expected to be
achieved. Consequently, no additional adverse impacts are anticipated.
Three ground water monitoring wells will be installed at the SAT site as part of the
project. One well will be located upgradient (mauka) of the SAT basins, and two wells
will be installed downgradient (makai) of the SAT basins. To monitor the land treatment
system performance, ground water monitoring program will be developed during
development of the facility operations and maintenance manual in consultation with
DOH. Semi-annual sampling for nutrients, salts, and other parameters developed in
consultation with DOH is anticipated.
Each SAT basin will be equipped with a pan lysimeter that will allow collection of
subsurface drainage samples. A lysimeter monitoring program will be developed in
conjunction with DOH to monitor the SAT system’s performance. Semi-annual
sampling for nutrients, salts, and other parameters developed in consultation with DOH
is anticipated.
The existing disposal percolation system will be closed as part of the project.
Coastal Waters
The State of Hawai‘i has set forth the general policy of water quality, which is to protect and
maintain existing uses and the level of water quality. Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) Title
11, Chapter 54, Water Quality Standards (revised November 15, 2014), show that the entire
Kona coast, including the area in the vicinity of the Kealakehe WWTP project site is classified
as AA Marine waters. Class AA Marine waters are recognized as high quality coastal waters
with the objective that "these waters remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as possible
with an absolute minimum of pollution or alteration of water quality from any human-caused
source or actions".
HAR Title 11, Chapter 54, shows the waters inside Honokōhau Harbor are Class A. The DOH
objective for Class A waters is to protect “their use for recreational purposes and aesthetic
enjoyment”.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
No significant impacts on coastal waters in the greater project vicinity are anticipated
as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed improvements.
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Construction activities will involve land-disturbing activities that may result in some
short-term surface runoff and soil erosion. The construction plans will include erosion
control plans for the WWTP site, the buffer and soil aquifer treatment sites, and along
transmission pipeline work areas.
A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit for storm water
runoff is required for the disturbance of one acre or more of total land area for a single
project. HAR Title 11, Chapter 55, “Water Pollution Control” effective December 6,
2013, is administered by the DOH Clean Water Branch and sets forth requirements for
controlling storm water runoff during construction of the project. The construction
contractor will be responsible for implementing a storm water management plan to
control surface runoff from flowing into neighboring areas. Mitigation measures used
may include site-specific structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time
of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control
measures such as silt fences, filter socks, and sediment control basins. Following the
associated construction activity, the excavated areas will be returned to the existing
conditions, including use of pavement.
The location of offshore coastal waters for the Kealakehe WWTP and related facilities
varies from about 500 feet (0.09 miles) to approximately 7,400 feet (1.4 miles). The R-
1 facility improvements closest to the shoreline are located about 5,500 feet to the east
and closest planted buffer about 3,400 feet east of the shoreline. The transmission line
to Old Airport Park) is approximately 500 feet from the coast at its closest point. The
distance from the shoreline for other portions of the transmission line vary from 3,400
feet to 4,200 feet. The NPDES permit will ensure that the storm water runoff during
construction does not affect the nearby coastal waters. See Table 3-1.
Table 3-1
R-1 Upgrade Project
Distance to Shoreline
SITE/LOCATION Approximate Distance to Shoreline (feet)
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Facilities 5,500
Planted Buffer 3,400
Transmission Pipeline on Kaʻahumanu Hwy 4,500
Kealakehe WWTP Access Road 7,400
Kealakehe Parkway intersection 4,200
Hina Lani Street intersection 3,400 (*)
Old Airport Park 500
SAT System site 4,000
(*) Kaloko Fishpond
Construction and operation of the project is projected to significantly reduce the mass
of nitrogen and phosphorus that percolates to the basal ground water lens via effluent
disposal, as described in Section 3.5 Ground Water and in Appendix B. Ground water
in the area generally flows towards the ocean. As a result, the project will reduce the
mass of nitrogen and phosphorus originating from the Kealakehe WWTP effluent that
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ultimately enters the ocean via ground water. Adverse impacts to ocean waters are
not anticipated as a result of project implementation.
It should be noted that there are other sources of nutrients to the area ground water,
including from septic tank systems, cesspools, and irrigation of landscape areas.
These other sources of nutrients will not be affected by implementation of the proposed
project.
Natural Hazards
According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel No. 1551660692C
(effective date: September 16, 1988) prepared by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA)), the project site is located within Zone “X”, defined as “Areas determined to
be outside the 0.2% annual chance floodplain”. The project site is located outside of the
tsunami inundation zone. Figure 3-2 shows the FIRM map.
Tsunami Evacuation Zone maps for the State of Hawaiʻi identify low lying areas where
excavation is recommended since extensive damage to life and property may occur from
seismic sea waves. The maps state: “for any tsunami warning evacuate these areas”.
Most of the project site is outside the tsunami evacuation zone.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Construction and operation of the proposed improvements are not anticipated to
increase flood risks or cause any adverse flood-related impacts at the project site or
lower elevation properties.
Seismic Hazard
In most areas of the world, earthquakes are caused by shifts in the tectonic plates. In contrast,
earthquakes in Hawaiʻi are primarily linked to volcanic activity. Earthquake activity in Hawaiʻi
generally occurs before or during volcanic eruptions or from underground movement of magma
that comes close to the surface without an actual eruption to the surface.
On the island of Hawaiʻi, earthquakes directly associated with the movement of magma are
concentrated beneath the active Kīlauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes. Typically, the risk of
seismic activity and degree of ground movement decreases with the distance from these active
volcanoes. The several significant earthquakes, greater than Magnitude 6, have occurred on
the west side of the island, including the recent Magnitude 6.0 earthquake on October 15, 2006
located near Kīholo Bay which lies about 16.6 miles north of the Kealakehe WWTP project
site.
The International Building Code (IBC) includes a system that classifies seismic hazards on the
basis of the expected strength of ground shaking and the probability of the shaking actually
occurring within a specified time. The IBC seismic provisions contain six seismic zones,
ranging from 0 (no chance of severe ground shaking) to 4 (10 percent chance of severe ground
shaking in a 50-year interval). The entire island of Hawai‘i is designated Seismic Zone 4, the
highest rating among the major Hawaiian Islands.
Chapter 5, Building, Hawaiʻi County Code (SUUP.3 (1-2018) states the 2006 International
Building Code (IBC) is adopted as the applicable code for the construction of buildings,
structures, and facilities in the County of Hawaiʻi. The purpose of the seismic provisions in the
IBC is primarily to safeguard against major structural failures and loss of life, not to limit
Zone AEFloodway
AE, 7'AE, 15'
Zone AE
VE, 10'
AE, 13'VE, 13'AE, 8'
VE, 12'AE, 8'
VE, 15'
AE, 17'
AE, 17'
VE, 17'
AE, 12'
VE,11'
VE, 15'
VE,12'
VE, 11'
Zone AEAE, 11'
AE, 11'VE, 11'AE, 6'VE, 9'
2% AnnualChanceFlood Zone
Zone X Zone A
VE, 13'Zone DVE, 15'Zone VEZone AEVE, 10'
Zone VE
Zone X
Zone VE
Source: ESRI World Imagery
FIGURE 3-2FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeDocument Path: E:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINAL\Fig 3-2 Kealakehe_FIRM_REV.mxd1 inch = 3,000 feet.SATAbandonedDWS Hina LaniStorage Tank
KealakeheWWTP OldKona AirportPark
Future ElevatedStorage Tank
ExistingKealakehePumpStation
0 3,000 6,0001,500 Feet
0 1,000500Meters
Kohanaiki GolfandOcean Club
Kaloko-HonokohauNational Park
Existin gDisposalPercolationBasin
AEAE, 6AE, 7AE, 8AE, 9
AE, 11AE, 12AE, 13AE, 15AE, 17
VEVE, 9VE, 10VE, 11VE, 12
VE, 13VE, 14VE, 15VE, 17
X0.2% Annual ChanceA
AE, FloodwayAHAOD
Legend
Proposed Future Phase R-1 StorageProposed Future Phase R-1 Transmission LinesProposed Initial Phase R-1 StorageProposed Initial Phase R-1 Transmission Lines
Proposed Initial Phase Project Sites
Effluent Line
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damage or maintain functions. Structures are to be designed and constructed at a minimum
to resist the effects of ground motions from seismic events. The site seismic hazard
characteristics in the IBC are based on the seismic zone and proximity of the site to active
seismic sources. IBC serves primarily to safeguard against major structural failures and loss
of life, not to limit damage or maintain functions. Structures are to be designed and constructed
at a minimum to resist the effects of ground motions from seismic events. The site seismic
hazard characteristics in the IBC are based on the seismic zone and proximity of the site to
active seismic sources.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The Kealakehe R-1 improvements will be designed and constructed to meet the
requirements of the 2006 IBC and Hawaiʻi County Code Chapter 5 and will comply with
seismic loadings established for the County of Hawaiʻi. This will ensure that the R-1
improvements can meet the seismic loadings established for in the IBC. This will also
ensure that the geological conditions at the project site do not adversely affect the
buildings and facilities at the WWTP.
Agricultural Lands
The Detailed Land Classification – Island of Hawai‘i published by the University of Hawai‘i Land
Study Bureau (LSB) evaluates the quality or productive capacity of certain lands on the island
for selected crops and overall suitability in agricultural use. A five-class productivity rating
system was established with “A” representing the class of highest productivity and “E” the
lowest. The Kealakehe WWTP and buffer project sites are rated as “E”. The SAT project site
is rated as “Urban area”.
In 1975, the US Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (now Natural Resources
Conservation Service) initiated a nationwide inventory of important farmlands. When
completed, the inventory included three categories “prime”, “unique”, and “other farmlands of
state-wide and local importance”. This classification was later adopted by the State of Hawaiʻi
Department of Agriculture under the title “Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of
Hawaiʻi (ALISH).
According to the ALISH system, the Kealakehe WWTP, buffer and SAT systems project sites
are “Unclassified”. As set forth in Act 183, Twenty-Third Legislature, 2005, HB 1640, defines
agricultural lands as those: (1) Are capable of producing sustained high agricultural yields
when treated and managed according to accepted farming methods and technology; (2)
Contribute to the State's economic base and produce agricultural commodities for export, or
local consumption; or, (3) Are needed to promote the expansion of agricultural activities and
income for the future, even if not in current production. Thus, the project sites are not
considered one of the three ALISH classifications or meet the definition of agricultural lands
set forth in Act 183.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Based on the findings related to agricultural lands, the R-1 Upgrade improvements at
the Kealakehe WWTP, buffer, and SAT systems project sites will not adversely affect
agricultural lands in this area of the Kona coast.
Natural Environment
3.10.1 Flora
In September 2017, botanical surveys were conducted at following areas: (1) the buffer area
which covered all the area outside the existing security fence surrounding the existing
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Kealakehe WWTP to the buffer area property line; (2) the R-1 transmission pipeline routes
from the Kealakehe WWTP to Kailua Park (Old Airport Park); (3) the R-1 transmission pipeline
route to a future storage tank site southwest of the former County landfill; (4) along Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway from the Kealakehe WWTP access road to a connection point with the
recently completed Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway widening project; (5) the SAT system site;
and (6) the R-1 transmission pipeline route between the recently completed Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway widening project and the existing Hina Lani reservoir. Appendix C
contains the botanical survey report.
The findings of the botanical survey show R‐1 Upgrade the project sites are a mix of
undisturbed, slightly disturbed, but mostly greatly disturbed lava flows and roadways. A total
of 32 plant species were recorded during the botanical survey, with 26 of the species (81
percent) non-native species. Of the 6 native and early Polynesian species listed in one is a
native endemic species (maiapilo; Capparis sandwichiana), four are native indigenous
species, and one a Polynesian introduction. The most ubiquitous indigenous native in the
project area is ‘uhaloa (Waltheria indica), a common plant that is abundant over most of the
surveyed areas, and occurs in both disturbed and undisturbed areas.
Remnants of the native plant community exist throughout the area, but these are either
common species (such as ‘uhaloa and noni, the latter a Polynesian introduction) or are rarely
found across the sites. The only plant of concern found during the surveys was the maiapilo,
which was sparsely distributed in the areas surveyed. Within the surveyed areas, the most
maiapilo plants occur on the northern part of the buffer parcel and on the lava fields beside the
R‐1 transmission pipelines to the Old Airport Park.
Maiapilo is widely found in coastal areas of the Hawaiian Islands, but found nowhere else.
Since this species population appears to be in slow decline, the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) regards the species as “vulnerable” due to development of the
lowland environments. Maiapilo is not listed as threatened or endangered by US Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) nor the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources
(DLNR). Similarly, none of the other plant species found during the botanical surveys are listed
as threatened or endangered by the FWS or DLNR. No federally delineated critical habitat
overlays any portion of the surveyed areas. No equivalent designation exists under State law.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The Project areas for the Kealakehe WWTP R‐1 Upgrade are a mix of undisturbed,
slightly disturbed, but mostly greatly disturbed lava flows and roadways. Remnants of
the native plant community exist throughout the area, but these are either common
species (such as ‘uhaloa and noni, the latter a Polynesian introduction) or are rare
across the sites.
The only plant of concern is maiapilo, a plant with a wide but essentially coastal
distribution in the Hawaiʻian Islands (and found nowhere else), but with a population
that appears to be in slow decline. The species is regarded as “vulnerable” by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because lowland environments
face threats from development on all of the islands. Maiapilo is not listed as threatened
or endangered by FWS or the State of Hawaiʻi. It is misnamed on the FWS website as
“pus pilo” (should be pilo, pua pilo, or maiapilo). Because of the sparse distribution of
maiapilo in the Project area, it is likely that very few or no plants will be impacted. Within
the survey areas, the most maiapilo plants occur on the northern part of the Kealakehe
WWTP buffer parcel and on the lava fields over which the R‐1 pipelines to the Old Kona
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Airport Park are planned. In the former case, no plants are located in areas designated
for polishing wetlands. In the latter case, maiapilo are not located close to the
unimproved roads proposed as routes for installation of the R-1 pipelines.
As previously discussed, remnants of native plant communities exist throughout the
area, but these are either common species or are rarely found across the surveyed
areas. Moreover, the only species of concern, the maiapilo; is sparely distributed over
the surveyed areas. The most maiapilo plants were found on the northern part of the
buffer area. Since this area will be cleared, graded, and planted with a salt tolerant
species, those existing maiapilo plants would be lost. The maiapilo plants found
outside of the R-1 transmission pipeline easement between the Kealakehe WWTP and
the Old Airport Park would not be affected by the R-1 Upgrade project. As previously
discussed, maiapilo is not a listed species by the FWS or DLNR.
The R-1 Upgrade would not affect FWS or DLNR candidate or listed species as none
were found during the botanical surveys. Similarly, no federally delineated Critical
Habitat overlays would be affected as none exist within the R-1 Upgrade project sites
or any portion of the surveyed areas.
The botanical survey recommended that any maiapilo plant noted to be close to
construction associated with this Project (but that will not be removed) should be
temporarily surrounded by construction fencing to prevent accidental damage.
3.10.2 Fauna
Avian Survey:
Between September 20 and 22, 2017, avian surveys were conducted in the areas outside of
the Kealakehe WWTP. Later, on March 9, 2018, waterbird surveys were conducted within the
Kealakehe WWTP in the area of Lagoons 5 and 6. At the time of the survey, all five lagoons
were being used as part of the treatment process. The avian survey is included in Appendix
C.
In the areas outside of the Kealakehe WWTP, a total of 20 avian count‐stations were sited
roughly equidistant from each other within the survey sites and along the various R-1
transmission pipeline routes. Count stations were sited approximately 300 m apart from each
other. A single six‐minute avian point count was made at each of the 20 count‐stations. The
avian counts were conducted in the early morning hours. Time not spent counting at point‐
count stations was used to search the area and pipeline alignments for species not detected
during the point‐counts.
Within the Kealakehe WWTP, the count methodology was to set-up at a location beside each
lagoon where all of the waterbirds in the lagoon could be seen at one time. These birds were
then counted by species three times and the highest number obtained taken as the result. All
five lagoon counts were then combined to arrive at a total number of waterbirds counted within
the facility during the count period.
A total of 926 individual birds of 32 species, representing 17 separate families, were recorded
during station counts. Four of the species recorded are native resident species, two of which,
Hawaiian Coot (Fulica alai) and the endemic sub‐species of the Black‐necked Stilt
(Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) are listed as endangered species under both the federal
and State of Hawaiʻi endangered species statutes. One species, Black‐crowned Night‐Heron
(Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) is an indigenous resident water obligate species, and the Least
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Tern (Sterna antillarum), is a recently established breeding seabird species. Additionally, six
other species recorded are migratory indigenous shorebird or waterbird species. The
remaining 21 species are established alien species.
Avian diversity and densities were very high in and adjacent to the Kealakehe WWTP, but low
in all others areas surveyed away from the WWTP, in keeping with the highly disturbed native
dominated grassland present across the bulk of the areas surveyed. Five species, African
Silverbill (Euodice cantans), Black‐crowned Night‐Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli),
Hawaiian Coot (Fulica alai), Hawaiʻian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni), and Zebra
Dove (Geopelia striata) accounted for 47% of all birds recorded during station counts. The
most frequently recorded species was African Silverbill , which accounted for 14% of the total
number of individual birds recorded during station point counts.
No seabirds were detected during the survey, but it is probable that both the endangered
Hawaiʻian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), and the threatened endemic subspecies of the
Newell’s Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli), over-fly the project area in small numbers
between April and the middle of December each year. Both species have been recorded flying
to and from their nesting colonies over the greater Kona area. Both of these pelagic seabird
species nest high in the mountains in burrows excavated under thick vegetation, especially
uluhe (Dicranopteris lineraris) fern. There is no suitable nesting habitat for either of these
seabird species on, or close to the project areas.
Waterbird Counts
A total of 15 waterbird and migratory shorebirds were recorded within the fenced area of the
existing Kealakehe WWTP. Two of the species counted, Hawaiʻian Coot (Fulica Alai), and
Hawaiian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni), are listed as endangered under both federal
and state of Hawai‘i endangered species statutes.
Mammalian Survey
Eight terrestrial mammalian species were detected on the surveyed areas. All of the
mammalian species recorded are alien to the Hawaiʻian Islands are deleterious to native
species. No mammalian species currently proposed for listing or listed under either the federal
or State of Hawai‘i endangered species statutes was recorded on the surveyed areas.
With the exception of the endangered Hawaiʻian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), or
‘ōpe‘ape‘a as it is known locally, all terrestrial mammals currently found on the Island of Hawaiʻi
are alien species, and most are ubiquitous. The survey of mammals was limited to visual and
auditory detection, coupled with visual observation of scat, tracks, and other animal sign. A
running tally was kept of all terrestrial mammalian species detected within the Project areas.
No Hawaiʻian hoary bats were detected during the course of this survey. Given the location of
the site and the lack of trees it is not expected that bats roost within the general project area.
Hawaiian hoary bats have been seen flying over the existing wastewater treatment plant and
the coastal areas to the north and south. It is not expected that the proposed actions will result
in deleterious impacts to this listed endemic mammal.
There are no suitable roosting trees for the Hawaiʻian hoary bat in the areas outside of the
Kealakehe WWTP including along the R-1 transmission routes and the SAT system project
site. This also applies to the area within the Kealakehe WWTP.
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The findings of the mammalian survey are consistent with the location of the Project and the
habitats currently present on the sites and along the pipeline routes. All of the introduced
mammalian species recorded are deleterious to native ecosystems and the native faunal
species dependent on them.
No terrestrial mammalian species were detected during the course of this survey. Thus, no
listed or proposed threatened or endangered mammalian species under either the federal or
State endangered species statutes were detected during the survey.
US Fish and Wildlife (FWS) Coordination
In May 2018, the DOH sent a letter to the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) requesting
technical assistance (TA) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), as amended, (16 U.S.C.
1531 et seq.). That letter also noted the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had
designated the DOH as the consulting agency for Kealakehe WWTP project. This TA request
referenced two previous TA requests (01EP1F00-2013-TA-0097MAR and 01EP1F00-2018-
TA0143, both of which involved work related to the replacement of the liners and removal of
sludge from the existing lagoons.
In response to TA request 01EP1F00-2013-TA-0097MAR, in June 2018, the FWS provided
recommendations on appropriate conservations actions for the County to implement to avoid
and minimize impacts to federally endangered species as well as protected under the Migratory
Bird Treaty Act (U.S.C. 703-712).
The R-1 Upgrade project will reference the recommended conservation measures set forth in
01EP1F00-2018-TA0143, which also included Deterrent Measures for Endangered Species
Act and Migratory Bird Treaty Act Species, a section of the Contract Specifications for the
previous liner replacement and sludge removal project. The R-1 Upgrade project will include
a similar section in the specifications.
The recommended conservation measures included:
Adapt and implement measures detailed in attachments as appropriate: 2013-TA-0097
and Deterrent Measures for Endangered Species Act and Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Species, Section 02002 of the KWWTP Aeration Upgrade and Sludge Removal Job
No. WW-4061.
Unless construction resumes, do not deter nesting.
Hire a qualified biological monitor to monitor bird activity (including bird counts, nesting,
eggs, hatchlings and fledglings) three days per week and provide bi-annual reports to
the FWS.
Conduct cattle egret control during the Hawaiian stilt's non-breeding season
(September through February).
Predation by cattle egrets of native Hawaiian birds has been well documented. A
large cattle egret roost is located adjacent to the KWWTP at Kaloko-Honokohau
National Historical Park and 30-100 egrets have been observed regularly at
Kealakehe WWTP. The Service is concerned about the predation impacts this
roost is ha vi ng on protected species at Kealakehe WWTP.
As of A u gust 24, 20 l 7 (82 FR 34419), authorized agencies (or their contractors)
may conduct lethal control of cattle egrets without a depredation permit.
Work with the FWS to develop and implement a permanent and robust predator control
program for cats, rats and mongoose at the Kealakehe WWTP.
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In addition to these measures, the County will follow the avoidance measures related to
construction of the subsurface constructed wetlands piping along the southern access road
within the WWTP.
It should be noted, the County has implemented on-going bird count and predator control work
though a contract to a consultant, who has filed reports with the FWS.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Waterbirds
The principal potential impacts posed by the Project to endangered waterbirds are
associated with construction activities creating disturbances of nesting birds during the
year round nesting season within the small footprint of the proposed electrical and
chemical buildings and a new underground waterline running parallel to the southern
boundary fence, within the WWTP site. These activities, though of a short duration,
could potentially disturb nearby nesting Hawaiian Stilts and Hawaiian Coots.
Disturbance of this nature can result in birds abandoning their nest, eggs, and to a
lesser degree, chicks.
As recommended in the biological report, to avoid impacts to the listed species, a sturdy
silt fence or other suitable barrier system should be installed around the areas within
the existing WWTP facility that will be excavated to install the subsurface constructed
wetlands distribution and return lines along the southern and western fence lines to
prevent ingress of listed waterbird species into the construction disturbances areas.
Also, daily waterbird monitoring should continue until all work within the WWTP fenced
facility is complete.
Seabirds
Potential impact to protected seabirds posed by the Project is an increased threat to
transiting birds disoriented by lights associated with the Project during the seabird
nesting season between September 15 through December 15 each year. If, during
construction, it is deemed expedient to conduct night‐time construction activities, or if
streetlights are installed as part of the proposed action, these must be shielded.
Shielding of lights would serve the dual purpose of minimizing disorientation and
downing of petrels and shearwaters, and complying with Hawai‘i County Code §14 –
50 et seq., which requires shielding of exterior lights to lower ambient glare reaching
the astronomy observatories located on Mauna Kea.
Hawaiian hoary bat
As there are no suitable roosting trees anywhere close to any portion of the proposed
action, and all fencing that will be installed will not have barbed wire strands topping
them, it is not expected that the proposed action will result in deleterious impacts to this
listed species.
The biological report recommended, to avoid impacts to the bat in locations where
fencing is to be installed, that those fences not be topped with strands of barbed wire,
as there have been records of Hawaiian hoary bats being impaled on barbed wire
topped fences.
Wildlife hazard
The various avian species could present hazards to aircraft operations at Ellison
Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keāhole which has its main entrance located
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about 5.25 miles north of the Kealakehe WWTP. The airport serves as the main airport
for the Kona coast and is considered a public use airport that conducts operations for
scheduled air carrier, commuter and general aviation aircraft. The airport runway
(Runway 17-35) is located adjacent to the coastline with Runway 35 located about
24,000 feet (4.5 miles) north of the Kealakehe WWTP facilities.
In August 2008, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued Advisory Circular
150/5200.33B to provide guidance on issues related to presence of wildlife near public
use airport. The FAA guidance shows hazardous wildlife attractants must be sited at
least 10,000 feet (1.9 miles) from the nearest airport operations area. According to the
FAA guidance, wastewater treatment facilities and associated retention and settling
ponds are considered as potential wildlife attractants.
Since the late 1980s-early 1990s, the 5 lagoons have been operational at the
Kealakehe WWTP. As discussed above, the lagoons attract various species of
waterbirds to the site. The presence of the lagoons and the relatively undisturbed
access/service roads provide habitat for these waterbirds. The R-1 Upgrade
improvements include the subsurface constructed wetlands, the basins within the SAT
site and plant material to be planted in the buffer area. As previously discussed, both
the subsurface constructed wetlands and the SAT basins have been designed such
that there will be no standing water within the facilities. Based on these considerations,
the R-1 Upgrade improvements will not result in a change to existing conditions at the
Kealakehe WWTP and surrounding areas.
Historic and Archaeological Resources
In April 2018, an Archaeological literature review and field investigation study of the project
site was conducted by Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) to evaluate the presence of
significant historic properties within the project site. The Literature Review and Field
Investigation Study report is summarized below and included in full as Appendix D.
This investigation was designed through detailed historical, cultural, and archaeological
background research and a field inspection of the project area, to determine the likelihood that
historic properties may be affected by the project and, based on findings, consider cultural
resource management recommendations.
The project area is located on the leeward side of Hawaiʻi Island just north of the town of Kailua-
Kona. The project area straddles Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (Route 19) within Kaloko,
Honokōhau, Kealakehe, and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a. The project area is depicted on a portion of
the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic
quadrangle. Under this study for organizational purposes the project area has been broken
into three geographical units (See Figure 3-3). The “Mauka Section” comprises portions of the Kealakehe Parkway and Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway rights-of-way (ROWs) and TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:007, 019, 021,
022 located mauka (upslope) of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway right-of-way;
• The “Makai Section” comprises TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002, 058, 073 and 7-5-005:007
located makai (seaward) of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway right-of-way; and
overlaps a Special Management Area (SMA);
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeE:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINALFIGURE 3-3
ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY AREAS
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• The “Northern Section” comprises TMK: [3] 7-3-009:027 and portions of the Hina
Lani Street and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway right-of way.
The archaeologists accomplished fieldwork on 25–26 September 2017 and 6 October 2017;
archaeologists required approximately 9 person-days to complete. The fieldwork focused on
confirming sites located within or immediately adjacent to (within 5 meters of) the project area
bounds, and determining the potential presence of previously unrecorded features.
The project area lies within the southernmost extent of the Kekaha region, in which the uplands
were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for residence, fishing, and
aquaculture. The lands located between the coast and uplands settlements, in which the
majority of the project area is situated, contained networks of trails along which shelter and
water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located. In the historic
era, the area was used widely for ranching.
Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological
sites/historic properties overlapping or within 100 m (330 feet [ft]) of the bounds of the project
area. Most of these are pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation,
transportation, resource procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation.
Historic era sites included trails (including but not limited to State Inventory of Historic Places
[SIHP] # 50-10-27-00002, Māmalahoa Trail), habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-
related features like boundary walls. The field inspection identified variable levels of prior
disturbance throughout the project area. The Mauka Section contains the largest areas of
undisturbed land. The field inspection confirmed 30 of 119 previously identified archaeological
sites and possibly relocated portions of eight previously identified sites; these 38 sites are
within or immediately adjacent to the project area. In addition, archaeologists documented 16
newly identified archaeological features/feature complexes within or directly adjacent to the
project area (See Figures 19, 20, 21, and 28 within Appendix D).
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties will be made in the
project design phase. Such efforts will include limiting ground disturbance within
previously undisturbed areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of
transmission pipelines within existing roadbeds or graded areas). Some portions of the
project area are of potentially higher sensitivity given their known archaeological
content:
A section of the Māmalahoa Trail (SIHP # 50-10-27-00002) runs parallel to
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway within the Mauka Section in the vicinity of the
proposed soil aquifer treatment (SAT) facility. A portion of this historic property
within the project area has existing mitigations in place associated with the
recently completed Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 project.
Impact to the Māmalahoa Trail will be avoided if possible by routing pipelines
or other infrastructure through existing breaches along the trail.
The portion of the Mauka Section relating to the future elevated storage tank
has not been subjected to recent archaeological survey, and was found during
the field inspection to contain several previously unrecorded archaeological
features and lava tube openings. Lava tubes in this area commonly contain
cultural modifications and/or deposits including but not limited to human burials.
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The section of the Initial Phase R-1 Transmission Line approaching the Old
Kona Airport Park (Kailua Park) within the Makai Section is in direct proximity
to several extensive previously identified site complexes. While many of these
features are likely located a safe distance from the current project area, some
are directly adjacent and could potentially by impacted. Difficulties in correlating
present findings with the previously recorded sites—and the discovery of
previously unrecorded features—highlight potential concerns with the existing
body of archaeological coverage in this area.
Should any significant pre-Contact or historic deposits (i.e. subsurface
concentrations of indigenous or historic era artifacts and/or structural remnants)
or human burials be encountered during the course of development of the
project site, the subsurface excavation work and/or surface grading will be
halted in the immediate area and the SHPD will be notified immediately.
Cultural Resources
In April 2018, a Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) was conducted of the proposed project by
Cultural Surveys Hawaiʻi, Inc. (CSH). The study area for the CIA includes the Kaloko,
Kealakehe, and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa. This report is summarized below. The entire report is
included in Appendix E.
The CIA was prepared to comply with Chapter 343, Hawaiʻi Revised Statues, which requires
consideration of the proposed project’s potential effect on cultural beliefs, practices, and
resources. Through document research and cultural consultation efforts, the CIA provides
information pertinent to the assessment of the proposed project’s potential impacts to cultural
beliefs, practices, and resources (per the Office of Environmental Quality Control’s Guidelines
for Assessing Cultural Impacts) which may include Traditional Cultural Properties (TCPs) of
ongoing cultural significance that may be eligible for inclusion on the State Register of Historic
Places. The CIA is intended to support the project’s environmental review and may also serve
to support the project’s historic preservation review under Chapter 6e,HRS, and Hawai‘i
Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-284.
The CIA may also be used to support the National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106
consultation/review as set forth in 54 U.S.C. §306108 and CFR 800.2(C)4. A letter will be sent
out either by the State or County of Hawaiʻi to the State Historic Preservation Division to
accomplish the Section 106 consultation.
As part of the community outreach and informal interviews, a total of 37 parties were contacted,
including the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), the State Historic Preservation Division
(SHPD), the County of Hawaiʻi, other agencies, Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs) and
knowledgeable community members. The outreach effort was conducted through letters and
emails over a 9 month period extending from June 2017 through March 2018. Some
individuals were contacted but chose not to share information regarding the cultural practices
and resources related to the Kealakehe WWTP. Of the 37 parties consulted, a total of 8
individuals/agencies responded to the consultation letter. Of those, 5 individuals participated
in formal interviews. However, a total of 4 respondents agreed to interviews so that they could
share their concerns about the project. Those who did share their response expressed
concerns about the potential for the project to impact the Māmalahoa Trail and possible burial
sites situated within the crevices of lava and several caves makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu
Highway. Individuals were also concerned about future development and its impacts on
significant archaeological and cultural sites.
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Based on information contained in moʻolelo (stories), literature, oral histories, and previous
archaeological/ethnographic studies conducted in the area, a distinguishing feature of the
Kona landscape are the many trails that zig-zag through each ahupuaʻa, including the
Māmalahoa Trail. These foot trails linked royal centers, coastal communities, and resources,
and thus speak to the historic wealth of agricultural and aquatic resources in the area. Another
prominent feature of the Kona landscape are the hōlua (sled) slides. Hōlua is an ancient sport
that can be traced back to the time of Pele and was pursued by those of aliʻi (chief) ranking.
The ahupua‘a of Kaloko was awarded and kept by Lot Kamehameha (Kamehameha V) during
the Māhele. A total of 21 additional land claims were made in Kaloko of which 12 were awarded
in the uplands. Kealakehe Ahupua‘a was awarded to Kekuapanio, a young noble who was a
favorite amongst ali‘i such as Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III), who later returned the land to the
government. The entire ahupua‘a of Keahuolū was awarded to Ane Keohokālole who held two
walled house lots “from very ancient times” along the shoreline.
There are many moʻolelo about the famous Kaloko fishpond along the seashore in the Kaloko
Ahupuaʻa, including some versions suggesting the remains of Kamehameha I may have been
buried nearby. During the Māhele (1848), Lot Kapuāiwa (Kamehameha V) was awarded the
ahupuaʻa of Kaloko, allowing the Kamehamehas to reserve the loko iʻa (fishpond) for
themselves. Other moʻolelo included in the study are some of the oldest Hawaiian stories that
have survived, and speak to the characteristics and environment of the area and its people.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts to cultural resources are anticipated
as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed improvements.
Community participants voiced concerns regarding the Māmalahoa Trail, and
suggested the project be rerouted to avoid further disturbance and destruction. One of
the community participants suggested archaeological and cultural monitoring for the
Māmalahoa Trial. One participant strongly urged that CSH review a previously
published monitoring report to gain further insight of the Māmalahoa Trail and known
mauka-makai trails.
In the event that any potential historic properties are identified during construction
activities, all activities will cease and the SHPD will be notified pursuant to HAR §13-
280-3. In the event that iwi kūpuna (ancestral bones) are identified, all earth moving
activities in the area will stop, the area will be cordoned off, and the SHPD and Police
Department will be notified pursuant to HAR §13-300-40. In the event of an inadvertent
discovery of human remains, the completion of a burial treatment plan, in compliance
with HAR §13-300 and HRS §6E-43, is recommended. If iwi kūpuna and/or cultural
finds are encountered during construction, project proponents should consult with
cultural and lineal descendants of the area to develop a reinterment plan and cultural
preservation plan for proper cultural protocol, curation, and long-term maintenance.
3.13 Air Quality
Ambient air quality standards (AAQS) have been established at both the national and state
level for six criteria pollutants carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, ozone,
and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). The State has also set a standard for hydrogen
sulfide. Hawaiʻi ambient air quality standards are comparable to the national standards,
although in some cases the Hawaiʻi standards are more stringent than the national standards,
such as for carbon monoxide. For some other parameters, such as particulate matter and the
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national standards are more restrictive. Criteria pollutant levels remain below federal and State
ambient air quality standards within the State
Existing air quality in the project area is mostly affected by air pollutants from vehicular,
industrial, natural and/or agricultural resources. Also, volcanic pollution emissions affect the
island of Hawai‘i more than the other islands in the State. Since 1983, volcanic emissions from
eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano have periodically affected the project area. Although emissions
from Kīlauea are vented on the other side of a mountain barrier more than 50-miles east of the
project area, the prevailing wind patterns eventually carry some of the emissions into the Kona
area, especially during the winter months when southerly winds occur.
A recent analysis by the USGS details that the composition of vog depends on how much time
the volcanic plume has had to react in the atmosphere. In areas such as the Kona District, far
from Kīlauea Volcano’s active vents, aerosols are the main component of vog which contains
both aerosols and unreacted sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas. Although SO2 gas is colorless and
invisible, the tiny particles in vog create a visible light-colored haze by scattering sunlight. Like
smog, the presence of vog reduces visibility.
Vog concentrations on Hawai‘i Island are primarily dependent on the amount of SO2 emitted
from Kīlauea, the distance from the source vents, and the wind direction and speed on a given
day. From May through September, the main wind direction in the Hawai‘ian Islands is from
the northeast (trade winds) which occur about 80–95 percent of the time. Under trade wind
conditions, vog travels around the southern part of the island, and along the Kona coast, where
it becomes trapped by daytime onshore and nighttime offshore sea breezes. Most of the vog
stays beneath an altitude of 6,000–8,000 feet above sea level, the usual height of the trade
wind inversion. This layer of the atmosphere increases in temperature with altitude, inhibiting
the rise of cooler, vog-laden air. When trade winds are absent, which occurs most often during
winter months, east Hawai‘i, the entire Island of Hawai‘i, or even the entire State of Hawai‘i
can be affected by vog.
The DOH operates a network of air quality monitoring stations at various locations around the
State. In December 2016, the DOH issued the Annual Summary 2015 Air Quality Data report
which provides the results from the network of air quality monitoring stations. The DOH air
quality monitoring site closest to the KWWTP site is located about 11.8 miles to the south in
Kealakekua at the Konawaena High School. Both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter
(PM 2.5) are monitored at this site. Measurements of SO2 concentrations at this location
during the 2011-2015 monitoring period were consistently low with annual average
concentrations below 0.005 ppm, which is below the federal and State standard of 0.03 ppm.
No exceedances of the federal/State 3-hour and 24-hour AAQS for SO2 were recorded at the
Konawaena High School monitoring station.
The project area has few major stationary sources of air pollution. A major industrial source
of air pollution in the project vicinity is Hawai‘i Electric Light Company’s (HELCO) Keāhole
Power Plant, which is located about 5.2 miles to the north of the Kealakehe WWTP. Air
pollution emissions from the power plant consist mostly of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway is the regional arterial roadway that carries the north-south traffic
along the Kona coast. As such, it has the highest volume of traffic of any roadway in the region.
Winds may sometimes carry emissions from motor vehicles traveling on this and other
roadways toward the Kealakehe WWTP project site.
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At this time, there are no reported measurements of lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide or carbon
monoxide in the project vicinity. These are primarily motor vehicle related air pollutants. Lead,
ozone and nitrogen dioxide typically are regional scale problems. However, concentrations of
lead and nitrogen dioxide generally have not been found to exceed AAQS elsewhere in the
State. Carbon monoxide air pollution typically is a microscale problem caused by congested
motor vehicular traffic. In traffic congested areas such as urban Honolulu, carbon monoxide
concentrations have been found to occasionally exceed the State AAQS.
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are components of the atmosphere that trap heat relatively near
the surface of the earth, and therefore, contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Most GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, but increases in their concentration result from
human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. Global temperatures are expected to
continue to rise as human activities continue to add carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
and other greenhouse (or heat-trapping) gases to the atmosphere.
Increasing concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere affect global climate. GHG emissions
result from anthropogenic sources including the combustion of fossil fuels. GHGs are defined
as including carbon CO2, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). CO2 is the most important
anthropogenic GHG as it is a long-lived gas that remains in the atmosphere for up to 100 years.
Climate change is a global phenomenon that can have local impacts. Scientific measurements
show that Earth’s climate is warming, with concurrent impacts including warmer air
temperatures, increased sea level rise, increased storm activity, and an increased intensity in
precipitation events. Research has shown there is a direct correlation between fuel
combustion and GHG emissions.
Climate change is now observed globally. The scientific consensus presented in the global
body of climate research, including the fifth report released by the United Nations’
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013, is that warming of Earth’s climate
system is unequivocal (IPCC, 2013). The fifth IPCC assessment report concludes that it is
“extremely likely” that most of the temperature increase since the mid-20th century is caused
by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases from human activities. This finding is
supported by detection of land and sea temperature increases, changes in global water cycle,
reductions in snow and ice, sea-level rise, and changes in climate extremes.
The State of Hawaiʻi’s Department of Health has established the Hawaiʻi GHG Program to
combat the threat of climate change and sea level rise. The program utilizes the Air Pollution
Control Permit process of the Clean Air Branch to regulate GHG emissions statewide. The
Hawaiʻi GHG program works in conjunction with other federal and Hawaiʻi State programs to
mitigate GHGs.
Act 234 of the 2007 Legislature established the foundation for the Hawaiʻi GHG Program. It
declared a framework of action to serve as an example to other states, the federal
government, and other countries to protect our fragile global environment. The framework
had the purpose to reduce, by January 1, 2020, greenhouse gas emissions in the State to
levels at or below the best estimations and updates of the inventory of greenhouse gas
emissions estimates for 1990. Parts of Act 234 are codified in Chapter 342B-71 Hawaiʻi
Revised Statutes. On June 30, 2014, Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-60.1 was
amended to adopt the new Hawaiʻi GHG program. The main requirements of the program are
set forth in Subchapter 11, Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
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Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Short-term impacts on air quality could occur during construction of the proposed
improvements. Short-term impacts from fugitive dust will likely occur during the
construction phases. To a lesser extent, exhaust emissions from mobile construction
equipment, from the disruption of traffic, and from workers’ vehicles may also affect air
quality during the period of construction. State DOH Administrative Rules, Title 11,
Chapter 60-11.1 “Air Pollution Control,” requires that there be no visible fugitive dust
emissions at the property line. Hence, an effective dust control plan must be
implemented to ensure compliance with State regulations. Fugitive dust emissions can
be controlled to a large extent by watering of active work areas, using wind screens,
keeping adjacent paved roads clean, and by covering of open-bodied trucks. Other
dust control measures could include limiting the area that can be disturbed at any given
time and/or mulching or chemically stabilizing any inactive areas that have been
worked.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements include construction of the Chemical Addition and
Generator Building. (See Section 2.1.1 and Figure 2-6.) A separate room in the
chemical addition building will contain a1,250 KW emergency generator to provide
power to the R-1 treatment processes in the event of a failure of the commercial power
supply. The use of the emergency generator is subject to rules shown in Hawaii
Administrative Rules Title 11 Department of Health Chapter 60.1, Air Pollution Control,
Department of Health, Amendment and Compilation of Chapter 11-60.1 Hawaii
Administrative Rules (HAR), June 19, 2014.
HAR §11-60.1-62, Applicability, states (a) Except as provided in subsections (d) and
(g) and section 11-60.1-66, no person shall burn used or waste oil or begin
construction, reconstruction, modification, relocation, or operation of an emission unit
or air pollution control equipment of any noncovered source without first obtaining a
noncovered source permit from the director.
HAR 11-60.1-6 (d) (8) Standby generators used exclusively to provide electricity,
standby sewage pump drives, and other emergency equipment used to protect the
health and welfare of personnel and the public, all of which are used only during power
outages, emergency equipment maintenance and testing, and which:(A) Are fired
exclusively by natural or synthetic gas; or liquified petroleum gas; or fuel oil No. 1 or
No. 2; diesel fuel oil No. 1D or No. 2D; and (B) Do not trigger a PSD or covered source
review, based on their potential to emit regulated or hazardous air pollutants; do not
require a noncovered source permit.
Once construction is complete air quality will be affected by testing the emergency
generator. The 1,250 KW standby emergency generator will be tested once or twice
per month to ensure proper operation in the event of an outage of the HELCO system.
The testing will involve starting the generator, testing the switching systems, and
placing the system under load conditions to ensure proper operation. This testing
should require operation of the generator for about 3 to 4 hours per month, or less than
50 hours per year. This level of testing of the emergency generator should not create
adverse impacts to the air quality in the area.
In addition, after construction, motor vehicle traffic from County employees and others
visiting the Kealakehe WWTP would be a source of increases in air pollution emissions.
Also, the various pumps related to the R-1 treatment process would increase electrical
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power demand which would result in air pollutant emissions at the HELCO power plant.
However, given the low ambient levels of pollutants, both these increases would not
result in exceedance of federal or State ambient air quality standards (AAQS) for the
six criteria pollutants.
The implementation of the proposed action will result in the short-term irrevocable
release of GHGs from construction activity. This quantity, however, will be negligible.
No mitigation is required or proposed.
3.14 Odor
Wastewater treatment plants can be a source of nuisance odors to the surrounding community,
if not properly designed and/or operated. Typically, nuisance odors are most commonly
associated with anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions at the headworks, the facility where raw
sewage enters the WWTP, and with residual solids processing. Hydrogen sulfide is the
primary source of the nuisance odor.
The Kealakehe WWTP is currently equipped with an existing odor control system at the
headworks. The channels in the headworks facility are covered to facilitate the collection and
removal of foul air. Within the headworks, the foul air is directed to a chemical mist scrubber
to remove hydrogen sulfide and other odorous compounds before the scrubbed air is released
to the atmosphere.
The existing lagoons within the Kealakehe WWTP are not a source of nuisance odors as the
lagoons are aerated to maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations in the lagoon water column
at approximately 2.0 mg/L or greater at all times. The County recently completed an upgrade
of the lagoon aeration system to ensure that sufficient aeration capacity is available to maintain
aerobic lagoon conditions under foreseeable conditions. The aerated lagoons operate as
partially-mixed reactors where wastewater solids are allowed to settle to the bottom of the
lagoons where they slowly stabilize. Any odorous compounds released from the sludge layer
at the bottom of the lagoon are oxidized as they rise through the aerobic water column. By the
time the sludge needs to be removed, it is highly stabilized due to the long solids residence
time. Thus, the sludge removal process is typically not a source of nuisance odors. Sludge is
removed from the aerated lagoons infrequently, typically on a 20-year cycle.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
In the long-term, the primary air quality concern will be the odor generated from the
Kealakehe WWTP. The existing WWTP is equipped with an odor control system at the
headworks, and the recently-upgraded lagoon aeration system ensures that the
existing WWTP processes are not a source of nuisance odors. The feed water to the
R-1 treatment process will have been oxidized in the aerated lagoon system prior to
being pumped to the various R-1 treatment processes. Thus, the proposed R-1
treatment system will not be a source of nuisance odors. Solids removed by the R-1
filtration process will be returned to Lagoon 1 for further treatment. Similarly, since the
subsurface flow constructed wetlands will receive oxidized aerated lagoon effluent,
they will not be a source of nuisance odors.
Since the R-1 recycled water used for irrigation by the users will have been through the
various processes at the Kealakehe WWTP, it should not be a source of nuisance
odors.
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The SAT will receive effluent from the Kealakehe WWTP that has been oxidized in the
aerated lagoon system and denitrified in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands.
Due to the treatment provided at the WWTP, the effluent pumped to the SAT site will
not be a source of nuisance odors.
The use of highly-treated R-1 water is not associated with nuisance odor conditions.
The SAT will receive WWTP effluent that has been treated in the aerated lagoon
system and subsurface flow constructed wetland and will not be a source of nuisance
odors.
3.15 Noise
The Kealakehe WWTP project site and surrounding area are located along the western coast
of the island between Kailua-Kona and Keāhole. Although there are still currently undeveloped
lands, over the years, this area of the Kona coast has been undergoing urbanization, including
commercial and industrial development. Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Kealakehe
Parkway are the major roadways that serve as the main access to the developed areas. As
such, vehicle traffic on these roadways provide the main source of ambient noise in the area.
Visitors to the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historic Park and the Honokōhau Small Boat
Harbor also contribute to ambient noise levels in the area. When completed, activities at the
DLNR Community Conference Center and Administration Building facilities located near the
entrance to the Small Boat Harbor will add to the noise level.
The County of Hawaiʻi zoning map shows the area of the KWWTP, buffer area and
transmission pipelines is zoned “open”. The area adjacent to the buffer site on the north is
designated “planned development”. This is the area that, in 2007, the State of Hawaiʻi
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands had proposed to develop the Kona Kai Ola project, which
was to include an 800-slip marina, and mix of uses including visitor and resident-serving
commercial enterprises, hotels and time-share units. At this time, according to the County of
Hawaiʻi Planning Department, there have been no activities related to the Kona Kai Ola project.
The lands south of the Kealekehe WWTP are zoned “agricultural A-5a”, including the existing
Queen Lili’uokolani Children’s Center. Thus, except to the Children’s Center, there are no
designated residential or noise sensitive land uses near the Kealakehe WWTP, the buffer area,
the SAT site and transmission pipelines.
Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules Title 11, Department of Health, Chapter 46, Community Noise
Control, sets for the maximum permissible sound levels based on zoning districts. Class C
zoning district include all areas equivalent to lands zoned agriculture, country, industrial, or
similar type. The maximum permissible sound levels is 70 dBA at any point at or beyond (past)
the property line. The 70dBA sound level applies to daytime (7:00 am to 10:00 pm) and
nighttime (10:00 pm to 7:00 am) periods.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
In the short-term, noise levels will increase from construction activities at the Kealakehe
WWTP, the buffer area, the SAT site and along the areas adjacent to the transmission
pipelines. It is expected the noise will be intermittent and unavoidable, since
construction vehicles and heavy equipment generate noise as part of normal
operations. The mitigation of noisy activities to inaudible levels will not be practical in
all cases due to the intensity and exterior nature of the work. Ambient noise levels in
the vicinity of construction sites can be expected during construction periods.
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Construction activities will need to comply with the provisions of HAR Title 11, Chapter
46, Community Noise Control. The noise regulations require a noise permit, if the noise
level from construction activity is expected to exceed allowable levels stated in the
Chapter 11-46 rules. It will be the contractor’s responsibility to minimize noise by
properly maintaining noise mufflers and other noise-attenuating equipment and to
maintain noise levels within regulatory limits.
The construction contractor will need to obtain the appropriate permit or approvals.
Potential noise impacts will also be mitigated since the majority of construction work
during daytime hours (as opposed to night work), thereby avoiding the creation of
construction noise impacts during the quieter nighttime hours.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements include construction of the Chemical Addition and
Generator Building. (See Section 2.1.1 and Figure 2-6.) A separate room in the
chemical addition building will contain a1,250 KW emergency generator to provide
power to the R-1 treatment processes in the event of a failure of the commercial power
supply. The use of the emergency generator is subject to rules shown in Hawaii
Administrative Rules Title 11 Department of Health Chapter 46, Community Noise
Control.
Once construction is complete, testing of the emergency generator will be a noise
source. However, HAR Chapter 46 §11-46-5, Exemptions, states this chapter shall not
apply to the following (4) Operation of emergency generators, when installed and used as
required and necessary for the protection of public health and safety, provided the best available
control technology is implemented.
Based on the above, once construction is complete, the proposed improvements at the
Kealakehe WWTP and buffer site and transmission pipelines are not expected to be a
significant source of additional ambient noise. Operational activities at the Kealakehe
WWTP and buffer site and transmission pipelines would be generally associated with
low volumes of vehicle movements. Overall, the R-1 Upgrade improvements will not
create adverse impacts to the noise environment in the area.
3.16 Traffic and Transportation
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (State Highway Route 19) is the major north-south roadway for
this area of the Kona coast. State Route 19 has functional classification of principal arterial.
In the vicinity of the Kealakehe WWTP, the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation
(HDOT) has completed improvements to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway between Kailua-Kona
and Kealakehe Parkway (State Route 197) to provide 4 travel lanes, 2 lanes in each direction,
and a center median. The HDOT has also recently completed construction of phased
improvements to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway which will continue the 4 travel lanes and center
median from Kealakehe Parkway northward to the entrance to the Ellison Onizuka Kona
International Airport at Keāhole. These improvements, along with the recently constructed
Ane Keohokalole Highway, will improve access and circulation along the Kona Coast.
The Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway intersection with Hale Makai Place and the Kealakehe
WWTP access road is a signalized intersection with dedicated left and right turn lanes on
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. Also, the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Kealakehe
Parkway intersection is a signalized intersection with dedicated left and right turn lanes. The
posted speed limit is 45 miles per hour (mph) on Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway in the vicinity
of these intersections.
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The HDOT conducts 24-hour traffic counts at various locations on the island, including on
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. These counts provide 2-way traffic volumes over a 24-hour
period, including counts during morning and afternoon peak hours. Over the years, HDOT has
conducted these counts at the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Hale Makai Place
intersection. The most recent count conducted September 3-4, 2015 showed a total 2-way
volume of about 21,957 vehicles. The morning peak hour total 2-way volume was 1,544
vehicles between 10:45am to11:45am. The afternoon peak hour total 2-way volume was 1,942
vehicles between 2:00pm to 3:00pm.
Similar counts were conducted in April 13-14, 2010 at this location. The total 2-way volume at
that time was 28,892 vehicles. Thus, the 2015 volume was about 25 percent lower than the
2010 volume.
Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keāhole is located about 5.25 miles north of the
Kealakehe WWTP and serves as the main airport for the Kona coast. The airport is considered
a public use airport that conducts operations for scheduled air carrier, commuter and general
aviation aircraft. The airport runway (Runway 17-35) is located adjacent to the coastline.
Runway 35 is located about 24,000 feet (4.5 miles) north of the Kealakehe WWTP facilities.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
R-1 transmission pipelines will be constructed at various locations in the vicinity of the
Kealakehe WWTP. From the Kealakehe WWTP access road (Hale Makai Place), the
DEM will construct an approximately 3,700 foot long R-1 transmission pipeline
northward to Kealakehe Parkway within the makai shoulder the right-of-way of the
widened Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. At the intersection of Queen Kaʻahumanu
Highway and Kealakehe Parkway, the DEM will connect the R-1 transmission pipeline
to a stub at the southwest corner of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Kealakehe
Parkway intersection that was constructed by HDOT as part of the recently completed
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway Widening project.
In addition, the HDOT provided two other stubs at the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway
and Kealakehe Parkway intersection. One of the stubs will be available to connect the
R-1 pipeline to the Honokohua Small Boat Harbor and the proposed Department of
Land and Natural Resources facility. The other stub will extend mauka under the
highway to the south side of Kealakehe Parkway.
In future phase(s), a R-1 water transmission pipeline will branch off of the proposed 24-
inch diameter pipe in Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway near Hale Mākaʻi Place. This
branch pipeline will extend approximately 4,000 feet (0.75 miles) east (mauka) to a
future 2.0 million gallon R-1 water storage tank at elevation 200± feet that will serve the
County’s future regional park as well as future developments on Queen Lili’uokolani
Trust lands mauka of the highway.
Short-term impacts on traffic would occur during construction of the various
improvements. Construction of the R-1 treatment facilities will require bringing
construction equipment, supplies, and material to the Kealakehe WWTP and to the
SAT project site. Various types of construction equipment will be required to excavate
the sites for construction of the treatment facilities, including the constructed wetlands
and the SAT. Trucks will be needed to transport the excavated material from both sites
to a disposal site. Also, various types of materials and supplies will be needed to
construct the above ground structures and the administration building and to install the
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pumps. The materials and supplies include rebar, concrete, piping, motors, pumps,
conduits, process equipment, controls, and various fabricated items.
Construction equipment, supplies, and material will be brought to the Kealakehe
WWTP and SAT project sites via trucks, trailers, and containers. Typically, contractors
try to conduct these activities during off peak traffic hours to minimize disruptions to
traffic flows. However, these disruptions would be for only short periods during the
construction period. Once construction has been completed, there should be no
disruption or adverse effects to traffic flows to the Kealakehe WWTP project site.
Work on the transmission pipelines will require excavation of an open trench along the
shoulder area of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. The contractor will be required to
prepare traffic control plans in the area of the open trench site. The traffic control plans
will provide details for controlling traffic in the work area, including lane closures, if
necessary, placement of signs, traffic delineators or barriers, flaggers to direct traffic,
and, if needed, special duty officers to oversee conditions at the site. Normally, such
plans call for these diversions or closings during non-peak travel times to minimize
disruptions to the traffic flow. Also, when not in use, typically the excavated area will
be covered with steel plates or have traffic barriers installed to prevent accidents. The
traffic control plans will require review and approval by the HDOT or the County of
Hawaiʻi, depending on the location of the construction. The traffic control plans will
minimize impacts to traffic flows during the construction period. Once construction has
been completed, the affected areas will be restored so that traffic can resume. Thus,
the Proposed Action will have less than significant impacts to traffic and circulation.
Construction of the transmission pipelines at other locations will require similar traffic
control plans at each site.
Although not affecting roadways, other R-1 transmission pipelines that will be
constructed in the initial phase include an approximately 9,300-foot (1.76-mile) long
transmission pipeline from the R-1 storage tank at the Kealakehe WWTP to the existing
Kealakehe pump station within the County of Hawaiʻi Old Kona Airport Park. The R-1
transmission pipeline to Old Kona Airport Park will be located within the existing 25-
foot wide easement that extends from the WWTP to southeast corner of the Park and
then continues to the existing Kealakehe pump station located makai of Kuakini
Highway near the Kona Bay Estates Drive intersection. About 50 percent of the
pipeline (4,800 feet) lies within the easement and the remainder (4,500 feet) within the
boundaries of the park.
On June 5, 2017, the State Department of Transportation provided comments to the
EIS Preparation Notice, including the need to meet certain Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) requirements for construction near public use airports. As stated
above, in addition to various underground trenches, the R-1 Upgrade improvements
will include construction of various facilities within the Kealakehe WWTP. The
improvements include 3 above ground structures, the chemical addition building, the
concrete canopy over the R-1 treatment facility and the R-1 storage tank. The chemical
addition will be about 10-12 feet above the surrounding grade, the canopy will be about
31 feet and the storage tank about 30 feet.
These facilities are located about 24,500 to 25,000 feet (4.64 to 4.73 miles) south of
Runway 35. CFR Title 14 Part 77, Safe, Efficient Use and Preservation of the
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Navigable Airspace sets forth requirements to provide notice to the FAA of certain
proposed construction or alterations to determine the effect on the safe use of
navigable airspace. CFR Title 14 §77.9 requires submission of FAA Form 7460-1,
Notice of Proposed Construction or Alteration, for any construction or alteration more
than 200 feet above ground level at its site or exceeds an imaginary surface extending
outward of a slope of 100 to 1 for a horizontal distance of 20,000 feet from the nearest
runway of a public use airport.
Based on this, construction of the R-1 Upgrade above ground structures will not require
submittal of FAA Form 7460-1 and further will not adversely affect aircraft operations
at Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keāhole.
3.17 Visual Resources
The existing KWWTP is surrounded by open fields of ‘a‘ā and pāhoehoe lava. Public views of
the KWWTP from Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway will be across the open fields toward the Kona
coastline. The existing Kealakehe WWTP facilities will be appear as almost indistinguishable
objects/facilities about a 0.5-mile away from the highway. The Kealakehe WWTP facilities are
further obscured by the presence of a 14-foot high berm located on the eastern (mauka) side
of the plant, or between the facilities and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway.
The proposed above grade R-1 Upgrade improvements at the Kealakehe WWTP site include:
1. 10-12-foot high chemical addition building to house facilities to store and meter
chemicals for the R-1 treatment process and a separate room for an emergency
generator;
2. 31-foot high concrete canopy roof structure over the R-1 Upgrade facility to provide
weather and sun protection for the partially below grade Rapid Mix and Flocculation
system concrete tanks with associated mixing equipment and partially below-grade UV
Disinfection System.;
3. 30-foot high above-grade R-1 500,000-gallon storage tank.
The other R-1 Upgrade improvements will be below grade facilities, including the pipeline and
various pump stations and distribution facilities.
The SAT site will be surrounded by a security fences to prevent public access. However, the
SAT site lies mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway such that public views to the coastline
will not be affected.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The proposed improvements are not anticipated to have significant impacts on notable
view planes nor adversely affect important public viewing points or visual resources.
Except for the R-1 Upgrade facility, the proposed improvements at the Kealakehe
WWTP will be about the same height above ground to the existing facilities and
generally similar in visual character. The concrete canopy above the R-1 Upgrade
facility will be about 31 feet above the surrounding grade. However, the canopy will be
an open structure that will not obstruct views beyond the structure. The presence of
the 14-foot high berm along the eastern boundary of the Kealakehe WWTP and the
distance from Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway will mean makai public views remain
similar to existing conditions. Thus, the R-1 improvements at Kealakehe WWTP will
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not create adverse impacts to makai public views and the visual character of this area
of the Kona coast.
The SAT facility will be located east (mauka) of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway at
elevations from 60 to 70 feet MSL. In this area, Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway lies at
about 42 to 45 feet MSL. A 6-foot chain link security fence surrounding the SAT facility
will be the only above grade structure. Public views looking mauka from the highway
will be affected for a short distance by this fence.
3.18 Socio-Economic Characteristics
The County of Hawaiʻi has identified the West Hawaiʻi planning region as an area for directed
urban growth. The Kealakehe WWTP and surrounding area are located within the North Kona
area of West Hawaiʻi, which is expected to continue to grow because there is ample potential
for expansion of the housing stock and commercial centers in this area.
In 2010, the area surrounding Kealakehe WWTP had a population of 24,528 residents, within
the four census tracts (215.04, 215.09, 216.01, and 261.04), which approximates the area
currently served by the Kealakehe WWTP. This population represented approximately 13.3
percent of the Hawaiʻi Island population of 185,079 residents (State of Hawaiʻi Department of
Business, Economic Development and Tourism, 2015).
In March 2017, the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Business, Economic Development and
Tourism, released 2016 population estimates for the state and counties. This estimate shows,
in 2016, Hawaiʻi County with a resident population 198,449, which represents an annual
increase of 1.169 percent from 2010. Based on this growth rate, for 2016, the Kealakehe
WWTP and Kona area population would be about 26,300 residents.
The U.S Census Bureau provides the American Community Survey which updates selected
demographic, social, and economic information for various years. The American Community
Survey (ACS) produces population, demographic characteristics, including age and racial
composition, and economic information, including employment and household income by
Census Designated Place (CDP) for a number of locations in Hawaiʻi County. The CDPs in the
area of the Kealakehe WWTP area are Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua.
Information of small areas is in the 2017 version of the American Community Survey (5-Year
Estimates) Hawaiʻi Geographic Area Profiles – Census Designated Places: Neighbor Islands.
The American Community Survey (ACS) noted it is the Census Bureau's Population Estimates
Program that produces and disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation,
states, counties, cities and towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties.
The ACS shows the Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua area population is younger than Hawaiʻi
County with higher portions in the all age categories, except for the 20 to 34 years where the
Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua area shows 16.8 percent compared to 17.9 percent for the
County. Similarly, the median age for the Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua area is 45.2 years
compared to 42.6 years for the County.
The racial composition of the population shows the Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua area to have
a higher portion of White 40.8 percent compared to 32.6 percent for the County. The Kahaluʻu-
Keauhou and Kailua area has lower portions of minority populations, including Native
Hawaiians than Hawaiʻi County.
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In terms of education, the Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua area shows higher portions have
completed high school, 53.3 percent, than the County, 37.4 percent, and lower portions with
some college and associate degree and bachelor degree and graduate or professional degree.
The Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua area had a lower portion with household incomes less than
$49,999, 41.7 percent, than the County, 45.7 percent, and higher portions between $50,000
to $199,000, 56.2 percent, than the County, 48.4 percent. The Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua
area had higher median household income, $58,752, than the County, $55,750. A household
consists of all people who occupy a housing unit regardless of relationship. A household may
consist of a person living alone or multiple unrelated individuals or families living together.
Lastly, the Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua area had portions of employment in Wholesale-Retail
Trade, Transportation, 24.3 percent, compared to the County, 18.7 percent, and Arts,
Entertainment, Recreation, 27.5 percent, compared to the County, 17.8 percent. Table 3-2
shows demographic, economic and social characteristics information.
Table 3-2 Demographic, Economic and Social Characteristics
Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and Kailua and Hawaiʻi County
Kahaluʻu-Keauhou and
Kailua Hawaiʻi County
Item Total Percent Total Percent
Demographic Characteristics
Total Population 17,707 ----- 198,449 -----
Under 5 to 19 years 4,404 25.9- 46,463 23.4
20 to 34 years 2,863 16.8 35,450 17.9
35 to 59 years 5,419 31.9 61,165 30.8
60 to 74 years 3,246 19.1 41,295 20.8
75 years and over 1,075 6.3 14,075 7.1
Median Age 45.2 ----- ------- -------
Race
White 6,935 40.8 64,7140 32.6
African American (1) 71 0.04 1,879 0.9
Chinese 110 0.06 1,736 0.9
Filipino 1,466 8.6 18,815 9.5
Japanese 855 5.0 20,267 10.2
Other Asian 288 1.7 6,597 3.3
Native Hawaiian 1,637 9.6 20,263 10.2
Other Pacific Islander 1,207 7.1 6,637 3.3
Some other race 512 3.0 2,422 1.2
2 or more races 3,926 23.1 55,119 27.8
(1) incl American Indian/Alaska Native
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Kahaluu-Keauhou and
Kailua Hawaiʻi County
Item Total Percent Total Percent
Social Characteristics
Less than 9th Grade 257 1.7 3,876 2.8.
High school to HS Graduate 7,965 53.3 52,300 37.4
Some college to associate degree 3,729 25.0 45,084 32.2
Bachelor degree 2,206 14.8 26,795 19.2
Graduate or professional degree 783 5.2 11,779 8.4
Household Income Characteristics
Less than $24,999 1,265 20.9 15,058 21.6
$25,000 to 49,999 1,258 20.8 16,905 24.2
$50,000 to $99,999 2,250 37.2 21,152 30.3
$100,000 to $199,999 1,151 19.0 12,648 18.1
$200,000 or more 126 2.1 4,055 5.8
Median household income $58,752 ----- $55,750 -----
Employment Characteristics
Agriculture, Fishing, Construction, 941 12.0 8,877 10.4
Manufacturing and wholesale-trade 161 2.1 4,351 5.0
Retail trade 1,461 18.7 9,431 11.0
Transportation and utilities 351 4.5 4,473 5.2
Information tech, finance, real estate 503 6.4 6,465 7.6
Professional, scientific 628 8.0 8,519 10.0
Education and health care 929 11.9 16,963 19.9
Arts, Entertainment, Recreation 2,151 27.6 15,192 17.8
Other Services, Public Administration 687 8.8 11,158 13.1
Source: 2017 American Community Survey (5-Year Estimates) Hawaiʻi Geographic Area Profiles –
Census Designated Places: Neighbor Islands.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
In the short-term, construction of the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project will
require a number of contractors and their subcontractors. For the most part, the
contractors and subcontractors try to use workers already located on Hawaiʻi thereby
avoiding the need to import workers from outside the local area and affecting the
population of the local area and the related demand for housing.
The R-1 Upgrade project will generate employment as the contractor will need workers
to undertake construction of the improvements at the Kealakehe WWTP, the buffer
area and various R-1 transmission pipeline projects. This employment will generate
wages and salaries paid to the contractor and subcontractor work forces. The wages
and salaries paid to the work force will in turn generate purchases of goods and
services in the local area which will result in taxes paid to the County and State of
Hawaiʻi. In addition, the contractor and their subcontractors will need to rent or
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purchase equipment, supplies, and materials, some of which will be purchased from
local suppliers and vendors. Direct purchases of equipment, supplies, and materials
by the contractor will also generate taxes County and the State. Overall, the R-1
Upgrade project will result in positive employment benefits which will result in higher
levels of income and overall economic benefits to the local economy.
In the long term, the proposed R-1 Upgrade improvements are expected to require only
4 additional personnel to operate and monitor the R-1 treatment and transmission
systems and to monitor the recycled water users. This level of additional personnel will
negligibly increase resident population. Thus, the R-1 Upgrade improvements are not
expected to affect the socio-economic characteristics of the area.
Based on the findings of the ACS, the Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua area population is
younger than Hawaii County with higher portions in the all age categories, except for
the 20 to 34 years where the Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua area shows 16.8 percent
compared to 17.9 for the County. Similarly, the media age for the Kahaluu-Keahoua
and Kailua area is 45.2 years compared to 42.6 years for the County.
The racial composition of the population shows the Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua area
to have a higher portion of White 40.8 percent compared to 32.6 percent for the County.
The Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua area has lower portions of minority populations,
including Native Hawaiians than Hawaii County.
Based on the above, construction and operation of the R-1 Upgrade improvements
would not have a disproportionately high adverse impact on the minority and low
income population in the Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua community.
3.19 Recreational Facilities
The Kona coast contains two existing and one future recreational facilities. One of the existing
facilities is under the jurisdiction of County of Hawaii and the other under the jurisdiction of the
National Park service. The future facility is under the jurisdiction of the County.
Old Airport Park
The County’s Kailua Park and the former Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area, “Old Airport
Park” or “Maka‘eo” comprises about 117 acres. The Old Airport Park is owned and operated
by the County Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR). As the primary park serving the
West Hawai'i area, the existing ballfields, gymnasium and swimming pool at the Old Airport
Park are heavily utilized year-round by schools, sports leagues and clubs, and park programs,
in addition to casual users. The majority of Park users participate in casual play and social
activities, and large numbers also use the park for organized sports practice and games.
The Park is the venue for regional and statewide meets and tournaments on a regular basis.
According to DPR, the Old Airport Park is the most active park in the county. Information
collected by DPR for various activities is shown in Table 3.3:
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Table 3.3
Activities at Old Airport Park
Activity Total Fiscal Year 2018 Total Fiscal Year 2017
Organized P&R Sport Games 2,904 3,779
Organized Non-P&R Sport Games 9,398 20,235
Organized Sports Practice 25,217 45,415
P&R Sports Instruction 1,970 3,144
Organized Physical Fitness 2,704 5,046
Casual Play, Table Games and Others 83,936 91,670
Arts & Crafts 808 500
Music & Dance 1,348 710
Drama/Storytelling & Puppetry 42 266
Outdoor Nature Activities 150 420
Social Activities 7,419 9,093
Special Events 4,300 15,636
Miscellaneous 73,017 117,220
Total 213,213 313,134
Kona Community Aquatic Center 305,924(a) 221,365(b)
(a) 36 days closed (b) 55 days closed
Source: Department of Parks and Recreation.
In February 2011, DPR issued the issued the Final Environmental Assessment Kaillua Park
Master Plan, aka Old Airport Park. The Final EA stated existing uses in the Park include multi-
purpose ball fields, an aquatic center and gymnasium, basketball and tennis courts, in-line
roller hockey rink, temporary skateboard park, horseshoe pit, toddler playground, a multi-
purpose events pavilion, beach pavilions and restrooms, temporary canoe hale, walking and
jogging path, botanical garden and base yard operations for the State DLNR and County DPR.
Most of the northern half of the Park is dominated by the former airport runway, which is used
as a roadway to access the beach areas and the Maka‘eo Walking and Jogging Path.
The need for additional recreational facilities in the Kona region is widely known, well-
documented, and identified as a priority in recent County plans and policies. The master plan
provides a long-range guide for development and use of the 117-acre property over the next
20+ years. Since the 98-acre State Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area is being conveyed
to the County, a comprehensive plan was needed for the entire 117-acre park . The master
plan recommendations address current and future demand for improving this district park in
Kailua-Kona. It also identifies the recreational needs that would be appropriate to be located
at other park sites or a future regional park in the Kailua-Kona area.
The project described in the Final EA includes a wide range of improvements such as
additional restrooms and lockers, concessions, canoe hālau, youth and senior centers, 25-
yard swimming pool, skate park, shared-use pedestrian and bicycle path, new access roads
and parking and additional lawn and landscaped areas. A major proposal calls for removal of
the old airport runway and creation of a new beach access road with parking. Northern areas
of the site, which are rich in cultural resources, will remain undeveloped, protected, and
maintained as a cultural preserve.
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The proposed improvements may be implemented by the DPR or through joint efforts with
other County, State or Federal agencies, or community groups.
Kealakehe Regional Park
Over the years, the County has discussed recreational uses of the 190-acre parcel (TMK: 7-4-
020:007) located east (mauka) of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, south of Kealakehe Parkway,
west (mauka) of Ane Keohokalole Highway, and north of the Kona Police substation. As
previously discussed, the parcel was planned as municipal golf course which would have used
effluent from the Kealakehe WWTP to irrigate the course. The most recent proposal for the
parcel is for the Kealakehe Regional Park to be developed by DPR. The preferred plan for the
park has identified the area to be used for SAT site and shows a variety of uses in the other
areas including: tennis complex; community gardens, archery range; golf driving range;
baseball complex; great lawn area; amphitheater; soccer complex; a football/rugby/soccer
stadium, and parking areas. Access to the park would be from Kealakehe Parkway. The DPR
has indicated R-1 recycled water would be used to irrigate the park.
Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical ParkKaloko- Honokohau National Historical Park is
under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Interior National Park Service. The Park
encompasses 1,160 acres and extends from the shoreline to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway
and its southern boundary is located about 3,500 feet north of Kealakehe WWTP. The Park
was established for the preservation, protection and interpretation of traditional native
Hawaiian activities and culture and offers a unique look out how early Hawaiian settlements
survived on the Kona coast.
On April 24, 2017, in response to the EIS Preparation Notice, the Kaloko-Honokōhau National
Historical Park stated that, the Congress established Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical
Park in 1978 "...to provide a center for the preservation, interpretation, and perpetuation of
traditional native Hawaiian activities and culture, and to demonstrate historic land use patterns
as well as to provide a needed resource for the education, enjoyment, and appreciation of such
traditional native Hawaiian activities and culture ..." by protecting the cultural and natural
resources within the Park (16 U.S.C. § 396d(a)). The National Park contains more than 450
known archeological and cultural sites, including several heiau, networks of ancient and
historic trails, seawalls, more than 180 anchialine pools, two Hawaiian fishponds with
associated wetlands, and a fishtrap. It also contains 600 acres of marine waters containing
coral reefs and other marine habitats. The land and waters within the National Park provide
habitat for 17 federally listed, and candidate species for listing, under the Endangered Species
Act. The 'Aimakapa Fishpond (a loko pu'uone style fishpond) and its associated wetlands are
listed as a "Core Wetland" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the recovery of two
endangered waterbird species, the Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) and the
Hawaiian coot (Fulica americana alai), and are important habitat for migratory shorebirds and
waterfowl (USFWS 2011). The Kaloko Fishpond is a loko kuapa and is being restored so that
it can be managed as a traditional Hawaiian fishpond.
Honokōhau Small Boat Harbor
The Honokōhau Small Boat Harbor is located about 2,500 feet north of the Kealakehe WWTP
and falls under the jurisdiction of the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources Division of Boating and Outdoor Recreation. The small boat harbor contains
docking facilities for various sizes of boats, including those used for deep sea fishing, 3 boat
launch ramps, a vessel washdown facility, a fuel facility and 2 comfort facilities.
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Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Old Airport Park
The Old Airport Park is currently irrigated by potable water from the County of Hawaii
Department of Water Supply. To conserve potable water, reduce irrigation costs to
DPR, and to provide a use for R-1 recycled water, the DPR and the DEM have
collaborated to use R-1 recycled water produced at the Kealakehe WWTP to irrigate
the Old Airport Park. The DEM will construct the R-1 transmission pipeline from the
Kealakehe WWTP to the existing Kealakehe pump station located near the southern
boundary of the park. The transmission pipeline will be constructed within the
boundaries of the existing easement was established when the existing force main from
the park to the WWTP was constructed. Also, when the R-1 transmission pipeline is
constructed, DEM will also install a redundant force main in the same trench. Thus,
the easement will contain the R-1 transmission pipeline and side by side force mains.
The existing irrigation currently uses potable water. To use R-1 recycled water for
irrigation purposes, it will be necessary for the DEM to install an R-1 irrigation system
within the park to replace the existing potable system, which will be abandoned-in-
place. Upon completion of the replacement irrigation system, the DPR will be the
user/owner and operator of the system and will be required to comply with the
conditions set forth by the DOH in the 2016 Reuse Guidelines.
As previously discussed, the R-1 recycled water is anticipated to have high salinity so
that the irrigated areas have to be planted with salt-tolerant plants and grass. Prior to
installation of the irrigation system, areas to be irrigated will need to be verified that
their existing plantings are salt-tolerant or need to be replanted with a salt-tolerant
species. Salt-tolerant species of grass include seashore paspalum (Paspalum
vaginatum) or Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Areas near shoreline will not be
irrigated with recycled water to prevent runoff to the ocean as the DPR staff indicated
that high surf sometimes washes up to the existing pavilions and restrooms located
oceanside (makai) of the Maka‘eo Walking and Jogging Park. The existing community
garden will not be able to be irrigated with the R-1 recycled water since plantings by
community members, which may be for consumption, would be difficult to be isolated.
It is also unknown whether these plants would be able to tolerate the anticipated high
salinity R-1 water.
Preliminary analysis shows about 20 to 25 acres of the park could be irrigated with
R-1 recycled water. These areas include the 3 ballfields and the playing field and
various landscaped areas located within the park. Irrigation of these areas will need to
comply with the DOH Reuse Guidelines and will also need to be coordinated with the
recreational uses of the areas to avoid adverse impacts to the park users and
attendees.
One of the purposes of the R-1 Upgrade project is to provide recycled water that be
used for irrigation in lieu of using potable water. Preliminary analysis shows the
irrigated areas of the DPR uses about 210,000 to 220,000 gallons per day (gpd) of
potable water. Thus, use of R-1 recycled water for irrigation at the Old Airport Park
would conserve or retain the potable water for other purposes. This would be a positive
or beneficial impact of the R-1 Upgrade project.
The DPR adherence to the DOH Reuse Guidelines will ensure use of R-1 recycled
water does not result in adverse impacts to park users.
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The various projects described in the Final EA would also need to be salt tolerant
vegetation to use R-1 recycled water for irrigation purposes. Since these projects could
result in an increase in the irrigated areas, the amount of R-1 recycled water used for
irrigation could potentially be higher than 210,000 to 220,000 gpd shown for the existing
uses. Thus, this would also be a beneficial impact of the R-1 Upgrade project.
Kealakehe Regional Park
The preliminary plans show a variety of uses that could use R-1 recycled water for
irrigation, including the archery range; golf driving range; baseball complex; great lawn
area; amphitheater; soccer complex; and the field in the football/rugby/soccer stadium.
R-1 recycled water could be used for any landscaped areas adjacent to these uses and
the various parking areas.
The DPR has indicated R-1 recycled would be used to irrigate the park.
Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park
As previously discussed, on April 24, 2107, the National Park Service submitted
comments to the EIS Preparation Notice, including a request that the Draft EIS address
specific issues related to: the polishing wetlands; the SAT system and the salinity
content of the treated effluent.
Information regarding the subsurface constructed wetlands is in Section 2.1.2 and
related impacts to surface water in Section 3.4, ground water resources in Section 3.5
and Appendix B. Information regarding the SAT system is in Section 2.1.1 and related
impacts to ground water resources in Section 3.5- and Appendix B.
Discussions regarding the salinity content of the incoming wastewater and the treated
effluent are in Section 1.5. The type of salt tolerant plant material includes seashore
paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) or Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Areas near
shoreline will not be irrigated. See also Appendix B.
Section 3.10.2 provides discussions regarding the waterbird species found at the
Kealakehe WWTP and related impacts and avoidance measures.
3.20 Public Services and Facilities
3.20.1 Police Protection
The broader Kailua-Kona area is served by the Hawai‘i County Police Department’s Area II
Operations Bureau’s Kona Patrol District. The patrol district extends from the South Kohala
District at Waikoloa to the Ka‘ū District at Kaulanamauna. The nearest police station to
Kealakehe WWTP is the Kona Substation located on Hale Makai Place approximately 3,000
feet (0.6 miles) east or across Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway from the Kealakehe WWTP.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
In the short term, an off-duty police officer may be needed as part of the traffic control
plan at the transmission pipeline sites, especially for the trenching required along
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. Once construction has been completed, no significant
impacts on the services of the County of Hawai‘i Police Department are anticipated as
a result of the proposed improvements. The proposed improvements will not generate
an increase in resident population and, as a result, is not expected to affect police
services provided to area residents.
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3.20.2 Fire Protection
Fire protection and related emergency services for the Kona area are provided by the County
Fire Department. The nearest station to Kealakehe WWTP is the Kailua-Kona station, located
at the intersection of Palani Road and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, approximately 1.5 miles
to the south of the Kealakehe WWTP. Back-up fire protection service is provided by the
Waikoloa and Waimea Fire Stations, as needed.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
No significant impacts on the services of the County Fire Department are anticipated
as a result of the proposed improvements. The R-1 Upgrade project does not include
improvements that will require additional fire protection than currently provided to the
existing facilities at the Kealakehe WWTP. The R-1 Upgrade project will not generate
an increase in resident population and is, therefore, not expected to affect fire
protection services provided to area.
3.20.3 Solid Waste
The County of Hawai‘i, Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division and
Recycling Section operates and maintains all solid waste collection and disposal facilities in
the County of Hawai‘i. The facilities include two landfills and 22 transfer stations. Refuse
collected in the region is taken to the West Hawai‘i (Pu‘uanahulu) Landfill, located in Waikoloa,
for disposal.
The County does not provide trash pick-up to individual residential units. As such, residents
must bring trash to the County transfer station for disposal by the County. The closest transfer
station to the Kealakehe WWTP is located at the end of Hale Makai Place, directly east
(muaka) of the WWTP. Trash collected by commercial services is taken to the landfill for
disposal.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
No significant impacts to solid waste disposal are anticipated from the construction and
operation of the proposed project. Construction waste will be recycled or disposed of
at an approved construction waste facility as determined by the selected contractor.
3.21 Infrastructure and Utilities
3.21.1 Water System
The County of Hawai‘i Department of Water Supply provides water service along the Kona
coast area. An existing 20-inch water main located along the west (makai) side of Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway services the Kealakehe WWTP via a connection along Hale Makai
Place
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
No significant impacts are anticipated on the existing potable water system as a result
of the construction and operation of the R-1 Upgrade improvements. Extension of a
line to the chemical addition building will be required to service the emergency shower.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will not create a significant increase in potable water
demand.
3.21.2 Electrical and Communication Systems
Electrical service is provided along the Kona coast is provided by Hawaiian Electric Light
Company (HELCO) via pole mounted overhead lines located along roadways. In the area of
the Kealakehe WWTP, these overhead lines are located along the east (mauka) side of Queen
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Kaʻahumanu Highway. Electrical service is provided to the Kealakehe WWTP via underground
pipelines located along Hale Makai Place.
Hawaiian Telcom is the primary telecommunications provider within the County of Hawai‘i.
Service is provided overhead and underground lines to the area of the Kealakehe WWTP.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Construction of the R-1 Upgrade improvements will require extension of the
underground service within the Kealakehe WWTP to an electrical transformer and
switchgear equipment. The R-1 treatment facility and the various pumps will increase
the electrical demand to the WWTP. However, the increase in demand is not
anticipated to have a significant impact on electrical and communication systems in the
Kona area.
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4. INDIRECT AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
4.1. Indirect Impacts
Indirect or secondary effects are described as those effects caused by a project but occur
later in time or farther removed in distance than direct impacts but are still reasonably
foreseeable. Such effects may include impacts on environmental resources or public facilities
that occur as a result of the project’s influence on land use.
The proposed project is not expected to have secondary impacts on resident population or
land use and settlement patterns. Changes to land use patterns and future development in
the North Kona area are administered by the County of Hawaiʻi Planning Department through
its Kona Community Development Plan. The R-1 Upgrade improvements will be able to
accommodate the various land uses of the in the North Kona area as permitted by the County
and those set forth in the Kona Community Development Plan. The R-1 Upgrade project is
not a population generator, nor is the project anticipated to create an indirect growth in
population.
Without a significant impact on population growth, the R-1 Upgrade project would not have
significant secondary impacts on other infrastructure or governmental facilities and services.
Thus, the project is not anticipated to indirectly increase demand for transportation, water or
solid waste disposal that would necessitate additional long-term infrastructure improvements.
Likewise, the project would not have a significant indirect impact on public facilities such as
schools, medical facilities, and recreational facilities. Coordination with government agencies
and utility companies will continue during the preparation of design plans to address any direct
impacts on roadway and other infrastructure facilities.
Creation of short-term construction jobs may induce in-migrating of workers to the island to
temporarily fill these positions. However, it is not anticipated that a significant number of these
workers will become permanent residents on the island or in the Kona area. It is anticipated
that qualified local contractors within the State of Hawaiʻi would be used for the majority of the
work related to the project’s construction. Therefore, construction of the project should not
contribute to significant secondary impacts associated with in-migration of workers from
outside of the State.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will decrease the need for use of potable water to irrigate
recreation uses, including playing fields, landscape areas and golf courses. As a result, the
availability of R-1 recycled water to irrigate playing fields will allow the County of develop
recreation facilities such as at the existing Old Airport Park and the planned Kealakehe
Regional Park.
4.2 Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impacts are typically defined as the effects on the environment which result from
the incremental impact of a project when added to past, present, and reasonably foreseeable
future actions. The estimation of future impacts is important for cumulative impact analysis.
However, the focus must be on “reasonably foreseeable” actions which are those that are
likely to occur or probable, rather than those that are merely possible or subject to speculation.
The prediction of reasonably foreseeable impacts thus requires judgment based on
information obtained from reliable sources such as adopted plans and similar documents.
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Short-Term Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative short-term impacts would be associated with construction activities that may occur
concurrently with other construction projects in the immediate vicinity. While no such overlap
of construction activity is foreseeable at this time, it could contribute to increased temporary
disruptions and nuisance effects such as noise, dust, and traffic delays. However, mitigation
measures, as discussed in other sections of this document would reduce the intensity of any
cumulative impacts.
Long-Term Cumulative Impacts
In terms of physical and biological resources, no significant long-term cumulative impacts at
or within the vicinity of the Kealakehe WWTP and SAT project sites are anticipated, such as
on soils, topography, flora, fauna, marine life, natural hazards, noise, air quality and
aesthetics. Appropriate mitigation measures were identified to address direct impacts, which
would primarily be associated with short-term construction-related activities.
In the vicinity of the Kealakehe WWTP, R-1 Upgrade improvements will not create a
cumulative impact related to odors. The existing WWTP is equipped with an odor control
system at the headworks, and the recently-upgraded lagoon aeration system ensures that the
existing WWTP processes are not a source of nuisance odors. The R-1 treatment system
and subsurface flow constructed wetlands improvements will be fed water that has already
been oxidized in the aerated lagoons, therefore they will not be a source of nuisance odors.
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5. FEDERAL CROSS-CUTTER AUTHORITIES
This project may be funded by federal funds provided by the US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) through the State of Hawai'i's Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
Program. The use of federal funds would constitute a federal action and will require the
project to meet all National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (-42 U.S.C. §4321 et seq.) and
Hawai'i, CWSRF program requirements. These requirements are set forth as “cross cutters”
described as follows.
5.1 Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act, (54 U.S.C. § 312502)
The Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act (AHPA), also known as the Archeological
Recovery Act and the Moss-Bennett bill, was passed and signed into law in 1974, amended and
expanded the Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960. The AHPA built upon the national policy, set out
in the Historic Sites Act of 1935, "to provide for the preservation of historic American sites,
buildings, objects, and antiquities of national significance". The AHPA expanded the policy by
focusing attention on significant resources and data, but does not require that they be shown to
be of "national" significance. The AHPA required that federal agencies provide for "...the
preservation of historical and archeological data (including relics and specimens) which might
otherwise be irreparably lost or destroyed as the result of...any alteration of the terrain caused as
a result of any Federal construction project of federally licensed activity or program.”
54 U.S.C. §312502, (a) states: “When any Federal agency finds, or is notified, in writing, by an
appropriate historical or archeological authority, that its activities in connection with any Federal
construction project or federally licensed project, activity, or program may cause irreparable loss
or destruction of significant scientific, prehistorical, historical, or archeological data, the agency
shall notify the Secretary, in writing, and shall provide the Secretary with appropriate information
concerning the project, program, or activity…”
54 U.S.C. 312502 (b) states: “When any Federal agency provides financial assistance by loan,
grant, or otherwise to any private person, association, or public entity, the Secretary, if the
Secretary determines that significant scientific, prehistorical, historical, or archeological data
might be irrevocably lost or destroyed, may, with funds appropriated expressly for this purpose-
(A) Conduct, with the consent of all persons, associations, or public entities having a
legal interest in the property, a survey of the affected site; and
(B) undertake the recovery, protection, and preservation of the data (including analysis
and publication).”
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will be constructed within the existing Kealakehe WWTP parcel
within an area with similar facilities and adjacent vacant/unimproved lands, within existing
easements, which contain similar underground utilities, and vacant unimproved land covered with
lava flows. Preliminary analysis shows these areas do not contain archeological resources. An
Archeological Inventory Survey, including subsurface testing, if warranted, will be conducted to
confirm archeological resources on these project areas.
The contract drawings will state that, should archaeological sites such as walls, platforms,
pavements or mounds, or remains such as artifacts, burials, concentrations of shell or charcoal
be encountered during construction activities, work shall cease immediately and the find shall be
protected from further damage. The contractor shall immediately contact the State Historic
Preservation Division at 808.981.2979, who will assess the significance of the find and
recommend an appropriate mitigation measure, if necessary.
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5.2 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 668-668c)
The Bald Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 668-668c) prohibits any act to take, possess, sell,
purchase, barter, offer to sell, purchase or barter, transport, export or import, at any time or in any
manner any bald eagle commonly known as the American eagle or any golden eagle, alive or
dead, or any part, nest, or egg thereof of the foregoing eagles.
No bald or golden eagles are found in Hawai'i.
5.3 Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. §7401)
The Federal Air Pollution Control Act 42 U.S.C. §7506(c), Clean Air Act, was preceded by a series
of legislation affecting air quality. Over the years, there have been a number amendments
adopted related to air quality and all called the Clean Air Act. The first federal legislation regarding
air pollution control was the Clean Air Act of 1963. The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA)
authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions
from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources.
The 1970 CAA set forth four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources: the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), State Implementation Plans (SIPs), New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS), and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAPs). In Hawai‘i, the DOH, Clean Air Branch, Air Quality program is defined by HAR
Chapter 11-60 and serves as the SIP approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The DOH operates a network of air quality monitoring stations at various locations around the
State. In December 2016, the DOH issued the Annual Summary 2015 Air Quality Data report
which provides the results from the network of air quality monitoring stations. The DOH air quality
monitoring site closest to the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade site is located about 11.8 miles to
the south in Kealakekua at the Konawaena High School. Both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate
matter (PM 2.5) are monitored at this site. Measurements of SO2 concentrations at this location
during the 2011-2015 monitoring period were consistently low with annual average concentrations
below 0.005 ppm, which is below the federal and State standard of 0.03 ppm. No exceedances
of the federal/State 3-hour and 24-hour AAQS for SO2 were recorded at the Konawaena High
School monitoring station.
Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the
exceedances of the 1-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations.
Short-term impacts on air quality could occur during construction of the proposed improvements.
Short-term impacts from fugitive dust will likely occur during the construction phases. To a lesser
extent, exhaust emissions from mobile construction equipment, from the disruption of traffic, and
from workers’ vehicles may also affect air quality during the period of construction. State DOH
Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 60-11.1 “Air Pollution Control,” requires that there be no
visible fugitive dust emissions at the property line. Hence, an effective dust control plan must be
implemented to ensure compliance with State regulations. Fugitive dust emissions can be
controlled to a large extent by watering of active work areas, using wind screens, keeping adjacent
paved roads clean, and by covering of open-bodied trucks. Other dust control measures could
include limiting the area that can be disturbed at any given time and/or mulching or chemically
stabilizing any inactive areas that have been worked.
After construction, motor vehicle traffic from County employees and others visiting the Kealakehe
WWTP would be a source of increases in air pollution emissions. Also, the various pumps related
to the R-1 treatment process would increase electrical power demand which would result in air
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pollutant emissions at the HELCO power plant. However, given the low ambient levels of
pollutants, both of these increases would not result in exceedance of federal or State ambient air
quality standards (AAQS) for the six criteria pollutants.
5.4 Coastal Barrier Resources Act (16 U.S.C. §3501)
In 1982, Congress passed the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) (16 U.S.C. §3501)
which established the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS),
comprised of undeveloped coastal barriers along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Great Lakes
coasts. The law encourages the conservation of hurricane prone, biologically rich coastal
barriers by restricting federal expenditures that encourage development, such as Federal
flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program.
The Coastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 2000 reauthorized the Coastal Barrier
Resources Act (CBRA) and directed the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to complete a Digital
Mapping Pilot Project that includes digitally produced draft maps for up to 75 John H. Chafee
Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS) areas and a report to Congress that describes the
feasibility and costs for completing digital maps for all CBRS areas.
The purpose the CBRA is to minimize the loss of human life, wasteful expenditure of federal
revenues, and the damage to fish, wildlife, and other natural resources associated with the coastal
barriers along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and along the Great Lakes by restricting future federal
expenditures and financial assistance which have the effect of encouraging development of
coastal barriers.
Based on its location, the CBRA is not applicable to Hawai'i.
5.5 Coastal Zone Management Act (16 U.S.C. §1451)
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (CZMA), 16 U.S.C § 1451-1464, was passed to
establish a national policy to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, restore or enhance,
the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations and to encourage
coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management programs (CZMPs). Each
federal agency activity within or outside the coastal zone that affects any land or water use or
natural resource of the coastal zone shall be carried out in a manner which is consistent to the
maximum extent practicable with the enforceable policies of approved State management
programs. Each federal agency carrying out an activity subject to the Act shall provide a
consistency determination to the relevant State agency designated under section 1455(d)(6) of
this title at the earliest practicable time.
In 1977, Hawai'i enacted Chapter 205A, HRS, Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management (CZM)
Program. The CZM area encompasses the entire state, including all marine waters seaward to
the extent of the state’s police power and management authority, including the 12-mile U.S.
territorial sea and all archipelagic waters. The objective and policies of the CZM is set forth
§205A-2, HRS. See detail discussion in Section 6 Plans, Policies and Controls. A summary
follows.
(1) Recreational Resources
Objective:
Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public.
Policies:
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(A) Improve coordination and funding of coastal recreational planning and management; and
(i) Provide adequate, accessible, and diverse recreational opportunities in the coastal
zone management area by: Protecting coastal resources uniquely suited for
recreational activities that cannot be provided in other areas;
(ii) Requiring replacement of coastal resources having significant recreational value,
including but not limited to surfing sites, fishponds, and sand beaches, when such
resources will be unavoidably damaged by development; or requiring reasonable
monetary compensation to the state for recreation when replacement is not feasible or
desirable;
(iii) Providing and managing adequate public access, consistent with conservation of
natural resources, to and along shorelines with recreational value;
(iv) Providing an adequate supply of shoreline parks and other recreational facilities
suitable for public recreation;
(v) Ensuring public recreational use of county, state, and federally owned or controlled
shoreline lands and waters having recreational value consistent with public safety
standards and conservation of natural resources;
(vi) Adopting water quality standards and regulating point and nonpoint sources of pollution
to protect, and where feasible, restore the recreational value of coastal waters.
(vii) Developing new shoreline recreational opportunities, where appropriate, such as
artificial lagoons, artificial beaches, and artificial reefs for surfing and fishing; and
(viii) Encouraging reasonable dedication of shoreline areas with recreational value for public
use as part of discretionary approvals or permits by the land use commission, board of
land and natural resources, and county authorities; and crediting such dedication
against the requirements of section 46-6.
The nearest public shoreline access is located about 3,500 feet west of the existing WWTP on
lands controlled by the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). The
Kealakehe WWTP project would not affect this shoreline area. Thus, the existing public access
would be maintained.
(2) Historic Resources
Objective:
(A) Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore those natural and manmade historic and
prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian
and American history and culture.
Policies:
(A) Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources;
(B) Maximize information retention through preservation of remains and artifacts or salvage
operations; and
(C) Support state goals for protection, restoration, interpretation, and display of historic
resources.
An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted for
the property in April 2018. The project area lies within the southernmost extent of the Kekaha
region, in which the uplands were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for
residence, fishing, and aquaculture. The lands located between the coast and uplands
settlements, in which the majority of the project area is situated, contained networks of trails along
which shelter and water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located.
Historically, the area was used widely for ranching.
Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological
sites/historic properties overlapping or within 330 feet of the bounds of the project area. Most of
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these are pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, resource
procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation. Historic era sites included
trails (such as State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] #50-10-27-00002, Māmalahoa Trail),
habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-related features like boundary walls.
The field inspection confirmed 30 of 119 previously identified archaeological sites and possibly
relocated portions of eight previously identified sites; these 38 sites are within or immediately
adjacent to the project area. In addition, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified
archaeological features/feature complexes within or directly adjacent to the project area.
In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties will be made in the project
design phase. Such efforts will include limiting ground disturbance within previously undisturbed
areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of transmission lines within existing
roadbeds or graded areas).
The contract drawings will state that, should archaeological sites such as walls, platforms,
pavements or mounds, or remains such as artifacts, burials, concentrations of shell or charcoal
be encountered during construction activities, work shall cease immediately and the find shall be
protected from further damage. The contractor shall immediately contact the State Historic
Preservation Division at 808.981.2979, who will assess the significance of the find and
recommend an appropriate mitigation measure, if necessary.
(3) Scenic and Open Space Resources
Objective:
(A) Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal scenic and open
space resources.
Policies:
(A) Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area;
(B) Ensure that new developments are compatible with their visual environment by designing
and locating such developments to minimize the alteration of natural landforms and existing
public views to and along the shoreline;
(C) Preserve, maintain, and, where desirable, improve and restore shoreline open space and
scenic resources; and
(D) Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate in inland areas.
The Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade improvements project would be consistent in visual
character with the existing facilities at the WWTP. The chemical addition building and the ultra
violet (UV) facility would be about 12 to 14 high, or about the same height as the existing
administration and operations buildings and the roof structure over the effluent pump station. The
R-1 storage tank would be about 30 feet above the surrounding grade. There is an existing about
14-foot high berm located along the eastern boundary of the WWTP which would act the screen
the project improvements when viewed from Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Thus, the Kealakehe
WWTP R-1 Upgrade improvements project would not affect coastal views.
The nearest public shoreline access is located about 3,500 feet west of the existing WWTP on
lands controlled by the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and,
as such, coastal scenic and open space resources would not be affected
(4) Coastal Ecosystems
Objective:
(A) Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, from disruption and minimize
adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems.
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Policies:
(A) Exercise an overall conservation ethic, and practice stewardship in the protection, use, and
development of marine and coastal resources;
(B) Improve the technical basis for natural resource management;
(C) Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, of significant biological or
economic importance;
(D) Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems by effective regulation of
stream diversions, channelization, and similar land and water uses, recognizing competing
water needs; and
(E) Promote water quantity and quality planning and management practices that reflect the
tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems and maintain and enhance water quality
through the development and implementation of point and nonpoint source water pollution
control measures.
During construction of the various improvements, storm water runoff may carry increased
amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during
excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of coastal
waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the construction
of the proposed project will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. In addition, for those
improvements anticipating an area of soil disturbance greater than one acre, an NPDES Individual
Permit for Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity, administered by the State DOH, will
be required to control storm water discharges. Mitigation measures will be instituted in
accordance with site-specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-
structural BMPs such implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and sediment
basins and minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping improvements.
These measures will protect the coastal ecosystems of the area.
(5) Economic Uses
Objective:
(A) Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State’s economy in
suitable locations.
Policies:
(A) Concentrate coastal dependent development in appropriate areas;
(B) Ensure that coastal dependent developments such as harbors and ports, and coastal
related development such as visitor facilities and energy generating facilities, are located,
designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social, visual, and environmental impacts
in the coastal zone management area; and
(C) Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent developments to areas presently
designated and used for such developments and permit reasonable long-term growth at
such areas, and permit coastal dependent development outside of presently designated
areas when:
(i) Use of presently designated locations is not feasible;
(ii) Adverse environmental effects are minimized; and
(iii) The development is important to the State’s economy.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will be located about 3,500 feet from the shoreline. The
improvements are sited within the existing Kealakehe WWTP which has been operating since the
early 1990s and provides a suitable location to serve the Kailua Kona community.
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(6) Coastal Hazards
Objectives:
(A) Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream flooding, erosion,
subsidence, and pollution.
Policies:
(A) Develop and communicate adequate information about storm wave, tsunami, flood,
erosion, subsidence, and point and nonpoint source pollution hazards;
(B) Control development in areas subject to storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion, hurricane,
wind, subsidence, and point and nonpoint pollution hazards;
(B) Ensure that developments comply with requirements of the Federal Flood Insurance
Program;
(C) Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects.
According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel Numbers 1551660466C,
1551660468C, 1551660681C and 1551660683C, Effective Date: September 16, 1988 prepared
by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)), the project site is located within Zone
“X”, defined as “Areas determined to be outside the 0.2% annual chance floodplain.”
The project site is located outside of the tsunami inundation zone. Construction and operation of
the proposed project are not anticipated to increase flood risks or cause any adverse flood-related
impacts at the project site or lower elevation properties.
The entire island of Hawai‘i is designated Seismic Zone 4, the highest rating among the major
Hawaiian Islands. The proposed improvements will be designed and built to Seismic Zone 4
standards of the International Building Code (IBC) to ensure that potential seismic activities do
not adversely affect the project buildings.
During construction of the various improvements, storm water runoff may carry increased
amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during
excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of coastal
waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the construction
of the proposed project will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. In addition, for those
improvements anticipating an area of soil disturbance greater than one acre, an NPDES Individual
Permit for Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity, administered by the State DOH, will
be required to control storm water discharges. Mitigation measures will be instituted in
accordance with site-specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-
structural BMPs such implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and sediment
basins and minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping improvements.
These measures will protect the coastal ecosystems of the area.
(7) Managing Development
Objective:
(A) Improve the development review process, communication, and public participation in the
management of coastal resource and hazards.
Policies:
(A) Use, implement, and enforce existing law effectively to the maximum extent possible in
managing present and future coastal zone development;
(B) Facilitate timely processing of applications for development permits and resolve
overlapping or conflicting permit requirements; and
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(C) Communicate the potential short- and long-term impacts of proposed significant coastal
developments early in their life cycle and in terms understandable to the public to facilitate
public participation in the planning and review process.
The Hawai‘i State environmental review process, as set forth Chapter 343, HRS, and Hawai’i
Administrative Rules Title 11, State of Hawai’i Department of Health, Chapter 200, Environmental
Impact Statement Rules requires project review by government agencies and affords the public
and organizations the opportunity to provide comments on the assessed impacts of the proposed
project. The proposed improvements are also subject to the Special Management Area (SMA)
permit process as discussed in Section 6.2.5. Applicable State and County requirements will be
adhered to in the design and construction phases of the proposed improvements.
In addition, the KWWTP project has been the subject of a series of workshops (September 2016),
focus group interviews (February 2017) and the EIS scoping meeting (April 2017).
(8) Public Participation
Objective:
(A) Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal management.
Policies:
(A) Promote public involvement in coastal zone management processes;
(B) Disseminate information on coastal management issues by means of educational
materials, published reports, staff contact, and public workshops for persons and
organizations concerned with coastal issues, developments, and government activities;
and
(C) Organize workshops, policy dialogues, and site-specific mediations to respond to coastal
issues and conflicts.
The Hawai‘i State environmental review process, as set forth Chapter 343, HRS, and Hawai’i
Administrative Rules Title 11, State of Hawai’i Department of Health, Chapter 200, Environmental
Impact Statement Rules requires project review by government agencies and affords the public
and organizations the opportunity to provide comments on the assessed impacts of the proposed
project. The proposed improvements are also subject to the Special Management Area (SMA)
permit process as discussed in Section 6.2.5. Applicable State and County requirement will be
adhered to in the design and construction phases of the proposed improvements.
In addition, the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project has been the subject of a series of
workshops (September 2016), focus group interviews (February 2017) and the EIS scoping
meeting (April 2017).
(9) Beach Protection
Objective:
(A) Protect beaches for public use and recreation.
Policies:
(A) Locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open space, minimize
interference with natural shoreline processes, and minimize loss of improvements due to
erosion;
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(B) Prohibit construction of private erosion-protection structures seaward of the shoreline,
except when they result in improved aesthetic and engineering solutions to erosion at the
sites and do not interfere with existing recreational and waterline activities; and
(C) Minimize the construction of public erosion-protection structures seaward of the shoreline.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements project does not involve the construction of improvements in the
shoreline setback nor require any shoreline erosion-protection structures.
(10) Marine Resources
Objective:
(A) Promote the protection, use, and development of marine and coastal resources to assure
their sustainability.
Policies:
(D) Ensure that the use and development of marine and coastal resources are ecologically and
environmentally sound and economically beneficial;
(E) Coordinate the management of marine and coastal resources and activities to improve
effectiveness and efficiency;
(F) Assert and articulate the interests of the State as a partner with federal agencies in the
sound management of ocean resources within the United States exclusive economic zone;
(G) Promote research, study, and understanding of ocean processes, marine life, and other
ocean resources in order to acquire and inventory information necessary to understand
how ocean development activities relate to and impact upon ocean and coastal resources;
and
(H) Encourage research and development of new, innovative technologies for exploring, using,
or protecting marine and coastal resources.
The Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade improvements do not involve construction or development
within coastal waters. Thus, the improvements are not anticipated to have any direct impacts on
marine and coastal resources. Potential water quality impacts to nearshore coastal waters during
construction of the improvements will be mitigated by adherence to State water quality regulations
governing grading, excavation and stockpiling. In addition, since the improvements anticipating
an area of soil disturbance greater than 1.0 acre, an NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water
Associated with Construction Activity, administered by the State DOH, will be required to control
storm water discharges. Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with site-specific
assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as
implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and sediment basins and minimizing
time of exposure between construction and landscaping.
5.6 Endangered Species Act, (16 U.S.C. §1531)
On December 28, 1973, the Endangered Species Act, Pub L 93-205, was passed and, over the
years, has been amended a number of times. The Act is set forth in 16 U.S.C. §1531. The
original Act stated purpose was to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which
endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program for
the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species, and to take such steps as
may be appropriate to achieve the purposes of various related the treaties and conventions. The
provisions of the Act are administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS) and the U.S. Department of the Interior National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The FWS has primary
responsibility for terrestrial and freshwater organisms, while NOAA/NMSF is mainly responsible
for marine wildlife.
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16 U.S.C. §1536, Interagency Cooperation (Section 7 of the Act), states each federal agency
shall, in consultation with and with the assistance of the Secretary of the Interior, insure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency (an "agency action") is not likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in
the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species which is determined, after
consultation as appropriate with affected States, to be critical, unless such agency has been
granted an exemption for such action.
In September 2017, botanical surveys were of the various project areas. The findings of the
botanical survey show R‐1 Upgrade project sites are a mix of undisturbed, slightly disturbed, but
mostly greatly disturbed lava flows and roadways. A total of 32 plant species were recorded
during the botanical survey, with 26 of the species (81 percent) non-native species. Of the 6
native and early Polynesian species listed in one is a native endemic species (maiapilo; Capparis
sandwichiana), four are native indigenous species, and one a Polynesian introduction. The most
ubiquitous indigenous native in the project area is ‘uhaloa (Waltheria indica), a common plant that
is abundant over most of the surveyed areas, and occurs in both disturbed and undisturbed areas.
Maiapilo is widely found in essentially coastal areas in the Hawaiian Islands, but found nowhere
else. Since this species population appears to be in slow decline, the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) regards the species as “vulnerable” due to development of the
lowland environments. Maiapilo is not listed as threatened or endangered by US Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS) or the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR).
Similarly, none of the other plant species found during the botanical surveys are listed as
threatened or endangered by the FWS or DLNR. No federally delineated critical habitat overlays
any portion of the surveyed areas. No equivalent designation exists under State law.
Between September 20 and 22, 2017, avian surveys were conducted in the areas outside of the
Kealakehe WWTP. Later, on March 9, 2018, waterbird surveys were conducted within the
Kealakehe WWTP in the area of Lagoons 5 and 6. At the time of the survey, all five lagoons were
being used as part of the treatment process.
A total of 926 individual birds of 32 species, representing 17 separate families, were recorded
during station counts. Four of the species recorded are native resident species, two of which,
Hawaiian Coot (Fulica alai) and the endemic sub‐species of the Black‐necked Stilt (Himantopus
mexicanus knudseni) are listed as endangered species under both the federal and State of
Hawaiʻi endangered species statutes. One species, Black‐crowned Night‐Heron (Nycticorax
nycticorax hoactli) is an indigenous resident water obligate species, and the Least Tern (Sterna
antillarum), is a recently established breeding seabird species. Additionally, six other species
recorded are migratory indigenous shorebird or waterbird species. The remaining 21 species are
established alien species.
The principal potential impacts posed by the Project to endangered waterbirds are associated
with construction activities creating disturbances of nesting birds during the year round nesting
season within the small footprint of the proposed electrical and chemical buildings and a new
underground waterline running parallel to the southern boundary fence, within the WWTP site.
These activities, though of a short duration, could potentially disturb nearby nesting Hawaiian
Stilts and Hawaiian Coots. Disturbance of this nature can result in birds abandoning their nest,
eggs, and to a lesser degree, chicks.
As recommended in the biological report, to avoid impacts to the listed species, a sturdy silt fence
or other suitable barrier system should be installed around the areas within the existing WWTP
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facility that will be excavated to install the subsurface constructed wetlands distribution and return
lines along the southern and western fence lines to prevent ingress of listed waterbird species
into the construction disturbances areas. Also, daily waterbird monitoring should continue until
all work within the WWTP fenced facility is complete
Based on the findings and the avoidance measures, the County will informally consult with the
FWS.
5.7 Environmental Justice Executive Order 12898
Executive Order 12898, Environmental Justice (full title Federal Actions to Address Environmental
Justice to Minority and Low Income Populations), was signed on February 11, 1994. The intent
of Executive Order 12898 is to avoid disproportionately high adverse human health or
environmental effects of projects on minority and low income populations. Executive Order 12898
also requires federal agencies ensure that minority and low income communities have adequate
access to public information related to health and the environment.
The 2017 American Community Survey (5-Year Estimates) is the most recent information related
to socioeconomic conditions in the state and County. The 2017 American Community Survey
shows Hawai‘i Geographic Area Profiles – Census Designated Places: Neighbor Islands. The
ACS noted it is the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program that produces and
disseminates the official estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities and
towns and estimates of housing units for states and counties.
The most recent version is the 2017 American Community Survey (5-Year Estimates) Hawaii
Geographic Area Profiles – Census Designated Places: Neighbor Islands. The ACS noted it is
the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program that produces and disseminates the official
estimates of the population for the nation, states, counties, cities and towns and estimates of
housing units for states and counties.
The ACS shows the Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua area population is younger than Hawaii County
with higher portions in the all age categories, except for the 20 to 34 years where the Kahaluu-
Keahoua and Kailua area shows 16.8 percent compared to 17.9 for the County. Similarly, the
media age for the Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua area is 45.2 years compared to 42.6 years for
the County.
The racial composition of the population shows the Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua area to have a
higher portion of White 40.8 percent compared to 32.6 percent for the County. The Kahaluu-
Keahoua and Kailua area has lower portions of minority populations, including Native Hawaiians
than Hawaii County.
Based on the above, construction and operation of the R-1 Upgrade improvements would not
have a disproportionately high adverse impact on the minority and low income population in the
Kahaluu-Keahoua and Kailua community.
5.8 Farmland Protection Policy Act (7 U.S.C. §4201)
The Agriculture and Food Act (Public Law 97-98) was passed in 1981 and contained the
Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA), Subtitle I of Title XV, Section 1539-1549. The stated
purposes of the FPPA are to: 1) Minimize the extent to which Federal programs contribute to the
unnecessary and irreversible conversion of farmland to nonagricultural uses; and 2) Assure that
federal programs are administered in a manner that, to the extent practicable, will be compatible
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with State, unit of local government, and private programs and policies to protect farmland.
“Farmland” subject to FPPA requirements does not have to be currently used for cropland.
The FPPA is administered by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Resources
Conservation Service. “Farmland”, as used in the FPPA, includes prime farmland, unique
farmland, and land of statewide or local importance, as defined by the State of Hawai‘i Department
of Agriculture (DOA).
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will be constructed within the existing Kealakehe WWTP parcel
within an area with similar facilities and adjacent vacant/unimproved lands, within existing
easements, which contain similar underground utilities and vacant unimproved land covered with
lava flows. These areas are not considered farmlands
5.9 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C §661)
The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 16 U.S.C §661, was enacted on March 10, 1934 and was
amended on August 12, 1958. The purpose of Act is to recognize vital contribution of wildlife
resources to the Nation, the increasing public interest and significance, and to provide that wildlife
conservation shall receive equal consideration and be coordinated with other features of water-
resource development programs through the effectual and harmonious planning, development,
maintenance, and coordination of wildlife conservation. 16 U.S.C. §666b defines wildlife and
wildlife resources as birds, fishes, mammals and all other classes of wild animals, and all types
of aquatic and land vegetation upon which wildlife is dependent.
The Secretary of the Interior is authorized (1) to provide assistance to, and cooperate with,
Federal, State, and public or private agencies and organizations in the development, protection,
rearing, and stocking of all species of wildlife, and their habitat, in controlling losses of the from
disease or other causes, in minimizing damages from overabundant species, in providing public
shooting and fishing areas, including easements across public lands (2) to make surveys and
investigations of the wildlife of the public domain, including lands and waters acquired or
controlled by any agency; and (3) to accept donations of land and contributions of funds in
furtherance of the purposes of the Act.
16 U.S.C. §665. States the Secretary of the Interior, through the Fish and Wildlife Service and the
U. S. Bureau of Mines, is authorized to make such investigations as he deems necessary to
determine the effects of domestic sewage, mine, petroleum, and industrial wastes, erosion silt,
and other polluting substances on wildlife, and to make reports to the Congress concerning such
investigations and of recommendations for alleviating dangerous and undesirable effects of such
pollution. These investigations shall include (1) the determination of standards of water quality
for the maintenance of wildlife; (2) the study of methods of abating and preventing pollution,
including methods for the recovery of useful or marketable products and byproducts of wastes;
and (3) the collation and distribution of data on the progress and results of such investigations
for the use of Federal, State, municipal, and private agencies, individuals, organizations, or
enterprises.
In September 2017, botanical surveys were of the various project areas. The findings of the
botanical survey show R‐1 Upgrade the project sites are a mix of undisturbed, slightly disturbed,
but mostly greatly disturbed lava flows and roadways. A total of 32 plant species were recorded
during the botanical survey, with 26 of the species (81 percent) non-native species. Of the 6
native and early Polynesian species listed in one is a native endemic species (maiapilo; Capparis
sandwichiana), four are native indigenous species, and one a Polynesian introduction. The most
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ubiquitous indigenous native in the project area is ‘uhaloa (Waltheria indica), a common plant that
is abundant over most of the surveyed areas, and occurs in both disturbed and undisturbed areas.
Maiapilo is widely found in essentially coastal areas in the Hawai‘ian Islands, but found nowhere
else. Since this species population appears to be in slow decline, the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) regards the species as “vulnerable” due to development of the
lowland environments. Maiapilo is not listed as threatened or endangered by US Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS) or the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR).
Similarly, none of the other plant species found during the botanical surveys are listed as
threatened or endangered by the FWS or DLNR. No federally delineated critical habitat overlays
any portion of the surveyed areas. No equivalent designation exists under State law.
Between September 20 and 22, 2017, avian surveys were conducted in the areas outside of the
Kealakehe WWTP. Later, on March 9, 2018, waterbird surveys were conducted within the
Kealakehe WWTP in the area of Lagoons 5 and 6. At the time of the survey, all five lagoons were
being used as part of the treatment process.
A total of 926 individual birds of 32 species, representing 17 separate families, were recorded
during station counts. Four of the species recorded are native resident species, two of which,
Hawaiian Coot (Fulica alai) and the endemic sub‐species of the Black‐necked Stilt (Himantopus
mexicanus knudseni) are listed as endangered species under both the federal and State of
Hawaiʻi endangered species statutes. One species, Black‐crowned Night‐Heron (Nycticorax
nycticorax hoactli) is an indigenous resident water obligate species, and the Least Tern (Sterna
antillarum), is a recently established breeding seabird species. Additionally, six other species
recorded are migratory indigenous shorebird or waterbird species. The remaining 21 species are
established alien species.
The principal potential impacts posed by the Project to endangered waterbirds are associated
with construction activities creating disturbances of nesting birds during the year round nesting
season within the small footprint of the proposed electrical and chemical buildings and a new
underground waterline running parallel to the southern boundary fence, within the WWTP site.
These activities, though of a short duration, could potentially disturb nearby nesting Hawaiian
Stilts and Hawai‘ian Coots. Disturbance of this nature can result in birds abandoning their nest,
eggs, and to a lesser degree, chicks.
As recommended in the biological report, to avoid impacts to the listed species, a sturdy silt fence
or other suitable barrier system should be installed around the areas within the existing WWTP
facility that will be excavated to install the subsurface constructed wetlands distribution and return
lines along the southern and western fence lines to prevent ingress of listed waterbird species
into the construction disturbances areas. Also, daily waterbird monitoring should continue until
all work within the WWTP fenced facility is complete
Based on the findings and the avoidance measures, the County will informally consult with the
FWS.
5.10 Floodplain Management (Executive Order 19888, as amended by Executive Orders 1248
and 13690)
Executive Order 11988, Floodplain Management, dated May 24, 1977 requires federal agencies
to avoid to the extent possible the long and short-term adverse impacts associated with the
occupancy and modification of flood plains and to avoid direct and indirect support of floodplain
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development wherever there is a practicable alternative. The 2 amendments did not affect the
content of Executive Order 11988.
In accomplishing this objective, "each agency shall provide leadership and shall take action to
reduce the risk of flood loss, to minimize the impact of floods on human safety, health, and welfare,
and to restore and preserve the natural and beneficial values served by flood plains in carrying
out its responsibilities.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will be constructed within the existing Kealakehe WWTP parcel
within an area with similar facilities and adjacent vacant/unimproved lands, within existing
easements, which contain similar underground utilities and a vacant unimproved land covered
with lava flows. These areas are not located within a floodplain area.
5.11 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 16 U.S.C. §1801
The 1996 Sustainable Fishery Act amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation
and Management Act and subsequent Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) Regulatory Guidelines
(NOAA, 2002) describe provisions to identify and protect habitats of federally-managed marine
and anadromous fish species. Under the various provisions, federal agencies that fund, permit,
or undertake activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with the National
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).
Congress defines EFH as “those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding,
feeding, or growth to maturity.” EFH is further defined by the existing regulations (MSFCMA, 1996;
NOAA, 2002). “Waters” include aquatic areas and their associated physical, chemical, and
biological properties that are used by fish and may include aquatic areas historically used by fish
where appropriate; “substrate” includes sediment, hard bottom, structures underlying the waters,
The R-1 Upgrade improvements project does not involve the construction of improvements near
the shoreline or any other water bodies, streams or estuaries so would not affect essential fish
habitat.
5.12. Marine Mammal Protection Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 703 et seq.)
The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. §§1361 et seq., protects all marine
mammals. It was the first legislation to mandate an ecosystem-based approach to marine
resource management. The ecosystem approach has been incorporated in other U.S. statutes
including the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and in
international agreements such as the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources. The MMPA includes a general moratorium on the taking and importing of marine
mammals. The MMPA prohibits, with certain exceptions, the "take" of marine mammals in U.S.
waters and by U.S. citizens on the high seas, and the importation of marine mammals and marine
mammal products into the U.S. Jurisdiction for MMPA is shared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
and the National Marine Fisheries Service. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Branch of Permits
is responsible for issuing take permits when exceptions are made to MMPA. Under the exception
for incidental taking, the Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Marine Fisheries Service must
find that the total taking over the five-year period will have a “negligible impact” and will not
adversely affect the availability of the marine mammal species or stock for subsistence use by
Alaskan natives.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements project does not involve the construction of improvements near
the shoreline so would not affect marine mammals.
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5.13 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 703 et seq.)
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and EO 13186 (Responsibilities of Federal Agencies to Protect
Migratory Birds) provide for the protection of migratory birds. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of
1918, as amended (16 U.S.C. 703-712) makes it unlawful to, among other things, pursue, hunt,
take, capture, kill, transport or import any species listed under the Act. The Act implements
conventions between the U.S., Great Britain, Mexico, Japan, and the former Soviet Union.
EO 13186 was issued to assist federal agencies with their efforts to comply with the MBTA. It
should be noted that the EO does not constitute any legal authorization that in any way
supersedes the requirements outlined in the MBTA. The EO directs federal agencies undertaking
actions that have or are likely to have a measurable adverse impact on migratory bird populations
to develop and implement a Memorandum of Agreement with the USFWS addressing the
conservation of these populations.
The principal potential impacts posed by the Project to endangered waterbirds are associated
with construction activities creating disturbances of nesting birds during the year round nesting
season within the small footprint of the proposed electrical and chemical buildings and a new
underground waterline running parallel to the southern boundary fence, within the WWTP site.
These activities, though of a short duration, could potentially disturb nearby nesting Hawai‘ian
Stilts and Hawai‘i an Coots. Disturbance of this nature can result in birds abandoning their nest,
eggs, and to a lesser degree, chicks.
As recommended in the biological report, to avoid impacts to the listed species, a sturdy silt fence
or other suitable barrier system should be installed around the areas within the existing WWTP
facility that will be excavated to install the subsurface constructed wetlands distribution and return
lines along the southern and western fence lines to prevent ingress of listed waterbird species
into the construction disturbances areas. Also, daily waterbird monitoring should continue until
all work within the WWTP fenced facility is complete
Based on the findings and the avoidance measures, the County will informally consult with the
FWS.
5.14 National Historic Preservation Act (U.S.C 54 §300101)
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 (Public Law 89-665; U.S.C. 54 §300101
requires a federal agency undertaking an action/project consider of the effect of the
project on any historic property defined as a district, site, building, structure, or object that is
included in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register Historic Places.
U.S.C. 54 §306108 (commonly called Section 106 of the NHPA), requires a federal agency
having direct or indirect jurisdiction over a federal or federally assisted undertaking to take
into account the effect of the undertaking to on any historic property. 54 U.S.C § 306102
requires the federal agency’s preservation-related activities are carried out in consultation with
other federal, State, and local agencies, Indian tribes, Native Hawaiian organizations.
An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted for
the property in April 2018. The project area lies within the southernmost extent of the Kekaha
region, in which the uplands were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for
residence, fishing, and aquaculture. The lands located between the coast and uplands
settlements, in which the majority of the project area is situated, contained networks of trails along
which shelter and water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located.
Historically, the area was used widely for ranching.
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Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological
sites/historic properties overlapping or within 330 feet of the bounds of the project area. Most of
these are pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, resource
procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation. Historic era sites included
trails (such as State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] #50-10-27-00002, Māmalahoa Trail),
habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-related features like boundary walls.
The field inspection confirmed 30 of 119 previously identified archaeological sites and possibly
relocated portions of eight previously identified sites; these 38 sites are within or immediately
adjacent to the project area. In addition, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified
archaeological features/feature complexes within or directly adjacent to the project area.
In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties will be made in the project
design phase. Such efforts will include limiting ground disturbance within previously undisturbed
areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of transmission lines within existing
roadbeds or graded areas).
The contract drawings will state that, should archaeological sites such as walls, platforms,
pavements or mounds, or remains such as artifacts, burials, concentrations of shell or charcoal
be encountered during construction activities, work shall cease immediately and the find shall be
protected from further damage. The contractor shall immediately contact the State Historic
Preservation Division at 808.981.2979, who will assess the significance of the find and
recommend an appropriate mitigation measure, if necessary.
5.15 Protection of Wetlands (Executive Order 11990I (1977), as amended by Executive
Order 12608 (1997))
Executive Order 11990, Protection of Wetlands, dated 1977 requires federal agencies to avoid,
preserve, or mitigate effects of new construction projects on lands which have been designated
wetlands. EO 11990 states in order to avoid to the extent possible the long and short term
adverse impacts associated with the destruction or modification of wetlands and to avoid direct
or indirect support of new construction in wetlands wherever there is a practicable alternative, it
is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. (a) Each agency shall provide leadership and shall take
action to minimize the destruction, loss or degradation of wetlands, and to preserve and enhance
the natural and beneficial values of wetlands in carrying out the agency's responsibilities for (1)
acquiring, managing, and disposing of Federal lands and facilities; and (2) providing Federally
undertaken, financed, or assisted construction and improvements; and (3) conducting Federal
activities and programs affecting land use, including but not limited to water and related land
resources planning, regulating, and licensing activities.
In March 2018, a biological resources field survey was conducted of the R-1 Upgrade
improvements project sites, including the existing Kealakehe WWTP, the buffer parcel, the SAT
site, and along the various transmission line alignments. The biological resources field survey
report stated no federal jurisdictional waters occur in the areas covered by the survey. The R-1
Upgrade project does not involve the construction of improvements near the shoreline or any
other water bodies, streams or estuaries.
5.16 Rivers and Harbors Act (33 U.S.C. § 403)
Originally enacted on March 3, 1899, the "Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899" affects
navigable waters of the U.S. The Act states the creation of any obstruction not affirmatively
authorized by Congress, to the navigable capacity of any of the waters of the United States is
prohibited; and it shall not be lawful to build or commence the building of any wharf, pier, dolphin,
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boom, weir, breakwater, bulkhead, jetty, or other structures in any port, roadstead, haven, harbor,
canal, navigable river, or other water of the United States, outside established harbor lines, or
where no harbor lines have been established, except on plans recommended by the Chief of
Engineers and authorized by the Secretary of the Army; and it shall not be lawful to excavate or
fill, or in any manner to alter or modify the course, location, condition, or capacity of, any port,
roadstead, haven, harbor, canal, lake, harbor or refuge, or enclosure within the limits of any
breakwater, or of the channel of any navigable water of the United States, unless the work has
been recommended by the Chief of Engineers and authorized by the Secretary of the Army prior
to beginning the same.
The nearest shoreline is located about 3,500 feet west of the existing Kealakehe WWTP and, as
such, coastal ecosystems would not be adversely affected. Based on this, the R-1 Upgrade
improvements will not affect navigable waters of the U.S.
5.17 Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. §300f)
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 42 U.S.C. §300f was established to protect the quality
of all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use from both underground and
aboveground sources. The SDWA authorizes EPA to establish minimum standards to protect
potable water with which all owners or operators of public water systems must comply; to
oversee the agencies which can be approved to implement these rules on EPA's behalf, such
as State governments; and to encourage attainment of secondary standards (nuisance-related).
The SDWA also establishes the Sole Source Aquifer Program, under which EPA also may
evaluate Federal-funded projects to determine whether they have the potential to contaminate
a sole source aquifer.
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 42 U.S.C. §300f was originally passed by Congress in 1974
to protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was
amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources,
rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. (SDWA does not regulate private wells
which serve fewer than 25 individuals.) SDWA authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to set national health-based standards for drinking water to protect against both naturally-
occurring and man-made contaminants that may be found in drinking water. The EPA, states,
and water systems then work together to make sure that these standards are met. T
Section 1424(e) of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-523, 42 U.S.C. 300 et.
seq), also established the Sole Source Aquifer program which states that no commitment for
federal financial assistance (through a grant, contract, loan guarantee, or otherwise) may be
entered into for any project which the EPA Administrator determines may contaminate such
aquifer through a recharge zone so as to create a significant hazard to public health.
The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, administered by the State DOH’s Safe
Drinking Water Branch, was established to protect the quality of underground sources of drinking
water from contamination by subsurface disposal of fluids. Chapter 340 E, HRS, and Title 11,
Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules Department of Health Chapter 23, Underground Injection Control
set forth the requirements related to protection of underground sources of drinking water. The
DOH has also established maps that show the UIC line as the boundary between non-drinking
water aquifers, generally located makai of, or below, the UIC line, and underground sources of
drinking water, generally located mauka, or above, of the UIC Line.
The UIC line is generally located along the 500-foot MSL topographic contour line in the area of
the Kealakehe WWTP. Further, the DOH maps indicate that the Kailua-Kona area, including
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Kealakehe WWTP, is located below the UIC line. The Kealakehe WWTP is located at about 50
to 56 feet MLS and the SAT basins at approximately 60 to 70 feet MSL. Thus, these areas will
be about 410 to 450 feet vertically and approximately 6,000 to 8,200 feet horizontally below the
UIC line. Thus, the R-1 Upgrade improvements would not affect drinking water sources of the
Kailua Kona community.
5.18 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C §1271-1287)
The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 16 U.S.C. 1271-1287, declares that certain selected rivers with
their immediate environments, possess outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic,
fish and wildlife, historical, cultural, or other similar values, shall be preserved in their free-flowing
condition for the enjoyment of present and future generations.
The State of Hawai‘i has no designated wild and scenic rivers. The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
is not applicable to this project.
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6. RELATIONSHIP to PLANS, POLICIES, and CONTROLS
This section discusses the State and County of Hawai‘i land use plans, policies and controls
relating to the proposed project.
6.1 State Land Use Plans and Policies
6.1.1 Hawai‘i State Plan
The Hawai‘i State Plan, Chapter 226, HRS, as amended, provides goals, objectives, policies, and
priorities for the State. The purpose of the Hawaiʻi State Plan is to set forth a plan that shall serve
as a guide for the future long-range development of the State; identify the goals, objectives,
policies, and priorities for the State; provide a basis for determining priorities and allocating limited
resources, such as public funds, services, human resources, land, energy, water, and other
resources; improve coordination of federal, state, and county plans, policies, programs, projects,
and regulatory activities; and to establish a system for plan formulation and program coordination
to provide for an integration of all major state, and county activities The proposed project’s
consistency with applicable objectives and policies are in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 Hawaiʻi State Plan Objectives and Policies
PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
Objectives and Policies of the Hawaiʻi State Plan
Discussion
§226-4 State goals. In order to ensure, for present and
future generations, those elements of choice and
mobility that ensure that individuals and groups may
approach their desired levels of self-reliance and self-
determination, it shall be the goal of the State to
achieve:
(1) A strong, viable economy, characterized by
stability, diversity, and growth, that enables the
fulfillment of the needs and expectations of
Hawaii's present and future generations.
(2) A desired physical environment, characterized by
beauty, cleanliness, quiet, stable natural systems, and
uniqueness, that enhances the mental and physical well-
being of the people.
(3) Physical, social, and economic well-being, for
individuals and families in Hawaiʻi, that nourishes a
sense of community responsibility, of caring, and of
participation in community life.
The proposed project will support the State
economy by providing a wastewater collection
system and a treatment and disposal facility to
enhance the community and the community’s
physical well-being. This will result in positive
health and environmental benefits.
§226-5 Objective and policies for population. (a) It
shall be the objective in planning for the State's
population to guide population growth to be consistent
with the achievement of physical, economic, and social
objectives contained in this chapter.
The proposed project will provide R-1 quality
water and reduce and improve effluent disposal
for the existing Kealakehe WWTP. Hence, the
proposed project does not include facilities or
improvements that could guide or otherwise
affect population growth in the Kona area
§226-6 Objectives and policies for the economy--in
general. (a) Planning for the State's economy in
general shall be directed toward achievement of the
following objectives…
The proposed project will provide R-1 quality
water and reduce and improve effluent disposal
for the existing Kealakehe WWTP. Hence, it
does not have a direct role in planning for the
State’s economy.
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Objectives and Policies of the Hawaiʻi State Plan
Discussion
§226-7 Objectives and policies for the economy--
agriculture. (a) Planning for the State's economy with
regard to agriculture shall be directed towards
achievement of the following objectives…
The proposed project would produce R-1 quality
recycled water that can be used for a number of
uses, including for agriculture, although no such
use if foreseeable at this time.
§226-8 Objective and policies for the economy--
visitor industry. (a) Planning for the State's economy
with regard to the visitor industry shall be directed
towards the achievement of the objective of a visitor
industry that constitutes a major component of steady
growth for Hawaiʻi's economy
The proposed project would produce R-1 quality
recycled water that can be used for irrigating
visitor-oriented golf courses and resort facility
landscaping as well as for other approved uses
of recycled water at visitor facilities in the Kona
area.
§226-9 Objective and policies for the economy--
federal expenditures. (a) Planning for the State's
economy with regard to federal expenditures shall be
directed towards achievement of the objective of a
stable federal investment base as an integral component
of Hawaiʻi's economy.
The proposed project may utilize federal funds
through the State of Hawaiʻi DOH Clean Water
State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program which
uses federal funds from the US Environmental
Protection Agency.
§226-10 Objective and policies for the economy--
potential growth and innovative activities. (a)
Planning for the State's economy with regard to potential
growth and innovative activities shall be directed
towards achievement of the objective of development
and expansion of potential growth and innovative
activities that serve to increase and diversify Hawaiʻi's
economic base.
The proposed project is innovative in its
production of R-1 quality recycled water and its
reduction of effluent volume as well as
improvement in the quality of the effluent to be
disposed.
§226-10.5 Objectives and policies for the economy--
information industry. (a) Planning for the State's
economy with regard to telecommunications and
information technology shall be directed toward
recognizing that broadband and wireless communication
capability and infrastructure are foundations for an
innovative economy and positioning Hawaiʻi as a leader
in broadband and wireless communications and
applications in the Pacific Region.
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements that would affect the
information industry of the Kona area.
§226-11 Objectives and policies for the physical
environment--land-based, shoreline, and marine
resources with objectives:
(1) Prudent use of Hawaiʻi's land-based, shoreline, and
marine resources.
(2) Effective protection of Hawaiʻi's unique and fragile
environmental resources.
The proposed project includes facilities to
produce R-1 quality recycled water, reduce
effluent volume as well as improve the quality of
the effluent to be disposed. Thus, the proposed
project will help to protect the unique and fragile
environmental resources of this area of the Kona
coast.
§226-12 Objective and policies for the physical
environment--scenic, natural beauty, and historic
resources.
(b) To achieve the scenic, natural beauty, and historic
resources objective, it shall be the policy of this State to:
(3) Promote the preservation of views and vistas to
enhance the visual and aesthetic enjoyment of
mountains, ocean, scenic landscapes, and other natural
features.
The proposed project facilities would not affect
the views and vistas of the Kona area. The
Proposed project improvements would be similar
to the existing facilities at the WWTP. The
chemical addition building and the ultra violet
(UV) facility would be about 12 to 14 high, or
about the same height as the existing
administration and operations buildings and the
roof structure over the effluent pump station.
The R-1 storage tanks would be about 30 feet
above the surrounding grade. Thus, the
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project would
not affect coastal views.
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Objectives and Policies of the Hawaiʻi State Plan
Discussion
§226-13 Objectives and policies for the physical
environment--land, air, and water quality.
(b) To achieve the land, air, and water quality
objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to:
(2) Promote the proper management of Hawaiʻi's land
and water resources.
(3) Promote effective measures to achieve desired
quality in Hawaiʻi's surface, ground, and coastal waters.
The proposed project facilities would produce R-
1 quality recycled water which could be used for
variety of uses including irrigation of playing
fields thereby preserving potable water
resources for other uses in the Kona area. The
project will also reduce the release the level of
nutrient disposal to the environment thereby
improving water quality.
§226-14 Objective and policies for facility systems--
in general.
(b) To achieve the general facility systems objective, it
shall be the policy of this State to:
(1) Accommodate the needs of Hawaiʻi's people through
coordination of facility systems and capital improvement
priorities in consonance with state and county plans.
(2) Encourage flexibility in the design and development
of facility systems to promote prudent use of resources
and accommodate changing public demands and
priorities.
(3) Ensure that required facility systems can be
supported within resource capacities and at reasonable
cost to the user.
The proposed project construction plans would
be coordinated between the County and DOH to
ensure the facility meets the DOH requirements.
Further, the R-1 upgrades will be designed to
ensure the County can support the systems.
§226-15 Objectives and policies for facility systems-
-solid and liquid wastes.
(b) To achieve solid and liquid waste objectives, it shall
be the policy of this State to:
(1) Encourage the adequate development of sewerage
facilities that complement planned growth.
(2) Promote re-use and recycling to reduce solid and
liquid wastes and employ a conservation ethic.
(3) Promote research to develop more efficient and
economical treatment and disposal of solid and liquid
wastes.
The proposed project will provide facilities to
produce R-1 quality recycled water which would
be consistent with the re-use of liquid wastes.
Further, the R-1 facilities upgrade will support the
Kealakehe WWTP in accommodating the
planned growth of the Kailua-Kona area.
§226-16 Objective and policies for facility systems--
water. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with
regard to water shall be directed towards achievement of
the objective of the provision of water to adequately
accommodate domestic, agricultural, commercial,
industrial, recreational, and other needs within resource
capacities.
The proposed project facilities would produce R-
1 quality recycled water which could be used for
variety of uses including irrigation for landscape
and agricultural purposes, domestic and
industrial cooling systems, cleaning, and
firefighting, thereby preserving potable water
resources of the Kona area.
§226-17 Objectives and policies for facility systems-
-transportation. (a) Planning for the State's facility
systems with regard to transportation shall be directed
towards the achievement of the following objectives:
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect the
transportation systems of the Kona area.
§226-18 Objectives and policies for facility systems-
-energy. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with
regard to energy shall be directed toward the
achievement of the following objectives, giving due
consideration to all:
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect the energy
systems of the Kona area.
§226-18.5 Objectives and policies for facility
systems--telecommunications. (a) Planning for the
State's telecommunications facility systems shall be
directed towards the achievement of dependable,
efficient, and economical statewide telecommunications
systems capable of supporting the needs of the people.
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect
telecommunication systems of the Kona area.
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Objectives and Policies of the Hawaiʻi State Plan
Discussion
§226-19 Objectives and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--housing. (a) Planning for the State's
socio-cultural advancement with regard to housing shall
be directed toward the achievement of the following
objectives:
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect housing of
the Kona area.
§226-20 Objectives and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--health. (a) Planning for the State's
socio-cultural advancement with regard to health shall
be directed towards achievement of the following
objectives:
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect the health of
the Kona area.
§226-21 Objective and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--education. (a) Planning for the State's
socio-cultural advancement with regard to education
shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of
the provision of a variety of educational opportunities to
enable individuals to fulfill their needs, responsibilities,
and aspirations
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect education of
the Kona area.
§226-22 Objective and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--social services. (a) Planning for the
State's socio-cultural advancement with regard to social
services shall be directed towards the achievement of
the objective of improved public and private social
services and activities that enable individuals, families,
and groups to become more self-reliant and confident to
improve their well-being.
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect social
services of the Kona area.
§226-23 Objective and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--leisure. (a) Planning for the State's
socio-cultural advancement with regard to leisure shall
be directed towards the achievement of the objective of
the adequate provision of resources to accommodate
diverse cultural, artistic, and recreational needs for
present and future generations.
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect the leisure
activities of the Kona area.
§226-24 Objective and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--individual rights and personal well-
being. (a) Planning for the State's socio-cultural
advancement with regard to individual rights and
personal well-being shall be directed towards
achievement of the objective of increased opportunities
and protection of individual rights to enable individuals to
fulfill their socio-economic needs and aspirations.
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect individual
rights and personal well-being within the Kona
area.
§226-25 Objective and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--culture. (a) Planning for the State's
socio-cultural advancement with regard to culture shall
be directed toward the achievement of the objective of
enhancement of cultural identities, traditions, values,
customs, and arts of Hawaiʻi's people.
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect the cultural
advancement of the Kona area.
§226-26 Objectives and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--public safety. (a) Planning for the
State's socio-cultural advancement with regard to public
safety shall be directed towards the achievement of the
following objectives:
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect public safety
of the Kona area
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Objectives and Policies of the Hawaiʻi State Plan
Discussion
§226-27 Objectives and policies for socio-cultural
advancement--government. (a) Planning the State's
socio-cultural advancement with regard to government
shall be directed towards the achievement of the
following objectives:
The proposed project does not include facilities
or improvements which would affect the
advancement of government of the Kona area.
§226-4 State goals. In order to ensure, for present and
future generations, those elements of choice and
mobility that ensure that individuals and groups may
approach their desired levels of self-reliance and self-
determination, it shall be the goal of the State to
achieve:
(1) A strong, viable economy, characterized by
stability, diversity, and growth, that enables the
fulfillment of the needs and expectations of Hawaii's
present and future generations.
By providing R-1 water to the local community,
the Kealakehe WWTP will strengthen the
economic, physical, and social well-being of the
State of Hawaiʻi by providing a source of water
for non-potable uses which will preserve potable
water sources for appropriate uses.
PART II. PLANNING COORDINATION and IMPLEMENTATION
Part II does not apply to the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project.
PART III. PRIORITY GUIDELINES
Objectives and Policies of the Hawaiʻi State Plan
Discussion
§226-103 Economic priority guidelines. (a) Priority
guidelines to stimulate economic growth and encourage
business expansion and development to provide
needed jobs for Hawaii's people and achieve a stable
and diversified economy.
(e) Priority guidelines for water use and development:
(1) Maintain and improve water conservation
programs to reduce the overall water
consumption rate.
(2) Encourage the improvement of irrigation
technology and promote the use of nonpotable
water for agricultural and landscaping purposes.
The proposed project facilities would produce R-1
quality recycled water which could be used for
variety of nonpotable uses including irrigation for
landscape and agricultural purposes, domestic
and industrial cooling systems, cleaning, and
firefighting, thereby preserving potable water
resources of the Kona area. The use of
nonpotatble water for various uses will conserve
potable water for needed uses.
§226-104 Population growth and land resources
priority guidelines. (a) Priority guidelines to effect
desired statewide growth and distribution:
The proposed project facilities would not affect
population growth.
§226-105 Crime and criminal justice. Priority
guidelines in the area of crime and criminal justice:
The proposed project facilities would not affect
crime or criminal justice in the Kona area.
§226-106 Affordable housing. Priority guidelines for
the provision of affordable housing:
The proposed project facilities would not affect
affordable housing in the Kona area.
226-107 Quality education. Priority guidelines to
promote quality education:
The proposed project facilities would not affect
education in the Kona area.
[§226-108] Sustainability. Priority guidelines and
principles to promote sustainability include:
(5) Promoting decisions based on meeting the needs
of the present without compromising the needs of
future generations.
The proposed project facilities would provide
nonpotable water for various uses which would
preserve potable water sources for future
generations.
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Objectives and Policies of the Hawaiʻi State Plan
Discussion
[§226-109] Climate change adaptation priority
guidelines. Priority guidelines to prepare the State to
address the impacts of climate change, including
impacts to the areas of agriculture; conservation lands;
coastal and nearshore marine areas; natural and
cultural resources; education; energy; higher education;
health; historic preservation; water resources; the built
environment, such as housing, recreation,
transportation; and the economy.
The proposed project facilities are located at
elevations around 30 to 40 mean sea level (MSL)
and the SAT site at approximately 60 to 70 feet
MSL such that these facilities would not be
affected by climate change.
6.1.2 State Functional Plans
The Hawai‘i State Plan directs appropriate State agencies to prepare Functional Plans to address
Statewide needs, problems, and issues through recommended policies and actions. Fourteen
Functional Plans were prepared to implement the State Plan provisions in the areas of agriculture,
transportation, conservation lands, education, tourism, water resources, energy, recreation,
historic preservation, health, housing, higher education, employment, and human services. The
following presents a review of the Functional Plans which are applicable to the proposed project.
Agriculture Functional Plan
Objective I: Achievement of efficient and equitable provision of adequate water for agricultural
use
Policy I(2): Expand agricultural water resources statewide
Action I(1)(a): Develop new, expanded, or improved water sources and delivery
systems in support of agriculture and aquaculture, as needed and economically
feasible. [AGR 141, LNR 404]
Action I(1)(b): Monitor, evaluate, and increase efforts to use non-potable water for
agricultural irrigation. [HTH 849]
Discussion: The proposed project will produce R-1 recycled water to be used for irrigation
purposes including agriculture and landscaping, thereby reducing the use of potable water
resources.
Historic Preservation Functional Plan
Objective B: Protection of Historic Properties
Policy B.2. Establish and make available a variety of mechanisms to better protect
historic properties.
Objective C: Management and Treatment of Historic Properties
Policy C.3. Explore innovative means to better manage historic properties.
Policy C.4. Encourage proper preservation techniques.
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Discussion: In April 2018, an Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection was
conducted of the project area which lies within the southernmost extent of the Kekaha region.
The uplands of the region were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for
residence, fishing, and aquaculture. The lands located between the coast and uplands
settlements, in which the majority of the project area is situated, contained networks of trails along
which shelter and water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located.
Historically, the area was used widely for ranching.
Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological
sites/historic properties overlapping or within 330 feet of the bounds of the project area. Most of
these are pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, resource
procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation. Historic era sites included
trails (such as State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] #50-10-27-00002, Māmalahoa Trail),
habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-related features like boundary walls.
The field inspection confirmed 30 of 119 previously identified archaeological sites and possibly
relocated portions of eight previously identified sites; these 38 sites are within or immediately
adjacent to the project area. In addition, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified
archaeological features/feature complexes within or directly adjacent to the project area.
In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties will be made in the project
design phase. Such efforts will include limiting ground disturbance within previously undisturbed
areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of transmission lines within existing
roadbeds or graded areas). Some portions of the project area are of potentially higher sensitivity
given their known archaeological content:
A section of the Māmalahoa Trail (SIHP # 50-10-27-00002) runs parallel to Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway within the Mauka Section in the vicinity of the proposed soil
aquifer treatment (SAT) facility. A portion of this historic property within the project
area has existing mitigations in place associated with the recently completed
Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 project. Impact to the Māmalahoa
Trail will be avoided if possible by routing pipelines or other infrastructure through
existing breaches along the trail.
The portion of the Mauka Section relating to the future elevated storage tank has
not been subjected to recent archaeological survey, and was found during the field
inspection to contain several previously unrecorded archaeological features and
lava tube openings. Lava tubes in this area commonly contain cultural
modifications and/or deposits including but not limited to human burials.
The section of the Initial Phase R-1 Transmission Line approaching the Old Kona
Airport Park (Kailua Park) within the Makai Section is in direct proximity to several
extensive previously identified site complexes. While many of these features are
likely located a safe distance from the current project area, some are directly
adjacent and could potentially by impacted. Difficulties in correlating present
findings with the previously recorded sites—and the discovery of previously
unrecorded features—highlight potential concerns with the existing body of
archaeological coverage in this area.
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Should any significant pre-Contact or historic deposits (i.e. subsurface concentrations of
indigenous or historic era artifacts and/or structural remnants) or human burials be encountered
during the course of development of the project site, the subsurface excavation work and/or
surface grading will be halted in the immediate area and the SHPD will be notified immediately.
6.1.3 State Land Use District
The State Land Use Law, Chapter 205, HRS, is intended to preserve, protect and encourage the
development of lands in the State for uses that are best suited to the public health and welfare of
Hawai‘i’s people. Under Chapter 205, HRS all lands in the State of Hawai‘i are classified by the
State Land Use Commission (LUC) into four major categories referred to as State Land Use
Districts. These districts are identified as the Urban District, Agricultural District, Conservation
District, and Rural District.
The LUC’s Land Use District Boundary map for the Island of Hawai‘i shows the Kealakehe WWTP
R-1 Upgrade project to be located in three districts: Urban, Conservation and Agricultural (see
Figure 6-1). The R-1 improvements located within Kealakehe WWTP; the SAT site, and the future
R-1 storage tank and related transmission line are located in the Urban District. Chapter 205,
HRS, states, “Urban Districts shall include activities or uses as provided by the ordinances or
regulations of the county within which the urban district is situated.” These improvements are
permitted uses in the Urban District and will be subject to the County of Hawaiʽi Zoning as
discussed in Section 6.2.3.
The transmission line to Kailua Park is located in the Conservation and Agricultural Districts. Uses
in the Conservation District are set forth in Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules, Title 13, Department off
Land and Natural Resources, Subtitle 1 Administration, Chapter 5, Conservation District. The
transmission line would be a public use defined as “Public purpose use means not for profit land
uses undertaken in support of a public service by an agency of the county, state, or federal
government, or by an independent non-governmental entity, except that an independent non-
governmental regulated public utility may be considered to be engaged in a public purpose use.
Examples of public purpose uses may include but are not limited to public roads, marinas,
harbors, airports, trails, water systems and other utilities, communication systems, flood or
erosion control projects, recreational facilities, community centers, and other public purpose uses,
intended to benefit the public in accordance with public policy and the purpose of the conservation
district.” Since the transmission line would be new public use, a Departmental Permit issued by
the Office of Coastal and Conservation Lands (OCCL) would be required. The project site’s
relationship to the conservation district and its subzones is shown in Figure 6-2.
P-9 STRUCTURES, ACCESSORY
(B-1) Construction or placement of structures accessory to existing facilities or uses.
Permissible uses in the Agricultural District are set forth in Chapter 205, HRS, §205-4.5 (7)
“Public, private, and quasi-public utility lines and roadways, transformer stations,
communications equipment buildings, solid waste transfer stations, major water storage tanks,
and appurtenant small buildings such as booster pumping stations, but not including offices or
yards for equipment, material, vehicle storage, repair or maintenance, or treatment plants, or
corporation yards, or other like structures”. The R-1 transmission line would be considered a
public utility line.
U
A
U
C
U
C
A
U
A
C
A
C
U
C
Source: ESRI World Imagery
0 3,000 6,0001,500 Feet
0 1,000500Meters
FIGURE 6-1STATE LAND USE DISTRICTS MAP
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeDocument Path: E:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINAL\FIG 6-1 Kealakehe_SLUD_REV.mxd1 inch = 3,000 feet.SAT
AbandonedDWS Hina LaniStorage Tank
KealakeheWWTP
OldKona AirportPark
HonokohauSmall BoatHarbor
Future ElevatedStorage Tank
ExistingKealakehePumpStation
Kohanaiki GolfandOcean Club
Kaloko-HonokohauNational Park
ExistingDisposalPercolationBasin
Legend
Agricultural Conservation Rural Urban
Proposed Future Phase R-1 Transmission Lines
Proposed Initial Phase Project SitesProposed Initial Phase R-1 StorageProposed Initial Phase R-1 Transmission LinesProposed Future Phase R-1 Storage
Effluent Line
Source: ESRI World Imagery
0 3,000 6,0001,500 Feet
0 1,000500Meters
FIGURE 6-2CONSERVATION DISTRICT SUBZONES MAP
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 UpgradeDocument Path: E:\P Drive\YT\Projects\10079-01 Kealakehe WWTP EIS\Working\FINAL\FIG 6-2 Kealakehe_ConSub_REV.mxd1 inch = 3,000 feet.SAT
AbandonedDWS Hina LaniStorage Tank
KealakeheWWTP
OldKona AirportPark
HonokohauSmall BoatHarbor
Future ElevatedStorage Tank
ExistingKealakehePumpStation
Kohanaiki GolfandOcean Club
Kaloko-HonokohauNational Park
ExistingDisposalPercolationBasin
Legend
UndesignatedGeneral LimitedProtective ResourceSpecialProposed Initial Phase Project SitesProposed Initial Phase R-1 StorageProposed Initial Phase R-1 Transmission LinesProposed Future Phase R-1 StorageProposed Future Phase R-1 Transmission LinesEffluent Line
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6.1.4 Chapter 344, State Environmental Policy
The State’s Environmental Police is contained in Chapter 344, HRS. The purpose of the Chapter
344, HRS, State Environmental Policy is to “establish a state policy which will encourage
productive and enjoyable harmony between people and their environment, promote efforts which
will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and
welfare of humanity, and enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural
resources important to the people of Hawai‘i.”
§344-3 Environmental policy provides: It shall be the policy of the State, through its programs,
authorities, and resources to:
(1) Conserve the natural resources, so that land, water, mineral, visual, air and other natural
resources are protected by controlling pollution, by preserving or augmenting natural
resources, and by safeguarding the State’s unique natural environmental characteristics
in a manner which will foster and promote the general welfare, create and maintain
conditions under which humanity and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill
the social, economic, and other requirements of the people of Hawai‘i.
(2) Enhance the quality of life by:
(D) Establishing a commitment on the part of each person to protect and enhance
Hawaiʻi’s environment and reduce the drain on nonrenewable resources.
§344-4 Guidelines states. In pursuance of the state policy to conserve the natural resources and
enhance the quality of life, all agencies, in the development of programs, shall, insofar as
practicable, consider the following guidelines:
(2) Land, water, mineral, visual, air, and other natural resources.
(A) Encourage management practices which conserve and fully utilize all natural
resources;
(B) Promote irrigation and waste water management practices which conserve and
fully utilize vital water resources;
(C) Promote the recycling of waste water;
Discussion: As previously discussed, among the objectives of the Proposed project is to
implement water recycling within the service area to decrease the amount of potable water
currently being used for irrigation (and other non-potable uses) and to reduce the quantity of
WWTP effluent requiring disposal. The Proposed project will provide R-1 quality recycled water
which can be used for a variety purposes that currently rely on sources of potable water, including
for irrigation of golf courses, playing fields, cooling for industrial and domestic purposes and
firefighting. Using recycled water in lieu of potable water would conserve that vital resource and
would be consistent with the policies and guidelines of Chapter 344, HRS.
Further, another objective of the Proposed project is to replace the existing percolation basin
disposal system with a land application system. This would be consistent with the State’s
objective of safeguarding the unique natural environmental characteristics of this area of Kona.
6.1.5 Hawai‘i Coastal Zone Management Program
The Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program was created through passage of the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972. Hawai‘i’s CZM Program, adopted as Chapter 205A, HRS,
provides a basis for protecting, restoring and responsibly developing coastal communities and
resources. The Hawai‘i CZM area includes all lands within the State and the areas seaward to
the extent of the State’s management jurisdiction. Thus, the Proposed project is located in the
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CZM area. A discussion of the project’s consistency with the objectives and policies of the CZM
Program is provided below.
(1) Recreational Resources
Objective:
Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public.
Policies:
(A) Improve coordination and funding of coastal recreational planning and management;
and
(i) Provide adequate, accessible, and diverse recreational opportunities in the
coastal zone management area by: Protecting coastal resources uniquely
suited for recreational activities that cannot be provided in other areas;
(ii) Requiring replacement of coastal resources having significant recreational
value, including but not limited to surfing sites, fishponds, and sand beaches,
when such resources will be unavoidably damaged by development; or
requiring reasonable monetary compensation to the state for recreation when
replacement is not feasible or desirable;
(iii) Providing and managing adequate public access, consistent with conservation
of natural resources, to and along shorelines with recreational value;
(iv) Providing an adequate supply of shoreline parks and other recreational
facilities suitable for public recreation;
(v) Ensuring public recreational use of county, state, and federally owned or
controlled shoreline lands and waters having recreational value consistent with
public safety standards and conservation of natural resources;
(vi) Adopting water quality standards and regulating point and nonpoint sources of
pollution to protect, and where feasible, restore the recreational value of
coastal waters.
(vii) Developing new shoreline recreational opportunities, where appropriate, such
as artificial lagoons, artificial beaches, and artificial reefs for surfing and fishing;
and
(viii) Encouraging reasonable dedication of shoreline areas with recreational value
for public use as part of discretionary approvals or permits by the land use
commission, board of land and natural resources, and county authorities; and
crediting such dedication against the requirements of section 46-6.
The nearest public shoreline access is located about 3,500 feet west of the existing WWTP on
lands controlled by the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). The
Proposed project would not affect this shoreline area. Thus, the existing public access would be
maintained.
During construction of the various improvements, storm water runoff could carry increased
amounts of sediment into the shoreline area from soils exposed during excavation and grading
activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of coastal waters in the area.
However, excavation and grading activities associated with the construction of the proposed
project will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. In addition, for those improvements
anticipating an area of soil disturbance greater than 1-acre, an NPDES Individual Permit for Storm
Water Associated with Construction Activity, administered by the State DOH, will be required to
control storm water discharges. Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with site-
specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as
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implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and sediment basins, minimizing time
of exposure between construction and landscaping improvements.
(2) Historic Resources
Objective:
(A) Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore those natural and manmade
historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that are
significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture.
Policies:
(A) Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources;
(B) Maximize information retention through preservation of remains and artifacts or
salvage operations; and
(C) Support state goals for protection, restoration, interpretation, and display of historic
resources.
An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted for
the property in April 2018. The project area lies within the southernmost extent of the Kekaha
region, in which the uplands were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for
residence, fishing, and aquaculture. The lands located between the coast and uplands
settlements, in which the majority of the project area is situated, contained networks of trails along
which shelter and water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located.
Historically, the area was used widely for ranching.
Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological
sites/historic properties overlapping or within 330 feet of the bounds of the project area. Most of
these are pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, resource
procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation. Historic era sites included
trails (such as State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] #50-10-27-00002, Māmalahoa Trail),
habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-related features like boundary walls.
The field inspection confirmed 30 of 119 previously identified archaeological sites and possibly
relocated portions of eight previously identified sites; these 38 sites are within or immediately
adjacent to the project area. In addition, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified
archaeological features/feature complexes within or directly adjacent to the project area.
In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties will be made in the project
design phase. Such efforts will include limiting ground disturbance within previously undisturbed
areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of transmission lines within existing
roadbeds or graded areas). Should any significant pre-Contact or historic deposits (i.e. subsurface
concentrations of indigenous or historic era artifacts and/or structural remnants) or human burials
be encountered during the course of development of the project site, the subsurface excavation
work and/or surface grading will be halted in the immediate area and the SHPD will be notified
immediately.
(3) Scenic and Open Space Resources
Objective:
(A) Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal
scenic and open space resources.
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Policies:
(A) Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area;
(B) Ensure that new developments are compatible with their visual environment by
designing and locating such developments to minimize the alteration of natural
landforms and existing public views to and along the shoreline;
(C) Preserve, maintain, and, where desirable, improve and restore shoreline open
space and scenic resources; and
(D) Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate in
inland areas.
The Proposed project improvements would be similar to the existing facilities at the WWTP. The
chemical addition building and the ultra violet (UV) facility would be about 12 to 14 high, or about
the same height as the existing administration and operations buildings and the roof structure
over the effluent pump station. The R-1 storage tank would be about 30 feet above the
surrounding grade. There is an existing about 14-foot high berm located along the eastern
boundary of the WWTP which would act the screen the project improvements when viewed from
Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Thus, the Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade project would not affect
coastal views.
The nearest public shoreline access is located about 3,500 feet west of the existing WWTP on
lands controlled by the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and,
as such, coastal scenic and open space resources would not be affected.
(4) Coastal Ecosystems
Objective:
(A) Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, from disruption and
minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems.
Policies:
(A) Exercise an overall conservation ethic, and practice stewardship in the protection,
use, and development of marine and coastal resources;
(B) Improve the technical basis for natural resource management;
(C) Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, of significant biological or
economic importance;
(D) Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems by effective
regulation of stream diversions, channelization, and similar land and water uses,
recognizing competing water needs; and
(E) Promote water quantity and quality planning and management practices that
reflect the tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems and maintain and
enhance water quality through the development and implementation of point and
nonpoint source water pollution control measures.
During construction of the various improvements, storm water runoff may carry increased
amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during
excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of coastal
waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the construction
of the proposed project will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. In addition, for those
improvements anticipating an area of soil disturbance greater than one acre, an NPDES Individual
Permit for Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity, administered by the State DOH, will
be required to control storm water discharges. Mitigation measures will be instituted in
accordance with site-specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-
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structural BMPs such implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and sediment
basins and minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping improvements.
These measures will protect the coastal ecosystems of the area.
The nearest public shoreline access is located about 3,500 feet west of the existing WWTP on
lands controlled by the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and,
as such, coastal ecosystems would not be adversely affected.
(5) Economic Uses
Objective:
(A) Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State’s
economy in suitable locations.
Policies:
(A) Concentrate coastal dependent development in appropriate areas;
(B) Ensure that coastal dependent developments such as harbors and ports, and
coastal related development such as visitor facilities and energy generating
facilities, are located, designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social,
visual, and environmental impacts in the coastal zone management area; and
(C) Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent developments to areas
presently designated and used for such developments and permit reasonable long-
term growth at such areas, and permit coastal dependent development outside of
presently designated areas when:
(i) Use of presently designated locations is not feasible;
(ii) Adverse environmental effects are minimized; and
(iii) The development is important to the State’s economy.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will be located about 3,500 feet from the shoreline. The
improvements are sited within the existing Kealakehe WWTP which has been operating since the
early 1990s and provides a suitable location to serve the Kailua Kona community.
(6) Coastal Hazards
Objectives:
(A) Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream flooding,
erosion, subsidence, and pollution.
Policies:
(A) Develop and communicate adequate information about storm wave, tsunami,
flood, erosion, subsidence, and point and nonpoint source pollution hazards;
(B) Control development in areas subject to storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion,
hurricane, wind, subsidence, and point and nonpoint pollution hazards;
(B) Ensure that developments comply with requirements of the Federal Flood
Insurance Program;
(C) Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects.
According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel No. 1551660692C
(effective date: September 16, 1988) prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA)), the project site is located within Zone “X”, defined as “Areas determined to be outside
the 0.2% annual chance floodplain.”
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The project site is located outside of the tsunami inundation zone. Construction and operation of
the proposed project are not anticipated to increase flood risks or cause any adverse flood-related
impacts at the project site or lower elevation properties.
The entire island of Hawai‘i is designated Seismic Zone 4, the highest rating among the major
Hawaiian Islands. The proposed improvements will be designed and built to Seismic Zone 4
standards of the International Building Code (IBC) to ensure that potential seismic activities do
not adversely affect the project buildings.
(7) Managing Development
Objective:
(A) Improve the development review process, communication, and public
participation in the management of coastal resource and hazards.
Policies:
(A) Use, implement, and enforce existing law effectively to the maximum extent
possible in managing present and future coastal zone development;
(B) Facilitate timely processing of applications for development permits and resolve
overlapping or conflicting permit requirements; and
(C) Communicate the potential short- and long-term impacts of proposed significant
coastal developments early in their life cycle and in terms understandable to the
public to facilitate public participation in the planning and review process.
The Hawai‘i State environmental review process, as set forth Chapter 343, HRS, and Hawai’i
Administrative Rules Title 11, State of Hawai’i Department of Health, Chapter 200, Environmental
Impact Statement Rules requires project review by government agencies and affords the public
and organizations the opportunity to provide comments on the proposed project. The proposed
improvements are also subject to the Special Management Area (SMA) permit process as
discussed in Section 6.2.5. Applicable State and County requirement will be adhered to in the
design and construction phases of the proposed improvements.
In addition, the KWWTP project has been the subject of a series of workshops (September 2016),
focus group interviews (February 2017) and the EIS scoping meeting (April 2017).
(8) Public Participation
Objective:
(A) Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal management.
Policies:
(A) Promote public involvement in coastal zone management processes;
(B) Disseminate information on coastal management issues by means of educational
materials, published reports, staff contact, and public workshops for persons and
organizations concerned with coastal issues, developments, and government
activities; and
(C) Organize workshops, policy dialogues, and site-specific mediations to respond to
coastal issues and conflicts.
The Hawai‘i State environmental review process, as set forth Chapter 343, HRS, and Hawai’i
Administrative Rules Title 11, State of Hawai’i Department of Health, Chapter 200, Environmental
Impact Statement Rules requires project review by government agencies and affords the public
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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and organizations the opportunity to provide comments on the proposed project. The proposed
improvements are also subject to the Special Management Area (SMA) permit process as
discussed in Section 6.2.5. Applicable State and County requirement will be adhered to in the
design and construction phases of the proposed improvements.
In addition, the Proposed project has been the subject of a series of workshops (September 2016),
focus group interviews (February 2017) and the EIS scoping meeting (April 2017).
(9) Beach Protection
Objective:
(A) Protect beaches for public use and recreation.
Policies:
(A) Locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open space,
minimize interference with natural shoreline processes, and minimize loss of
improvements due to erosion;
(B) Prohibit construction of private erosion-protection structures seaward of the
shoreline, except when they result in improved aesthetic and engineering solutions
to erosion at the sites and do not interfere with existing recreational and waterline
activities; and
(C) Minimize the construction of public erosion-protection structures seaward of the
shoreline.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements project does not involve the construction of improvements in the
shoreline setback nor require any shoreline erosion-protection structures.
(10) Marine Resources
Objective:
(A) Promote the protection, use, and development of marine and coastal resources
to assure their sustainability.
Policies:
(D) Ensure that the use and development of marine and coastal resources are
ecologically and environmentally sound and economically beneficial;
(E) Coordinate the management of marine and coastal resources and activities to
improve effectiveness and efficiency;
(F) Assert and articulate the interests of the State as a partner with federal agencies
in the sound management of ocean resources within the United States exclusive
economic zone;
(G) Promote research, study, and understanding of ocean processes, marine life, and
other ocean resources in order to acquire and inventory information necessary to
understand how ocean development activities relate to and impact upon ocean
and coastal resources; and
(H) Encourage research and development of new, innovative technologies for
exploring, using, or protecting marine and coastal resources.
The Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade improvements do not involve construction or development
within coastal waters. Thus, the improvements are not anticipated to have any direct impacts on
marine and coastal resources. Potential water quality impacts to nearshore coastal waters during
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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construction of the improvements will be mitigated by adherence to State water quality regulations
governing grading, excavation and stockpiling. In addition, since the improvements anticipating
an area of soil disturbance greater than 1.0 acre, an NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water
Associated with Construction Activity, administered by the State DOH, will be required to control
storm water discharges. Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with site-specific
assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as
implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and sediment basins and minimizing
time of exposure between construction and landscaping.
6.2 Hawai‘i County Land Use Plans and Policies
6.2.1 Hawai‘i County General Plan
Hawai‘i County last updated its General Plan in February of 2005. This plan serves as a policy
document outlining long range comprehensive development on the island of Hawai‘i, providing
broad goals, objectives, policies, and implementing actions that portray the desired direction of
the County’s future. Purposes of the General Plan include:
(A) Guide the pattern of future development in this County based on long-term goals;
(B) Identify the visions, values and priorities important to the people of this County;
and
(C) Effect political and technical coordination in community improvement and
development.
In addition to the goals and policies outlined in the General Plan, the Land Use Pattern Allocation
Guide (LUPAG) Map, which is included in the plan, identifies areas where development should
occur. Figure 6-3 shows the General Plan LUPAG) Map. The LUPAG designates the majority of
the Kealakehe WWTP and planted buffer as “Open Area.” The project sites for the soil aquifer
treatment (SAT) system and storage tank are designated “Urban Expansion”. The project site for
the gravity line is designated both “Open Area” and “Urban Expansion”. However, as the area
has been previously developed, the State Land Use District and County zoning designations
supersede the LUPAG designation.
The proposed project is consistent with the following applicable goals, objectives, policies, and
actions of the Hawai‘i County General Plan:
Sewer
Goals:
Create a better sewer disposal system than individual cesspools, particularly in highly
urbanized and shoreline areas.
Policies:
(e) Plans for wastewater reclamation and reuse for irrigation and biosolids
composting (remaining solids from the treatment of wastewater is processed into
a reusable organic material) shall be utilized where feasible and needed.
Discussion: The proposed project will provide a facility to treat sewage from the Kailua-Kona
area. The R-1 Upgrade improvements will be designed to accommodate flows from current and
future uses in the area. This will allow future users to use the Kealakehe WWTP instead of
individual cesspools or other means to dispose their sewage.
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FIGURE 6-3LAND USE PLAN ALLOCATION GUIDE MAP
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In addition, by producing R-1 quality recycled water, the proposed project will decrease the
amount of potable water currently being used for irrigation and other non-potable uses. By
replacing the existing percolation disposal basin with a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system, the
effluent that is not recycled will have a reduced nutrient load for disposal. This will reduce the
quantity and improve the quality of effluent entering the groundwater and eventually, coastal
waters.
6.2.2 Kona Community Development Plan
The County of Hawai‘i General Plan calls for the preparation of community development plans
(CDPs) “to translate the broad General Plan statement to specific actions as they apply to specific
geographical areas.” The Kona CDP is one of nine CDPs for Hawai‘i County. The purpose of
the Kona CDP is to:
Articulate Kona’s residents’ vision for the planning area;
Guide regional development in accordance with that vision, accommodating future
growth while preserving valued assets;
Provide a feasible infrastructure financing plan to improve existing deficiencies and
proactively support the needs of future growth;
Direct growth to appropriate areas;
Create a plan of action where government and the people work in partnership to
improve the quality of life in Kona for those who live, work, and visit; and
Provide a framework for monitoring the progress and effectiveness of the plan and
to make changes and update it, if necessary.
The proposed project is consistent with the following applicable guiding principles, objectives and
policies of the Kona CDP:
1. Protect Kona’s natural resources and culture
4. Provide recreational opportunities
6. Provide infrastructure and essential facilities concurrent with growth
7. Encourage a diverse and vibrant economy emphasizing agriculture and
sustainable economics
Environmental Resources
Guiding Principles
1. Protect Kona’s natural resources and culture.
Objectives and Policies
1. In order to minimize impacts on the land, make use of best management
planning practices for any land-based endeavor by balancing public and private
rights, and taking advantage of an ever improving knowledge of resource
sensitivity and natural processes.
2. To develop a networked system of appropriate access to all significant open
space resources that enhances opportunities for residents and visitors for
recreational, educational, subsistence, or gathering purposes.
Discussion: Construction activities will involve land-disturbing activities, such as clearing,
grading, and excavation that may result in some soil erosion and potential construction-related
impacts to the quality of surface and coastal waters in the vicinity of the disturbances. Various
mitigation measures will be incorporated into the project’s construction plans and specifications
to minimize soil disturbances and potential short-term erosion impacts during construction
activities. Excavation and grading activities associated with construction of the proposed project
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance and the NPDES permit requirement
administered by the State DOH. A NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water Associated with
Construction Activity will be required for those projects anticipating soil disturbance exceeding
one acre. Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with site-specific assessments,
incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of
exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures
such as silt fences and sediment basins. Following the associated construction activity, the
excavated areas will be paved over or backfilled to its graded contours or re-vegetated to control
erosion.
The proposed project is not anticipated to have any long-term impacts to land-based, shoreline,
and marine resources. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been
built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion.
The proposed improvements are not anticipated to have significant impacts on notable view
planes nor adversely affect important public viewing points or visual resources. The proposed
improvements at the existing facilities at the Kealakehe WWTP and will be consistent with the
visual character of the existing facilities and would be sensed as an intensification of the existing
facility.
Cultural Resources
Guiding Principles
1. Protect Kona’s natural resources and culture.
Objectives and Policies
1. Ensure that our Kanaka Maoli and island values and cultures are preserved and
perpetuated.
Discussion: An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was
conducted for the property in April 2018. The project area lies within the southernmost extent of
the Kekaha region, in which the uplands were used for residences and farming, and the coastal
lands for residence, fishing, and aquaculture. The lands located between the coast and uplands
settlements, in which the majority of the project area is situated, contained networks of trails along
which shelter and water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located.
Historically, the area was used widely for ranching.
Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological
sites/historic properties overlapping or within 330 feet of the bounds of the project area. Most of
these are pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, resource
procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation. Historic era sites included
trails (such as State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] #50-10-27-00002, Māmalahoa Trail),
habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-related features like boundary walls.
The field inspection confirmed 30 of 119 previously identified archaeological sites and possibly
relocated portions of eight previously identified sites; these 38 sites are within or immediately
adjacent to the project area. In addition, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified
archaeological features/feature complexes within or directly adjacent to the project area.
In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties will be made in the project
design phase. Such efforts will include limiting ground disturbance within previously undisturbed
areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of transmission lines within existing
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roadbeds or graded areas). Should any significant pre-Contact or historic deposits (i.e.
subsurface concentrations of indigenous or historic era artifacts and/or structural remnants) or
human burials be encountered during the course of development of the project site, the
subsurface excavation work and/or surface grading will be halted in the immediate area and the
SHPD will be notified immediately.
Public Facilities, Infrastructure, and Services
Guiding Principles
3.. Ensure infrastructure supports growth of TODs in a manner that reduces waste
and pollution, conserves water, and generally minimizes environmental impacts.
6.Set a standard of excellence in the construction, operation, and maintenance of
all public facilities and the supportive role of the community to promote civic
pride.
Objectives and Policies
Policy PUB-4.5: Wastewater Treatment and Effluent Release
Discussion: The Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade improvements will be undertaken to improve
and enhance the treatment processes so that the effluent can be used for more beneficial uses,
including those in which the effluent would displace the use of potable water
6.2.3 County of Hawai‘i Zoning
Chapter 25 of the Hawai‘i County Code regulates land use in accordance with adopted land use
policies and it is also often referred to as the zoning ordinance. The County Code presents
permitted uses and structures, development standards, and height controls for each zoning
district. The zoning designations for the existing Kealakehe WWTP and the proposed
improvements are shown in Figure 6-3.
The developed portions of the WWTP and segments of the R-1 transmission lines are zoned
“Open”. According to Section 25-5-160 of the County Code, “the Open district applies to areas
that contribute to the general welfare, the full enjoyment, or the economic well-being of open land
type use which has been established, or is proposed. The objective of this district is to encourage
development around it such as a golf course and park, and to protect investments which have
been or shall be made in reliance upon the retention of such open type use, to buffer an otherwise
incompatible land use or district, to preserve a valuable scenic vista or an area of special historical
significance, or to protect and preserve submerged land, fishing ponds, and lakes (natural or
artificial tide lands).” Improvements proposed within the Open district include the improvements
to the Kealakehe WWTP, onsite subsurface flow wetlands, the SAT facility, portions of the
recycled water transmission lines, and recycled water storage. As the proposed improvements
are public uses and structures, they are allowable in the Open district. The proposed
improvements identified as public uses and structures will need to get a plan approval from the
County Planning Department before construction in order to be in compliance with the County
zoning districts.
Sections of the proposed R-1 transmission lines cross an Agricultural-minimum 5 acre building
site (A-5a). According to Section 25-5-70 of the County Code, “the A (agricultural) district provides
for agricultural and very low density agriculturally-based residential use, encompassing rural
areas of good to marginal agricultural and grazing land, forest land, game habitats, and areas
where urbanization is not found to be appropriate.”
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In congruence with Section 21-15 of the County Code, “[a]ll sewage works construction shall be
performed in accordance with the latest edition of the standard specifications for public works
construction and the standard details for public works construction.” Should sewage be disposed
into a natural outlet after treatment, the Kealakehe WWTP will adhere to Section 21-11 of the
County Code which states, “[w]here sewage is to be discharged into any natural outlet, primary
or complete treatment facilities shall be provided in accordance with regulations and requirements
of the State department of health. The type, capacity and location of the treatment plant shall be
approved by the director.” The Kealakehe WWTP will not discharge into a natural outlet.
6.2.4 County of Hawai‘i Special Management Area
Pursuant to the Hawai‘i CZM Program, Chapter 205A, HRS, the counties have enacted
ordinances establishing Special Management Areas (SMA). Any “development” within the SMA
requires an SMA Use permit administered by the County of Hawai‘i Planning Department.
Through the SMA permit system, the County assesses and regulates developments proposed for
areas located within the SMA and the proposed developments are evaluated for compliance with
the CZM objectives and policies and SMA guidelines set forth in Chapter 205A, HRS. The entire
Kealakehe WWTP property and a portion of the proposed R-1 transmission lines are located
within the SMA. (See Figure 1-4 SMA Map) The proposed improvements are consistent with the
CZM objectives and policies as previously described in Section 6.1.5.
On January 31, 1989, the County of Hawai'i Planning Commission approved Special
Management Area Use Permit No. 280 to allow the construction of the Kealakehe Wastewater
Treatment Plant and related improvements at Kealakehe, North Kona, Hawai'i within TMK: 7-4-
008: portion of 3. The application was for the 53+ acre area to be used for the wastewater
treatment plant and related improvements. The applicant was to submit a metes and bounds
description of the 53+ acre area. (See Figure 1-4, Special Management Area Map)
The approval stated, the requested Special Management Area Use Permit Application will not
have any significant adverse environmental or ecological effects. The project site is located on
pahoehoe lava with little soil and vegetation. Endangered species have not been associated with
this site. Additionally, no historic or archaeological sites have been associated with the project
site.
Further, the development was determined to be consistent with the objectives and policies
provided by Chapter 205A, HRS, and the Special Management Area Guidelines. Also, the project
did not involve dredging or filling; did not reduce the size of a beach or recreational area; did not
reduce access to the shoreline; did not interfere with the line of sight from the Queen Ka‘ahumanu
Highway to the shoreline; and did not adversely affect the coastal water quality, fisheries, wildlife
habitats or agricultural use of land.
Also, the development was found to be consistent with the County General Plan and zoning. The
project is sited in the Urban District, in an area designated as Alternate Urban Expansion and is
a use permitted in the Zoning Code. This project is part of a coordinated development effort
involving the County and State of Hawai'i.
Further, no adverse impacts on air and water quality are expected to be generated by the
proposal. The nature of these additional improvements is such that no unusual air emissions will
be produced by the aerated lagoon treatment. The municipal golf course is seen as the field
which will consume the chemical nutrients found in the effluent used for irrigation.
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The Planning Commission found, although the proposed use will alter the essential character of
the land, it is determined that such a change may make the highest and best use of land involved
for the public welfare at the present time.
6.3 Permits and Approvals
The following is a list of permits, approvals, and reviews that may be required prior to construction
and operation of the proposed project.
Federal
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Endangered Species Act, Section 7 Consultation
State of Hawai‘i
Department of Health
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Individual Permit for Storm
Water Associated with Construction Activity
Approval to Construct Wastewater Treatment Works
Authorization to Operate Wastewater Treatment Works
Department of Land and Natural Resources Office of Coastal and Conservation Lands
Conservation District Use Permit
Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division
Section 106 of the national Historic Preservation Act
Chapter 6E, HRS, State Historic Preservation Law
Department of Transportation
Work within the State right-of-way
Office of Planning
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Federal Consistency Certification
County of Hawai‘i
Special Management Area Use Permit
Grading/Grubbing Permit
Building Permit
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7.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL AND SHORT-TERM USES OF HUMANITY’S
ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
7.1 Short-Term Effects
The proposed project alternatives will involve short-term uses of the environment during the
construction phase. These uses will have both positive and negative impacts. Construction
activities associated with the proposed project alternatives will create temporary adverse impacts,
including increased noise, airborne dust, traffic disruptions, and loss of on-street parking in the
vicinities of the Kealakehe WWTP.
In the short-term, the proposed improvements will also confer some positive economic benefits in
the local area. Direct economic benefits will result from construction expenditures both through
the purchase of materials from local suppliers and through the employment of local labor. Indirect
economic impacts may include benefits to local retail businesses resulting from construction
activities.
7.2 Long-Term Effects
In the long-term, the proposed project associated improvements will have beneficial impacts on
long-term enhancement of the environment, including potential improvements to coastal water
quality, ecosystems, public health, and safety. The purpose of the Kealakehe WWTP R-1
Upgrade project is to construct the necessary improvements to provide effluent treatment for the
production of R-1 recycled water. “Recycled water” means treated wastewater that by design is
intended to be used for beneficial purposes. Use of recycled water has become more significant
due to the growing population of the Kona area, limited potable water resources, and wastewater
disposal issues. Implementing the use of R-1 recycled water will decrease the amount of potable
water currently being used for irrigation (and other non-potable uses) and reduce the quantity of
the WWTP effluent requiring disposal. This decrease in potable water demand is especially
relevant due to the relatively arid conditions found along the Kona coast, the limited availability
and cost of developing new potable water sources, and the demand for potable water for domestic
consumption.
The R-1 Upgrade improvements will increase nutrient removal within the wastewater treatment
process and thus reduce the nutrient load in the effluent to be disposed. By replacing the existing
percolation disposal basin with an EPA-recognized land application system, additional
environmental protection will be provided to ground water resources and to coastal waters. In
addition, the R-1 Upgrade improvements will provide for the wastewater management needs of
the service area for the next 20 years.
A substantial amount of financial resources will be required to construct, operate, and maintain
the proposed alternatives and associated improvements. The funds would be drawn from a
generally limited pool of assessment and operating fees. Therefore, the capital improvement and
annual operating costs associated with the proposed facility improvements would result in an
increase in sewer rates for the wastewater system customers on Hawaiʻi Island.
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8. IRRETRIEVABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES
In the short-term, construction of the proposed R-1 Upgrade facilities will require an irreversible
and irretrievable commitment of a number of resources, including land, capital, construction
materials, labor, energy, fuel, and water. Material, labor resources and financial resources will
also be irretrievably committed to the planning and design of the improvements.
There will be a long-term commitment to the use of land with the proposed action. Although
almost all of the R-1 transmission line facilities would be located within existing public rights-of-
way, the portion of the transmission lines on private properties would encumber those lands with
easements for the lines. The transmission lines on private properties would be located along
property boundaries to minimize impacts to the landowner. Also, the width of the easement would
be limited the area needed for placement of the line and to allow access for maintenance of the
line.
Effective operation of the R-1 facilities will also require irreversible and irretrievable commitment
of labor, materials and resources in the form of consumption of electrical power and potable water.
Fuel would be needed to operate the emergency generator during periods of commercial power
outage and when the system is being tested. Certain fuels, however, may be derived from
renewable sources.
Financial resources used for construction and operation of the proposed R-1 facilities, once
committed and used for the project, will not be available for other uses. Although operation of the
R-1 facilities would consume financial resources, this would be offset by a corresponding
decrease in resources needed to support production of potable water that would be displaced by
the use of R-1 recycled water.
The extent of irreversible and irretrievable financial commitment towards capital expenses will
increase steadily with time as the value of the facilities decline due to the effects of age and
depreciation. The funds used for operation and maintenance of the facilities are largely
irreversible and irretrievable upon expenditure.
In the long-term, the impact of undertaking these irreversible and irretrievable commitments of
resources should be weighed against the environmental benefits to be derived from the decrease
in use potable water that would be displaced by using R-1 recycled water for the same purpose.
Moreover, use of R-1 recycled water would preserve potable water for it highest and best use.
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9. PROBABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED
Adverse impacts can be defined as short- and long-term effects relative to the construction and
implementation of a specific use. Short-term impacts are usually construction-related impacts
that will occur during the course of construction and cease upon completion of the project. Long-
term impacts generally result from the implementation of the proposed project.
9.1 Short-Term Effects
Unavoidable short-term impacts, despite mitigation efforts, include those related to noise and air
quality, and water quality.
Noise: Construction noise will be unavoidable during the duration of the R-1 Upgrade
Improvements and the transmission pipelines. Short-term increases in noise levels will result
from use of construction equipment and vehicle movements on public roads and at the Kealakehe
WWTP project site. Despite compliance with Chapter 46, Title 11, Community Noise Control,
DOH, Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules (HAR), noise generated by construction activities will
adversely impact nearby land uses. The use of muffled equipment, noise barriers, and restrictions
on construction hours, as well as adherence to State DOH regulations on noise mitigation, will
minimize construction equipment and vehicle noise. For construction work to be performed at
night or on weekends and holidays, a Community Noise Variance permit from the DOH will be
required if it exceeds regulatory noise levels.
Air Quality: Construction-related air quality impacts would result from airborne dust and exhaust
emissions from internal combustion engines during site preparation and earth moving activities,
the movement of construction vehicles on unpaved areas of the site, and from construction
equipment. The construction contractor is responsible for complying with State DOH regulations
which prohibit visible dust emissions at property boundaries. Nevertheless, open-air areas and
naturally ventilated structures located in the vicinity of the project sites could be affected by dust
in spite of compliance with these regulations.
Water Quality: No significant impacts on coastal waters are anticipated as a result of constructing
and operating the proposed improvements. Construction activities will involve land-disturbing
activities that may result in some short-term surface runoff and soil erosion. The construction
plans will include erosion control plans for the WWTP site, the buffer and soil aquifer treatment
sites, and along transmission line work areas.
Traffic: During construction, traffic near the Kealakehe WWTP will be impacted for the period of
the construction activity. This could occur along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway when the
transmission line is constructed in the shoulder area. To avoid potential traffic congestion, the
construction traffic control plan will minimize construction-related traffic on the adjacent roadway.
The increased traffic from construction-related vehicles should be insignificant during the
construction period.
9.2 Long-Term Effects
Unavoidable long-term impacts resulting from development of the proposed wastewater facility
improvements include those on air quality, noise, aesthetics, and energy consumption.
Air Quality: The primary air quality concern associated with wastewater treatment plants is that
they can be a source of nuisance odors to the surrounding community, if not properly designed
and/or operated. Typically, nuisance odors are most commonly associated with anaerobic
(without oxygen) conditions at the headworks, the facility where raw sewage enters the WWTP,
and with residual solids processing. Hydrogen sulfide is the primary source of the nuisance odor.
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The Kealakehe WWTP is currently equipped with an existing odor control system at the
headworks. The channels in the headworks facility are covered to facilitate the collection and
removal of foul air. Within the headworks, the foul air is directed to a chemical mist scrubber to
remove hydrogen sulfide and other odorous compounds before the scrubbed air is released to
the atmosphere.
The existing lagoons within the Kealakehe WWTP will not be a source of nuisance odors as the
lagoons are aerated to maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations in the lagoon water column at
approximately 2.0 mg/L or greater at all times. The County’s recently completed upgrade of the
lagoon aeration system will ensure that sufficient aeration capacity is available to maintain aerobic
lagoon conditions under foreseeable conditions.
The feed water to the R-1 treatment process will have been oxidized in the aerated lagoon system
prior to being pumped to the various R-1 treatment processes. Thus, the proposed R-1 treatment
system will not be a source of nuisance odors. Since the R-1 recycled water used for irrigation
by the users will have been through the various processes at the Kealakehe WWTP, it should not
be a source of nuisance odors.
The SAT will receive effluent from the Kealakehe WWTP that has been oxidized in the aerated
lagoon system and denitrified in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Due to the treatment
provided at the WWTP, the effluent pumped to the SAT site will not be a source of nuisance odors.
Water Quality: The State of Hawai‘i has set forth the general policy of water quality, which is to
protect and maintain existing uses and the level of water quality. Hawai‘i Administrative Rules
(HAR) Title 11, Chapter 54, Water Quality Standards (revised November 15, 2014), show that the
entire Kona coast, including the area in the vicinity of the Kealakehe WWTP project site is
classified as AA Marine waters. Class AA Marine waters are recognized as high quality coastal
waters with the objective that "these waters remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as
possible with an absolute minimum of pollution or alteration of water quality from any human-
caused source or actions".
HAR Title 11, Chapter 54, shows the waters inside Honokōhau Harbor are Class A. The DOH
objective for Class A waters is to protect “their use for recreational purposes and aesthetic
enjoyment”.
No significant impacts on coastal waters in the greater project vicinity are anticipated as a result
of the construction and operation of the proposed improvements. The soil aquifer treatment (SAT)
system will be the final step to remove nutrients and other constituents from the treated effluent.
SAT is an EPA-recognized form of land treatment and will replace the percolation disposal basin
method currently in use. Effluent, which has been treated through the vegetated wetlands to
remove nitrogen from the effluent, will be further treated by the SAT system to remove
phosphorus, heavy metal and trace organic compounds, and endocrine disrupting chemicals.
The SAT system uses a sand media to achieve removal of the effluent constituents. This
combination of natural processes will ensure that treated effluent can be returned to the
subsurface environment without adverse impacts. In addition, recycled water will reduce the
amount of WWTP effluent requiring disposal as well as the nutrient load carried to the disposal
system. This will, in turn, decrease the amount of WWTP effluent that will enter ground waters
and potentially to coastal waters.
Noise: There may be instances when noise from the Kealakehe WWTP would be audible to
residents in the vicinity. This may potentially occur during periods of no wind or southwesterly
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(Kona) wind conditions as these climatic conditions create a channeling effect and thus could
result in less attenuation of noise.
Aesthetics: Since the proposed R-1 Facility Improvements at the existing Kealakehe WWTP will
be consistent in visual character to those of the existing facilities, the change in views from public
places will be of an intensification of the existing uses. The proposed chemical addition building,
the R-1 treatment facility concrete canopy, and the R-1 storage tank would be the above ground
structure which would intensify the facility-type visual character of the Kealakehe WWTP.
However, since the Kealakehe WWTP is located about 3,700 feet (0.70 miles) from Queen
Kaʻahumanu Highway, the location of the nearest public views, the R-1 facilities would only
appear as facilities in the distance.
Energy Consumption: Implementation of the proposed R-1 Facility Improvements alternative will
increase energy demand to operate the pumps needed to control flows to the constructed
wetlands, the R-1 storage tank and to the SAT site which is located about 30 to 40 feet higher
and mauka (east) of the Kealakehe WWTP. Electrical power will also be required to operate the
ultra-violet (UV) lights used for disinfection process. In the future, electrical power will be needed
to pump R-1 water to the offsite storage tanks.
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10. SUMMARY OF UNRESOLVED ISSUES
No significant unresolved issues pertaining to the proposed action have been identified up to the
publication of this Draft EIS. Potentially, issue(s) identified through the public review and
comment period of the Draft EIS could be determined to constitute an unresolved issue(s), in
which case it (they) would be documented in the Final EIS.
Inasmuch as the proposed improvements are still in the planning and conceptual design stages,
especially those proposed for future phases of the proposed action, further refinements in design
are anticipated before construction commences. It is not anticipated that such refinements would
significantly alter the assessment of impacts documented in this Draft EIS. To that degree, such
unforeseeable design refinements are unresolved.
Nevertheless, should major design changes be proposed that call into question the validity of the
impact assessments in this Draft EIS, then a Second Draft EIS could be warranted to address
those changes. If the Final EIS has been accepted by that time, then the need for a Supplemental
EIS, specifically addressing those design changes, would be considered.
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11. CONSULTATION
The pre-assessment consultation process included efforts to inform the community and solicit
input in scoping the Draft EIS well beyond the requirements of Chapter 343, HRS. This process
included formal written consultation pursuant to Chapter 343, HRS and Title 11, Chapter 200,
HAR; meetings with elected officials, agencies, and stakeholders; and public
informational/scoping meetings. These outreach efforts are documented below.
11.1 Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice Consultation
The following agencies, organizations, and individuals were consulted during the Environmental
Impact Statement Preparation Notice (EISPN) process. Consultation was conducted to solicit
comments from the public regarding their concerns and agency requirements. In addition, the
EISPN was sent to those agencies believed to have jurisdiction or expertise as well as those
citizen groups and individuals reasonably believed to be affected by the Proposed Action. Notice
of availability of the EISPN was published in the March 23, 2017 issue of The Environmental
Notice. Copies of all written comments received along with response letters are reproduced and
included in Appendix A.
List of Agencies; Organizations/Others EISPN Comments
Federal Agencies
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers X
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service X
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency X
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service X
U.S. National Parks Service, Kaloko Honokohau National
Historic Park X X
U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service X
U.S. Department of the Navy X
Federal Aviation Administration X
Federal Transit Administration X
Federal Highways Administration X
U.S. Department of Homeland Security X
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association X
State Agencies X
Department of Agriculture X
Department of Accounting and General Services X
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism
(DBEDT) X
DBEDT, Strategic Industries Division X
DBEDT, Hawai‘i State Energy Office X
DBEDT, Land Use Commission X
DBEDT, Office of Planning X X
Department of Defense X
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List of Agencies; Organizations/Others EISPN Comments
State Agencies
Department of Education X
Department of Hawaiian Homelands X
Department of Health X
Department of Health, Environmental Management Branch X
Department of Health, Environmental Planning Office X X
Department of Health, Clean Water Branch X
Department of Health, Wastewater Branch X
Department of Health, Office of Environmental Quality Control X
Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) X
DLNR, Historic Preservation Division X
DLNR, Division of Forestry and Wildlife X
DLNR, Engineering Division X
DLNR, Commission on Water Resource Management X
Department of Transportation X X
Department of Transportation, Airports Division X
Department of Transportation, Harbors Division X
Department of Transportation, Highways Division X
Office of Hawaiian Affairs X
University of Hawai‘i Environmental Center X
University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant X
County Agencies
Fire Department X
Department of Parks and Recreation X
Department of Planning X
Department of Public Works X
Department of Water Supply X
Office of the Mayor X
Others
Hawai’i Electric Light Company (HELCO) X
Verizon Hawai‘i X
Hawai‘i Gas X
Hawaiian Telcom X
Oceanic Time Warner Cable X
Queen Liliuokalani Trust X
Kohanaiki Golf & Ocean Club X
Aronson, Sue X
Aronson, Ron X
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List of Agencies; Organizations/Others EISPN Comments
Others
Bennett, Richard X
Clement, Jane X
Maile, David E X
Eoff, Karen X
Gaffney, Rick X
Holmes, Steve X
Kaapu, David X
Kahui, Bo X
Kanuha, Dru X
Kim, Susan X
Kunitake, Walter X
Leicher, Terri X
Moore, Bill X
Murata, Justin X
Nazara, Cynthia X
Palacat-Nelson, Shane X
Purdy, Mānā X
Root, Joe X
Sung, Shihwu X
Shibata, Michael X
Smith, Riley X
Taylor, Bill X
Wilson, Ross X
Zimpfer, Jeff X
Appendix A shows the comment and responses the Environmental Impact Statement Preparation
Notice (EISPN).
11.2 Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Availability of the Draft EIS of review and comment will be published in the Office of Environmental
Quality Control Environmental Notice dated February 23, 2019. The State DOH and the County
will continue to consult with the State Historic Preservation Division in accordance with Section
106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and Chapter 6E, Hawaii Revised Statutes, and the
US Fish and Wildlife Service in accordance with Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.
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County of Hawai’i. 2008 Kona Community Development Plan. 2008
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County of Hawai’i. Department of Environmental Management. Final Environmental
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County of Hawai’i. Department of Public Works. Revised Environmental Impact Statement
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County of Hawai’i. Department of Public Works. Revised Final Environmental Impact
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Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel
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State of Hawai’i. Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism. State of Hawaii
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Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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State of Hawai’i. Department of Health. Annual Summary 2015 Air Quality Data. December
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State of Hawai’i. Department of Transportation Highway Division. Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway
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Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant R-1 Upgrade Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i
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Path: P:\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\EIS_ReportFile Name: 149607-FIG-Future Process Schematic Plot Date: November 2, 2018 3:39 PM Cadd User: Irina ConstantinescuFIGUREKEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTFUTURE PROCESS SCHEMATIC4-2SCALE: NONEINFLUENTSCREENSGRITREMOVAL1256AERATEDLAGOONSSUBSURFACE FLOW WETLANDSWETLANDRETURNPUMPSWETLANDFEED PUMPSEFFLUENTPUMP STATIONR-1 TREATMENT(EXPANDABLE)FILTRATIONFLOCCULATIONUVDISINFECTIONR-1STORAGETANKSOIL AQUIFER TREATMENTBUFFERPARCELIRRIGATIONOFFSITEONSITEWWTPBACKWASH RETURN PUMPSFILTER FEED PUMPSCHEMICALADDITIONRAPIDMIXNORTH R-1USERS(KOHANAIKI)LEGENDEXISTINGNEWFUTURE AND/OR NOT PART OF THIS CONTRACTISOLATION GATE (NORMALLY CLOSED)ISOLATION GATE (NORMALLY OPEN)3PLANTWATERPOST-CHLORINATIONPRE-CHLORINATIONHINA LANI TANK(EXISTING)R-1USERS(FUTURE)ELEVATED TANK(FUTURE)HIGH HEAD R-1DISTRIBUTION PUMPS(FUTURE)NORTH R-1DISTRIBUTION PUMPSSOUTH R-1DISTRIBUTION PUMPSHYDRO-PNEUMATICTANKSOUTH R-1 USERS(OLD KONA AIRPORT PARK,QLT)R-1TRANSFERPUMPSWETLANDS DISTRIBUTIONBOXCHLORINATION
Path: P:\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\EIS_ReportFile Name: 149607-FIG-Future Process Schematic Plot Date: November 2, 2018 3:39 PM Cadd User: Irina ConstantinescuFIGUREKEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTFUTURE PROCESS SCHEMATIC4-2SCALE: NONEINFLUENTSCREENSGRITREMOVAL1256AERATEDLAGOONSSUBSURFACE FLOW WETLANDSWETLANDRETURNPUMPSWETLANDFEED PUMPSEFFLUENTPUMP STATIONR-1 TREATMENT(EXPANDABLE)FILTRATIONFLOCCULATIONUVDISINFECTIONR-1STORAGETANKSOIL AQUIFER TREATMENTBUFFERPARCELIRRIGATIONOFFSITEONSITEWWTPBACKWASH RETURN PUMPSFILTER FEED PUMPSCHEMICALADDITIONRAPIDMIXNORTH R-1USERS(KOHANAIKI)LEGENDEXISTINGNEWFUTURE AND/OR NOT PART OF THIS CONTRACTISOLATION GATE (NORMALLY CLOSED)ISOLATION GATE (NORMALLY OPEN)3PLANTWATERPOST-CHLORINATIONPRE-CHLORINATIONHINA LANI TANK(EXISTING)R-1USERS(FUTURE)ELEVATED TANK(FUTURE)HIGH HEAD R-1DISTRIBUTION PUMPS(FUTURE)NORTH R-1DISTRIBUTION PUMPSSOUTH R-1DISTRIBUTION PUMPSHYDRO-PNEUMATICTANKSOUTH R-1 USERS(OLD KONA AIRPORT PARK,QLT)R-1TRANSFERPUMPSWETLANDS DISTRIBUTIONBOXCHLORINATION4-3PRELIMINARY SITE LAYOUT1. EXISTING OPERATIONS BUILDING2. EXISTING ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING3. EXISTING SCRUBBER BUILDING4. EXISTING GRIT WASH ROOM5. EXISTING COMPRESSOR ROOM6. EXISTING INFLUENT BOX7. EXISTING EFFLUENT PUMP STATION8. EXISTING FLOW DIVERSION BOX 69. EXISTING FLOW DIVERSION BOX 1A10. EXISTING TRANSFORMER11. NEW CHEMICAL/ELECTRICAL BUILDING12. NEW R-1 TREATMENT FACILITY13. NEW R-1 DISTRIBUTION PS14. NEW R-1 STORAGE TANK15. NEW PROCESS FEED PS16. NEW BACKWASH RETURN PS17. NEW FLOW METER VAULT18. NEW R-1 TRANSFER PS19. NEW TRANSFORMER20. NEW FUEL TANK21. NEW WETLAND STRAINER22. NEW EPS STRAINER23. NEW CONDENSING UNIT24. NEW ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR25. NEW BULK FUEL STORAGE TANK26. FUTURE FILTER BASIN EXPANSION27. FUTURE UV BAY EXPANSION28. FUTURE R-1 DISTRIBUTION PSEXPANSIONKEY NOTES
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20" FORCE MAINTO FILTERSPUMP 4(FUTURE)PUMP 3(FUTURE)PUMP 2PUMP 1FILTER FEEDVALVE VAULT12" SWING CHECKVALVE, TYP12" PLUGVALVE, TYP20" BUTTERFLYVALVE FOR FLOWTHROTTLINGA-42" RS TODIVERSION BOX #616" FORCE MAINTO WETLANDS12" SWINGCHECK VALVE12" PLUG VALVE20" FORCE MAINTO FILTERSPUMP 2FILTER FEEDPUMP STATIONFILTER FEEDVALVE VAULTAPPROX FINISHGRADE8" x 12"INCREASERPath: P:\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\EIS_ReportFile Name: 149607-FIG-FilterFeedPS Plot Date: October 26, 2018 11:26 AM Cadd User: Irina ConstantinescuFIGUREKEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTFILTER FEED PUMP STATION PRELIMINARY LAYOUT4-4NOT TO SCALESECTIONA-SCALE:NONEISOLATION GATE
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Path: P:\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 WaterUpgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\EIS_Report File Name: 149607-FIG-Chem&ElecBldg Plot Date: November 2,2018 3:10 PM Cadd User: Irina ConstantinescuFIGUREKEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT PRELIMINARY EMERGENCY GENERATOR, ELECTRICAL ROOM,AND CHEMICAL ADDITION AND STORAGE BUILDING LAYOUT4-5SCALE: NONE
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Path: P:\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\TechMemo-R1 Treatment File Name:149607-FIG-IrrigationPlan Plot Date: April 19, 2018 11:13 AM Cadd User: Richard SellonaFIGUREKEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTBUFFER PARCEL PRELIMINARY IRRIGATION PLANA-2SCALE: 1" = 300'SCALE IN FEET0300 600LATERALS AT 40' SPACING, SPRINKLERSAT 50' SPACING (RECTANGULAR) TYPFOR 200' AND 150' WIDE STRIPSHALF CIRCLE SPRINKLERSAT 40' SPACING ONTRIANGULAR PATERN FOR45' WIDE STRIPLEGENDIRRIGATION ZONESPRINKLERSOLENOID VALVEIRRIGATED AREA31,360'6" R18" R145162NOMINAL SPACING ~40' x 50',ADJUST TO FIT VARYINGWIDTH OF ZONE4" R14" R16" R18" R14" R110" R14" R16" R110" R1IRRIGATIONPUMPS4" R16" R14" R16" R18" R110" R14" R16" R1250' SETBACKBUFFER AREA1KEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT10" R1BUFFER PARCELPROPERTY LINE4" R16-2
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CELL 2CELL 3CELL 4CELL 1KEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTBUFFER PARCEL EXISTING ELEVATIONS ANDPRELIMINARY SITE GRADING PLANA-4SCALE: 1" = 300'APPROXIMATE EARTHWORKLIMITS OF GRADING: 37.4 ACRESCUT: 143,000 CYFILL: 27,100 CYNET: 115,900 CY CUTMAX. DEPTH CUT: 22 FEETMAX. DEPTH FILL: 14 FEETWETLAND CELLS, TYP.(PER WETLANDS TM REPORT)WWTP R1 UPGRADES(PER R1 TM REPORT)60' IRRIGATIONEASEMENTWETLAND EFFLUENT PUMP STATION(PER WETLANDS TM REPORT)WETLAND DISTRIBUTION WEIR BOX(PER WETLANDS TM REPORT)BERM GRADINGSCALE IN FEET030015025' EASEMENT "S-1"25' FORCE MAIN EASEMENT6-3
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Path: \\ CMAUFP01\Projects\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\R1 User - Old Kona Airport\1A-1C 10 2 2017 Yolanda NodaFIGUREDATE: Octo er 2 , 2017Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Irrigation - Kailua Park Comple JO NO: 149607Puapuaa, North Kona, Hawaii1ASCALE: AS SHOWN6" R-1 IrrigationMain2" R-1 IrrigationLateralLegend: Approximate Areas of Irrigation R-1 FM from Kealakehe WWTP 6" R-1 Mainline 2" R-1 Lateral ApproximateProperty LineMAKA‘EO WALKING ANDJOGGING PARK - WEST(APPROX. 1.5 ACRES)Approximate locationof R-1 Water Meterand VaultMATCHLINE - SEE FIGURE 2-2ApproximateProperty LineR-1 Force Main (FM) fromKealakehe WWTP (County Easement)Approximate CountyEasement LineApproximateProperty LineFe ruary 2, 20187-1
Path: \\ CMAUFP01\Projects\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\R1 User - Old Kona Airport\1A-1C 10 2 2017 Yolanda NodaFIGUREDATE: Octo er 2 , 2017Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Irrigation - Kailua Park Comple JO NO: 149607Puapuaa, North Kona, Hawaii1 SCALE: AS SHOWNEVENT CENTER - EAST(APPROX. 0.21 ACRES)EVENT CENTER - WEST(APPROX. 0.80 ACRES)IN-LINE HOCKEY RINK(APPROX. 0.24 ACRES)MATCHLINE - SEE FIGURE 2-1MATCHLINE - SEE FIGURE 2-3BALLFIELD E(APPROX. 5.7 ACRES)Legend: Approximate Areas of Irrigation R-1 FM from Kealakehe WWTP 6" R-1 Mainline 2" R-1 Lateral ApproximateProperty Line2" R-1 IrrigationLateral6" R-1 IrrigationMain2" R-1 IrrigationLateralApproximate CountyEasement LineApproximateProperty LineApproximate locationof R-1 Water Meterand VaultR-1 Force Main (FM) fromKealakehe WWTP (County Easement)Fe ruary 2, 20187-2
Path: \\ CMAUFP01\Projects\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES\R1 User - Old Kona Airport\1A-1C 10 2 2017 Yolanda NodaFIGUREDATE: Octo er 2 , 2017Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Irrigation - Kailua Park Comple JO NO: 149607Puapuaa, North Kona, Hawaii1CSCALE: AS SHOWNN: 0.25 AC.BALLFIELD E(APPROX. 5.7 ACRES)BALLFIELD C(APPROX. 2.9 ACRES)BALLFIELD A(APPROX. 2.9 ACRES)B FIELD(APPROX. 2.4 ACRES)D FIELD(APPROX. 4.3 ACRES)AQUATIC CENTERTOTAL(APPROX. 0.38 ACRES)NW: 0.062 AC.E: 0.074 AC.MATCHLINE - SEE FIGURE 2-22" R-1 IrrigationLateralApproximate locationof R-1 Water Meterand Vault6" R-1 IrrigationMainHORSESHOE FIELD(APPROX. 0.28 ACRES)2" R-1 IrrigationLateral2" R-1 IrrigationLateralBASKETBALL COURTS(APPROX. 0.30 ACRES)2" R-1 IrrigationLateral6" R-1 IrrigationMainLegend: Approximate Areas of Irrigation R-1 FM from Kealakehe WWTP 6" R-1 Mainline 2" R-1 Lateral ApproximateProperty LineApproximate CountyEasement LineR-1 Force Main (FM) fromKealakehe WWTP (County Easement)ApproximateProperty LineFe ruary 2, 20187-3
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LAGOONEFFLUENT #5WETLAND 1WETLANDDISTRIBUTIONPUMPSPERFORATED DISTRIBUTIONPIPE, TYPCHECKVALVE, TYPSTANDPIPE, TYPEND FLUSH,TYPWETLANDRETURNPUMPEFFLUENTPUMP STATIONWETLANDRETURN SUMPWETLAND 2WETLAND 3LAGOONEFFLUENT #6STRAINERWETLAND 4TO FF PSTO BW RETURN PS TO SATDISTRIBUTIONBOXPath: P:\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\0-PROJECT\FIGURES File Name: 149607-FIG-Wetland P&ID Plot Date: March 20, 2018 2:20 PM Cadd User: Richard SellonaFIGUREKEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTWETLAND PRELIMINARY P&ID5SCALE: NONE8-2SUBSURFACE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND PROCESS SCHEMATIC
CELL 2CELL 3CELL 4CELL 1STATE OF HAWAIITMK: 7-4-008:058404040404040 4040405050505050 50STATE OF HAWAIITMK: 7-4-008:073IRRIGATED BUFFER PARCEL3040505050607070707070KEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT30' WIDE ACCESSPath: P:\Projects\Hawaii, County Of (HI)\149607 Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Water Upgrade\_CAD\2-SHEETS\C-CIVIL\Wetland File Name: GradingPlan Plot Date: August 30, 2018 2:35 PM Cadd User: Richard SellonaFIGUREKEALAKEHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTWETLAND SITE PLAN2SCALE: 1" = 150'SCALE IN FEET015075WWTP R1 UPGRADES(PER R1 TM REPORT)WETLAND EFFLUENT PUMP STATION(PER R1 TM REPORT)WETLAND DISTRIBUTION WEIR BOX(PER R1 TM REPORT)BERM GRADING,2:1 CUT TO DAYLIGHTCELL # BOTTOM ELEVATION TOP ELEVATION BOTTOM AREA TOP AREACELL 143' 48'0.75 ACRES 1.18 ACRESCELL 243' 48'2.61 ACRES 3.16 ACRESCELL 343' 48'2.61 ACRES 3.16 ACRESCELL 443' 48'0.38 ACRES 0.79 ACRESTOTAL 6.35 ACRES 8.29 ACRES8-3SUBSURFACE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SITE PLAN
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ĨĨůƵĞŶƚWƵŵƉŝŶŐ^důĞŶĚĞĚĨůŽǁƵƉ͗ ϱ͘ϰ ŵŐĚ&ůŽǁĨƌŽŵ>ĂŐŽŽŶϲ͗ Ϭ ŵŐĚ &ůŽǁƚŽ^d͗ Ϭ͘ϴ ŵŐĚ &ůŽǁƚŽ^d͗ Ϭ͘ϴ ŵŐĚ&ůŽǁ͗ϯ͘ϮŵŐĚ ůĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ ϭϰ͘ϰ ŵŐͬ> &ůŽǁŽƵƚƚŽϱͬϲũƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͗ Ϯ͘Ϯ ŵŐĚ&ůŽǁŝŶĨƌŽŵĞĨĨW^͗ Ϯ͘Ϯ ŵŐĚ dŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ Ϭ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ Ϯ͘ϳ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ Ϯ͘ϳ ŵŐͬ>dŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗͘ϮϮ͘ϱŵŐͬ> ůĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ ϲϰϵ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ Ϯ͘ϳ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ Ϯ͘ϳ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ Ϭ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ ϭϴ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ ϭϴ ƉƉĚdŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ ϲϬϬ ƉƉĚ ůĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚĂůWĐŽŶĐ͗ ϲ͘ϱ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ ϰϵ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ ϰϵ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůWĐŽŶĐ͗ Ϭ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůWĐŽŶĐ͗ ϱ͘ϵ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůWĐŽŶĐ͗ ϱ͘ϵ ŵŐͬ>dŽƚĂůWĐŽŶĐ͗͘ϳŵŐͬ> ůĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚĂůWŵĂƐƐ͗ Ϯϵϱ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůWĐŽŶĐ͗͘ ϱ͘ϵ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůWĐŽŶĐ͗͘ ϱ͘ϵ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůWŵĂƐƐ͗ Ϭ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůWŵĂƐƐ͗ ϯϵ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůWŵĂƐƐ͗ ϯϵ ƉƉĚdŽƚĂůWŵĂƐƐ͗ ϭϴϳ ƉƉĚdŽƚĂůWŵĂƐƐ͗ ϭϬϴ ƉƉĚ dŽƚĂůWŵĂƐƐ͗ ϭϬϴ ƉƉĚ>ĂŐŽŽŶϱĨůŽǁŝŶ͗ ϯ͘Ϯ ŵŐĚůĞŶĚĞĚĨůŽǁ͗ ϯ͘Ϭ ŵŐĚŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶƚŽ^ƚĂƚƵƐYƵŽ^dEƌĞŵŽǀĂů͗ϭϬй>ĂŐŽŽŶϱƚŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ ϮϮ͘ϱ ŵŐͬ>ůĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚĂůEĐŽŶĐ͗ Ϯ͘ϳ ŵŐͬ> dŽƚĂůE͗ϲй^dWƌĞŵŽǀĂů͗ϴϬй>ĂŐŽŽŶϱƚŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ ϲϬϬ ƉƉĚ>ĂŐŽŽŶϲ&ŽƌǁĂƌĚ&ůŽǁ;>ĞƐƐĞƐŝƌĂďůĞͿůĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚĂůEŵĂƐƐ͗ ϲϳ ƉƉĚ 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Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͷͳȌͷȌǤ ǡ ȋȌ ǤʹȌǡ ǯǡ ȋ ͵ǡȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǣ Ǥ ManualoftheFloweringPlantsofHawai‘iȋǡ ǡƬǡͳͻͻͲǢƬ ǡͳͻͻͻȌ ǡATropicalGardenFloraȋƬ ǡʹͲͲͷȌǡHawai‘i’sFernsandFernAlliesȋǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ͵ͲͲ ǤǦ ʹͲ ǦǤ ͺͶʹ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ͳͳͷǤ ʹͲʹʹǡʹͲͳǤ ǡ ͷǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍǡ Ǥ ͻǡʹͲͳͺǤ$OOILYHODJRRQVDWWKH::73WKDWFXUUHQWO\KDYHZDWHULQWKHPZHUHFRXQWHG&RXQWKealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁPHWKRGRORJ\ZDVWRVHWXSDWDORFDWLRQEHVLGHHDFKSRQGZKHUHDOORIWKHZDWHUELUGVLQWKHODJRRQFRXOGEHVHHQDWRQHWLPH7KHVHELUGVZHUHWKHQFRXQWHGE\VSHFLHVWKUHHWLPHVDQGWKHKLJKHVWQXPEHUREWDLQHGWDNHQDVWKHUHVXOW$OOILYHSRQGFRXQWVZHUHWKHQFRPELQHGWRDUULYHDWDWRWDOQXPEHURIZDWHUELUGVFRXQWHGZLWKLQWKHIDFLOLW\GXULQJWKHFRXQWSHULRG AOUCheckǦListofNorthAmericanBirdsȋ ǯǡͳͻͻͺȌǡ Ͷʹ ͷ Ǧ ȋ ǯǡʹͲͲͲǢǤǡʹͲͲʹǡʹͲͲ͵ǡʹͲͲͶǡʹͲͲͷǡʹͲͲǡʹͲͲǡʹͲͲͺǢǤǡʹͲͲͻǡʹͲͳͲǡʹͲͳͳǡʹͲͳʹǡʹͲͳ͵ǡʹͲͳͶǡʹͲͳͷǡʹͲͳǡʹͲͳȌǤ ȋLasiuruscinereussemotusȌǡ‘Ûpe‘ape‘a ǡ ǯ ǡǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ Ǥ ȋǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ ǮǮ¢¢ ȋCenchrussetaceusȌǤ ǡǡ ȋ ͶȌǤ ǡǤ Ǥͳͳ Ǥ ȋȌʹǤͳǣͳǦ ȋ Ȍ ͳ
AECOSǤͳͶͻͺͳǤ Ǧͳ ǡ ǮǤ1a.NonǦnative(ornamentalsandnaturalized)plants ȋȌ ABC1C2C3DFERNS AND FERN ALLIES NephrolepismultifloraȋǤȌ ǤǤ
ǤǤǦǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ FLOWERING PLANTS',&27</('216 AmaranthusspinosusǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ Schinusterebinthifolius ǦǦ ǦǦ NeriumoleanderǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ CascabellathevitiaȋǤȌǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ CatharanthusroseusȋǤȌ
Ǥ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ StapeliagiganteaǤǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ Plucheacarolinensisȋ
ǤȌ
Ǥ ǦǦ ǦǦ SeneciomadagascariensisǤǦǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ TridaxprocumbensǤ ǦǦ AECOSǤͳͶͻͺͳȋ ȌǤ ȋȌ ABC1C2C3D BuddleiaasiaticaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ OpuntiaficusǦindicaȋǤȌǤpanini ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ CleomegynandraǤhonohinaǡ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ CaricapapayaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ IpomoeaobscuraȋǤȌǦ
ǤǦǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ IpomoeatrilobaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ CoccineagrandisȋǤȌ Ǧ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ MomordicacharantiaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ EuphorbiahirtaǤ ǦǦ AcaciafarnesianaȋǤȌǤklu ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ChamaecristanictitansȋǤȌ ǡlauki ǦǦ ǦǦ CrotalariaretusaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ DesmodiumtortuosumȋǤȌǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ Indigoferahendecaphyla
Ǥ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ IndigoferasuffruticosaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ LeucaenaleucocephalaȋǤȌkoahaole MacroptiliumatropurpureumȋǤȌǤ ǦǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦǦǦ ǦǦMacroptiliumlathyroidesȋǤȌǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ
AECOSǤͳͶͻͺͳȋ ȌǤ ȋȌ ABC1C2C3D ȋ Ȍ PithecellobiumdulceȋǤȌǤ‘opiuma ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ Prosopispallidaȋ ǤƬǤǤȌkiawe ǦǦ HyptispectinataȋǤȌǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ SidaciliarisǤǦǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ SidarhombifoliaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ SidaspinosaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ FicusmicrocarpaǤǡǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ
BoerhaviacoccineaǤalena ǦǦ PortulacaoleraceaǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ PortulacapilosaǤ‘ihi TalinumfruticosumȋǤȌ
ǤǦǦǦ NicotianaglaucaǤǤ
ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ LantanacamaraǤ ǦǦ 0212&27</('216
Agavesisalana ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ AECOSǤͳͶͻͺͳȋ ȌǤ ȋȌ ABC1C2C3Dȋ
Ȍ CenchrusciliarisǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ CenchrusechinatusǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ Cenchrussetaceusȋ ǤȌ Cenchruspurpureusȋ ǤȌ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ChlorisbarbataȋǤȌǤ ǦǦ ǦǦ DigitariaciliarisȋǤȌ ǯ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ MelinisrepensȋǤȌ ǦǦ TOTALSPECIES ʹ ͳ ʹ͵ ͳʹ ʹͻ ͳ Table1b.Native(andearlyPolynesianintroduced)Plants ȋȌ ABC1C2C3DFERNS AND FERN ALLIES PsilotumnudumȋǤȌǤǤmoaInd ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ FLOWERINGPLANTS CapparissandwichianaǤmaiapiloEnd ǦǦ ǦǦ SidafallaxǤ‘ilimaInd ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ WaltheriaindicaǤ‘uhaloaInd?
AECOSǤͳͶͻͺͳȋ ȌǤ ȋȌ ABC1C2C3D MyoporumsandwicenseǤ
nai‘oIndǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǦǦ Morindacitrifolia Ǥnoni ǦǦ Psydraxodorataȋ ǤǤȌǤǤƬǤalahe‘eInd ǦǦ ǦǦ Dodonaeaviscosa
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ͶǤǣ ȋʹȌǤ
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͳ͵Ǥ ͷǤ ǮǮ¢Ǣǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ͵ʹǡʹȋͺͳΨȌͳȋǡǦȌǤͳ Ǥ ͳǡ ȋmaiapiloǢCapparissandwichianaȌǡ ǡ Ǥ ‘uhaloaȋWaltheriaindicaȌǡ ǡ ǤNoniȋMorindacitrifoliaȌǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȌǤ ǡmaiapiloȋ Ȍǡ ǡ ǤKealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͳͶǤ Ǥmaiapilo ǡmaiapilo Ǥ ͻʹ͵ʹ ǡͳǡ ȋ͵ȌǤ ǡ ǡ ȋFulicaalaiȌ Ǧ Ǧ ȋHimantopusmexicanusknudseniȌ Ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ȋNycticoraxnycticoraxhoactliȌ ǡȋSternaantillarumȌǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥʹͳ Ǥ ǡǡ
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͳͷ Ǥ ǡ ȋEuodicecantansȌǡ ǦǦ ȋNycticoraxnycticoraxhoactliȌǡ ȋFulicaalaiȌǡ ȋHimantopusmexicanusknudseniȌǡ ȋGeopeliastriataȌ ͶΨ Ǥ ǡ ͳͶΨ Ǧ Ǥ͵Ǥ Ǧ ͳ ǤCommonNameScientificNameSTRAE^ Z/&KZD ^ Ed/ Ͳ ƵĐŬƐ͕'ĞĞƐĞΘ^ǁĂŶƐ ŶƐĞƌŝŶĂĞͲ 'ĞĞƐĞΘ^ǁĂŶƐ ĂĐŬůŝŶŐ'ŽŽƐĞƌĂŶƚĂŚƵƚĐŚŝŶƐŝŝ/D Ϭ͘Ϭϱ ŶĂƚŝŶĂĞͲ ƵĐŬƐ DĂůůĂƌĚŚLJďƌŝĚŶĂƐƉůĂƚLJƌŚLJŶĐŚŽƐ džƐƉ͍Ϭ͘ϭϬ W,^/E/ Ͳ WŚĞĂƐĂŶƚƐΘWĂƌƚƌŝĚŐĞƐ WŚĂƐŝĂŶŝŶĂĞͲ WŚĞĂƐĂŶƚƐΘůůŝĞƐ 'ƌĂLJ&ƌĂŶĐŽůŝŶ&ƌĂŶĐŽůŝŶƵƐƉŽŶĚŝĐĞƌŝĂŶƵƐϬ͘ϭϬůĂĐŬ&ƌĂŶĐŽůŝŶ&ƌĂŶĐŽůŝŶƵƐĨƌĂŶĐŽůŝŶƵƐϬ͘ϬϱŽŵĞƐƚŝĐŚŝĐŬĞŶ'ĂůůƵƐƐƉ͘ Ϭ͘ϱϬK>hD/&KZD ^ K>hD/ Ͳ WŝŐĞŽŶƐΘŽǀĞƐ ^ƉŽƚƚĞĚŽǀĞ^ƚƌĞƉƚŽƉĞůŝĂĐŚŝŶĞŶƐŝƐϭ͘ϮϱĞďƌĂŽǀĞ'ĞŽƉĞůŝĂƐƚƌŝĂƚĂϯ͘ϳϬ'Zh/&KZD ^ Z>>/ Ͳ ZĂŝůƐ͕'ĂůůŝŶƵůĞƐĂŶĚŽŽƚƐ,ĂǁĂŝŝĂŶŽŽƚ&ƵůŝĐĂĂůĂŝ ϰ͘Ϭϱ ,ZZ//&KZD ^ Z hZs/ZK^dZ/ Ͳ ^ƚŝůƚƐΘǀŽĐĞƚƐůĂĐŬͲŶĞĐŬĞĚ^ƚŝůƚ,ŝŵĂŶƚŽƉƵƐŵĞdžŝĐĂŶƵƐŬŶƵĚƐĞŶŝ ϯ͘ϲϬ ,ZZ// Ͳ >ĂƉǁŝŶŐƐΘWůŽǀĞƌƐ ŚĂƌĂĚƌŝŝŶĂĞͲ WůŽǀĞƌƐ WĂĐŝĨŝĐ'ŽůĚĞŶͲWůŽǀĞƌWůƵǀŝĂůŝƐĨƵůǀĂ/D Ϯ͘ϯϱ ^K>KW/ Ͳ ^ĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƌƐ ƌĞŶĂƌŝŝŶĂĞͲ dƵƌŶƐƚŽŶĞƐZƵĚĚLJdƵƌŶƐƚŽŶĞƌĞŶĂƌŝĂŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƐ/D Ϯ͘ϱϬ ĂůŝĚƌĚŝŶĂĞͲ ĂůŝĚƌŝĚŝŶĞ^ĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƌƐ ^ĂŶĚĞƌůŝŶŐĂůŝĚƌŝƐĂůďĂ/D Ϭ͘ϱϱKealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͳ͵ȋ ȌǤŽŵŵŽŶEĂŵĞ ^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐEĂŵĞ^dZdƌŝŶŐŝŶĂĞʹdƌŝŶŐŝŶĂĞ^ĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƌƐtĂŶĚĞƌŝŶŐdĂƚƚůĞƌdƌŝŶŐĂŝŶĐĂŶĂ/D Ϭ͘ϯϱ>Z/ Ͳ'ƵůůƐ͕dĞƌŶƐΘ^ŬŝŵŵĞƌƐ ^ƚĞƌŶŝŶĂĞͲ dĞƌŶƐ >ĞĂƐƚdĞƌŶ^ƚĞƌŶƵůĂĂŶƚŝůůĂƌƵŵ/ Ϭ͘ϵϱ W > E/&KZD ^ Z / Ͳ ,ĞƌŽŶƐ͕ŝƚƚĞƌŶƐΘůůŝĞƐĂƚƚůĞ ŐƌĞƚƵďƵůĐƵƐŝďŝƐϭ͘ϵϱůĂĐŬͲĐƌŽǁŶĞĚEŝŐŚƚͲ,ĞƌŽŶELJĐƚŝĐŽƌĂdžŶLJĐƚŝĐŽƌĂdžŚŽĂĐƚůŝ/ ϰ͘ϭϬd,Z ^</KZE/d,/ Ͳ/ďŝƐĞƐΘ^ƉŽŽŶďŝůůƐ dŚƌĞƐŬŝŽƌŶŝƚŚŝŶĂĞͲ /ďŝƐĞƐ tŚŝƚĞͲĨĂĐĞĚ/ďŝƐWůĞŐĂĚŝƐĐŚŝŚŝ/D Ϭ͘Ϭϱ W^/dd/&KZD ^ W^/dd/ Ͳ ĨƌŝĐĂŶĂŶĚEĞǁtŽƌůĚWĂƌƌŽƚƐ ƌŝŶĂĞͲ EĞǁtŽƌůĚWĂƌĂŬĞĞƚƐ͕DĂĐĂǁƐΘWĂƌƌŽƚƐZĞĚͲŵĂƐŬĞĚWĂƌĂŬĞĞƚWƐŝƚƚĂĐĂƌĂĞƌLJƚŚƌŽŐĞŶLJƐϬ͘ϲϬ W^^ Z/&KZD ^ K^d ZKW/ ͲtŚŝƚĞͲĞLJĞƐ:ĂƉĂŶĞƐĞtŚŝƚĞͲĞLJĞŽƐƚĞƌŽƉƐũĂƉŽŶŝĐƵƐϭ͘ϲϬ D/D/ Ͳ DŽĐŬŝŶŐďŝƌĚƐΘdŚƌĂƐŚĞƌƐ EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶDŽĐŬŝŶŐďŝƌĚDŝŵƵƐƉŽůLJŐůŽƚƚŽƐϬ͘Ϭϱ^dhZE/ Ͳ^ƚĂƌůŝŶŐƐŽŵŵŽŶDLJŶĂĐƌŝĚŽƚŚĞƌĞƐƚƌŝƐƚŝƐϯ͘ϱϬ &Z/E'/>>/ Ͳ &ƌŝŶŐŝůůŝŶĞĂŶĚĂƌĚƵůŝŶĞ&ŝŶĐŚĞƐΘůůŝĞƐĂƌĚƵĞůŝŶĂĞͲ ĂƌĚƵůŝŶĞ&ŝŶĐŚĞƐĂŶĚ,ĂǁĂŝŝĂŶ,ŽŶĞLJĐƌĞĞƉĞƌƐ,ŽƵƐĞ&ŝŶĐŚ,ĂĞŵŽƌŚŽƵƐŵĞdžŝĐĂŶƵƐϬ͘ϲϬzĞůůŽǁͲĨƌŽŶƚĞĚĂŶĂƌLJĞŝƚŚĂŐƌĂŵŽnjĂŵďŝĐĂϬ͘ϭϱ W^^ Z/ Ͳ KůĚtŽƌůĚ^ƉĂƌƌŽǁƐ ,ŽƵƐĞ^ƉĂƌƌŽǁ WĂƐƐĞƌĚŽŵĞƐƚŝĐƵƐ ϭ͘ϭϱ Z/E>/ Ͳ ĂƌĚŝŶĂůƐΘůůŝĞƐ EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶĂƌĚŝŶĂůĂƌĚŝŶĂůŝƐĐĂƌĚŝŶĂůŝƐϬ͘ϰϬ d,ZhW/ Ͳ dĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ dŚƌĂƵƉŝŶĂĞͲ ŽƌĞdĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ zĞůůŽǁͲďŝůůĞĚĂƌĚŝŶĂůWĂƌŽĂƌŝĂĐĂƉŝƚĂƚĂϬ͘ϱϱ^ĂĨĨƌŽŶ&ŝŶĐŚ^ŝĐĂůŝƐĨůĂǀĞŽůĂϬ͘ϭϬ ^dZ/>/ Ͳ ƐƚƌŝůĚŝĚ&ŝŶĐŚĞƐ ŽŵŵŽŶtĂdžďŝůů ƐƚƌŝůĚĂĂƐƚƌŝůĚϭ͘ϭϬĨƌŝĐĂŶ^ŝůǀĞƌďŝůů ƵŽĚŝĐĞĐĂŶƚĂŶƐϲ͘ϯϱ:ĂǀĂ^ƉĂƌƌŽǁ>ŽŶĐŚƵƌĂŽƌLJnjŝǀŽƌĂϬ͘ϯϱ^ĐĂůLJͲďƌĞĂƐƚĞĚDƵŶŝĂ>ŽŶĐŚƵƌĂƉƵŶĐƚƵůĂƚĂϭ͘ϬϬ
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͳ͵ȋ ȌǤ͵ST Ȃ EE Ȃ ǡ Ȃ Ǧ RA Ȃ ̱ ȋʹͲȌ Ǥ Ͷ Ǥ ǡ ȋFulicaAlaiȌǡ ȋHimantopusmexicanusknudseniȌǡ Ǯ ǤͶǤ ͳ ǤCommonNameScientificName^dCountE^ Z/&KZD ^ Ed/ Ͳ ƵĐŬƐ͕'ĞĞƐĞΘ^ǁĂŶƐ ŶƐĞƌŝŶĂĞͲ 'ĞĞƐĞΘ^ǁĂŶƐĂĐŬůŝŶŐ'ŽŽƐĞƌĂŶƚĂŚƵƚĐŚŝŶƐŝŝ/D ϭ ŶĂƚŝŶĂĞͲ ƵĐŬƐEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ^ŚŽǀĞůĞƌ^ƉĂƚƵůĂĐůLJƉĞĂƚĂ/D ϱϮ ƵƌĂƐŝĂŶtŝŐĞŽŶDĂƌĞĐĂƉĞŶĞůŽƉĞ/D ϭŵĞƌŝĐĂŶtŝŐĞŽŶDĂƌĞĐĂĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĂ/D ϭϴDƵƐĐŽǀLJŚLJďƌŝĚĂŝƌŝŶĂŵŽƐĐŚĂƚĂ džƐƉ͍ϮEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶWŝŶƚĂŝůŶĂƐĂĐƵƚĂ/D ϭϯ>ĞƐƐĞƌ^ĐĂƵƉLJƚŚLJĂĂĨĨŝŶŝƐ/D ϵ 'Zh/&KZD ^ Z>>/ Ͳ ZĂŝůƐ͕'ĂůůŝŶƵůĞƐĂŶĚŽŽƚƐ,ĂǁĂŝŝĂŶŽŽƚ&ƵůŝĐĂĂůĂŝ ϲϳ ,ZZ//&KZD ^ Z hZs/ZK^dZ/ Ͳ ^ƚŝůƚƐΘǀŽĐĞƚƐůĂĐŬͲŶĞĐŬĞĚ^ƚŝůƚ,ŝŵĂŶƚŽƉƵƐŵĞdžŝĐĂŶƵƐŬŶƵĚƐĞŶŝ ϯϬKealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͳͺͶȋ ȌǤCommonNameScientificName^dCount W > E/&KZD ^ Z / Ͳ ,ĞƌŽŶƐ͕ŝƚƚĞƌŶƐΘůůŝĞƐĂƚƚůĞ ŐƌĞƚƵďƵůĐƵƐŝďŝƐϭůĂĐŬͲĐƌŽǁŶĞĚEŝŐŚƚͲ,ĞƌŽŶELJĐƚŝĐŽƌĂdžŶLJĐƚŝĐŽƌĂdžŚŽĂĐƚůŝϮϮ ,ZZ// Ͳ >ĂƉǁŝŶŐƐΘWůŽǀĞƌƐ ŚĂƌĂĚƌŝŝŶĂĞͲ WůŽǀĞƌƐWĂĐŝĨŝĐ'ŽůĚĞŶͲWůŽǀĞƌWůƵǀŝĂůŝƐĨƵůǀĂ/D ϱϱ ^K>KW/ Ͳ ^ĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƌƐƌĞŶĂƌŝŝŶĂĞͲ dƵƌŶƐƚŽŶĞƐZƵĚĚLJdƵƌŶƐƚŽŶĞƌĞŶĂƌŝĂŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƐ/D ϯϲ ĂůŝĚƌĚŝŶĂĞͲ ĂůŝĚƌŝĚŝŶĞ^ĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƌƐ^ĂŶĚĞƌůŝŶŐĂůŝĚƌŝƐĂůďĂ/D ϭϬdƌŝŶŐŝŶĂĞʹdƌŝŶŐŝŶĂĞ^ĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƌƐtĂŶĚĞƌŝŶŐdĂƚƚůĞƌdƌŝŶŐĂŝŶĐĂŶĂ d,Z ^</KZE/d,/ Ͳ /ďŝƐĞƐΘ^ƉŽŽŶďŝůůƐ dŚƌĞƐŬŝŽƌŶŝƚŚŝŶĂĞͲ /ďŝƐĞƐtŚŝƚĞͲĨĂĐĞĚ/ďŝƐWůĞŐĂĚŝƐĐŚŝŚŝ/D ϰͶST Ȃ EE Ȃ ǡ Ȃ Ǥ Ͷ Ǥ Ǥ Ǯ ȋͳͻͻͺǢ ǡʹͲͳȌǤ
Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁͳͻͷǤ ͳ ǤŽŵŵŽŶŶĂŵĞ ^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐŶĂŵĞ^d d Ǧ
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ȋBrantahutchinsiiȌǡ ȋSpatulaclypeataȌǡ ȋMarecaPenelopeȌǡ ȋMarecaAmericanaȌǡȋ Ȍǡ ȋAythyaaffinisȌ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋCairinamoschatadž?Ȍǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋPterodromasandwichensisȌ ǯȋPuffinusnewelliȌ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǯ Ǥ ǯ ȋ ǡͳͻͺ͵Ǣ ǡͳͻͻͺǢǤǡʹͲͲͳȌǤǦ Ǧ ǮǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡǡ ȋ ǡͳͻͳǢǡͳͻͻǢ ǡͳͻͺͳǢǤǡͳͻͺͷǢǤǡͳͻͺǢǡͳͻͻͺǢǤǡͳͻͻͺǢǤǡʹͲͲͳǢ ǤǡʹͲͲͳǢǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǤKealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁʹʹ Ǥ
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Kealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁʹ͵ xmaiapilo ȋȌ Ǥx Ǧ ǡ ǡȀǡ Ǥx ǡ Ǧ ȋǤǡͳͻͺͷǢǤǡͳͻͺȌǤx Ǥx Ǥx ǡ Ǥ ȋǡͳͻͻͺǢ ʹͲͳȌ Ǥ Ȁ ǡ ǡ ǤKealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁʹͶ ǤǤ
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ǤǤǤͳͻͺǤ ǣ ǤWildlifeSoc.Bull.ǡͳͷǣͶͲǦͶͳ͵ǤǤǤ Ƭ ȋ ȌǤͳͻͺ͵Ǥ ǦƬǯ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͺ͵ǤKealakehe WWTP R-1 Upgrade1257+.21$,6/$1'2)+$:$,µ,AECOS Ǥȏ ǣͳͶͻͺǤ Ȑ ȁʹͺǤ Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ ʹͲͳǤ Ǥ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĨǁƐ͘ŐŽǀͬĞŶĚĂŶŐĞƌĞĚͬǢ ͺǡʹͲͳǤ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤʹͲͳǤȋȌǡǣŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĞĐŽƐ͘ĨǁƐ͘ŐŽǀͬĞĐƉͬƐƉĞĐŝĞƐͲƌĞƉŽƌƚƐǢͺǡʹͲͳǤǡǤǤǡǤǤ Ǥ ǤǤͳͻͻͲǤManualoftheFloweringPlantsofHawai‘i:VolumeIandIIǤ ͺ͵Ǥ ǮǤͳͺͷ͵Ǥ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǤͳͻͻͻǤSupplementtotheManualofthefloweringplantsofHawai‘iǡǤͳͺͷͷǦͳͻͳͺǤIn:ǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǡǤ Ǥǡ ǮǤ Ǥ ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤȋȌǤʹͲͲͷǤMammalspeciesoftheworld:ataxonomicandgeographicreference.͵ǤʹǤ
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O‘ahu Office P.O. Box 1114 Kailua, Hawai‘i 96734 Ph.: (808) 262-9972 Fax: (808) 262-4950 www.culturalsurveys.com Hawaiʻi Office 399 Hualani St. Ste. 124 Hilo, Hawaiʻi 96720 Ph.: (808) 965-6478 Fax: (808) 965-6582 Draft Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection Report for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko, Honokōhau, Kealakehe, and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Prepared for Wilson Okomoto Corporation Prepared by Olivier M. Bautista, B.A., McKenzie Wildey, B.A., Sarah Wilkinson, B.A., and Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. Kailua, Hawai‘i (Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4) April 2018 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Management Summary LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 i Management Summary Reference Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection Report for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko, Honokōhau, Kealakehe, and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island, TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 (Bautista et al. 2018) Date April 2018 Project Number(s) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Investigation Permit Number CSH completed the fieldwork component of this study under archaeological fieldwork permit number 17-08, issued by the Hawai‘i State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) per Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-282. Agencies Unicted States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Hawaiʻi State Department of Health (DOH); SHPD; County of Hawai‘i Department of Environmental Management (DEM) Land Jurisdiction State of Hawaiʻi/County of Hawaiʻi/Private (Queen Liliʻoukalani Trust) Project Proponent County of Hawaiʻi DEM Project Funding Federal (EPA); State of Hawaiʻi (revolving fund); County of Hawaiʻi Project Location The project area is located on the leeward side of Hawaiʻi Island just north of the town of Kailua-Kona. The project area straddles Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (Route 19) within Kaloko, Honokōhau, Kealakehe, and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a. The project area is depicted on a portion of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle. Under this study for organizational purposes the project area has been broken into three geographical units: x The “Mauka Section” comprises portions of the Kealakehe Parkway and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway rights-of-way (ROWs) and TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022 located mauka (upslope) of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW; x The “Makai Section” comprises TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002, 058, 073 and 7-5-005:007 located makai (seaward) of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW; and overlaps a Special Management Area (SMA); x The “Northern Section” comprises TMK: [3] 7-3-009:027 and portions of the Hina Lani Street and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROWs. Project Description The County of Hawai‘i DEM (“County”) intends to upgrade the Kealakehe Waste Water Plant (WWTP) to provide effluent treatment to produce R-1 recycled water. Facilities to be constructed as part of this project include water reuse, wastewater collection and treatment
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Management Summary LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 ii enhancements, and effluents disposal elements. Ground disturbance would include excavation for installation of new water and sewer lines and upgrades to existing subsurface lines and infrastructure. Project Acreage The overall project area is approximately 199 acres (81 hectares). Area of Potential Effect (APE) and Inspection Area Acreage The project APE has not yet been determined. For the purposes of this LRFI, the inspection area acreage is the same as the project acreage (approximately 199 acres). Document Purpose This investigation was designed—through detailed historical, cultural, and archaeological background research and a field inspection of the project area—to determine the likelihood that historic properties may be affected by the project and, based on findings, consider cultural resource management recommendations. This document is intended to facilitate the project’s planning and support the project’s historic preservation and environmental review compliance. This investigation does not fulfill the requirements of an archaeological inventory survey investigation, per HAR §13-13-276. Consequently, this report cannot be used to make formal recommendations for SHPD review and acceptance. Fieldwork Effort CSH archaeologists accomplished fieldwork on 25–26 September 2017 and 6 October 2017; archaeologists included Olivier M. Bautista B.A., McKenzie Wildey B.A., and Sarah Wilkinson, B.A., under the general supervision of Hallett Hammatt, Ph.D. This work required approximately 9 person-days to complete. The fieldwork focused on confirming sites located within or immediately adjacent to (within 5 m of) the project area bounds, and determining the potential presence of previously unrecorded features. Consultation National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106 consultation with community members, agencies, and Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs) is being initiated by the project proponents. A cultural impact assessment (CIA) in accordance with HRS §343 is also ongoing for the project, and involves consultation with community members, agencies, and NHOs. Results Summary The project area lies within the southernmost extent of the Kekaha region, in which the uplands were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for residence, fishing, and aquaculture. The lands located between the coast and uplands settlements, in which the majority of the project area is situated, contained networks of trails along which shelter and water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located. In the historic era the area was used widely for ranching. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Management Summary LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 iii Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological sites/historic properties overlapping or within 100 m (330 feet [ft]) of the bounds of the project area. Most of these are pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, resource procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation. Historic era sites included trails (including but not limited to State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] # 50-10-27-00002, Māmalahoa Trail), habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-related features like boundary walls. The field inspection identified variable levels of prior disturbance throughout the project area. The Mauka Section contains the largest areas of undisturbed land. The field inspection confirmed 30 of 119 previously identified archaeological sites and possibly relocated portions of eight previously identified sites; these 38 sites are within or immediately adjacent to the project area. In addition, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified archaeological features/feature complexes within or directly adjacent to the project area. Recommendations In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties is recommended in the project design phase. Such efforts could include limiting ground disturbance within previously undisturbed areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of transmission lines within existing roadbeds or graded areas). Some portions of the project area are of potentially higher sensitivity given their known archaeological content: x A section of the Māmalahoa Trail (SIHP # 50-10-27-00002) runs parallel to Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway within the Mauka Section in the vicinity of the proposed soil aquifer treatment (SAT) facility. A portion of this historic property within the project area has existing mitigations in place associated with the ongoing Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 project. Impact to the Māmalahoa Trail should be avoided if possible by routing pipelines or other infrastructure through existing breaches along the trail. x The portion of the Mauka Section relating to the future elevated storage tank has not been subjected to recent archaeological survey, and was found during the field inspection to contain several previously unrecorded archaeological features and lava tube openings. Lava tubes in this area commonly contain cultural modifications and/or deposits including but not limited to human burials. x The section of the Initial Phase R-1 Transmission Line approaching the Old Kona Airport Park (Kailua Park) within the
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Management Summary LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 iv Makai Section is in direct proximity to several extensive previously identified site complexes. While many of these features are likely located a safe distance from the current project area, some are directly adjacent and could potentially be impacted. Difficulties in correlating present findings with the previously recorded sites—and the discovery of previously unrecorded features—highlight potential concerns with the existing body of archaeological coverage in this area. Consultation with the SHPD is recommended regarding project historic preservation requirements. Given the high number of previously identified historic properties, the presence of newly documented archaeological features within and in the vicinity of the project area, and likelihood that the project would have an effect on some of these sites, SHPD may require an archaeological inventory survey (AIS) and/or other form(s) of mitigation. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 v Table of Contents Management Summary ............................................................................................................ i Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 Document Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 7 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Natural Environment............................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Built Environment................................................................................................................... 9 Section 2 Methods .................................................................................................................. 13 Field Methods .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Pedestrian Survey ................................................................................................................. 13 Research Methods ........................................................................................................................ 13 Consultation Methods .................................................................................................................. 13 Section 3 Traditional and Historical Background .............................................................. 15 Traditional Background ............................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Introduction to Kekaha ......................................................................................................... 15 3.1.2 Place Names .......................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.3 Mo‘olelo (Stories) ................................................................................................................. 18 3.1.4 Traditional Settlement Zones of Kekaha .............................................................................. 20 Early Historic Period ................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Changes in Population .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 The Māhele and the Kuleana Act ......................................................................................... 23 3.2.3 Mid- to Late 1800s ................................................................................................................ 29 3.2.4 1900s ..................................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.5 Contemporary Land Use ....................................................................................................... 38 Section 4 Previous Archaeological Research ....................................................................... 40 Overview of Previous Archaeological Research ......................................................................... 40 4.1.1 Previous Archaeological Studies in the Vicinity of the Project Area ................................... 40 4.1.2 Previous Archaeological Studies Overlapping the Project Area .......................................... 58 4.1.3 Sites Previously Recorded in the Vicinity of the Project Area ............................................. 67 Project Area Predictive Model ..................................................................................................... 77 Section 5 Results of Fieldwork .............................................................................................. 78 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 78 Mauka Section ............................................................................................................................. 78 5.2.1 Previously Documented Sites Confirmed in the Mauka Section .......................................... 82 5.2.2 Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites in the Mauka Section .............................................. 96 Makai Section ............................................................................................................................ 103 5.3.1 Previously Documented Sites Confirmed in the Makai Section ......................................... 103 5.3.2 Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites in the Makai Section ............................................. 128 Northern Section ........................................................................................................................ 131 5.4.1 Previously Documented Sites Confirmed in the Northern Section ..................................... 131 5.4.2 Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites in Northern Section ............................................... 137
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 vi Section 6 Summary and Recommendations ...................................................................... 138 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 138 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 139 Section 7 References Cited .................................................................................................. 141 Appendix A Site Descriptions ............................................................................................. 153 7.1.1 50-10-27-00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) (Wilkinson et al. 2017:19–24; Figure 108) ............... 153 7.1.2 50-10-28-05011/21756 (Donham 1990a:A-52) .................................................................. 155 7.1.3 50-10-27-06531 (Reeve et al. 2012:115-116) ..................................................................... 156 7.1.4 50-10-27-06532 (Reeve et al. 2012:116-117) ..................................................................... 156 7.1.5 50-10-27-07704 (Haun & Henry 2006:96-98) .................................................................... 157 7.1.6 50-10-27-10714 A, B (Road to the Sea) (Monahan et al. 2012:258-260, 267-271) (Figure 109, Figure 110, Figure 111, Figure 112, Figure 113) ...................................................................... 158 7.1.7 50-10-27-13182 (Donham 1990a:A-6) ............................................................................... 164 7.1.8 50-10-27-13194 (Walsh and Hammatt 1995:49–51) .......................................................... 165 7.1.9 50-10-27-13195 (Donham 1990a:A-14, A-16) ................................................................... 165 7.1.10 50-10-27-13253 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992:A-28; individual feature descriptions not included) ........................................................................................................................................... 166 7.1.11 50-10-27-13253 Feature K (Donham 1990a: A-58) ......................................................... 166 7.1.12 50-10-27-13284 (Donham 1990c:A-30) ........................................................................... 167 7.1.13 13286 (Donham 1990c:A-30-A-32) ................................................................................. 168 7.1.14 50-10-27-13288 (Donham 1990c:A-34) ........................................................................... 170 7.1.15 50-10-27-13289 (Donham 1990c:A-34-A36) ................................................................... 170 7.1.16 50-10-27-13290 (Donham 1990c:A-36-A-38) ................................................................. 173 7.1.17 50-10-27-13291 (Donham 1990c:A-38) ........................................................................... 175 7.1.18 50-10-27-13292 (Donham 1990c:A-39) ........................................................................... 176 7.1.19 50-10-27-13293 (Donham 1990c:A-39) ........................................................................... 177 7.1.20 50-10-27-13294 (Donham 1990c:A-39-–A-43) (Figure 114) .......................................... 178 7.1.21 50-10-27-13295 (Donham 1990c:A-43–A-44) ................................................................. 184 7.1.22 50-10-27-13297 (Donham 1990c:A-44, A-46) ................................................................. 186 7.1.23 50-10-27-13298 (Donham 1990c:A-46-A-47) (Figure 115, Figure 116) ......................... 186 7.1.24 50-10-27-13315 (Donham 1990c:A-59) ........................................................................... 191 7.1.25 50-10-27-13321 (Donham 1990c:A-61) (Figure 117) ...................................................... 191 7.1.26 50-10-27-13326 (Donham 1990c:A-63) (Figure 118) ...................................................... 192 7.1.27 50-10-27-13327 (Donham 1990c:A-63, A-65) ................................................................. 193 7.1.28 50-10-27-13328 (Donham 1990c:A-65) ........................................................................... 194 7.1.29 50-10-27-13353 (Donham 1990c:A-91–A-92) ................................................................. 194 7.1.30 50-10-27-13482 (Donham 1990c:A-154) ......................................................................... 196 7.1.31 50-10-27-13493 (Bell et al. 2008:44) (Figure 119) .......................................................... 196 7.1.32 50-10-27-15329 (Bell et al. 2008:52) (Figure 120, Figure 121) ....................................... 197 7.1.33 50-10-27-17167 (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:15, 17) (Figure 122, Figure 123) ....... 199 7.1.34 50-10-27-17168 (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:19)...................................................... 202 7.1.35 50-10-27-17169 (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:21) (Figure 124) ................................ 202 7.1.36 50-10-27-20722 (Bell et al. 2008:152) (Figure 125) ........................................................ 203 7.1.37 50-10-27-20726 (Bell et al. 2008:161) (Figure 126) ........................................................ 205 7.1.38 50-10-27-20728 (Bell et al. 2008:165) (Figure 127) ........................................................ 205 7.1.39 50-10-27-20744 (Bell et al. 2008:200) (Figure 128) ........................................................ 208 7.1.40 50-10-27-20745 (Bell et al. 2008:202) (Figure 129) ........................................................ 209 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 vii 7.1.41 50-10-27-21588 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:25) ................................................................. 210 7.1.42 50-10-27-23020 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:9) ............................................................... 210 7.1.43 50-10-27-23021 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:9) (Figure 130) .......................................... 211 7.1.44 50-10-27-23023 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:12) ............................................................. 211 7.1.45 50-10-27-23026 (Haun and Henry 2001:36, 38) .............................................................. 211 7.1.46 50-10-27-23029 (Haun and Henry 2001:38) .................................................................... 213 7.1.47 50-10-27-23033 (Haun and Henry 2006:100) .................................................................. 213 7.1.48 50-10-27-23047 (Haun and Henry 2001:47) .................................................................... 213 7.1.49 50-10-27-23048 (Haun and Henry 2001:48) .................................................................... 213 7.1.50 50-10-27-23549 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 131) ........................................ 214 7.1.51 50-10-27-23550 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 132) ........................................ 214 7.1.52 50-10-27-23551 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 133) ........................................ 214 7.1.53 50-10-27-23552 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 134) ........................................ 218 7.1.54 50-10-27-23553 A (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 135) .................................... 218 7.1.55 50-10-27-25549 (Haun and Henry 2006:100) .................................................................. 218 7.1.56 50-10-27-25552 (Haun and Henry 2006:103) (Figure 136) ............................................. 221 7.1.57 50-10-27-25553 (Haun and Henry 2006:103) .................................................................. 221 7.1.58 50-10-27-25554 (Henry and Henry 2006:103, 107) (Figure 137) .................................... 221 7.1.59 50-10-27-25556 (Haun and Henry 2006:107) (Figure 138) ............................................. 221 7.1.60 50-10-27-25557 (Haun and Henry 2006:107) (see Figure 138) ....................................... 225 7.1.61 50-10-27-25558 (Haun and Henry 2006:107) (Figure 139) ............................................. 225 7.1.62 50-10-27-25643 (Haun and Henry 2006:210) (Figure 140) ............................................. 225 7.1.63 50-10-27-27279 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:161-162) ............................................... 225 7.1.64 50-10-27-27280 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:162) (Figure 141) ................................. 228 7.1.65 50-10-27-27282 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:164-165) ............................................... 228 7.1.66 50-10-27-27285 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:169) (Figure 142) ................................. 230 7.1.67 50-10-27-27298 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:194) (Figure 143, Figure 144) .............. 230 7.1.68 50-10-27-27299 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:197) (Figure 145) ................................. 232 7.1.69 50-10-27-27300 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:199) (Figure 146) ................................. 234 7.1.70 50-10-27-27301 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:201) ...................................................... 234 7.1.71 50-10-27-27302 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:201) ...................................................... 235 7.1.72 50-10-27-27304 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:204) ...................................................... 236 7.1.73 50-10-27-27305 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:204) ...................................................... 236 7.1.74 50-10-27-27308 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:210) ...................................................... 237 7.1.75 50-10-27-27378 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:275–276) .............................................. 237 7.1.76 50-10-27-27379 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:276) ...................................................... 238 7.1.77 50-10-27-27380 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:276) ...................................................... 238 7.1.78 50-10-27-27381 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:277) ...................................................... 239 7.1.79 50-10-27-27382 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:277) ...................................................... 239 7.1.80 50-10-27-27398 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:287) ...................................................... 240 7.1.81 50-10-27-27400 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:287-288) ............................................... 240 7.1.82 50-10-27-27401 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:288) ...................................................... 240 7.1.83 50-10-27-27402 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:288) ...................................................... 241 7.1.84 50-10-27-27403 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:289) ...................................................... 241 7.1.85 50-10-27-27404 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:289–290) .............................................. 242 7.1.86 50-10-27-27405 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:290) ...................................................... 242 7.1.87 50-10-27-27406 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:290) ...................................................... 243 7.1.88 50-10-27-27407 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:290-291) ............................................... 243 7.1.89 50-10-27-27408 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:291) ...................................................... 244
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 viii 7.1.90 50-10-27-27409 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:291) ...................................................... 244 7.1.91 50-10-27-27410 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:292) ...................................................... 244 7.1.92 50-10-27-27411 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:292) ...................................................... 245 7.1.93 50-10-27-27412 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:292–293) .............................................. 245 7.1.94 50-10-27-27413 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:293) ...................................................... 245 7.1.95 50-10-27-27414 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:293) ...................................................... 246 7.1.96 50-10-27-27415 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:294) ...................................................... 246 7.1.97 50-10-27-27416 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:294–295) .............................................. 247 7.1.98 50-10-27-27417 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:295) ...................................................... 247 7.1.99 50-10-27-27421 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:296) ...................................................... 248 7.1.100 50-10-27-27422 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:296) .................................................... 248 7.1.101 50-10-27-27439 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:303) .................................................... 249 7.1.102 50-10-27-27440 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:304) .................................................... 249 7.1.103 50-10-27-27441 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:305) .................................................... 250 7.1.104 50-10-27-27442 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:305) .................................................... 250 7.1.105 50-10-27-27447 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:307) .................................................... 251 7.1.106 50-10-27-27559 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices) ........................................................... 251 7.1.107 50-10-27-28794 (Monahan et al. 2012:261) (Figure 147, Figure 148) .......................... 251 7.1.108 50-10-27-29344 (Monahan et al. 2012:255) (Figure 149, Figure 150) .......................... 254 7.1.109 50-Ha-D13-81 (Renger 1971:28) .................................................................................... 254 7.1.110 SP-1 through SP-8, SP-10 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:22, 25) (Figure 151, Figure 152) . 254 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 ix List of Figures Figure 1. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the location of the project area ..........................................................2 Figure 2. Tax Map Key (TMK) [3] 7-4-08 showing portions of the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014) .......................................................................................................................3 Figure 3. TMK: [3] 7-3-09 showing a portion of the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014) ..4 Figure 4. Aerial photograph showing the location of the project area (Google Earth 2013) ..........5 Figure 5. R-1 use concept plan from environmental impact statement public notice (courtesy of client) ...................................................................................................................................6 Figure 6. Aerial photograph (Google Earth 2013) showing the three geographical sections of the project area (Mauka Section in blue, Makai Section in green, and Northern Section in yellow) .................................................................................................................................8 Figure 7. Overlay of Soil Survey of the State of Hawaii (Sato et al. 1972), indicating soil types within and surrounding the project area (USDA SSURGO 2001) ....................................10 Figure 8. Aerial photograph of the project area (Google Earth 2013) overlain with geological data (Sherrod et al. 2008), indicating geological map units in the vicinity .......................11 Figure 9. Map of Hawaiʻi Island showing population as of 1853 (Coulter 1931:28); each symbol represents 50 people, indicating a few hundred people settled in the vicinity of the project area .....................................................................................................................................24 Figure 10. Portion of J.F. Brown’s 1875 map of Keahuolu, showing the “Lower Road to Kailua” (Māmalahoa Trail) and “Coconut Grove” at Pawai Bay in relation to the project area ....31 Figure 11. Portion of J.S. Emerson’s 1891 map of Kailua Section, North Kona, illustrating the natural terrain and notable features in the vicinity of the project area ...............................33 Figure 12. Portion of J.M. Donn’s 1906 Hawaii Territory Survey map of Hawaiʻi Island showing the project area within the approximate area of grazing lands (yellow boundary) ............35 Figure 13. Portion of the 1924 Kalaoa and Keahole USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the project area and features discussed in the text ...............................................36 Figure 14. Portion of the 1959 Kailua and Keahole USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the project area and features discussed in the text ...............................................37 Figure 15. Portions of 1977 USGS orthophotographs (Kailua and Keahole Point Quadrangles) showing the location of the project area in relation to area development .........................39 Figure 16. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Mauka and Makai Sections of the project area (in red); this map does not include previous studies along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (see Figure 18) .........................................................55 Figure 17. Portion of the 1996 Keahole Point USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (in red); this map does not include previous studies along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (see Figure 18) ...................................................................................................................56 Figure 18. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway in relation to the overall project area (in red) .....................................................57
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 x Figure 19. Google Earth (2013) aerial image showing archaeological sites previously documented in or adjacent to the Mauka Section of the project area; note Mauka Section includes sites in and along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW ................................68 Figure 20. Google Earth (2013) aerial image showing archaeological sites previously documented in or adjacent to the Makai Section of the project area; note Makai Section does not include sites located in and along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW .......69 Figure 21. Google Earth (2013) aerial image showing archaeological sites previously documented in or adjacent to the Northern Section of the project area .............................70 Figure 22. Photo overlooking the northern portion of the Mauka Section, mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to southeast .........................................................................79 Figure 23. Photo showing the makai portion of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW within the Mauka Section; view to north ......................................................................................79 Figure 24. Photo overlooking the southern portion of the Mauka Section, mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to west .................................................................................80 Figure 25. Photo overlooking the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Hale Mākaʻi Place intersection with the Mauka Section of the project area; view to southeast ......................80 Figure 26. Photo showing an existing roadway in the spur extending from Hale Mākaʻi Place in the Mauka Section; view to northeast ................................................................................81 Figure 27. Photo showing bulldozer roads and a former stockpile location (visible as a grassy area in the background) in the northern portion of the Mauka Section; view to north ......81 Figure 28. Aerial photo showing the sites documented during the field inspection in the Mauka Section of the project area (Google Earth 2013) ...............................................................83 Figure 29. Photo of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) in the northern portion of the Mauka Section, visible as the linear band of vegetation extending through the center of the photo; view to south ...........................................................................................................87 Figure 30. Photo of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) at the ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe flow interface in the northern portion of the Mauka Section, archaeologists are standing on a causeway along the trail; view to west ...............................................................................................87 Figure 31. Photo showing SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) obscured by koa haole in the southern portion of the Mauka Section; view to south ......................................................88 Figure 32. Photo of SIHP # -05011/21756 (ahupuaʻa wall) adjacent to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to west.......................................................................................................88 Figure 33. Photo of SIHP # -05011/21756 (ahupuaʻa wall); view to north ...................................89 Figure 34. Photo showing the makai section of SIHP # -13194 (trail) adjacent at its intersection with SIHP # -00002; view to southwest ............................................................................89 Figure 35. Photo showing the central section of SIHP # -13194 (trail) located east of the former stockpile area; views to northeast (left frame) and west (right frame) ..............................90 Figure 36. Photo showing the mauka section of SIHP # -13194 (trail); note stepping-stones; view to north ...............................................................................................................................91 Figure 37. Photo of SIHP # -13195 Feature A (ahu); view to west ..............................................91 Figure 38. Photo of SIHP # -13195 Feature B (ahu); view to west ...............................................92 Figure 39. Photo of SIHP # -13195 Feature C (ahu); view to southwest ......................................92 Figure 40. Photo of SIHP # -13315 (rubble wall); view to east ....................................................93 Figure 41. Photo of SIHP # -13327 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to east .....................................93 Figure 42. Photo of SIHP # -13482 (quarry area); view to north ..................................................94 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 xi Figure 43. Photo of SIHP # -21855 (trail) at intersection with SIHP # -00002 mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to northwest ........................................................................94 Figure 44. Photo of possible SIHP # -21855/-23023 (trail) makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to west.......................................................................................................95 Figure 45. Photo of two rock mounds at SIHP # -23026 (mound complex); view to northeast....95 Figure 46. Photo of CSH-04 (lava tube); view to southeast ..........................................................97 Figure 47. Photo of CSH-05 (mound); view to west .....................................................................97 Figure 48. Photo of CSH-06 (mound); view to west .....................................................................98 Figure 49. Photo of CSH-07 (mound); view to north ....................................................................98 Figure 50. Photo of CSH-08 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to west ...............................................99 Figure 51. Photo of CSH-09 (modified sink); view to west ..........................................................99 Figure 52. Photo of CSH-10 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to west .............................................100 Figure 53. Photo of CSH-12 (complex of pāhoehoe excavations) located adjacent to SIHP # -00002; view to northwest ...............................................................................................100 Figure 54. Photo of CSH-13 (filled crevice with corals); view to southeast ...............................101 Figure 55. Photo of CSH-14 (stepping-stone trail); view to west................................................101 Figure 56. Photo overlooking CSH-15 (modern quarry complex), showing a modern slab mound (foreground) and slab quarry area (background); view to northeast ................................102 Figure 57. Photo of CSH-16 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to southwest ....................................102 Figure 58. Photo overlooking the Kealakehe WWTP facility from the entry gate; view to west..........................................................................................................................................104 Figure 59. Photo overlooking the Kealakehe WWTP facility; view to west ...............................104 Figure 60. Photo showing a paved jeep road extending makai from the QLT Children’s Center in the Makai Section; view to west ......................................................................................105 Figure 61. Photo of the gravel road extending from existing WWTP to the Old Kona Airport Park; view to south...........................................................................................................105 Figure 62. Photo of a homeless encampment located in the indicated vicinity of SIHP # -13192; view to north ....................................................................................................................106 Figure 63. Photo showing the paved entry road to the Kealakehe WWTP in the Makai Section; view to east ......................................................................................................................106 Figure 64. Aerial photo showing the sites documented during the field inspection in the Makai Section of the project area (Google Earth 2013) .............................................................107 Figure 65. Photo of a pāhoehoe excavation, possibly a feature of SIHP # -13284 (complex); jeep road visible in background; view to northeast .................................................................113 Figure 66. Photo showing a stepping-stone trail and constructed spring opening (archaeologist visible inside opening to spring), possible features of SIHP # -13284 (complex) or other Donham (1990c) sites in the vicinity; view to east ..........................................................113 Figure 67. Photo showing features along a trail, possibly representing SIHP #s -13284 and/or -13286 (complexes); view to west ...................................................................................114 Figure 68. Photo of pāhoehoe excavations in the indicated vicinity of SIHP # -13291 (complex); view to northeast ..............................................................................................................114 Figure 69. Photo overlooking portion of a large area containing pāhoehoe excavations and rock deposits in the vicinity of SIHP #s -13292, -13294, and -13293 (complexes); view to southeast ...........................................................................................................................115
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 xii Figure 70. Photo of a rock concentration, possibly a feature of SIHP # -13294 (complex); view to west ..................................................................................................................................115 Figure 71. Photo of a modified spring, possibly a feature of SIHP # 13353 (complex); view to east ...................................................................................................................................116 Figure 72. Photo showing the interior of the modified spring pictured in Figure 71; view to east..........................................................................................................................................116 Figure 73. Photo overlooking SIHP # -17167 (modified sink); view to west .............................117 Figure 74. Photo of SIHP # -25556 (alignment); view to southeast ............................................117 Figure 75. Photo of SIHP # -25557 (alignment); view to southeast ............................................118 Figure 76. Photo of SIHP # -27299 (c-shape); view to southwest...............................................118 Figure 77. Photo of SIHP # -27300 (C-shape); view to southwest ..............................................119 Figure 78. Photo of SIHP # -27301 (enclosure); view to southwest ...........................................119 Figure 79. Photo of SIHP # -27302 (enclosure); view to southwest ...........................................120 Figure 80. Photo of SIHP # -27304 (battering); view to southwest.............................................120 Figure 81. Photo of SIHP # -27305 (C-shape); view to southwest ..............................................121 Figure 82. Photo of SIHP # -27378 (mound), entry to Kealakehe WWTP visible in background; view to north ....................................................................................................................121 Figure 83. Photo of SIHP # -27380 (mound); view to north .......................................................122 Figure 84. Photo of SIHP # -27381 (mound); view to south .......................................................122 Figure 85. Photo of SIHP # -27398 (mound); view to southwest ................................................123 Figure 86. Photo of SIHP # -27403 Feature A (mound); view to south ......................................123 Figure 87. Photograph of Site -27403 Feature B (mound): view to west ....................................124 Figure 88. Photo of SIHP # -27405 (C-shaped wall); view to east .............................................124 Figure 89. Photo of SIHP # -27406 (enclosure); view to southeast ............................................125 Figure 90. Photo overlooking SIHP #s -27410 (enclosure), -27411 (enclosure), and/or -27412 (modified overhang); view to west ..................................................................................125 Figure 91. Photo of SIHP #s -27410 (enclosure), -27411 (enclosure), or -27412 (modified overhang); view to northwest ...........................................................................................126 Figure 92. Photo of SIHP # -27415 (C-shaped wall); view to west ............................................126 Figure 93. Photo showing one of two confirmed features at SIHP # -27440 (complex); view to northeast ...........................................................................................................................127 Figure 94. Photo showing another of two confirmed features at SIHP # -27440 (complex); view to southeast.......................................................................................................................127 Figure 95. Photo of CSH-01, ahu; view to north .........................................................................129 Figure 96. Photo overlooking CSH-02, modified outcrop complex, taken from jeep road; outcrop is obscured by kiawe trees; view to north ........................................................................129 Figure 97. Photo of a waterworn basalt artifact at CSH-02; view to northwest ..........................130 Figure 98. Photo overlooking CSH-03, circular alignment complex; view to southwest ...........130 Figure 99. Photo showing a circular alignment feature at CSH-03; view to west .......................131 Figure 100. Photo (Google Earth 2018) showing the existing tank site within the Northern Section of the project area; view to northwest .................................................................132 Figure 101. Photo showing the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and Hina Lani Street intersection within the Northern Section of the project area; view to west .........................................132 Figure 102. Photo of bulldozed area makai of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway within the Northern Section of the project area; view to west .........................................................................133 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 xiii Figure 103. Photo showing typical vegetation and terrain in the undisturbed areas in and adjacent to the Northern Section of the project area; view to east .................................................133 Figure 104. Aerial photo showing the sites documented during the field inspection in the Northern Section of the project area (Google Earth 2013) ..............................................134 Figure 105. Photo of SIHP # -10714 Feature A; view to east .....................................................136 Figure 106. Photo of a rock mound feature observed along SIHP # -10714 Feature A; view to west ..................................................................................................................................136 Figure 107. Photo of one of the features at CSH-11 (circular alignment complex); view to southeast ...........................................................................................................................137 Figure 108. Plan view map of a portion of SIHP # -00002 at Kealakehe Parkway (Segment #2 within Area C, Wilkinson et al. 2017:25) ........................................................................154 Figure 109. Photos of SIHP #-10714 Feature A; views to the southwest (top) and west (bottom) (Monahan et al. 2012:259) ...............................................................................................159 Figure 110. SIHP # -10714 Feature A plan view from Monahan et al. (2012:260) ....................160 Figure 111. Photo and plan view of SIHP # -10714 Feature B (Monahan et al. 2012:269) ........162 Figure 112. Photo of marker along SIHP # -10714 Feature B (Monahan et al. 2012:270) .........163 Figure 113. SIHP # -10714 Feature B plan view (Monahan et al. 2012:271) .............................163 Figure 114. SIHP # -13294 plan view (Donham 1990c:A-40) ....................................................179 Figure 115. SIHP #-13298 Feature C plan view (Donham 1990c:A-48) ....................................188 Figure 116. SIHP # -13298 Feature G plan view (Donham 1990c:A-49) ...................................190 Figure 117. SIHP # -13321 plan view (Donham 1990c:A-62) ....................................................192 Figure 118. SIHP #-13326 plan view from Donham 1990c:A-65 ...............................................193 Figure 119. Photo of SIHP # -13493; view to the north (Bell et al. 2008:45) .............................197 Figure 120. SIHP # -15329 plan view (Bell et al. 2008:53) ........................................................198 Figure 121. Photo of SIHP # -15329; view to the southeast (Bell et al. 2008:54) ......................198 Figure 122. SIHP # -17167 plan view (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:16) ..............................200 Figure 123. SIHP # -17167 Trench 1 profile (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:18) ....................201 Figure 124. SIHP # -17169 plan view (Borthwick and Hammat 1992a:20) ...............................204 Figure 125. Photo of SIHP # -20722; view to the northeast (Bell et al. 2008:153) .....................204 Figure 126. Photos of SIHP #-20726 Feature A (top) and Feature B (bottom); views to the north (Bell et al. 2008:162) .......................................................................................................206 Figure 127. Photos of SIHP # -20728; views to the south (top) and southeast (bottom) (Bell et al. 2008:167) .........................................................................................................................207 Figure 128. Photo of SIHP # -20744; view to the northwest (Bell et al. 2008:201)...................209 Figure 129. Photo of SIHP #-20745; view to the north (Bell et al. 2008:203) ...........................210 Figure 130. SIHP # -23021 plan view (Haun and Henry 2001:34) .............................................212 Figure 131. SIHP # -23549 site plan and photo (view to the southwest) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:16) ...........................................................................................................................215 Figure 132. SIHP # -23550 plan view and photo (view to the north) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:17) ...........................................................................................................................216 Figure 133. SIHP # -23551 plan view and photo (view to the northeast) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:18) ...........................................................................................................................217 Figure 134. SIHP # -23552 plan view and photo (view to the southeast) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:19) ...........................................................................................................................219 Figure 135. Photos of SIHP # -23553 Feature A (Rechtman and Escott 2002:20) .....................220
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 xiv Figure 136. SIHP #-25552 plan view from Haun and Henry 2006:105 ......................................222 Figure 137. SIHP #-25554 plan view from Haun and Henry 2006:106 ......................................223 Figure 138. SIHP #-25556, -25557 plan views from Haun and Henry 2006:109-110 ..............224 Figure 139. SIHP # -25558 plan view (Haun and Henry 2006:111) ..........................................226 Figure 140. SIHP # -25643 plan view (Haun and Henry 2006:212) ...........................................227 Figure 141. Photo of SIHP #-27280; view to the southeast (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:163)..........................................................................................................................................229 Figure 142. Photo of SIHP # -27285; view to the west (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:170) .....231 Figure 143. Photo of SIHP # -27298 Feature A; view to the east (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:195) ..............................................................................................................231 Figure 144. Photo of SIHP #-27298 Feature B; view to the north (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:196) ..............................................................................................................233 Figure 145. Photo of SIHP # -27299; view to the southwest (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:198)..........................................................................................................................................233 Figure 146. Photo of SIHP #-27300; view to the southwest (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:200)..........................................................................................................................................235 Figure 147. Photos of SIHP # -28794; view to the east (top) and west (bottom) (Monahan et al. 2012:262) .........................................................................................................................252 Figure 148. SIHP #-28794 plan view from Monahan et al 2012:263 ..........................................253 Figure 149. Photo of SIHP # -29344; view to the northwest (Monahan et al. 2012:256) ...........255 Figure 150. SIHP # -29344 plan view (Monahan et al. 2012:257) ..............................................255 Figure 151. Photos of SP-1 and SP-2 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:23) ...........................................256 Figure 152. Photos of SP-3, SP-7, and SP-8 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:24) ................................257 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 xv List of Tables Table 1. Summary of Kekaha zone model characteristics .............................................................21 Table 2. Summary of Māhele and land grant results for the project ahupua‘a ..............................25 Table 3. Land Commission Awards in Kaloko Ahupuaʻa .............................................................26 Table 4. Land Commission Awards for Honokōhau 1-2 Ahupuaʻa ..............................................27 Table 5. Land Commission Awards for Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa ......................................................28 Table 6. Land Commission Awards for Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa ........................................................29 Table 7. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area ..................................41 Table 8. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted)................72 Table 9. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Makai Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted)................74 Table 10. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted) ...76 Table 11. Results for previously documented archaeological sites in the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area ..................................................................................................84 Table 12. Newly identified archaeological sites documented in the Mauka Section of the project area .....................................................................................................................................96 Table 13. Results for previously documented archaeological sites in the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area ................................................................................................108 Table 14. Newly identified archaeological sites documented in the Makai Section of the project area ...................................................................................................................................128 Table 15. Results for previously documented archaeological sites in the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area ................................................................................................135 Table 16. Newly identified archaeological site documented in the Northern Section of the project area ...................................................................................................................................137
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 1 Section 1 Introduction Project Background At the request of Wilson Okomoto Corporation (WOC), Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) has prepared this literature review and field inspection report (LRFI) for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko, Honokōhau, Kealakehe, and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island, TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007. The project area is located north of the town of Kailua-Kona and is bisected by Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (Route 19). It is depicted on a portion of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle (Figure 1), tax map plats (Figure 2 and Figure 3), and a 2013 aerial photograph (Figure 4). The Hawai‘i State Department of Health (DOH) advocates for the use of recycled water provided that public health and water resources are not compromised. Use of recycled water has become more significant due to the state’s growing population, limited potable water resources, and waste water disposal issues. The County of Hawai‘i, Department of Environmental Management (“County”) intends to upgrade the Kealakehe Waste Water Plant (WWTP) to provide effluent treatment to produce R-1 recycled water. Facilities to be constructed as part of this project include water reuse, wastewater collection and treatment enhancements, and effluents disposal elements, illustrated on Figure 5. R-1 water produced at the Kealakehe WWTP will be initially stored on site in a 500,000-gallon above grade tank. The storage tank will also serve as a clear well for the buffer parcel irrigation pumps, provide pressure head for transmission of R-1 water to the Old Kona Airport Park (also known as Kailua Park) and Queen Lili‘uokalani Trust (QLT) lands, and feed the R-1 distribution system to the north. The extent of the site infrastructure for the initial and future R-1 storage and distribution system to the north will consist of new, repurposed, and recently installed components. Recycled water infrastructure, including the “purple pipe” required to differentiate recycled water from other pipelines, was installed in 2016 in conjunction with the Queen Kaūahumanu Highway Phase II Widening project from Kealakehe Parkway to the entrance of the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club. A new pipeline will be constructed from Kealakehe WWTP to connect with the Queen Kaūahumanu Highway purple pipe at Kealakehe Parkway. R-1 water will be pumped from the WWTP to an existing, unused potable water storage tank on Hina Lani Street which will be permanently isolated from the potable water distribution system and recommissioned for R-1 service. To the south, a new pipeline will be constructed to convey R-1 water to the Old Kona Airport Park, whose irrigation infrastructure will be modified to facilitate the use of R-1 water. A high head R-1 pump station will be constructed in the future to deliver water to a planned elevated tank located mauka (upslope) of the WWTP, expanding the system to provide storage and adequate pressure for additional uses. Potential future users include the proposed Kealakehe Regional Park, Honōkohau Harbor, industrial and commercial operations within the service area, QLT land development, and other projects (see Figure 5). Treated wastewater in excess of demand for reuse will be further treated through a proposed on-site subsurface flow wetlands and then conveyed to a proposed offsite soil aquifer treatment (SAT) facility for even further treatment and disposal. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolʻ, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 2 Figure 1. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the location of the project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 3 Figure 2. Tax Map Key (TMK) [3] 7-4-08 showing portions of the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 4 Figure 3. TMK: [3] 7-3-09 showing a portion of the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 5 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 4. Aerial photograph showing the location of the project area (Google Earth 2013)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 6 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 5. R-1 use concept plan from environmental impact statement public notice (courtesy of client)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 7 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 The project Area of Potential Effect (APE) has not yet been determined. For the purposes of this LRFI, the inspection area acreage is the same as the overall project acreage (approximately 199 acres or 81 hectares). Under this study for organizational purposes the project area has been broken into three geographical units, illustrated on Figure 6: x The “Mauka Section” comprises portions of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, Kealakehe Parkway, and Hale Mākaʻi Place rights-of-way (ROWs) and TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022 located mauka (inland) of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW; x The “Makai Section” comprises TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002, 058, 073 and 7-5-005:007 located makai (seaward) of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW; and overlaps a Special Management Area (SMA); x The “Northern Section” comprises TMK: [3] 7-3-009:027 and portions of the Hina Lani Street and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROWs. Document Purpose This investigation was designed—through detailed historical, cultural, and archaeological background research and a field inspection of the project area—to determine the likelihood that historic properties may be affected by the project and, based on findings, consider cultural resource management recommendations. This document is intended to facilitate the project’s planning and support the project’s historic preservation and environmental review compliance. This investigation does not fulfill the requirements of an archaeological inventory survey investigation, per HAR §13-276. Consequently, this report cannot be used to make formal recommendations for State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) review and acceptance Environmental Setting 1.3.1 Natural Environment The project area is situated upon the southwestern slopes of Hualālai Volcano within the traditional land divisions of Kaloko, Kealakehe, and Keahuolū. It also directly bounds Honokōhau Ahupua‘a north of Kealakehe. The project area ranges from approximately 200 m (656 feet [ft]) to 2.4 km (1.49 miles) back from the coast, at an elevation of approximately 4–60 m (13–197 ft) AMSL (above mean sea level). The terrain is typically exposed, undulating lava flows with mild to moderate slopes to the west and southwest. Rocky outcrops and lava blisters and tubes are common. Kona weather is typified by afternoon showers brought on by warm air which has been moved inland by light sea breezes. The humid air gradually condenses over higher altitudes throughout the day. At night the land cools resulting in breezes that send warm air back out to sea. Rainfall in this general area averages 500 mm (20 inches) per year (Giambelluca et al. 2013). While there are no perennial streams within the project area, natural springs have been documented within lava tube caves in the vicinity. Non-native grasses and koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) are the predominant plants within the project area. Other plants include non-native lantana (Lantana camara), kiawe (Prosopis pallida), Christmasberry (Schinus terebinthifolius), and succulents; and scattered native noni Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 8 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 6. Aerial photograph (Google Earth 2013) showing the three geographical sections of the project area (Mauka Section in blue, Makai Section in green, and Northern Section in yellow)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 9 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 (Morinda citrifolia), ‘ilima (Sida fallax), ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha), and maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana). Vegetation increases with elevation. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database (2001) and soil survey data gathered by Sato et al. (1973), the project area is situated upon two miscellaneous land types: “Lava flows, pahoehoe” (rLW) and “Lava flows, aa” (rLV) (Figure 7). The majority of the Makai Section and entire Northern Section are pāhoehoe (smooth) lava flows (i.e., rLW type), with a small portion of the Makai Section crossing an ʻaʻā (rough) lava flow (rLV type) (see Figure 7). The Mauka Section is indicated to cross roughly equal areas of both the rLV and rLW types (see Figure 7). According to Sato et al. (1973:34), Lava flows, pahoehoe (rLW) exhibit “a billowy, glassy surface that is relatively smooth . . . In some areas, however, the surface is rough and broken, and there are hummocks and pressure domes . . . [it] has no soil covering and is typically bare of vegetation” (Sato et al. 1973:34). Lava flows, aa (rLV) are described as “a mass of clinkery, hard, glassy, sharp pieces piled in tumbled heaps” that can contribute significantly to watershed (Sato et al. 1973:34). The project area is situated upon 1,500–11,000-year-old lava flows from Hualālai (Figure 8). The Mauka Section of the project area is within 1,500–3,000 lava flows (Qh2) and 3,000–5,000-year-old lava flows (Qh1y), as well as a very small area of 5,000–11,000-year-old lava flow (Qh1o; see Figure 8). The entire Makai Section is within 1,500–3,000 lava flows (Qh2; see Figure 8). The entire Northern Section is within 5,000–11,000-year-old lava flows (Qh1o; see Figure 8). 1.3.2 Built Environment The project area is located between the Kona Industrial Area to the south and the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club to the north. This area of the North Kona district contains such developments as the Old Kona Airport Park, Queen Liliʻoukalani Trust (QLT) Children’s Center, West Hawaiʻi Civic Center, Honokōhau Industrial Park, Honokōhau Harbor, Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Kaloko Light Industrial Park, quarries, and a number of businesses and public services including the Kona Police Substation, Kona Solid Waste Transfer Station located on Hale Mākaʻi Place. While portions of the project area are undeveloped land, the project area does contain significant prior developments including existing roadways (Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, Kealakehe Parkway, Hina Lani Street, Kealakehe WWTP access roadways, and private QLT roadways) and the existing WWTP facility located within the Makai Section (see Figure 3). The WWTP is accessed from Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway via a gated access road, and the facility, comprising a series of aerated lagoons, is fenced. The existing facility also includes a fenced disposal basin located in the Mauka Section east of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and north of the intersection of the highway and Hale Mākaʻi Place. The Makai Section interfaces the Makaʻeo Walking Path at the Old Kona Airport Park. Adjacent developments have impacted the Mauka Section. A large, former stockpile area is located just east of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Kealakehe Parkway intersection. A series of bulldozer and/or jeep roads is also present within the central portion of the Mauka Section east of the highway. A jeep road extends parallel to the western side of the highway ROW between the WWTP access road and the Honokōhau Harbor entrance at Kealakehe Parkway. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 10 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 7. Overlay of Soil Survey of the State of Hawaii (Sato et al. 1972), indicating soil types within and surrounding the project area (USDA SSURGO 2001)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 11 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 8. Aerial photograph of the project area (Google Earth 2013) overlain with geological data (Sherrod et al. 2008), indicating geological map units in the vicinityCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Introduction LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 12 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 In the Northern Section, TMK: [3] 7-3-009:027 contains a fenced, large capacity water storage tank that is currently not in use. The land within the tank enclosure has been bulldozed, as well as the adjacent northern shoulder of Hina Lani Street extending to the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway intersection. The portion of the Northern Section of the project area extending west from the highway ROW has also been extensively disturbed by bulldozing and landscaping.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Methods LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 13 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Section 2 Methods Field Methods CSH completed the fieldwork component of this study under archaeological fieldwork permit number 17-08, issued by the SHPD pursuant to HAR §13-282. CSH archaeologists conducted fieldwork on 25–26 September 2017 and 6 October 2017; archaeologists included Olivier M. Bautista B.A., McKenzie Wildey, B.A., and Sarah Wilkinson, B.A., under the general supervision of Hallett Hammatt, Ph.D. This work required approximately 9 person-days to complete. In general, fieldwork included 100% pedestrian inspection of the project area, GPS data collection, and photographs. 2.1.1 Pedestrian Survey The pedestrian survey focused on confirming previously recorded historic properties indicated to exist within and immediately adjacent to the project area, and to determine the potential for previously undocumented historic properties within the project area. The pedestrian survey was accomplished through systematic sweeps throughout the project area and a 10–20 m buffer area surrounding it, with archaeologists spaced 10 m to 20 m apart depending on ground visibility. Archaeologists checked potential new archaeological features against descriptions of previously identified sites indicated in the vicinity, to ensure they did not represent known sites that had been misplotted during prior surveys. Where known historic properties and new archaeological features were encountered, archaeologists recorded their locations using a Garmin GPSmap 60CSx, and took digital photographs and brief notes. Research Methods Background research included a review of previous archaeological studies on file at the SHPD; review of documents at Hamilton Library of the University of Hawai‘i, the Hawai‘i State Archives, the Mission Houses Museum Library, the Hawai‘i Public Library, and the Bishop Museum Archives; study of historic photographs at the Hawai‘i State Archives and the Bishop Museum Archives; and study of historic maps at the Survey Office of the Department of Land and Natural Resources. Researchers also consulted historic maps and photographs from the CSH library. In addition, researchers examined Māhele records from the Waihona ‘Aina database (Waihona ‘Aina 2000). This research provided the environmental, cultural, historic, and archaeological background for the project area. Archaeologists used the sources studied to formulate a predictive model regarding the expected types and locations of historic properties in the project area. Consultation Methods Consultation is being undertaken for the project to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Presently, project proponents are initiating Section 106 consultation with community, agency, and Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs). The results of the current investigation will be utilized in these ongoing efforts. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Methods LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 14 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Additionally, a cultural impact assessment (CIA) is being prepared for the project in compliance with HRS §343. The CIA includes consultation with NHOs, agencies, and community members to assess the project’s potential effect on cultural beliefs, practices, and resources.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 15 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Section 3 Traditional and Historical Background Traditional Background The project area is primarily within three ahupuaʻa (traditional land division): Kaloko, Kealakehe, and Keahuolū. It also bounds the ahupuaʻa of Honokōhau located between Kaloko and Kealaheke. The unit of land divisions comprising Kaloko to Kealakehe is situated within the southernmost portion of the zone traditionally referred to as Kekaha, or Kekaha wai ‘ole (“the waterless place”), known for its coastal fishponds and arid environment (see Section 3.1.1 and Section 3.1.4). Keahuolū Ahupua‘a is in a transitional area between the distinct ecological zones of Kekaha and the lands to the south between Kailua Bay and Keauhou Bay known as Kona kai ‘opua (“Kona of the distant horizon clouds above the ocean”), which is generally recognized as the fertile agricultural region and population center of the present North Kona District (Kelly 1983; Kirch 1985:166). 3.1.1 Introduction to Kekaha The ahupua‘a of the project area lie within the Kekaha region of the traditional Kona District; according to Kalima (1992:A-l), the ahupua‘a comprising Kekaha were generally treated as a unit. Based on a recent translation of the “Legend of Ka-Miki” by Kepā Maly (Henry et al. 1993) the region or ‘okana of Kekaha extends from Keahuolū northward to the Kona/Kohala boundary. The region is often described as “an arid coastal place,” which extended into the uplands (Maly 1998:4). Despite its desolate appearance, legends and other traditional accounts indicate Kekaha was once a populous and productive region. The character of Kekaha is represented in an ʻōlelo noʻeau or poetical saying recorded by Mary Kawena Pukui (1983:184): “Kekaha wai ‘ole na Kona,” translated as “waterless Kekaha of the Kona district.” Pukui (1983:184) explains that “Kekaha in Kona, Hawai‘i, is known for its scarcity of water but is dearly loved by its inhabitants.” Indeed, early accounts of Kekaha often focused on attributes of its environment. The native historian John Papa ‘Ī‘ī describes the winds of Kekaha: . . . a cold wind from Kekaha, the Hoolua. Because of the calm of that land, people often slept outside of [sic] the tapa drying sites at night. It is said to be a land that grows cold with a dew-laden breeze, but perhaps not so cold as in Hilo when the Alahonua blows. [‘Ī‘ī 1959:122] John Ka‘elemakule Sr., a Kekaha native, wrote newspaper articles between 1928 and 1930 that provide details about life and customs in the last half of the nineteenth century. Kepā and Onaona Maly (2003:41–42) translated these serial accounts that appeared in Ka Hoku o Hawaii. The two following excerpts provide additional details related to water collection: There were not many water holes, and the water that accumulated from rain dried up quickly. Also there would be weeks in which no rain fell . . . The water which the people who lived in the uplands of Kekaha drank, was found in caves. There are many caves from which the people of the uplands got water . . . [Ka Hoku o Hawaii, 17 September 1929:3 in Maly and Maly 2003:41] . . . The kūpuna [elders] had very strict kapu (restrictions) on these water caves. A woman who had her menstrual cycle could not enter the caves. The ancient people Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 16 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 kept this as a sacred kapu from past generations. If a woman did not know that her time was coming and she entered the water cave, the water would die, that is, it would dry up. The water would stop dripping. This was a sign that the kapu of Kāne-of-the-water-of-life (Kāneikawaiola) had been desecrated. Through this, we learn that the ancient people of Kekaha believed that Kāne was the one who made the water drip from within the earth, even the water that entered the sea from the caves. This is what the ancient people of Kekaha wai ‘ole believed, and there were people who were kia‘i (guardians) who watched over and cleaned the caves, the house of Kāne . . . [Ka Hoku o Hawaii, 24 September 1929:3 in Maly and Maly 2003:41–42] Hawaiian historian J.W.H.I. Kihe (also a Kekaha resident) related in Ka Hōkū o Hawai‘i a portion of the famed Ka Miki narrative (see Section 3.1.3) which described planting in upland Kekaha. The passage, translated by Kepā Maly, referenced a 10-day ceremonial time of harvesting, which may have served as a source for the place name “Pu‘u Anahulu,” an ahupuaʻa to the northeast also within Kekaha: As the seasons changed from the days of the moon (winter) to the days of the sun (summer), the sun dried all the surface growth, but the taro, sweet potatoes, and different plants continued to growing [sic] because there was water below the surface in the rocks of the kīhāpai (cultivated patches). When the sweet potatoes matured and were ready for harvest, the family returned to the uplands for ten days. They baked a pig and offered chants and prayers in kahukahu ceremonies of the planter. [Maly 1999:20, footnote] The following passage is from Kihe and appeared in Ka Hoku o Hawai‘i between 31 January and 10 April 1928. It relates the variety of agricultural crops that grew in Kekaha: Departing from O‘ahu, Makalie and his family landed at Hale‘uki, Ka‘upulehu and were greeted by Ke‘awalena a chief and overseer of the Kekaha region. Ka‘upulehu and all Kekaha were extensively cultivated at this time. Dependent on seasons, the uplands were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for residence and fishing. Pao wai (dug out water catchments) on the pāhoehoe and in upland fields were a means of water catchment. Crops grown here included: taro, sweet potatoes, sugar canes, bananas, and ‘awa . . . [Maly in Henry et al. 1993:25] Maly (in Henry et al. 1993:29) explains that traditional accounts of the Kekaha region describe a lush environment that differs from its current state due to several factors. The Hualālai lava flow in 1801 covered the former agricultural and forested lands, residential areas, and fishponds. The loss of forests began with the decrease in rainfall exacerbated by the introduction of livestock and ranching. Goats and cattle stripped the vegetation from the lands causing water resources to dry up. Thus, over the last 150 years, the environment has been significantly altered. Samuel Kamakau, the native historian, relates that in the fifteenth century, High Chief ‘Umi-a-Līloa fished for aku (bonito, skipjack; Katsuwonus pelamis) along the Kekaha coast, and around 1810, Kamehameha I also fished the shores of Kekaha (Kamakau 1992:20, 203). Pukui (1983:271) underscores the importance of fishing in this region in the following poetical saying: Ola aku la ka aina kaha, ua pua ka lehua I kai.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 17 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Life has come to the kaha lands for the lehua [flower of the ʻōhiʻa tree] blooms are seen at sea. Pukui (1983:271) further explains this saying: “Kaha lands refers to Kekaha. When the season for deep-sea fishing arrived, expert fishermen and their canoes headed for the ocean.” It is likely because of its abundance of fish that Kekaha was “valued by ruling chiefs, inhabited by attendant chiefs, and upon occasion abused by warring chiefs” (Kamakau 1979:31). Kamakau (1992:66) reports that during the war between Alapa‘inui of Hawai‘i and Kekaulike of Maui, Kekaulike “abused the country people of Kekaha” by destroying all the coconut groves and slaughtering “the country people.” The destruction of these valuable trees was devastating. Describing the apportioning of land by the ali‘i before the ascendancy of Kamehameha, Kamakau records this information about the lands of Kekaha: Waimea [he is referring in this case to Waimea, O‘ahu] was given to the Pa‘ao kahuna [priest, sorcerer] class in perpetuity and was held by them up to the time of Kamehameha III when titles had to be obtained. But there was one land title held by the kahuna class for many years and that was Puuepa in Kohala. In the same way the land of Kekaha was held by the kahuna class of Ka-uahi and Nahulu [Kamakau 1992:231]. According to Kamakau (1992:310) during the 1770s, “Kekaha and the lands of that section” were held by descendants of the Nahulu line, the Ka-me‘e-ia-moku and Ka-manawa, the twin half-brothers of Ke‘e-au-moku, the Hawai‘i Island chief. The Great Seal of the State of Hawai‘i depicts Kame‘eiamoku and Kamanawa (Springer 1989:23). A great deal of primary research on legendary references and place names of Kekaha has been undertaken by Kepā Maly and Lehua Kalima. The results of some of this research can be found in “The Historical Documentary Research by Kepā Maly and Lehua Kalima” presented in PHRI report 1275-071493: Archaeological Assessment Study, Kailua to Keahole Region State Lands LUC Project (Henry et al. 1993). 3.1.2 Place Names Wahi pana (“legendary place”; Pukui and Elbert 1986:376) or “place names” are an integral part of Hawaiian culture. In Hawaiian culture, if a location is given a name, it is because an event occurred there that has meaning for the people of that time. The wahi pana are then passed on through language and oral tradition, thus preserving the unique significance of the place. Hawaiians have named a wide variety of objects and places, including points of interest that may have gone unnoticed by persons of other cultural backgrounds. Hawaiians have named taro patches, rocks and trees that represented deities and ancestors, sites of houses and heiau (pre-Christian places of worship), canoe landings, fishing stations in the sea, resting places in the forests, and the tiniest spots where miraculous or interesting events are believed to have taken place (Pukui et al. 1976:x). The current project area crosses or directly bounds four ahupuaʻa; the lexicology of the names of these ahupuaʻa is a starting point for understanding its traditional background. The meanings of these names are primarily taken from Place Names of Hawaii (Pukui et al. 1976); other sources Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 18 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 including Lloyd Soehren’s (2010) online Hawaiian Place Names database were consulted as appropriate. Kaloko Ahupuaʻa is home to the famous fishpond of the same name. Pukui et al. (1976) translate the name literally as “the pond,” noting that “Ka-mehameha’s bones may have been hidden near here” and that “the Ka-mehameha family reserved the [Kaloko] pond for themselves in 1848” (Pukui et al. 1976:77–78). Honokōhau Ahupuaʻa lies south of Kaloko. Honokōhau literally translates to “bay drawing dew” (Pukui et al. 1976:49). Kealakehe, located between the ahupua‘a of Honokōhau to the north and Keahuolū to the south, is described by Pukui et al. (1976:101) as “homesteads and elementary school.” No translation of this place name is given by Pukui et al. (1976) or Soehren (2010). Keahuolū, also written Ke-ahu-o-lū, has been translated in two ways. Pukui et al. (1976:101) translate the place name as “the ahu [cairn or altar] of Lū.” The name of the land has also been written as Ke‘ohu‘olu (Maly 1994:A-3), which means “the refreshing mists.” 3.1.3 Mo‘olelo (Stories) Oral-historical accounts or mo‘olelo provide insight into the traditional Hawaiian existence. In his work for Kekaha Kai State Park located north of the project area, cultural and historical researcher Kepā Maly (1998:5) explains that in the Kekaha region, many early native moʻolelo have been lost due to major events or trends of the early nineteenth century. Specifically, Maly (1998:5) notes the alteration of the cultural landscape by the 1800 and 1801 eruptions of Hualālai, as well as the loss of traditional knowledge due to decimation of the native population by disease. According to Maly (1998:6) one of the earliest accounts from Kekaha is the Legend of Punia, recorded by Fornander (1959). Punia and his mother Hina lived in Kohala, subsisting on sweet potatoes. Desiring lobster from a sea cave, Punia outsmarted a number of sharks living there, causing them to be killed one by one until only their king, Kaiʻaleʻale, survived (Fornander 1959:6, 10). Punia convinced Kaiʻaleʻale to swallow him; once inside the shark, Punia tormented him as he swam the Kekaha coastline, finally beaching himself at Alula in the ahupuaʻa of Keahuolū (Fornander 1959:10, 14; Maly 1998:6). According to the legend, Punia was cut from the shark’s belly by the residents of Alula, which “was the only place in all of Kekaha where people could live, for all of the rest of the area was inhabited by ghosts” (Maly 1998:6). Returning to Kohala, Punia came upon a number of these ghosts trying to fish; in order to protect himself, Punia tricked them by chanting deceitfully of his knowledge of fishing in the area (Fornander 1959:14, 16). The ghosts, like the sharks, were deceived and killed one by one until only one remained (Fornander 1959:16). The last ghost “fled and Kekaha became safe for human habitation,” (Maly 1998:7). Maly (in Henry et al. 1993) translated the “Kaao Hooniua Puuwai no Ka-Miki” (The Heart stirring Story of Ka-Miki) that appeared in the newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawai‘i between 1914 and 1917. The legend provides details about life and the environment of Kekaha as well as for the entire island of Hawai‘i. Ka-Miki, the quick or adept one, and his brother Maka‘iole (“rat or squinting eyes”), traveled around the island to participate in competitions ca. the thirteenth century when Pili-a-Ka‘aiea was the chief of Kona. The boy’s parents were Pōhaku-o-Kāne (male) and Kapa‘ihilani (female), the ali‘i of Kaloko and Kohanaiki. The legend relates that the supernatural brothers:
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 19 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 were empowered by their ancestress Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka (the great entangled growth of uluhe fern [Dicranopteris linearis] which spreads across the uplands), a reincarnate form of the earth-mother goddess, creative force of nature Haumea (also called Papa) who dwelt at Kalama‘ula on Hualālai, in the uplands of Kohana-iki, Kona. [Maly in Henry et al. 1993:21–22] The twins were raised by Ka-uluhe, who taught them how to use their supernatural powers. While the Ka-Miki tale describes events at many of the ahupuaʻa and other wahi pana of Kekaha, most are located well north of the present project ahupuaʻa. A puʻu or cinder cone at Keahuolū and Kealakehe is named in its association with the plain of Kanoenoe, known for its mists; this excerpt also references the proposed marriage of Ka-Miki to a chiefess of Honokōhau: Ka-noenoe (The mist, fogginess) [t]he mound-hill called Pu‘u-o-Kaloa sits upon the plain of Kanoenoe which is associated with both Keahuolu and Kealakehe. The settling of mists upon Pu‘u-o-Kaloa was a sign of pending rains; thus the traditional farmers of this area would prepare their fields. This plain was referenced by Pili when he described to Ka-Miki the extent of the lands which Ka-Miki would oversee upon marrying the scared chiefess Paehala of Honokōhau. The inheritance lands included everything from the uplands of Hikuhia above Nāpu‘u and the lands of the waterless Kekaha, which spanned from the rocky plain of Kanikū (Keahualono) to the plain of Kanoenoe at Pu‘ukaloa. [Ka Hoku o Hawai‘i 25 October 1917, as translated by Maly 1994:A-4] Another legendary account discusses the hill called Pu‘u-o-kaloa: Pu‘u-o-kaloa is a mound-hill site in the lands of Keahuolu-Kealakehe, not far from the shore of Kaiwi and Hi-iakanoholae. During periods of dry weather (Ka lā malo‘o) when planted crops, from the grassy plains to the ‘ama‘uma‘u (fern forest zone), and even the ponds (ki‘o wai) were dry, people would watch this hill for signs of coming rains. When the līhau (light dew mists) sat atop the hill of Pu‘u-o-kaloa, rains were on the way. Planters of the districts agricultural fields watched for omens at Pu‘uokaloa, and it was from keen observation and diligent work that people prospered on the land. If a native of the land was hungry and came asking for food, the person would be asked: Ua ka ua i Pu‘ukaloa, ihea ‘oe? When rains fell at Pu‘ukaloa, where were you? (If the answer was . . . ) I Kona nei no! In Kona (there would be no sweet potatoes for this person) But if the answer was: I Kohala nei no! In Kohala! (The person would be given food to eat for they had been away, thus unable to accomplish the planting.) [Ka Hōkū o Hawai‘i 19 March 1914, as translated by Maly 1994:A-5] Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 20 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 These moʻolelo emphasize the importance of rainfall in this relatively dry region for farmers, who were cultivating sweet potatoes and other crops on the plains Kekaha. In pre-Contact times, Hawaiians in this region would have lived primarily along the coast and in a habitation belt about 2 miles inland (Kelly 1983:14). The cultivated lands in between were referred to as the kula (plain, grassland) zone by Schilt (1984), essentially corresponding to Kekaha’s “Intermediate Zone” (see Section 3.1.4). 3.1.4 Traditional Settlement Zones of Kekaha Kelly (1971:74) identifies Kekaha as the band of barren lava fields extending north from Kailua-Kona to Anaeho‘omalu. As has been observed throughout the ahupua‘a comprising Kekaha, this band of barren lava fields does not encompass the entire ahupua‘a, nor does it inhibit land usage from occurring along the coast and inland where rainfall is sufficient for intensive agriculture. Instead, Kekaha refers more accurately to portions or “zones” of the areas where lava flows encompass the lands that, according to elevation, sustain little rainfall. Correspondingly, the lands of Kekaha are suggested, based on ethnographies, ethno-histories, and archaeological sources, to contain three general terrestrial zones that directly influenced land usage of prehistoric and historic populations. These three zones include 1) coastal; 2) intermediate or transitional and; 3) upland. Walsh and Hammatt (1995:32) present a synthesis of five different models of Kekaha’s three-zone settlement pattern, originally presented by Rosendahl (1973:60–61, 65–66), Davis (1977:19–21), Cordy (1985:7–8), and Hammatt et al. (1987:69–71). Henry et al. (1993) summarize these models as follows: The preceding models, though varying in detail, have several common elements. First, there is a general agreement on separation of the region into three basic environmental zones: the coastal zone, the barren or intermediate zone, and the upland zone. Second, all five models associate the coastal zone with marine exploitation and the upland zone with dryland cultivation. Depending on their proximity to the coast or uplands, sites within the barren zone are considered extensions of the two major patterns into marginal areas, or as sites related to travel between the two poles (e.g. trails, shelters, etc.). Third, and finally, all of the models posit some level of interaction between the coast and the uplands, although there is little agreement concerning the nature and intensity of this interaction. [Henry et al. 1993:55] Table 1, adapted from that found in Walsh and Hammatt (1995:33), summarizes the major characteristics of the three Kekaha settlement zones. The current project area lies almost entirely within the Intermediate Zone; a small portion of the Makai Section extends into the Coastal Zone near Old Kona Airport Park. Archaeological evidence from the vicinity of the project area supports traditional accounts of coastal and intermediate zone activities (see Section 4). Studies focused along or extending to the coast (e.g., Emory and Soehren 1971, Renger 1971, Ching 1978, Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980, Folk 1980, Donham 1990c, Haun and Henry 2006, Reeve et al. 2012) illustrated a high site density within the coastal zone, with substantial evidence of habitation-related activities and collection of marine resources. Radiocarbon analysis from survey work at coastal Keahuolū yielded evidence of occupation from the mid-fifteenth century through the historic period (Donham 1990c, Reeve et al. 2012). However, occupation in the area may have begun much
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 21 Table 1. Summary of Kekaha zone model characteristics Zone Elevation Topography Climate Present Vegetation Occupation Activities (Traditional and Historic) Site/Feature Types Site Density/ Distribution Coastal Coastline to 300 m inland; 0 to 9 m contour (0 to 30 ft) Relatively flat to gradual slope (5-10%), undissected lavas, rocky, little or no soils; includes isolated bays, inland ponds Central Kona patterns; ave. temp. range 67-83 F; rainfall 10 inches/yr Strand, pond and kiawe (Prosopis pallida) thicket communities Primary traditional use: permanent and temporary occupancy and marine resource exploitation Other uses: limited agriculture, quarrying, transportation, burials, art/communication Caves, cairns (ahu), enclosures, trails, midden scatters, modified outcrops, overhangs, pāhoehoe excavations, petroglyphs, platforms, sinkholes, terraces, lava tubes, pavements Moderate, concentrated along the shoreline and around inland ponds Inter-mediate (Barren or Middle) 300 to 600 m inland; 9 to 12 m contour (30 to 39 ft) to 130 m contour (425 ft) Gradual slope, undissected lavas, little or no soils Central Kona patterns; rainfall 10-30 inches/yr Grasses dominate, some shrubs Primary traditional use: temporary or transitory occupancy Other uses: habitation (mostly temporary or recurrent), transportation, quarrying, limited agriculture, burials, art/communication, ranching Trails, pāhoehoe excavations, cairns, midden scatters, platforms, terraces, enclosures, caves, mounds, walls Very low and scattered, come concen-trations along mauka-makai trails Upland Extends up to 6 km inland from shore; 130 m contour (425 ft) to 1030 m contour (3379 ft) Gradual slope; minimal soils below 800 ft, moderate-to-strong soils development above Central Kona patterns; rainfall 40-50+ inches/yr Non-native secondary forest dominates Primary traditional use: permanent and temporary occupancy and intensive dryland agriculture Other uses: forest resource exploitation, ranching, commercial agriculture Upland agricultural features, platforms, mounds, walls, enclosures, cairns, terraces, trails, lava tubes, pāhoehoe excavations Medium-to-high, very high around 2,000 ft elevation and 25 inches/yr rainfall area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 22 earlier; Cordy et al. (1991:465) published dates fom coastal Kaloko sites ranging between AD 920 and AD 1430, some of the oldest along the leeward Hawaiʻi coast. The numerous studies surrounding the project area within the intermediate zone generally documented a lower site density, with traditional features located typically along trails or within lava tubes. Radiocarbon analysis of samples collected from sites in this zone yielded similar ranges of dates as those obtained from coastal sites (see Walker and Haun 1988, Fager and Graves 1993, Barr et al. 1994, O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994, Head and Rosendahl 1995, Colin et al. 1996, Haun et al. 2003). According to Schilt (1984), the kula zone in this region was probably not used for agriculture until about AD 1550-1650, although caves in the area could have been used for temporary habitation before this time. Sweet potatoes and other crops would have been the predominant crops. Early Historic Period Archibald Menzies, the first foreigner to record his visit to Kekaha, accompanied Captain Vancouver in 1792. He described the land as “barren and rugged with volcanic dregs and fragments of black lava . . .in consequence of which the inhabitants were obliged to have recourse to fishing for their sustenance” (Menzies 1920:99). On 17 January 1792, Menzies hiked to the top of Hualālai, and observed the following: We commenced our march with a slow pace, exposed to the scorching heat of the meridian sun, over a dreary barren track of a gradual ascent, consisting of little else than rugged porous lava and volcanic dregs, for about three miles, when we entered the bread fruit plantations whose spreading trees with beautiful foliage were scattered about that distance from the shore along the side of the mountain as far as we could see on both sides. Here the country began to assume a pleasant and fertile appearance through which we continued our ascent for about two miles further, surrounded by plantations of the esculent roots and vegetables of the country, industriously cultivated . . . From this place we had a delightful view of the scattered villages and shore underneath us, and of the luxuriant plantations around us . . . January 18th . . .We observed here and there on the path little maraes [shrines] pointed out by taboo sticks in the ground round a bush or under a tree. In passing these places the natives always muttered a prayer or hymn, and made some offering as they said, to their akua, by leaving them a little piece of fruit, vegetable or something or other at these consecrated spots. Even in this distant solitary hut, we found a corner of it consecrated by one of these taboo sticks which the natives earnestly requested us not to remove when we took possession of it, and we very strictly obeyed their injunction, conceiving that religious forms whatever they are, ought to be equally inviolable everywhere. [Menzies 1920:151–160] Vancouver, referring to the North Kona coast in 1794 stated, “the adjacent shores . . . chiefly composed of volcanic matter, and producing only a few detached groves of cocoa nut trees, with the appearance of little cultivation, and very few inhabitants . . .” (Vancouver 1984:3:1187). William Ellis traveled extensively throughout the island in 1823, and remarked on the 1801 lava flow covering large portions of the landscape at Keahole Point north of the project area in Kalaoa Ahupuaʻa (Ellis 2004:44–45). Kamakau (1992:86) noted that the 1801 eruption “had been
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 23 destroying houses, toppling over coconut trees, filling fish ponds, and causing destruction everywhere.” Settlers displaced by the eruption may have moved immediately south, to Keāhole Point (Kalaoa 4), though this is conjecture (Cordy 1985:39). Despite the disruptions caused by the 1801 eruption, in 1840 the explorer C. Wilkes observed “a considerable trade is kept up between the north and south end of this district. The inhabitants of the barren portion of the latter are principally occupied in fishing and the manufacture of salt, which articles are bartered with those who live in the more fertile regions of the south, for food and clothes” (Wilkes 1845:91). 3.2.1 Changes in Population Missionary censuses of the 1830s chart the diminishing population of Kekaha and North Kona. In 1834, the total population of Kekaha is recorded as 1,244, comprising 21% of the total North Kona population of 5,957 (Schmitt 1973:31). The North Kona figure represents a population loss of 692 since the previous census of 1831 (during which no figure specific to Kekaha was noted), which recorded 6,649 persons in the district (Schmitt 1973:9). One factor inducing the diminishing population of Kona, inter-island migration, was specifically noted by missionaries in 1832: “We have been sensible for some time that the number of inhabitants in this island is on the decrease. There is an almost constant moving of the people to the leeward islands, especially since the removal of the governor (Kuakini) to Oahu. Some leave by order of the chiefs, and others go on their own responsibility,” (Schmitt 1973:16). The pattern of population decrease continued throughout the following decades. According to Schmitt (1973:37), between 1848 and 1849 newly introduced diseases were responsible for the deaths of more than 10,000 people throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Furthermore, Kelly (1971:12) writes that . . . the mahele and kuleana laws displaced people—took land away from them and forced them to go elsewhere, such as into the trade centers of Kailua and Kawaihae. The concentration of large landholdings by ranchers and the subsequent fencing in of lands that were formerly accessible to residents served as an additional impetus to leave. [Kelly 1971:12] This outmigration from outlying settlements, such as those found at the coast near the project area, represented a drastic change in the settlement pattern of these areas. An 1853 map showing population estimates for Hawai‘i Island (Figure 9) illustrates a few hundred people settled in the general vicinity of the project area, which is in contrast to much higher populations surrounding Kailua and Kealakekua bays. 3.2.2 The Māhele and the Kuleana Act In the mid-nineteenth century, during the time of Kamehameha III, a series of legal and legislative changes were brought about in the name of land reform (see the works of Jon Chinen 1958, 1971 for a thorough and well-written explanation). Previous to the Māhele, all land belonged to the akua (gods), held in trust for them by the paramount chief, and managed by subordinate chiefs. Following the enactment of a series of new laws from the mid-1840s to mid-1850s, Kamehameha III divided the land into four categories: Crown Lands reserved for himself and the royal house; Government Lands for the government; Konohiki Lands claimed by ali‘i and their Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 24 Figure 9. Map of Hawaiʻi Island showing population as of 1853 (Coulter 1931:28); each symbol represents 50 people, indicating a few hundred people settled in the vicinity of the project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 25 konohiki (supervisors); and kuleana, small plots claimed by the maka‘āinana (commoners) (Chinen 1958:8–15). These claims are described in Land Commission Award (LCA) testimony from the claimant and witnesses. A Royal Patent (RP), which quitclaimed the government’s interest in the land, was issued on most Land Commission Awards (Chinen 1958:14). In some cases, more than one RP number was issued for an LCA, especially in cases where there were several widely separated ‘āpana (lots), such as an award with agricultural land in one ahupua‘a and a house lot in another. Ali‘i were required to pay a commutation fee to the government for their confirmed Konohiki Land titles; this payment could be in cash or in the return of land to the government or crown. Many ali‘i elected to return substantial portions of their awarded lands to avoid the one-third commutation cash fee. The Kuleana Act of 1850 allowed maka‘āinana, in principle, to own land parcels where they were currently and actively cultivating and/or residing. In 1851, certain Government Lands became available for purchase in lots of 1 to 50 acres in fee simple; this new category of land ownership became known as Royal Patent Grants or Land Grants. The Māhele data from each of the subject ahupua‘a supports Cordy’s findings on Kaloko: by the time of the Māhele, “the coast was virtually abandoned and the economic focus in this area had shifted to the uplands, which may have been a non-traditional pattern in this area” (Cordy et al. 1991:421). In Kekaha, land claim testimonies indicate there were relatively few native tenants that made land claims and most of the lands became property of the government. Of the few land claims made, however, it appears the cultivation of traditional crops within the upper elevations (the Upland Zone), including taro and sweet potatoes, was the predominant land use activity. Only one claimant indicated the cultivation of a commercial crop (coffee). Besides a claim made for “salt lands” at Keahuolū, and several other unawarded claims made for rights to fishpond resources, there is very little indication of land use throughout the intermediate and lower elevations, including an absence of claims made for house lots on the coast. Table 2 summarizes the land classification and number of LCAs and Land Grants awarded within each of the project ahupua‘a. Across all four ahupuaʻa, the total amount of awarded LCAs (47) is approximately twice the number of Land Grants (24). Specific information about LCA awards and land use is given in the following discussions of each ahupua‘a. Table 2. Summary of Māhele and land grant results for the project ahupua‘a Ahupua‘a Land Classification No. of LCAs Awarded No. of Land Grants Kaloko Konohiki 14 0 Honokōhau 1, 2 Konohiki 14 3 Kealakehe Government 11 21 Keahuolū Konohiki 8 0 Total 47 24 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 26 3.2.2.1 Kaloko Kaloko was awarded to and retained by Lot Kamehameha (LCA 7715), who later ruled Hawai‘i as Kamehameha V. A total of 23 kuleana land claims were made in Kaloko, and 13 were awarded (Table 3). Fifteen ‘ili (smaller land division) names are mentioned in Māhele testimony, but lands were awarded in only 12. All of the Kaloko kuleana awards are mauka lands between 1,200 and 1,700 ft elevation, adjacent to or just makai of the Government Road well above the current project area. Testimony for Kahiona’s LCA 9205/9237 claim (which was not awarded) mentions a fishpond, but no parcel in the coastal area is claimed. The major land use indicated in the claims is dryland agriculture characterized by māla (gardens), kīhāpai (cultivated patches or fields), and mo‘o (strips of land) producing taro and sweet potato. Only five of the claims mention residence on or use of Kaloko lands dating to the time of Kamehameha I, in the first decades of the nineteenth century. The remaining claims testify to residence or land use beginning in the 1830s and 1840s. As Cordy notes about Kaloko: “The historical documents suggest that by the 1840s-1850s, the Coastal Zone had been abandoned as a residential area, except probably for a house used by the fishpond’s caretaker. This pattern would have been a stunning change from prehistoric and early historic times, when many coastal residences were present” (Cordy et al. 1991:288). Table 3. Land Commission Awards in Kaloko Ahupuaʻa LCA Awardee ʻIli R.P. Acreage 4140 Kamanawa – 2152 2.1 7715 Kapuaiwa, Lota Ahupuaʻa Award 8214 4,320.0 7797 Kamohoalii Kikahala, Ulauiui 3972 5.3 7909 Kamaole Makaawe, Hale‘ape 5377 7.0 9060 Kioku Ulukukahi 4012 4.0 9160 Kanu Kanaio 6938 2.5 9237 Kahiona Oloupe – 2.8 9238 Kahoohanohano Pāpua‘a 3316 1.8 9241 Kaiama Kealaehu, Luahine‘eku, Haleolono 3772 4.3 9242 Keaweahokina Kikahala, Kealaehu 3744 2.8 9243 Kaleiko Kealaehu, Luahine‘eku, Haleolono 3786 1.8 10327 Nahuina Hale‘ape 3891 3.5 10694 Puhi Kiki 3763 3.5 10951 Wahehee Kealaehu, Kikahala 5095 2.0
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 27 3.2.2.2 Honokōhau (1–2) Honokōhau 1, comprising 2,653 acres, was awarded to Mikahela Kekau‘ōnohi (LCA 11216). Honokōhau 2, comprising 480 acres, was awarded to William Pitt Leleiōhoku (LCA 9971). Both of these awards were retained by the aliʻi. Thirty-three kuleana claims were made within 18 ‘ili in Honokōhau; 12 were awarded within ten ʻili (Table 4). These awards range in size from 1 acre to 6.8 acres, and occupy land from 800 to 1,680 ft AMSL (Robins et al. 2000:11), well mauka of the project area. In regard to indicated land use, testimonies for the awarded parcels in Honokōhau mention kīhāpai of taro and sweet potato (Robins et al. 2000:11). Table 4. Land Commission Awards for Honokōhau 1-2 Ahupuaʻa LCA Awardee Ahupua‘a ‘Ili R.P. Acreage 6026 Lanai, Ikaaka Honokōhau 2 Hanapouli 6787 1.0 7396 Kekipi Honokōhau 2 Pu‘u Kou 5231 3.9 7490 Polapola, Solomona Honokōhau 1, Honokōhau 2 ‘Onea, Waipi‘o, Pukalani 5247 2.0 7870 Kamohai Honokōhau 2 Waipi‘o – 1.0 7890 Kukona Honokōhau 2 Hanapouli 7766 2.3 8218 Ikiiki Honokōhau 2 Waipi‘o – 2.3 9061 Kanae Honokōhau 2 Pukalani 5049 4.8 9236 Kahaulewahine Honokōhau 1 Kaeo – 3.2 10319 Nahina Honokōhau 2 Haleolono 4896 3.5 10521-B Puhihale Honokōhau 1 Haleamahuka 7785 6.8 10762 Ahu Honokōhau 2 Nu‘uhiwa 3743 2.2 11064 Apuni Honokōhau 1 Kealaehu 5236 2.5 11216:36 Kekauonohi, Mikahela Honokōhau 1 Ahupua‘a Award 7587 2,653 9971 Leleiohoku, William P. Honokōhau 2 Ahupua‘a Award 6855 480 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 28 3.2.2.3 Kealakehe The ahupuaʻa of Kealakehe was awarded to Kekuapanio in the Māhele. Kekuapanio returned Kealakehe to the government. Twenty-three kuleana claims in Kealakehe represented lands in 26 ʻili; the 11 awarded claims comprised lands in 18 ʻili (Table 5). These awards range in size from 2.0 to 5.78 acres and are located from 900 to 1,900 ft in elevation (Haun and Henry 2001:8), upslope of the project area. Land use was predominately described as house lots or cultivated plots, including taro and sweet potato kīhāpai (Haun and Henry 2001:8). LCA 7483 also mentions a banana patch and kuaʻiwi (short stonewall agricultural features) that served as parcel boundaries (Haun and Henry 2001:8). Table 5. Land Commission Awards for Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa LCA Awardee ‘Ili R.P. Acreage 7483 Kulua Kaohia, Makakiloia 4040 2.6 7897 Kahuenui 2 Kukuiomino 4002 4.9 8608 Kaahui Ililoa, Kalilu, Kaohia, Kukuiomino, Puohe 5228 3.9 9252 Kauhai Kaneohale, Kaohia, Puohe 4005 5.78 10070 Mioi Ililoa, Kaniohale, Kukuiomino 4003 4.4 10306 Nuole Kaniohale 4006 5.25 10322 Nuhi Kaaki, Kaeamaia, Kaluulu, Kealoha, Kumau, Makakiloia 8054 4.75 10597 Puou Kukuiominoiki, Kukuiominonui 6235 4.12 10671 Pepe Haleolono, Ililoa, Kaniohala, Kukuiomino 4007 4.96 10692 Paai Ililoa, Kaohia, Puohu 4004 2.8 10950 Waiwaiole Kaohia, Puohe 5123 2.0 3.2.2.4 Keahuolū The ahupuaʻa of Keahuolū, comprising 4,071 acres, was awarded to Ane Keohokālole (LCA 8452:12). Keohokālole retained Keahuolū. According to Wong Smith (1990), The ahupuaʻa of Keahuolu was awarded to Ane Keohokalole (d. 1857), who numbered among her offspring King David Kalakaua, Queen Lydia Liliuokalani, and William Pitt Leleiohoku (who was adopted by Ruth Keelikolani). Her youngest daughter, Miriam Likeleke, was the mother of Kaiulani, who was proclaimed heir apparent in 1891 after her aunt, Liliuokalani, took the throne following the death of Kalakaua. Keohokalole was the great-granddaughter of Kameeiamoku, one of the most important of the chiefs supporting Kamehameha I. Approximately half of the lands that Keohokalole received in the Mahele were on the island of Hawaii, and two-thirds of those were lands in Kona District . . . [Wong Smith in Donham 1990c:B-3] Ane Keohokālole later sold portions of her 15,000-20,000-acre grant to the government and other parties, with the remainder being passed on to her heir, Lili‘uokalani.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 29 Eight kuleana were claimed in Keahuolū, with seven awarded (Table 6). Lands were claimed and awarded in four ʻili. These awards range in size from 0.6 acres to 2.9 acres. The seven LCAs granted in Keahuolū are located in the mauka region of the ahupuaʻa well upslope of the project area. Testimony provided by Maa in LCA 10303 mentions a portion of land “yielding salt,” but his kuleana was awarded in the ʻili of Maili, in the Uplands Zone (Wong Smith in Donham 1990c:B-4). The crops mentioned in the testimonies related to these claims include kalo (taro), ʻuala (sweet potatoes), and coffee (Wong Smith in Donham 1990c:B-4). Table 6. Land Commission Awards for Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa LCA Awardee ‘Ili R.P. Acreage 7351 Kahuenui – 3985 2.9 8012 Apiki – 3987 1.1 8452:12 A. Keohokālole Ahupuaʻa Award 6851 4,071 10198 Mailewalewa Ululele 3986 1.3 10303 Maa Maili 3981 2.25 10345 Nahaalualu – 3983 2.0 10672 Paia Puu o Kaliu 3980 1.9 11071 Aki Papuaaiki 3982 0.6 3.2.3 Mid- to Late 1800s 3.2.3.1 Settlement Oral history interviews conducted by Maly and Maly (2002) about life in Honokōhau confirm the settlement pattern suggested by the kuleana awards, in that most of the inhabitants of the ahupuaʻa of Kekaha now lived in the uplands. The land between the upland settlement areas and the coast was used for cattle, donkey, and goat pasturage. Mauka-makai trails within each ahupuaʻa were utilized by upland families to access the coast to fish, and gather water during upland droughts. Despite these major changes, there was apparently still a significant population living in the area in the later nineteenth century, as indicated by the following extended testimony of Kihe, who was born at Honokōhau in 1854. Kihe talked about the area in 1870: Now [1924] the majority of those people are all dead. Of those things remembered and thought of by the people who yet remain from that time in 1870; those who are here 53 years later, we cannot forget the many families who lived in the various (apana) land sections of Kekaha. From the lands of Honokōhau, Kaloko, Kohanaiki, the lands of Ooma, Kalaoa, Haleohiu, Makaula, Kau, Puukala-Ohiki, Awalua, the lands of Kaulana, Mahaiula, Makalawena, Awakee, the lands of Kukio, Kaupulehu, Kiholo, Keawaiki, Kapalaoa, Puuanahulu, and Puuwaawaa. These many lands were filled with people in those days. There were men, women, and children, the houses were filled with large families. Truly there were many people [in Kekaha]. I would travel around with the young Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 30 men and women in those days, and we would stay together, travel together, eat together, and spend the nights in homes filled with aloha. The lands of Honokōhau were filled with people in those days, there were many women and children with whom I traveled with joy in the days of my youth. Those families are all gone, and the land is quiet. There are no people, only the rocks remain, and a few scattered trees growing, and only occasionally does one meet with a man today (1924). One man and his children are all that remain. Kaloko was the same in those days, but now, it is a land without people. The men, the women, and the children are all gone, they have passed away. Only one man, J.W. Haau, remains. He is the only native child (keiki kupa) besides this author, who remains. Now the land is desolate, there are no people, the houses are quiet. Only the houses remain standing, places simply to be counted. [Maly and Maly 2002:341–342] The population of the region continued to decline until around AD 1890 when the population of North Kona bottomed out at 1,754 people. By 1900, the population had increased to 3,189 and continued to increase as people moved into the urban and suburban lands around Kailua-Kona. 3.2.3.2 Trails Traditional trail systems in Kekaha linked coastal villages laterally and, as noted above, connected coastal villages with upland settlements. In reference to these mauka-makai trails, Clark and Rechtman (2006:61) write, “[s]ometimes these were mere footpaths, marked by cairns (ahu) across the bare pāhoehoe or ‘a‘ā lava.” Often waterworn stepping-stones were used over ‘a‘ā flows. The first improved cross-ahupua‘a trails through Kekaha (inland of the coastal trail) were the alaloa and the alahele. The alaloa was modified in the 1840s and called the Alanui Aupuni (Government Road), the King’s Highway, or the Māmalahoa Trail. Cordy et al. (1991:403) believe the curb-lined Māmalahoa Trail was built between 1836 and 1855. Portions of this trail are aligned with the current Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. The alahele, or Kealaehu (“path of Ehu”), extended from Kailua to the uplands of Kekaha; the current Belt Highway, or Māmalahoa Highway, is aligned with portions of this old trail. Many of these trails were improved in the mid-nineteenth century for horse or carriage traffic. Clark and Collins (2011:7) note this included removal of stepping-stones from some older trails; the stepping-stones would often be deposited along the trail shoulder. The government paid for the work or used prisoners working off penalties to construct the roads, which became straighter back from the coast, and sometimes paved and lined with kerbstones. As the population shifted to the agricultural zone along the inland trail, the Māmalahoa Trail on the lower barren shore was largely abandoned. The portions closer to Kailua, however, may have remained in use. What appears to be a portion of the Māmalahoa Trail in Keahuolū appears on an 1875 map labeled as the “Lower Road to Kona” (Figure 10). This map also depicts the proximity of the Makai Section of the project area to a coconut grove along the coast, marking the location of a small settlement at Pawai Bay.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 31 Figure 10. Portion of J.F. Brown’s 1875 map of Keahuolu, showing the “Lower Road to Kailua” (Māmalahoa Trail) and “Coconut Grove” at Pawai Bay in relation to the project areaCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 32 Emerson, a nineteenth century government surveyor, in 1891 mapped a large section of North Kona including the lands of the project area. His 1891 map (Figure 11) names significant locales such as fishponds and notable homes, and provides descriptions of the natural terrain. The inland portions of Kealakehe and neighboring Keahuolū are described as “rough pahoehoe, little vegetation,” similar to historic descriptions of the dry and barren lands of Kekaha. The Northern Section of the project area is indicated to overlap “Pahoehoe and aa with vegetation” (see Figure 11). Major trails including the Māmalahoa Trail are depicted but not named; interestingly the Māmalahoa Trail is not shown continuing north beyond Honokōhau (see Figure 11). 3.2.3.3 Ranching By the later 1800s, the potential commercial applications for the kula (plains used for dryland agriculture) lands in Kekaha had been recognized. Ranching, in particular, established the region as a source of market resources (e.g., beef and dairy products) for Honolulu and beyond. While two large ranches (Parker Ranch and Puuwaawaa Ranch) occupied great swaths of Kekaha well north of the project area, another ranch dominated the more southern portions of the Kekaha region: In 1899, John A. Maguire, founder of Huehue Ranch applied for a Patent Grant on . . . lots in ‘O‘oma 2nd, but he only secured Grant No. 4536 . . . Maguire’s Huehue Ranch did secure General Lease No.’s 1001 and 590 for grazing purposes on the remaining government lands in the Kohanaiki and ‘O‘oma vicinity. Thus, by the turn of the century, Huehue Ranch utilized both the upper forest lands and lower kula lands to the shore for ranching purposes. Oral history interviews with elder former ranch hands record that this use extended across the Kapena and Huliko‘a grant lands of Kohanaiki, from the fee and leasehold lands of Kaloko and ‘O‘oma. Nineteenth century goat drives, gave way to formalized cattle drives and round ups on these lands. [Maly and Maly 2003:78] According to Henke (1929:28), Huehue Ranch was “also known as the Maguire Ranch” after its founder, who started his herd using “native” cattle. The Greenwell family established themselves in Honokōhau during the late 1800s. Henry Nicholas Greenwell, an Englishman, had arrived on Hawai‘i Island during the 1850s and soon began purchasing and leasing land. After starting out growing oranges, Greenwell, during the years until his death in 1891, expanded his commercial interests to coffee and raising sheep and cattle. Mr. James Greenwell, grandson of H.N. Greenwell and son of Frank Greenwell, provided details of his family’s life in Honokōhau (personal communication 14 September 1992). Mr. Greenwell recalled that dairy cattle ranching at Honokōhau began in the 1870s at the time when the first Portuguese immigrants arrived in Hawai‘i. H.N. Greenwell formed partnerships with Portuguese families in which the families would live on the land and turn out dairy products. 3.2.4 1900s In the first half of the twentieth century, the primary method of travel was “by foot or on horse or donkey, and those who traveled the land, were almost always native residents . . .” (Maly and Maly 2003:99). The continued difficulty of travel and access throughout this region precluded any significant development and/or population increase during this time period.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 33 Figure 11. Portion of J.S. Emerson’s 1891 map of Kailua Section, North Kona, illustrating the natural terrain and notable features in the vicinity of the project area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 34 Ranching, however, steadily increased. Once John Maguire purchased the former chiefly lands of Kaloko in 1906 after the deaths of Kalakaua and Kapiolani (Kelly 1971:29), the uplands of that ahupua‘a were absorbed into the Huehue Ranch. Huehue Ranch continued to expand. After John Maguire’s death around 1920, his estate maintained ownership of Huehue Ranch under various managers and lessees including, among others, the Stillman family, Alfred Carter of Parker Ranch, and Hollywood movie star Errol Flynn (Henke 1929:28; Schilz et al. 1994:14). In 1966, the Trust successfully sold the Ranch to the Bellevue Cattle Company of Beverly Hills (Schilz et al. 1994:14). Subsequently the ranch was subdivided and sold to various corporations, and the coastal portions were developed as luxury resorts. During the twentieth century, the Greenwell Ranch lands were divided into three units with the Honokōhau holdings becoming the Frank Greenwell Ranch, named for a son of H.N. Greenwell who had managed that section. The Frank Greenwell Ranch subsequently became the Palani Ranch Company. A 1906 map of Hawaiʻi Island (Figure 12) illustrates the limits of grazing lands that completely encompass the project area. Some of this grazing activity, particularly in the southernmost areas of grazing lands shown on Figure 12, was likely still associated with subsistence farming as opposed to commercial ranching. Following the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act in 1921, portions of Kealakehe were designated Hawaiian Homelands “for the benefit and use of native Hawaiians, upon which they may live, farm, ranch, and otherwise engage in commercial or industrial or any other activities.” A sisal (Agave sisilana) mill was constructed in Keahuolū sometime during the late 1890s. The sisal was grown to make rope and other fibers. The mill was located along the southern portion of the old Palani Road corridor at 130 m (428 ft) AMSL. Operating until 1924, the mill was surrounded by sisal fields that covered an area of up to 1,000 acres in Keahuolū and neighboring Kealakehe ahupua‘a (Jensen 1990). In 1909, Queen Lili‘uokalani executed a Deed of Trust, which established the legal and financial foundation of an institution dedicated to the welfare of orphaned Hawaiian children. She amended her Deed of Trust in 1911 to include destitute children. It states, “[A]ll the property of the Trust Estate . . . shall be used by the Trustees for the benefit of orphan and other destitute children in the Hawaiian Islands, the preference given to Hawaiian children of pure or part aboriginal blood.” The lands of Keahuolū are part of this Trust Estate. Until recent years, the Keahuolū lands were in passive, agricultural uses. In the late 1890s and 1900s, the area around Pawai Bay at Keahuolū was a fishing village with a canoe landing (Yent 1993:4). However, before the construction of the airport, the coastal regions of Keahuolū remained largely undeveloped as indicated on a 1924 USGS topographic map (Figure 13). A large brackish pond was present mauka of the bay, as well as several planting pits utilized for the cultivation of primarily pineapple and multiple house sites around Pawai Bay (Neighbor Island Consultants 1973:45, 52). This area was inhabited by the Kau‘a family until the construction of the old Kona Airport at the coast of Keahuolū and Lanihau to the south in 1948. The 1959 USGS map (Figure 14) depicts the Kona Airport in relation to the project area, but otherwise illustrates a general lack of development in the vicinity; during that time development
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 35 Figure 12. Portion of J.M. Donn’s 1906 Hawaii Territory Survey map of Hawaiʻi Island showing the project area within the approximate area of grazing lands (yellow boundary)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 36 Figure 13. Portion of the 1924 Kalaoa and Keahole USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the project area and features discussed in the text
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 37 Figure 14. Portion of the 1959 Kailua and Keahole USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the project area and features discussed in the textCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 38 was concentrated south around Kailua Bay. Many of the roads and trails shown on the earlier maps are depicted, including the Māmalahoa Trail which is noted as a jeep trail. A “pack trail” extending northwest to Honokōhau Bay from Māmalahoa Trail—which also appears on Figure 13 but is not labeled—is likely SIHP # 50-10-27-21588 (see Section 4.1.3). A series of fence lines associated with either Greenwell/Palani Ranch or homestead activities is depicted in Kealakehe and Honokōhau mauka of the project area (see Figure 14). 3.2.5 Contemporary Land Use With the development of the airport at Keāhole (begun in 1969) and large-scale resorts to the north, the need for a coastal road connecting the harbor at Kawaiahae to the recreational and commercial center of Kailua became increasingly vital. The Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, an extension of Highway 19, was completed in 1973 (Clark and Rechtman 2006:66). The new highway appears on a 1977 USGS orthophoto (Figure 15). Little other development in the vicinity of the project area is indicated at that time, aside from expansion of the Honokōhau Harbor, two rock quarries mauka of the harbor, and the early stages of development along present Hale Mākaʻi Place. The Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park was established in 1978. The current Kealakehe WWTP facility was constructed in the 1980s to meet the needs of the growing population in and around Kailua town. Additional development has occurred in recent decades, including the construction of residential subdivisions, commercial/industrial centers, schools and other public facilities in lands formerly used for grazing. QLT has also begun to develop the Keahuolū lands to generate revenue for their programs.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Traditional and Historical Background LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 39 Figure 15. Portions of 1977 USGS orthophotographs (Kailua and Keahole Point Quadrangles) showing the location of the project area in relation to area developmentCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 40 Section 4 Previous Archaeological Research Overview of Previous Archaeological Research This section provides an overview of previous archaeological research conducted in the vicinity of the current project area. Section 4.1.1 is an overview of all previous archaeological studies in the vicinity. Section 4.1.2 provides discussions of those previous studies overlapping the current project area. Section 4.1.3 identifies the archaeological sites previously recorded in and near the current project area. A predictive model summarizing archaeological expectations for the current project area based on the results of background research is given in Section 4.2. 4.1.1 Previous Archaeological Studies in the Vicinity of the Project Area Over the past century numerous archaeological studies have been conducted within and surrounding the current project area. This body of past work provides information about past land use that can be used to form a predictive model for the current project area. John F.G. Stokes and J.E. Reinecke conducted the earliest studies, which were coastal surveys. In 1906, Stokes was assigned by the Bishop Museum the task of recording the coastal heiau of Hawai‘i Island, building upon the preliminary work of Thomas G. Thrum. Visiting the sites of more than 100 heiau island-wide, he drew “plans of more than forty of the best preserved foundations, and collected as much oral data as possible” (Stokes and Dye 1991:12). Between Kealakehe and the Keahuolū-Lanihau boundary, Stokes documented five heiau; of these, the heiau of Kawaluna and Palihiolo at Pawai Bay in Keahuolū are in closest proximity to the current project area, though they do not overlap it. In 1930, the Bishop Museum undertook an archaeological reconnaissance survey of portions of West Hawaiʻi (Reinecke 1930). Reinecke broke the portion of his survey conducted between Kailua Kona and Kalahuipuaʻa in South Kohala into four sections: “Lanihau adjoining Kailua village . . . ; Honokohau-kaloko . . . ; the remainder of the coast to Keahole Light; [and] the cursorily survey[ed] coast past the light” (Reinecke 1930:2). The “Lanihau” section appears to have included coastal Keahuolū; Reinecke documented several sites located makai of the current project area, along the shoreline fronting what is now Old Kona Airport Park/Kailua Park. He describes the “Honokohau-kaloko” section as having “considerable remains” (Reinecke 1930:2); unfortunately, the maps covering this section are illegible, however, the sites documented by Reinecke (1930) in this area are understood to have been located well makai of the current project area. Table 7 contains summaries of previous archaeological studies; archaeological studies overlapping the current project area are identified using bold font. Previous studies in the vicinity of the Mauka and Makai Sections of the current project area are depicted on Figure 16, excluding those past studies located along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW. Previous studies in the vicinity of the Northern Section of the current project area are depicted on Figure 17, again excluding those past studies located along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW. Previous archaeological studies located along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW in the vicinity of the overall current project area are depicted on Figure 18. The Stokes (1906-1907) and Reinecke (1930) studies are not depicted as their coverage is not clearly defined.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 41 Table 7. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Stokes 1906 (Stokes and Dye 1991) Archaeological reconnaissance survey Island of Hawaiʻi Identified numerous heiau and koʻa (shrines) across the island; documented five heiau in current project ahupuaʻa, none of which are within the current project area Reinecke 1930 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Coastal West Hawaiʻi Identified hundreds of sites along coast of West Hawaiʻi, including a number of sites in vicinity of Old Kona Airport Park and Honokohau Bay Ching and Rosendahl 1968 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Kailua-Kawaiahae Rd corridor (Section II) and Keāhole Point Airport, Honokōhau to Kau Ahupuaʻa Documented 14 sites (not assigned SIHP #s); three sites recorded in Honokōhau including a trail and burial; no sites documented in Kaloko Ladd 1968 Archaeological salvage (data recovery) Honokōhau Harbor; Kaloko, Honokōhau, and Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa Salvage excavations for four sites previously identified by Bishop Museum in 1961 and not assigned SIHP #s: D11-3/1 (burial), D11-3/2 (burial), D11-3/3 (burial), and D11-4 (house site) Newman 1970 Field inspection Old Kona Airport State Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa Documented several features in Lanihau portion of Old Kona Airport, later assigned as SIHP #s -02000 (petroglyphs), -02001 (petroglyphs, papamū [stone on which the checker-like game, kōnane, was played], and bait cups), and -02002 (house site) Emory and Soehren 1971 Archaeological and historical survey Coastal Kaloko, Honokōhau, and Kealakehe Ahupua‘a Documented 72 sites across three ahupuaʻa, not assigned SIHP #s; site types included house sites, ahu (cairns), fishing ko‘a, terraces, enclosures, walls, papamū, burial grounds and platforms, hōlua (sled; sled course) slides, Makaopi‘o Heiau, Hale O Kāne Heiau, Pu‘uoina Heiau, ‘Aimakapa Pond, petroglyphs; study included search for sites and plane table surveys documented by Bishop Museum in 1961 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 42 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Renger 1971 Intensive survey Kaloko and Kukio Ahupuaʻa, makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy Documented 89 sites in Kaloko, not assigned SIHP #s; site types included fishponds, house sites, burials, trails, lava tubes, walls, platforms, petroglyphs, enclosures, etc. Neighbor Island Consultants 1973 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa Documented 19 sites not assigned SIHP #s; site types included planting pits, house sites, burials, and petroglyphs; two sites (KA14, petroglyph; KA15, petroglyph and house site) recorded in mauka portion of property near southern terminus of Makai Section of current project area Sinoto 1975 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Honokōhau Small Boat Harbor; Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa Documented three previously identified sites, not assigned SIHP #s: D11-27 (house site), D12-3 (salt pans), and a papamū Sinoto 1977 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa, mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy; TMK [3] 7-4-008:017 por. Documented four newly identified sites: SIHP #s 50-10-28-05011 (ahupuaʻa wall possibly overlapping current project area at Kealakehe and Keahuolū boundary), -05012 (lava tube shelter), -05013 (lava tube shelter), and -05014 (lava tube shelter) Ching 1978 Reconnaissance survey 987 acres in Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa Documented 59 sites with 140 features, predominately located at coast; sites assigned SIHP numbers (SIHP #s -06490 through -06548) which may be problematic; cluster of sites within proximity to Makai Section of current project area: SIHP #s -06528 (two platforms), -06529 (three platforms), -06530 (four ahu), -06531 (single ahu), -06532 (single ahu), -06533 (petroglyphs), -06534 (two ahu), -06535 (single ahu), and -06536 (enclosure)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 43 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Rosendahl 1979 Reconnaissance survey Approximately 212 acres in Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa; TMKs [3] 7-04-008:001 por., 002 por. and 012 por. Documented 13 sites, not assigned SIHP numbers, including two large modified lava bubble sinkholes, two long sections of stone wall (Kuakini Wall), a cairn, overhang rock shelter, petroglyph, papamū and petroglyphs, and a walled enclosure Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980 Reconnaissance survey Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa Identified 35 sites not assigned SIHP #s; site types included house sites, petroglyphs, burials, and multiple lava shelters and sinkholes; study area minimally overlaps makai terminus of Makai Section of current project area; no sites identified in proximity to current project area Folk 1980 Archaeological survey and subsurface testing Three kīpuka within QLT Lands, Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa Documented 21 sites: SIHP #s -06444 through -06447, -06498, -06522, -06524, -06666 through -06669, -06671 through -06679, -06502, and -06503; site types included pavements, caves, habitation complexes, an enclosure, a platform, a shrine, and historic-era campsites; testing in one kīpuka exposed a buried cultural layer; archaeological salvage recommended for all sites Neller 1980 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa Survey focus on documenting areas of human remains exposed by stormy seas; also documented a number of previously identified sites at Park including SIHP #s -02001 and -02002 and areas of petroglyphs; no sites identified in proximity to current project area (Makai Section) Soehren 1980 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Kailua Wastewater Treatment Site, Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa, TMK: [3] 7-4-008:003 (por.) Documented SIHP # -07704, a north-south oriented trail located just west of existing WWTP and western boundary of Makai Section of current project area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 44 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Soehren 1980a Archaeological reconnaissance survey Approx. 90 acres in Kaloko Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-3-009:001 por. Documented a single waterworn stone near Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy (possible sling stone), not assigned a site number; noted potential for “graves” within property Soehren 1980b Archaeological reconnaissance survey Kaloko Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-3-009:001 por. Documented stepping-stone trails, a possible burial, a lava tube containing a cultural deposit, and a lava tube used for temporary habitation, water collection, and possibly refuge; no SIHP numbers assigned Soehren 1981 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa, TMK: [3] 7-4-008:003 por. Documented three previously recorded sites near coast in proposed ocean outfall alignment for Kealakehe WWTP: SIHP #s -01888 (shrine and/or house site), -01889 (remnant house site or platform), -01890 (burial platform and remnant house sites) Bonk 1987 Preliminary archaeological reconaissance survey Lower Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa (coast up to 630 ft amsl) Noted findings within three general areas: 1) Honokōhau Harbor vicinity; 2) 1,000-m-wide coastal strip, both found to contain numerous archaeological features; and 3) everything mauka of these coastal areas, found to contain ranching and homesteading features; only site noted within bounds of current project area is Māmalahoa Trail (SIHP # -00002) Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological inventory survey Kaloko Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-3-010:017 por. Documented SIHP # -13493, segment of a stepping-stone trail located just northeast of Northern Section of current project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 45 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Donham 1990a Archaeological inventory survey 950 acres in Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:017, 012 por. Documented four previously identified sites including SIHP #s -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) and -05011 (ahupuaʻa wall), and 78 new sites comprising 840 individual features, predominately agricultural in function; assigned 80 new SIHP #s: -13175 through -13254; of these, six (SIHP #s -00002, -05011, -13182, -13194, -13195, and -13253) are indicated in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area Donham 1990b Archaeological inventory survey Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:017, 012 por. Addendum to Donham 1990a study reported on finds of Donham 1990c AIS in QLT lands in Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa; notes 24 sites comprising 250 features (SIHP #s -13420 through -13440 and -13447 through -13449); sites not in proximity to current project area Donham 1990c Archaeological inventory survey 1100 acres in QLT Lands; Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002 por. and 012 Documented 239 sites comprising over 1,810 individual features similar to those observed by Donham (1990a); of these, two previously documented: SIHP # -00002 (Mamalaohoa Trail) and SIHP # -07276 (Kuakini Wall); a number of sites initially documented by Ching (1978) likely confirmed but assigned new SIHP numbers; 237 new SIHP designations include SIHP #s 50-10-[27 or 28]-13255 through -13491; seven sites are in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area: SIHP #s -00002, -13315, -13321, -13326 through -13328, and -13482; 13 sites in proximity to Makai Section of project area: SIHP #s -13284, -13286, -13288 through -13298, and -13353; radiocarbon testing yielded evidence of occupation as early as fifteenth century Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 46 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Pietrusewsky 1990 Osteological analysis Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa Examination of skeletal remains of one female individual collected from park, which technically overlaps makai terminus of Makai Section of current project area; exposure location and subsequent reinterment location not in proximity to current project area Rosendahl and Walker 1990 Archaeological inventory survey Kaloko Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-3-010:017 por. Attempted recording additional information about SIHP # -13493 (stepping-stone trail); no additional information obtained Smith and Yent 1990 Archaeological inventory survey and data recovery 25 acres at Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-5-005:007 Documented six sites: two previously identified by Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace (1980) comprising a wall and numerous ahu; and four newly documented sites including a wall, platform, and filled crevices; sites not assigned SIHP numbers Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Archaeological assessment (negative finds AIS) Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, TMK: [3] 7-5-004:067, 7-5-05:007, 7-4-008:002 Documented ten previously recorded sites (including three without SIHP numbers at Old Kona Airport Park, and SIHP #s -13266, -13291 through -13294, -13296, -13298 recorded by Donham 1990c) and four newly recorded sites (SIHP #s -17167 through -17170); of these, six are in proximity to Makai Section of current project area (SIHP #s -13291, -13292, -13294, -13298, -17168, and -17169) Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b Archaeological field inspection and interim preservation plan Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa; TMK [3] 7-1-008:017 por. Documented two newly identified sites in Donham (1990a)/Burgett and Rosendahl (1992) project area: SIHP #s -15537 (lava tube) and -15538 (terrace); recommends further mitigation at SIHP # -00002 and two stepping-stone trails (SIHP #s -13194 and -13197)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 47 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Burgett and Rosendahl 1992 Archaeological inventory survey Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupua‘a, TMK: [3] 7-4-008:017, 012 por. Addendum to Donham (1990a) AIS documented 44 newly identified sites comprising 225 features (SIHP #s -16001 through -16044), and 103 additional features associated with Donham (1990a and b) sites; of these, only one (SIHP # -13253) is indicated in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area Yent 1992 Archaeological field inspection Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-7-005:005 por. Documented a partial anthropomorphic petroglyph (State Park Site #1992-40), not assigned a SIHP # Borthwick et al. 1993 Archaeological reconnaissance survey Kealakehe and HonokōhauūAhupua a Documented 43 new sites (no SIHP #s assigned); identified 44 previously documented sites (with SIHP designations from multiple different studies); two sites documented in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area include trail sites SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 Fager and Graves 1993 Archaeological inventory survey 15+ acres at Kaloko Industrial Park, Kaloko Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-3-051:001 por. Documented 17 sites comprising 60 component features: SIHP #s 50-10-28-15335 through -15351; feature types included terraced, modified outcrops, mounds, walls, lava tubes, pāhoehoe excavations, ahu, filled cracks, enclosures, and a stepping-stone trail; assessments of function included agriculture, animal husbandry, temporary habitation, marker, quarry, and transportation; a charcoal sample yielded a probable age of AD 1617–1884 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 48 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Henry and Graves 1993 Archaeological inventory survey Queen Ka ahumanuūHwy and Kaiwi St ROW, KeahuolūūtoūKalaoaūAhupua a Phase 1 AIS (site identification) documented 25 sites comprising 60 features; of these, five previously identified (SIHP #s -00002, -06432 [ahupuaʻa boundary wall], -13194 [trail], -13195 [trail], and -13334 [complex]); newly identified sites assigned as SIHP #s -15314 through -15333 O’Hare and Rosendahl 1993 Archaeoloigcal inventory survey 100 acreas of QLT lands, Keahuolū Ahupua‘a; TMK: [3] 7-4-008:002 por. Documented 18 sites comprising 38 features: one previously identified (SIHP # -00002, Māmalahoa Trail) and 17 newly identified (SIHP #s 50-10-28-18502 through -18518) used for agriculture, temporary habitation, temporary habitation/possibly ceremonial, burial, historic dump, transportation, quarry, and marker Barr et al. 1994 Archaeological inventory survey 206 acres in Kealakehe and Honokōhau Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:003 por., 005 por., 017 por., and 034 por. Documented 83 sites including 33 newly recorded sites and 50 previously identified sites (with SIHP designations from multiple studies); two sites documented in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area include trail sites SIHP #s -00002 and -13194; charcoal samples yielded ages generally within between 1600s–1890s, though one sample dated to AD 1439-1693 O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994 Archaeological data recovery 800 acres in Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:012 por., and 017 Documented 422 archaeological features within Donham (1990a) survey area; excavated 88 test units; conducted laboratory analysis on soil, artifact, and charcoal samples; majority of features found to be agricultural in nature; radiocarbon analysis indicated majority of sampled habitation and agricultural features ranged in age from AD 1400-1850
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 49 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Carpenter 1995 Burial recovery and reinterment Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa, TMK: [3] 7-5-005:007 Included collection of human remains from 24 individuals exposed by high surf and subsequent reinterment at park, which technically overlaps makai terminus of Makai Section of current project area; exposure locations and subsequent reinterment location not in proximity to current project area Head and Rosendahl 1995 Archaeological data recovery Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-04-008:002 por., 012 por. Data recovery conducted at SIHP #s -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) and 50-10-28-18506 (complex); efforts at SIHP # -00002 involved documentation of construction techniques at seven sample areas; test excavations at SIHP # -18506 yielded a radiocarbon date of AD 1453-1824 Walsh and Hammatt 1995 Archaeological inventory survey Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy, Keahuolū to Kalaoa Ahupuaʻa Documented 17 sites comprising 29 individual features; five sites previously recorded (SIHP #s -00002, -02238, -06432, -13194, and -15324) and 12 sites newly recorded (SIHP #s -19943 through 19954); of documented sites, only SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 in proximity to current project area Colin et al. 1996 Archaeological inventory survey and limited subsurface testing 224 acres in Kaloko and Kohanaiki Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:002 por. and 017 Documented 55 sites comprising 93 features, including two previously identified sites (SIHP #s -13493 and -15324) and 53 newly identified sites (SIHP #s -20696 through -20722 and -20724 through -20749), of which six are in proximity to Northern Section of current project area (SIHP #s -13493, -20722, -20744, -20745, 20726, and -20728); documented sites included ahu, simple agricultural features, recurrent and temporary habitation sites, trails, enclosures, walls, and a quarry; subsurface testing conducted at eight sites; two charcoal samples yielded date ranges falling between AD 1670-1945 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 50 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Hammatt et al. 1999 Archaeological data recovery Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy, Honokōhau Ahupuaʻa Data recovery at SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) and -19953 (mauka-makai trail) involved production of archival-quality photo documentation and cross-sectional drawings of portions of subject trails to be impacted by construction Wolforth 1999 Archaeological monitoring Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy and Kaiwi St ROW, Keahuolū to Kalaoa Ahupuaʻa Involved inspection of 31 previously documented sites (including those documented by Henry and Graves 1993 in proximity to current project area) and documentation of eight newly recorded sites: SIHP #s -21252 through -21258 and -21756; portions of a 3.3-km section of SIHP # -00002 within the 1999 mapped and described area Haun and Henry 2000 Archaeological inventory survey 102 acres at Kaloko Industrial Park, Kaloko Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-3-051:60 Documented 45 sites comprising 81 individual features: nine previously identified, of which five found to be disturbed; and 36 newly identified sites; site types and functions conform to those expected within subject elevational/zonal settlement pattern Haun and Henry 2001 Archaeological inventory survey Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa, TMK: [3] 7-4-008:003 por. Located directly adjacent to but not overlapping current project area; documented 58 sites comprising 123 features (SIHP #s -23007 through -23062); feature types included pāhoehoe excavations, stone alignments, ahu, mounds, petroglyphs, enclosures, trails, and a cave, overhang, and platform; functional categories included quarrying, markers, agriculture, rock art, temporary habitation, transportation, possible ceremony, indeterminate; several sites located in proximity to Mauka and Makai Sections of current project area (SIHP #s -23020, -23023, -23026, -23029, -23033, -23047, -23048)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 51 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Archaeological inventory survey Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park Located directly adjacent to but not overlapping current project area; documented four sites in one area (SIHP #s -19954, -23352 through -23354), and ten in another area (assigned temporary site numbers NPS SP-1 through 10); of these, sites SP-1 through -10 in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area Rechtman and Escott 2002 Archaeological inventory survey 40 acres in Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-4-008:003 por. Documented eight sites: three previously identified (SIHP #s -23020, pāhoehoe excavation; -23021, lava tube; and -23023, trail segment) and five newly identified (SIHP #s -23549, C-shaped enclosure; -23550 and -23552, pāhoehoe excavations; -23551, modified lava blister; and -23554, trail segment; all eight sites located within or in proximity to Mauka or Makai Sections of current project area; all recommended for no further work Haun et al. 2003 Archaeological data recovery Kaloko Industrial Park, Kaloko Ahupuaūa; TMK: [3] 7-3-051:60 Data recovery efforts at SIHP #s -21999, -22010, -22014, -22016, -22017, -22018, -22023, and -22032 involved determinations of site age and function; all sites determined to have functioned for temporary habitation and associated activity; radiocarbon analyses indicated occupation between AD 1445 and the early 1800s Pestana and Spear 2005 Archaeological assessment (no finds AIS) Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaūa, TMK: [3] 7-5-005:007 por. Survey effort involved hand excavation of 22 shovel tests and three test units; no cultural materials identified Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 52 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Haun and Henry 2006 Archaeological inventory survey 370 acres in Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002 por., 003 por., 071 por., and 072 por. Documented 127 sites comprising 432 features; 23 sites previously identified (with SIHP designations from multiple studies); 104 sites newly identified (SIHP #s -25549 through -25653); feature types included pāhoehoe excavations, ahu, alignments, overhangs, lava blisters, enclosures, terraces, platforms, trails, walls, pavements, midden scatters, mounds, sand areas, filled cracks, lava tubes, C-shapes, a metal tower, and an upright; sites occur as expected following elevational/zonal settlement patterns; SIHP #s -07704, -23033, -25643, -25556, -25557, -25558 indicated to be within or in close proximity to current project area Rosendahl 2006 Historic preservation review Kealakehe Ahupuaūa; TMK: [3] 7-4-008 por. Noted two previously recorded sites: SIHP #s -13180 (complex of land division, ranching, and agriculture features) and -16010 (agricultural complex); both sites fully mitigated in previous work Bell et al. 2008 Archaeological inventory survey 224 acres in Kaloko and Kohanaiki Ahupuaūa; TMK: [3] 7-3-009:017 Located directly adjacent to but not overlapping current project area; documented 59 sites, including 53 previously identified (with SIHP designations from multiple studies) and six newly identified (SIHP #s -26259 through -26264); distribution of sites corresponds with expectations according to elevation, with sites most frequent on ridges, tumuli or in lava tubes; SIHP #s -13493, -15329, -20722, -20726, -20728, -20744, and -20745 indicated in proximity to Northern Section of current project area Hammatt and Shideler 2008 Documentation of damage TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:009 and 010 Assessed damage to a portion of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) Hammatt et al. 2008 Mitigation implementation TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:009 and 010 Reported on renaturalization and restoration efforts at a disturbed portion of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 53 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Clark and McCoy 2009 Archaeological assessment (no finds AIS) Kalaoa 5 Ahupua‘a; TMK: [3] 7-03-043:003 por. Area of Potential Effect (APE) included existing facility in Keahuolū; no archaeological features identified Simonson et al. 2010 Archaeological literature review and field inspection Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa, TMKs: [3] 7-5-005:007 and 083 Confirmed location of numerous previously identified sites and documented four new sites, not assigned SIHP #s; many previously identified sites not confirmed; study area minimally overlaps makai terminus of Makai Section of current project area; no sites identified in proximity to current project area Wilkinson et al. 2011 Archaeological literature review and field inspection Keahuolū through Kaloko Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:025; 7-4-008:005; 7-4-020: 003, 004, 007, 010; 7-4-021:008, 023 Study confirmed 11 previously recorded sites; similar number of previously recorded sites not confirmed; several new features observed including pāhoehoe and ‘a‘ā excavations, possible trails, a lava tube opening, a bulldozed concentration of waterworn stones and artifacts, and a potentially historic fence line; one site located in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area (SIHP # -13194, trail) Monahan et al. 2012 Archaeological inventory survey Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy, Kealakehe to Kalaoa Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-4-008, 7-3-009, and 7-3-043 Documented 75 sites: 20 previously documented (with SIHP designations from multiple different studies) and 55 newly recorded; feature types included trails, pāhoehoe and ‘a‘ā excavations, mounds, ahu, walls, modified outcrops, petroglyphs, lava tubes, enclosures, leveled areas, filled crevices, modified depressions and blisters, and a burial platform; SIHP #s -10714, -28794, -28796, and -29344 indicated in proximity to current project area (Northern Section) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 54 Reference Type of Study Location Results (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted) Reeve et al. 2012 Archaeological inventory survey 628 acres in Keahuolū; TMK: [3] 7-4-008:002 Documented 322 sites comprising 464 component features, as well as 139 pāhoehoe excavations not assigned SIHP designations; some sites previously recorded by Ching (1978) and/or Folk (1980); new site designations include SIHP #s -27273 through -27419, -27421 through -27542, and -27559 through -27569; 48 sites indicated within proximity to Makai Section of current project area; site density highest at coast, where excavations at habitation sites yielded wide variety of cultural materials; radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples provided evidence of occupation from as early as sixteenth century Lizama et al. 2015 Archaeological monitoring Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa; TMK: [3] 7-4-008:002 Ensured protection of SIHP #s -06492 (enclosure) and -27384 (cemetery); documented a new site, SIHP # -30224 (buried cultural deposit) Yucha et al. 2016 Archaeological inventory survey Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:003, 010 por., 023 por., 024 por. Documented ten sites, including three previously identified (SIHP #s -13308, -13310, and -16013) and seven newly identified (SIHP #s -29892 through -29894, -29896, -29898, -30196, and -30197); feature types included trails, ahu, modified outcrops, terraces, and pāhoehoe excavations; SIHP # -13310 found to represent modern bulldozer track Wilkinson et al. 2017 Archaeological inventory survey Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy, Kealakehe to Kalaoa Ahupuaʻa; TMKs: [3] 7-2-005; 7-3-009, 043, 049, 051, 058; 7-3-043:091, 083; 7-4-020 Supplemental survey documented two segments of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) located adjacent to intersection of Kealakehe Pkwy and Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy; one segment within Mauka Section of current project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 55 Figure 16. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Mauka and Makai Sections of the project area (in red); this map does not include previous studies along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (see Figure 18)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 56 Figure 17. Portion of the 1996 Keahole Point USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (in red); this map does not include previous studies along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (see Figure 18)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 57 Figure 18. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway in relation to the overall project area (in red)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 58 4.1.2 Previous Archaeological Studies Overlapping the Project Area All the SIHP numbers listed in this section are prefixed “50-10-27,” unless otherwise noted. 4.1.2.1 Ching and Rosendahl 1968 In 1968, the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) reported on the results of a reconnaissance survey conducted for a section of the proposed Kailua-Kawaihae Road (present Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway) located between Honokōhau and Kau Ahupuaʻa/Keāhole Point, and for the proposed new airport at Keāhole (Ching and Rosendahl 1968; see Figure 18). Fourteen sites were documented but not assigned SIHP numbers. Three sites (T1–T3) were documented in Honokōhau Ahupuaʻa, not in the vicinity of the current project area. T3 is described as a kerbstone, mauka-makai trail. The descriptions of T2 and T3 are missing from the report, but a photo caption indicates T2 was a grave of some sort. No sites were documented in Kaloko, where the Northern Section of the project area is located. 4.1.2.2 Neighbor Island Consultants 1973, Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980 In 1973, Neighbor Island Consultants carried out a reconnaissance survey of Old Kona Airport Park, minimally overlapping the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (see Figure 16). Nineteen sites were documented but not assigned SIHP numbers, consisting of house sites—including a historic habitation complex, bait mortars, planting pits, lava cave shelters, enclosures, petroglyphs, and a number of burial sites. Two sites (KA14, petroglyph; KA15, petroglyph and house site) were recorded in the mauka portion of the property near the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area, but were not confirmed during later surveys. In 1980, State Parks archaeologists conducted an updated reconnaissance survey of Old Kona Airport Park, minimally overlapping the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980; see Figure 16). The survey identified 35 sites, some of which were previously recorded by Neighbor Island Consultants (1973). The sites were designated 1980-1 through 1980-35, and included enclosures, lava tube shelters, lava “pits,” rock mounds or ahu, burials, bait mortars, salt pans, petroglyphs, building foundations, subsurface deposits, a wall, a papamū, a cistern, and a lua or outhouse. None of the identified sites are in proximity to the current project area. 4.1.2.3 Sinoto 1977 In 1977, the Bishop Museum conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey of portions of Kealakehe, overlapping the Mauka Section of the current project area (Sinoto 1977; see Figure 16). Four new historic properties were identified, including one that may partially overlap the current project area: SIHP # 50-10-28-05011, wall delineating the Kealakehe and Keahuolū ahupuaʻa boundary (see Section 4.1.3). The site was recommended for preservation and/or monitoring (Sinoto 1977:3). The other three sites, SIHP # -05012 through -05014, are lava tube shelters located mauka of the current project area.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 59 4.1.2.4 Ching 1978 In 1978, Archaeological Research Center Hawaiʻi, Inc. (ARCH) undertook an archaeological reconnaissance of 987 acres in Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, overlapping the Makai Section of the project area (Ching 1978; see Figure 16). A total of 59 sites comprising 140 features were documented, and were concentrated at the coast. The sites were assigned SIHP numbers but a notation in the report states many of the numbers were reassigned. The site distribution map included in the report indicates a cluster of sites documented by Ching (1978) are within proximity to the southwestern boundary of the existing WWTP facility: SIHP #s -06528 (two platforms), -06529 (three platforms), -06530 (four ahu), -06531 (single ahu), -06532 (single ahu), -06533 (petroglyphs), -06534 (two ahu), -06535 (single ahu), and -06536 (enclosure) (see Section 4.1.3). 4.1.2.5 Neller 1980, Pietrusewsky 1990, and Carpenter 1995 In 1980, DLNR conducted a reconnaissance survey at Old Kona Airport Park, which may have minimally overlapped the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (Neller 1980; see Figure 16). The survey was undertaken in response to reports of multiple exposed burials along the shoreline following a winter storm event. The survey identified the presence of several areas of exposed human burials, and other areas containing cultural deposits, petroglyphs, and hearths. Previously recorded SIHP #s -02001 and -02002 were also confirmed. None of the burial areas or other sites or features are in proximity to the current project area. The 1980 report asserts that a comprehensive archaeological study should be conducted at the park. In following years, additional studies were undertaken at the park in response to exposure of human remains following storm events (Pietrusewsky 1990, Carpenter 1995). Since the “project area” for these studies is designated as the overall park parcel, these studies are illustrated on Figure 16 as overlapping the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area; however, the burial find locations and their subsequent reinterment locations are not in proximity to the current project area. 4.1.2.6 Soehren 1980 In 1980, Lloyd J. Soehren completed an archaeological reconnaissance survey for the Kailua Wastewater Treatment Site in Kealakehe, overlapping the existing WWTP site in the Makai Section of the current project area (Soehren 1980; see Figure 16). The survey identified a north-south oriented trail (SIHP # -07704) located just makai of the existing WWTP and western boundary of the Makai Section of the current project area. According to Soehren (1980:2), “The trail appears to join the village and pond at Honokohau with the small settlement at Pawai in Keahuolu.” Based on its construction, the trail likely “represents a ‘preliminary route selection’ for a nineteenth century horse trail (Apple 1965) subsequently abandoned, perhpas [sic] in favor of the ‘Old Mamalahoa Trail’ farther inland. It would, therefore, seem to be of interest primarily to the historian and of little or no interpretive value to the public” (Soehren 1980:2). 4.1.2.7 Soehren 1980a In 1980, Soehren undertook an archaeological reconnaissance survey of approximately 90 acres in Kaloko Ahupuaʻa mauka of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, overlapping the Northern Section Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 60 of the current project area along the Hina Lani Street ROW (Soehren 1980a; see Figure 17). No archaeological features were identified, though the reconnaissance appears to have been limited to transects along the project area boundaries. Soehren (1980:1–2) notes, “In my opinion, there is little liklihood [sic] that any archaeological features will be found in the area with the possible exception of graves. These may be concealed in lava flows and can be exceedingly difficult to find. Some may be marked with stone cairns but none were seen.” A waterworn pebble was found “near the highway” which Soehren (1980a:1) described as a probable slingstone. 4.1.2.8 Bonk 1987 In 1987, the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo conducted a preliminary archaeological reconnaissance (termed a “walk-through” survey) of “lower” Kealakehe, between the coast and approximately 630–730 ft amsl (Bonk 1987). The 1987 study area overlaps the portions of the Makai and Mauka Sections of the current project area in Kealakehe (see Figure 16). The study organizes its preliminary findings into three general areas: 1. According to Bonk (1987:7), “The area north of the [Honokōhau] harbor, along the ahupuaʻa border, and into the adjacent ahupuaʻa of Honokohau, has a good deal of prehistoric as well as historic remains,” including such significant sites as Puuoina Heiau. 2. Bonk (1987:7) describes “A coastal tract of land, extending up to 1,000 feet in depth and running the full width of the ahupuaʻa of Kealakehe” containing numerous significant sites previously recorded by Reinecke (1930) and Emory (1971), and including such significant sites as Makaopiʻo Heiau and Hale O Kane Heiau. 3. While no sites were observed “in the area between the above mentioned coastal strip and the [Queen Kaʻahumanu] highway,” the Māmalahoa Trail was noted just mauka of the highway; further mauka, features associated with historic ranching and homesteading were observed (Bonk 1987:11). Additional research was recommended for all the areas covered by the walk-through survey. Except for Māmalahoa Trail (SIHP # -00002), no historic properties were explicitly identified by Bonk (1987) within the bounds of the current project area. 4.1.2.9 Rosendahl 1989, Rosendahl and Walker 1990 In 1989 and 1990, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) completed archaeological inventory surveys for a water tank site located on the north side of Hina Lani Street (Rosendahl 1989, Rosendahl and Walker 1990; see Figure 17). This water tank site is the present location of the unused potable water storage tank proposed to be recommissioned for R-1 service in the Northern Section of the current project area. The 1989 survey identified a 7.5-m segment of a stepping-stone trail (SIHP # -13493) crossing the ‘a‘ā lava in a northeast-southwest orientation. According to Rosendahl (1989:1), “The trail appears to be prehistoric, and appears to have been used as a secondary transportation route.” The location of SIHP # -13493 is indicated just northeast of the Northern Section project area boundary (see Section 4.1.3). The following year, PHRI conducted an addendum AIS at the water tank site at the request of SHPD (Rosendahl and Walker 1990; see Figure 17). The purpose of the addendum study was to obtain additional information for SIHP # -13493 through both fieldwork and archival research. These efforts did not yield any additional information about the trail.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 61 4.1.2.10 Donham 1990a, Donham 1990b, Burgett and Rosendahl 1992, and O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994 In 1990, PHRI reported on the results of archaeological inventory survey of the 950-acre proposed Kealakehe Planned Community project area, located in Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa and overlapping the Mauka Section of the current project area (Donham 1990a; see Figure 16). The survey fieldwork consisted of an aerial reconnaissance and 100%-coverage pedestrian survey. Four previously identified sites were confirmed; of these, two had been previously assigned SIHP designations (SIHP # -00002, Māmalahoa Trail, and SIHP # -05011, ahupuaʻa boundary wall), and two were newly assigned SIHP designations. A total of 78 sites were newly identified and assigned SIHP designations. The 80 newly obtained SIHP numbers included SIHP #s -13175 through -13254. Six of the documented sites are located in proximity to the current project area (see Section 4.1.3): SIHP #s -00002, -05011, -13182, -13194, -13195, and 13253. Donham (1990a:i) noted a predominance of agricultural features including rock mounds, pāhoehoe excavations, modified outcrops, terraces, small enclosures and low mounded walls. Twenty-one sites were recommended for no further work, data recovery was recommended for 42 sites, and the remainder were recommended for preservation upon further data collection or “as is” (Donham 1990a:i). Later that year, PHRI prepared an addendum AIS report for an expansion of the Kealakehe Planned Community project into Keahuolū (Donham 1990b; not visible on Figure 16). The expansion area overlapped another concurrent PHRI survey area in Keahuolū (Donham 1990c), and therefore summarized the findings of the Donham (1990c) survey within the addendum project area, in which 24 sites had been documented: SIHP #s -13420 through -13440 and -13447 through -13449. Like those documented by Donham (1990a) in Kealakehe, the site types included predominately agricultural features with associated habitation, transportation, and miscellanea. Because the addendum AIS area was well upslope of the Mauka Section of the current project area, none of the sites are in proximity. In 1992, PHRI prepared a report for another addendum AIS, this one located within the Donham 1990a survey area but focused on examination of proposed roadways associated with the planned community (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992; see Figure 16). This addendum AIS study documented 44 newly identified sites comprising 225 features (SIHP #s -16001 through -16044), and 103 additional features associated with Donham (1990a and b) sites. Of these, only one (SIHP # -13253) is indicated in proximity to the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Section 4.1.3). Two years later, PHRI reported on data recovery efforts conducted at 800 acres within the Kealakehe Planned Community project area, also overlapping the Mauka Section of the current project area (O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994; see Figure 16). The data recovery effort included transit recordation of site locations, additional description and mapping, and excavation of 88 test units. Over 40 soil, pollen, and charcoal samples were collected and submitted for specialized analysis. All but eight of the 422 documented features were found to be agricultural in nature. The results of pollen analysis and wood taxa identification were found to “support the model of different environmental zones corresponding with the different elevation zones at Kealakehe” (O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994:ii). The majority of the habitation and agricultural features in the project area were dated to AD 1400-1850. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 62 4.1.2.11 Donham 1990c Also in 1990, PHRI reported on an AIS conducted on 1,100 acres of Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust lands in Keahuolū overlapping portions of both the Mauka and Makai Sections of the current project area (Donham 1990c; see Figure 16). The survey fieldwork consisted of an aerial reconnaissance and 100%-coverage pedestrian survey. A total of 239 sites comprising over 1,810 individual features were documented. Two of the sites, SIHP # -00002 (Māmalaohoa Trail) and SIHP # -07276 (the Kuakini Wall) had been previously recorded and assigned site numbers; a number of additional sites initially documented by Ching (1978) makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway were likely confirmed but were assigned new SIHP numbers as correlation proved difficult. The 237 new SIHP designations included SIHP #s 50-10-[27 or 28]-13255 through -13491. Seven sites identified by Donham 1990c (and 1990b) are in proximity to the southern portion of the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Section 4.1.3): SIHP #s -00002, -13315, -13321, -13326 through -13328, and -13482 (see Section 4.1.3). Thirteen sites identified by Donham (1990c) are in proximity to the Makai Section of the project area: SIHP #s -13284, -13286, -13288 through -13298, and -13353 (see Section 4.1.3). Predominate feature types are listed as pāhoehoe excavations, rock mounds, and modified blisters and outcrops. An agricultural function is assigned to 85-90% of all identified features. Other functional types included temporary habitation, transportation, aquaculture, water collection, ceremony, cave shelters, and burials. Several charcoal samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating, indicating possible occupation as early as the mid-fifteenth century. Eighty-four sites were recommended for no further work; data recovery was recommended for 123 sites; the remainder were recommended for preservation upon further data collection or “as is” (Donham 1990c:ii). 4.1.2.12 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a In 1992, CSH conducted an archaeological assessment (AIS with negative finds) for the proposed Kealakehe Sewer Force Main and Pump Station, comprising an inventory-level surface survey and review of pertinent literature (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a). The study area, which consisted of a 100-ft-wide, 9,300-ft-long force main corridor and rectangular 1-acre pumping station, overlaps the Makai Section of the current project area along the proposed R-1 line extending to Old Kona Airport Park (see Figure 16). The survey documented ten previously recorded sites: two caves and a petroglyph not assigned SIHP numbers and located within the mauka portion of Old Kona Airport Park; and SIHP #s -13266, -13291 through -13294, -13296, -13298 recorded by Donham 1990c, which generally represent quarrying, agricultural, and temporary habitation complexes. Four sites were newly recorded: SIHP #s -17167 and -17168 (modified sink shelters), -17169 (modified blister shelter), and -17170 (clearing mounds). Of the 14 documented sites, all are described as pre-Contact in age except for SIHP # -17170 which is an historic-era site. Six of the 14 sites are in proximity to the Makai Section of the current project area (SIHP #s -13291, -13292, -13294, -13298, -17168, and -17169) (see Section 4.1.3). Six sites were recommended for no further work, one was recommended for subsurface testing, and the remainder were recommended for preservation. 4.1.2.13 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b Also in 1992, CSH conducted a field inspection with an associated preservation plan for a proposed golf course in the Kealakehe Planned Community project area, slightly overlapping the
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 63 Mauka Section of the current project area (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b; see Figure 16). The study was intended to confirm sites previously documented by Donham (1990a) and/or Burgett and Rosendahl (1992) in the area and document any newly discovered sites. Ten previously recorded sites comprising trails, ahu, and agricultural features were confirmed (SIHP #s -00002, -13193 through -13198, -13201, -16003, and -16025) and two sites were newly recorded and assigned as SIHP #s -15537 (lava tube cave) and -15538 (terrace). Three sites (SIHP #s -00002, -13194, and -13195) are within the current project area (see Section 4.1.3). The preservation plan component of the study recommended preservation measures for three trail sites (SIHP #s -00002, -13194, and -13197). 4.1.2.14 Borthwick et al. 1993, Barr et al. 1994 In 1993, CSH undertook an archaeological reconnaissance for the proposed Kealakehe Parkway Extension (Borthwick et al. 1993). The project area comprised fours discrete areas including an interchange along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, an area of alternative road alignments in mauka Kealakehe and Honokōhau, an area where the two mauka road alignments are converged, and an area near the Palani Road and Māmalahoa Highway intersection in mauka Honokōhau. Of these, only the proposed interchange area is in proximity to the current project area, along the Mauka Section (see Figure 18). A total of 44 previously identified and 43 newly identified sites were documented, comprising pre-Contact and historic habitations, lava tubes, heiau, and both confirmed and possible burial sites. Agricultural features were typically not documented though they were commonly present, particularly in the more mauka areas. Sites identified in proximity to the current project area included SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 (see Section 4.1.3), the latter noted to be bisected by SIHP # -00002 and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway. Many of the documented sites were recommended for either data recovery or preservation. The following year, CSH conducted an AIS for the Kealakehe extension project (Barr et al. 1994). The AIS largely overlapped the 1993 reconnaissance project area, with the exception of the alternative road alignments which had been redrawn. Like the 1993 reconnaissance project area, only the proposed interchange along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway is in proximity to the current project area (see Figure 18). A total of 83 sites were documented, of which 50 were previously recorded comprising a wide variety of site types. Almost all the sites were documented in the mauka road alignment areas, with only previously identified SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 in proximity to the current project area (see Section 4.1.3). Eight charcoal samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating. Age ranges were generally found to be within the late prehistoric to late historic time periods (i.e., 1600s to 1890s), though one sample collected from a lava tube yielded a date range of AD 1439-1693 at 83% probability (Barr et al. 1994:248). Sixty sites were recommended for data recovery, seven sites were to be preserved, and no further work was warranted for the remaining 16 sites (Barr et al. 1994:i). 4.1.2.15 Henry and Graves 1993, Wolforth 1999 In 1993, PHRI undertook a Phase 1 AIS, comprising surface site identification only, for the Keahole-Kailua 69kV Transmission Line project located along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Kawiwi Street ROW (Henry and Graves 1993). The project area corridor ranged from 50-100 ft wide and extended from Keahuolū to Kalaoa Ahupuaʻa, overlapping the Mauka and Northern Sections of the current project area (see Figure 18). The Phase 1 survey conducted 100% Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 64 pedestrian coverage within previously unsurveyed areas; in the portions of Kealakehe and Keahuolū previously surveyed by Donham (1990a and c), the survey work focused on confirming previously documented sites. The Phase 1 survey documented 25 sites comprising 60 component features. Of these, five were previously identified, including SIHP #s -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail), -06432 (ahupuaʻa boundary wall), -13194 (trail), -13195 (trail), and -13334 (complex). The 20 newly identified sites were assigned as SIHP #s -15314 through -15333. The 25 documented sites represented a wide veriety of feature types. Assessments of function included agriculture, marker, transportation, boundary, habitation, quarry, storage, and indeterminate. Sites indicated in proximity to the current project area include SIHP #s -00002, -13194, and -13195 in the Mauka Section and SIHP # -15329 located just northwest of the Northern Section (see Section 4.1.3). A signficiant amount of prior disturbance was noted in the project area, including an access roadway extending along most of the transmission line corridor and modern industrial and agricultural developments. Several years later, PHRI conducted archaeological monitoring for the Keahole-Kailua 69kV Transmission Line installation, once again overlapping the Mauka and Northern Sections of the current project area (Wolforth 1999; see Figure 18). The monitoring involved inspection of 31 previously documented sites (including those documented by Henry and Graves 1993 in proximity to the current project area) and documentation of eight newly recorded sites: SIHP #s -21252 (filled lava blister), -21253 through -21255 (modified outcrops), -21256 (cupboards and modified lava tube), -21257 and -21258 (trails), and -21756 (boundary wall). Portions of the approximately 3.3-km section of SIHP # -00002 within the transmission line project area were mapped and described in detail—possibly including parts of the site within the current project area. Wolforth (1999:ii) concluded that “The relationship of the Mamalahoa Trail to other sites and trails suggests that Mamalahoa Trail was built over, and incorporates parts of a prehistoric trail.” 4.1.2.16 Walsh and Hammatt 1995, Hammatt et al. 1999 In 1995, CSH undertook an AIS for a proposed expansion of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW, located between Palani Road and the Keahole Airport entrance road (Walsh and Hammatt 1995). The project area corridor averaged 309 ft wide and extended from Keahuolū to Kalaoa, overlapping the Mauka and Northern Sections of the current project area (see Figure 18). A total of 17 sites comprising 29 individual features were identified, including five previously documented sites (SIHP #s -00002, -02238, -06432, -13194 and -15324) and 12 newly identified sites (SIHP #s -19943 through -19954). Of these, only SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 are in proximity to the current project area (Mauka Section; see Section 4.1.3). Formal site and feature types included trails, modified outcrop, ahu; walls, mounds, petroglyphs, enclosures, and a road, terrace alignment, ash deposit, midden scatter, and pāhoehoe excavation. Functional types included transportation, temporary habitation, boundary/ranching, markers, symbolism, quarry, agriculture, and indeterminate. Three features were tested for human remains; none were found. Eight sites were recommended for data recovery, four were recommended for preservation following data recovery, and five were recommended for no further work. 4.1.2.17 Colin et al. 1996 In 1996, CSH conducted an AIS of a 224.43-acre parcel in Kaloko and Kohanaiki Ahupuaʻa bounding the mauka shoulder of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway (Colin et al. 1996). The study area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 65 overlapped the Northern Section of the current project area (see Figure 17). A total of 55 sites comprising 93 features were documented, including two previously identified sites (SIHP #s -13493 and -15324) and 53 newly identified sites (SIHP #s -20696 through -20722 and -20724 through -20749); six of these are in proximity to the Northern Section of the current project area (SIHP #s -13493, -20722, -20744, -20745, 20726, and -20728; see Section 4.1.3). The documented features comprised a wide variety of features types associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, boundary, and resource collection. Two charcoal samples were obtained from subsurface excavations that yielded date ranges falling between AD 1670-1945. Forty sites were recommended for data recovery, ten were recommended for preservation, one site was recommended for both data recovery and preservation, and no further work was recommended for the remaining four sites. 4.1.2.18 Rechtman and Escott 2002 In 2002, Rechtman Consulting conducted an AIS of approximately 40 acres for an extension of the Kealakehe WWTP, overlapping the Makai Section of the current project area (Rechtman and Escott 2002; see Figure 16). The survey documented eight sites within and adjacent to the 2002 project area, of which three were previously identified (SIHP #s -23020, pāhoehoe excavation; -23021, lava tube; and -23023, trail segment) and five were newly identified. The five new sites included SIHP #s -23549 (C-shaped enclosure), -23550 and -23552 (pāhoehoe excavations), -23551 (modified lava blister), and -23554 (trail segment). All eight sites are located within or in proximity to the Mauka or Makai Sections of the current project area (see Section 4.1.3); all were recommended for no further work (Rechtman and Escott 2002:22). 4.1.2.19 Haun and Henry 2006 In 2006, Haun and Associates undertook an AIS of approximately 370 acres (Haun and Henry 2006). The survey examined two discrete areas in Kealakehe Ahupuaʻa, and a corridor extending through both Kealakehe and Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa; the corridor crossed the Makai Section of the current project area, terminating adjacent to the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW and the Mauka Section, and another portion of the 2006 project area also abutted the highway ROW and the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Figure 16). A total of 127 sites comprising 432 features were documented. Of these, 23 sites were previously identified (with SIHP designations from multiple different studies) and 104 sites were newly identified (SIHP #s -25549 through -25653). Documented feature types included pāhoehoe excavations, ahu, alignments, overhangs, lava blisters, enclosures, terraces, platforms, trails, walls, pavements, midden scatters, mounds, sand areas, filled cracks, lava tubes, C-shapes, a metal tower, and an upright. The distribution of the features and their associated functions were found to be as expected following elevational/zonal settlement patterns. Forty-seven sites were recommended for data recovery, 27 for preservation, and 54 for no further work. SIHP #s -07704, -23033, -25643, -25556, -25557, and -25558 are indicated to be within or in close proximity to the current project area (see Section 4.1.3). 4.1.2.20 Simonson et al. 2010 In 2010, CSH prepared a literature rievew and field inspection report for the 117-acre Old Kona Airport Park, which had transferred ownership from the State of Hawaiʻi to the County of Hawaiʻi Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 66 in 2009 and was renamed “Kailua Park” (Simonson et al. 2010). The 2010 project area minimally overlaps the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (see Figure 16). The field inspection effort confirmed numerous previously identified sites (only some of which had been previously assigned SIHP designations) and documented four new sites (which were not assigned SIHP designations). A number of other previously identified sites were not confirmed. None of the identified sites are in proximity to the current project area. 4.1.2.21 Wilkinson et al. 2011 In 2011, CSH prepared a literature review and field inspection of approximately 70 acres in Keahuolū through Honokōhau Ahupuaʻa for a proposed judiciary site (Wilkinson et al. 2011). The project area comprised seven non-contiguous candidate development sites; of these, one candidate site in Kealakehe overlapped the Mauka Section of the current project area. The field inspection effort confirmed 11 previously identified sites (SIHP #s -05011, -13179, -13180, -13308, -13323, -26291, -26292, -26303, -26307, -26308, and -27855). A similar number of previously identified sites expected within the project area could not be confirmed; this result was attributed to inaccuracies in previous site distribution maps and typically low ground visibility. In addition, several new features were observed (but not assigned SIHP designations), including modified outcrops, pāhoehoe and ‘a‘ā excavations, possible trails, a lava tube opening, a bulldozed concentration of waterworn stones and artifacts, and a potentially historic fenceline. One previously recorded site (SIHP # -13194, trail) was indicated in proximity to the current project area (see Section 4.1.3); the documented portion of SIHP # -05011 was located well upslope. 4.1.2.22 Monahan et al. 2012, Wilkinson et al. 2017 In 2012, CSH completed an AIS report for the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 project, located between Kealakehe and Kalaoa Ahupuaʻa and overlapping the Northern Section of the current project area (Monahan et al. 2010; see Figure 18). The survey documented 75 sites, including 20 previously documented sites (with SIHP designations from multiple different studies) and 55 newly recorded sites. Feature types included trails, pāhoehoe and ‘a‘ā excavations, mounds, ahu, walls, modified outcrops, petroglyphs, lava tubes, enclosures, leveled areas, filled crevices, modified depressions and blisters, and a burial platform. Of these, SIHP #s -10714, -28794, and -29344 are indicated in proximity to the current project area (see Section 4.1.3). Another feature indicated in proximity was initially assigned as SIHP # -28796, but was ultimately absorbed as a component of SIHP # -10714, since it is a small cairn marking the Feature B trail routes. As such, the report does not contain a separate site description for SIHP # -28796. Only two of the 75 documented sites were recommended for no further work; the remainder were recommended for data recovery, preservation, and/or relocation. In 2017, CSH prepared a supplemental AIS addressing an expansion of the 2012 project area (Wilkinson et al. 2017). The revised project area overlapped the Northern and Mauka Sections of the current project area, along the Hina Lani Street ROW and in the highway ROW surrounding the Kealakehe Parkway intersection (see Figure 18). The supplemental survey documented two segments of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) adjacent to Kealakehe Parkway, one of which is located within the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Section 4.1.3). Both documented portions of the trail were recommended for preservation.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 67 4.1.2.23 Reeve et al. 2012 In 2012, Pacific Legacy, Inc. completed an AIS report for the 628-acre conservation portion of QLT lands in Keahuolū Ahupuaʻa, overlapping the Makai Section of the current project area (Reeve et al. 2012; see Figure 16). The survey documented 322 archaeological sites comprising 464 component features. Of these, a number were found to correspond to sites documented by Ching (1978) and Folk (1980); correlation issues are addressed in the report. The report provides somewhat contradictory information on the total numbers of previously recorded vs. newly recorded sites. New site number designations included SIHP #s -27273 through -27419, -27421 through -27542, and -27559 through -27569. The designated sites did not include an additional 139 pāhoehoe excavations documented throughout the project area, which were attributed to possible quarrying activites (Reeve et al. 2012:i). The documented feature types were as expected for the area and were largely assessed as pre-Contact in age. Forty-eight of the sites documented by Reeve et al. (2012) are indicated to be located within or in proximity to the Makai Section of the current project area (see Section 4.1.3). Site distribution indicated two distinct zones of land use based on elevation and distance from the coast: a coastal zone “which stretches from the high surf line inland for approximately 200 meters” containing an abundance of archaeological features; and an inland area characterized by a markedly lower density of archaeological features, with almost a complete absence of sites in the inlandmost portions of the study area (Reeve et al. 2012:37–38). Excavations at coastal habitation sites yielded an abundance of cultural material including traditional artifacts and food remains. The presence of fishhooks and other fishing gear within the artifact assemblage at these sites, as well as the abundance of shell fish and fish remains recovered from them, indicates the close relationship between the residents of coastal Keahuolū and the sea. [Reeve et al. 2012:i] Eight charcoal samples collected from coastal habitation sites were subjected to radiocarbon analysis. While most of the results suggested late pre-Contact to early historic occupation, two samples indicated possibility of occupation from the sixteenth century. The relatively late settlement dates are suggested to support “ethnohistoric documentation indicat[ing] that the main loci of settlement within coastal Keahuolū was toward the southern portion of the ahupua‘a in the area now occupied by the Old Kona Airport Park,” (Reeve et al. 2012:139). All the documented sites were recommended for either preservation or data recovery. 4.1.3 Sites Previously Recorded in the Vicinity of the Project Area As described in the summaries of previous archaeological studies in Sections 4.1 and 4.1.2, numerous archaeological sites have been documented within and in proximity to the current project area. The locations of these sites are illustrated in relation to the Mauka, Makai, and Northern, Sections of the project area on Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21, respectively. While many site locations are indicated within the bounds of the current project area, the present research also examined any sites within an arbitrary 100 m (330 ft) “buffer” surrounding the project area. This buffer was developed for the current reseach because site locational data from older archaeological surveys has at times proven inaccurate. It is possible that some of the sites indicated outside but adjacent to the project area may actually be located within its bounds. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 68 Figure 19. Google Earth (2013) aerial image showing archaeological sites previously documented in or adjacent to the Mauka Section of the project area; note Mauka Section includes sites in and along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 69 Figure 20. Google Earth (2013) aerial image showing archaeological sites previously documented in or adjacent to the Makai Section of the project area; note Makai Section does not include sites located in and along the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROWCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 70 Figure 21. Google Earth (2013) aerial image showing archaeological sites previously documented in or adjacent to the Northern Section of the project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 71 Conversely, some of the sites depicted within the project area may actually be located outside its bounds. Typically, the more recent the study, the more accurate the site locational data. Table 8, Table 9, and Table 10 provide by project area section as applicable, the SIHP number; any temporary site numbers; the primary source study or studies; site type; number of features; site function; site age; most recent identified treatment recommendations; and notes on the sites’ status or any other comments taken from applicable reports. The descriptive wording for site type, function, and age in these tables are given as expressed in the source material; therefore, variation in wording may occur (for example, a pre-Contact site may be listed as “Pre-contact,” “prehistoric,” or “traditional”). While significance assessments and evaluations of eligibility to the Hawai‘i Register and/or National Register of Historic Places (HRHP/NRHP) were made for many of these sites, until quite recently there has been little consistency in how these assessments and/or evaluations were made and expressed, so that information in not included. Verbatim descriptions from previous studies are included in Appendix A for the sites in Table 8, Table 9, and Table 10.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 72 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Table 8. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted) SIHP # 50-10-27- Other Site Numbers Previous Archaeological Reference(s) Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Most Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s) 00002 – Bonk 1987; Donham 1990a and c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b, Borthwick et al. 1993; Henry and Graves 1993; Barr et al. 1994; O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994; Head and Rosendahl 1995; Walsh and Hammatt 1995; Hammatt et al. 1999; Wolforth 1999; Hammatt and Shideler 2008; Hammatt et al. 2008; Monahan et al. 2012; Wilkinson et al. 2017 Trail (Māmalahoa Trail) – Transportation Historic Data recovery (archival research) and partial preservation Māmalahoa Trail has been impacted in multiple locations by various developments; extant portions in fair to reconstructed condition; various portions in active preservation and/or ongoing mitigation, including portions overlapping current project area 50-10-28-05011 /21756 50-Ha-D11-29; Site 1 (Sinoto 1977); T-94 (Donham 1990a); 927-25,39 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992) Sinoto 1977; Donham 1990a; Burgett and Rosendahl 1992; O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994; Wilkinson et al. 2011 Wall – Ahupuaʻa boundary Historic Further data collection (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992); no further work (?) (O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994) Good condition 13182 T-8 Donham 1990a Complex 2 Agriculture, marker Indeterminate No further work Good condition 13194 T-21 Donham 1990a; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b; Borthwick et al. 1993; Henry and Graves 1993; Barr et al. 1994; O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994; Walsh and Hammatt 1995 Stepping-stone trail – Transportation Prehistoric Preservation Disturbed to fair condition 13195 T-22 Donham 1990a; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b; Henry and Graves 1993 Complex 3 Marker Historic No further work Fair condition 13253 T-96 (Donham 1990a) Soehren 1976; Donham 1990a; Burgett and Rosendahl 1992; O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994 Complex 24 Burial, temporary habitation Prehistoric Preservation Fair to good condition 13253K Site 1 (Soehren 1976); T-96 (Donham 1990a) Soehren 1976; Donham 1990a Stepping-stone trail – Transportation Prehistoric Preservation Fair to good condition; trail impacted by bulldozing sometime after 1976 13315 T-68 Donham 1990c Rubble wall 1 Indeterminate Prehistoric, historic Further data collection Fair condition 13321 T-74 Donham 1990c Boulder concentration 1 Agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition 13326 T-85 Donham 1990c Platform 1 Agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition 13327 T-88 Donham 1990c Pāhoehoe excavation 2 Quarry Prehistoric No further work Good condition 13328 T-89 Donham 1990c Cave 1 Habitation Prehistoric Further data collection necessary Fair condition 13482 T-87 Donham 1990c Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry – No further work – 21588 SP-9 Emory and Soehren 1971; Cluff 1977; Durst 1999; Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Trail – Transportation Historic Preservation/avoidance during construction Disturbed to excellent condition 23020 7 (Haun and Henry 2001) Haun and Henry 2001; Rechtman and Escott 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry Pre-Contact No further work Good condition
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 73 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Other Site Numbers Previous Archaeological Reference(s) Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Most Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s) 23021 6 (Haun and Henry 2001) Haun and Henry 2001; Rechtman and Escott 2002 Cave 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No further work Good condition 23023 2 (Haun and Henry 2001) Haun and Henry 2001; Rechtman and Escott 2002 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-Contact No further work – 23026 3 (Haun and Henry 2001) Haun and Henry 2001 Complex 5 Marker – No further work Good condition 23029 4 (Haun and Henry 2001) Haun and Henry 2001 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry – No further work Good condition 23552 – Rechtman and Escott 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry Pre-Contact No further work – 23553A – Rechtman and Escott 2002 Trail 2 Transportation Pre-Contact No further work – 25549 – Haun and Henry 2006 Trail – Transportation – No further work Fair to good condition 25552 – Haun and Henry 2006 L-Shaped wall 1 Temporary habitation – No further work Fair condition 25553 – Haun and Henry 2006 Cairn 1 Marker – No further work Fair condition 25554 – Haun and Henry 2006 Enclosure 1 Permanent habitation – No further work Fair condition – SP-1 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-2 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Battering 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-3 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-4 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-5 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-6 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-7 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Wall 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-8 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction – – SP-10 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Stone mound 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction Poor condition Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 74 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Table 9. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Makai Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted) SIHP # 50-10-27- Other Site Numbers Previous Archaeological Reference(s) Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Most Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s) 06531 T-153 Ching 1978, Reeve et al. 2012 Complex 2 Habitation/marker Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 06532 T-197 Ching 1978, Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Burial Traditional Preservation Fair condition 07704 – Soehren 1980, Haun and Henry 2006 Trail 27 Transportation Historic No further work Trail marked by 26 associated cairns 13284 T-32 Donham 1990c Complex 4 Agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition 13286 T-34 Donham 1990c Complex 10 Indeterminate/ markers/ possible agriculture Prehistoric, early historic No further work Good condition 13288 T-37 Donham 1990c Retaining wall/terrace 1 Loading ramp Historic No further work Fair to good condition 13289 T-38 Donham 1990c Complex 15 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric, early historic Further data collection Good condition 13290 T-39 Donham 1990c Complex 6 Quarry/ agriculture Prehistoric, early historic Further data collection Good condition 13291 T-40 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Complex 6 Quarry Prehistoric, early historic Preservation Fair condition 13292 T-41 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Complex 18 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric, early historic No further work Good condition 13293 T-42 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Complex 9 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition 13294 T-43 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Complex 73 Agriculture Indeterminate/ Prehistoric, historic Preservation Good condition 13295 T-44 Donham 1990c Complex 10 Quarry Prehistoric, early historic Further data collection Good condition 13297 T-47 Donham 1990c Complex 9 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition 13298 T-48 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Complex 7 Quarry/ agriculture/ temporary habitation Prehistoric No further work Good condition 13353 T-128 Donham 1990c Complex 3 Rock art, aquaculture, bathing Prehistoric, early historic Further data collection Good condition 17167 CSH1 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Modified sink 1 Shelter Prehistoric Preserve Good condition with fair excavation potential 17168 CSH2 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Modified sink 1 Shelter Prehistoric Preservation Fair to good condition with poor excavation potential 17169 CSH3 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Modified blister 1 Shelter Prehistoric No further work Poor condition with poor excavation potential 23033 80 Haun and Henry 2001; Haun and Henry 2006 Overhang 1 Temporary habitation – Data recovery Good condition 23047 55 Haun and Henry 2001 Cairn 1 Marker – No further work Good condition 23048 74 Haun and Henry 2001 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry – No further work Good condition 23549 – Rechtman and Escott 2002 C-shaped enclosure 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No further work Good condition 23550 – Rechtman and Escott 2002 Pahoehoe excavation 1 quarry Pre-Contact No further work Good condition 23551 – Rechtman and Escott 2002 Modified blister, cairn 2 Temporary habitation, marker Pre-Contact No further work Good condition 25556 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No further work Fair condition 25557 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No further work Fair condition 25558 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No further work Fair condition
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 75 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Other Site Numbers Previous Archaeological Reference(s) Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Most Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s) 25643 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate -- No further work Fair condition 27279 T-009 Reeve et al. 2012 Modified overhang 1 Storage Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27280 T-010 Reeve et al. 2012 Filled crevice 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Good condition 27282 T-012 Reeve et al. 2012 Sinkhole 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Good condition 27285 T-016 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27298 T-030 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 2 Marker Traditional Preservation Feature A: fair condition; Feature B: poor condition 27299 T-031 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27300 T-032 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27301 T-033 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27302 T-036 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27304 T-039 Reeve et al. 2012 Battering 1 Processing Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27305 T-040 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27308 T-045 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27378 T-116 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27379 T-117 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Preservation Fair condition 27380 T-118 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Preservation Fair condition 27381 T-119 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27382 T-123 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Historic Data recovery Fair condition 27398 T-154 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Modern Data recovery Good condition 27400 T-156 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27401 T-157 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27402 T-158 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27403 T-159 Reeve et al. 2012 Complex 2 Marker Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27404 T-160 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27405 T-161 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27406 T-162 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27407 T-163 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27408 T-164 Reeve et al. 2012 U-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27409 T-165 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27410 T-166 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27411 T-167 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27412 T-168 Reeve et al. 2012 Modified overhang 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27413 T-169 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27414 T-170 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27415 T-171 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27416 T-172 Reeve et al. 2012 Complex 2 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Feature A: fair condition; Feature B: poor condition 27417 T-173 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27421 T-177 Reeve et al. 2012 Modified crevice 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Fair condition Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 76 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Other Site Numbers Previous Archaeological Reference(s) Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Most Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s) 27422 T-178 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition 27439 T-198 Reeve et al. 2012 Wall segment 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27440 T-199 Reeve et al. 2012 Complex 3 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27441 T-200 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27442 T-201 Reeve et al. 2012 Scatter 1 Activity area Traditional Data recovery Good condition 27447 T-208 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27559 – Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition Table 10. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted) SIHP # 50-10-27- Other Site Numbers Previous Archaeological Reference(s) Site Type # of Feat. Site Function Site Age Most Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s) 10714A, B A: T-091010-4, B: T-091010-5 (Monahan et al. 2012) Renger 1971; Monahan et al. 2012 Trail system (mauka-makai) 3 Transportation Prehistoric, historic Data recovery (archival research) and partial preservation Part of the Road to the Sea trail system; absorbed SIHP # -28796 (trail marker) 13493 PHRI 547-1 Rosendahl 1989; Rosendahl and Walker 1990; Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail – Transportation Prehistoric No further work – 15329 PHRI 92-1118-18 Henry and Graves 1993; Bell et al. 2008 Modified tumulus 1 Temporary habitation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition 20722 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition 20726 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 2 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition 20728 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Enclosure 1 Temporary habitation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition 20744 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Poor condition 20745 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition 28794 T-091010-7 Monahan et al. 2012 Filled crevice 1 Indeterminate; possible agricultural clearing feature Indeterminate Avoidance during construction – 28796 (see 10714) T-091010-6 Monahan et al. 2012 Stacked boulders 1 Marker – – Absorbed by SIHP # -10714 as a marker of Feature B trail 29344 Excavation 0 (Monahan and Yucha 2012) Monahan et al. 2012 Excavated pit 1 Indeterminate; possible quarry or sweet potato planter or bird pit Indeterminate—probably prehistoric (pre-Contact) Data recovery – – 50-Ha-D13-81 Renger 1971 Trail – Transportation – – –
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Previous Archaeological Research LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 77 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Project Area Predictive Model The project area is located at the southern edge of the arid Kekaha region, partially overlapping a transitional zone between Kekaha and the more verdant and abundantly populated region extending south from Kailua Bay. The project area is mostly situated within the Intermediate Zone, though the Makai Section does overlap the Coastal Zone at its interface with Old Kona Airport Park. In the early historic era, the region experienced a significant decline in population, with shifts in settlement from coastal hamlets to upland homesteads or commercial centers such as Kailua Bay. During the historic era ranching was the predominant type of land use in the area, though some scattered agriculture was still being practiced. Research indicates 119 archaeological sites (dating largely to the pre-Contact era) have been documented during previous studies within 100 m of the current project area. The coastal zone typically contains a high density of sites associated predominately with clustered habitation and associated marine resource procurement. Expected pre-Contact site types include enclosures, platforms, trails, pavements, modified lava features (including lava tubes, outcrops, or blisters), anchialine ponds, pāhoehoe excavations, papamū, salt pans, petroglyphs, and/or cultural deposits. Burial sites are also present in lava tubes, platforms, rock mounds, or sand dunes. Ceremonial sites are common and can include heiau or koʻa. Historic-era habitation sites and burials have been identified at Old Kona Airport Park, and the old airport infrastructure itself represents a potential historic property. The Intermediate Zone exhibits a lower site density than the coastal zone. Pre-Contact sites are associated primarily with agriculture, temporary habitation or shelter, transportation, or quarrying. Pāhoehoe excavations are ubiquitous throughout this zone, and may be the result of quarrying, agricultural, or water collection activities. Agricultural features can also include mounds, terraces, and/or walls. Temporary habitation features include enclosures, pavements, platforms, and modified lava features. Burials are commonly present in lava tubes, platforms, and rock mounds. Lava tubes may also contain water collection or shelter features. Due to the characterization of soil deposition in the area, significant subsurface deposits of cultural materials not associated with surface features are not expected. Trails connecting coastal and upland areas extend through the intermediate zone, and more localized trails connecting features within agricultural and/or habitation complexes are also common. Some pre-Contact trails exhibit signs of continued use or modification in the hisoric era. The Māmalahoa Trail (SIHP # -00002), extending through the Mauka Section of the project area, was a major historic-era cross-ahupuaʻa transportation route likely constructed over existing pre-Contact trails. Ranching features associated with post-Contact use of the area may also be present in the project area and can include walls, fence lines, unimproved roads, and water tanks. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 78 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Section 5 Results of Fieldwork Overview A field inspection was conducted on 25–26 September 2017 and 6 October 2017 by CSH archaeologists including Olivier Bautista, B.A., McKenzie Wildey B.A., and Sarah Wilkinson, B.A., under the general supervision of Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. This work required approximately 9 person-days to complete and involved pedestrian inspection of the project area. The fieldwork focused on confirming sites located within or immediately adjacent to (within 5 m of) the project area bounds, and determining the potential presence of previously unrecorded features. Archaologists recorded previously documented archaeological sites and newly identified archaeological features encountered during the inspection with GPS, photos, and brief written notes. Archaeologists found the project area contained variable levels of prior disturbance associated with existing roadways and other developments. As noted in Section 1.3, terrain is typically exposed lava flows supporting variable densities of vegetation. Ground visibility was generally fair to excellent. Thirty of 119 previously identified archaeological sites/historic properties were confirmed with confidence, and eight previously identified sites (or portions thereof) were possibly confirmed. In addition, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified archaeological features throughout the overall project area during the field inspection. The results of fieldwork are organized by geographical section (Mauka Section, Makai Section, and Northern Section). For each geographical location, we provide a brief description of environmental conditions. A table adapted from those found in Section 4.1.3 summarizes the findings of the field inspection for each previously recorded site listed within that section. Another table summarizes the new archaeological features identified in that section during the field inspection. A map illustrates the locations of confirmed sites/features and newly identified archaeological features. We also provide descriptions of the located archaeological sites/features (previously recorded and new) and include photographs. Mauka Section The Mauka Section of the project area comprises portions of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, Kealakehe Parkway, and Hale Mākaʻi Place ROWs and TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, and 022 located mauka of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW (Figure 22 through Figure 24). This section exhibits significant levels of prior disturbance related to construction of the existing paved roadways, a former baseyard located adjacent to the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Kealakehe Parkway intersection, and a network of jeep trails in the northeastern portion (Figure 25 through Figure 27). Along these jeep trails, archaeologists observed evidence of geotechinal boring, including bore holes and pieces of extracted cores. An existing WWTP disposal basin and associated pipeline are located directly adjacent to the central portion of the Mauka Section. The undisturbed areas are characterized by undulating pāhoehoe or ‘a‘ā lava supporting koa haole and foreign grasses.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 79 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 22. Photo overlooking the northern portion of the Mauka Section, mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to southeast Figure 23. Photo showing the makai portion of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW within the Mauka Section; view to northCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 80 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 24. Photo overlooking the southern portion of the Mauka Section, mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to west Figure 25. Photo overlooking the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway and Hale Mākaʻi Place intersection with the Mauka Section of the project area; view to southeast
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 81 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 26. Photo showing an existing roadway in the spur extending from Hale Mākaʻi Place in the Mauka Section; view to northeast Figure 27. Photo showing bulldozer roads and a former stockpile location (visible as a grassy area in the background) in the northern portion of the Mauka Section; view to northCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 82 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 The field inspection of the Mauka Section of the project area confirmed eight of 34 sites previously documented within 100 m of the project area (see Section 5.2.1), possibly confirmed one additional previously documented site, and identified 12 previously undocumented sites (CSH-04 through CSH-16; see Section 5.2.2). Figure 28 depicts the locations of all sites identified in the Mauka Section during the field inspection. 5.2.1 Previously Documented Sites Confirmed in the Mauka Section Background research indicated 34 previously recorded sites located within 100 m of the Mauka Section of the project area (see Section 4.1.3). Of these, eight were confirmed during the field inspection (see Figure 28, Figure 29 through Figure 45, and Table 11). One additional previously documented site was possibly confirmed (SIHP # -23023; see Table 11). Of the previously documented sites indicated in the immediate vicinity that were not confirmed, 12 may have been destroyed by prior developments such as the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway widening and construction of Honokōhau Industrial Park. The remainder are likely located well outside the current project area (see Table 11).
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 83 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 28. Aerial photo showing the sites documented during the field inspection in the Mauka Section of the project area (Google Earth 2013)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 84 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Table 11. Results for previously documented archaeological sites in the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 00002 Trail (Māmalahoa Trail) – Transportation Historic Yes Appears as documented in prior studies; present throughout most of the portion of Mauka Section upslope of Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy; portions of trail adjacent to Kealakehe Pkwy and Hale Mākaʻi Place have been disturbed Figure 29, Figure 30, Figure 31 50-10-28-05011 /21756 Wall – Ahupuaʻa boundary Historic Yes Extends mauka from disturbed Queen Kaʻahumanu Hwy shoulder, with intermittent breaches Figure 32, Figure 33 13182 Complex 2 Agriculture, marker Indeterminate No Likely located well outside project area – 13194 Stepping-stone trail – Transportation Prehistoric Yes Some but not all sections of trail confirmed; confirmed portions appear as documented in prior studies; may have experienced some additional disturbance from bulldozing/use of adjacent area for base yard Figure 34, Figure 35, Figure 36 13195 Complex 3 Marker Historic Yes All three features appear as documented in prior studies Figure 37, Figure 38, Figure 39 13253 Complex 24 Burial, temporary habitation Prehistoric No May be disturbed/destroyed or located well outside project area – 13253K Stepping-stone trail – Transportation Prehistoric No May be disturbed/destroyed – 13315 Rubble wall 1 Indeterminate Prehistoric, historic Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 40 13321 Boulder concentration 1 Agriculture Prehistoric No Likely located well outside project area –
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 85 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 13326 Platform 1 Agriculture Prehistoric No Likely located well outside project area – 13327 Pāhoehoe excavation 2 Quarry Prehistoric Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 41 13328 Cave 1 Habitation Prehistoric No Likely located well outside project area – 13482 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry – Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 42 21588 Trail – Transportation Historic Yes—at least on mauka side of highway; portion on makai side of highway less clear Appears as documented in prior studies; waypoint taken at intersection with SIHP # -00002 on mauka side of highway, and along makai side of highway at potential overlap with SIHP # -23023 Figure 43, Figure 44 23020 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 23021 Cave 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 23023 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-Contact Possibly Portion of trail sharing route with SIHP # -21855 makai of highway possibly confirmed Figure 44 23026 Complex 5 Marker – Yes Several mounds identified; appear as documented in prior study Figure 45 23029 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry – No Likely located well outside project area – 23552 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 23553A Trail 2 Transportation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 25549 Trail – Transportation – No May be disturbed/destroyed or located well outside project area – Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 86 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 25552 L-shaped wall 1 Temporary habitation – No Likely located well outside project area – 25553 Cairn 1 Marker – No Likely located well outside project area – 25554 Enclosure 1 Permanent habitation – No Likely located well outside project area – – Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Battering 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Wall 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Pāhoehoe excavation 1 – – No May be destroyed – – Stone mound 1 – – No May be destroyed –
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 87 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 29. Photo of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) in the northern portion of the Mauka Section, visible as the linear band of vegetation extending through the center of the photo; view to south Figure 30. Photo of SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) at the ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe flow interface in the northern portion of the Mauka Section, archaeologists are standing on a causeway along the trail; view to west Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 88 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 31. Photo showing SIHP # -00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) obscured by koa haole in the southern portion of the Mauka Section; view to south Figure 32. Photo of SIHP # -05011/21756 (ahupuaʻa wall) adjacent to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to west
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 89 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 33. Photo of SIHP # -05011/21756 (ahupuaʻa wall); view to north Figure 34. Photo showing the makai section of SIHP # -13194 (trail) adjacent at its intersection with SIHP # -00002; view to southwestCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 90 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 35. Photo showing the central section of SIHP # -13194 (trail) located east of the former stockpile area; views to northeast (left frame) and west (right frame)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 91 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 36. Photo showing the mauka section of SIHP # -13194 (trail); note stepping-stones; view to north Figure 37. Photo of SIHP # -13195 Feature A (ahu); view to westCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 92 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 38. Photo of SIHP # -13195 Feature B (ahu); view to west Figure 39. Photo of SIHP # -13195 Feature C (ahu); view to southwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 93 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 40. Photo of SIHP # -13315 (rubble wall); view to east Figure 41. Photo of SIHP # -13327 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to eastCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 94 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 42. Photo of SIHP # -13482 (quarry area); view to north Figure 43. Photo of SIHP # -21855 (trail) at intersection with SIHP # -00002 mauka of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to northwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 95 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 44. Photo of possible SIHP # -21855/-23023 (trail) makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway; view to west Figure 45. Photo of two rock mounds at SIHP # -23026 (mound complex); view to northeastCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Site Descriptions LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 96 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 5.2.2 Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites in the Mauka Section Archaeologists documented 12 newly identified archaeological sites within the Mauka Section of the project area (CSH-04 through CSH-10, and CSH-12 through CSH-16; see Figure 28). For each site Table 12 provides the formal site type, a brief description, and the associated figure reference(s). Table 12. Newly identified archaeological sites documented in the Mauka Section of the project area Temporary Site # Site Type Description Figure (photo) # CSH-04 Lava tube (unknown if tube contains cultural modifications) Tube observed to trend upslope and downslope for undetermined distances; cultural modifications and/or materials not observed at opening; potential for cultural features within unexplored portions of tube Figure 46 CSH-05 Mound Large stone mound constructed of loosely piled cobbles on an outcrop with view of coastline; potential to contain burial Figure 47 CSH-06 Mound Small stone mound constructed of loosely piled cobbles on a rocky knoll Figure 48 CSH-07 Mound Small stone mound constructed of loosely piled cobbles on a rocky knoll Figure 49 CSH-08 Pāhoehoe excavation – Figure 50 CSH-09 Modified depression Modifications consist of stacking and alignments of basalt cobbles and boulders within/along depression Figure 51 CSH-10 Pāhoehoe excavation Located along a flow interface Figure 52 CSH-12 Complex Multiple pāhoehoe excavations located along SIHP # -00002; may have previously been assigned as features of that trail Figure 53 CSH-13 Filled crevice Natural crevice filled with basalt and coral cobbles Figure 54 CSH-14 Trail Short segment of stepping-stone trail at pāhoehoe and āaāā flow interface Figure 55 CSH-15 Complex Modern slab mounds and quarry area Figure 56 CSH-16 Pāhoehoe excavation – Figure 57
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Site Descriptions LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 97 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 46. Photo of CSH-04 (lava tube); view to southeast Figure 47. Photo of CSH-05 (mound); view to westCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Site Descriptions LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 98 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 48. Photo of CSH-06 (mound); view to west Figure 49. Photo of CSH-07 (mound); view to north
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Site Descriptions LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 99 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 50. Photo of CSH-08 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to west Figure 51. Photo of CSH-09 (modified sink); view to west Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Site Descriptions LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 100 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 52. Photo of CSH-10 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to west Figure 53. Photo of CSH-12 (complex of pāhoehoe excavations) located adjacent to SIHP # -00002; view to northwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 101 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 54. Photo of CSH-13 (filled crevice with corals); view to southeast Figure 55. Photo of CSH-14 (stepping-stone trail); view to westCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 102 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 56. Photo overlooking CSH-15 (modern quarry complex), showing a modern slab mound (foreground) and slab quarry area (background); view to northeast Figure 57. Photo of CSH-16 (pāhoehoe excavation); view to southwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 103 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Makai Section The Makai Section of the project area comprises portions of TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002, 058, 073 and 7-5-005:007 located makai of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROW, slightly overlapping the QLT Children’s Center and Old Kona Airport Park properties (due to proposed R-1 line extending to these locations from the WWTP; see Figure 5). The Makai Section exhibits significant levels of prior disturbance related to construction of the existing Kealakehe WWTP facility, paved roadways, and unimproved roadways running between the WWTP, Old Kona Airport Park, and the QLT Children’s Center (Figure 58 through Figure 61). Homeless encampments are common in the vicinity of Old Kona Airport Park; one was observed in an area of archaeological features adjacent to the project area (Figure 62). The undisturbed areas are characterized by undulating pāhoehoe (with a small area of ‘a‘ā lava near the QLT Children’s Center) supporting predominately koa haole and foreign grasses. The field inspection of the Makai Section of the project area confirmed 21 of 73 previously documented sites (see Section 5.3.1), possibly confirmed seven additional previously documented sites, and identified three previously undocumented sites (CSH-01 through CSH-03; see Section 5.3.2). The locations of all sites identified in the Makai Section during the field inspection are depicted in Figure 64. 5.3.1 Previously Documented Sites Confirmed in the Makai Section Background research indicated 73 previously recorded sites are located within 100 m of the Makai Section of the project area (see Section 4.1.3). Of these, 21 were confirmed during the field inspection (see Figure 64 and Table 13). Seven additional previously documented sites were possibly confirmed (see Table 13). Of the previously documented sites indicated in the immediate vicinity that were not confirmed, five may have been destroyed by prior development of roadways associated with the Kealakehe WWTP facility. The remainder are likely located well outside the current project area (see Table 13). The difficulty in correlating certain features encountered during the field inspection in the Makai Section is not unexpected. These features are, by and large, clustered in the southernmost portion of the Makai Section, where it overlaps the coastal zone. This zone is characterized by its high density of archaeological features, which are typically organized into and recorded as site complexes assigned based on typological, functional, and/or spatial considerations. Reeve et al. (2012:35) were able to correlate their findings with those of the previous coastal Keahuolū studies (Ching et al. 1978, Folk 1980) though not without challenge. The hard work of site confirmation/correlation has not yet been accomplished for the majority of the Donham (1990c) project area—in particular the portions surrounding the current project area. Donham’s (1990c) descriptions of SIHP #s -13284, -13286, -13291, -13292, -13293, -13298, and -13353 are brief and contain little cartographic or photographic information. While several site tags from the Reeve et al. (2012) fieldwork were found on features likely previously recorded by Donham (1990c) as part(s) of these site complexes, the information obtained from these features was not included in the report as they are technically outside the 2012 study area. Furthermore, while Borthwick and Hammatt’s (1992a) study for the Kealakehe Sewer Force Main and Pump Station was in this area, it comprised a narrow corridor that crossed through or past only a handful of Donham (1990c) sites, and the 1990 site descriptions were not updated with new information. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 104 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 58. Photo overlooking the Kealakehe WWTP facility from the entry gate; view to west Figure 59. Photo overlooking the Kealakehe WWTP facility; view to west
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 105 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 60. Photo showing a paved jeep road extending makai from the QLT Children’s Center in the Makai Section; view to west Figure 61. Photo of the gravel road extending from existing WWTP to the Old Kona Airport Park; view to southCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 106 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 62. Photo of a homeless encampment located in the indicated vicinity of SIHP # -13192; view to north Figure 63. Photo showing the paved entry road to the Kealakehe WWTP in the Makai Section; view to east
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 107 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 64. Aerial photo showing the sites documented during the field inspection in the Makai Section of the project area (Google Earth 2013) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 108 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Table 13. Results for previously documented archaeological sites in the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 06531 Complex 2 Habitation/marker Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 06532 Stone mound 1 Burial Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 07704 Trail 27 Transportation Historic No Likely located well outside project area – 13284 Complex 4 Agriculture Prehistoric Possibly Likely features of site confirmed; positive correlation outside present scope of work; Reeve et al. (2012) site tag(s) found (T-97) Figure 65, Figure 66, Figure 67 13286 Complex 10 Indeterminate/ markers/ possible agriculture Prehistoric, early historic Possibly Likely features of site confirmed; Reeve et al. (2012) site tag(s) found (T-86), but not included in 2012 report; positive correlation outside present scope of work Figure 67 13288 Retaining wall/ terrace 1 Loading ramp Historic No Likely located well outside project area – 13289 Complex 15 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric, early historic No Likely located well outside project area – 13290 Complex 6 Quarry/ agriculture Prehistoric, early historic No Likely located well outside project area – 13291 Complex 6 Quarry Prehistoric, early historic Possibly Likely features of site confirmed; positive correlation outside present scope of work Figure 68 13292 Complex 18 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric, early historic Possibly Likely features of site confirmed; positive correlation outside present scope of work Figure 69 13293 Complex 9 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric Possibly Likely features of site confirmed; positive correlation outside present scope of work Figure 69 13294 Complex 73 Agriculture Indeterminate/ Prehistoric, historic Possibly Likely features of site relocated; positive correlation outside of present scope of work Figure 70 13295 Complex 10 Quarry Prehistoric, early historic No Likely located well outside of project area –
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 109 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 13297 Complex 9 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric No Likely located well outside project area – 13298 Complex 7 Quarry/ agriculture/ temporary habitation Prehistoric No Likely located well outside project area – 13353 Complex 3 Rock art, aquaculture, bathing Prehistoric, early historic Possibly Possible feature of site confirmed (Feature B?); positive correlation outside present scope of work Figure 71, Figure 72 17167 Modified sink 1 Shelter Prehistoric Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 73 17168 Modified sink 1 Shelter Prehistoric No May be destroyed – 17169 Modified blister 1 Shelter Prehistoric No May be destroyed – 23033 Overhang 1 Temporary habitation – No Likely located well outside project area – 23047 Cairn 1 Marker – No Likely located well outside project area – 23048 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry – No Likely located well outside project area – 23549 C-shaped enclosure 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No May be destroyed – 23550 Pāhoehoe excavation 1 Quarry Pre-Contact No May be destroyed – 23551 Modified blister, Cairn 2 Temporary habitation, Marker Pre-Contact No May be destroyed – 25556 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 74 25557 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 75 25558 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No Likely located well outside project area – 25643 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No Likely located well outside project area – Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 110 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 27279 Modified overhang 1 Storage Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27280 Filled crevice 1 Indeterminate Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27282 Sinkhole 1 Indeterminate Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27285 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27298 Stone mound 2 Marker Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27299 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 76 27300 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 77 27301 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 78 27302 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 79 27304 Battering 1 Processing Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 80 27305 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 81 27308 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27378 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 82 27379 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional No Indicated in proximity to SIHP # -27398; though area appears undisturbed feature could not be confirmed, possibly indicating it is located further away from project area than depicted – 27380 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 83 27381 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 84 27382 Stone mound 1 Marker Historic No Likely located well outside project area – 27398 Stone mound 1 Marker Modern Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 85 27400 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27401 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27402 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27403 Complex 2 Marker Traditional Yes Both features appear as documented in prior study Figure 86, Figure 87 27404 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional No Likely located well outside project area –
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 111 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 27405 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 88 27406 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study Figure 89 27407 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27408 U-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27409 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27410 Enclosure 1 Indeterminate Traditional Yes In same area as SIHP #s -27411 and -27412; positive correlation of feature to site number not achieved Figure 90, Figure 91 27411 Enclosure 1 Indeterminate Traditional Yes In same area as SIHP #s -27410 and -27412; positive correlation of feature to site number not achieved Figure 90, Figure 91 27412 Modified overhang 1 Habitation Traditional Yes In same area as SIHP #s -27410 and -27411; positive correlation of feature to site number not achieved Figure 90, Figure 91 27413 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27414 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27415 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Yes Appears as documented in prior study; site description is erroneous in 2012 report in that the site number is listed incorrectly as SIHP # -27414 Figure 92 27416 Complex 2 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27417 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27421 Modified crevice 1 Indeterminate Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27422 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27439 Wall segment 1 Indeterminate Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27440 Complex 3 Habitation Traditional Yes Two of three features confirmed (likely Features A and B); positive correlation outside present scope of work Figure 93, Figure 94 27441 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 112 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Fea. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 27442 Scatter 1 Activity area Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27447 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area – 27559 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional No Likely located well outside project area –
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 113 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 65. Photo of a pāhoehoe excavation, possibly a feature of SIHP # -13284 (complex); jeep road visible in background; view to northeast Figure 66. Photo showing a stepping-stone trail and constructed spring opening (archaeologist visible inside opening to spring), possible features of SIHP # -13284 (complex) or other Donham (1990c) sites in the vicinity; view to eastCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 114 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 67. Photo showing features along a trail, possibly representing SIHP #s -13284 and/or -13286 (complexes); view to west Figure 68. Photo of pāhoehoe excavations in the indicated vicinity of SIHP # -13291 (complex); view to northeast
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 115 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 69. Photo overlooking portion of a large area containing pāhoehoe excavations and rock deposits in the vicinity of SIHP #s -13292, -13294, and -13293 (complexes); view to southeast Figure 70. Photo of a rock concentration, possibly a feature of SIHP # -13294 (complex); view to west Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 116 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 71. Photo of a modified spring, possibly a feature of SIHP # 13353 (complex); view to east Figure 72. Photo showing the interior of the modified spring pictured in Figure 71; view to east
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 117 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 73. Photo overlooking SIHP # -17167 (modified sink); view to west Figure 74. Photo of SIHP # -25556 (alignment); view to southeastCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 118 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 75. Photo of SIHP # -25557 (alignment); view to southeast Figure 76. Photo of SIHP # -27299 (c-shape); view to southwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 119 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 77. Photo of SIHP # -27300 (C-shape); view to southwest Figure 78. Photo of SIHP # -27301 (enclosure); view to southwestCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 120 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 79. Photo of SIHP # -27302 (enclosure); view to southwest Figure 80. Photo of SIHP # -27304 (battering); view to southwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 121 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 81. Photo of SIHP # -27305 (C-shape); view to southwest Figure 82. Photo of SIHP # -27378 (mound), entry to Kealakehe WWTP visible in background; view to northCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 122 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 83. Photo of SIHP # -27380 (mound); view to north Figure 84. Photo of SIHP # -27381 (mound); view to south
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 123 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 85. Photo of SIHP # -27398 (mound); view to southwest Figure 86. Photo of SIHP # -27403 Feature A (mound); view to southCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 124 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 87. Photograph of Site -27403 Feature B (mound): view to west Figure 88. Photo of SIHP # -27405 (C-shaped wall); view to east
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 125 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 89. Photo of SIHP # -27406 (enclosure); view to southeast Figure 90. Photo overlooking SIHP #s -27410 (enclosure), -27411 (enclosure), and/or -27412 (modified overhang); view to westCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 126 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 91. Photo of SIHP #s -27410 (enclosure), -27411 (enclosure), or -27412 (modified overhang); view to northwest Figure 92. Photo of SIHP # -27415 (C-shaped wall); view to west
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 127 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 93. Photo showing one of two confirmed features at SIHP # -27440 (complex); view to northeast Figure 94. Photo showing another of two confirmed features at SIHP # -27440 (complex); view to southeastCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 128 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 5.3.2 Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites in the Makai Section Archaeologists documented three newly identified archaeological sites within the Mauka Section of the project area (CSH-01 through CSH-03; see Figure 28). For each site Table 14 provides the formal site type, a brief description, and the associated figure reference(s). CSH-02 may be associated with one of several large complexes previously documented by Donham (1990c), but this is unclear when comparing the nature and position of CSH-02 to the nature and locations of Donham (1990c) sites depicted on Figure 20. Table 14. Newly identified archaeological sites documented in the Makai Section of the project area Temporary Site # Site Type Description Figure (photo) # CSH-01 Ahu Located on an outcrop on the mauka side of jeep trail Figure 95 CSH-02 Modified outcrop complex Located on makai side of jeep trail; large outcrop contains numerous modifications including pāhoehoe excavations and potentially modified overhangs (some as possible water collection areas); two waterworn basalt artifacts observed at site; may be associated with site complexes previously recorded by Donham (1990c) in this general area; mauka edge of outcrop obscured by kiawe trees Figure 96, Figure 97 CSH-03 Complex (three features; circular alignments) Loose, circular alignments of stones on smooth pāhoehoe exposures Figure 98, Figure 99
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 129 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 95. Photo of CSH-01, ahu; view to north Figure 96. Photo overlooking CSH-02, modified outcrop complex, taken from jeep road; outcrop is obscured by kiawe trees; view to northCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 130 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 97. Photo of a waterworn basalt artifact at CSH-02; view to northwest Figure 98. Photo overlooking CSH-03, circular alignment complex; view to southwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 131 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 99. Photo showing a circular alignment feature at CSH-03; view to west Northern Section The Northern Section of the project area comprises TMK: [3] 7-3-009:027 and portions of the Hina Lani Street and Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway ROWs. This section has been almost entirely disturbed by construction related to the existing roadways and the graded and fenced water tank site (Figure 100 through Figure 102). The fringes of the tank site within the project area and a small area within the western-most portion of the project area extending makai from the highway are undulating pāhoehoe lava supporting koa haole and foreign grasses (Figure 103). The field inspection of the Northern Section of the project area confirmed one feature of a previously documented site (SIHP # -10714 Feature A), and identified one previously undocumented site (CSH-11). Figure 104 shows the locations of all sites identified in the Northern Section during the field inspection. 5.4.1 Previously Documented Sites Confirmed in the Northern Section Background research indicated 14 previously recorded sites located within 100 m of the Northern Section of the project area (see Section 4.1.3). Of these, only one was indicated in proximity: SIHP # -10714 Feature A (see Figure 21). This was the only site confirmed during the field inspection (see Figure 104 and Table 15), signifying that the remaining sites are likely situated well outside the project area. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 132 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 100. Photo (Google Earth 2018) showing the existing tank site within the Northern Section of the project area; view to northwest Figure 101. Photo showing the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and Hina Lani Street intersection within the Northern Section of the project area; view to west
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 133 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 102. Photo of bulldozed area makai of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway within the Northern Section of the project area; view to west Figure 103. Photo showing typical vegetation and terrain in the undisturbed areas in and adjacent to the Northern Section of the project area; view to east Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 134 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 104. Aerial photo showing the sites documented during the field inspection in the Northern Section of the project area (Google Earth 2013)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 135 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Table 15. Results for previously documented archaeological sites in the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area SIHP # 50-10-27- Site Type # of Feat. Site Function Site Age Relocated? (Yes/No/Possibly) Comment(s) Figure (photo) # 10714A, B Trail system (mauka-makai) 3 Transportation Prehistoric, historic Yes (Feature A only) Confirmed portion of Feature A adjacent to project area appears as documented in prior study, except for presence of a new rock mound feature along it; Feature B located well outside project area Figure 105, Figure 106 13493 Trail – Transportation Prehistoric No Likely located well outside project area – 15329 Modified tumulus 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 20722 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 20726 Trail 2 Transportation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 20728 Enclosure 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 20744 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 20745 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – 28794 Filled crevice 1 Indeterminate; possible agricultural clearing feature Indeterminate No Likely located well outside project area – 28796 (see 10714) Stacked boulders 1 Marker – No Likely located well outside project area along SIHP # -10714 Feature B – 29344 Excavated pit 1 Indeterminate; possible quarry or sweet potato planter or bird pit Indeterminate – probably pre-Contact No Likely located well outside project area – – Trail – Transportation – No Likely located well outside project area – Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 136 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 105. Photo of SIHP # -10714 Feature A; view to east Figure 106. Photo of a rock mound feature observed along SIHP # -10714 Feature A; view to west
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 137 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 5.4.2 Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites in Northern Section Archaeologists documented one new archaeological site within the Northern Section of the project area (CSH-11; see Figure 104). This site is summarized in Table 16. Table 16. Newly identified archaeological site documented in the Northern Section of the project area Temporary Site # Site Type Description Figure (photo) # CSH-11 Complex (two features; circular alignments) Small circular alignments of stones on smooth pāhoehoe exposures Figure 107 Figure 107. Photo of one of the features at CSH-11 (circular alignment complex); view to southeast Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Summary and Recommendations LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 138 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Section 6 Summary and Recommendations Summary The project area is situated between the ahupuaʻa of Kaloko to the north and Keahuolū to the south. This unit of land divisions represents the southernmost extent of the Kekaha region, known for its arid environment. Dependent on seasons, the uplands were used for residences and farming, and the coastal lands for residence, fishing, and aquaculture. Networks of trails connected coastal and upland settlements by extending through the Intermediate Zone, along which shelter and water collection caves, quarries, and scattered agricultural sites were located. In the historic era the area was used widely for ranching. Numerous previous archaeological studies have been conducted in the vicinity of the current project area. Background research indicated the presence of 119 previously identified archaeological sites/historic properties overlapping or within 30 m of the bounds of the project area. Most of these were pre-Contact sites associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, resource procurement, ceremony, burial, artistic expression, and/or recreation. Historic era sites included trails (including but not limited to SIHP # -00002, Māmalahoa Trail), habitation areas, a cemetery, and ranching-related features like boundary walls. Archaeologists conducted the field inspection on 25–26 September 2017 and 6 October 2017; CSH archaeologists included Olivier Bautista, B.A., McKenzie Wildey, B.A., and Sarah Wilkinson, B.A., under the general supervision of Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. This work required approximately 9 person-days to complete and involved pedestrian inspection of the project area. The fieldwork focused on confirming sites located within or immediately adjacent to (within 5-10 m of) the project area bounds, and determining the potential presence of previously unrecorded features. The project area was found to contain variable levels of prior disturbance associated with existing roadways and other developments. The Mauka Section contained the largest extents of undisturbed land, particularly in the areas proposed for development of the SAT and future elevated storage tank. Thirty of the 119 previously identified archaeological sites/historic properties indicated within 100 m of the project area were confirmed with confidence, and eight previously identified sites (or portions thereof) were possibly confirmed: x A total of 73 previously documented sites were indicated to be located within proximity of the Makai Section; this section overlaps the archaeologically rich Coastal Zone and has experienced relatively thorough (and in places, recent) previous archaeological coverage. The area adjacent to Old Kona Airport Park contains numerous large site complexes; correlation of features observed during the field inspection with these sites proved difficult. Of the 73 previously documented sites indicated within 100 m of the Makai Section, 21 were confirmed with confidence, and features possibly belonging to seven more sites previously recorded by Donham (1990c) were identified.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Summary and Recommendations LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 139 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 x A total of 34 previously documented sites were indicated within 100 m of the Mauka Section of the project area; of these, eight were confirmed and a section of one other site (SIHP # -23023, trail) was possibly confirmed. x One previously documented site was confirmed in the immediate vicinity of the Northern Section (SIHP # -10714 Feature A); the other 11 sites in this area are located well outside the project area. Of the previously documented sites indicated near the project area that were not confirmed, 17 may have been destroyed by prior developments, and the remainder are likely located well outside the current project area. Additionally, archaeologists documented 16 newly identified archaeological features or clusters of features during the field inspection (CSH-01 through CSH-16). The newly identified features were similar in nature to previously documented sites in the area. The majority of these features/feature complexes (12 total; CSH-04 through CSH-10, and CSH-12 through CSH-16) were located in the Northern Section of the current project area, in areas with only minimal previous archaeological coverage. The newly recorded features in the Northern Section included rock mounds, pāhoehoe excavations, a stepping-stone trail, other modified lava features, a lava tube that may contain modifications, and a modern quarrying complex. Three newly identified sites were located in the Makai Section (CSH-01, ahu; CSH-02, modified outcrop complex; and CSH-03, circular alignment complex). In the Northern Section, archaeologists documented a newly identified complex of circular alignments (CSH-11). Recommendations In general, efforts to minimize potential effects on historic properties is recommended in the project design phase. Such efforts could include limiting ground disturbance within previously undisturbed areas as much as possible (e.g., propose installation of transmission lines within existing roadbeds or graded areas). Some portions of the project area are of potentially higher sensitivity given their known archaeological content: x A section of the Māmalahoa Trail (SIHP # -00002) runs parallel to Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway within the Mauka Section in the vicinity of the proposed SAT facility. A portion of this historic property within the project area has existing mitigations in place associated with the ongoing Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 project. Impact to the Māmalahoa Trail should be avoided if possible by routing pipelines or other infrastructure through existing breaches along the trail. x The portion of the Mauka Section relating to the Future Elevated Storage Tank has not been subjected to recent archaeological survey, and was found during the field inspection to contain several previously unrecorded archaeological features and lava tube openings. Lava tubes in this area commonly contain cultural modifications and/or deposits including but not limited to human burials. x The section of the Initial Phase R-1 Transmission Line approaching the Old Kona Airport Park (Kailua Park) within the Makai Section is in direct proximity to several extensive previously identified site complexes. While many of these features are likely located a safe distance from the current project area, some are directly adjacent and could potentially be impacted. Difficulties in correlating present findings with the previously recorded sites—and the discovery of previously unrecorded features—highlight potential concerns with the existing body of archaeological coverage in this area. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Summary and Recommendations LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 140 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Consultation with the SHPD is recommended regarding project historic preservation requirements. Given the high number of previously identified historic properties, presence of newly documented archaeological features within and in the vicinity of the project area, and likelihood that the project would have an effect on some of these sites, SHPD may require an AIS and/or other form(s) of mitigation.
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Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 145 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 2001 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Commercial/Industrial Development, Land of Kealakehe, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK:7-4-08:[Por.3]). Haun & Associates, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i. 2006 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kona Kai Ola Project Lands of Kealakehe and Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaiʻi (TMK: [3] 7-4-008:por. 2, por. 3, 71 and por. 72). Haun & Associates, Keaʻau, Hawaiʻi. Haun, Alan, Dave Henry, and Dianne Berrigan 2003 Archaeological Data Recovery Sites 2199, 22010, 22014, 22016, 22017, 22018, 22023, and 22032, Land of Kaloko, North Kona Distinct, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK: 3-7-3-51:60). Haun & Associates, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i Tax Map Key (TMK) 2014 Hawai‘i Tax Map Keys (TMKs) [3] 7-3-009, 7-4-008. Hawai‘i TMK Service, Honolulu. Head, James and Paul H. Rosendahl 1995 Archaeological Mitigation Program Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust Property Phase II – Data Recovery Amendment No. 1, Land of Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaiʻi (TMK:3-7-04-08:Por. 2,12). Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawaiʻi. Henke, L.A. 1929 A Survey of Livestock in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Research Publication No. 65, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu. Henry, Jack D. and Donna K. Graves 1993 Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey Phase I – Site Identification Keahole- Kailua 69 kV Transmission Line Project North Kona District Island of Hawai‘i. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Henry, Jack D., Susan T. Goodfellow, and Kepā Maly 1993 Archaeological Assessment Study Kailua to Keahole Region State Lands LUC Project, Lands of Makaula, Hale‘ohi‘u, Kalaoa 1·4, Kalaoa·‘O‘oma, and ‘O‘oma 2, North Kona District Island of Hawaii. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. ‘Ī‘ī, John Papa 1959 Fragments of Hawaiian History. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Jensen, Peter M. 1990 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Palani Road Improvements Project, Land of Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Kalima, Lehua 1992 Appendix A: Historical Documentary Research. In Archaeological Inventory Survey Helco Keahole Parcel Project Area, by Dowden and Graves. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Kamakau, Samuel Mānaiakalani 1979 Ka po‘e kahiko: the people from old. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 146 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 1992 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Revised edition. Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu. Kelly, Marion 1971 Kekaha: ‘Aina Malo‘o: Historical Survey and Background of Kaloko and Kuki‘o Ahupua‘a, North Kona. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1983 Na Mala o Kona: Gardens of Kona. A History of Land Use in Kona, Hawai‘i. Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Kirch, Patrick V. 1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Ladd, Edmund J. 1968 Honokōhau, Kona, Hawaii: A Salvage Report. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Lizama, Tanya M., Ruth-Rebeccalynne Aloua, Rowland B. Reeve, and Paul L. Cleghorn 2015 Archaeological Monitoring for the Removal of Shoreline Improvements at the Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust Campgrounds in Keahuolū, North Kona District, Island of Hawaiʻi [TMK: (3) 7-4-008:002]. Pacific Legacy, Inc., Kailua, Hawaiʻi. Maly, Kepā 1994 Historical Documentary Research, Appendix A in Archaeological Inventory Survey, Sites 19762 and 19763, Queen Lili‘uokalani Trust, Keahuolu Lands, Land of Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. 1998 “Kekaha Wai‘ole O Na Kona”, A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research, and Oral History Interviews for Kekaha Kai State Park, Ahupua‘a of Kaulana, Mahai‘ula, Makalawena, Awake‘e, Manini‘owali, and Kuki‘e — District of North Kona. Kumu Pono Associates, Hilo, Hawaiʻi. 1999 Pu‘u Anahulu and Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (Nāpu‘u) at Kekaha – Kona, Hawaii. Volume I. A Report on Archival-Historical Documentary Research, and Oral History Interviews; Cultural-Historical Documentation for Ahupua‘a-Based Planning in the Lands of Pu‘u Anahulu and Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (Nāpu‘u); District of Kona, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK Overview Sheet 7-1). Kumu Pono Associates, Hilo, Hawai‘i. Maly, Kepā and Onaona Maly 2002 He Wahi Mo‘olelo ‘Ohana no Kaloko Me Honokohau Ma Kekaha O Na Kona – A Collection of Family Traditions Describing Customs, Practices and Beliefs of the Families and Lands of Kaloko and Honokohau, North Kona, Island of Hawai‘i. Kumu Pono Associates, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 2003 Kohanaiki Ma Kekaha Wai ‘Ole O Nā Kona (Kohanaiki on the Arid Shores of Kona): A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research, and Oral History Interviews for the Ahupua‘a of Kohanaiki, District of Kona, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK 7-3-09:3, 14). Kumu Pono Associates, Hilo, Hawai‘i. Menzies, Archibald 1920 Hawaiʻi Nei 128 Years Ago. Edited by W.F. Wilson. The New Freedom Press, Honolulu.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 147 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Monahan, Christopher M., Trevor M. Yucha, and Constance R. O’Hare 2012 Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Proposed Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 Project, Kalaoa, Kalaoa-‘O‘oma, ‘O‘oma 2, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, Honokōhau 1-2 and Kealakehe, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island TMKs: (3) 7-4-008, 7-3-009 and 7-3-043. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Neighbor Island Consultants 1973 An Assessment of Environmental Impact Resulting from the Development of Kailua Park, Kailua-Kona, Hawai‘i. Prepared for the County of Hawai‘i. Neller, Earl 1980 Archeological Reconnaissance at the Old Kona Airport Beach Park, Keahuolu and Lanihau, Kona, Hawaii. Historic Sites Section, Division of State Parks, Department Land and Natural Resources. Newman, T. Stell 1970 Report on Reconnaissance at Old Kona Airport. Letter on file. Historic Sites Section, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘i, Honolulu. O’Hare, Constance R. and Paul H. Rosendahl 1993 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Queen Liliuokalani Trust, 100-Acre KIS Expansion Site, Land of Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK: 3-7-04-08:Por.2). Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. O’Hare, Constance R. and Susan T. Goodfellow 1994 Phased Archaeological Mitigation Program, Kealakehe Planned Community, Phase II: Archaeological Data Recovery, Land of Kealakehe, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Pestana, Elizabeth and Robert L. Spear 2005 An Archaeological Assessment Report for Old Kona Airport State Park (Wastewater/Sewer Systems) Improvements, Keahuolu and Lanihau 1-2 Ahupuaa, Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i (TMK: [3] 7-5-005: POR. 007). Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. Pietrusewsky, Mike 1990 Human Remains from the Old Kona Airport, TMK: (3) 7-5-005. Lanihau, North Kona, Hawaiʻi. Pukui, Mary Kawena 1983 ‘Olelo No‘eau: Hawaiian Proverbs and Poetical Sayings. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 71. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Pukui, Mary Kawena and Samuel H. Elbert 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary. Second edition. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini 1976 Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Rechtman, Robert B. and Glenn Escott 2002 Archaeological Inventory Survey for Additions to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant (TMK 3-7-4-08: Por.3). Rechtman Consulting, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 148 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Reinecke, J.E. 1930 Survey of Hawaiian Sites from Kailua Kona, to Kalahuipuaa, Kohala. Manuscript, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Reeve, Rowland B., Paul L. Cleghorn, James D. McIntosh, Kimberly M. Mooney, and Elizabeth L. Kahahane 2012 Archaeological Inventory Survey of 628 Acres of Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust Lands in Keahuolū, North Kona, Island of Hawaiʻi [TMK: (3) 7-4-008:002]. Pacific Legacy, Inc., Kailua, Hawaiʻi. 2012 Archaeological Inventory Survey of 628 Acres of Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust Lands in Keahuolū, North Kona, Island of Hawaiʻi [TMK: (3) 7-4-008:002] Appendices. Pacific Legacy, Inc., Kailua, Hawaiʻi. Renger, Robert C. 1971 Archaeological Surface Survey of the Coastal Area of Kaloko and Kukio, North Kona, Hawaii. Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Robins, Jennifer J., Joy S., Collins, Rodney Chiogioji, Ingrid Carlson, Ian Masterson, Douglas F., Borthwick, and Victoria S. Creed 2000 An Archaeological Inventory Survey of an Approximately 803-Acre Subject Parcel in the Ahupua‘a of Honokōhau I and II, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK 7-4-08: Por. 5, 13, 30, 36), Volume II: Site Descriptions, Testing Results, Site List Table and Tables of Characteristics of Permanent, Temporary & Recurrent Habitations. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Rosendahl, Paul H. 1973 Archaeological Salvage of the Keahole-Anaehoomalu Section of the Kailua - Kawaihae Road (Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway), Island of Hawai‘i. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 1979 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Certain Lili‘uokalani Trust Properties (TMK: [3] 7-4-08:Por.1, Por.2, Por.12). Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawai‘i. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. 1989 Addendum Report: Archaeological Inventory Survey, Additional Kaloko Water Tank Site, Land of Kaloko, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-3- 10:Por.17). Letter Report. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. 2006 Historic Preservation Review West Hawai‘i Civic Center Project Land of Kealakehe, North Kona District Island of Hawai‘i (TMK: [3] 7-04:Por.08). Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Rosendahl, Paul H. and Alan T. Walker 1990 Addendum Report: Archaeological Inventory Survey, Additional Kaloko Water Tank Site, Land of Kaloko, North Kona, Hawai‘i. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Sato, H., Warren Ikeda, Robert Paeth, Richard Smythe, and Minoru Takehiro, Jr. 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 149 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Schmitt, Robert C. 1973 The Missionary Censuses of Hawaii. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 20, Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Schilt, Rose 1984 Subsistence and Conflict in Kona, Hawaii. An Archaeological Study of the Kuakini Highway Realignment Corridor. Report 84-1. Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Schilz, Allen, Kanalei Shun, Scott Williams, and Richard Nees 1994 Archaeological Survey and Evaluation Lands of Kau North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island (TMK: 07-02-05:01). Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Company, Inc., Honolulu. Sherrod, David R., John M. Sinton, Sarah E. Watkins, and Kelly M. Brunt 2008 Geological Map of the State of Hawai‘i. Electronic document, http://pubs.usgs.gov.of.2007/1089. Simonson, Mindy, David Shideler, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2010 Literature Review and Field Inspection for the Kailua Park Master Planning Project Keahuolū and Lanihau Ahupua‘a North Kona, Hawai‘i TMKs: (3) 7-5-005:007 and 083. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Sinoto, Aki 1975 Report on the Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Honokōhau Small- Boat Harbor Kealakehe, Kona Hawaii Island. Ms. 042875. Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 1977 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Portions of Kealakehe, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Smith, Marc and Martha Yent 1990 Mapping and Testing of Selected Archaeological Features in Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area, Lanihau, North Kona, Island of Hawaii TMK: 7-7-05:7. Division of State Parks, Hawai‘i. Soehren, Lloyd 1980 Letter Report for an Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Proposed Kailua Wastewater Treatment Site Situated at Kealakehe, North Kona, Tax Map Key 7-4-08:por. 3. Kilo ‘Aina, Captain Cook, Hawai‘i. 1980a Letter Report for an Archaeological Reconnaissance of TMK:7-3-09:1, Phase 1, Kaloko, North Kona, Hawaii. Kilo ‘Aina, Captain Cook, Hawai‘i. 1980b Letter Report for an Archaeological Reconnaissance of TMK:7-3-09:1, Phase 2, Kaloko, North Kona, Hawaii. Kilo ‘Aina, Captain Cook, Hawai‘i. 1981 Letter Report for an Archaeological Reconnaissance for the Kailua Wastewater Treatment Plant, Kealakehe, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK:7-4-08:3. Kilo ‘Aina, Captain Cook, Hawai‘i. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 150 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 2010 A Catalog of Hawaiian Place Names. Compiled for the Records of the Boundary Commission and The Board Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles of the Kingdom of Hawai‘i. Collected and annotated by Lloyd J. Soehren. Online at the Ulukau Website, http://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?l=en. Springer, Hannah K. 1989 Appendix B: Regional Notes from Kekaha: Awakee. In Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Proposed Awakee Resort Development Project Area, Land of Awakee, North Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-2-04:3), by Theresa K. Donham. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Stokes, John F.G. and Tom Dye 1991 Heiau of the Island of Hawai‘i. Tom Dye, editor. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 2, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Thrum, Thomas G. 1922 Hawaiian Place Names, In A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language (originally published in 1865). Revised by Henry Parker, 1922. Board of Commissioners of Public Archives of the Territory of Hawaii, Honolulu. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) 2001 Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Fort Worth, Texas. http://www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/products/datasets/ssurgo/ (accessed March 2005). USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) 1924 Kalaoa and Keahole Point USGS Survey 7.5-Minute Series Topographic Quadrangles. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1959 Kailua and Keahole Point USGS Survey 7.5-Minute Series Topographic Quadrangles. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1977 Orthophotoquad Aerial Photograph, Kailua and Keahole Point Quandrangles, Hawai‘i. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1996 Kailua and Keahole Point USGS Survey 7.5-Minute Series Topographic Quadrangles. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. Vancouver, George 1984 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World, 1791–1795. Volume 3. W. Kaye Lamb, editor. Hakluyt Society, London. Waihona ‘Aina 2000 The Māhele Database. Electronic document, http://waihona.com (accessed 10 April 2014). Walker, Alan, T. and Alan E. Haun 1988 Limited Archaeological Data Recovery, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 4th, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i. Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 151 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Walsh, Patrick O. and Hallett H. Hammatt 1995 An Archaeological Inventory Survey of the New Queen Kaahumanu Highway Right-of-Way between Palani Road and Keahole Airport within the Ahupua‘a of Keahuolu, Kealakehe, Honokōhau, Kaloko, Kohanaiki, O‘oma 2, Kalaoa-O‘oma, and Kalaoa 1-4, Kekaha, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Wilkes, Charles 1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Five volumes. Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia. Wilkinson, Sarah, Aulii Mitchell, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2011 Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for Seven Locations Under Consideration for the Kona Judiciary Complex Project, Honolōhau, Kaloko, Keahuolū, and Kealakehe Ahupua‘a, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island. TMKs: (3) 7-3-009:025; 7-4-008:005; 7-4-020:003, 004, 007, 010; 7-4-021:008, 023. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Wilkinson, Sarah, Olivier M. Bautista, William H. Folk, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2017 Supplemental Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for the Proposed Queen Kaahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 Project, Kalaoa, Kalaoa-Ooma, Ooma 2, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, Honokohau 1-2 and Kealakehe Ahupuaa, North Kona District, Hawaii IslandTMKs: [3] 7-2-005; 7-3-009, 043, 049, 051, 058; 7-3-043:091, 083; 7-4-020. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Wolforth, Thomas 1999 Monitoring - HELCO Keahole- Kailua 69kV Transmission Line: A Detailed Description of Māmalahoa Trail (50-10-27-2) Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, Kalaoa- O‘oma Hmst., O‘oma, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, Honokōhau, Kealekehe, & Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i. Wolforth, Thomas R., Chris Monahan, Kirk Johnson, Tyler Paikuli-Campbell, and Robert L. Spear 2005 Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Northern Portion of the Kaloko Heights Project in Kohanaiki and Kaloko Ahupua‘a, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Islands, Hawai‘i. Settlement Pattern Investigations in the Southern Kekaha Middle Elevations. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. Wong Smith, Helen 1990 Historical Documentary Research. Appendix B in Archaeological Inventory Survey, Queen Liliuokalani Trust Property, Land of Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i, by Theresa K. Donham, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i Yent, Martha 1992 Archaeological Field Inspection: Proposed Canoe Halau Project by the County of Hawaii, Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area, Lanihau, North Kona, Island of Hawaii TMK: 7-7-05:por. 5. Division of State Parks, Hawai‘i. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 References Cited LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 152 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 1993 Burial Treatment Plan and Reinterment Report: Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area, Lanihau and Keahuolū, North Kona, Island of Hawai‘i, Final TMK: 7-7-05:7. Division of State Parks, Honolulu. Yucha, Trevor M., Sarah Wilkinson, Momi Wheeler, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2016 Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for the Kona Judiciary Complex Candidate Site C and Site F, Kealakehe and Keahuolu Ahupuaa, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii TMKs: (3) 7-4-020:003, 010 por., 023 por., and 024 por. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 153 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Appendix A Site Descriptions 7.1.1 50-10-27-00002 (Māmalahoa Trail) (Wilkinson et al. 2017:19–24; Figure 108) Monahan et al. (2012) described SIHP # -00002 (the Māmalahoa Trail) as follows: SIHP # 50-10-27-00002, the well-known Māmalahoa Trail or Road, extends for miles outside of, and north and south of, the project area .... In its 1995 report, CSH (Walsh and Hammatt 1995) describe this site in general and project-specific terms: Site 00002 is an historic cross-ahupua‘a road commonly referred to as the Mamalahoa Trail. The construction of the road is dated to 1836-1855. It is considered to have been the major seaward road through the region between its construction and 1888, when use of the road became infrequent (Cordy 1991:403, 406). The road, in general, is described as a remarkably straight curb-lined path – typically 2.0 to 3.0 m. wide. In some areas the road surface is raised, with low points in the terrain filled in and leveled with stone. The trail has been used sporadically in late historic and modern times and some parts of the road show evidence of vehicular use. The road has been breached in numerous places between Kailua-Kona and the Keahole Airport in modern times. As a result, the trail exists as a series of discontinuous segments in varying conditions. (Walsh and Hammatt 1995:30) The portion currently located within the project area was described by CSH in 1995 as follows: At Honokohau, Queen Kaahumanu Highway breaches the Mamalahoa Trail and two sections lie within the present project area. On the eastern side of the highway, one 30-40 foot (10 m.) section remains within the project area. It consists of a short ramp section below the present power line. The area surrounding this section has been cleared, presumably during the construction of the present highway. On the western side of the highway, an approximately 490 foot (149 m.) sections lies within the project area . . . This section begins 30 feet (9 m.) west of the present highway pavement edge and extends through the project area at 147 degrees T.N. [true north]. The road continues at the angle beyond the project area boundary and into the Kaloko-Honokohau National Park. This section does not appear to have been previously recorded. (Walsh and Hammatt 1995:32) The site was revisited during the current [2012] archaeological inventory survey and found to be in the same general physical condition. . .; however, in its current configuration, the Māmalahoa Trail is no longer within the project area on the east, or mauka, side. This trail is subject to protection and preservation under the Highways Act of 1892 (HRS Chapter 264-1(b)) (Na Ala Hele 2008). [Monahan et al. 2012:185–186] Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 154 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 108. Plan view map of a portion of SIHP # -00002 at Kealakehe Parkway (Segment #2 within Area C, Wilkinson et al. 2017:25)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 155 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 …SIHP # -00002 is oriented north-south and runs roughly parallel with Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway within the east or mauka side at Area C. This historic property is segmented by the existing Kealakehe Parkway, which runs east to west or mauka-makai. Two sections of the historic property are present in Area C. Segment #1 of SIHP # -00002 in Area C is on the south side of the Parkway [within the Mauka Section of the current project area], entering the project area from the south across an ʻaʻā flow, oriented parallel to Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and perpendicular to Kealakehe Parkway... There is approximately 7 m (23 ft) of the trail segment within Area C of the project area. It is approximately 3.0 m wide. The trail is cut off approximately 2 m (3.2 ft) south of the top of the graded embankment on Kealakehe Parkway’s south shoulder; i.e., SIHP # -00002 has been destroyed from this point to Segment #2 to the north by the creation of the Kealakehe Parkway. A 3.5 m (11.48 ft) section of the trail south of the embankment and within Area C has been disturbed by a tracked machine driven in a perpendicular direction across the trail segment… Pre-cast concrete blocks are present adjacent to and slightly atop the disturbed northeast corner of this segment … The trail has a low cobble and small boulder berm on the makai side … No cultural materials were found within Segment #1. Segment #2 of SIHP # -00002 in Area C is north of the Kealakehe Parkway’s graded shoulder in ʻaʻā lava, between the road shoulder and the graded construction base yard at the northeast corner of the Kealakehe Parkway and Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway intersection … This is a short remnant section of SIHP # -00002, approximately 9 m (29.93 ft) long and 2.5 m (8 ft) wide between the two construction areas, and is bounded by bulldozer push piles at either end ... Directly north of Segment #2, SIHP # -00002 has been demolished by preproject grading within the construction base yard and other development further north. Directly south of Segment #2, SIHP # -00002 is cut by Kealakehe Parkway. The surface of Segment #2 is raised about 30 cm above the surrounding ‘a‘ā ground surface on the mauka side and is lined with a low cobble and small boulder edging on the makai side … A horse shoe fragment (not collected) was observed at the north end of the Māmalahoa Trail Segment #2 … Both trail segments within supplemental Area C consist primarily of a bed of tightly packed and slightly rounded ‘a‘ā pebbles and small cobbles edged on the makai side with unhewn rough large cobbles and small boulders of ‘a‘ā. 7.1.2 50-10-28-05011/21756 (Donham 1990a:A-52) PHRI: T-94 SITE TYPE: Wall TOPOGRAPHY: Aa and pahoehoe lava flows sloping to the southwest VEGETATION: Christmas-berry, koa-haole, lantana, akia. grasses, lauae and scrub brush. CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric/historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Land division DIMENSIONS: 2220.00 m by 0.70 m by 1.50 m average height. DESCRIPTION: This wall follows the ahupuaa boundary between Kealakehe and Keahuolu. It consists of aa and pahoehoe, small to medium boulders and small to large cobbles. The wall is bifaced and core-filled. The wall is oriented an average Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 156 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 of c. 220/40 degrees Az. and has a few bends in the eastern section. The east and west ends are currently defined by the boundaries of developed areas, and do not represent the original ends of the wall. 7.1.3 50-10-27-06531 (Reeve et al. 2012:115-116) Field Number: T-153 Site Type: Complex Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation/Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-6531 (T-153) consists of a complex of features including a stone mound (Feature A) and a C-shaped wall (Feature B). The site is located toward the northern boundary of the survey area and north of the east to west running ridge that is the focus of human activity in the area. No surface cultural material was noted at either feature. Both structures appear to have been built during the pre-Contact period, and while Feature A probably served as a marker, Feature B was most probably used as a temporary windbreak shelter. Feature: A Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-6531 (T-153), Feature A is a badly disturbed stone mound constructed of pāhoehoe slabs. Feature: B Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-6531 (T-153), Feature B is a C-shaped wall constructed of pāhoehoe slabs. It is situated c. 5 meters south of Feature A. 7.1.4 50-10-27-06532 (Reeve et al. 2012:116-117) Field Number: T-197 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: Present Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 157 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Burial Description: Site 50-10-27-6532 (T-197) is a roughly rectangular mound. The site is located toward the northern boundary of the survey area along the northern edge of an east to west running ridge that appears to have been the focus of human activity in the area. The mound is constructed of loosely stacked pāhoehoe boulders and slabs. It is in fair condition. Fragments of branch coral were found in the immediate vicinity of the mound, and cowrie shell midden was noted on the ridge to west. Although it may have served as a marker, the presence of branch coral fragments suggest that this mound could possibly represent a burial monument. There are the remnants of what may be possible associated walls and pavings in the vicinity of the Site 50-10-27-6532 (T-197) mound, as well as areas of battering and a chiseled X. This suggests that the area was the local of both Traditional and Historic activity. 7.1.5 50-10-27-07704 (Haun & Henry 2006:96-98) Site 7704 is a trail that extends across an area of uneven pahoehoe lava at elevations ranging from 38 to 41 ft. This trail was initially documented by Soehren (1980) who assigned it its current site designation. The portion of the site within the project area originates 15.0 m south of the large spoil pile located to the south of the harbor. The trail (Feature A) extends to the south a distance of 428.2 m to where it exits the project area at the boundary between Kealakehe and Keahuolu. The trail is marked by a series of 26 stone cairns (Features B through AA) with Feature B located at the north end and Feature AA located at the south. The trail extends to the south into the Land of Keahuolu an undetermined distance. The Feature B through AA cairns are comprised of stacked cobbles and small boulders that range in length from 0.3 to 1.0 III (averaging 0.48 m long), in width from 0.19 to 0.95 m (averaging 0.37 m) and in height from 0.14 to 0.83 m (averaging 0.4 m). The individual characteristics of the 26 cairns are summarized in Table 70 and examples of these features are depicted in Figures 42 and 43. Of the 26 cairns, 20 contain fragments of waterworn coral (Features B-K, M, R, T-AA). Site 7704 is interpreted as a north-south transportation route across the pahoehoe field. Soehren interpreted this site as a trail that, "appears to join the village and pond at Honokohau with the small settlement at Pawai in Keahuolu (1980:2). Donham's survey in Keahuolu did not identify a trail within her survey area; however, she did identify a complex of cairns, mounds, alignments wall and a boulder concentration (Site 13286) that is depicted on her site location map in a linear configuration of features that terminates inland of Pawai Bay (l990b: 16). It is possible that this site represents the southern end of Site 7704. According to Soehren: It is delineated by coral pebbles ranging in size from one inch to six inches and spaced five to ten feet apart ... The trail appears to join the village and pond at Honokohau with the small settlement at Pawai in Keahuolu ... It was traced for Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 158 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 1600 ft across the natural basin in which the project is located; to the north it has been obliterated by the small boat harbor... The trail, or alignment of coral pebbles, is about as straight as a man on foot could make it, and pays little regard to irregularities in the terrain which make following it precisely rather difficult in places. In the absence of any abrasion of the lava surface, kerbstones, causeways over low places or other evidence of frequent use, it probably represents a “preliminary route selection” for a nineteenth century horse trail (Apple 1965) subsequently abandoned, perhaps in favor of the “Old Mamalahoa Trail” farther inland (1980:2). The northern portion of the trail, north of the Feature B cairn has been buried beneath the large spoil pile that was created during the dredging of the harbor. The site is altered and in fair to good condition. 7.1.6 50-10-27-10714 A, B (Road to the Sea) (Monahan et al. 2012:258-260, 267-271) (Figure 109, Figure 110, Figure 111, Figure 112, Figure 113) Feature A Temp. Site No.: T-091010-4 (Monahan et al. 2011) Site Type: Trail—Part of the Trail System “Road to the Sea” No. of Features: 1 Functional Interpretation: Transportation Probable Age: Pre-Contact with continued use in Historic Era Overall Dimensions: Approximately 56.6 m long in the project area Topography: Undulating pāhoehoe flow, level to slightly-sloping Elevation: 75 ft (23 m) AMSL (in the project area) Description: SIHP # 50-10-27-10714 (Feature A) is a trail located approximately 88 m northwest of the intersection of Hina Lani Street and the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway within the portion of the project area that is adjacent to the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park (…). The trail is roughly oriented E/W and measures 56.6 m long within the project area. Within the project area, the trail lacks any formal construction features such as stepping stones or curbing. The trail can be recognized within the project area by observing subtle wear-pattern / color variation on the lava flow [Figure 109, Figure 110]. Other previous archaeological studies such as Renger (1970), Cordy et al. (1991), Wolforth et al. (2005) and Bell et al. (2009), as well as consultation with trails specialists with the NPS, suggest this trail portion is part of a more extensive trail complex known as the “Road to the Sea,” which generally follows the Kaloko/Kohanaiki ahupua‘a boundary and extends from the Kohanaiki Homesteads (mauka) to Kaloko Fishpond (at the coast). Mauka of the project area, this trail has been designated SIHP # -10714 (by Wolforth et al. 2005), and the portion within the current project area is herein designated Feature A (specific to the current project). This trail also connects within the national park with other trails segments designated SIHP #-2233 (D13-81) and SIHP # -2183.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 159 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 109. Photos of SIHP #-10714 Feature A; views to the southwest (top) and west (bottom) (Monahan et al. 2012:259)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 160 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 110. SIHP # -10714 Feature A plan view from Monahan et al. (2012:260)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 161 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 It is important to note that CSH has identified three portions of this “Road to the Sea Trail” within the project area. NPS trail specialists have suggested these three portions should all be considered part of SIHP # -10714, and CSH concurs with this recommendation. In the current report, these three trail portions are treated separately (although they are all given the same site number, with different feature numbers) in keeping with the south-to-north presentation and description of cultural resources. This trail is subject to protection and preservation under the Highways Act of 1892 (HRS Chapter 264-1(b)) (Na Ala Hele 2008). Previous significance evaluations for SIHP # -10714 by Wolforth et al. (2005) and Bell et al. (2009) have recommended this resource eligible for the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places under Criteria D and E. Feature B Temp. Site No.: T-091010-5 (Monahan et al. 2011) Site Type: Trail—Part of the Trail System “Road to the Sea” No. of Features: 1 Functional Interpretation: Transportation Probable Age: Pre-Contact with continued use in Historic Era Overall Dimensions: Approximately 35.6 m long in the project area Topography: Undulating pāhoehoe flow, level to slightly-sloping Elevation: 75 ft (23 m) AMSL (in the project area) Description: SIHP # 50-10-27-10714 (Feature B) is a trail located approximately 130 m northwest of the intersection of Hina Lani Street and the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway within the portion of the project area that is adjacent to the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park … The trail is roughly oriented E/W and measures 35.6 m long within the project area. Within the project area, the trail lacks any formal construction features such as stepping stones or curbing. The trail can be recognized within the project area by observing subtle wear-pattern / color variation on the lava flow [Figure 111]. Two stacked boulders located alongside (just north of) SIHP # -10714 Feature B may have served as a trail marker [Figure 111, Figure 112, Figure 113; former SIHP # -]. The two stacked pāhoehoe boulders are situated on top of a smooth, level pāhoehoe flow next to the trail and measure 0.4 m N/S by 0.3 m E/W with a maximum height of 0.5 m above the adjacent ground surface. A third boulder, located in the immediate vicinity, may have been displaced from the top of the mound. Other previous archaeological studies such as Renger (1970), Cordy et al. (1991), Wolforth et al. (2005) and Bell et al. (2009), as well as consultation with trails specialists with the NPS, suggest this trail portion is part of a more extensive trail complex known as the “Road to the Sea,” which generally follows the Kaloko/Kohanaiki ahupua‘a boundary and extends from the Kohanaiki Homesteads (mauka) to Kaloko Fishpond (at the coast). Mauka of the project area, this trail has been designated SIHP # 10714 (by Wolforth et al. 2005), and the Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 162 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 111. Photo and plan view of SIHP # -10714 Feature B (Monahan et al. 2012:269)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 163 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 112. Photo of marker along SIHP # -10714 Feature B (Monahan et al. 2012:270) Figure 113. SIHP # -10714 Feature B plan view (Monahan et al. 2012:271)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 164 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 portion within the current project area is herein designated Feature B (specific to the current project). This trail also connects within the national park with another trail segment designated SIHP #2240 (D13-89). It is important to note that CSH has identified three portions of this “Road to the Sea Trail” within the project area. NPS trail specialists have suggested these three portions should all be considered part of SIHP # 10714, and CSH concurs with this recommendation. In the current report, these three trail portions are treated separately (although they are all given the same site number, with different feature numbers) in keeping with the south-to-north presentation and description of cultural resources. This trail is subject to protection and preservation under the Highways Act of 1892 (HRS Chapter 264-1(b)) (Na Ala Hele 2008). Previous significance evaluations for SIHP # -10714 by Wolforth et al. (2005) and Bell et al. (2009) have recommended this resource eligible for the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places under Criteria D and E. 7.1.7 50-10-27-13182 (Donham 1990a:A-6) PHRI: T-8 SITE TYPE: Complex (2 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: On an exposed pahoehoe outcrop along a gentle, southwest-facing slope. VEGETATION: ʻIlima, koa-haole, uhaloa, and fountain grass. CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Indeterminate FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Marker-agriculture DESCRIPTION: The overall dimensions of this site measure c. 12.0 m N-S by 12.0 m E-W. The site consists of a cairn and a pahoehoe excavation, No portable or cultural remains were observed. FEATURE A: Cairn FUNCTION: Marker DIMENSIONS: 0.50 m by 0.50 m by 0.70 m DESCRIPTION: The cairn consists of a loosely piled formation five courses high and made of pahoehoe cobbles. The cairn is situated on top of a pahoehoe outcrop and the area around it is paved with pebbles. FEATURE B: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Agriculture DIMENSIONS: 4.50 m by 3. 70 m by 0.25 m DESCRIPTION: Feature B is located 8 m from Feature A at 352 degrees Az. The excavation is generally cleared of rocks, but the area around the excavation may have been paved.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 165 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.8 50-10-27-13194 (Walsh and Hammatt 1995:49–51) State Site #: 13194 Site Type: Trail Function: Transportation Features (#): 1 Ahupuaʻa: Kealakehe Description: Site 13194 is a stepping stone trail originally identified by PHRI in 1989 during the inventory survey for the Kealakehe Planned Community (Donham 1990[a]). The site was described as follows: The trail consists of a cleared and packed path through the aa with spaced pahoehoe slabs that are inset into the aa. Most of the slabs are a minimum of 0.20 m. and a maximum of 0.35 m in size. The rest of the slabs are small cobbles. The western end of the trail is cut off by the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Efforts to relocate it on the west side of the highway were unsuccessful. To the east of the highway, the Mamalahoa Trail seems to have crossed over this trail. To the east of the Mamalahoa Trail, it has been broken by two different bulldozer paths over the aa. At the eastern end of the aa, the trail appears to make a sharp turn to the north. This turn may be an intersection of two trails; efforts to locate a continuation over the pahoehoe to the north and east were unsuccessful. (Donham 1990:A-14) The trail was recommended for preservation with interpretive development and has since been included in two preservation plans (Jensen et a1. 1992, Borthwick and Hammatt 1992[b]). A field check of the western end of the trail during the present survey confirmed that portion of the trail has been preserved as is. The trail begins 95 feet (29 m.) from the highway pavement edge and extends 85 feet (26 m.), where it intersects with the Mamalahoa Trail. The trail continues east of the Mamalahoa Trail for another 73 feet (22 m.) where it becomes obscured by a bulldozed path. The trail continues within or just adjacent to the bulldozed path for roughly 100 feet (30 m.), beyond which it was observed to continue inland apparently undisturbed. 7.1.9 50-10-27-13195 (Donham 1990a:A-14, A-16) PHRI: T-22 SITE TYPE: Complex (2 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Slightly undulating pahoehoe flow; an aa flow c. 40.0 m to the north. VEGETATION: Fountain grass, koa-haole and 'ilima CONDITION: Fair INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Histone FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Historic marker DESCRIPTION: These cairns are located c. 9.0 m apart in a N-S line. They are possible survey markers. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 166 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 FEATURE A: Cairn FUNCTION: Historic marker DIMENSIONS: 1.00 m by 0.80 m by 0.80 m DESCRIPTION: This cairn is the northernmost of the two and consists of large aa cobbles, stacked with no apparent core fill. The cairn is pyramid shaped and circular at the base. FEATURE B: Cairn FUNCTION: Historic marker DIMENSIONS: 1.10 m by 0.90 m by 0.70 m (approx.) DESCRIPTION: This is the southernmost cairn; it consists of large aa cobbles and is pyramid shaped, with a circular base. The cairn is partially collapsed. This cairn appears to be located on the Mamalahoa Trail. 7.1.10 50-10-27-13253 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992:A-28; individual feature descriptions not included) SITE NO.: State: 13253 SITE TYPE: Complex (20 Features) [4 more documented by OʻHare and Goodfellow 1994] TOPOGRAPHY: The site is in a shallow ravine, at the base of a major aʻa flow to the south; a high pahoehoe slope to the north. VEGETATION: Christmas-berry, fountain grass and other varieties of grass, koa-haole, and ʻilima. SITE ELEVATION: [-] CONDITION: Fair-good INTEGRITY: Minor alteration to Feature A; Feature K bulldozed PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Transportation/temp. habitation/burial DESCRIPTION: The site complex consists of four platforms (Features A, B, J, and Q), thirteen terraces (Feature C–I, L, M, O, P, S, and T), one trail (Feature K), a modified outcrop (Feature N), and a modified sink (Feature R). 7.1.11 50-10-27-13253 Feature K (Donham 1990a: A-58) FEATURE K: Stepping-stone trail FUNCTION: Transportation DIMENSIONS: 38.00 m by 0.8 maximum width DESCRIPTION: The trail consists of a narrow corridor of crushed and packed aa clinkers with variously-spaced, inset pahoehoe slabs. The slabs average 0.30 m in diameter and are spaced from 0.40 to 2.00 m apart along the intact section of the trail. The western end of the trail is currently at the eastern edge of an extensive bulldozed area, 35.00 m from Feature A at 310 degrees Az. At the time of Soehren's survey (1975), the trail continued west to the coastal ponds at Honokohau (Soehren 1977:2). The intact portion of the trail follows a generally east-west orientation, while following the upper, northern edge of the aa flow. At the west end, orientation is c.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 167 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 50 degrees Az., then shifts to 80 degrees near the eastern end, at Feature I. Along the course of the trail, there are two branches that cut north, down the face of the flow to Features E, F and G. These branches do not have stepping-stones. There is an unmarked survey datum pipe in the center of the trail, above Feature E. 7.1.12 50-10-27-13284 (Donham 1990c:A-30) PHRI: T-32 SITE TYPE: Complex (4 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Small ridge of smooth and ropy pahoehoe. VEGETATION: Thick to moderate density of grass, small ʻilima and koa-haole and kiawe bushes. ELEVATION: c. 9-20 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: Overall site complex area measures c. 55.0 m (N-S). It consists of pahoehoe slabs and blocks placed in four concentrated areas. FEATURE A: Rock concentration FUNCTION: Possible agriculture DIMENSIONS: 1.27 m by 1.20 m by 0.40 m DESCRIPTION: Feature A consists of seven pahoehoe slabs with surface cortex and eight pahoehoe blocks. The blocks range in size from 15x11x3 to 42x28x17 cm. Some of the stones are placed on edge in a small concentrated area and stacked to two courses high. FEATURE B: Rock concentration FUNCTION: Possible agriculture DIMENSIONS: 2.90 m by 2.80 m by 0.30 m DESCRIPTION: A rock concentration consisting of 20+ pahoehoe slabs stacked one to two courses high on top of smooth pahoehoe surface. The slabs range in size from 16x13x4 cm to 60x27x6 cm. No obvious form or pattern is evident. This feature is located 46.80 m from feature A at 12 degrees Az. FEATURE C: Rock concentration FUNCTION: Agriculture DIMENSIONS: 2.60 m by 2.10 m by 0.52 m DESCRIPTION: Feature C is a pile of 20 pahoehoe slabs situated on the northeast slope of a ridge. It lies on smooth, ropy pahoehoe and is surrounded by fountain grass ʻilima, kiawe trees and an unidentified weed. The dimensions of the slabs range from 17x 10x4 cm to 88x42x 11 cm. This feature is located 53.5 m from Feature A at 348 degrees Az. FEATURE D: Rock concentration FUNCTION: Possible marker DIMENSIONS: 1.70 m by 1.50 m by 0.30 m Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 168 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 DESCRIPTION: Amorphous in plan view, it is constructed with pahoehoe blocks and slabs. 7.1.13 13286 (Donham 1990c:A-30-A-32) PHRI: T-34 SITE TYPE: Complex ( 10 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Smooth pahoehoe ridge oriented c. NE-SW. VEGETATION: Moderate density of fountain grass, small ʻilima and koa-haole bushes. ELEVATION: c. 13-17 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-early historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminate/ markers/possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: Overall complex area measures c. 31.0 m (NE-SW) by 74.0 m (NW-SE). The site consists of an alignment of four cairns (Feature A), a mound (Feature B), an alignment (Feature C), a rock concentration (Feature D), a mound (Feature E), a wall (Feature F), and four concentrated areas of boulders, slabs and stacked pahoehoe slabs (Features G to J). FEATURE A: Alignment of cairns FUNCTION: Possible marker DIMENSIONS: 2.14 m by 0.64 m by 0.40 m DESCRIPTION: Feature A consists of four short stacks or piles of pahoehoe slabs in an alignment that is oriented c. SE-NW. The cairns are single stacked to five courses high. The slabs of pahoehoe are fairly uniform in size and are placed on top of smooth pahoehoe. The stacks range in dimensions from 30x28x16 cm to 77x50x40 cm. FEATURE B: Mound FUNCTION: Possible agriculture/marker DIMENSIONS: 8.25 m by 2.10 m by 0.21 m DESCRIPTION: This feature lies on top of a small ridge. It consists of a circular pile of pahoehoe slabs on an area of smooth pahoehoe. Twenty-five pahoehoe slabs have been moved from an unknown area and placed in a nearly circular form on top of a small ridge. The northwest side of the feature is double stacked and the southeast side of the feature is single stacked. The smallest pahoehoe slab measures c. 9x5x2 cm and the largest pahoehoe slab measures c. 30x39x6 cm. This feature could possibly be a collapsed cairn. It is located 12.20 m from Feature A at 323 degrees Az. FEATURE C: Alignment/low wall FUNCTION: Indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 1.36 m by 0.62 m by 0.26 m DESCRIPTION: A small semicircular alignment of pahoehoe slabs, single to three slabs high. It consists of two single slabs of pahoehoe placed next to each
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 169 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 other with a stack of three slabs on one end. The slabs range in size from 36x25xl0 cm to 55x50x6 cm. Located 5.70 m from Feature A at 28 degrees Az. FEATURE D: Rock concentration FUNCTION: Possible marker DIMENSIONS: 0.50 m by 0.38 m by 0.17 m DESCRIPTION: A concentration of six small pahoehoe slabs, four of which arc in a single stack. Located 5.70 m northeast from Feature C. FEATURE E: Mound FUNCTION: Marker/indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 3.40 m by 2.15 m by 0.31 m DESCRIPTION: Two small stacks of pahoehoe slabs c. 1.65 m apart with other scatter of slabs in the surrounding area. The south stack is c. 20+ small pahoehoe slabs arranged in a low circular pile measuring c. 1.0 m (N-S) by 0.75 m (E-W) with other slabs scattered to the south. The north stack consists of four pahoehoe slabs one on top another and measuring c. 0.4 7 m (E-W) by 0.40 m (N-S). Three additional slabs are to the southeast. Feature E is constructed on top of smooth, fairly flat pahoehoe, and located 13.60 m from Feature A at 60 degrees Az. FEATURE F: Wall FUNCTION: Indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 2.85 m by 0. 70 m by 0.60 m DESCRIPTION: Stacked pahoehoe blocks on the lip of a sinkhole. The wall is constructed with single stacked pahoehoe blocks stacked c. 3-4 courses high. The wall is oriented E-W. The height on the west side is c. 0.60 m and on the east side it is c. 0.30-0.50 m high. The average block measures c. 28x22x 12 cm. It is located 45.30 m from Feature B at 296 degrees Az. FEATURE G: Boulder concentration FUNCTION: Possible agriculture DIMENSIONS: 6.30 m by 5.10 m by 1.20 m DESCRIPTION: A concentration of angular boulders partially filling a sinkhole which contains an overhang along the north rim. A small cleared area is situated at the opening of the overhang. The boulders are randomly placed in the sinkhole, with the average size of the angular boulders measuring c. 50 x 30 x 30 cm. Located 23.10 m from Feature F at 354 degrees Az. FEATURE H: Stacked pahoehoe FUNCTION: Possible marker DIMENSIONS: 0.88 m by 0.52 m by 0.31 m DESCRIPTION: Four slabs of pahoehoe stacked one on top of another atop flat, smooth pahoehoe blister. No vegetation within 2.0 m of the feature. Fountain grass and small ʻilima comprise the vegetation. FEATURE I: Stacked pahoehoe FUNCTION: Possible marker DIMENSIONS: 2.60 m by 1.72 m by 0.21 m Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 170 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 DESCRIPTION: Feature I consists of three columns of stacked pahoehoe slabs. The west column consists of two single slabs. The middle column consists of four slabs, one to three courses high. The east column consists of four slabs, one to two courses high. The slabs range in size from 30x26x5 cm to 74x65x6 cm. The feature is located 12.80 m northeast from Feature F. FEATURE J: Stacked pahoehoe FUNCTION: Indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 1.20 m by 0.95 m by 0.28 m DESCRIPTION: Feature J consists of two columns of pahoehoe slabs stacked on top of a smooth pahoehoe surface. The NE column consists of two stacks, stacked two slabs high. The SW column consists of three stacks, stacked one-two slabs high. All slabs measure c. 37x28x4 cm. 7.1.14 50-10-27-13288 (Donham 1990c:A-34) PHRI: T-37 SITE TYPE: Retaining wall/terrace TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating pahoehoe and aa lava flows. 1-2% slope to the south. Bedrock outcrop immediately adjacent to the northwest. VEGETATION: Christmas-berry, kiawe, fountain grass, ʻilima, and noni. ELEVATION: c. 22 feet CONDITION: Fair-good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Loading ramp DIMENSIONS: 11.50 m by 1.00 m by 1.30 m DESCRIPTION: A stacked wall constructed with basalt boulders and cobbles. It is oriented NE-SW and built on the southeast side of a bedrock outcrop. The wall is stacked three to six courses high and c. 0.80-1.0 m wide. A terrace abuts the bedrock and is c. 6.0-6.25 in wide. The surface of the terrace is flat and roughly level with areas of asphalt paving. There is a bulldozed slope oriented to the northeast from the terrace for c. 15.0 m to a jeep road. One short section of this slope also has a faced retainment oriented N-S. 2.9 m wide, one to three courses high for a height range of 0.25-0.5 m. The terrace and the bulldozed slope may have been used for dumping or for asphalt tar preparation. Immediately adjacent to the southwest end of the terrace is a large pile of metal tar barrels. Other historic rubbish is in the immediate area. 7.1.15 50-10-27-13289 (Donham 1990c:A-34-A36) PHRI: T-38 SITE TYPE: Complex (15 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating field of smooth and ropy pahoehoe with numerous natural crevices. VEGETATION: Moderate density of grass, small ʻilima, and lantana bushes, some kiawe, and small Christmas-berry trees.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 171 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 ELEVATION: c. 9-10 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-early historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry/possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: Overall complex area measures c. 49.75 m (N-S) at 358 degrees by 27.14 m (E-W). The site consists of 15 quarried holes with associated excavated blocks. The blocks range in size from 9x6x4 cm to 78x3lx28 cm. Thin soil deposits are in Features I and J. Four waterworn basalt cobbles and one piece of coral are present. FEATURE A: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.01 m by 0.92 m by 0.45 m DESCRIPTION: This square-shaped excavation is in a large cracked blister. The floor interior is cleared and all faces are excavated. The thickness of the excavated faces ranges from 0.27-0.33 m. The excavated blocks are north, east, and south of the excavation. One piece of waterworn coral is located c. 2.24 m from the southwest comer of Feature A. FEATURE B: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 5.65 m by 3.14 m by 0.55 m DESCRIPTION: A large L-shaped excavated area quarried in a large cracked blister. Excavated in smooth and ropy pahoehoe with the quarried blocks inside of the excavated hole and around all edges. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.17-0.31 cm with the depth ranging from 0.32 m to 0.55 m below surface. FEATURE C: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.68 m by 1.05 m by 0.41 m DESCRIPTION: A small excavation with a partially cleared floor quarried into a large pahoehoe blister. The excavated blocks are piled to the east and south of the excavation. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.16 m and the depth ranges from 0.13 m to 0.41 m below surface. FEATURE D: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.04 m by 0.95 m by 0.42 m DESCRIPTION: Oblong shape in plan, the interior is cleared except for a few angular cobbles. The quarried blocks are placed exterior of and along the western half of the feature. A waterworn cobble/boulder with one battered end lies on the southeast floor of the feature. It measures c. 19x 12x8 cm. The thickness of the excavated face ranges 18-20 cm. Old pahoehoe is visible as the interior floor surface. FEATURE E: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 172 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 DIMENSIONS: 0.54 m by 0.39 m by 0.48 m DESCRIPTION: Triangular shape in plan it is mostly cleared of quarried material. The quarried material is placed north of the feature. The thickness of the excavated face is 19-23 cm. FEATURE F: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.30 m by 1.17 m by 0.45 m DESCRIPTION: A fully excavated and cleared pahoehoe blister. Quarried blocks form a semicircular shape on the southwest side of the pahoehoe excavation. There are blocks within the feature that are possibly natural. The thickness of the excavated face ranges from 17 cm to 29 cm. FEATURE G: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 0.80 m by 0.30 m by 0.49 m DESCRIPTION: Feature G consists mostly of a natural crack along a blister from which rocks were removed. The quarried blocks were removed and placed on the southwest and west side of the feature. The thickness of the excavated face is c. 23 cm. FEATURE H: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 0.65 m by 0.60 m by 0.23 m DESCRIPTION: A small excavated crack with a cleared floor. The quarried blocks are placed south, east, and west of the excavation. The maximum depth of the hole is c. 0. 7 m. A small waterworn pebble is present c. 1.87 m at 193 degrees from the south comer of Feature H. FEATURE I: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry/possible agriculture DIMENSIONS: 0.90 m by 0. 76 m by 0.20 m DESCRIPTION: Roughly rectangular shape in plan, with quarried blocks placed c. 0.50 m to the northwest. The thickness of the excavated face is c. 15-20 cm. A deposit of brown, gravelly soil loam, c. 0.05 m thick, occurs in the interior floor of Feature I. FEATURE J: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.88 m by 1.00 m by 0.38 m DESCRIPTION: A rectangular shaped collapsed blister with three faces excavated and with some displacement of broken cobbles. The floor interior is fairly cleared of quarried material. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.14-0.22 m. The depth ranges from 0.22-0.38 m below surface. One waterworn basalt hammerstone measuring c. 22x23x17 cm with two battered comers is in the southeast comer of Feature J. FEATURE K: Pahoehoe excavation
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 173 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.69 m by 1.14 m by 0.22 m DESCRIPTION: Rectangular shape in plan, all faces are excavated. The floor interior is fairly cleared with blocks placed east and west of the excavation. The depth of the feature ranges between 0.45-0.63 m below surface. Two layers of pahoehoe area are excavated and the thickness of the excavated face averages 0.22m. FEATURE L: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.22 m by 1.15 m by 0.43 m max. depth DESCRIPTION: A collapsed blister with three excavated faces. The floor interior is cleared with the quarried blocks placed along the north and southwest edges. The thickness of the excavated faces are 0.9-0.28 m. The range of depth is 0.15-0.43 m below surface. One waterworn basalt hammerstone measuring c. 35x28x 18 cm is present c. 1.45 m southeast of Feature L. It shows evidence of battering on one end. FEATURE M: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.34 m by 2.20 m by 0.62 m maximum depth DESCRIPTION: Generally rectangular shape in plan with all faces excavated. The floor is partially cleared with quarried blocks in the hole and around the edges. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.21 to 0.37 m. The depth range is 0.40 to 0.62 m below surface. It is situated within a small outcrop of pahoehoe blister that consists of slight faulting and cracks at the north end of the site. One mammal bone fragment is present in the southeast comer of the excavated hole. FEATURE N: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 0.36 m by 0.00 m by 0.31 m DESCRIPTION: A small collapsed area with one face excavated. The excavated blocks are removed and the floor interior is clear of material. The thickness of the excavated face averages 0.22 m. It is situated on a small outcrop of pahoehoe at the north end of the site. FEATURE O: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 0.46 m by 0.00 m by 0.32 m DESCRIPTION: A small cracked and partially collapsed blister with an excavated face along the NW side of the collapse. Quarried blocks occur inside the excavation. Thickness of the excavated face averages 0.16 m. 7.1.16 50-10-27-13290 (Donham 1990c:A-36-A-38) PHRI: T-39 SITE TYPE: Complex (6 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: The site is situated on uneven pahoehoe flow with collapsed blisters, cracks and faulted areas. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 174 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 VEGETATION: Moderate density of grass, small lantana, and ʻilima bushes. ELEVATION: c. 9-10 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-early historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry/agriculture DESCRIPTION: The overall complex area measures c. 35.9 m at 160 degrees by 7.45 m. The quarried blocks range in size from 12x9x5 cm to 42x36x29 cm and are either in the excavations or around the perimeters. A large waterworn basalt hammerstone is present on the site; no soil was observed in the excavations. FEATURE A: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.83 m by 1.72 m by 0.48 m DESCRIPTION: Feature A is a blister with all faces excavated and with the quarried blocks placed along the northeast edge. There are also a few blocks on the feature floor. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.29 m. FEATURE B: Pahoehoe excavation Figure A-13 FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.53 m by 0.47 m maximum depth DESCRIPTION: Feature B consists of an excavation along a faulted face, 2.79 m southeast from Feature A. Thickness of the excavated pahoehoe face is 0.24 m. The quarried blocks are in a concentrated area east of the excavation. FEATURE C: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.78 m by 0.85 m by 0.74 m DESCRIPTION: Feature Cis situated at the south end of a small pahoehoe ridge, 14.1 m south from Feature A. All faces are mined with the associated blocks concentrated to the east. The floor is partially cleared of excavated blocks. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.39 m. FEATURE D: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 0.82 m by 0.51 m by 0.33 m DESCRIPTION: Feature 0 is a blister excavation, 30.93 m south from Feature A. It shows evidence of all faces being quarried with the associated blocks located around the excavated hole. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.22 m. One waterworn basalt measuring c. 29x 19x 17 cm with some evidence of battering is present 0.93 m north of Feature D. It is located on the north to west side of a large collapsed blister. FEATURE E: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.35 m by 1.00 m by 0.63 m DESCRIPTION: Feature E consists of a blister excavation. 30.35 m southeast from Feature A. It shows evidence of all faces being quarried and has been cleared
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 175 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 of loose rubble. The associated blocks are located around the excavated hole. The thickness of the excavated face is 30 cm. The depth ranges from 0.5 Ito 0.63 m below surface. It is located on the north to west side of a large collapsed blister. FEATURE F: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 3.96 m by 1.40 m by 0.47 m DESCRIPTION: A blister excavation with evidence of all faces being quarried. The associated blocks are located around the perimeter of the excavated hole. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.20 to 0.24 m. The depth of the hole ranges from 0.34 to 0.47 m below ground surface. It is located on the north and west side of a large collapsed blister, 31.93 m southeast from Feature A. 7.1.17 50-10-27-13291 (Donham 1990c:A-38) PHRI: T-40 SITE TYPE: Complex (6 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Gently undulating smooth and ropy pahoehoe with natural cracks. The surface area is littered with pahoehoe pebbles. VEGETATION: Moderate thick density of grasses, small ʻilima, kiawe bushes, and two small Christmas-berry trees. ELEVATION: c. 9 feet CONDITION: Fair INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-early historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry DESCRIPTION: Overall complex area measures c. 14.0 mat 272 degrees by 17.5 m. The site consists of six pahoehoe excavations (Features A-F). No soil or cultural deposits were observed in or around the excavations. A single piece of waterworn coral is present near Feature A. There appears to be some bulldozer activity to the southeast of the site area. c. 10-20 m. It is probably associated with a nearby roadway. FEATURE A: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 4.43 m by 2.44 m by 0.47 m DESCRIPTION: Feature A is an excavated pahoehoe blister. It is roughly rectangular shape in plan with associated blocks piled along the edge to the south. Some blocks are present on the floor surface. The overall feature, including the quarried block pile, measures c. 7.37 mat 115 degrees by 4.84 m. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.33 m. The excavated blocks average size measures c. 36x20x16 cm. One piece of waterworn coral is present. FEATURE B: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.36 m by 1.22 m by 0.54 m DESCRIPTION: Generally rectangular shape in plan, Feature B consists of an excavated pahoehoe blister. The excavated blocks are piled along the southern edge Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 176 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 and scattered on the floor interior. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.21 m on the southeast side and 0.25 m on the northwest side. The maximum depth ranges from 0.46 to 0.54 m below surface. This excavation is 0.52 m east from Feature A. FEATURE C: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 3.12 m by 2.00 m by 0.45 m DESCRIPTION: Feature C consists of an excavated pahoehoe blister, 5.62 m east from Feature B. It is roughly rectangular shape in plan, and all faces show evidence of quarrying. The associated quarried blocks are piled along the northern and the western edge. The total area including the excavated hole and the quarried block piles measures 4.73 m at 74 degrees by 5.49 m. The thickness of the excavated face measures 0.32 m. The average quarried block size is 35xl9xl5 cm. FEATURE D: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.1.8 m by 1.35 m by 0.46 m DESCRIPTION: Feature D is an excavated pahoehoe blister, 5.6 m southeast from Feature A. It is generally rectangular shape in plan, and excavated blocks are stacked on all sides of the excavated area. The average block size measures c. 20x 16 x27 cm. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.26 m. FEATURE E: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.90 m by 1.12 m by 0.47 m DESCRIPTION: Feature E is an excavated pahoehoe blister located adjacent 10 Feature D. It is generally rectangular shape in plan, with an excavated face thickness of 0.30 m. The average block size measures 20xl6x27 cm. FEATURE F: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.75 m by 1.06 m by 0.48 m DESCRIPTION: An excavated crevice, it is in an area of natural collapse in which large and small angular rocks were removed and placed northwest of the feature. Feature F contains three faces that are excavated with three to four large rocks within the excavation. It is located 2.10 m northwest from Feature A. There are small angular blocks to the east that may have naturally collapsed into the feature interior. There are c. 100+ excavated blocks in and around the feature. The average size of the blocks is 27x22x18 cm. The overall feature dimensions including the scattered blocks measures c. 5.68 m (E-W) by 3.85 m (N-S). 7.1.18 50-10-27-13292 (Donham 1990c:A-39) PHRI: T-41 SITE TYPE: Complex (18 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Terrain consists of a ridge of faulted and cracked smooth and ropy pahoehoe that is oriented c. N-S.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 177 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 VEGETATION: Sparse fountain grass, a few small lantana and ʻilima bushes, and two Christmas-berry trees on the a ridge. ELEVATION: c. 9 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-early historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry/possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: The overall site complex consists of 18 pahoehoe excavations. The total area measures c. 5290 m (N-S) by 17.5 m (E-W). The excavated areas range in size from c. 0.66-4.60 m x 0.4-1.82 m with face thicknesses of c. 0.10-0.32 m and total depths of c. 0.54-0.61 m below surface. The pahoehoe excavations consists of eight fault excavations, six blister excavations, three crevices and one collapsed blister excavation. The pahoehoe excavation complex contains c. four excavated faces per feature. Six of the features have totally cleared floors and within four of these there are no associated blocks present. The remaining features have quarried blocks within the excavations or in close proximity to the excavated edges. The blocks range in size from 8x7x9 cm to 55x42x26 cm. One waterworn basalt with evidence of battering marks was present along the southeast boundary of the site. Three Cypraeidae shell fragments were also observed scattered on the site surface. No soil was observed in the excavations. 7.1.19 50-10-27-13293 (Donham 1990c:A-39) PHRI: T-42 SITE TYPE: Complex (9 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Situated between two low ridges of pahoehoe, the terrain is of undulating pahoehoe flow consisting of small cracks and natural faulting. VEGETATION: Moderate to thick grass, small ʻilima and koa-haole bushes; Christmas-berry, and kiawe trees. ELEVATION: c. 9 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry/possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: The overall complex area measures c. 23.8 m at 26 degrees by 13.8 m. This site consists of a rock alignment (Feature A) and eight pahoehoe excavations. No soil or portable remains were observed. FEATURE A: Alignment FUNCTION: Indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 2.25 m by 1. 70 m by 0.35 m DESCRIPTION: An area of smooth pahoehoe and natural collapse which features a C-shape alignment of pahoehoe blocks. There are c. 15+ angular pahoehoe rocks and slabs placed in a single stacked C-shape alignment The blocks range in size Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 178 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 from 15xl3x8 cm to 31x26x28 cm. Some of the rocks were scattered around the alignment. The interior measures 1.12 m (N-S) by 1.05 m (E-W). FEATURE: Pahoehoe excavation (8) FUNCTION: Quarry/possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: This area consists of eight pahoehoe excavations: six blister type excavations and two crevice type excavations. Three of these have cleared floors. All excavations exhibit at least one to four excavated faces with only one layer of pahoehoe quarried. The floors are the exposed second layer of pahoehoe. The quarried basalt blocks are either on the floor of the excavations or along the perimeters in circular alignments. The average block size is c. 28x18x 12 cm: the average excavated area is c. 1.97 m by 0.66 m: the excavated face thickness ranges from 0.11 to 0.34 m and the depth of the excavations range from 0.26 to 0.81 m be/surface. 7.1.20 50-10-27-13294 (Donham 1990c:A-39-–A-43) (Figure 114) PHRI: T-43 SITE TYPE: Complex (73 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Relatively level pahoehoe with an adjacent aa finger flow. There are collapsed tubes in the area and modified shallow blisters. VEGETATION: Fountain grass, noni trees, kiawe, koa-haole, ʻilima, some Christmas-berry, and lantana. Approximately 30% of the surface area is covered with vegetation. The remaining portions are bare. ELEVATION: c. 9 feet CONDmON: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Indeterminate/prehistoric-historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture DESCRIPTION: The overall complex area measures c. 110.0 m (E-W) by 84.0 m (N.S). The site complex is divided into four quads for counting the pahoehoe excavations. A 20.0 by 20.0 m sample area in the SE corner of the SW quad was mapped. and individual features (A through F) were recorded [Figure 114]. Features recorded and/or counted include a cairn (Feature A), an alignment (Feature B), a pile of pahoehoe blocks (Feature F), and 70 pahoehoe excavations Features C-E, G-1, and 64 additional excavations. The site is affected along the SW and S side by airport construction and a service road and was possibly larger. Soil deposits were observed in Features G, H, and I, and portable remains observed include waterworn pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, stoneware pottery sherds, and modem bottle glass. FEATURE A: Cairn FUNCTION: Marker DIMENSIONS: 2.52 m by 2.34 m by 0.64 m DESCRIPTION: The cairn is situated on a natural outcrop of aa at the southwest end of the site. Feature A is constructed with piled pahoehoe blocks at the bottom
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 179 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 114. SIHP # -13294 plan view (Donham 1990c:A-40) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 180 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 and with aa rocks at the top. There are c. l00+ rough aa boulders and cobbles and c. 20+ pahoehoe blocks. Presently, it is in a collapsed condition. A waterworn cobble hammerstone with two battered ends lies on top of the eastern side of the cairn. In addition, there are three small coral fragments and a small waterworn cobble 1.2 m west of Feature A. FEATURE B: Alignment FUNCTION: Indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 3.37 m by 2.48 m by 0.45 m DESCRIPTION: A roughly U-shaped alignment, 2-3 courses wide and 1-3 courses high. It is constructed with blocks of pahoehoe and aa. Clinker size pieces of pahoehoe and aa are on top of the feature and in portions around the alignment. Two waterworn basalt fragments and broken glass are present Feature B is situated at the far SW comer of the site, near the fence line along the old airport runway. FEATURE C: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 12.35 m by 3.40 m by 0.39 m DESCRIPTION: Feature C is situated at the southwest comer of the site, adjacent to Feature B. It consists of a quarried blister with a partially cleared floor. A second layer of pahoehoe is exposed. There are c. 16 blocks located to the SW of the excavated area. and one small pile of aa and pahoehoe cobbles located on the NW edge of the excavated area. This small pile of cobbles measures c. 1.22 m (N-S) by 0.98 m (E-W). It is piled 2-3 courses high and is c. 0.34 m above the ground surface. The thickness of the excavated face ranges from 0.14-0.37 m and the depth ranges from 0.14-0.39 cm below surface. No soil is present. The portable remains consists of Cellana, rock oyster, and Cypraeidae shell fragments, two pieces of coral, one waterworn basalt, glass sherds, and tin cans. FEATURE D: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 9.50 m by 4.00 m by 0.30 m DESCRIPTION: Feature D is located immediately south of Feature B. The main portion of the pahoehoe excavation is roughly circular in plan and measures c. 2.90 m in diameter. It is a broad, shallow hole with a slightly sloping rough floor. Most of the blocks were removed from the excavation, which is possibly the source for the Feature B alignment. There are extensions along crevices from the east side and the northwest side of the excavation. Both extensions are 3.2 m in length and are 0.6 to 1. 7 m wide. They contain the same flat, rough and cleared floor. The mined basalt is uniform vesicular with no air pockets. Only one layer was mined. A thin pocket of reddish-brown soil is present in the lowest point of the excavation near the center. One waterworn coral pebble, two pieces shatter from a basalt hammerstone, and brown bottle glass are present. The hammerstone shatter pieces were broken from the hammerstone currently located at Feature E.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 181 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 FEATURE E: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 4.50 m by 3.80 m by 0.23 m DESCRIPTION: Feature E is located 2.00 m east from Feature D. It is a broad, roughly circular, shallow hole with a flat rough floor. All faces were excavated except the SE side. Most of the excavated blocks were removed, however there are c. 12 large blocks remaining in the excavation. Some of the blocks are scattered on the aa flow to the east and a few to the north. The overall feature dimensions including the scatter is c. 6.8 m (N-S) by 5.7 m (E-W). A large basalt boulder hammerstone is present inside the excavation, against the west wall. It has several flakes removed from it and appears to be the source for flakes observed scattered in the area of Features A-F. FEATURE F: Block pile FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.60 m by 1.40 m by 0.40 m DESCRIPTION: Feature F is located 2.20 m northwest of Feature D. It is a roughly curved pile of large excavated blocks, some of which are loosely stacked to two courses high. It is constructed with c. 50 pahoehoe blocks with three large aa cobbles. One broken waterwom boulder and one large flake from the Feature E hammerstone were also present. Feature D may be the possible quarry source for this rock pile. FEATURE G: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Possible agriculture DIMENSIONS: 2.40 m by 1.90 m by 1.00 m DESCIRPTION: Feature G consists of an excavated blister and edge of finger. The overall feature area is c. 4.1 m (E-W) by 3.5 m (N-S). Two pahoehoe layers were excavated, however, the upper layer is broken off in a wider area than the lower, forming a shelf along the SW side of the hole. The upper layer of lava is 0.32 m thick and the lower layer is 0.27 m thick. Broken and excavated blocks are loosely stacked on the north side of the excavation, forming a C-shaped perimeter around the depression. The base of the hole is filled with broken pieces of pebble size basalt. Brown soil mixed with pebble and gravel size pieces is also visible at the bottom of the hole. FEATURE H: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Agriculture DIMENSIONS: 3.50 m by 1.60 m by 0. 70 m DESCRIPTION: The overall feature measures c. 6.5 m (N-S) by 5.5 m (E-W). Excavated blocks are used to make two compartments inside of the excavated blister and as perimeter around the lower north side. Large naturally collapsed slabs were moved out of the hole. They measure c. l.0x0.8x0.25 m. Other blocks were knocked off and arranged in a semicircle around Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 182 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 the western compartment and encircle the eastern compartment. All are haphazardly stacked two courses high. The east side of the western compartment has a cleared floor and the west side has pebbles and soil. A small overhang is situated at the west end of the western compartment. The western compartment measures c. 1.70 m (E-W) by 0.70 m (N-S). The eastern compartment is all pebbles and soil fill with some slabs set on edge around the perimeter. The eastern compartment measures c. 1.0 m (N-S) by 0.57 m (E-W). A small overhang is also present at the east end. Two layers of pahoehoe were excavated. The upper layer is 0.25 m thick and the lower layer is 0.23 m thick. Feature H is located 3.70 m east of Feature G, and is on the same pahoehoe finger. FEATURE I: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Possible agriculture DIMENSIONS: 7.40 m by 4. 70 m by 0.40 m DESCRIPTION: Feature I is c. 6. 7 m east of Feature H. Very large blocks are removed from an excavated blister to form a crude enclosure around the excavation. The aligned debris goes around the west, north and east sides. There is a slight break in the center on the north side. The interior measures c. 3.5 m (E-W) by 2.5 m (N-S) and averages c. 0.9 m wide. Most of the excavation is loosely filled with blocks except for a small hole that contains pebbles and soil. At the SE end is a filled crevice that has a relatively level surface. It measures c. 1.8 m (N-S) by 1.2 m (E-W) and goes under an overhang with a ceiling heightof0.4 m above the top of the rock fill. The overhang is c. 1.4 m wide and 0.6 m deep. The depth of the fill appears to be at least three layers of blocks. At the east end, mixed with small pieces of debris, on top the pahoehoe surface at the base of the slope, are several pieces of broken branch coral and basalt hammerstone shatter and flakes. FEATURE - : Pahoehoe excavation (35) FUNCTION: Quarry/agriculture DESCRIPTION: The northeast quadrant of the site contains at least 35 pahoehoe excavations, including 15 excavated blisters, 13 crevices and seven faults. Of these 35 features, 19 have totally or partially cleared floors. Five of these features have an absence of excavated blocks. In the other cases, most blocks are either in the excavated holes and or in close proximity to the edges. For most cases, only the top layer of pahoehoe has been excavated and the floor is fairly level exposing the second layer of pahoehoe. The excavated areas range in size from c. 0.90 m (NE-SW) by 0.38 m (NW-SE) with excavated face thickness of c. 0.33 m and a total depth of c. 0.52 m below surface, to c. 3.55 m (NE-SW) by 1.83 m (NW-SE) with an excavated face thickness of c. 0.13-0.28 m and a total depth of c. 0.28-0.61 m below surface.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 183 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 There is a moderate density of recent garbage in the area, various marine shell, coral and two waterworn basalt boulders, the larger of which contains battering on one end. Sparse soil deposits have also collected in the cracks. FEATURE - : Pahoehoe excavation (3) FUNCTION: Quarry/possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: The southeast quadrant of the site contains three pahoehoe excavations. Two of these features are single-faced excavations between boundaries of pahoehoe and aa flows. Their floors are partially cleared, but contain many cobble-sized aa pieces. The third feature is a blister excavation, which is also near the aa and pahoehoe boundary. The average excavated face length is 2.25 m and the average thickness of the excavated face is c. 0.18 m. The three excavations range in depth from 0.26 to 0.64 m below surface. Most of the excavated blocks are absent from the area. Some larger blocks are strewn c. 6.0 m to the south of the two single faced excavations. A few of the blocks are also located in the third excavated blister floor and along the SE face. Historic garbage consisting of wood, nails, broken beer bottles are scattered throughout the quad. Near the roadway, much midden scatter and the evidence of bulldozer activity was visible. Coral fragments and shell fragments occur near the aa flow edge. FEATURE - : Pahoehoe excavation (23) FUNCTION: Possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: The northwest quadrant consists of 23 excavated areas and one alignment. Formal variants include eight totally cleared shallow crevices, six deep, narrow crevices with pebble fill and three to four backfilled crevices. The northern boundary is very indistinct and abuts SIHP Site No. 13386. Across the south half, and extending E-W is a raised finger with several excavations. To the north is a low area of broken pahoehoe and some aa. Features G, H, and I are situated along north face of the finger. They appear to be possible planting areas based on morphology, presence of soil, pebble fill, depth and exposure. A circular alignment of odd-shaped blocks is situated on the flat at the northern end. The interior dimensions are c. 1.3 by 1.2 m and contains a flat and cleared surface. Portable remains consists of a basalt hammerstone flake, waterworn coral and basalt, shell midden, basalt shatter, and stoneware sherds. FEATURE -: Pahoehoe excavation (12) FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 50.00 m by 42.00 m DESCRIPTION: The southwest quadrant contains at least 12 features. There are three excavated crevices along an up thrust of ropy pahoehoe at the west boundary. Two broad shallow excavations are at the northeast comer of the quadrant, the smaller of which is backfilled with blocks and the larger one which is empty. Also, an excavated blister is visible just southwest of the area. An excavated crevice at the western boundary of the site contains broken pebble-size pieces of pahoehoe Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 184 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 and two waterworn cobbles, one of which is ground. It is a moist crevice with a small overhang on the south side. It measures c. 0.6 m deep with an opening of c. 0.8 m by 0.15 m and a ceiling height of c. 0.35 m. Blocks are scattered along the sides of the excavation. The western boundary of the site is c. 10.0 m from SIHP Site No. 13353, a complex consisting of modified anchialine pools and petroglyphs. 7.1.21 50-10-27-13295 (Donham 1990c:A-43–A-44) PHRI: T-44 SITE TYPE: Complex (10 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: A small ridge of smooth and ropy pahoehoe oriented roughly E-W. VEGETATION: Moderate grasses, small ʻilima and lantana bushes, and small Christmas-berry trees. ELEVATION: c. 9-10 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-early historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry DESCRIPTION: Site complex consists of quarried faces of pahoehoe with blocks either closely associated around the excavation or in the hole. Two pieces of coral are present at Features H and I. FEATURE A: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.51 m by 1.39 m by 0.48 m DESCRIPTION: Generally rectangular shape in plan with associated blocks placed on the east and southeast edges of the hole. The floor is partially cleared of excavated blocks. The overall feature including the scattered blocks measures 2.98 m (NW-SE) by 2.25 m (NE-SW). The thickness of the excavated face is 0.21 m. FEATURE B: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 0.98 m by 0.88 m by 0.52 m DESCRIPTION: Feature B is a pahoehoe excavation blister, located 2.25 m west from Feature A. A few excavated blocks are to the southeast of the excavation and many blocks are inside: The total feature area including the excavated material measures c. 1.83 m at 232 degrees by 2.37 m. The thickness of the excavated face is c. 0.25 m. FEATURE C: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 4.14 m by 0.96 m by 0.68 m DESCRIPTION: An excavated fault in which both faces were excavated. The floor is cleared of quarried material, some of which appear to be downhill to the east and south. The total area measures 4.19 mat 150 degrees by 6.05 m. The
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 185 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 thickness of the excavated face is c. 0.39 m. Feature C is 2.90 mat 150 degrees Az. from Feature A. FEATURE D: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 3.82 m by 0.45 m by 0.54 m DESCRIPTION: Feature D is an excavated crevice situated 4.6 m from Feature A at 208 degrees Az. The excavation is generally cleared of rubble, which is concentrated to the southeast of the crevice. The overall feature area including the quarried material measures 3.82 mat 80 degrees by 5.74 m. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.27 m. FEATURE E: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.96 m by 0.69 m by 0.37 m DESCRIPTION: Feature E is an excavated blister and fault situated on top of smooth and ropy pahoehoe on the north edge of a small depression. It is 7.11 m at 248 degrees Az. from Feature A. It consists of a square hole excavated through a blister, and an excavated face along a small fault adjacent the blister. Quarried blocks are located to the southwest and northeast of the excavated area. The overall feature area measures 4.31 m at 284 degrees by 4.51 m. The thickness of the excavated face ranges from 0.08-0.27 m. The depth ranges from 0.08-0.37 m below surface. Thick grass is growing in the excavation. FEATURE F: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.15 m by 0.64 m by 0.43 m DESCRIPTION: Feature F is an excavated blister located 15.05 mat 263 degrees Az. from Feature A. All faces of the feature are excavated and the floor is partially cleared of loose rubble. Quarried blocks are placed on the seaward (west) side of the excavation. The thickness of the excavated face is 0.24 m. FEATURE G: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 132 m by 0.91 m by 0.53 m DESCRIPTION: Feature G is an excavated blister located 17.71 m from Feature A at 265 degrees Az. All faces of the feature are excavated and the floor is partially cleared of rubble. Quarried blocks are placed on the seaward (west) side of the excavation. The excavated pahoehoe face here is 0.30 m thick. FEATURE H: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.59 m by 1.19 m by 0.47 m DESCRIPTION: Feature H is an excavated blister located 19.22 m at 269 degrees Az. from Feature A. All faces of the feature are excavated and the floor is partially cleared of loose rubble. Quarried blocks are placed on the seaward (west) side of the excavation. Thickness of the excavated pahoehoe layer is 0.28 m. One piece of coral was located 1.84 m to the northwest of Feature H. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 186 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 FEATURE I: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.17 m by 1.12 m by 0.46 m DESCRIPTION: Feature I is another excavated blister located 17.54 m from Feature A at 270 degrees Az. All faces of this feature are excavated and the floor is partially cleared of loose rubble. Quarried blocks are placed on the seaward (west) side of the excavation. Thickness of the excavated pahoehoe layer here is 0.29 m. One piece of waterworn coral is located l.74 m to the north of Feature I. FEATURE J: Displaced quarried rocks FUNCTION: Possible quarried material DIMENSIONS: 9.65 m by 5.82 m by 0.22 m DESCRIPTION: Feature 1 is situated c. 25.48 m at 183 degrees from Feature A. It is a displacement of cracked and broken ropy pahoehoe, located west of the major portion of this site. Slabs of pahoehoe are flipped over and moved from their original position. The slabs and blocks range in size from 6x3x6 cm to 80x73x21 cm. 7.1.22 50-10-27-13297 (Donham 1990c:A-44, A-46) PHRI: T-47 SITE TYPE: Complex (9 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating smooth and ropy pahoehoe flow with natural cracks and faulting. VEGETATION: Moderate to thick density of grass, small ʻilima and koa-haole bushes, Christmas-berry, and kiawe trees and bushes. ELEVATION: c. 17.5 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry/possible agriculture DESCRIPTION: This site consists of nine pahoehoe excavations within an area 42.73 m by 38.40 m. Formal variants observed include excavated blisters, crevices and faults. One to four faces are excavated per feature, with the average excavation measuring 1.68 m by 1.15 m. Thickness of the excavated pahoehoe layer averages 0.26 m and the average depth is 0.36 m below surface. Two of the excavations have cleared floors. The remaining have excavated blocks closely associated with the features in addition to a couple of isolated block scatters. The average block size is 31x12x28 cm. Ten stoneware pottery sherds are located c. 25.68 mat 12 degrees from the site datum. 7.1.23 50-10-27-13298 (Donham 1990c:A-46-A-47) (Figure 115, Figure 116) PHRI: T-48 SITE TYPE: Complex (7 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Depression between pahoehoe ridges oriented NW-SE. VEGETATION: Thick grass, kiawe, koa-haole, lantana, purple flowering vines, and ʻilima in depression.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 187 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 ELEVATION: c. 20 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry/agriculture/temporary habitation DESCRIPTION: The site complex consists of a cairn (Feature A), a rubble concentration (Feature B), two linear mounds (Features C and F), a modified crevice (Feature D), a pahoehoe excavation (Feature E) and a modified fault (Feature G). The features are relatively dispersed over an area of at least 1000.00 sq m. FEATURE A: Cairn FUNCTION: Indeterminate marker DIMENSIONS: 0.34 m by 0.30 m by 0.77 m DESCRIPTION: The cairn is constructed with four pahoehoe blocks of similar shape and size stacked one on top of another. It is built on top of naturally cracked pahoehoe, situated on the southwest side of and below large ridge of pahoehoe. FEATURE B: Rubble concentration FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 7.20 m by 4.50 m by 0.27 m DESCRIPTION: Feature B is located 2.44 m south from Feature A. It consists of pahoehoe cobbles and boulders concentrated near an overhang at the base of a ridge. The cobbles and boulders range in size from 13xl0x5 cm to 62x34x27 cm. They are concentrated in front of the overhang and were probably removed from the overhang area. No deposits or portable remains are present inside the overhang. A vesicular basalt abrader occurs on the rock concentration; it measures 12x12x10 cm. FEATURE C: Linear mound [Figure 115] FUNCTION: Possible temporary habitation/agriculture DIMENSIONS: 3.55 m by 1.68 m by 0.86 m DESCRIPTION: A linear mound roughly oriented N-S parallel to small the major axis of an adjacent overhang. The mound is partially faced on the west side and is constructed with crudely stacked angular pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The rock size ranges from 10x9x7 cm to 54x47x12 cm. A waterworn basalt hammerstone with battering marks on two ends, is present between the linear mound and the overhang. A 1.80 by 1.00 m test trench was excavated across the narrow axis of the mound, at the center, in order to determine if subsurface features were buried beneath the rocks. The rock fill was found to be overlying a depression in the pahoehoe surface, and continued to 0.94 m below the top of the mound. At the base of the rock fill, which was a uniform deposit of large cobbles and small boulders, a bedrock surface with narrow, soil-filled crevices was encountered. The soil deposits were up to 0.13 cm thick in the crevices and consists of very rich, black loam. No portable remains were observed. A sample of the soil deposit was obtained for additional analysis …Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 188 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 115. SIHP #-13298 Feature C plan view (Donham 1990c:A-48)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 189 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 FEATURE D: Modified crevice FUNCTION: Possible water catchment/agriculture DIMENSIONS: 5.00 m by 2.20 m by 0.85 m DESCRIPTION: Feature D is located 25.4 m from Feature B at 201 degrees Az. It consists of piled and stacked boulders and cobbles in a natural crevice between an aa flow and an overhang. The feature is situated along the southwest edge of the site at the southeast base of a pahoehoe ridge. The ends of the crevice, and a small area in front of the overhang are filled with slabs and blocks of pahoehoe, leaving a central area clear of cobbles. This central area has the appearance of a walled hole. The hole area measures c. 2.05 m at 228 degrees by 0.85 m. A large waterworn basalt hammerstone measuring c. 23x23x17 cm with battering on two ends is located in the NE wall. FEATURE E: Pahoehoe excavation FUNCTION: Quarry/possible agriculture DIMENSIONS: 2.50 m by 1.30 m by 0.28 m DESCRIPTION: Modified pahoehoe excavation, located 11.00 m south from Feature D. The excavation is rectangular in plan, and quarried blocks are stacked 1-2 courses high, directly on the edges of the excavation. Two layers of pahoehoe are excavated through. The hole is cleared, with the exception of a few blocks. The excavated hole measures c. 1.8 mat 210 degrees by 0.62 m. The hole depth is c. 0.78 to 1.2 m below surface. FEATURE F: Linear mound FUNCTION: Indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 4.66 m by 1.58 m by 0.52 m DESCRIPTION: This linear mound is situated on the top of a linear pahoehoe ridge, and is oriented northeast/southwest. It is constructed with thin slabs of pahoehoe and has a long rectangular shape. The slabs range from 16x10x3 cm to 96x46x6 cm. The area surrounding Feature F consists of broken pahoehoe slabs that cover the top of the ridge. FEATURE G: Modified crevice [Figure 116] FUNCTION: Possible water catchment DIMENSIONS: 4.20 m by 1.15 m by 1.55 m maximum depth · DESCRIPTION: This feature is located 24.10 m west from Feature B. It consists of a large crevice/fault area with two faced walls oriented across and perpendicular with the long axis of the crack. The walls are 0.66 m high, and are filled behind with small cobbles, creating a cleared, vertical-sided depression between the walls. This open depression measures 1.40 mat 88 degrees by 0.96 m. Maximum depth of the hole from the natural faulted surface is 1.55 m. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 190 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 116. SIHP # -13298 Feature G plan view (Donham 1990c:A-49)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 191 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.24 50-10-27-13315 (Donham 1990c:A-59) PHRI: T-68 SITE TYPE: Rubble wall TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on a fairly flat pahoehoe blister that slopes slightly toward the WNW. VEGETATION: The site is surrounded by koa-haole, fountain grass, kiawe, and Christmas-berry. ELEVATION: c. 88 feet CONDITION: Fair INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminate DIMENSIONS: 2.95 m by 0.95 m by 0.32 m DESCRIPTION: A rubble wall of pahoehoe blocks and slabs occurs in an area of natural collapse and high density of vegetation. The wall width ranges from 0.24-0.95 m and the height from 0.12-0.32 cm. The types of rocks consists of surface blocks and slabs of both smooth and ropy pahoehoe, and aa cobbles. The wall is along the edge of a naturally collapsed blister. There are c. 30 blocks and/or slabs present. 7.1.25 50-10-27-13321 (Donham 1990c:A-61) (Figure 117) PHRI: T-74 SITE TYPE: Boulder concentration TOPOGRAPHY: A collapsed pahoehoe blister. VEGETATION: Moderately thick fountain grass, lantana, ʻilima, koa-haole, kiawe, and Christmas-berry. ELEVATION: c. 110 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture DIMENSIONS: 16.95 m by 5.08 m by 0.59 m DESCRIPTION: The site consists of a boulder mound and concentration, located in a collapsed blister. The concentration consists of large angular cobbles and boulders, some of which appear to be excavated from sections around the rim of the blister. The blocks range in size from 9x4x6 cm to 94x52x37 cm. The mounded area of the concentration is oriented N-S, across the short axis of the blister, at the west end. It is 5.00 m long and 1.50 m wide, with a narrow 5.00 m long extension to the east. Average height is 0.50 m. A curved low rubble wall adjoins the west side of the mound, forming a 2.00 by 0.70 m enclosed area. To the east of the mound is a 10.00 by 3.00 m area of rubble paving, which is slightly mounded in the center. The paving follows the northern perimeter of the blister and extends into the center, within 1.50 m from the south perimeter. A Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 192 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 117. SIHP # -13321 plan view (Donham 1990c:A-62) second smaller area of rubble occurs at the eastern end of the blister. No soil was observed in the blister, however, deposits could be present beneath the rubble fill. 7.1.26 50-10-27-13326 (Donham 1990c:A-63) (Figure 118) PHRI: T-85 SITE TYPE: Platform TOPOGRAPHY: Smooth and ropy pahoehoe flow sloping gently from the northeast VEGETATION: Thick grass, koa-haole, kiawe, and Christmas-berry. ELEVATION: c. 189 feet CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture DIMENSIONS: 2.99 m by 1.97 m by 0.81 m maximum height DESCRIPTION: This small, amorphous platform is constructed from small to medium-size angular pahoehoe cobbles, with a perimeter of large blocks and slabs set on edge. It is built on smooth pahoehoe, near a partially collapsed blister.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 193 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 118. SIHP #-13326 plan view from Donham 1990c:A-65 The platform is raised on all four sides, with heights ranging from 0.23 to 0.81 m. The pahoehoe blocks used for the perimeter average 48x45x13 cm. No pavement is present, and the surface is somewhat irregular. A 1.00 by 1.00 m square test unit was excavated into the feature, in order to ascertain whether it contained a subsurface feature, such as human skeletal remains. The test unit revealed a fill layer of 0.43 m thick, which exhibited no evidence of size or material sorting. A few Echinoidea fragments were located, scattered in the fill. At the base of the fill was a small opening in the pahoehoe surface which contained soil and additional midden remains (one Cypraeidae shell fragment, one Brachidontes c. valve, one Isognomonidae valve, and several Echinoidea fragments. The soil deposit was 0.04 m thick and occurred only in the pahoehoe opening. A sample of the soil was collected for further analysis … Two pahoehoe excavations with associated blocks are located c. 10.0 m east of the platform. 7.1.27 50-10-27-13327 (Donham 1990c:A-63, A-65) PHRI: T-88 SITE TYPE: Pahoehoe excavation TOPOGRAPHY: A ridge top that is oriented c. inland/seaward. Smooth and ropy pahoehoe with natural cracks and breakage. VEGETATION: Moderate amounts of grass, kiawe, koa-haole, and small ʻilima bushes. ELEVATION: c. 191 feet CONDITION: Good Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 194 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 6.30 m by 5.35 m by 0.56 m DESCRIPTION: This site consists of two small areas on a blister with excavated faces. One excavation measures 1.60 by 1.30 m and one measures 1.40 by 0.92 m. Average thickness of the excavated pahoehoe layer is 0.19 m, and average depth is 0.56 m. The quarried blocks are concentrated to the southeast and range in size from 14x11x9 cm to 35x24x12 cm. The floor areas of the excavations are covered with a few of the quarried blocks. 7.1.28 50-10-27-13328 (Donham 1990c:A-65) PHRI: T-89 SITE TYPE: Cave TOPOGRAPHY: Located on the northeast side of a large collapsed blister. VEGETATION: Koa-haole, kiawe, and fountain grass. ELEVATION: c. 214 feet CONDITION: Fair INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Habitation DIMENSIONS: 8.38 m by 6.52 m by 2.65 m DESCRIPTION: The entrance to the cave faces southwest at 240 degrees Az. It is 2.25 m wide and has a ceiling height of 1.7 m. Directly south of the cave entrance is a collapsed tube which extends for an indeterminate distance (inaccessible due to ceiling collapse). The north corner of the cave contains a crawlspace which extends 3.0 m from the main chamber. Most of the cave floor is covered with a layer of pahoehoe which collapsed from a shelf 0.24 to 0.66 m above the cave floor. The shelf is present around the perimeter of the cave, and protrudes 0.50 to 2.50 m from the side walls. The center of the cave floor consists of large scattered boulders and cobbles from ceiling collapse. A 3.05 by 2.80 m area of concentrated midden, soil and ash occurs near the center of the cave. Portable remains observed on the surface include eight Cypraeidae fragments, 50+ Nerita picea, four Echinoidea fragments, fishbone, and scattered goat bones. A 0.06 m thick ash deposit with small pieces of charcoal is also present. 7.1.29 50-10-27-13353 (Donham 1990c:A-91–A-92) PHRI: T-128 SITE TYPE: Complex (3 Features) TOPOGRAPHY: Upthrusted and faulted pahoehoe. VEGETATION: Sparse grass, ʻilima, red flowering plants, and Christmas-berry trees. ELEVATION: c. 9 feet
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 195 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered-except for bulldozer activity around Feature C. PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-early historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Rock art-aquaculture-bathing DESCRIPTION: The overall complex area measures 22.5 mat 256 degrees Az. by 19.0 m. The site consists of petroglyphs (Feature A) and two modified anchailine pools (Features B and C). FEATURE A: Petroglyph FUNCTION: Rock art DIMENSIONS: 13.00 m by 5.00 m DESCRIPTION: Feature A consists of three panels of petroglyphs that are concentrated in an area of natural collapsing pahoehoe. The petroglyphs are situated on an upthrust of smooth pahoehoe with an average thickness of 0.25 m. The panel of petroglyphs face northeast, northwest and southeast, respectively. On the northeast-facing panel, there are at least nine human stick figures and six other geometric shapes or symbols. This panel is at a 45 degree angle and measures 5.15 m in length by 2.8 m in height. The northwest-facing panel contains two human stick figures and two geometric shapes or symbols. This panel is at a 45 degree angle and measures 4.5 m in length and 0.80 m in height. The southeast-facing panel contains at least one human stick figure and six other geometric shapes or symbols. This panel measures 3.15 m in length and 1.8 m in height. There are two waterworn basalt cobbles and a waterworn coral cobble in front of the panels. FEATURE B: Modified tide pool FUNCTION: Aquaculture/bathing/water source DIMENSIONS: 6.50 m by 2.60 m by 0.75 m DESCRIPTION: Feature B is 9.80 m west from Feature A. It consists of an oblong opening in the surface pahoehoe layer which provides access to a small tidal pool. The feature is bordered by natural fault lines on the northwest and southeast sides, and by two walls of stacked angular cobbles and boulders on the northeast and southwest sides. The access opening between the fault lines and the two cobble walls measures 1.4 m (NE-SW) by 1.14 m (NW-SE). A few angular cobbles are piled behind the lip of the southeastern fault. The water level of the pool appears to rise and fall with the tide. At the time of survey, it was 0.20 m deep, however a water line mark is visible at 0. 70 m above the bottom of the pool. The bottom of the pool is covered with small angular cobbles and contains red shrimp. FEATURE C: Modified tide pool FUNCTION: Aquaculture/bathing/water source DIMENSIONS: 2.70 m by 2.70 m by 1.65 m Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 196 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 DESCRIPTION: This feature is along the fenceline between the project area and the old Kona airport 22.1 m west from Feature A. It consists of a tidal pool at the base of a collapsed blister that has been cleared. Surrounding all edges of the pond are angular cobbles and large boulders. The bottom of the pond is covered with small angular waterworn cobbles and sand. The pond extends under an overhang along the southwest rim of the blister. The water was 0.86 m deep at the time of survey, and red shrimp were observed. Coral and marine shells are also at the bottom of the pool. There is at least 2-3 meters of bulldozer push on the south and west sides of the pool. There has been much bulldozing activity in the area. Also, recent garbage is present around the pool 7.1.30 50-10-27-13482 (Donham 1990c:A-154) PHRI: T-87 SITE TYPE: Pahoehoe excavation ELEVATION: c. 194 feet FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry 7.1.31 50-10-27-13493 (Bell et al. 2008:44) (Figure 119) FUNCTION: Transportation SITE TYPE: Trail TOTAL FEATURES: 1 DIMENSIONS: 46 m by 6 m (150.9 ft. by 19.7 ft.) CONDITION: Good AGE: Pre-contact ELEVATION: 120 ft. a.m.s.l. DESCRIPTION: Site 50-10-27-13493 is a stepping stone trail in good condition located on an undulating ‘a‘ā flow in the southwest corner of the project area [Figure 119]. The trail was designated Site -13493 based on survey work within the adjoining water tank parcel (Rosendahl 1989). No soil is present on the flow and vegetation consists of sparse grasses. The trail crosses the ‘a‘ā flow in a southwest/northeast direction for 46 m (150.9 ft). Flat pāhoehoe slabs (30-40 cm / 1-1.3 ft.) were set into ‘a‘ā cobbles at evenly spaced intervals, creating an easily traveled and well constructed path across the ‘a‘ā flow. Discoloration of the pāhoehoe slabs and small ‘a‘ā cobbles as a result of bruising make this trail easily discernable from the surrounding ‘a‘ā. Approximately 15 m (49.2 ft) of the trail is heavily discolored. The trail was not discernable on the pāhoehoe lava on either the east or west side of the ‘a‘ā flow. Additionally, a bulldozer road has destroyed the northeast end of the trial [sic] along the edge of the ‘a‘ā flow. No midden or artifacts were observed in association with the site. Excavation potential is considered poor. The function of the site is transportation. The site is one of many closely spaced and approximately parallel trails crossing a pronounced ‘a‘ā flow from the northeast/southwest, suggesting a relatively high degree of traffic in the area.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 197 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 119. Photo of SIHP # -13493; view to the north (Bell et al. 2008:45) 7.1.32 50-10-27-15329 (Bell et al. 2008:52) (Figure 120, Figure 121) FUNCTION: Temporary habitation SITE TYPE: Modified tumulus TOTAL FEATURES: 1 DIMENSIONS: 27.0 m2 (290.5 ft2) CONDITION: Fair AGE: Pre-contact ELEVATION: 100 ft. a.m.s.l. DESCRIPTION: Site 50-10-27-15329 [Figure 120] is a modified tumulus with the modification consisting of a discontinuous piled rock alignment [Figure 121]. The terrain consists of pāhoehoe gently sloping makai, with sparse soil deposits, which support exotic grasses, koa haole, kiawe, noni, and some klu. The site is approximately 60 m (196.9 ft) northwest of the intersection of Hina Lani Street and Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway. An old site tag was discovered that reads: PHRI 92-1118 Site 1118-18. The alignment is constructed of piled cobbles and small boulders on an exposed raised portion of the pāhoehoe tumulus. The piling is never more than 2 courses high with a maximum height of 0.2 m (0.7 ft), forming a discontinuous alignment Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 198 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 120. SIHP # -15329 plan view (Bell et al. 2008:53) Figure 121. Photo of SIHP # -15329; view to the southeast (Bell et al. 2008:54)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 199 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 with bare bedrock visible under the piled rocks. The upper surface of the tumulus is relatively level, and some of the cracks atop the tumulus are filled in while others are not. A small cairn is in the center of the west side of the top of the pāhoehoe tumulus; this may be a previous survey marker. Next to the cairn is a nail driven into the bedrock. The site’s function is interpreted as a recurrent use site/shelter based on structural modifications. No artifacts or midden were observed and excavation potential of the site is poor due to the lack of construction and lack of soil deposits. 7.1.33 50-10-27-17167 (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:15, 17) (Figure 122, Figure 123) (CSH1) Site Type: Modified sink Function: Habitation (temporary) Features: 1 Dimension: 11.4 square meters (123.1 square feet) Location: 4 + 50 (60 ft. E) Elevation: 60 feet AMSL Description: Cultural Surveys Hawaii site 1 consists of a small modified sink in terrain of undulating pahoehoe with minimal soil deposits. Christmas-berry is present at the site. The sink is roughly oval in shape, with a shallow overhang just under the rim of the sink on all sides [Figure 122]. This overhang ranges from 0.1 to 3.0 m. (0.33 to 9.8 ft.) wide, with a maximum height of 1.4 m. (4.6 ft.). The sink itself is approximately 10.0 m. (33.0 ft.) long N/S by 6.0 m. (19.7 ft.) wide E/W, with a floor of pahoehoe rubble. Modifications include an area of pavement constructed of pahoehoe slabs, 1 to 2 courses high, immediately under the overhang on the west side. The paved area measures 12.0 m. (39.4 ft.) long N/S by 1.0 m. (3.3 f.t) wide E/W, with a maximum height of 0.1 m. (0.33 ft.). Branch coral, ʻopihi (Cellana sp.), and sea urchin (Echinoderm sp.) were observed in this paved area. A second area of rough pavement occurs on the south side of the sink, under the overhang. It measures 0.6 m. (2.0 ft.) by 1.0 m. (3.3 ft.). No artifacts or midden were observed in this area. This site is interpreted as temporary habitation, indicated by the midden present. It's in good condition, with fair excavation potential in and near the paved areas. A one-meter test trench was excavated within the slab pavement on the western side of the sink. The excavation yielded a small quantity of marine shell (4 opihi), one coral abrader, and some fragmented goat bones. The slab pavement was constructed over a loosely piled boulder fill. The boulders filled in a narrow crevice between the sink wall and the bedrock floor [Figure 123]. The fill had a maximum thickness of 70 cm. Below the fill in the narrow crevice was a soil layer of very fine loose aeolian deposited silt loam. No cultural material was observed in the soil,. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 200 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 122. SIHP # -17167 plan view (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:16)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 201 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 123. SIHP # -17167 Trench 1 profile (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:18) which was up to 40 cm. deep, except on the surface of the soil where an opihi was recovered. The opihi was there as filtered material from the pavement and fill. The soil stratigraphy consists of a very thin (1-3 cm. thick) layer that includes the opihi, the organic debris of Christmas berry leaves, and grass. Like the opihi the organic debris is filtered material through the loose matrix of the boulder fill. The loose aeolian deposited silt loam is dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/4) granular with no structure. The soil stratigraphy observed indicates a single soil layer with the organic debris and opihi sitting on top. This is suggestive that the bulk of the soil was probably deposited prior to the construction of the slab pavement. The slab pavement has probably slowed the process of aeolian deposition. No charcoal was observed within the excavation unit, though a full-scale excavation of the paving, fill, and soil layer would probably have produced a datable sample. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 202 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 After taking notes, drawing a profile [Figure 123], and taking photographs, the trench was backfilled and the slab pavement reconstructed 7.1.34 50-10-27-17168 (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:19) (CSH2) Site Type: Modified sink Function: Habitation (temporary); Possible agriculture Features: 1 Dimension: 32.5 square meters (351.0 square feet) Location: 34 + 100 (25.0 ft. E) Elevation: 24 feet AMSL Description: Cultural Surveys Hawaii site 2 is a modified pahoehoe sink with an overhang on the west side. The sink itself measures 12.0 m. (39.7 ft.) long NW/SE by 5.5 m. (18.0 ft.) wide SW/NE. Modifications include a faced wall, a possible shelter area under the overhang, and a cleared and leveled area immediately outside of the overhang. The wall is constructed of a single course of boulders stacked 0.9 m. (3.0 ft.) high and approximately 3.5 m. (11.5 ft.) long E/W. The wall is situated in the southwest portion of the sink and extends a short distance under the overhang. A leveled area which may represent a probable shelter is present under the overhang, adjacent to the boulder wall. It is approximately 1.5 m. long E/W by 1.0 m. (3.3 ft.) wide N/S. An area of the sink, just east of the overhang, appears to have been cleared and leveled, possibly for planting. A large Christmas-berry tree is currently growing in this area. Two rock concentrations occur on the rim of the eastern side of the sink. These resemble small collapsed ahu, consisting of pahoehoe slabs and cobbles, with no facing or stacking. CHS site 2 is in fair to good condition, with poor excavation potential due to the lack of soil at this site. The area under the overhang may have functioned as a temporary shelter, while the cleared portion of the sink may represent a planting area. 7.1.35 50-10-27-17169 (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a:21) (Figure 124) (CSH3) Site Type: Modified lava blister Function: Possible temporary habitation Features: 1 Dimension: 18.3 square meters (197.6 square feet) Location: 34 + 00 (20.0 ft. W) Elevation: 20 feet AMSL
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 203 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Description: Cultural Surveys Hawaii site 3 is a lava blister with possible modifications, located along the north edge of a large pahoehoe sink. Terrain at the site is undulating pahoehoe covered with moderately dense fountain grass. The modifications at this site are minimal, consisting of a possible cleared area, and a small crevasse which may have been filled with pahoehoe boulders and cobbles [Figure 124]. A small scatter of bone fragments was observed in the north portion of the blister, but were too small to identify, but are probably goat bone which is also present on the south side of the blister. The site is in poor condition, with poor excavation potential due to a lack of soil deposits. 7.1.36 50-10-27-20722 (Bell et al. 2008:152) (Figure 125) FUNCTION: Transportation SITE TYPE: Trail TOTAL FEATURES: 1 DIMENSIONS: 70 m (230 ft.) northwest/southeast CONDITION: Fair AGE: Pre-contact ELEVATION: 100 ft. a.m.s.l. DESCRIPTION: Site 50-10-27-20722 is a stepping stone trail located on ‘a‘ā lava [Figure 125]. No soil is present and the area is virtually devoid of vegetation. From the makai edge of the lava flow the trail is oriented in a north/south direction for approximately 13.1 m (43.0 ft) where it then forks, with one leg extending 41.0 m (134.5 ft) to the northwest, and the other leg extending 23.4 m (76.8 ft) to the northeast to the mauka side of the ‘a‘ā flow. Numerous attempts were made to follow the trail on both sides of the ‘a‘ā flow without success. The trail is constructed of flat pāhoehoe slabs set into small ‘a‘ā cobbles at evenly spaced intervals creating an easily traveled well-constructed path across the ‘a‘ā flow. The fork in the trail is very pronounced; approximately ten pāhoehoe slabs were placed together to mark the fork. Some of the pāhoehoe slabs are set into ‘a‘ā cobbles while others are set on top of cobbles. The south leg of the trail runs approximately 45 m (147.5 ft) between the south end of the trail and the fork. Paving stones vary in size from 5 cm to 30 cm (0.16 to 1 ft.) across. The northeast leg of the trail was cut off by a bulldozer. The site’s function is interpreted as transportation. No midden or artifacts were observed. Excavation potential is considered poor. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 204 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 124. SIHP # -17169 plan view (Borthwick and Hammat 1992a:20) Figure 125. Photo of SIHP # -20722; view to the northeast (Bell et al. 2008:153)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 205 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.37 50-10-27-20726 (Bell et al. 2008:161) (Figure 126) FUNCTION: Transportation SITE TYPE: Trail TOTAL FEATURES: 2 DIMENSIONS: Feature A – 45 m (147.6 ft.) north/south Feature B – 40 m (131.2 ft.) northeast/southwest CONDITION: Fair AGE: Pre-contact ELEVATION: 120 ft. a.m.s.l. DESCRIPTION: Site 50-10-27-20726 consists of two trails (one stepping stone and one cobble), designated Features A and B, which are in good condition and located on ‘a‘ā lava. Feature A is a stepping stone trail that crosses the ‘a‘ā flow in a southwest/northeast direction for a total length of 16.7 m (54.8 ft) before it is no longer discernable [Figure 126]. The flow is somewhat undulating but relatively level. The overall ‘a‘ā flow is relatively barren; there is more grass in the south and more dense haole koa in the north. Construction of the trail consists of flat pāhoehoe slabs set into ‘a‘ā cobbles that are almost contiguous and generally have a diameter of 30 cm (1 ft.). At the trail’s north end are 3 or 4 constructed steps descending from the ‘a‘ā. Vegetation in the immediate trail area includes koa haole and Christmas berry. More stepping stones are present on the northern section of the trail with the number of stepping stones decreasing significantly as the trail extends southward. Feature A crosses the west end of the generally east/west traversing flow in a north/south direction for approximately 80 m (262.47 ft). Feature B is a worn (i.e. trodden path) cobble trail that extends for a measured length of approximately 60 m (196.8 ft) [see Figure 126]. The south end of Feature B is approximately 20 m (65.6 ft) mauka of the south end of Feature A. The trail is relatively free of cobbles and boulders and is discolored by bruising of foot traffic. The trail angles significantly more mauka than Feature A at 49 degrees. Vegetation in the immediate area is Christmas berry, otherwise the area is relatively barren. The site’s function is interpreted as transportation. No artifacts or midden were observed at the site. Excavation potential is considered poor. 7.1.38 50-10-27-20728 (Bell et al. 2008:165) (Figure 127) FUNCTION: Temporary habitation SITE TYPE: Enclosure TOTAL FEATURES: 1 DIMENSIONS: 18.2 m2 (195.8 ft2) CONDITION: Fair AGE: Pre-contact ELEVATION: 110 ft. a.m.s.l. DESCRIPTION: Site 50-10-27-20728 [Figure 127] is a semi-circular enclosure located on undulating pāhoehoe terrain and is located in the southwest portion of the parcel. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 206 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 126. Photos of SIHP #-20726 Feature A (top) and Feature B (bottom); views to the north (Bell et al. 2008:162)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 207 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 127. Photos of SIHP # -20728; views to the south (top) and southeast (bottom) (Bell et al. 2008:167)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 208 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 The enclosure measures 3.4 m (11.1 ft) north/south by 5.3 m (17.3 ft) east/west. The eastern segment of the enclosure wall is well faced with a maximum height of 0.65 m (2.1 ft) with 3-5 courses of small boulders and larger cobbles [see Figure 127]. The south, north, and west sides of the enclosure are formed by a natural lip in the existing bedrock. The interior of the enclosure is bedrock with scattered boulders. Stones are covered with lichen, indicating that the structure has not been significantly disturbed in recent times. No artifacts or midden were observed at the site. The site’s function is interpreted as a temporary habitation site based on the paucity of midden recovered from the test unit and the lack of other associated features. Based upon testing results, no further work is recommended for this site. Testing Results Subsurface testing was conducted at Site 20728 to aid in determining the site function, examine cultural deposits, and to attempt to collect datable charcoal for radiocarbon analysis. A 1.0 m by 1.0 m (3.3 ft by 3.3 ft) test unit was placed within the interior of the enclosure abutting the western portion of the faced wall. The unit was excavated to a maximum depth of 18 cm (0.6 ft.) below surface and excavation was terminated upon encountering bedrock. The bedrock at the base of the unit was covered by a 2-3 cm (0.06-0.1 ft.) layer of organic humus and rootlets. There was no soil layer present within the unit and only 7.5 g of kukui endocarp were recovered. 7.1.39 50-10-27-20744 (Bell et al. 2008:200) (Figure 128) FUNCTION: Transportation SITE TYPE: Trail TOTAL FEATURES: 1 DIMENSIONS: 15.0 m (75 m2) (49.2 ft (806.8 ft2)) CONDITION: Poor AGE: Pre-contact ELEVATION: 120 ft. a.m.s.l. DESCRIPTION: Site 50-10-27-20744 is a stepping stone trail located on an undulating ‘a‘ā flow [Figure 128].The immediate trail area lacks vegetation. The trail segment crosses an ‘a‘ā flow in a north/south direction and measures 15.0 m (49.2 ft) in length by 0.5 m (1.6 ft) wide. The trail is composed of pāhoehoe stepping stones set into ‘a‘ā cobbles; the stepping stones are well laid in spots. All paving stones measure approximately 20 cm (0.66 ft.) in diameter or less. The stones are evenly spaced and continue for the length of the trail. Numerous attempts were made to follow the trail on both sides of the ‘a‘ā flow without success; the north end of trail terminates on the ‘a‘ā flow. It appears that there is some reuse of stones in the area and that this trail may have previously been part of -20722, or that a portion of trail -20744 was replaced by -20722. The site’s function is interpreted as transportation. No artifacts or midden were observed. Excavation potential is considered poor.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 209 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 128. Photo of SIHP # -20744; view to the northwest (Bell et al. 2008:201) 7.1.40 50-10-27-20745 (Bell et al. 2008:202) (Figure 129) FUNCTION: Transportation SITE TYPE: Trail TOTAL FEATURES: 1 DIMENSIONS: 40 m northeast/southwest CONDITION: Fair AGE: Pre-contact ELEVATION: 120 ft. a.m.s.l. DESCRIPTION: Site 50-10-27-20745 is a stepping stone trail located on an ‘a‘ā flow [Figure 129]. The trail crosses the ‘a‘ā flow in a southwest/northeast direction and measures 28.0 m (91.8 ft) long by 0.7 - 0.8 m (2.3 ft by 2.6 ft) wide. The trail is composed of pāhoehoe stepping stones laid in worn ‘a‘ā cobbles. The stones are evenly spaced and continue for the entire length of the trail. The trail is only visible on the surface of the ‘a‘ā flow. Attempts were made to follow the trail off the ‘a‘ā flow without success. The north end of the trail is braided and has been cut off by a bulldozer road. Discoloration of the stones from bruising is pronounced, although not as pronounced as -13493, the most distinct of the numerous trails on this particular ‘a‘ā flow. The immediate area is vegetation free. An excavated and constructed cupboard, 50 cm (1.6 ft.) across and 70 cm (2.3 ft.) deep, is on the trail’s east side. The site’s function is interpreted as transportation. No midden or artifacts were observed. Excavation potential is considered poor. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 210 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 129. Photo of SIHP #-20745; view to the north (Bell et al. 2008:203) 7.1.41 50-10-27-21588 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:25) A trail (SP-9) that was located and recorded during a survey by Emory and Soehren (1971) was relocated during the Temporary Sewer Line Survey. This trail was given a state site number (50-10-27-21588) during work by Durst (1999) in Honokohau I and II. The trail begins near Aimakapa Fishpond and runs mauka through Kealakehe and appears to intersect with the Mamalahoa Highway. Where this trail intersects with the aʻā flow, just makai of Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway, there is a built up causeway. The causeway is in excellent condition but is outside of the 157 Project Area. This immediate area has had some disturbance evident by bulldozer scarring. 7.1.42 50-10-27-23020 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:9) Site 23020, recorded earlier by Haun and Henry (2001), is a pāhoehoe excavation on a low bedrock outcrop located 170 meters south of Site 23552 and 50 meters west of the proposed pipeline corridor … It consists of an excavated pit 2.7 meters N/S, 1.4 meters E/W, and 0.42 meters deep. A pile of subangular to angular fine-grained basalt cobbles and small boulders measuring 2.2 meters NW/SE by 1.6 meters NE/SW by 0.38 meters high is situated on the eastern side of the excavation pit. The site is unaltered and is interpreted as a basalt quarry.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 211 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.43 50-10-27-23021 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:9) (Figure 130) Site 23021, recorded by Haun and Henry (2001), is a small cave at the base of a large ‘aʻā flow, and is located 15 meters west of the proposed pipeline corridor and 185 meters south of Site 23552 …The opening to the cave is located on the makai side of the lava flow and opens north into a main chamber that is oval in shape and measures 8.35 meters E/W by 2.75 meters N/S by 0.97 to 1.35 meters high … The cave is dome-shaped and has a bare lava floor, the west end of which is scattered with subangular basalt cobbles and small boulders (Haun and Henry 2001:34, [Figure 130]). Surface stones appear to have been cleared from the center of the eastern end of the main chamber. 7.1.44 50-10-27-23023 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:12) Site 23023 was recorded by Haun and Herny (2001) as a 33 meter long pāhoehoe stepping stone trail segment across an ʻaʻā flow. This segment is situated roughly 10 meters mauka of the current survey corridor. Inspection of the site during the current study indicates that this remnant trail extends through the current study corridor in the central portion of the project area, roughly 75 meters north of Site 23553 … Roughly 40 meters of intact trail were documented during the current study where it crosses an ʻaʻā flow at an orientation of 317°/137°. The trail is defined by small pāhoehoe cobbles and small pāhoehoe slabs placed on the ʻaʻā flow at 0.5 to 2.8 meter intervals The trail segment extends makai from where it was previously recorded on a pāhoehoe flow, is approximately 190 meters long oriented at 282°/102°, and has been modified by a bulldozer road along 85 meters of its central course. The trail is defined by light tread wear that appears as a slightly darker discoloration on the ground surface … and is no longer visible in many places. The likely junction of the newly recorded segment and the previously recorded segment is situated within a grubbed area making it difficult to discern. The trail’s western terminus is no longer visible where it crosses a heavily vegetated pāhoehoe flow. This site appears to be a portion of the trail shown on the Emerson’s 1880s Map of Kailua ... The trail has been significantly altered and is interpreted as a transportation route. 7.1.45 50-10-27-23026 (Haun and Henry 2001:36, 38) Site 23026 is a complex of five cairns located on a level pahoehoe flow near the eastern project area boundary, 292 m east of Site 23024. The features are situated in an area 9.5 m long (northwest by southeast) by 5.0 m wide. The Site 23026 features are unaltered and in good condition, and are interpreted as markers based on their formal type. No cultural remains were present at the site. Feature A The Feature A cairn is situated at the eastern end of the site. It consists of five flat pahoehoe slabs stacked on top of each other with a sixth slab leaning up against the western side. The cairn measures 0.68 m long (east-northeast by west southwest), 0.47 m wide, and 0.53 m in height .... Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 212 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 130. SIHP # -23021 plan view (Haun and Henry 2001:34) Feature B Feature B is located 0.35 m south of Feature A. This cairn is comprised of six flat pahoehoe slabs stacked on top of each other. Feature B measures 0.58 m long (north-south), 0.49 m wide, and 0.55 m in height (…). Feature C The Feature C cairn is located 3.7 m south-southwest of Feature B. It is comprised of two flat pahoehoe slabs that are leaning up against each other. The feature measures 0.51 m long (east-west) by 0.41 m wide at the base, angling up to a point at the top. Feature C is 0.44 m in height above the surrounding ground surface. Feature D The Feature D cairn is situated 2.1 m to the north-northwest of Feature C. It consists of three flat pahoehoe slabs piled on top of each other. It measures 0.69 m long (northeast by southwest), 0.53 m wide and 0.41 m in height. Feature E Feature E is located 6.3 m north-northwest of Feature D, and 6.5 m northwest of Feature A. It consists of six flat pahoehoe slabs stacked on top of each other with a seventh slab leaned up against the western side. The feature measures 0.72 m long (north-south), 0.65 m wide and 0.43 m in height.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 213 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.46 50-10-27-23029 (Haun and Henry 2001:38) Site 23029 is a pahoehoe excavation situated in the southeastern comer of the project area. The site is located on the southern side of a low pahoehoe knoll, 147 m southeast of Site 23028. A hole measuring 3.2 m long (east-west), 1.6 m wide, and 0.75 m in depth has been excavated into the base of the knoll. Stone removed from the hole have been piled to the south and southeast of the hole. This pile is 2.75 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.5 m wide, and 0.7 m in height. These stones consist of angular fine-grained basalt cobbles and small boulders. No soil or other cultural remains were present. Site 23029 is unaltered and in good condition. It is interpreted as a basalt quarry. 7.1.47 50-10-27-23033 (Haun and Henry 2006:100) Site 23033 is small overhang located on the eastern side of a pahoehoe ridge within the corridor in the inland portion of Kealakehe seaward of the Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway at c. 81 ft elevation. This site was previously identified by Haun and Henry (2001). The entrance to the overhang faces the northeast, measuring 2.05 m long (northwest by southeast) and 1.0 m in height … The interior of the overhang is oval-shaped and is 2.7 m long (northeast by southwest) and 2.5 m wide. The overhang has a domed-shaped ceiling that is 1.3 m in height. The floor of the overhang consists of jagged lava. A series of ten flat pahoehoe slabs have been placed inside the overhang to create a relatively level surface. These slabs vary in length from 0.3 to 0.65 m, in width from 0.19 to 0.4 m, and in thickness from 0.11 to 0.2 m. No cultural remains were present at the site. Site 23033 was interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its formal type and the presence of the pahoehoe slab floor. It is unaltered and in good condition. 7.1.48 50-10-27-23047 (Haun and Henry 2001:47) Site 23047 is a cairn situated on an uneven pahoehoe lava flow, 133 m south of Site 23046. It is comprised of stacked and piled subangular basalt cobbles, small boulders, and flat pahoehoe slabs. The cairn is 0.8 m long (northwest by southeast) and 0.7 m wide at the base. The top of the cairn is 0.65 m long by 0.55 m wide. The feature is 0.61 m in height. The cairn is built on bare lava and no cultural remains were present. The site is unaltered and in good condition. It is interpreted as a marker based on its formal type. 7.1.49 50-10-27-23048 (Haun and Henry 2001:48) Site 23048 is a pahoehoe excavation located in the southwestern portion or the project area, 200 m southwest of Site 23047. The site is situated on a level pahoehoe flow and consists of an area 15.0 m long (east-west) by 10.5 m wide from which surface pahoehoe slabs have been broken off and scattered throughout the area … No soil is present in the area, and no other cultural remains were observed. The surface slabs may have been broken off to obtain scoriaceous lava, which is visible in the exposed areas. Site 23048 is unaltered and in good condition. The site is interpreted as an abrader quarry. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 214 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.50 50-10-27-23549 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 131) Site 23549 is a C-shaped enclosure located in the southeastern comer of the project area, roughly 80 meters south of the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant access road ... The feature is constructed of loosely piled platy pāhoehoe cobbles, is 3.0 meters N/S, 3.2 meters F/W, and is 0.7 meters in height [Figure 131]. The interior measures 2 meters N/S and 1.75 meters F/W. The pāhoehoe cobbles of the enclosure range from 0.1 to 0.7 meters in width and are similar to those scattered about the immediate area. The enclosure is situated on the level and fractured surface of a linear pāhoehoe knoll that is higher than the surrounding ground surface [Figure 131]. There is no soil on the knoll and no other cultural remains were present within the enclosure or in the surrounding area. The site is unaltered, in good condition and is interpreted as a temporary habitation feature based on its form, size, and insubstantial construction (Cordy 1981). 7.1.51 50-10-27-23550 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 132) Site 23550 is a pāhoehoe excavation area located approximately 60 meters south of the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant access road ... The site contains numerous platy pāhoehoe cobbles (vesicular basalt) excavated from the naturally fractured bedrock ground surface. The resulting excavation pit is 1.3 meters N/S by 1.8 meters E/W and is 0.8 meters in depth [Figure 132]. A pile of excavated cobbles measuring 3.6 meters N/S by 2.1 meters E/W is located 1 meter north of the pit [Figure 132]. A fragment of cowrie shell was located approximately 1 meter west of the excavation pit, in a narrow crack in the pāhoehoe surface extending from the pit area. Neither soil nor any cultural remains were present in the pit. The site is unaltered, in good condition and is interpreted as a basalt quarry. 7.1.52 50-10-27-23551 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 133) Site 23551 is a partially collapsed lava blister (Feature A) and a nearby cairn (Feature B) situated on a pāhoehoe flow approximately 88 meters west/southwest of Site 23550 … The interior of the blister is oval, has a dome-shaped ceiling, and is 9.5 meters N/S by 6.3 meters E/W by 1.4 meters high at its maximum [Figure 133]. An opening in the blister 2.8 meters N/S by 6.0 meters E/W by 1.3-1.7 meters high allows access to the interior of the blister to the north [Figure 133]. Blister collapse and roof-fall prevent access to the low interior to the east, west and south of the opening. The accessible portion of the blister has a southward sloping pāhoehoe ground surface that extends north 4.5 meters from the blister opening. Two fragments of cowrie shell and a fragment of kukui nutshell were located in the interior of the blister. No soil was present at Feature A. Feature A is unaltered, in good condition, and is interpreted as a temporary habitation. Feature B is a cairn located approximately 17 meters (@ 64°) from Feature A. The cairn is constructed of stacked basalt cobbles surrounding and supporting a milled and painted 2x4 post. No other cultural remains were present. The feature is interpreted as a modem survey marker.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 215 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 131. SIHP # -23549 site plan and photo (view to the southwest) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:16) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 216 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 132. SIHP # -23550 plan view and photo (view to the north) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:17)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 217 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 133. SIHP # -23551 plan view and photo (view to the northeast) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:18)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 218 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.53 50-10-27-23552 (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 134) Site 23552 is a pāhoehoe excavation located in the study area utility corridor, approximately 400 meters south of Kealakehe Parkway ... The site is situated on the fractured surface of a 1evel pāhoehoe outcrop. Removal of the loose pāhoehoe surface has left a pit 4.25 meters NW/SE by 1.45 meters NE/SW by 0.8 meters deep [Figure 134]. Around the perimeter of the pit are two concentrations of vesicular basalt cobbles: one along the mauka edge of the pit and one along the southwestern edge [Figure 134]. There was no soil nor any cultural remains present. The site is unaltered and is interpreted as a basalt quarry. 7.1.54 50-10-27-23553 A (Rechtman and Escott 2002:15) (Figure 135) Site 23553 is a remnant portion of mauka/makai trail (Feature A) and a cairn (Feature B) located approximately 30 meters west of the project area proposed pipeline corridor and 470 meters northeast of the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant access road… The trail is clearly visible on the surface of the friable cinder 'aʻa flow as a narrow pathway of slightly darker and slightly smaller, worn and crushed 'a'a clinkers [Figure 135]. It is barely visible at its eastern and western termini, where it is situated on a more heavily vegetated pāhoehoe flow. It is likely that the trail crosses the proposed pipeline corridor and may have branched from the trail previously identified Site 23023 (85 meters west), but the connection is no longer visible. The trail segment is 150 meters long and is orientated at 290°/110°. From the eastern terminus, it continues approximately 42 meters before splitting into two separate trails. The main trail segment continues roughly 46 meters at 290°, while the secondary segment is 55 meters long and makes an arc to the north before rejoining the main trail at a collapsed cairn. From the cairn, the trail is visible for another 20 meters where the lack of visible wear on the pāhoehoe makes it difficult to identify. 7.1.55 50-10-27-25549 (Haun and Henry 2006:100) Site 25549 is an inland-seaward oriented trail located in the northeastern section of the project area in the Land of Kealakehe at elevations that range from 43 to 44 ft. The site was identified during the present project. The trail extends across an area of uneven a'a lava and is comprised of a 0.8 to 1.2 m wide cleared path through the uneven terrain with irregularly spaced flat pahoehoe slabs…. The inland end of the trail originates on the seaward side of a recently bulldozed road cut, to the west of tile Mamalahoa Highway. It extends 66.0 m in a roughly westerly direction where it terminates along the interface with an area of pahoehoe lava ... No cultural remains were found in association with the trail. Site 25549 is interpreted as a transportation route across the a'a lava based on its location and formal type. The site is altered and in fair to good condition.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 219 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 134. SIHP # -23552 plan view and photo (view to the southeast) (Rechtman and Escott 2002:19) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 220 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 135. Photos of SIHP # -23553 Feature A (Rechtman and Escott 2002:20)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 221 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.56 50-10-27-25552 (Haun and Henry 2006:103) (Figure 136) Site 25552 is a roughly L-shaped wall situated in an area of uneven aʻa lava in the northeastern section of the project area in the Land of Kealakehe at c. 42 ft elevation. The wall is 4.35 m long (east-west) and 3.1 m long (north-north-northwest by south-southeast) and is built of stacked and piled cobbles and flat pahoehoe slabs with a large uplifted slab located at the eastern end [Figure 136]. The wall ranges in width from 0.5 to 0.68 m and in height from 0.85 to 1.2 m and the uplifted slab measures 2.35 m long, 0.4 to 1.15 m wide and from 1.2 to 1.4 m in height. The area surrounding the wall is comprised of uneven aʻa lava with no soil present. A Cypraea sp. shell is present on top of the uplifted slab at the eastern end. Site 25552 is interpreted as a possible temporary habitation shelter based primarily on its formal type, insubstantial construction (stacked and piled stones) and area (13.4 sq m). The site is unaltered and in fair condition. 7.1.57 50-10-27-25553 (Haun and Henry 2006:103) Site 25553 is a cairn located in the northeastern section of the project area in the Land of Kealakehe at c. 42 ft elevation. The site is located on an uneven a'a lava flow situated on the inland side of an area of level pahoehoe lava. The cairn is built of roughly stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders, measuring 0.5 m long (north-south) by 0.48 m wide at the base with sloping sides…The top of the cairn is capped with a a'a cobble that is 0.38 in height above the uneven aʻa lava. No cultural remains were found in association with the cairn. Site 25553 is interpreted as a marker based on its formal type. It is unaltered and in fair condition. 7.1.58 50-10-27-25554 (Henry and Henry 2006:103, 107) (Figure 137) Site 25554 is a low walled enclosure located in the northeastern section of the project area in the Land of Kealakehe at c. 41 ft elevation. The site is built on a level pahoehoe flow to the west of an area of uneven a'a lava. The enclosure is rectangular in shape and is 4.1 m in length (north-northwest by south-southeast) and 3.65 m wide [Figure 137]. There is a 0.5 m wide opening into the interior in the western wall. The walls of the enclosure are built of stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders with collapse present along the exterior north, west and south sides and in the interior northwest, northeast and southeast comers. The intact walls range in width from 0.55 to 0:77 m and in height from 0.2 to 0.51 m. The interior of the enclosure consists of bare pahoehoe lava with no cultural remains present. Site 25554 is interpreted as the foundation for a permanent habitation roofed structure. Though slightly smaller in area than a typical house foundation (14.95 sq m), its formal type and substantial construction (vertical slabs) suggest it potentially functioned in this capacity. The site is unaltered and in fair condition. 7.1.59 50-10-27-25556 (Haun and Henry 2006:107) (Figure 138) Site 25556 is an irregularly-shaped stone alignment situated in an area of level pahoehoe lava in the Land of Kealakehe, south of the spoil pile area and seaward of the sewage treatment plant at c. 39 ft elevation. The alignment is comprised of a single course of small, flat pahoehoe slabs, aligned in an irregular configuration Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 222 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 136. SIHP #-25552 plan view from Haun and Henry 2006:105
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 223 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 137. SIHP #-25554 plan view from Haun and Henry 2006:106 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 224 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 138. SIHP #-25556, -25557 plan views from Haun and Henry 2006:109-110
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 225 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 that is 5.55 m long (northeast by southwest) and 2.47 m wide [Figure 138]. The individual slabs range in size from 0.12 to 0.8 m long, 0.07 to 0.65 m wide and 0.05 to 0.1 m in thickness. No soil or cultural remains were present in association with the alignment. The function of the feature is undetermined. It is unaltered and in fair condition. 7.1.60 50-10-27-25557 (Haun and Henry 2006:107) (see Figure 138) Site 25557 is a Slone alignment situated in an area of level pahoehoe lava in the Land of Kealakehe, 25.0 m south-southeast of Site 25556 at c. 38 ft elevation. The alignment is comprised of a single course of small, flat pahoehoe slabs and sub angular cobbles aligned in a roughly oval-shaped configuration that is 3.58 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and 2.54 m wide [see Figure 138]. The individual stones range in size from 0.07 to 0.65 m long, 0.05 to 0.35 m wide and 0.07 to 0.09 m in thickness. No soil or cultural remains were present in association with the alignment. The function of tile feature is undetermined. It is unaltered and in fair condition. 7.1.61 50-10-27-25558 (Haun and Henry 2006:107) (Figure 139) Site 25558 is a stone alignment situated in ail area of level pahoehoe lava in the Land of Kealakehe, 45.0 m south-southwest of Site 25557 at c. 37 ft elevation. The alignment is comprised of a single course of small, pahoehoe slabs aligned in a roughly oval-shaped configuration that is 2.79 m long (east-west) and 2.19 m wide [Figure 139]. The majority of the slabs are positioned flat on the ground, ranging in length from 0.1 to 0.57 m, in width from 0.07 to 0.45 ill and in thickness from 0.06 to 0.08 m. One slab was positioned vertically measuring 0.26 ill long, 0.1 m wide and 0.32 m in height. No soil or cultural remains were present in association with the alignment. The function of the feature is undetermined. It is unaltered and in fair condition. 7.1.62 50-10-27-25643 (Haun and Henry 2006:210) (Figure 140) Site 25643 is a stone alignment situated in the Land of Keahuolu in an area of relatively level pahoehoe lava at c. 75 ft elevation. The alignment is comprised of one to two courses of pahoehoe slabs aligned in a roughly oval-shaped configuration that is 2.56 m long (north-south) and 2.18 m wide [Figure 140]. The majority of the slabs are situated flat on the ground although three are position vertically on edge. The individual stones range in length from 0.08 to 0.79 m and in width from 0.05 to 0.44 m. The flat slabs range in thickness from 0.15 to 0.21 m and the vertical slabs are from 0.45 to 0.58m in height. No soil or cultural remains were present in association with the alignment. The function of the feature is undetermined. It is unaltered and in fair condition. 7.1.63 50-10-27-27279 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:161-162) Field Number: T-009 Site Type: Modified Overhang Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 226 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 139. SIHP # -25558 plan view (Haun and Henry 2006:111)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 227 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 140. SIHP # -25643 plan view (Haun and Henry 2006:212) Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Storage Description: Site 50-10-27-27279(T-009) is a modified overhang located at the western end of the base of a sinkhole. The sinkhole measures approximately 10.0 meters in length (east to west) by c. 7.0 meters (north to south) and it measures c. 1.2 meters deep. Site 50-10-27-27279(T-009) is located approximately 50.0 meters northeast (60° az.) from the pipeline road and approximately 15.0 meters east to northeast (69° az.) from Site 50-10-27-27280 (T-010). The crevice is filled with small to large sub angular basalt cobbles and small sub angular basalt boulders. The surface of the fill is irregular and is roughly level with the surrounding bedrock. At the east end of the fill is a loose pile constructed of small to medium basalt cobbles piled 2-3 courses. The pile measures c. 0.60 meters (north to south) by c. 0.30 meters (east to west) and is c. 0.30 meters in height. The overall filled crevice Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 228 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 measures c. 1.7 meters (east to west) by 0.65 meters (north to south). The filled crevice is in fair condition and the integrity is good. There was no cultural material observed. It appears the fill is traditional in age and the possible function is storage. 7.1.64 50-10-27-27280 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:162) (Figure 141) Field Number: T-010 Site Type: Filled Crevice Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Good Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Uncertain Description: Site 50-10-27-27280 (T-010) [Figure 141] consists of a single filled crevice in an area of gently undulating pāhoehoe lava in the northeastern quadrant of the work area. The feature is situated approximately five meters northwest from a natural overhang and c. 15 meters southwest (240° az.) from the Site 50-10-27-27279 (T-009) modified sinkhole. The surrounding vegetation consists of scattered fountain grass and Christmas berry shrubs. A relatively shallow natural crevice in the lava has been filled with small to medium cobbles to create a fairly level surface. The stones are closely piled at least two courses deep. The area of the fill is roughly oval in shape and follows the northwest to southeast axis of the crevice. It measures approximately 1.70 meters in length by c. 0.70 meters in width. The surface of the fill is c. 0.11 meters below the surrounding ground surface. The feature appears to be in good condition. No cultural material was observed in the surrounding area. It is uncertain why this natural depression in the pāhoehoe was intentionally filled. It appears too shallow to contain a burial. The age of this feature is also not uncertain, though given the amount of effort involved it is most likely of traditional construction. 7.1.65 50-10-27-27282 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:164-165) Field Number: T-012 Site Type: Sinkhole Artifacts: None Observed Midden: Present Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Good Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27282 (T-012) consists of a unmodified sinkhole with two identified kukui nut shells. The sinkhole is located along a fairly level pāhoehoe flat surrounded by scattered fountain grass. It is 20 meters southeast (122° az.) from site T-009. The opening of the sinkhole measures approximately 4.50 meters (north to south) by 3.60 meters (east to west) and it is approximately 3.00 meters deep. The sinkhole is unmodified with roof collapse debris along the northwest rim. One
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 229 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 141. Photo of SIHP #-27280; view to the southeast (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:163) kukui nut shell is located in the northwest overhang of the sinkhole on a fairly level surface measuring c. 2.40 meters deep with an average of c. 1.0 meter overhang ceiling space above. The second kukui nut shell is a fragment with a c. 1 centimeter diameter hole (probably natural). The fragment measures approximately 3 centimeters by c. 1.5 centimeters. The outer husk and inner nut were not observed. A small chamber to the north contains a second kukui net shell fragment. The chamber measures roughly c. 2.9 meters (east to west) by c. 1.5 meters (north to south) and an average ceiling height of c. 0.50 meters. The floor of the overhang contains collapsed roof fall. The kukui nut shell is located on the west end of the chamber. The fragment is nearly complete and approximately 2.5 centimeters in diameter. The outer husk and inner nut were not observed. No artifacts, shell midden or coral were observed. Although no shell midden was found, the presence of kukui nut shells suggests some human use of the sinkhole. Given the surrounding environment the kukui nut shell fragment’s presence in the cave is most likely due to human activity. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 230 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.66 50-10-27-27285 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:169) (Figure 142) Field Number: T-016 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27285 (T-016) is a C-shaped wall located within a widely spaced cluster of somewhat similar sites in the inland portion of the survey area [Figure 142]. The site is situated on a level stretch of grass covered pāhoehoe approximately 80.0 meters west (265° az.) from the site 50-10-27-27284 (T-014) slab walled enclosure. The C-shape is open to the east and the larger pāhoehoe slabs are located at the western end of wall, opposite the opening, suggesting that it was built to block a westerly sea breeze. It is constructed of small to medium pāhoehoe boulder slabs ranging in length from 0.28 to 0.75 meters. Though the structure is now somewhat disturbed it is still possible to observe that many of its slabs were originally set on edge. The wall measures c. 2.1 meters in length across the wings (north to south) by c. 2.9 meters in depth (east to west). It ranges in height from c. 0.35 to c. 0.57 meters. The interior of the structure measures c. 0.9 meters north to south by 1.7 meters east to west. This interior consists of level pāhoehoe bedrock. The site is in fair condition, though somewhat collapsed. No cultural material was observed in the vicinity. The wall appears to be of traditional construction and was probably originally built as a temporary shelter. 7.1.67 50-10-27-27298 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:194) (Figure 143, Figure 144) Field Number: T-030 Site Type: Complex Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27298 (T-030) is a complex consisting of two mounds. The site is located approximately 100 meters west (226° az.) from Site 50-10-27-27297 (T-029) on a low and relatively flat east to west oriented pāhoehoe ridge. Although the ridge is relatively low, it provides a good view of the surrounding area, suggesting that in their original condition the mounds could have been seen from some distance. The surrounding terrain consists of undulating pāhoehoe lava with scattered fountain grass. Site 50-10-27-27298 appears to be traditional in age and the two mounds may have served as some form of marker. Both mounds are constructed directly atop fairly level, exposed pāhoehoe outcrop. The site tag is on Feature A. Feature: A [Figure 143] Feature Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 231 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 142. Photo of SIHP # -27285; view to the west (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:170) Figure 143. Photo of SIHP # -27298 Feature A; view to the east (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:195)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 232 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27298 (T-030), Feature A is a relatively large, roughly rectangular mound that is badly tumbled. The mound is constructed of small to large subangular basalt cobbles and small subangular basalt boulders loosely piled 2 to 4 courses high. It is highest at the center and appears to be tumbled on all sides. Feature A measures c. 1.7 meters in length (east to west) by c. 1.2 meters in width (north to south) and has a maximum height of c. 0.52 meters. No surface cultural material was observed in vicinity of the Feature A mound. Feature: B [Figure 144] Feature Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27298 (T-030), Feature B is a smaller, low, roughly circular mound located approximately 5.0 meters south of Feature A. It is constructed of small subangular boulders and small pāhoehoe slab boulders loosely piled 2 courses high. This mound is in poor condition and has scattered pāhoehoe slabs on its north end. Feature B is 1 to 2 courses high. It measures c. 1.0 meter in length (north to south) by c. 0.80 meters in width (east to west) with a maximum height of c. 0.35 meters. No surface cultural material was observed in the vicinity of Feature B. 7.1.68 50-10-27-27299 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:197) (Figure 145) Field Number: T-031 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27299 (T-031) consists of a somewhat disturbed C-shaped wall [Figure 145]. The site is located c. 90 meters northeast (30° az.) from the intersection of the main to Campsite Road and the Pipeline Access Road. It is c. 15 meters southeast (140° az.) from Site 50-10-27-27300 (T-032). Site 50-10-27-27299 (T-031) is situated on a patch of smooth and relatively level pāhoehoe within undulating pāhoehoe terrain and is surrounded by fountain grass. The C-shape forms a very slight arc, open to the northeast. It is constructed of pāhoehoe
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 233 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 144. Photo of SIHP #-27298 Feature B; view to the north (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:196) Figure 145. Photo of SIHP # -27299; view to the southwest (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:198)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 234 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 cobbles and boulders, loosely stacked to a maximum of 2 courses high, but badly tumbled. The exterior length of the structure across the wings is approximately 1.6 meters. The exterior depth measures c. 1.1 meters. The interior length is c. 0.95 meters and the interior depth measures c. 0.50 meters. The maximum wall height is c. 0.21 meters and the average wall thickness is c. 0.30. The C-shape is badly disturbed. No surface cultural materials were found in or around the area. This site may have served as a temporary shelter built and used during the pre-Contact period. 7.1.69 50-10-27-27300 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:199) (Figure 146) Field Number: T-032 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27300 (T-032) consists of a badly disturbed C-shaped wall [Figure 146]. The site is approximately 100 meters north (15° az.) from the intersection of the main to Campsite Road and the Pipeline Access Road, and c. 15 meters northwest (320° az.) from Site 50-10-27-27299 (T-031). It is located on a level pāhoehoe flat within undulating pāhoehoe terrain and surrounded by fountain grass. The C-shape is open to the northeast. It is composed of a scattered alignment of pāhoehoe cobbles and small boulders that appear to have originally been loosely stacked. The structures exterior length between the wings measures c. 2 meters and the exterior depth measures c. 1.5 meters. The interior length between the wings measures c. 1.3 meters and the interior depth measures c. 0.90 meters. The maximum height of the wall is c. 0.16 meters and the average thickness of the wall is approximately 0.30 meters. The C-shape is badly disturbed. The center of the wall appears to have tumbled into the interior, leaving the C-shape 1 course high. No surface cultural material was observed. This structure may have served as a temporary habitation site, although interpretation is difficult given the disturbed nature of the site. 7.1.70 50-10-27-27301 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:201) Field Number: T-033 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 235 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 146. Photo of SIHP #-27300; view to the southwest (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:200) Description: Site 50-10-27-27301 (T-033) consists of a circular pāhoehoe slab enclosure. The site is approximately 90 meters north (347° az.) from Site 50-10-27-27300 (T-032) and is approximately 20 meters northwest from the Pipeline Access Road. It is located on patch of relatively smooth and level pāhoehoe with irregular pāhoehoe surfaces and fountain grass immediately outside of the enclosure. The enclosure is constructed of large pāhoehoe cobbles and small boulder slabs. Several of the slabs, though tumbled, may have originally been placed upright, increasing the overall height of the structure. There is a concentration of slabs along the southern wall suggesting that this may have been the direction of the prevailing wind at the time the structure was built. Three of these are still set upright. The enclosure measures approximately 2.2 meters in diameter on its exterior, and its interior measures approximately 1.3 meters in diameter. The site is in fair condition and the south side of the structure maintains greater integrity than the north. No surface cultural materials were observed. This structure may have been used as a temporary habitation site. The site tag is located along the southern wall area. 7.1.71 50-10-27-27302 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:201) Field Number: T-036 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 236 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27302 (T-036) is a circular stone enclosure. It is located on a level pāhoehoe flat c. 15 meters west from the waste water treatment plant and c. 90 meters west (248° az.) from Site 50-10-27-27299 (T-031). The enclosure is constructed of pāhoehoe cobbles and small boulder slabs and small subangular boulders. The slabs and boulders are loosely stacked up to 2 courses high with some positioned upright at the southwest end. The eastern area has collapsed outward while the southwest and northeast areas appear to have partially collapsed into the interior of the enclosure. The exterior of the enclosure measures approximately 2.3 meters in diameter and the interior measures approximately 1.3 meters. The maximum wall height is c. 0.39 meters, with an average wall thickness averaging 0.40 meters. The enclosure is in poor to fair condition with many of the slabs and boulders tumbled. No cultural material was observed. The site tag is located at the east end of the enclosure. 7.1.72 50-10-27-27304 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:204) Field Number: T-039 Site Type: Battering Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Processing Description: Site 50-10-27-27304 (T-039) is a roughly circular area of battered pāhoehoe bedrock located on flat pāhoehoe ground in a swale between two low east to west oriented pāhoehoe ridges. The surrounding vegetation consists of fountain grass. Bulldozing scars were observed approximately 1.0 meters to the west in same panel of pāhoehoe bedrock. The panel measures c. 5.0 meters in length (north to south) by c. 2.5 meters in width (east to west) and is approximately 3.0 meters east of pipeline access road. The site tag is on south end of battering. This battering probably represents an area where something was processed during the pre-Contact period. 7.1.73 50-10-27-27305 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:204) Field Number: T-040 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 237 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27305 (T-040) is a low, C-shaped wall constructed of small-large pāhoehoe slab cobbles and small pāhoehoe slab boulders with a few small subangular basalt boulders. It is located on a fairly level pāhoehoe flat, surrounded by fountain grass, and is approximately 5.0 meters west of pipeline access road. The site is constructed on a pāhoehoe bedrock surface and the interior consists of a natural bedrock surface. It opens to southeast, and is in very poor condition. It is 2 courses high at northwest end. The other sides are 1 course high. The interior dimensions measure c. 1.30 meters (north/south) by c. 1.10 meters (east/west). The possible function is habitation. The site tag is located at the north end. 7.1.74 50-10-27-27308 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:210) Field Number: T-045 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27308 (T-045) is a badly disturbed roughly circular mound. It is located on level north to south oriented pāhoehoe ridge and is constructed on ropy a pāhoehoe surface surrounded by undulating pāhoehoe and fountain grass. It is constructed of small pāhoehoe slab boulders and small subangular basalt boulders 1 course high. One scattering area of small-large subangular basalt cobbles is located approximately 8.0 meters southwest and a second area of scattered small pāhoehoe slab boulders located approximately 8.0 meters northwest. It is also 1 course high. Both may have been possibly stacked at one time but are heavily destroyed presently. The first scatter measures c. 1.20 meters in length (north/south) by c. 0.90 meters in width (east/west) with a height of c. 0.19 meters. The second scatter measures c. 1.30 meters in length (north/south) by c. 0.80 meters in width (east/west), with a height of c. 0.25. They possibly functioned as markers, as the surface of the site is too ropy for habitation. The site tag is on the center. 7.1.75 50-10-27-27378 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:275–276) Field Number: T-116 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 238 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27378 (T-116) consists of a stone mound. It is located on an east to west oriented ridge at the north boundary of the project area, directly east of the waste water treatment plant. The mound is constructed of fairly level pāhoehoe. Vegetation in the area consists of scattered tufts of fountain grass. The mound is constructed of subangular basalt large cobbles and small and medium boulders. The mound is badly disturbed with only nine scattered stones remaining in a roughly circular shape with no stacking or piling. The mound measures c. 1.60 meters in length by c. 1.10 meters in width with an overall height of c. 0.35 meters. There is a small scatter of cobbles and boulders down slope to the northwest. The site is in poor condition. No cultural materials were observed in or around the sites. This may have been a marker for the ahupua‘a boundary. Site tag is in the center of the mound. 7.1.76 50-10-27-27379 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:276) Field Number: T-117 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27379 (T-117) is located on an east to west oriented pāhoehoe ridge southeast of the waste water treatment plant. The mound is constructed from boulder sized pāhoehoe slabs and medium sized pāhoehoe cobbles. The mound is collapsed but in fair condition. It measures c. 2.5 meters in length by 2.3 meters in width with an average height of c. 0.55 meters. Given its location it is most likely traditional ahupua‘a marker. A modern ahupua‘a marker is 5 meters northwest. The site tag is located in the center of mound. 7.1.77 50-10-27-27380 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:276) Field Number: T-118 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: Present Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27380 (T-118) consists of a stone slab mound. It is located on an east to west oriented ridge, east of the waste water treatment plant. The mound is constructed on fairly level, flat pāhoehoe, in an area surrounded by undulating pāhoehoe and scattered fountain grass. The mound is composed of pāhoehoe slab cobbles and small boulders roughly stacked up to 3 courses. It
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 239 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 measures c. 2.10 meters in lengthy by c. 1.40 meters in width with an average height of c. 0.20 meters. The mound has collapsed creating an oval shape scatter of stones. The site is in fair condition. One cowrie shell fragment is located 1.5 meters north of the mound in a small crevice. No other cultural materials were observed. The site is interpreted as traditional, and may have been used as a boundary marker for the ahupua‘a. 7.1.78 50-10-27-27381 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:277) Field Number: T-119 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27381 (T-119) is located on a southwest - northeast running pāhoehoe uplift or ridge. The waste water treatment plant is 20 meters north and in plain sight. The surrounding terrain consists of undulating pāhoehoe lava with tufts fountain grass scattered around. The mound is constructed from pāhoehoe small boulders and cobble. They are loosely piled together. The mound is almost collapsed giving it a poor condition. It measures c. 2.0 meters in length by c. 1.7 meters in width and c. 0.10 meters in height. Given its location most likely a traditional ahupua‘a boundary marker. The site tag is placed in the center. 7.1.79 50-10-27-27382 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:277) Field Number: T-123 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Historic Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27382 (T-123) consists of a circular stone slab mound. It is located on an east to west oriented ridge at the northern boundary of the project area, and west of the unpaved road leading to the waste water treatment plant. The terrain surrounding the site consists of undulating pāhoehoe lava and scattered fountain grass. The mound is constructed on fairly level, flat pāhoehoe with a large area of broken pāhoehoe immediately to the north. The mound is composed of subangular basalt cobbles and boulders and slab cobbles and boulders. The perimeter is loosely stacked with both small boulders and small boulder slabs up to 3 courses high. The interior is filled with cobbles. The mound measures c. 0.90 meters in length by c. 0.80 meters in width and is c. 0.45 meters in height. A wooden survey stake with wire attached to one end leans on the mound and most likely Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 240 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 stuck out from the mound at one time. Two survey nails are located directly to the west and a modern mound is directly to the east. The site is in fair condition. No cultural materials were observed. This may have been a marker for the ahupua‘a boundary. 7.1.80 50-10-27-27398 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:287) Field Number: T-154 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Good Possible Age: Modern Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27398 (T-154) consists of a stone mound located atop a pāhoehoe ridge toward the northeastern corner of the project area. It is situated c. 5 meters southeast of Site 50-10-27-27379 (T-117). The mound is relatively intact and is constructed of loosely stacked pāhoehoe slabs. It is in good condition. The site is located on the northern boundary line of the ahupua‘a and probably served as a modern survey marker. 7.1.81 50-10-27-27400 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:287-288) Field Number: T-156 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27400 (T-156) consists of a roughly rectangular stone walled enclosure situated within the floor of a sinkhole. The site is located in the mauka portion of the survey area, east of the pipeline access road and north of the main access road. Three walls of loosely stacked stones have been constructed with the edge of the sinkhole forming the back wall of the enclosure. The mound is presently in fair condition. No cultural material was noted at the site, but a waterworn cobble was observed on the ridge to the south. The site appears to have served as a temporary habitation shelter constructed during the pre-Contact period. 7.1.82 50-10-27-27401 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:288) Field Number: T-157 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 241 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27401 (T-157) is a pāhoehoe slab enclosure. The site is located near the southern boundary of the survey area, south of the main access road and east of the pipeline access road. It is situated on a slightly raised area of relatively smooth pāhoehoe lava. The roughly oval enclosure is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, which appear to have originally been set on edge. The enclosure is badly collapsed and in poor condition. No cultural material was noted at the site. It seems likely that Site 50-10-27-27401 (T-157) was constructed during the pre- Contact period to serve as a temporary occupation shelter. 7.1.83 50-10-27-27402 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:288) Field Number: T-158 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27402 (T-158) is a badly disturbed stone mound. The site is located near the southern boundary of the survey area, south of the main access road and east of the pipeline access road. It consists of collapsed mound of pāhoehoe slabs situated atop a pāhoehoe knoll. The mound is in poor condition. No cultural material was found at the site. It is possible that the mound was built during the pre-Contact period to serve as a marker. 7.1.84 50-10-27-27403 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:289) Field Number: T-159 Site Type: Complex Possible Age: Possible Function: Description: Site 50-10-27-27403 (T-159) consists of a pair of pāhoehoe slab mounds located near the southern boundary of the survey area, south of the main access road and east of the pipeline access road. The two stone mounds rest on a low rise in the pāhoehoe. They appear to have been constructed during the pre-Contact period to serve as markers. Feature: A Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 242 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27403 (T-159), Feature A is one of a pair of pāhoehoe slab mounds situated on a rise in the pāhoehoe lava. The mound is in fair condition. No cultural material was noted at this feature, which may have served as a Traditional era marker. Feature: B Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27403 (T-159), Feature A is the second of a pair of pāhoehoe slab mounds situated on a rise in the pāhoehoe lava. The mound is in fair condition. No cultural material was noted at this feature, which may have served as a Traditional era marker. 7.1.85 50-10-27-27404 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:289–290) Field Number: T-160 Site Type: Stone Mound Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Marker Description: Site 50-10-27-27404 (T-160) consists of a rough stone mound. The site is located near the southern boundary of the survey area, south of the main access road and east of the pipeline access road. The mound itself is roughly built of pāhoehoe slabs and is in fair condition. No cultural material was found at the site. The mound is likely to have been erected during the pre-Contact period to serve as some form of marker. 7.1.86 50-10-27-27405 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:290) Field Number: T-161 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27405 (T-161) consists of a C-shaped wall located in the southern portion of the survey area, south of the main access road and just west
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 243 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 of the pipeline access road. The C-shape rests on relatively smooth pāhoehoe and is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs that appear to have originally been set on edge. The C-shape is in fair condition. No cultural material was noted at the site. It seems probable that the Site 50-10-27-27405 (T-161) C-shape was built during the pre-Contact period to serve as a temporary shelter. An area of possible battering was noted on the pāhoehoe bedrock near the structure. 7.1.87 50-10-27-27406 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:290) Field Number: T-162 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27406 (T-162) consists of the remnants of a pāhoehoe slab enclosure. The site is located toward the southern portion of the survey area, almost immediately adjacent to the pipeline access road. The site is located on relatively smooth lava and appears to be a partially collapsed oval pāhoehoe slab enclosure, though it may originally have been more of a C-shaped wall. The disturbed nature of the stones makes identification difficult. The structure is in fair condition. No cultural material was noted at the site. Site 50-10-27-27406 (T-162) probably served as a temporary windbreak shelter constructed during the pre-Contact period. 7.1.88 50-10-27-27407 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:290-291) Field Number: T-163 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27407 (T-163) is a roughly oval enclosure. It is located just north of the southern boundary of the project area, slightly west of the pipeline access road. The enclosure is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs that are now somewhat disturbed, but may originally have been roughly set on edge. It is in poor condition. No cultural material was observed at the site. It is likely that this enclosure was constructed as a temporary windbreak shelter, possibly during the pre-Contact period. Approximately 5 meters west of the structure is a waterworn stone and what may be a filled crevice. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 244 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.89 50-10-27-27408 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:291) Field Number: T-164 Site Type: U-shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27408 (T-164) is a U-shaped wall. It is located near the southern boundary of the survey area, just west of the pipeline access road. The U-shape is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs that may originally have been set on edge. It is in fair condition. No marine shell midden or other surface cultural material was noted at the site. Site 50-10-27-27408 (T-164) may have served as a Traditional windbreak shelter. 7.1.90 50-10-27-27409 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:291) Field Number: T-165 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27409 (T-165) consists of a badly disturbed C-shaped shelter. The site is located near the southern boundary of the survey area, west of the pipeline access road. It is built of pāhoehoe slabs and is in poor condition. No surface cultural material was observed at the site, which may originally have served as a windbreak shelter constructed during the pre-Contact period. 7.1.91 50-10-27-27410 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:292) Field Number: T-166 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Uncertain Description: Site 50-10-27-27410 (T-166) consists of a small, oval stone walled enclosure. The site is located within the southern portion of the survey area, just west of the pipeline access road, adjacent to sites 50-10-27-27411 and 50-10-27-27412. This enclosure is primarily constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, many of which may originally have been set on edge. It is in fair condition. No marine shell midden
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 245 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 or other surface cultural material was noted at the site. Though of traditional construction, the site looks too small to have served as a habitation feature. Its original purpose is uncertain. 7.1.92 50-10-27-27411 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:292) Field Number: T-167 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Uncertain Description: Site 50-10-27-27411 (T-167) consists of a small pāhoehoe slab enclosure similar to Site 50-10-27-27410 (T-166). It is located within the southern portion of the survey area, just west of the pipeline access road, and adjacent to sites 50-10-27-27410 and 50-10-27-27412. Constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, the enclosure is in fair condition. No surface cultural material was observed at the site. Though of traditional construction, the site looks too small to have served as a habitation feature. Like Site 50-10-27-27410 (T-166), its original purpose is uncertain. 7.1.93 50-10-27-27412 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:292–293) Field Number: T-168 Site Type: Modified Overhang Artifacts: Traditional Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27412 (T-168) is a modified overhang located in the southern portion of the survey area, just west of the pipeline access road. It is adjacent to sites 50-10-27-27410 and 50-10-27-27411. Stacked stone walls within the overhang form a rough enclosure. Though it is possible that this enclosure may be simple a lava excavation, it seems more likely that it represents some form of small shelter. What appears to be a broken anchor stone (a small waterworn boulder with a pecked and abraded groove around its center) was found in the wall fill of the enclosure. The enclosure itself is in fair condition. No surface cultural material was observed at the site. It is possible that the modified overhang was utilized as a traditional shelter for temporary habitation. 7.1.94 50-10-27-27413 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:293) Field Number: T-169 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 246 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27413 (T-169) consists of the badly disturbed remnants of a C-shaped wall. The site is located in the southern portion of the survey area, west of the pipeline access road. It is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, at least some of which appear to have originally been set on edge. The structure is badly disturbed and in poor condition. No surface cultural material was observed at the site, which may originally have served as a windbreak shelter constructed during the pre-Contact period. 7.1.95 50-10-27-27414 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:293) Field Number: T-170 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27414 (T-170) consists of a C-shaped wall. The site is located in the southern portion of the survey area, just west of the pipeline access road and northeast of Site 50-10-27-27413 (T-169). The C-shape is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, at least some of which appear to have originally been set on edge. It is in fair condition. No surface cultural material was noted at the site. This C-shape was probably built during the pre-Contact period to serve as a temporary windbreak shelter. 7.1.96 50-10-27-27415 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:294) Field Number: T-171 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27414 (T-170) consists of a C-shaped wall constructed of pāhoehoe slabs. The site is located in the southern portion of the survey area, just west of the pipeline access road and north of Site 50-10-27-27414 (T-170). It is constructed atop a relatively level pāhoehoe flow. A number of the pāhoehoe slabs that make up the C-shape appear to have originally been set on edge. The
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 247 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 structure is in fair condition. No surface cultural material was noted at the site. Like Site 50-10-27-27414 (T-170), this C-shape was probably built during the pre-Contact period to serve as a temporary windbreak shelter. 7.1.97 50-10-27-27416 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:294–295) Field Number: T-172 Site Type: Complex Possible Age: Possible Function: Description: Site 50-10-27-27416 (T-172) is a complex of two features, both of them C-shaped walls. The site is located toward the center of the project area, south of the main access road into the campgrounds and west of the pipeline access road. The two adjacent pāhoehoe slab C-shapes were probably constructed during the pre-Contact period to serve as temporarily occupied windbreak shelters. Feature: A Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27416 (T-172), Feature A consists of a C-shaped wall constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, many of which appear to have originally been set on edge. The feature is in fair condition. No surface cultural material was observed within or around Feature A. The feature was probably built during the pre-Contact period as a windbreak shelter. Feature: B Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27416 (T-172), Feature B consists of the badly damaged remnants of a C-shaped wall. The structure is built of pāhoehoe slabs, and is in poor condition. No surface cultural material was observed within or around the structure. Like Feature A, Feature B was probably built during the pre-Contact period as a windbreak shelter. 7.1.98 50-10-27-27417 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:295) Field Number: T-173 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 248 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27417 (T-173) consists of a rough C-shaped wall. It is located toward the center of the survey area, immediately south of the main access road and just west of the pipeline access road. The C-shape is very roughly constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, at least some of which appear to have originally been set on edge. The structure is somewhat disturbed and in poor condition. No surface cultural material was noted at the site. This C-shape was probably built during the pre-Contact period to serve as a temporary windbreak shelter. 7.1.99 50-10-27-27421 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:296) Field Number: T-177 Site Type: Modified Crevice Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Uncertain Description: Site 50-10-27-27421 (T-177) is a modified crevice. It is located on a pāhoehoe flat north of Site 50-10-27-6530 (T-121) toward the northern boundary of the project area. No cultural material was observed in the vicinity. The modifications to the crevice appear to be traditional in age, but the original purpose is uncertain. 7.1.100 50-10-27-27422 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:296) Field Number: T-178 Site Type: C-Shaped Wall Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Poor Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27422 (T-178) consists of the badly disturbed remnants of a C-shaped wall. The site is located near the northern boundary of the survey area. The C-shape is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, several of which may originally have been set on edge. It is in poor condition. No surface cultural material was noted at the site. This C-shape was probably built during the pre-Contact period to serve as a temporary windbreak shelter.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 249 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.101 50-10-27-27439 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:303) Field Number: T-198 Site Type: Wall Segment Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Uncertain Description: Site 50-10-27-27439 (T-198) consists of a rough wall segment. It is located toward the northern boundary of the survey area at the northern base of a lava ridge and just north of a natural overhang. The wall is constructed of loosely piled rubble and is very rough in its construction. No surface cultural material was noted at the site. Though the site appears to be in fair condition, the relative location and rough construction of the wall does not immediately suggest it was utilized as a windbreak shelter. Although it probably dates to the pre-Contact period, its original function is uncertain. 7.1.102 50-10-27-27440 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:304) SIHP Number: 50-10-27-27440 Field Number: T-199 Site Type: Complex Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27440 (T-199) is a complex consisting of two wall segments (Features A and B) and an enclosure (Feature C). The site is located very close to the northern boundary of the survey area. No surface cultural material was noted at any of the three features. All three features appear to represent temporary habitation structures probably constructed during the pre-Contact period. Feature: A Site Type: Wall Segment Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27440 (T-199), Feature A is one of a pair of adjacent pāhoehoe slab wall segments. Both wall segments are located on a relatively level stretch of pāhoehoe lava. The wall segment is constructed of loosely stacked and piled pāhoehoe slabs, some of which may originally have been positioned on edge. It is in fair condition. Feature: B Site Type: Wall Segment Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 250 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27440 (T-199), Feature B is similar in its size, construction and condition to the nearby Feature A pāhoehoe slab wall segment. Feature: C Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27440 (T-199), Feature C is an enclosure located c. 10 meters north of the Feature A and B wall segments. The enclosure is also constructed of pāhoehoe slabs and is in fair condition. 7.1.103 50-10-27-27441 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:305) Field Number: T-200 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: Present Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27441 (T-200) consists of a stone walled enclosure. It is located along the northern boundary of the project area. The enclosure is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs and is somewhat disturbed. No surface cultural material was observed in the immediate area of the enclosure. It is likely that this structure served as a temporary shelter during the pre- Contact period. Just east of the enclosure is one of a series of cairns that appear to be of modern construction. They seem to mark the course of a modern trail across the lava. The occasional fragment of waterworn coral or cowrie shell was noted along the course of the possible trail, and these may also have served to mark its route. 7.1.104 50-10-27-27442 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:305) Field Number: T-201 Site Type: Scatter Artifacts: Traditional Midden: Present Skeletal Remains: None Observed
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 251 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Condition: Good Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Activity Area Description: Site 50-10-27-27442 (T-201) consists of a very light scatter of cultural material. It is located inland of the coast, just south of the northern boundary of the survey area. The scatter consists of two waterworn pebbles, a cowrie shell, and fragments of waterworn coral. Though the scatter is relatively small, it does indicate human presence and activity in this part of the project area. The two waterworn pebbles may have been used in the pre-Contact period as slingstones. A cache of similar waterworn pebbles was found nearby. These may also have been intended for use as slingstones. 7.1.105 50-10-27-27447 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices:307) Field Number: T-208 Site Type: Enclosure Artifacts: None Observed Midden: None Observed Skeletal Remains: None Observed Condition: Fair Possible Age: Traditional Possible Function: Habitation Description: Site 50-10-27-27447 (T-208) consists of a very rough stone walled enclosure. The site is located toward the southern boundary of the survey area, west of the main access road and east of the pipeline access road. The enclosure is constructed of pāhoehoe slabs, some of which may originally have been set on edge, but are now collapsed. The structure is in fair condition. No surface cultural material was observed in the immediate vicinity of the enclosure. It is likely that this structure served as a temporary shelter during the pre-Contact period. 7.1.106 50-10-27-27559 (Reeve et al. 2012 Appendices) No site description given. 7.1.107 50-10-27-28794 (Monahan et al. 2012:261) (Figure 147, Figure 148) Temp. Site No.: T-091010-7 (Monahan et al. 2011) Site Type: Filled Crevice No. of Features: 1 Functional Interpretation: Indeterminate-Possible Agricultural Clearing Feature Probable Age: Indeterminate Overall Dimensions: 0.9 m N/S by 3.8 m E/W Topography: Level pāhoehoe flow Elevation: 94 ft (29 m) AMSL Description: SIHP # 50-10-27-28794 is a filled crevice… adjacent to the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park [Figure 147]. SIHP # 28794 consists of several pāhoehoe cobbles and small boulders that have been placed within a natural crevice Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 252 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 147. Photos of SIHP # -28794; view to the east (top) and west (bottom) (Monahan et al. 2012:262)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 253 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 in the pāhoehoe surface. The filled crevice measures 0.9 m N/S by 3.8 m E/W. No artifacts or midden were observed in the area. From an archaeological perspective, this feature retains little evidence of formal construction, and, therefore, both its age and function are indeterminate. Based on oral-historical information cited by NPS staff, and confirmed as accurate by Analu Josephides of the SHPD, in the context of discussing other features in the project area, it was believed to be possible that this site represented a burial. Subsurface testing of this feature was conducted to determine if human skeletal remains were present. CSH obtained concurrence from the SHPD before testing this site. Test Excavation Findings Excavation of SIHP # -28794 was halted at the exposure of solid bedrock, which was encountered between 70 and 90 cmbs. A small, unmodified coral cobble, a portion of a kukui nut shell, and sparse amounts of charcoal were identified during the excavation of SIHP # -28794 at 70 to 75 cmbs [see Figure 147, Figure 148]. SIHP # -28794 may represent an agricultural clearing feature. Subsurface testing did not reveal any human skeletal remains. The age of this feature is indeterminate. Figure 148. SIHP #-28794 plan view from Monahan et al 2012:263 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 254 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 7.1.108 50-10-27-29344 (Monahan et al. 2012:255) (Figure 149, Figure 150) Temp. Site No.: Excavation 0 (Monahan and Yucha 2012) Site Type: Excavated Pit No. of Features: 1 Functional Interpretation: Indet.-Possible Quarry or Sweet Potato Planter or Bird Pit Probable Age: Indeterminate-Probably Prehistoric (Pre-Contact) Overall Dimensions: 1.0 m N/S by 1.0 m E/W Topography: ‘A‘ā flow Elevation: 75 ft (23 m) AMSL Description: SIHP # 50-10-27-29344 is an excavated pit in a pāhoehoe lava blister. The site location is depicted in …. The excavated pit was created by bashing and removal of sections of pāhoehoe creating an opening in the flow [Figure 149, Figure 150]. Two small boulder-sized pāhoehoe blocks have been left in the pit floor. Larger sections of fractured pāhoehoe are located along the east side of the pit. Low overhangs are present along the west side of the pit. This site was pointed out to CSH by NPS archaeologists during the supplemental survey of the south segment (Monahan and Yucha 2012). The excavated pit measures approximately 1.0 m N/S by 1.0 m E/W by 0.30 m deep. There is relatively little vegetation or soil-sedimentary matrix in or immediately adjacent to the pit. No portable cultural materials, other than the removed rocks, were observed by CSH archaeologists. It is difficult to unequivocally date this site, although it seems likely to be of prehistoric (pre-Contact) age. Its function is currently indeterminate. A wide variety of excavated pits in pāhoehoe have been documented in similar physiographic settings in the Kona region. The pit may have functioned as a quarry (e.g., a source of rock material) or as a sweet potato planter or as a bird pit. It is possible that further work (excavation) at the site may contribute additional information to further clarify its age or function. 7.1.109 50-Ha-D13-81 (Renger 1971:28) A major mauka-makai trail, well worn, runs mostly across smooth pahoehoe. 7.1.110 SP-1 through SP-8, SP-10 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:22, 25) (Figure 151, Figure 152) A total of ten features were identified during the survey. Features were marked with yellow flagging and assigned temporary ID numbers (NPS SP-1 through 10). Of these features six appear to be excavated pits or quarried areas which have been partially or totally refilled (SP-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8), one pecked or battered area (SP-2), a natural depression that has been partially enclosed with a one-stone high wall (SP-7); a foot worn trail (SP-9 [SIHP # -21588]); and a possible mound or ahu (SP-10). The excavated pits (SP-3, 4, 5, and 6) appear to correspond with those identified in Barr et al.’s survey in 1993. These features appear on a map of the Queen
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 255 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 149. Photo of SIHP # -29344; view to the northwest (Monahan et al. 2012:256) Figure 150. SIHP # -29344 plan view (Monahan et al. 2012:257)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 256 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Kaʻahumanu Interchange Project Area… as “Pahoehoe Excavations”. These features were not further described or given any site numbers. Site SP-8, another pahoehoe excavation, is located along a crack on a pahoehoe rise. This site is most likely associated with other nearby features (SP-7 and 9). An area of battering (SP-2) [Figure 151] was located near an isolated pahoehoe excavation (SP-1) [Figure 151]. … … A possible ahu (SP-10) is located just south of the trail within the Temporary Sewer Line. This feature is in very poor condition and may have been a result of the bulldozer activity. Figure 151. Photos of SP-1 and SP-2 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:23)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 4 Appendix A LRFI for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan, Kaloko to Keahuolū, North Kona, Hawai‘i 257 TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 Figure 152. Photos of SP-3, SP-7, and SP-8 (Gmirkin and Bond 2002:24)
O‘ahu OfficeP.O. Box 1114Kailua, Hawai‘i 96734Ph.: (808) 262-9972Fax: (808) 262-4950www.culturalsurveys.comMaui Office1860 Main St.Wailuku, Hawai‘i 96793Ph.: (808) 242-9882Fax: (808) 244-1994FINALCultural Impact Assessment for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan,.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµDNorth Kona District, Hawai‘i IslandTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; and 7-5-005:007Prepared forWilson Okamoto CorporationPrepared byChantellee Konohia Spencer, B.A.,Nicole Ishihara, B.A.,andHallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc.Kailua, Hawai‘i(Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5)April 2018Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Management Summary&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007iManagement SummaryReferenceCultural Impact Assessment for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment 3ODQW0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWKKona District, Hawai‘i Island, TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007 (Spencer et al. 2018)DateApril 2018Project Number(s)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5AgenciesDepartment of Health – Office of Environmental Quality Control (DOH-OEQC)Land JurisdictionCounty/State/PrivateProject LocationThe project area is located on the leeward side of Hawai‘i Island north of Kailua-Kona. The project area straddles Queen Ka‘ahumanu +LJKZD\ 5RXWH ZLWKLQ.DORNR.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnjAhupua‘a. The northern portion of the project area is located at Hina Lani Street and Route 19. The southern portion of the project areaextends slightly north of Kealakehe Parkway and spans south on Route 19. The southern portion of the project area spans mauka(towards the mountain) and makai (towards the ocean) of Route 19. The makai(seaward) southern portion of the project area includes Kealakehe Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) and a portion of the Queen Lili‘uokalani Trust (QLT) Children’s Center.Project DescriptionThe current project will upgrade the Kealakehe WWTP to provide effluent treatment to produce R-1 recycled water. This project may be funded by federal funds through the State of Hawai‘i DOH Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program, which would constitute a federal action and will require the project to meet all National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Hawai‘i SRF program requirements.Facilities to be constructed as part of this project include water reuse, wastewater collection and treatment enhancements, and effluents disposal elements. R-1 water produced at the Kealakehe WWTP will be initially stored on site in a 500,000-gallon above grade tank. The storage tank will also serve as a clearwell for the buffer parcel irrigation pumps, provide pressure head for transmission of R-1 water to the Old Kona Airport Park and QLT lands, and feed the R-1 distribution system to the north. The extent of the site infrastructure for the initial and future R-1 storage and distribution system to the north will consist of new, repurposed, and recently installed components. Recycled water infrastructure (including the “purple pipe” required to differentiate recycled water lines from other pipelines) was installed in 2016 in
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Management Summary&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007iiconjunction with the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening Project from Kealakehe Parkway to the entrance of the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club. A new pipeline will be constructed from Kealakehe WWTP to connect with the Queen Ka‘ahumanu purple pipe at Kealakehe Parkway. R-1 water will be pumped from WWTP to an existing, unused potable water storage tank on Hina Lani Street that will be permanently isolated from the potable water distribution system and recommissioned for R-1 service. To the south, a new pipeline will be constructed to convey R-1 water to the Old Kona Airport Park, whose irrigation infrastructure will be modified to facilitate the use of R-1 water. A high-head R-1 pump station will be constructed in the future to deliver water to a planned elevated tank located mauka(inland; east) of the WWTP, expanding the system to provide storage and adequate pressure for additional uses. Potential future users include the proposed Kealakehe Regional Park, Honokohau Harbor, industrial and commercial operations within the service area, QLT land development and other projects.Project AcreageThe overall project area is approximately 199 acres.Document PurposeThis cultural impact assessment (CIA) provides information pertinent to the proposed project’s potential impacts to cultural beliefs, practices, and resources pursuant to the State of Hawai‘i environmental review process under Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) §343. The CIA follows the Office of Environmental Quality Control’s Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts. The document will likely also support the project’s historic preservation review under HRS §6E and HAR §13-275 and §13-284.This CIA investigation may also be used to support the National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106 consultation/review as set forth in 54 U.S.C. §306108 and 36 CFR 800.2(C)4 and the NEPA consultation. A future letter will be sent out either by the State or County of Hawai‘i to accomplish the Section 106 consultation.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Management Summary&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007iiiResults of Background ResearchBackground research for this project yielded the following results (presented in approximately chronological order):1.Mo‘olelo (stories) suggest the remains of Kamehameha I maybe have been buried in Kaloko Ahupua‘a. Kamakau states that the iwi (bones) of Kamehameha were taken to Kekaha in Kaloko at a secret cave (Kamakau 1961:215).2. Pukui shares a mo‘oleloRIµƿKLNLDOHJHQGDU\KHURZKRSUD\HGto Pele to save the priest, Ka-lua-lapa-uila. As a result, a storm arose. The priest turned into a manǀ(shark) as it tried to enter a heiau(pre-Christian place of worship) to save the priest’s human form. One of Pele’s sisters, Hi‘iaka-noho-lae (“Hi‘iaka living at [the] point”) came to live in this sacred area that was forbidden from Pele (Pukui et al. 1974:70).3. A distinguishing feature of the Kona landscape are the many trails that cross and zig-zag through each ahupua‘a(land section spanning from the mountain to the sea). The alaloa(belt road around an island, a long road) is a trail that crossed the makailands that linked royal centers, coastal communities, and resources (Maly and Maly 1993:73). A maukatrail called Kealaehu (“The Path of Ehu”) passed the area a little maukaof WKHROG0ƗPDODKRD+LJKZD\.HDODHKXVSDQQHGIURP.DµnjWRKawaihae.4. Another distinct feature of the Kona landscape are the KǀOXD(sled) slides. +ǀOXDis an ancient sport that can be traced back to the time of Pele and was pursued by those of ali‘i(chief) ranking. The sleds were narrow but long (approximately 12 to 18 feet [ft]) and used to race downhill. The track itself ran maukato makaiand covered with pili grass. The track was slicked with kukui(candlenut; Aleurites moluccana) oil (Mitchell 1975:38). 5. In the early nineteenth century, the residents of Kaloko Ahupua‘a were feeling the pressures and consequences of Western Contact. Native Hawaiians were enlisting as seamen on foreign ships while harbor facilities were being constructed in Kailua and Kealakekua.6. The ahupua‘aof Kaloko was awarded and kept by Lot .DPHKDPHKD .DPHKDPHKD9 GXULQJWKH0ƗKHOH$WRWDORIadditional land claims were made in Kaloko of which 12 were awarded in the uplands. Kealakehe Ahupua‘a was awarded to Kekuapanio, a young noble who was a favorite amongst ali‘isuch as Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III), who later returned the land to the government. The entire ahupua‘aRI.HDKXROnjZDVDZDUGHGWR$QH.HRKRNƗOROHZKRKHOGWZRZDOOHGKRXVHlots “from very ancient times” along the shoreline.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Management Summary&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007iv7. Oral histories indicate that during the mid-1800s, private residences were scattered along the coastline, maukaregions (specifically above 900 ft), anGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI0ƗPDODKRDHighway. Maukaand makai trails were utilized by upland families who traveled to access coastal resources and gather water during upland droughts. Goats and cattle contributed to droughts by stripping the vegetation of the area. In 1870, a resident known as J. Kihe stated that the families who resided in the Kekaha region moved with the exception of one family who remained. 8. Previous archaeology yielded habitation sites, temporary habitiaton sites, lava tubes, lava shelters, trails (pre-Contact and historic), historic campsites, and recreational activities (such as SDSDPnj[checkerlike game], NǀQDQH[ancient game resembling checkers], petroglyphs,KǀOXD[slide]).Results of Community ConsultationCSH contacted a total of 37 parties including the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), the County of Hawai‘i, other agencies, Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs) and knowledgeable community members. Of the 37 parties consulted, a total of eight people/agencies responded to the consultation letter. Five people participated in formal interviews, however, only four were authorized to be used in this study. CSH initiated its outreach effort in June 2017 through March 2018 through letters and emails. Below is a preliminary list of individuals who shared their PDQDұR(thoughts, opinions) and ұLNH(knowledge) about the project areas andtheir corresponding DKXSXDұD:1. Nicole Keaka Lui, dHVFHQGDQWRI.HDKXROnjDQG.HNDKD*2. Rick Gmirkin, archaeologist, Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail*3. Cynthia Nazara, cultural consultant and descendant of Kekaha*4. George Van Gieson, retired fire captain and NDPDұƗLQD(native born)5.0ƗKHDODQL3DLGHVFHQGDQWRI+RQRNǀKDX-Kaloko-Kohanaiki*6. County of Hawai‘i – Planning Department, Cultural Resources Commission7. Ikaika Nakahashi, Cultural Historian (Maui County and Hawai‘i County) – State of Hawai‘i, State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD)8..DOHR.XDOLދLFXOWXUDOFRQVXOWDQWDQGGHVFHQGDQWRI.RKDQDLNL*Authorized use of interviews.Cultural Community Concerns and RecommendationsThe following four participants, who authorized use of the interviews,voice and framed their concerns in a cultural context.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Management Summary&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007v1. Ms. Nicole Lui is concerned about the possible destruction of the 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO6KHLVDOVRFRQFHUQHGDERXWIXWXUHdevelopment and how it impacts significant and cultural sites. She focused on sites found in the vicinity of the QLT lands to 'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQODQGVQHDUWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOShe supports ongoing preservation and protection of these areas and strongly suggests the project be rerouted to cause no further damage and continuous archaeological and cultural monitoring.2. Mr. Rick Gmirkin expressed deep concern with preserving theKohanaiki Trail (also called Road to the Sea), MƗPDODKRD7UDLOand other mauka and makai trails within the expanse of the project area. $VWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOLVthreatened by possible ground disturbance associated with the Kealakehe WWTP project, he further urges the preservation and protection of this trail.3. Cynthia Nazara expressed strong concerns about preserving the UHPDLQLQJSRUWLRQVRIWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO$OWKRXJKSRUWLRQVof the trail have been disturbed by previous construction, she fears further development will cause greater harm to the trail. Ms. Nazara strongly advised that the water lines be moved to protect existing historic sites.4.0U0ƗKHDODQL3DLLVFRQFHUQHGWKHSURMHFWPD\XQHDUWKEXULDOVand possibly disturb burials situated within the crevices of lava. Mr. Pai knows of several caves makaiof Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway that may also be a location for burials. He pointed out that when Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway was first widened, iwi were found south of Kaloko National Park. It is of utmost importance for Mr. Pai that if workers come into contact with iwi, they be handled with great respect and reverence in seeking the continuation of their moe loa(eternal rest). He requestedappropriate parties be contacted efficiently so the correct procedures may take place to ensure proper handling and treatment.Impacts and RecommendationsBased on information gathered from the cultural and historical background, and the community consultation, CSH identified potential impacts and makes the following recommendations based on approved community consultations.1. Community participants voiced concerns regarding the 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLODQGVXJJHVWWKHSURMHFWEHUHURXWHGWRDYRLGfurther disturbance and destruction. One of the community participants suggested archaeological and cultural monitoring for WKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO2QHSDUWLFLSDQWVWURQJO\XUJHGWKDW&6+review a previously published monitoring report to gain further LQVLJKWRIWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLODQGNQRZQmauka-makai trails.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Management Summary&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007vi2. Previous archaeological studies have yielded a number of burials (Carpenter 1995; Ching and Rosendahl 1968; Emory and Soehren 1971; Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980; Ladd 1968; Monahan et al. 2012; Neighbor Island Consultants 1973; Renger 1971; Rosendahl 1993; Soehren 1980b; Soehren 1981). In addition to previous archaeological studies, a community participant has shared their knowledge of burials found north and makaiof the project area.3. In the event that any potential historic properties are identified during construction activities, all activities will cease and the SHPD will be notified pursuant to HAR §13-280-3. In the event that iwi NnjSXQD(ancestral bones) are identified, all earth moving activities in the area will stop, the area will be cordoned off, and the SHPD and Police Department will be notified pursuant to HAR §13-300-40. In addition, in the event of an inadvertent discovery of human remains, the completion of a burial treatment plan, in compliance with HAR §13-300 and HRS §6E-43, is recommended.4. In the event that LZLNnjSXQDand/or cultural finds are encountered during construction, project proponents should consult with cultural and lineal descendants of the area to develop a reinterment plan and cultural preservation plan for proper cultural protocol, curation, and long-term maintenance.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007viiTable of ContentsManagement Summary ............................................................................................................i Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Background .......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Document Purpose.........................................................................................................................2 1.3 Scope of Work...............................................................................................................................2 1.4 Environmental Setting...................................................................................................................8 1.4.1 Natural Environment...............................................................................................................8 1.4.2Makani (Wind)........................................................................................................................8 1.4.3Ua (Rain)..............................................................................................................................10 1.4.4 Built Environment.................................................................................................................11 Section 2 Methods .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Archival Research........................................................................................................................13 2.2 Community Consultation.............................................................................................................13 2.2.1 Scoping for Participants........................................................................................................13 2.2.2 “Talk Story” Sessions...........................................................................................................13 2.2.3 Interview Completion...........................................................................................................14 Section 3Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo................................................................................................ 15 3.1Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloof Kaloko....................................................................................................15 3.1.1Iwi (Bone) of Kamehameha..................................................................................................15 µƿKLNLDQG.DLZL..................................................................................................................16 3.1.3 Lonoikamakahiki..................................................................................................................17 3.1.4 The Story of Kamiki.............................................................................................................17 3.2.DұDRand 0RұROHORRI.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnj........................................................................18 3.2.1 Pu‘u-o-Kaloa.........................................................................................................................19 3.2.2 Punia: A Tale of Sharks and Ghosts of Kekaha....................................................................19 3.3 Wahi Pana(Legendary Places)....................................................................................................20 3XދX-o-Kaloa.........................................................................................................................20 3.3.2 Kahinihini‘ula.......................................................................................................................21 3.3.3 PlDFH1DPHVRI.DORNR.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnj.............................................................22 3.3.4 Heiau(Place of Worship).....................................................................................................30 3.3.5Ala Hele (Trails)...................................................................................................................31 +ǀOXD(Slide) ........................................................................................................................32 µƿOHlo No‘eau (Proverbs).............................................................................................................33 3.4.1µƿOHOR1RµHDX# 1690 ...........................................................................................................34 3.4.2µƿOHOR1RµHDX# 1690 ...........................................................................................................34 ұƿOHOR1RұHDX............................................................................................................34 3.5Oli(Chants) .................................................................................................................................35 3.5.1 Surfing Chant........................................................................................................................35 3.5.2 Lele Kowali Chant................................................................................................................35 3.6Mele(Song) .................................................................................................................................36 3.6.1 Kohanaiki Chant...................................................................................................................36 3.6.2 A Song for Lili‘uokalani.......................................................................................................36 Section 4 Historical Background.......................................................................................... 38
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007viii4.1 Early Historic Period in Kaloko...................................................................................................38 (DUO\+LVWRULF3HULRGLQ.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnj......................................................................38 7KH0ƗKHOHDQGWKH.XOHDQD$FW................................................................................................39 4.3.1 Kaloko: Konohiki Land........................................................................................................41 4.3.2 Kealakehe: Government Land..............................................................................................42 .HDKXROnj .RQRKLNL/DQGV...................................................................................................43 4.4 Mid-Nineteenth to Twentieth Century.........................................................................................44 4.4.1 Kaloko...................................................................................................................................45 4.4.2 Kealakehe .............................................................................................................................47 .HDKXROnj...............................................................................................................................47 4.5 Previous Archaeological Research..............................................................................................50 4.5.1 Previous Archaeological Studies in the Vicinity of the Project Area...................................50 4.5.2 Previous Archaeological Studies Overlapping the Project Area ..........................................73 Section 5 Community Consultation...................................................................................... 83 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................83 5.2 Community Contact Letter..........................................................................................................83 5.3 Community Contact Table...........................................................................................................86 5.4 Consultation with the County of Hawai‘i—Planning Department, Cultural Resources Commission..........................................................................................................................................106 5.5.DPDµƗLQDInterviews ...............................................................................................................109 5.5.1 Nicole Keaka Lui................................................................................................................109 5.5.2 Rick Gmirkin......................................................................................................................117 5.5.3 Cynthia Nazara ...................................................................................................................118 0ƗKHDODQL3DL.....................................................................................................................118 Section 6 Traditional Cultural Practices............................................................................ 120 6.1 Habitation ..................................................................................................................................120 6.2 Gathering of Plant Resources ....................................................................................................120 6.3 Aquaculture................................................................................................................................121 1Ɨ$OD+HOH...............................................................................................................................121 6.5 Burials........................................................................................................................................122 Section 7 Summary and Recommendations ...................................................................... 123 7.1 Results of Background Research...............................................................................................123 7.2 Results of Community Consultation..........................................................................................124 7.3 Cultural Community Concerns and Recommendations.............................................................124 7.4 Impacts and Recommendations.................................................................................................125 Section 8 References Cited.................................................................................................. 126 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007ixList of FiguresFigure 1. Portion of the 1996 USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing the location of the project areas..............................................................................................3 Figure 2. Tax Map Key (TMK) [3] 7-3-09 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014).................................................................................................................................4 Figure 3. TMK: [3] 7-4-08 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014)......................5 Figure 4. TMK: [3] 7-4-20 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014)......................6 Figure 5. Aerial photograph of the project area (Google Earth 2013).............................................7 Figure 6. Overlay of Soil Survey of the State of Hawaii (Foote et al. 1972), indicating soil types within and surrounding the project area (USDA SSURGO 2001)..........................9 Figure 7. 1853 map of Hawai‘i (Coulter 1931:28) depicting the population and project area in red ...............................................................................................................................40 Figure 8. 1906 Donn Hawaii Territory Survey map of Hawai‘i with project area in red; note the majority of the project area spanned across Public Lands and the southern portion of the project area crossed into homestead lands...............................................46 Figure 9. 1924 Kalaoa and Keahole Point USGS topographic quadrangles, depicting project area in red........................................................................................................................48 Figure 10. Photo of Kona Airport, ca. 1940s (courtesy of Hawaii Pictures).................................49 Figure 11. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Mauka and Makai Sections of the project area (in red); this map does not LQFOXGHSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVDORQJ4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ VHH)LJXUH ...........65 Figure 12. Portion of the 1996 Keahole Point USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (in red); this map does not include previous studies along 4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ VHH)LJXUH .............................................................66 Figure 13. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies along the Queen .DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\LQUHODWLRQWRWKHRYHUDOOSURMHFWDUHD LQUHG .........................67 Figure 14. Page one of the community consultation letter............................................................84 Figure 15. Page two of the community consultation letter............................................................85 Figure 16. Page 1, Letter from the County of Hawai‘i - Planning Department, Cultural Resources Commission..............................................................................................107 Figure 17. Page 2, Letter from the County of Hawai‘i - Planning Department, Cultural Resources Commission..............................................................................................108 Figure 18. At the QLT property looking mauka toward the Plains of Kanoenoe (CSH 2017)...110 Figure 19. Keaka/XLSRLQWLQJWRWKHJHQHUDOGLUHFWLRQRI3XދXR.DORD &6+ ................110 )LJXUH0V/XL¶VPRWKHU$JQHVZLWKQRQLDQGދXKDORD &6+ ...................................111 )LJXUH&\QWKLD1D]DUDSRLQWLQJRXWދXKDORD &6+).....................................................112 Figure 22. View of the 0ƗPDODKRDTrail overgrown with fountain grass (CSH 2017)..............115 Figure 237KH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO &6+ .............................................................................116
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007xList of TablesTable 1. Kaloko Ahupua‘a Place Names.......................................................................................23 Table 2. Kealakehe Ahupua‘a place names...................................................................................25 Table 3.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµDSODFHQDPHV...................................................................................27 Table 4. Land Commission Awards in Kaloko..............................................................................41 Table 5. Land Commission Awards in Kealakehe.........................................................................42 Table 6/DQG&RPPLVVLRQ$ZDUGVLQ.HDKXROnj..........................................................................43 Table 7. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area..................................51 Table 8. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted).........................................................................................................................................68 Table 9. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Makai Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted).........................................................................................................................................70 Table 10. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted).......................................................................................................................................72 Table 11. Community contact table...............................................................................................86 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0071Section 1 Introduction1.1 Project BackgroundAt the request of Wilson Okomoto Corporation, Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) has prepared this cultural impact assessment (CIA) report for the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Master Plan,.DORNR.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµLIsland, TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; and 7-5-005:007. The project areas are depicted on a portion of the 1996 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)7.5-minute topographic quadrangle (Figure 1), tax map plats (Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4),and a 2013 aerial photograph (Figure 5).The Hawai‘i State Department of Health (DOH) advocates for the use of recycled water provided that public health and water resources are not compromised. Use of recycled water has become more significant due to the state’s growing population, limited potable water resources, and waste water disposal issues. The County of Hawai‘i, Department of Environmental Management (County) intends to upgrade the Kealakehe Waste Water Plant (WWTP) to provide effluent treatment to produce R-1 recycled water. Facilities to be constructed as part of this project include water reuse, wastewater collection and treatment enhancements, and effluents disposal elements. R-1 water produced at the Kealakehe WWTP will be initially stored on site in a 50,000-gallon above grade tank. The storage tank will also serve as a clearwell for the buffer parcel irrigation pumps, provide pressure head for transmission of R-1 water to the Old Kona Airport Park and Queen Lili‘uokalani Trust (QLT)lands, and feed the R-1 distribution system to the north. The extent of the site infrastructure for the initial and future R-1 storage and distribution system to the north will consist of new, repurposed, and recently installed components. Recycled water infrastructure (including the “purple pipe” required to differentiate recycled water lines from other pipelines) was installed in 2016 in conjunction with the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening -roject from Kealakehe Parkway to the entrance of the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club. A new pipeline will be constructed from Kealakehe WWTP to connect with the Queen Ka‘ahumanu purple pipe at Kealakehe Parkway. R-1 water will be pumped from WWTP to an existing, unused potable water storage tank on Hina Lani Street which will be permanently isolated from the potable water distribution system and recommissioned for R-1 service. To the south, a new pipeline will be constructed to convey R-1 water to the Old Kona Airport Park, whose irrigation infrastructure will be modified to facilitate the use of R-1 water. A high-head R-1 pump station will be constructed in the future to deliver water to a planned elevated tank located mauka(inland; east) of the WWTP, expanding the system to provide storage and adequate pressure for additional uses. Potential future users include the proposed Kealakehe Regional Park, Honokohau Harbor, industrial and commercial operations within the service area, QLT land development, and other projects.This project may be funded by federal funds through the State of Hawai‘i DOH Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program, which would constitute a federal action and will require the project to meet all National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Hawai‘i SRF program requirements.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00721.2 Document PurposeThis cultural impact assessment (CIA) provides information pertinent to the proposed project’s potential impacts to cultural beliefs, practices, and resources pursuant to the State of Hawai‘i environmental review process under Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) §343. The CIA follows the Office of Environmental Quality Control’s Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts. The document will likely also support the project’s historic preservation review under HRS §6E and HAR §13-275 and §13-284.This CIA investigation may also be used to support the National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106 consultation/review as set forth in 54 U.S.C. §306108 and 36 CFR 800.2(C)4 and the NEPA consultation. A future letter will be sent out either by the State or County of Hawai‘i to accomplish the Section 106 consultation.1.3 Scope of WorkThe scope of work for this CIA includes the following:1. Examination of cultural and historical resources, including Land Commission documents, historic maps, and previous research reports with the specific purpose of identifying traditional Hawaiian activities including gathering of plant, animal, and other resources or agricultural pursuits as may be indicated in the historic record.2. Review of previous archaeological work at and near the subject parcel that may be relevant to reconstructions of traditional land use activities; and to the identification and description of cultural resources, practices, and beliefs associated with the parcel. 3. Consultation and interviews with knowledgeable parties regarding cultural and natural resources and practices at or near the parcel; present and past uses of the parcel; and/or other practices, uses, or traditions associated with the parcel and environs.4. Preparation of a report that summarizes the results of these research activities and provides recommendations based on findings. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0073Figure 1. Portion of the 1996 USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing the location of the project areas
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0074Figure 2. Tax Map Key (TMK) [3] 7-3-09 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0075Figure 3. TMK: [3] 7-4-08 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0076Figure 4. TMK: [3] 7-4-20 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0077Figure 5. Aerial photograph of the project area (Google Earth 2013)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00781.4 Environmental Setting1.4.1 Natural EnvironmentThe current project spans the Kohanaiki, Kaloko, HonokǀKDX .HDODNHKH DQG .HDKXROnjAhupua‘a though the exact project areas are in a remote section in Kaloko and will stretch across Kealakehe and KeahuolnjThe land surface within these ahupua‘a(land division spanning from the mountain to the sea) are comprised predominately of exposed µDµƗ(rough lava) and SƗhoehoe(smooth, unbroken lava). The surface characteristics of these land types are described below.According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database (2001) and soil survey data gathered by Sato et al. (1973), the project area’s soils consist primarily of Lava Flows, Pahoehoe (rLW) and in some areas, Lava Flows, Aa (rLV) (Figure 6).Lava Flows, Pahoehoe is described as below:Lava flows, pahoehoe (rLW), has been mapped as a miscellaneous land type. This lava has a billowy, glassy surface that is relative smooth . . . In some areas, however, the surface is rough, and broken, and there area hummocks and pressure domes. [Sato et al. 1973:34]Pahoehoe lava has little to no soil covering resulting in limited vegetation. Moss and lichen can be found on Pahoehoe. In areas of heavier rainfall µǀKL‘a(Metrosideros polymorpha), µǀKHORµDL(Vaccinium reticulatum), and ‘a‘ali‘i (Dodonaea viscosa) thrive by rooting in the cracks and crevices of pahoehoe.Aa is described as below:Lava flows, Aa (rLV), has been mapped as a miscellaneous land type. This lava has practically no soil covering and is bare of vegetation, except for mosses, lichens, ferns, and a few small ohia trees. [Sato et al. 1973:34]The physical characteristics of µDµƗdifferentiates from SƗhoehoein that it is very jagged and broken. It can be described as piles of glassy, sharp pieces. In areas of heavier rainfall, µDµƗassists in directing water to the underground water supply and helps with watershed.1.4.2Makani (Wind)Makani is the Hawaiian word for wind.7KHދ(NDDQG.ƝKDXThe Wind Gourd of La‘amaomao WHOOV WKH VWRU\ RI KRZ 3ƗNDµD DQG KLV VRQ .XƗSƗNDµD GHVFHQGDQWV RI WKH ZLQG JRGGHVVLa‘amaomao, control the winds of Hawai‘i. These winds, which were contained in a gourd, could be called forth by chanting their names. PƗNDµD¶VFKDQWWUDFHVWKHZLQGVRI+DZDLދLin the moku (district) of Kona. The winds of the Kona region are poetically recalled as follows:Hau is of Kapalilua,ұ(NDLVRI.RQD.LSXLVRI.DKXƗұ(ұHOHNRDLVRI8OL.ƯSXұXSXұXLVRI:DLPHDCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0079Figure 6. Overlay of Soil Survey of the State of Hawaii(Foote et al. 1972), indicating soil types within and surrounding the project area (USDA SSURGO 2001)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00710ұƿODXQLXLVRIKekaha,3DұDODұDLVLQWKHRFHDQ1ƗXOXLVRI.DZDLKDHA wind that comesAnd dashes the milo leave of Makaopau,[Nakuina 1990:47] -RKQ3DSDµƮµƯ¶VDFFRXQWRI.DPHKDPHKD¶VUHWXUQWR+DZDLµLalso mentions the ‘Eka wind of this region:The gentle Eka sea breeze of the land was blowing when the ship sailed past the lands of the Mahaiulas, Awalua, Haleohiu, Kalaoas, Hoona, on to Oomas, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, Honokohaus, and Kealakehe, then around the cape of Hiiakanoholae, which was two long points of land. At first it seemed that these two were the only jutting points of land, but then more were seen, extending as far as Kapalilua. After Hiiakanoholae Point, Kaliliki Point was passed, and then the many houses that covered the land from Honuaula to Auhaukeae were visible. Anchor was dropped outside the reef at Honuaula, and the eyes of those aboard ship traveled over the land from Kaliliki to Honuaula, a land of rough aa and smooth pahoehoe, DGRUQHGZLWKJURZWK>µƮµƯ @Another passage describes two separate winds, one that passes through Kamakahonu and another in Kekaha. Kamakahonu, the coastal area where Kamehameha set up residence, is now the site of King Kamehameha Hotel. Furthermore, there was no gale such as blew in Lahaina and some other places to push houses over. The only strong wind that blew along these beaches was the one that came from the upland occacionally, called the Kuhonua. Although coconut leaves were bend over sometimes and ұLұLZLand ұDSDSDQHbirds blown by the wind were seen perching on coconut or noni trees and on stone walls, no house was ever damaged. The Kuhonua winds blew for only a few hours at a time, after which was customary calm of the land returned. A little more frequent was a cold wind from Kekaha, the Hoolua. Because of the calm of that land, people often slept outside of the tapa drying sites at night. It is said to be a land that grows cold with a dew-laden breeze, but perhaps not so cold asLQ +LOR ZKHQ WKH $DODKRQXD EORZV >ދƮދƯ1959:122]1.4.3Ua (Rain)Kona weather is typified by afternoon showers brought on by warm air which has been moved inland by light sea breezes. The humid air gradually condenses over higher altitudes throughout the day. At night the land cools resulting in breezes which send warm air back out to sea. Rainfall in this general area averages 30 inches per year (Giambelluca et al. 1986). 1.4.3.1.D8D1ƗXOXA certain rain knownLQWKH.RQDDUHDLVWKH1ƗXOXUDLQ7KRXJKLWLVQRWORFDWLRQVSHFLILFWRanyDKXSXDұDassociated with the project areas, it is generalized as a Kona wind. The following Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00711oli (chant) is taken from “$.RQD+HPDұR.DODQL,”glorifying the different characteristics of Kona.$KXZDOHQƗNXDORQRThe ridges are in plain viewұ,NHұLDNDSDHұǀSXDThe cloud bankds are seen(NXNnjDQDLNHNDLRising over the sea,NHNDLKƗZDQDZDQDOver the whispering seaұƿOHORұR.DZDLKDHKawaihae calls outHae DQDHND1ƗXOX3RXUGRZQ21ƗXOX[Akana and Gonzalez 2015:188]The following mele kanikau(lamentationVRQJ ZDVZULWWHQE\4XHHQދ(PDODQL.DOHRRQƗODQLafter the death of her husband, King Alexander Liholiho. Amele kanikau makes references to places significant to the deceased and at times poetically suggests a journey of departing with the expectation of no return. This is so the spirit of the deceased can reach its final resting place. The following mele kanikaumakes refeUHQFHVWR.RQDDQGWKH1ƗXOXUDLQұ2.RQDLDRNHNDLPDOLQRDұ(KXƝ2K.RQDLWLVRIWKHWUDQTXLOVHDRIދ(KXoh!.HDODDұ(KXNHDODDNƗXDLKHOHDL7KH SDWKZD\ RI ދ(KX WKH SDWK ZH WZRtraversed,NHDRLNDSǀSǀZHKLZHKLLNDXD1ƗXOXDweliBy day, by night, made dim and threatening E\WKHVWRUP\1ƗXOXUDLQV+HZHOLZHOLKHPDOXKLDLNHDORKDLƗұRHFrightful, but peaceful because of love for you,ƗұRHLƗұRHH.DORSHOHNHLLNDOƗƝFor you, for you, O Kalopelekei of the day, oh![Akana and Gonzalez 2015:188-189]1.4.4 Built EnvironmentMuch of the land surrounding the project area remains undeveloped. The most significant development is the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway, which runs through a large portion of the project area (PA).In the northern portion of the PA,a large, white water tank stands on the north side of Hina Lani Street within the project area. It is a distinct landmark very near the intersection of Hina Lani Street and the Queen Kaދahumanu Highway. To the south of the northern project area across Hina Lani Street is an industrial area often referred to as “Kaloko Industrial” or “New Industrial” (in reference to an older industrial area near the old Kona airport). This area features numerous large warehouses, light industrial and commercial businesses occupying industrial style buildings (Home Depot and Costco, among others).
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Introduction&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00712Near the northern part of themaukaportion of the PA at the intersection of Kealakehe Parkway and Queen Kaދahumanu Highway is the +RQRNǀKDX,QGXVWULDOPark that houses the Goodfellow Brothers Base yard, Queen K Chevron, L&L Drive Inn, and numerous warehouses. During the construction of Phase 1of the Queen Ka‘ahumanu widening project, the area near the intersection of Kealakehe Parkway and Queen Ka‘ahumau Highway was used for stockpiling material and as a staging area. This area has been completely bulldozed and is clear of all former construction activity.In the central portion of the maukaproject area are numerous jeep roads crisscrossing the landscape. During the survey, archaeologists observed abandoned cores and bore holes. It is likely that the majority of these jeep trails are a direct result of Geotechnical coring activity. There is also a County of Hawai‘i Wastewater Division pond that is completely fenced off with water running into it from a large-diameter PVC pipe.The former Kona landfill and an unnamed industrial center that features the Kona Police Station, the Humane Society, a heavy machinery yard, and a waste transfer station is located directly north of a portion of the maukaproject area. Also, within the project area is the existing Kealakehe WWTF and the Queen Liliދuokalani Children’s Center. Within and surrounding the project area are numerous bulldozed jeep roads crisscrossing the lands. Overall, the majority of both portions of the project area appear not to have been dramatically impacted by modern activity, with the exception of a swath of bulldozing along both sides of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and the area in the maukaportion between Kealakehe Parkway and Hale Makai Place. Similarly, there is a swath of bulldozing around the water tank located on Hina Lani in the northern portion of the project area.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00713Section 2 Methods2.1 Archival ResearchResearch centers on Hawaiian activities including ka‘ao(legends), wahi pana(storied places), µǀOHORQRµHDX(proverbs), oli,mele(songs), traditional mo‘olelo(stories), traditional subsistence and gathering methods, ritual and ceremonial practices, and more. Background research focuses on land transformation, development, and population changes beginning with the early post-Contact era to the present day.Cultural documents, primary and secondary cultural and historical sources, historic maps, and photographs were reviewed for information pertaining to the study area. Research was primarily conducted at the CSH library. CSH cultural researchers also gather information at other archives and libraries including the Hawai‘i State Archives, the Bishop Museum Archives, the University RI+DZDLµLDW0ƗQRD¶V+DPLOWRQ/LEUDU\8OXNDX7KH+DZDLLDQ(OHFWURQLF/LEUDU\ 8OXNDXRUJ2014), the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) Library, the State of Hawai‘i Land Survey Division, the Hawaiian Historical Society, and the Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives. Information on Land Commission Awards (LCAs) were accessed via Waihona ‘Aina &RUSRUDWLRQ¶V0ƗKHOHGatabase (Waihona ‘Aina 2000), the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) Papakilo Database (Office of Hawaiian Affairs 2015), and the Ava Konohiki Ancestral Visions of µƖLQDZHEVLWH $YD.RQRKLNL 2.2 Community Consultation2.2.1 Scoping for ParticipantsThe cultural department commences our consultation efforts by utilizing our previous community contact list to facilitate the interview process. We then review an in-house database of NnjSXQD(elders), NDPDµƗLQD(native born), cultural practitioners, lineal and cultural descendants, Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs; includes Hawaiian Civic Clubs and those listed on the Department of Interior’s NHO list), and community groups. CSH also contacts agencies such as the SHPD, OHA, and the appropriate Island Burial Council where the proposed project is located for their response on the project and to identify lineal and cultural descendants, individuals and/or NHO with cultural expertise and/or knowledge of the study area. CSH is also open to referrals and new contacts.2.2.2 “Talk Story” SessionsPrior to the interview, CSH cultural researchers explain the role of a CIA, how the consent process works, the project purpose, the intent of the study, and how their ‘ike(knowledge) and mana‘o(thought, opinion) will be used in the report. The interviewee is given an Authorization and Release Form to read and sign.“Talk Story” sessions range from the formal (e.g., sit down and NnjNƗ[consultation, discussion] in the participant’s place of choice over set interview questions) to the informal (e.g., hiking to cultural sites near the study area and asking questions based on findings during the field outing). In some cases, interviews are recorded and transcribed later.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00714CSH also conducts group interviews, which range in size. Group interviews usually begin with set, formal questions. As the group interview progresses, questions are based on interviewees’ answers. Group interviews are always transcribed and notes are taken. Recorded interviews assist the cultural researcher in 1) conveying accurate information for interview summaries, 2) reducing misinterpretation, and 3) adding missing details to mo‘olelo.CSH seeks NǀNXD(assistance) and guidance in identifying past and current traditional cultural practices of the study area. Those aspects include general history of the ahupua‘a; past and present land use of the study area; knowledge of cultural sites (for example, wahi pana, archaeological sites, and burials); knowledge of traditional gathering practices (past and present) within the study area; cultural associations (ka‘aoand mo‘olelo); referrals; and any other cultural concerns the community might have related to Hawaiian cultural practices within or in the vicinity of the study area.2.2.3 Interview CompletionAfter an interview, CSH cultural researchers transcribe and create an interview summary based on information provided by the interviewee. Cultural researchers give a copy of the transcription and interview summary to the interviewee for review and ask that they make any necessary edits.Once the interviewee has made those edits, CSH incorporates their ‘ikeand mana‘ointo the report. When the draft report is submitted to the client, cultural researchers then prepare a finalized packet of the participant’s transcription, interview summary, and any photos taken during the interview. We also include a thank you card and honoraria.It is important that CSH cultural researchers cultivate and maintain community relationships. The CIA report may be completed, but CSH researchers continuously keep in touch with the community and interviewees throughout the year—such as checking in to say hello via email or by phone, volunteering with past interviewees on community service projects, and sending holiday cards to them and their ‘ohana(family). CSH researchers feel this is an important component to building relationships and being part of an ‘ohanaand community.“,XOXQRNDOƗOƗLNHNXPX—the branches grow because of the trunk,” is an µǀOHORQRµHDX(#1261) shared by Mary Kawena Pukui with the simple explanation: “Without our ancestors we would not be here” (Pukui 1983:137). As cultural researchers, we often lose our NnjSXQDbut we do not lose their wisdom and words. We routinely check obituaries and gather information from other community contacts if we have lost our NnjSXQD. CSH makes it a point to reach out to the ‘ohanaof our NnjSXQDwho have passed on and pay our respects including sending all past transcriptions, interview summaries, and photos for families to have on file for genealogical and historical reference.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00715Section 3 Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloHawaiian storytellers of old were greatly honored; they were a major source of entertainment and their stories contained teachings while interweaving elements of Hawaiian lifestyles, genealogy, history, relationships, arts, and the natural environment (Pukui and Green 1995:IX). According to Pukui and Green (1995), storytelling is better heard rather than read for much becomes lost in the transfer from the spoken to the written word and ka‘ao are often full of kaona or double meanings. Ka‘aoare defined by Pukui and Elbert (1986:108) as a “legend, tale […], romance, [and/or], fiction.”Ka‘ao may be thought of as oral literature or legends, often fictional or mythic in origin, and have been “consciously composed to tickle the fancy rather than to inform the mind as to supposed events” (Beckwith 1970:1). Conversely, Pukui and Elbert (1986:254) define mo‘olelo as a “story, tale, myth, history, [and/or] tradition.” The mo‘olelo are generally traditional stories about the gods, historic figures or stories which cover historic events and locate the events with known places. Mo‘olelo are often intimately connected to a tangible place or space.In differentiating ka‘ao and mo‘olelo it may be useful to think of ka‘ao as expressly delving into the wao akua (realm of the gods), discussing the exploits of akua (gods) in a primordial time. Mo‘olelo on the otherhand, reference a host of characters from ali‘i(royalty), to akuaand kupua (supernatural beings), to finally PDNDµƗLQDQD(commoners), and discuss their varied and complex interactions within the ZDRNƗQDND(realm of man). Beckwith elaborates, “In reality, the distinction between NDұDRas fiction and PRұROHORas fact cannot be pressed too closely. It is rather in the intention than in the fact” (Beckwith 1970:1). Thus a so-called PRұROHOR, which may be enlivened by fantastic adventures of kupua, “nevertheless corresponds with the Hawaiian view of the relation between nature and man” (Beckwith 1970:1).Both ka‘ao and mo‘olelo provide important insight into a specific geographical area, adding to a rich fabric of traditional knowledge. The preservation and passing on of these stories through oration remains a highly valued tradition. Additionally, oral traditions associated with the study area communicate the intrinsic value and meaning of a place, specifically its meaning to both NDPDµƗLQDas well as others who also value that place. The following section presents traditional accounts of ancient Hawaiians living in the vicinityof the project area. Many relate an age of mythical characters whose epic adventures inadvertently lead to the Hawaiian race of DOLұLand PDNDұƗLQDQD. The NDұDRin and around the project area shared below are some of the oldest Hawaiian stories that have survived; they still speak to the characteristics and environment of the area and its people.3.1Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloof Kaloko3.1.1Iwi (Bone) of Kamehameha There are numerous versions of mo‘olelo about the famous fishpond along the seashore at Kaloko Ahupua‘a, including some versions suggesting the remains of Kamehameha I may have been buried nearby. In his chapter recounting the death of Hawai‘i’s greatest leader, Kamakau states,
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00716After the kahuna had performed his office [ritual duties], Ulu-maheihei prepared to carry out the command of Kamehameha given before his death . . . to secrete his bones in a place where they could not be found . . . to put them in a place which could never be pointed out to anyone. At midnight, therefore, when black darkness had fallen and no one was likely to be on the road and the rough lava plains of Pu‘uokaloa lay hushed, Hoa-pili sent his man, Ho‘olulu, to bring the container of wicker work in which the bones of Kamehameha were kept to Kaloko in Kekaha [the coast of North Kona] . . . The next morning Hoa-pili and Ke-opu-o-lani took care to Kaloko where Hoa-pili met the man who had charge of the secret cave and together they placed the bones there. ‘The morning star alone knows where Kamehameha’s bones are guarded.’ [Kamakau 1961:215]Another passage describing the care of Kamehameha’s bones is mentioned below:The children and grandchildren of Keaweaheulu had the natural right to care for the body of Kamehameha beucase they controlled the burial places of Kiolakaa and Waiohinu at Kau. But Kamehameha distrusted them, because when his own father, Keoua, died, they took the bones to hide in the pali [cliff] of Kaawaloa, and furthermore pointed out that place to other people. He thought they would not be true to his bones, there he gave them to Hoapili to hide and not reveal. About midnight, when people were sleeping and no one passing along the paths, and the lava field of Puuokaloa lay sacred in silence, Hoapili sent his man Hoolulu to get the tiedup bundle of the body of Kamehameha and take it to Kaloko, Kekaha. He got is, laid it on his back, carried a gun in his hand and went out on the a-a along the path of Puuokaloa. He saw a stone which he thought was a man and fired his gun at it. The sound was heard at Kailua and Honokohau, and the chiefs thought that the body of Kamehameha had been taken by some man. Early in the morning, Hoapili and Keopuolani went in a boat to Kaloko and met the trusted servant who was watching the pit where the body was concealed. ‘Only the stars of the heavens known Kamehameha.’[Westervelt in Thrum andBordner 2006:144]3.1.2µƿKLNLDQG.DLZLPukui et al.’s entry for Ka-iwi, described as “land points near Kai-lua, Kona, Hawai‘i, and farther north in the same district,” summarizes mo‘olelo originally documented by Fornander about the sandy beach area beWZHHQ.DORNRDQG+RQRNǀKDXNQRZQDVµƿKLNL At one of the points [along this coast] is a rock believed to be a petrified shark, the shark form of a priest (Ka-lua-lapa-uila). When the priest was about to be burned DWµƿKLNLDOHJHQGDU\KHUR.D-miki, prayed to Pele and a terrible storm arose. The priest’s shark form was turned to stone as it tried to enter the heiau to save the human form of the priest. One of Pele’s sisters, Hi‘iaka-noho-lae (Hi‘iaka living [at the] point), came to live here, making the place sacred and forbidden to Pele. In the story of Punia, the shark Kai‘ale‘ale, who had swallowed Punia, came here and was cut open by the people; Punia came out alive but was bald. [Pukui et al. 1974:70]Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007173.1.3 LonoikamakahikiThe coastal sections of Kaloko and+RQRNǀKDX$KXSXDދDDUHQDPHGLQWKHPRұROHORabout the famous sixteenth or seventeenWKFHQWXU\UXOHURI+DZDLދL,VODQGQDPHG/RQRLNDPDNDKLNL /RQR-i-ka-makahiki), who was involved in several famous battles with the chiefs of Maui and other parts RI+DZDLދi. Kamakau describes the invasion of Kama, chief of Maui, who sent his spies along the Kona coast:The spies sent by Kama-lala-walu went to Hawaii and landed at Kawaihae in the evening. Ka-uhi-o-ka-lani ran about that same evening and returned before the canoes were dismantled and placed in the house. The keepers of the gods at Mailekini were servants of Kama, and so they concealed the canoes of the spies. When Ka-uhi-o-ka-lani returned his fellow spies and hosts asked, ‘Where did you go?’ ‘I went visiting from here to the lava bed and the pond that lies along the length of the land.’ ‘Kaniku is the lava bed and Kiholo, the pond. Then did you turn back?’ ‘No, I went on to the long stretch of sand, to the small bay with a point on that side and one of this side. There are large inland ponds.’ ‘7KHVDQGVWUHWFKLVދ2KLNLDQGthe walled-in ponds are Kaloko and Honokohau. Then you came back?’ ‘No, I went on to the large rocky cape below, where there was a small bay with big groves of coconut trees. The land from there on is good and a small village is located there.’[Kamakau 1992:56]3.1.4 The Story of Kamiki.HSƗ0DO\ LQ+HQU\HWDO WUDQVODWed the “Kaao Hooniua Puuwai no Ka-Miki” (The Heart stirring Story of Ka-Miki) that appeared in the newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawai‘ibetween 1914 and 1917. The legend provides details about life and the environment of the entire island of Hawai‘i. Ka-Miki, the quick or adept one, and his brother Maka‘iole (“rat or squinting eyes”), traveled around the island to participate in competitions ca. the thirteenth century when Pili-a-Ka‘aiea was the chief of Kona. The boys’SDUHQWVZHUH3ǀKDNX-o-.ƗQH PDOH DQG.DSDµLKLlani (female), the ali‘i(chiefs) of Kaloko and Kohanaiki. The legend relates that the supernatural brothers “were empowered by their ancestress Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka (the great entangled growth of uluhe fern which spreads across the uplands), a reincarnate form of the earth-mother JRGGHVVFUHDWLYHIRUFHRIQDWXUH+DXPHD DOVRFDOOHG3DSD ZKRGZHOWDW.DODPDµXODRQ+XDOƗODLin the uplands of Kohana-iki, Kona” (Maly in Henry et al. 1993:21–22). The twins were raised by Ka-uluhe, who taught them how to use their supernatural powers. Portions of the legend that are relevant to the current study follow.In ‘O‘oma and Kalaoa, the priests of the different ahupua‘aare named:Puhili was the high priest of ‘O‘oma and Kohanaiki, the place where he lived is onthe plain of Kohanaiki, at the shore, and bears his name to this day. It is on the boundary between Kohanaiki and ‘O‘oma..DOXDµǀODSDZDVWKHSULHVWRIthe lands between Haleohiu>+ƗPDQDPDQD@and .DPƗKRHZKLFKLVDOVRUHIHUUHGWRDV1Ɨ-Kalaoa-ZDLދROH(The waterless Kalaoa >ODQGV@ .DOXDދǀODSD OLYHG RQ WKHұLOLPD-FRYHUHG SODLQ RI 0ƗXOXNXD[Maly in Henry et al. 1993:22].
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00718. . . :KLOHDW.DOƗKLNL .RQD-KHPD ZLWK.njDODNDµLDQGKLVILVKHUPHQLQWKHKƗODXZDµD FDQRH VKHGV RI .XDRNDOƗ .D-Miki described the fishing grounds of [Kekaha] his home region. The narratives include the following site descriptions:Ka‘ele-huluhulu (Splintered outer hull) This place name described the splintered or URXJKQDWXUHRIFDQRHVIURPWKHDUHDRI+DOHµǀKLµX$WORZWLGHFDQoes had to be dragged over an outcropping of rock in the waters of the canoe landing at +DOHµǀKLµX[Maly in Henry et al. 1993:22] . . . . . . +RµRQƗLVDSRLQWQHDUWKHWLSRI.HƗKROHDQGLWLVWKHVRXUFHRIWKHIDPRXVsupernatural currents Ke-au-NƗ 7KHcurrent that strikes), Ke-au-NƗQDµL 7KHFXUUHQWof smooth waters), and Ke-au-miki (The current that pulls out to the deep sea). [These currents are identified as brothers of Pele PƗin the lore of Pele’s migration to Hawai‘i.]Ka-Miki was fishing off of WKH GHHS VHD NRµD RI 3ƗRµR EHWZHHQ +RµRQƗ DQG+DOHµǀKLµX ZKHQWKHDNXEHJDQWRVWULNHDWWKHFDQRH.D-Miki told his companion 8KDODOƝPDWRWDNHWKHILUVWFDXJKWDQGSODFHLWLQDJRXUGFRQWDLQHU$IWHUWKLVWKHaku rose like biting dogs, tearing at thewater, and Ka-Miki moved like a swift wind. In no time the canoe was filled with more than 400 aku.An amazing thing is that although Pili’s fishermen, and all the fishermen of the UHJLRQZHUHILVKLQJDW.ƗNDµL.DQƗKƗKƗ +DOHµǀKLµX DQGDOOWKHZD\IURm the IRUW>DW$KXµHQD@WR.DKDZDL .DµnjSnjOHKX QRQHof them caught any fish at all . . .After catching more than 400 aku, Ka-0LNLODQGHGWKHFDQRHDW1Ɨ-Hono-‘elua, now called Honokohau. Ka-Miki divided the fish among the family of the sacred chiefess Paehala and people of those lands . . . [Maly in Henry et al. 1993:24]Maly (in Henry et. al 1993:28) notes that Hale-o-Lono, Ki‘ikahala, and ‘Ohiki are associated with sites and/or place names that are shared by Kaloko and Kohanaiki. Ka-Miki completed his journey around the Big Island and. . . became the foremost champion of Pili (7/26/1917). It was at this time that Ka-Miki learned about the sacred palama chiefess Paehala of Honokohau; lands also called Na-Hono-i-na-Hau-‘Elua (the bays of the two dews). Pili gave Ka-Miki permission to wed Paehala if she and her family agreed, and Paehala was the foremost beauty of Kona.When the chiefess agreed to marry Ka-Miki, Pili told Ka-Miki, that he would also, ‘oversee the chiefs’ sacred fishponds [at Kaloko and Pa‘aiea]; the schools of kala, uhu, and palani; and all the lands of Kekaha from Hikuhia which is above Napu‘u (also called Napu‘upo‘alu); and lands between Keahualono at Kaniku to the plain of Kanoenoe, marked by the hill of Pu‘uokaloa at Keahuolu’(10/18/1917). [Maly in Henry et al. 1993:18]3.2.DұDRand 0RұROHORRI.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnjThe following stories take place in either KeDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDDs these are neighboring land sections.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007193.2.1 Pu‘u-o-KaloaThere is a mound-KLOODW.HDKXROnjDQG.HDODNehe, the ahupua‘ato the north, that is also associated with mists. According to the “Legend of Ka-Miki,” a series of stories about a supernatural hero who traveled around the Hawaiian Islands in the thirteenth century:The mound-hill called Pu‘u-o-Kaloa sits upon the plain of Kanoenoe which is associated with both Keahuolu and Kealakehe. The settling of mists upon Pu‘u-o-Kaloa was a sign of pending rains; thus the traditional farmers of this area would prepare their fields. This plain was referenced by Pili when he described to Ka-Miki the extent of the lands which Ka-Miki would over see upon marrying the VFDUHGFKLHIHVV3DHKDODRI+RQRNǀKDX7KHLQKHULWDQFHODQGVLQFOXGHGHYHU\WKLQJIURPWKHXSODQGVRI+LNXKLDDERYH1ƗSXµXDQGWKHODQGVRIWKHZDWHUOHVV.Hkaha, ZKLFK VSDQQHG IURP WKH URFN\ SODLQ RI .DQLNnj .HDKXDORQR WR WKH SODLQ RIKanoenoe at Pu‘ukaloa. [Ka Hoku o Hawai‘i25 October 1917, as translated by Maly 1994:A-4]For an expanded version related to farming, see Section 3.3.1.3.2.2 Punia: A Tale of Sharks and Ghosts of KekahaThe story of Punia and the shark, Kai‘ale‘ale, is told by Fornander in his “Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore” (Fornander 1959:9–17). In his account, the story begins in the district of Kohala and ends at ‘Alula in Kealakehe. Punia was the son of Hina from Kohala who wanted to catch lobsters for his mother, but the caves where the lobsters were found were guarded by Kai‘ale‘ale and his sharks. The sharks were feared by fisher folk of the area but Punia devised a plan and succeeded in killing all the sharks except for Kai‘ale‘ale. Like the biblical story of Jonah and the whale, Punia tricked Kai‘ale‘ale into swallowing him whole. Punia started a fire inside of the shark and scraped his insides. Weakened, the shark breached at ‘Alula, near the point of Maliu, in the ahupua‘a of Kealakehe. The people of ‘Alula cut open the shark and saved Punia. Punia headed back to Kohala on the trail and saw several ghosts along the way tying stones for sinkers to the bottom of their fishing nets. In an attempt to save himself, Punia chanted the following:Auwe no hoi kuu makuakane o keia kaha e!Alas, O my father of these coasts!Elua wale no maua lawaia o keia wahiWe were the only two fishermen of this place (kaha).Owau no o ko‘u makuakane,Myself and my father,E hoowili aku ai maua i ka ia o ianei,Where we used to twist the fish up in the nets,O kala, o ka uhu, o ka palani, The kala, the uhu, and the palani,O ka ia ku o ua wahi nei la,The transient fish of this place.Ua hele wale ia no e maua keia kai la!We have traveled over all these seas,Pau na kuuna, na lua, na puka ia.All the different place, the holes, the runs.Make ko‘u makuakane, koe au.Since you are dead, father, I am the only one left.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00720[Fornander 1919:298–299]Thinking that Punia was an experienced fisherman from whom they could learn where the fish were, the ghosts asked Punia if they could work under him. As they jumped in the ocean with him to go fishing, Punia strangled all of the ghosts except one with a net. The ghost fled and Kekaha became safe for human habitation.3.3 Wahi Pana(Legendary Places)Wahi pana are legendary or storied places of an area. These legendary or storied places mayinclude a variety of natural or human-made structures. Oftentimes dating to thepre-Contact period, most wahi pana are in some way connected to a particular mo‘olelo, however, a wahi pana may exist without a connection to any particular story. Davianna McGregor outlines the types ofnatural and human-made structures that may constitute wahi pana:Natural places have mana, and are sacred because of the presence of the gods, the akua, and the ancestral guardian spirits, the ‘aumakua. Human-made structures for the Hawaiian religion and family religious practices are also sacred. These structures and places include temples, and shrines, or heiau, for war, peace, agriculture, fishing, healing, and the like; pu‘uhonua, places of refuge and sanctuaries for healing and rebirth; agricultural sites and sites of food production such as the lo‘i pond fields and terraces slopes, ‘auwai irrigation ditches, and the fishponds; and special function sites such as trails, salt pans, holua slides, quarries, petroglyphs, gaming sites, and canoe landings. [McGregor 1996:22]As McGregor makes clear, wahi panacan refer to natural geographic locations such as streams, peaks, rock formations, ridges, offshore islands and reefs, or they can refer to Hawaiian land divisions such as ahupua‘aor ‘ili, and man-made structures such as fishponds. It is common for places and lanscape features to have multiple names, some of which may only be known to certain ‘ohanaor even certain individuals within an ‘ohana, and many have been lost, forgotten, or kept secret through time. Place names also convey kaonaand huna(secret) information that may even have political or subversive undertones. Before the introduction of writing to the Hawaiian Islands, cultural information was exclusively preserved and perpetuated orally. Hawaiians gave names to literally everything in their environment, including points of interest that may have gone unnoticed by persons of other cultural backgrounds. Hawaiians have named taro patches, rocks and trees that represented deities and ancestors, sites of houses and heiau(pre-Christian place of worship), canoe landings, fishing stations in the sea, resting places in the forests, and the tiniest spots where miraculous or interesting events are believed to have taken place (Pukui et al. 1974:x).3.3.13XދX-o-KaloaAs discussed in the previous section and mentioned in the story of Ka-Miki, here is another legendary account that discusses the importance PuދX-o-kaloa:Pu‘u-o-kaloa is a mound-hill site in the lands of Keahuolu-Kealakehe, not far from the shore of Kaiwi and Hi-iakanoholae. During periods of dry weather (.DOƗmalo‘o) when planted crops, from the grassy plains to the ‘ama‘uma‘u(fern forest zone), and even the ponds (ki‘o wai) were dry, people would watch this hill for signs of coming rains. When the OƯKDX(light dew mists) sat atop the hill of Pu‘u-o-Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00721kaloa, rains were on the way. Planters of the districts agricultural fields watched for omens at Pu‘uokaloa, and it was from keen observation and diligent work that people prospered on the land. If a native of the land was hungry and came asking for food, the person would be asked:Ua ka ua i Pu‘ukaloa, ihea ‘oe?When rains fell at Pu‘ukaloa, where were you? (If the answer was…)I Kona nei no!In Kona (there would be no sweet potatoes for this person)But if the answer was: I Kohala nei no!In Kohala! (The person would be given food to eat for they had been away, thus unable to accomplish the planting.) [.D+ǀNnjR+DZDLµL19 March 1914, as translated by Maly 1994:A-5]These legendary accounts emphasize the importance of rainfall in this relatively dry region for farmers, who were cultivating sweet potatoes and other crops on the plains of Kealakehe and .HDKXROnj,QSUH-Contact times, Hawaiians in these DKXSXDұDwould have lived primarily along the coast and in a habitation belt about two miles inland (Kelly 1983:14).3.3.2 Kahinihini‘ulaAccording to the Malys (Maly 2000; Maly and Maly 2002), extensive research translating Hawaiian language documents and interviewing NnjSXQD, this bathing pool is associated with mo‘o (supernatural water spirits), who ensured the water stayed clean and free from pollutants. .DPDµƗLQD .LKH ERUQ LQ WKH DUHD LQ WKH PLGGOHnineteenth century, had this to say about Kahinihini‘ula:+HZDLDXDXNHLDQRQDDOLLLNDZDNDKLNR+HXދLNHLDZDLKHKXދLLQLNLLNDLOLRka ipo ke auau.Eia keia wai i kahakai, aia iwaena o ke-a pele, ua hoopuniia e ka pohaku a puni. Aia ma ka palena o ke Ahupuaa o Kaloko a me Konokohau-Nui, aia malaila keia wai auau kaulana o Nalii e auau ai o ua au i halaO ka moolelo o keia wai;O ka wa kahiko, he mea maa mau i Nalii ka noho ana ma na kahakai, oia hoi ko Kaloko mau alii, a pela no hoi ko Honokohau, Ma kahi i kapaia o Ahauhale, malaila e noho ai nalii o Kaloko, a ma kahi hoi i kapaia o Waihalulu, malaila e noho ai ko na Honokohau poe alii.,NDZDODދLODދLDKXOLOLZHODRND/DLOXQDRNHDDDPHNHRQHRLDNDZDHKHOHDLHauau iloko ona kiowDLKXދLKXދLLQLNLQHLR.DKLQLKLQLXOD$LDDSDXNDDXDXDQDDhoi ae a ma ka pa ona kiowai nei, alila, olelo ae la ka mea auau. ‘Heaha no la hoi ia i kahi wai o Kahinihiniula?+XދLNRQLNRQLLNDLOLiniki me he ipo ala i ka poli.’
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00722Ke waiiho nei no ua kiowai nei a hiki i keia la ma kela wahi o Nalii ua pau kahiko i ka lilo i lepo, a o kela wai, aia no ke waiho nei a hiki i keia la. Ua waiho ia keia kiowai i kia hoomanao poina ole noia poe i hala kahiko loa mao, a ka hanau, na hou HPDNDދLNDދLDNXDLLNa lakou mau mea i hana ai.Translation:This is a bathing pool of the chiefs of days gone by. It is a beautiful pond, with cool water that causes the skin of the sweetheart that bathes there to tingle. The pool is on the shore in the middle of a lava flow, entirely surround by stone. It is WKHUHRQWKHERXQGDU\RIWKHDKXSXDµDRI.DORNRDQG+RQRNǀKDX-Nui. It is there that one will find this famous swimming pond of the chiefs of days gone by. Hereis the tradition of this pond—In ancient times, the chiefs would regularly live along the shore, that is, the chiefs of Kaloko and Honokohau. At the place called Ahauhale, is where the chiefs of Kaloko lived. The place called Waihalulu, is where the chiefs of Honokohau lived.In the times when all was still and thHVXQJOLVWHQHGDERYHWKHµƗµƗDQGWKHVDQGVthat is when they would go swim in this cool pond (kiowai), Kahinihiniula, which caused the skin to tingle. When they were finished bathing, they would go to the HQFORVXUH SƗ WKDWZDVQHDUWKHSRQG7KHQWKHone who had been bathing would say, ‘What is it about the pond of Kahinihiniula? It is cold and pinches the skin, like a sweetheart one holds close to the breast.’The pond is still there to this day, at the place of the chiefs of past time. They have returned to the earth, but the pond is still there today. This pond is an unforgettable monument for those ancient people who have gone. Those works of old and the pond may be seen by travelers of this generation. [J.W.H.I. Kihe in “Na Hoonanea o ka Manawa.” Ka Hoku o Hawai‘i, 13 September 1923; translated by Maly 2000]3.3.33ODFH1DPHVRI.DORNR.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnjThe primary source for place names in this section is Lloyd Soehren’s (2010) online database,Hawaiian Place Names. Soehren has compiled all names from mid-nineteenth century land documents such as Land Commission Awards (LCA) and Boundary Commission Testimony (BCT) reports. The Boundary Commission testimony lists boundary points for many (but not all) of the ahupua‘a. The names of µLOLµƗLQD(land units within an ahupua‘a) and µLOLNnj(land units rewarded separately from a specific ahupua‘a DUHFRPSLOHGIURPWKHWHVWLPRQ\LQ0ƗKHOH/DQGCommission Awards, from both awards successfully claimed and from those rejected. The Soehren database includes place name meanings from the definitive book on Hawaiian place names, Place Names of Hawaii(Pukui et al. 1974). In cases where Pukui et al. (1974) do not provide a translation, Soehren often suggests a meaning for simple names from the Hawaiian Dictionary(Pukui and Elbert 1986). Thomas Thrum (1922) also compiled a list of place names in the 1922 edition of Lorrin Andrews’A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language, although these meanings are considered less reliable than those in Place Names of Hawaii. Oftentimes these place names can be found on historic maps.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007233.3.3.1 Place Names of Kaloko Ahupua‘aSituated between Kohanaiki and +RQRNǀKDXAhupua‘a is Kaloko Ahupua‘a (also in Kekaha lands). This dry and barren landscape is home to the famous Kaloko fishpond. Pukui et al. state that it is a land section and fishpond near Kai-lua, North Kona, Hawai‘i. Kamehameha’s bones may have been hidden near here (RC215); the Kamehameha family reserved the pond for themselves in 1848 (Pukui et al. 1976:77–78).Table 1. Kaloko Ahupua‘a Place Names‘IliNameTypeMeaning of NameDescriptionHaleape‘IOLµƗLQDHouse of ұDSH(a taro like plant; Alocasia macrorrhiza)Claim no. 10327 by Nahuina for his “apana ili o Halaape [sic] Kaloko ahupuaa.” Claim no. 7909 by Kamaole is for his “apana ili o Makaawe & Haleape, Kaloko ahupuaa.”Haleolonoµ,OLµƗLQDHouse of Lono Claim no. 9243 by Kalaikoa is for “kona apana 1 kihapai kalo ili o Kealaehu & Luahineeku & Haleolono ma Kaloko ahupuaa.”Kaewewai Awaawa, boundary pointNot available “. . . an awaawa with water near the shore road . . .” Between Okuhi andKaohe on the Kaloko/Honokohau boundaryKalokoAhupua‘aThe pond Retained by Lot Kamehameha, LCAw 7715:11; ancient fishing rights extend out to sea; Kamehameha’s bones may have been hidden in Kaloko.Kanaioµ,OLµƗLQDThe false sandalwood treeClaim no. 9160 by Kanu is for “kona apana ili o Kanaio ma Kaloko.”Kaohe Boundary point, groveNot available “. . . a grove of trees . . .” above the aa; between Kaewewai &.LLNLL>.ƯNƯ@RQKaloko/Honokohau boundaryKapokalani Boundary point, placeNot available “. . . along an iwi aina to Kapokalani at the Govt. road [Old Upper Road on TM 7301] . . . ” on Kaloko/Honokohau boundary; SE corner TMK 7308:67, SW corner TMK 7324:15; Cf. Pukalani, PukaalaniKaukahoku Place, triangulation stationThe star appears A survey station located near Kohanaiki/Kaloko boundary, TMK 7324:16; elev. about 1900 ft; coordinates estimated
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00724‘IliNameTypeMeaning of NameDescriptionKealaehuµ,OLµƗLQDThe dusty road Claim no. 10951:1 by Wahahee is in the“ili o Kealaehu Kaloko ahupuaa”; also claim no. 10346:2 by Nahueholua, no. 10693:2 by Paele; Claim no. 9243 by Kalaikoa is for “kona apana 1 kihapai kalo ili o Kealaehu & Luahineeku & Haleolono ma Kaloko ahupuaa.”Kiikii Boundary point To fetch, summon, procureUnclear whether in Kaloko or Honokohau; between Kaohe andKapokalani on Kaloko/Honokohau boundary; Cf. Kiki 373.20.005 which may be the same placeKikahalaµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 7797:1 by Kamohoalii is for “kona apana 1, 12 kihapai kalo ili o Kikahala Kaloko ahupuaa”; Claim no.10951: by Wahahee is for a “pahale ilio Kikahala Kaloko ahupuaa”; Claim no. 10346 (not awarded) by Nahueholua is for “apana 1, 8 kihapai kalo & uala ili o Kiikahala [sic] ma Kaloko ahupuaa”;also claim no. 9242 by Keaweahookino in “ili o Kiikahala ma Kaloko ahupuaa”Kiki KnjµXOD(heiaunear sea for worship of fish gods)Not available Claim no. 10694 by Puhi is for “kona apana ili o Kiki ma Kaloko ahup”; Cf. Kiikii 373.20.021 which may be the same placeKukuiha‘aµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 9238:1 by Kahoohanohano is for “kona apana 1 ili o Kukuihaa Kaloko ahupuaa”; Claim no. 9241:2 by Kaiama is for his “apana 2, kihapai kalo ili o Kukuihaa.”Lueahineekuµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 9241 by Kaiama is for “kona apana 1 ili o Luahineeku Kaloko ahupuaa”; Claim no. 9243 by Kalaikoa is for “kona apana 1 kihapai kalo ili o Kealaehu & Luahineeku & Haleolono ma Kaloko ahupuaa.”Makaaweµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 7909 by Kamaole is for his “apana ili o Makaawe & Haleape Kaloko ahupuaa.”Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00725‘IliNameTypeMeaning of NameDescriptionOkuhi Awaawa, boundary pointNot available “. . . an awaawa in the sea with a point on each side of it”; boundary at shore between Kaloko and Honokohau; probably ދǀNXKHDYDULHW\RIދǀދRSXfish (PE)Oloupeµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 9237 by Kahiona for “kona apana ili Oloupe Kaloko ahupuaa”;TMK 7308:36Papuaaµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 9238 by Kahoohanohano is for his “apana 2, kihapai ili o Papuaa Kaloko ahupuaa.”Puu Iki Boundary point, hillNot available Course 1, 6864 ft from shore along Kaloko/Honokohau boundary; elev. about 260 ftUlawiniµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no.7797 by Kamohoalii is for his “apana 2. Kihapai uala ili o Ulawini Kaloko ahupuaa.”Ulukukahiµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 9060 by Kioku is for “kona apana ili o Ulukukahi Kaloko ahupuaa.”Waimeaµ,OLµƗLQDNot available Claim no. 10693 by Paele is for “kona apana 1, ili o Waimea Kaloko ahupuaa.”3.3.3.2 Place Names of KealakeheBetween the ahupua‘aof +RQRNǀKDX DQG.HDKXROnjis Kealakehe. The ahupua‘ais also in the Kekaha region. Pukui et al. (1974)provide no literal translation for this ahupua‘a.Table 2. Kealakehe Ahupua‘a place names‘IliNameTypeDescriptionKaenaena Boundary point, hill A hill between Puu Nahaha and Kaeeku, on Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundary; quad uncertain; “I do not know places called Kaenaena . . .”Kahihiie Boundary point “. . . the corner of the lands Kealakehe, Keahuolu & Lanihauiki . . . ” (BC 45); also spelled Kahiihiie (BCT 1:364), Kahihiia (BCT 1:358)Kahuaakaulei Boundary point, placeAbove the Government road “in the woods (I have not been there . . .”; on Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundarybetween Keahuuaa and Ohiawela
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00726‘IliNameTypeDescriptionKaiwi Point Boundary point Boundarybetween Kealakehe and KeahuoluKalokoloa Inlet A narrow inlet in SƗhoehoe, probably a collapsed lava tube; between Kaluakauaka and Noio Point on Kealakehe shoreKaluakauaka Inlet Between Kaiwi Point and Kalokoloa on Kealakehe shoreKalualapauila Boundary point, heiauThe Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundary passes “a few fathoms on the north side of a heiau called Kalualapauila”; also known as LuapauwilaKaniohale‘IOLµƗLQDClaim no. 10306 by Nuole is “i ka ili aina o Kaniohale ahupuaa Kealakehe”; also claim no. 9252 by Kauhai,10070:3 by Mioi, 10671 by PepeKaohia‘IOLµƗLQDClaim no. 8608:1 by Kaahui is “i ka ili aina i Kaohia ahupuaa Kealakehe, 4 kihapi kalo . . .”; also claim no. 7483 by Kalua, claim no. 10950 by WaiwaioleKealakeheAhupua‘aRetained by Keohokalole, LCAw 8452:12; ancient fishing rights to ұRSHOXextend out to seaLae Niau Boundary point, hill “. . . an ahu pohaku at the Government road” (1:355); “. . . a puu makai of said road” [Old Upper Govt. road on TM] (1:356); a triangulation station on USGS, elev. 1487; between Kalualapauila and Keahupuaa onKealakehe/Keahuolu boundary; also written Kalaeoniau; coordinates estimatedOhiawela Boundary point, spring“I have not been there, but have heard that there is a spring there”; between Kahuaakaulei and Kahihiia, on Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundaryOpilopiloKahawai(stream, creek)“turn north to kahawai Opilopilo, the mauka corner of Kealakehe”Puu NahahaPu‘u(hill, peak) “. . . a hill of aa called Puu Nahaha . . .” onKealakehe/Keahuolu boundary between Puu Ulaula and Puu o Hulihuli; elev. 150 ftPuu o Hulihuli Boundary point, placeBetween Puu Nahaha and Kalualapauwila, about 220 ftelev. on Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundary; also spelled“Puuouliuli” (BCT 1:356), Puohulihuli on USGSPuu o Kaloa Boundary point, knollKamakau: “The spot where [Ke-alii-o-kaloa] was killed was called Puu-o-Kaloa, situated between Kailua and Honokohau”;µƮµƯplaces it along the trail from Kamakahonu to Kiholo; anoioina[resting place], onKealakehe/Keahuolu boundary (BCT); coordinates estimatedCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00727‘IliNameTypeDescriptionPuu Ulaula Boundary point, pu‘uOn boundary Kealakehe/Keahuolu; between Puu o Kaloa and Puu Nahaha3.3.3.33ODFH1DPHVRI.HDKXROnj.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµDLVlocated within a transitional area between two distinct ecological zones. Lands to the soXWKRI.HDKXROnjNQRZQDV.RQD.DLµ2pua (“Kona of the distant horizon clouds above the ocean”), between Kailua Bay and Keauhou Bay, are generally recognized as the fertile agricultural district and population center of North Kona (Kelly 1983; Kirch 1985:166). The relatively dry Kekaha-wai-‘ole (“the waterless place”) area of North Kona to the northeast is characterized by coastal fishponds and relatively barren lava inlands. The name of the ahupua‘a,Ke-ahu-o-OnjKDVEHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWZRZD\V7KHILUVWLVDV³WKHDKX>FDLUQRUDOWDU@RI/nj´(Pukui et al 1974:101). There are no legendary accounts of a Hawaiian QDPHG/njEXWDQahuis a mound, often used as an altar, so the name could refer to “the altar of /nj´7KHQDPHRIWKHODQGKDVDOVREHHQZULWWHQDV.Hµohu‘olu (Maly 1994:A-3), which means “the refreshing mists.”Table 3.HDKXROnjAhupua‘a place names‘IliNameTypeDescriptionHalepauKo‘a(fishing shrine),µLOLµƗLQD“.RދDRI+DOHSDދX+DOHSDދXVHFWLRQODQGRIKeahuolu . . . A small fishing heiau situated on the pahoehoe 100 feet from the sea . . .”Hiiakanoholae Point Now called Keahuolu Point on USGS; the traditional name is HiiakanoholaeHoenui Boundary point, place “a pile of stones makai of the wall of Governor Adams”; “a good ways makai of Governor Adams’ wall”; also called Puu Hoe; between Pohakuloa and Puu o Kaliu onKeahuolu/Lanihau boundary; about 200 ftelev.Honu‘IOLµƗLQDClaim no. 10303:1 by Maa for his taro land “ika ili aina i Maili, ahupuaa o Keahuolu” is bounded “Mauka o Honu ili aina.”Kaaialii Boundary point “on the south side of ulu hala” onKeahuolu/Lanihaunui between Kekaulele and KeahupuaaKahoi Boundary point, place A point on the Keahuolu/Lanihaunui boundary, about 600 ft elev.; not named in testimonyKahuoli Boundary point, kƯKƗSDLNǀµHOH(small land unit “an old kihapai koele, there are 2 kuleanas there, on Lanihau, adjoining Keahuolu”
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00728‘IliNameTypeDescriptionfarmed by a tenant for the chief)[LCAw 5317 to Kaaawa and 10007 to Luhai, on either side of Mamalahoa Hwy]Kaohiahoomoekanaka Boundary point, place “The mauka corner is on a pali . . . The koa is on Lanihau and Kaloko”; “a place called Kauwau or Kaohiahomoekanaka” (BC 45);“Ohiakaukanaka, a pali in the woods [is] themauka end of Keahuolu”; “an ahua called Kaohiamoekanaka”; same as Ohiakaukanaka, Kaohiamoekanaka; see Kauwau for storyKaopapa Boundary point, pnjQƗZDL(water spring)“a place in the woods in Akolea fern a SnjQƗZDL´ between Puu Koae and Puu Lepo on the Keahuolu/Lanihau boundary; near the maukacorner of Lanihaunui, about 2500 ft elev.; coordinates estimatedKapulehu Boundary point,ұRLұRLQD(peak, cape)Between Nohoanaomaa and Waiakamalama on the Keahuolu/Lanihau boundaryKeahupuaaAhu, boundary point At Government road (Mamalahoa Hwy), between Lanihaunui and Keahuolu; probably a Makahiki altar at the land boundary (Malo 1951:146)KealakeheAhupua‘aReturned by Kekuapanio, retained by aupuniDWWKH0ƗKHOHKeanawai Water hole “a water hole, where there used to be a great many houses”; “on Keahuolu”; between Keahupuaa and Paeheo on the Keahuolu/Lanihau boundaryKekaulele Boundary point A point on the Keahuolu/Lanihaunui boundary, between Paaaina and KaaialiiKohiamoekanaka Boundary point, place “The mauka corner of Keahuolu is an Ahua called Kaohiamoekanaka”; also called Kaohiahoomoekanaka, Ohiakaukanaka, perhaps OhiapiipaMaili Village, ‘iOLµƗLQD“Maili is an ili aina on Keahuolu near the boundary at Puu Hoe [Hoenui] . . .”; “Maili is an old village at Puu o Kaliu a palipali ahua,where houses used to stand . . .”; Claim no. 10303 by Maa is “i ka ili aina i Maili, ahupuaa o Keahuolu”Nohoanaomaa Boundary point, place “an oioina at the mauka corner of Lanihaunui”; at its junction with Keahuolu; also spelled Nohoanaa (BC 25 and 45), Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00729‘IliNameTypeDescriptionNohonoa, Nohonakeaa, Nohoanaoa; about 2580 ft elev.Ohiakaukanaka Boundary point “a place called Kauwau or Kaohiahomoekanaka [sic]” (BC 45) at southeast corner Keahuolu; also called Kaohiahoomoekanaka, Kaohiamoekanaka, KauwauhoomoekupapauOhiapiipa Boundary point, place Between Kauwau and Waiakamalama onKeahuolu/Lanihauiki boundary; perhaps same as place called Ohiakaukanaka (1:357), Kaohiamoekanaka (1:356) or Kaohiahoomoekanaka (BC 45; 1:357)Paaaina Boundary point, place A point on the Keahuolu/Lanihaunui boundary, between Hoenui and KekaulelePaeheo Boundary point, place A point on the Keahuolu/Lanihaunui boundary, between Keanawai and PuekaikiPapuaa‘IOLµƗLQDClaim no. 11071 by Aki is “i ka ili aina i Papuaaiki ahupuaa Keahuolu”; Claim no. 10303:2 by Maa in Maili is bounded “Mauka o Papuaanui ili aina . . .Ma Kohala o Papuaaiki.”Pohakuloa Boundary point, rock “a prominent point of rocks at the sea shore called Pohakuloa” marks the boundary between Keahuolu and LanihaunuiPuekaiki Boundary point, place Between Paeheo and Puu Koae, above Government road (Mamamalahoa Hwy) on Keahuolu/Lanihau boundaryPuu Koae Boundary point, place “a very small ahua, of dirt and stones” spelled Puukoai’ “a puu lepo” spelled Puu Koae; Between Keanawai and Kaopapa on the Keahuolu/Lanihaunui boundaryPuu Lepo Boundary point, kualapa(ridge)“a kualapa . . .above the young koa trees in the ohia”; on Keahuolu/Lanihauiki boundary, between Nohoanaomaa and WaiakamalamaPuu o Kaliu‘IOLµƗLQD“Maili [q.v.] is an old village at Puuokaliu, a palipali ahua . . .” Claim no. 10345 by Nahaalualu is “i ka ili aina o Puuokaliu ahupuaa Keahuolu, Hawaii.”Ululele‘IOLµƗLQDClaim no. 10198 by Hailewalewa is “i ka ili aina i Ululele, ahupuaa Keahuolu.”
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00730‘IliNameTypeDescriptionWaiakamalama Boundary point, water hole“where the natives get water when it fails below the woods. You have to dig to get it”; between Kapulehu and Ohiapiipa on Keahuolu/Lanihauiki boundaryWaianuia Boundary point, place A point on the Keahuolu/Lanihaunui boundary, not named in testimony; about 500 ft elev.3.3.4 Heiau(Place of Worship)Thomas Thrum first recorded archaeological features for the ,VODQGRI+DZDLދLLQ , based on literature reviews and field visits he had conducted over the course of several decades. At roughly the same time—around 1906-1907—J.F.G. Stokes of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum also conducted a suvery of heiauon the,VODQGRI+DZDLދL7KHIHZheiaumentioned within this section are those identified by Stokes (Stokes and Dye 1991).3.3.4.1 Luapauwila HeiauThe heiauRI/XDSDXZLODZDVUHFRUGHGE\6WRNHVDVDZDOOHGVWUXFWXUHRQWKHދ(OHPDNXOHhomestead, Grant Number 3765 in Kealakehe. The heiauwas said to be 3.5 miles from the ocean (Stokes and Dye 1991:40). 3.3.4.20DNDRSLދR+HLDX0DNDRSLދRHHLDXLVORFDWHGDW1RLR3RLQWLQދ$OXOD%D\ZLWKLQWKH.HDODNHKH$KXSXDދD7KHheiauwas not identified by Stokes’ survey of the Island of HawDLދLEXWLVDPRQJWKHPRVWprominent heiauwithin this district today. The structure is a fisherman’sheiauof the Hale-o-Lono class. It is a low rectangular platform built out into a shallow, pond area. According to the National Park Service (NPS):Its outstanding features are two great upright stone slabs, measuring over six feetfive inches in height, that rise above the pavement perpendicular to the seawardface. The stones, one of which bears a petroglyph of a man about twenty-four inches high, may have represented fishermen’s gods. Also present is a small ko‘a(fishing shrine) comprising a large, smooth stone standing on a platform (U.S. Department of Interior 1975). Nearby are ancient house sites, petroglyphs, and bathing pools. [Greene 1993:Chap. VIII, Sect. 6.29]3.3.4.3+DOHSDދX.RދD+DOHSDދX.RދDLVGHVFULEHGDVDILVKLQJheiau built on the SƗKRHKRH100 ft from the sea. It is sheltered by a coconut grove in the area. The walls of this heiau are in great condition and stand 4 ft high (Stokes and Dye 1991:40). 3.3.4.4 Kawaluna HeiauKawaluna is listed as a heiaulocated in the ұLOLof Pawai in theDKXSXDұDRI.HDKXROnjDQGLVfurther described below: Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘olelo&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00731The heiau is an enclosure without an opening, the walls of which have been carefully rebuilt. The interior was filled with loose stones piled up without arrangement. A local informant stated that an old fisherman was in the habit of offering fish in this heiau. Asked as to the resulting luck, he answered that it was not as much as that of other fishermen, perhaps becuase the offering was made at a heiau LQVWHDGRI+DOHSDދX.RދDnearby. [Stokes and Dye 1991:40–41]3.3.4.5 Palihiolo HeiauPalihiolo Heiau is a luakini heiauVDLGWRKDYHEHHQUHEXLOWE\.DOƗNDXD.This heiauwas VXUURXQGHGE\DFRFRQXWJURYHZKLFKLVZKHUH.DOƗNDXDދVJUDQGIDWKHUZDVKDQJHGIRUPXUGHUThis is an insignificant pen, 25 by 29 feet in size with small, thin walls, built on the upper slopes of the beach. Coral has been spread over the floor as paving. The only interest attaching to the place is the account given by a very old native living in the coconut palm grove. He said that Palihiolo was formerly a heiau for human sacrifice and that it was rebuilt on.DOƗNDXDދVRUGHUVEHIRUHWKHODWWHUOHIWIRUthe 8QLWHG6WDWHV DERXW 7KHROGQDWLYHDOVRVDLGWKDW.DOƗNDXDpromised to have a sacrifice at Palihiolo on his return from America but that he died in that country. The old native was very insistent on the truth of his statements. It might be menWLRQHGWKDWWKHVXUURXQGLQJJURYHRISDOPVLVZKHUH.DOƗNDXDދVJUDQGIDWKHUwas hanged for murder. Other information from the old native, given here for convenience, is that this king ordred of the four heiauin this area—the two heiau of Kawaluna and Palihiolo, where human sacrifices were formerly offered, and the NRұDRI+DOHSDދXDQG0ƗNƗދHR,WPLJKWEHUHPDUNHGWKDWWKHVHIRXUVWUXFWXUHVKDYHthe appearance of having been built in recent times. [Stokes and Dye 1991:42]3.3.5Ala Hele (Trails)A distinguishing feature of this landscape are the many trails that cross and zig-zag through each DKXSXDұD. Different terms describe each type of trail but most importantly, these trails were utilized as a highway of sorts for the NnjSXQDof this area. Not only can these trails be seen as a common highway for travel but also as an avenue for linking families, traditions, stories, and the history of these lands. As a whole, the trails described below create a map showing the paths most commonly used to obtain resources from the NDPDұƗLQDof this area. $VGHVFULEHGE\.HSƗ0DO\ One trail is the alaloa(State Site No. 21664) that crossed the makai (near shore) lands, linking royal centers, coastal communities, and resources together. The other major thoroughfare of this region is ‘Kealaehu’ (The path of Ehu), which passes through the uplands (once passing Kuapehu, generally a little above the old 0ƗPDODKRD+LJKZD\ .HDODHKXSDVVHVIURP.DދnjLQWR6RXWKDQG1RUWK.RQDDQGFRQWLQXHVRQWR.DދnjSnjOHKXZKHUHLWWKHQFXWVmakai WR.ƯKROR PHHWLQJZLWKWKHmakai alignment of the alaloa). The trails then continue into Kohala, passing through Kawaihae and beyond. [Maly and Maly 1993:73]David Malo also recalls the different features of the landscape and includes some terminology for the different types of trails:
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00732A place where runs a long and narrow stretch of beaten earth, a road namely, is termed ala-nui; another is kua-moo(lizard back). When a road passed around the circumference of the island, it was called the ala-loa. A place where the road climbed an ascent was termed piina; another name was hoopiina; another name still was koo-ku; and still another name was auku.Where a road passed down a descent, it was termed ihona, or alu, or ka-olo (olo-kaa,to roll down hill), or ka-lua, or hooi-hona.The terraces or stopping places on a (steep) road where people are wont to halt and rest are called oi-o-ina. [Malo 1951:17],QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVHWHUPLQRORJLHV.HSƗ0DO\DOVRQRWHVWKHIROORZLQJ $ODKXODұDQD(trails or routes which ended at points on the ocean or at streams that travelers swam to cross to the other side);$ODұnjOLOL(marked trails on the steep cliffs);Ala hakalewa or ala kaula (trails along sheer cliffs from which one would at times dangle from rope ladders);Ala pLұLXNDor DODSLұLPDXQD(trails which ascend to the uplands or mountain; now generally called mauka-makai trails);Ala kai (ocean trails on which canoes were used to travel form place to place on one island or between the various Hawaiian Islands.3.3.6+ǀOXD(Slide)Another prominant feature seen across the landscape are KǀOXDslides. +ǀOXDan ancient sport that can be traced back in PRұROHORto the time of Pele, was mostly pursued by those of chiefly ranking. The sport itself consisted of a narrow SDSDKǀOXD(sled) about 12 to 18 ft long that was used to race downhill (Mitchell 1975:38). The KǀOXDtrack often ran from mauka to makai and was covered with piligrass (Heteropogon contortus) and slicked with kukui oil (candlenut; Aleurites moluccana) (Mitchell 1975:38). It was said the best time of day to ride was when the sun was directly overhead as it would heat the oil and create great speed for the person riding the KǀOXDPela no i ka heeholua, he hana hooikaika no ia no ke kino, a ke waiho nei no na holua o ka poe kahiko mai Hawaii a Kauai. He holua pali kekahi, a he puuhonua kekahi, a he mau wahi no hoi i hana maoli ia a kiekie e like we ka holua o Kaneaka, e waiho la ma Keauhou, Kona Akau, Hawaii. He hana hooikaika kino no ia, a ua pilikia pinepine ka poe hawawa. O ka poe maa nae ma ia hana, ua lele ka ulu o na wawae a me na lima, a ua lele aku na puanaana o na lima me na oloolo wawae; a o ka hanu o ke kanaka, ua hoomaha oia iloko o ke ea mama loa. Ua oi kona mama mamua o ka lio kukini a me ke kaa ahi holo mama. O ka papa heeholua, he koaie, he uhiuhi, he mamane, he oa, he mau wahi papa lahilahi, ua like me elua anana a me ka hapa ka loa, a he hapa iniha paha ka manoanoa; ua kunihia ma ka lahilahi, he eha paha iniha ma ke kiekie a oi ae a emi iho. Ua hana kaulua ia na papa, he hapa kapuai paha ke akea, a ua hana uliliia a paa loa me ke ie a me ka aha. Ua imua mikioi ia me ka paa loa. A o na niao malalo, ua hanaia me ka mikioi loa, a ma ka ihu o na papa, ua hana winiwini ia a like me ka nuku o ka manu koloa, a kaua ia Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00733iluna, e iho pono aku ana imua: a ua uhiia o luna o kahi e moe iho ai ke kino o ke kanaka i ka ahu moena makalii, a koe aku o mua a hiki i ka nuku o na papa. Ua hana pahee loa ia o lalo o na niaao e pili ana i ka lepo, ua lohi ia a pahee loa me ka hinu kukui a me kekahi mau mea hoopahee e ae. Ua haliia ka holua me ka iwi pili i kaka ia ka lau a koe iho o ka iwi wale no. O ka wa awakea, oia ka wa kupono no ko heeholua ana, oia no hoi ka wa pahee o ka mauu, a ua pakika loa ka holo ana, aohe no hoi he lua e like me ia ka mama loa. [Samuel Kamakau, Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, 28 Kekemapa 1867]Translation:Sledding (KHұHKROXD was another favorite sport, carried on sometimes over a cliffside, sometimes on the slope of a hill over a course either laid out on the ground or artifically built up, like that at Kaneaka at Keauhou in North Kona, Hawaii. This was a vigorous sport in which beginners suffered, but those who were accustomed to it guided the board with legs and arms and could keep their balance and breathe lightly as they sped faster than a racehorse or a railroad train. The runners were made of hard wood like the NRDLұHXKLXKLor mamane, about two and a half fathoms long and a half inch thick, tapering upward, and some four inches high. They were set in paris six inches apart and fastened together neatly and firmly with cord of coconut fiber. In front they turned straight up and then pointed outward like the beak of a duck. The top where the person lay was woven over with fine matwork leaving a space between it and the runners. The runners were made slippery with kukui-nut oil or some other vegetable oil. The course was covered with stalks of pili grass stripped of the blade and laid evenly. Midday was the favorite time for the sport when the heat of the sun made the grass slippery and the sled could then attain terrific speed. [Kamakau 1992:242–243]3.4 ‘ƿOHOR1R‘eau (Proverbs)Hawaiian knowledge was shared by way of oral histories. Indeed, one’s leo(voice) is oftentimes presented as ho‘okupu(“to cause growth,” a gift given to convey appreciation, to strengthen bonds); the high valuation of the spoken word underscores the importance of the oral tradition (in this case, Hawaiian sayings or expressions), and its ability to impart traditional Hawaiian “aesthetic, historic, and educational values” (Pukui 1983:vii). Thus, in many ways these expressions may be understood as inspiring growth within the reader or between speaker and listener:They reveal with each new reading ever deeper layers of meaning, giving understanding not only of Hawai‘i and its people but of all humanity. Since the sayings carry the immediacy of the spoken word, considered to be the highest form of cultural expression in old Hawai‘i, they bring us closer to the everyday thoughts and lives of the Hawaiians who created them. Taken together, the sayings offer a basis for an understanding of the essence and origins of traditional Hawaiian values. The sayings may be categorized, in Western terms, as proverbs, aphorisms, didactic adages, jokes, riddles, epithets, lines from chants, etc., and they present a variety of literary techniques such as metaphor, analogy, allegory, personification, irony, pun, and repetition. It is worth noting, however, that the sayings were spoken, and that
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00734their meanings and purposes should not be assessed by the Western concepts of literary types and techniques. [Pukui 1983:vii]Simply, µǀOHORQRµHDXmay be understood as proverbs. The Webster dictionary notes it as “a phrase which is often repeated; especially, a sentence which briefly and forcibly expresses some practical truth, or the result of experience and observation.” It is a pithy or short form of folk wisdom. Pukui equates proverbs toa treasury of Hawaiian expressions (Pukui 1995:xii). Oftentimes within these Hawaiian expressions or proverbs are references to places. This section draws from the collection of author and historian Mary Kawena Pukui and her knowledge of Hawaiian proverbs describing µƗLQD(land), chiefs, plants, and places. The following proverbs FRQFHUQLQJ:DLNƯNƯFRPHIURP0DU\.DZHQD3XNXL¶VµƿOHOR1RµHDX(Pukui 1983).There are no ұǀOHORQRұHDXby Mary Kawena Pukui that speak directly of Kaloko, Kealakehe, RU.HDKXROnj7KHproverbs listed below descriEHWKHދ(NDZLQGDQGDOVRSDLQWa picture of one method of subsistence in this region.3.4.1µƿOHOR1RµHDX# 1690The following ұǀOHORQRұHDXVSHDNVRIWKHދEka wind, a characteristic of the Kona area. Ke ‘Eka, makani ho‘olale wa‘a o na Kona.The ‘Eka breeze of Kona that calls to the canoemen to sally forth to fish. Refers to Kona. [Pukui 1983:182]3.4.2µƿOHOR1RµHDX# 1690The following ұǀOHORQRұHDXDOVRPHQWLRQVWKHދ(NDZLQGthat would fill the sails and aid fisherman in getting to their fishing grounds with ease. .DPDNDQLNnjNXOXSHµDQXLKHµ(NDThe ‘Eka , the wind that sets up the big sails.When the ‘Eka wind blew in Kona, Hawai‘i, the fishermen sailed out to the fishing grounds. [Pukui 1983:159]3.4.3ұƿOHOR1RұHDXThe following ұǀOHORQRұHDX, in short, makes a reference to /XDKLQHNHNƗұDZHR.DұDKXPDQX/XDKLQHVKRXOGHUFRYHULQJRI.DދDKXPDQX.DދDKXPDQXwas hurt when Kamehameha took her sister Kaheiheimalie as one of his wives. She swam out to sea with the intention of going until her strength gave out. While in the water she saw a boy following her. She cried out to him to go back, but he kept following. Noticing that he was getting tired, she allowed him to lean on her shoulder to rest. Pity for the boy, Luahine, made her swim back to shore. 6RLWZDVVDLGWKDWWKHER\ZDV.DދDKXPDQXދVVKRXOGHUFRYHU>3XNXL @Samuel Kamakau also makes a reference to this incident in 7KH5XOLQJ&KLHIVRI+DZDLұLbut also includes the location:Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00735At one time after the period called the Kaipalaoa, about 1789, Kamehameha deserted Ka-ދDKX-manu and lived entirely with Ka-heihei-malie, whome he treated as his wife. Ka-ދDKX-manu suffered so much from this separation that one dark night VKHVZDPIURP.HދHLLQ.HNDKDWR+RQDXQDXa distance of five or seix miles, expecting every moment to be devoured by sharks, but rendered reckless by love and grief and not caring what became of her. From this feat her law called the ‘Ocean swimming law.’ [Kamakau 1992:315]3.5Oli(Chants)3.5.1 Surfing ChantA surfing chant honors the old surf spots of Kona and makes a passing reference to a few places of Kealakehe:He’e mai Hi‘iakanoholaeHi‘iakanoholae surfs+H¶HQƗµ$OXODL.HDODNHKH‘Alula surfs at Kealakehe+HµHLQƗQDOXR.DLZLSurfing the waves of Kaiwi3.5.2 Lele Kowali ChantAn ancient game called Lele Kowali is described below:A rope eight fathoms long, sometimes ten fathoms and over,is fastened to a coconut tree. It makes a long high swing. At the time of swinging, the person swinging, either man or woman is decently appareled. Two persons pull the swing. When the swing has oscillated high the rider chants to make the swinging more enjoyable. The chant that accompanies this game mentions sea cliffs and splashing waves and briefly mentions Kealakehe:A Kaula i ka palena o ke Koolau,At Kaula, the border of Koolau,Pale ke Koolau, pale ka Hilo paliku,Separated is the Koolau, separated is precipitous Hilo,Ku mai ka Hoolua me ka Moae,The Hoolua and the Moae arise,Moae awaa i ke kai e palipali,The Moae which plows the sea and makes it billowy,Palipali ke kai holeoleo i ka makani,The sea is billowy and boisterous by the wind,Ahu ke kupikipikio hana ka ale,The billows are tempestuous, the waves being active,Ku kila ka la lea molale i ka ehukai,Majestically stands the sun reflected through the sea-spray,Ehukai pii i ka pali o Okalakala,The sea-spray which mounts the cliffs of Okalakala,
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00736Na mahamaha a ka ino,The ends of the tempest,Ola na hulu ai a ka makani,The food of life is saved by the wind,Kaka ka Uhu o Hanalailai i ka malie,The uhuof Hanalailai is caught in the calm,Ka pali kui laau o Kealakehe koweaThe tree-belted cliffs of Kealakehe koweaKeehi ia e ka makaniAre frowned upon by the breeze,Hai welau ka pali i manawa.[Fornander 1919:201]In time breaking the crest thereof. 3.6Mele(Song)3.6.1 Kohanaiki ChantE noho ana no, Dwelling there,(ZDOHDDQD,NDKƯDNXEnjoying the akulure fishing,I ka pua a ka lehua i ke kai.The lehuaflower of the sea..DLNǀSƯSƯLNDZHOHODXOLPDIn the ocean which salts the finger tips,Ke hi‘i ala i ke Aku-mua-kau.Holding the first caught aku..DXNƗKLNDOLPDR+DOHµRKLµXNHNRµDFish set in the hand at the fishing station of Hale‘ohi‘u.,NDOƗƗSXNDPDXNDDQDSRµRPDNDLWhere the sun is seen to rise from the uplands, and set in the sea,I ka nalu wili mai o Apo‘ula.In the twisting waves of Apo‘ula.‘Ale mai mauka a ho‘I hou no i kai.Waves which crest on the shore and return to sea. [Ka Hana Lawai‘a22 January 1914]3.6.2 A Song for Lili‘uokalaniIn 1962, Pukui interviewed NDPDµƗLQDLowell Keli‘iahonui “Kanaka” Punihaole(who was born at Makalawena ca. 1899). The Hawaiian language tape was translated and transcribed by Maly. /RZHOO3XQLKDROHWDONHGDERXWKRZ4XHHQ/LOLµXǀNDODQLOLNHGWRVWD\DWWKHVKRUHVRI+RQRNǀKDXHa‘aheo, NDPDµƗLQDDQGZLIHRIWKHORFDOGRFWRUFRPSRVHGWKLVVRQJIRUKHU/LOLµXǀNDlani (Maly and Maly 2002:333):/HLKRµLDR.ƗQHNLQD.ƗQHNLQDZHDUVDOHLE popohe mai nei i ke ala nui. The trail brings him around.$KLDKLNƗXDHQDXƝIn the evening we two shall go,(µLNHQƗµǀSXµXURVHto see the rose buds.Ho‘okomo i ke aZDR+RQRNǀKDX(QWHULQWRWKHODQGLQJRI+RQRNǀKDXCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Ka‘aoand Mo‘oleloCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00737(µLNHQƗPDQXLNDORNRZDLand see the birds at the pond.+ƗµLQDµLDPDLDQDNDSnjDQDSo spoken is the refrain,ƿµnjµRHDRNDQDKHOHYou are perched there in the forest.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00738Section 4 Historical Background4.1 Early Historic Period in Kaloko By the first decades of the nineteenth century, the inhabitants of Kaloko would have long experienced the social pressures and consequences of Western Contact. “As early as 1788, Hawaiians began enlisting as seamen on the foreign ships that stopped at Island ports, and their number increased rapidly with the growth of whaling in the Pacific” (Schmitt 1973:16). As harbor facilities were developed at Kailua and Kealakekua during the early 1800s, these burgeoning ports became centers of a population drawn from increasingly isolated (economicallyand socially) areas like Kalok. Newly introduced diseases cut the population severely.The movement of people from Hawai‘i Island to O‘ahu and Kaua‘i, in particular, was also related to economic opportunities to own land in the so-called “leeward islands.”Early missionary residents made the first estimates of the population of the North Kona District. Asa Thurston estimated a population of not less than 20,000 people along a 30-mile stretch of the Kona coast. These residents were clustered on the coast, but some families also lived in a habitation belt about 2 miles inland (Kelly 1983:14). A formal census was conducted in 1832, and 12,432 people were recorded for the district of Kona. By 1835, this number had declined to 5,957. By 1853, the number had dropped to 2,210 (Schmitt 1973:21, 29, 31). The missionary William Ellis (Ellis 1979:32) visited the Kona area in 1822 and noted desertedvillages and abandoned fields “everywhere to be met with.”4.2 Early Historic Period in KeaODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnjFew written records relate the early history of Kealakehe and.HDKXROnj+RZHYHULQ WKHODQGZDVGHVFULEHGWKXVE\'DYLG.DOƗNDXD This land is situated in the District of North Kona, bounded by the ahupua‘a ofLanihau (in Kailua) belongiQJWR3ULQFH/XQDOLORRQWKH.Dދu side, and on the Kohala side, by Kealakehe, a government land and Honokohaniki belonging to Keelikolani. Keahuolu runs clear up to the mountains and includes a portion of nearly one half of Hualalai mountains. On the mountains the koa[Acacia koa],kukui and ohia abounds in vast quantities. The upper land or inland is arable, and suitable for growing coffee, oranges, taro, potatoes bananas &c. Breadfruit trees grow wild as well as the Koli [NROƯ; castor-oil plant] oil seed. The lower land is adopted for grazing cattle, sheep, goats, &c. The fishery is very extensive and a fine grove of cocoanut trees of about 200 to 300 grows on the beach. The flat land near the sea beach is composed chiefly of lava, but herbs and shrubbery grows on it and [it is] suitable for feed of sheep and goats. It is estimated at 15,000 to 20,000 acres or more. [Donham 1990:B-7, B-8]In 1792, Archibald Menzies, the first foreigner to record his visit to Kekaha described the land of Kekaha as “barren and rugged with volcanic dregs and fragments of black lava . . . in consequence of which the inhabitants were obliged to have recourse to fishing for their sustenance” (Menzies 1920:99). However, he observed that the land was moreIHUWLOHIXUWKHUXS+XDOƗODLMountain where plantations of roots and vegetables were cultivated and where breadfruit Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00739plantations thrived. He observed from higher elevations that the Kekaha region was surrounded by luxuriant plantations with scattered villages (Figure 7).0HQ]LHVPDGHWKHIROORZLQJREVHUYDWLRQVRQDKLNHWRWKHWRSRI+XDOƗODLRQ17 and 18 January 1792:[January 17] We commenced our march with a slow pace, exposed to the scorching heat of the meridian sun, over a dreary barren track of a gradual ascent, consisting of little else than rugged porous lava and volcanic dregs, for about three miles, when we entered the bread fruit plantations whose spreading trees with beautiful foliage were scattered about that distance from the shore along the side of the mountain as far as we could see on both sides. Here the country began to assume a pleasant and fertile appearance through which we continued our ascent for about two miles further, surrounded by plantations of the esculent roots and vegetables of the country, industriously cultivated . . . From this place we had a delightful view of the scattered villages and shore underneath us, and of the luxuriant plantations around us . . .January 18 . . . We observed here and there on the path little maraes [shrines] pointed out by taboo sticks in the ground round a bush or under a tree. In passing these places the natives always muttered a prayer or hymn, and made some offering as they said, to their akua, by leaving them a little piece of fruit, vegetable or something or other at these consecrated spots. Even in this distant solitary hut, we found a corner of it consecrated by one of these taboo sticks which the natives earnestly requested us not to remove when we took possession of it, and we very strictly obeyed their injunction, conceiving that religious forms whatever they are, ought to be equally inviolable everywhere. [Menzies 1920:151–160]4.37KH0ƗKHOHDQGWKH.XOeana ActPrior to 1848, all land belonged to the akua, held in trust for them by the paramount chief and managed by subordinate chiefs. In the mid-1800s, Kamehameha III decreed a division of lands FDOOHGWKH0ƗKHOHZKLFKGLYLGHGODQGIRUSULYDWHODQGRZQHrship in Hawaiian society (Chinen 1958). In 1848, lands were divided into three portions: crown lands, government lands, and lands set aside for the chiefs. Individual plots, called kuleana(Native Hawaiian land rights) awards, were granted within these divided lands to native inhabitants who lived on and farmed these plots and came forward to claim them. The chiefs and konohiki(headman of an DKXSXDұDland division under the chief) were required to pay a commutation fee for their lands, usually about one-third the value of any unimproved lands. Awardees usually “returned” a portion of the lands awarded to pay the commutation fee for the lands they “retained.” The returned lands usually became government lands (Chinen 1958:13). The Kuleana Act was legislated in 1850, allowing PDNDұƗLQDQD(commoners) to own land parcels which they were currently and actively cultivating and/or residing. In theory, this “set aside” hundreds of thousands of acres as potential kuleanaparcels which led to about 10,000 claimants obtaining approximately 30,000 acres. The konohiki, 252 chiefs, divided up about a million acres. Many Hawaiians were disenfranchised by these acts (Cordy et al. 1991).
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00740Figure 7. 1853 map of Hawai‘i (Coulter 1931:28) depicting the population and project area in redCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007414.3.1 Kaloko: Konohiki LandKaloko was awarded and kept by Lot Kamehameha (LCA 7715) who later ruled Hawai‘i as Kamehameha V. A total of 21 additional claims of land were made in Kaloko of which 12 were awarded (Table 4). Lands were claimed in 15 ‘ilibut awarded in only 12. Kelly (1971) noted that all 12 commoner or kuleanaawards were located within the Upland Zone between elevations of 1,200 to 1,700 ft, which are outside the current project area. Only six claims mention crops grown on claimed land and taro was the predominant crop. House lots were claimed in only two of the 18 cases but Cordy notes that housing data is poor for this period (Cordy et al. 1991:411, 415). Kaloko is documented during the 1870s in testimonies by Hawaiians before the government’s Boundary Commission. Testifying on 12 August 1873, Nahuina (who had earlier received LCA 10327 in Kaloko) describes himself as “born at Kaloko, North Kona, Hawaii at the time of Keikepuipui, the building of the heiauat Kailua, and have always lived there” and states that the boundaries of Kaloko were shown to him by his father, the former konohikiof the ahupua‘a.Identifying the maukaportions of the boundary, Nahuina notes boundaries defined by vegetation and a wall (“iwi aina”), and recalls a former habitation site:From the makai side of Kaupulehu the boundary runs along said land, the koa being on Kaloko and the mamani and pukeawe [sic] on Kaupulehu to the corner of Lanihau 2nd Keahuolu and Honokohaunui . . . Ohiawela, a pali, on the road through the woods is a point on the boundary. This place is above Honokohaunui, thence turn makai to Kahua, a place in the fern where houses used to stand, from thence the boundary runs makai along an iwi ainato Kapokalani, at the Government road. Thence makai still following the iwi ainato Kiikii an ili aina, thence to Kaohe, a grove of trees thence to aa. . .Nahuina adds that Kaloko has “ancient fishing rights extending out to sea.” Testifying on the same date, Hoohia, who “moved to Honokohauiki when quite small and reside[s] there now,” adds details that suggest the maukaKaloko-+RQRNǀKDXERXQGDU\ZDVGHILQHGE\GLIIHUHQWYHJHWDWLRQthat also reflected former traditional gathering rights: “Honokohaunui ends at Ohiawela, a pali.Kaloko takes the koa, and Honokohaunui, the ohia. . . The olona[RORQƗ;Touchardia latifolia]grows on Honokohaunui and Kealakehe and the koaon Kaloko.”Table 4. Land Commission Awards in KalokoLCAAwardee‘IliR.P.Acreage7797 Kamohoalii Kikahala, Ulauiui 3972 5.37909 Kamaole Makaawe, Hale‘ape 5377 7.09060 Kioku Ulukukahi 4012 4.09160 Kanu Kanaio 6938 2.59237 Kahiona Oloupe – 2.8
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00742LCAAwardee‘IliR.P.Acreage9238 Kahoohanohano3ƗSXDµD3316 1.89241 Kaiama Kealaehu, Luahine‘eku, Haleolono3772 4.39242 Keawehokina Kikahala, Kealaehu 3744 2.89243 Kaleiko Kealaehu, Luahine‘eku, Haleolono3786 1.810327 Nahuina Hale‘ape 3891 3.510694 Puhi Kiki 3763 3.510951 Wahahee Kealaehu, Kikahala 5095 2.07715 Kapuaiwa, Lota Ahupua‘a Award 8214 4,320.04.3.2 Kealakehe: Government LandKealakehe was awarded to Kekuapanio who returned the land to the government. Kekuapanio was one of a group of young nobles that were the favorites of Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III).Within Kealakehe, 23kuleanaclaims were made of which 11 were awarded. The claims are presented in Table 5. According to Donham 1990, all claims were made in six ‘ili(Donham 1990b:B-4). Testimonies showed claimants listed numerous cultivated parcels planted in taro and sweet potatoes and at least ten houses and a fair-sized banana patch was situated in the uplands.No LCAs were found within or in the vicinity of the project area.Table 5. Land Commission Awards in KealakeheAwardee‘IliR.P.Acreage7483 Kulua.DµǀKLD0DNDNLORLµD4040 2.67897 Kahuenui 2.XNXLµǀPLQR4002 4.98608 Kaahui.DµǀKLD.DOLKL3njµRKH.XNXLµǀPLQRµ,OLORD5228 3.99252 Kauhai3njµRKH.DµǀKLD.DQLµRKDOH4005 5.7810070 Mioiµ,OLORD.DQLµRKDOH.XNXLµǀPLQR4003 4.410306 Nuole Kani‘ohale 4006 5.25Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00743Awardee‘IliR.P.Acreage10322 Nuhi Makakiloi‘a 8054 4.7510597 Puou.XNXLµǀPLQR-QXL.XNXLµǀPLQR-iki 6235 4.1210671 Pepe ‘Ililoa, Haleolono, .DNXLµǀPLQRKani‘ohale4007 4.9610692 Paai3njµRKXµ,OLORD.DµǀKLD4004 2.810950 Waiwaiole.DµǀKLD3njµRKH5123 2.04.3.3.HDKXROnj .RQRKLNL/DQGVThe entire ahupua‘aRI.HDKXROnjZDVDZDUGHGWR$QH.HRKRNƗOROH$QH.HRKRNƗOROHKHOGWZRwalled houseORWV³IURPYHU\DQFLHQWWLPHV´DORQJWKHVKRUH.HRKRNƗOROHZDVWKHJUDQGGDXJKWHUof Kame‘eiamoku, an important chief who supported Kamehameha I. She was also the mother of the future.LQJ'DYLG.DOƗNDXDWKHIXWXUH4XHHQ.DPDNDµHKD/\GLD/LOLµXRNDODQL:Llliam Pitt /HOHLǀKRNXDQG0LULDP/LNHOLNH$QH.HRKRNƗOROHODter sold portions of her 15,000–20,000-acre grant to the government and other parties, with the remainder being passed on to her heir Lili‘uokalani. J.S. Emerson, a nineteenth century government surveyor, described the inland SRUWLRQRI.HDKXROnjDV³URXJKSDKRHKRHOLWWOHYHJHWDWLRQ´VLPLODUWRGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHGU\DQGbarren lands RI.HNDKD'DYLG.DOƗNDXDIXUWKHUGHVFULEHGWKHVHkulalands as suitable for livestock grazing (Donham 1990a). WLWKLQ.HDKXROnjVHYHQkuleanaclaims were made of which six were awarded (Table 6). No kuleanagrants were awarded in the inland portion (lower kula[plain] zone) RI.HDKXROnjDQGWKHUHLVOLWWOHKLVWRULFLQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWUDGLWLRQDO+DZDLLDQODQGXVHLQthe area. The upper kulazone was historically the primary agricultural zone of the two ahupua‘a. Many kuleanaawards were claimed for this area, indicating that dryland crops were grown here. The most common crop described in the claims was taro, with coffee and potatoes also mentioned. 'XULQJWKH0ƗKHOHIHZRIWKHVHkuleanaawards were granted; instead, these lands were generally awarded to the konohiki(lower chiefs and landlords), who used the lands for livestock grazing (Kelly 1983:67). No LCAs are within or in the vicinity of the project area.Emerson described the boundary between the inland and upland forested areas in this transitional region as “lava covered with scattering forest and dense masses of ki[ti] root” (Kelly 1983:58). Lands below the forest edge were described as “rocks covered with grass” (Kelly 1983:58). Emerson estimated the forest edge boundary to be at 750 to 800 ft (228 to 244 m)HOHYDWLRQDERYHVHDOHYHOLQ.HDKXROnjTable 6./DQG&RPPLVVLRQ$ZDUGVLQ.HDKXROnjLCAAwardee‘IliR.P.Acreage7351 Kahuenui Not available N/A 2.9
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00744LCAAwardee‘IliR.P.Acreage10345 Nahaalualu Not available N/A N/A10303 Maa Maili 3981 2.2510198 Mailewalewa Ululele N/A 1.910672 Paia Koheloa, Puuokaliu 3980 1.94.4 Mid-Nineteenth to Twentieth CenturyOral history interviews (Maly and Maly 2002) relate that in the mid-1800s, only a few residences were on the coastal lands, in the uplands above 900 ft elevation, and in the vicinity of 0ƗPDODKRD+LJKZD\. The land between elevations of 900 ft to the coast was cattle, donkey, and goat pasturage. Mauka tomakaiWUDLOVWKURXJK.RKDQDLNL.DORNR.DODRDDQG+RQRNǀKDXZHUHutilized by upland families to access the coast to fish and gather water during upland droughts.Despite these major changes, there were apparently still many people living in the area in the later nineteenth century, as indicated by the following extended testimony of J.W.H.I. Kihe, who ZDVERUQDW+RQRNǀKDXLQ. Kihe talked about the area in 1870:Now [1924] the majority of those people are all dead. Of those things remembered and thought of by the people who yet remain from that time in 1870; those who are here 53 years later, we cannot forget the many families who lived in the various apana (land sections) of Kekaha)URPWKHODQGVRI+RQRNǀKDX.DORNR.RKDQDLNLthe lands of ‘O‘oma, Kalaoa, Haleohiu, Makaula, Kau, Puukala-Ohiki, Awalua, the lands of Kaulana, Mahaiula, Makalawena, Awakee, the lands of Kukio, Kaupulehu, Kiholo, Keawaiki, Kapalaoa, Puuanahulu, and Puuwaawaa. These many lands were filled with people in those days.There were men, women, and children, the houses were filled with large families. Truly there were many people [in Kekaha]. I would travel around with the young men and women in those days, and we would stay together, travel together, eat WRJHWKHUDQGVSHQGWKHQLJKWVLQKRPHVILOOHGZLWKDORKD7KHODQGVRI+RQRNǀKDXwere filled with people in those days, there were many women and children with whom I traveled with joy in the days of my youth. Those families are all gone, and the land is quiet. There are no people, only the rocks remain, and a few scattered trees growing, and only occasionally does one meet with a man today (1924). One man and his children are all that remain.Kaloko was the same in those days, but now, it is a land without people. The men, the women, and the children are all gone, they have passed away. Only one man, J. W. Haau, remains. He is the only native child (keiki kupa) besides this author, who remains. Now the land is desolate, there are no people, the houses are quiet. Only the houses remain standing, places simply to be counted. [Maly and Maly 2002:341–342]Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00745Maly (1993:29) explains that traditional accounts of Kaloko and Kohanaiki describe a lush HQYLURQPHQWWKDWGLIIHUVIURPLWVFXUUHQWVWDWHGXHWRVHYHUDOIDFWRUV7KH+XDOƗODLODYDIORZLQ1801 covered the former agricultural and forested lands, residential areas, and fishponds. The loss of forests began the decrease in rainfall that was exacerbated by the introduction of livestock and ranching. Goats and cattle stripped the vegetation from the lands causing water resources to dry up. Thus, over the last 150 years, the environment has been significantly altered. Another Native Hawaiian familiar with the area, J.P. Pu‘uokupa,wrote a letter to the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Nupepa Kuokoa in 1875, reacting to (and disagreeing with) an earlier letter describing supposed famine-like conditions in the area:The people who live in the area around Kailua are not bothered by the famine. They all have food. There are sweet potatoes and taro. These are the foods of these lands. There are at this time, breadfruit bearing fruit at +RQRNǀKDu on the side of Kailua, and at Kaloko, Kohanaiki, ‘O‘oma and the Kalaoas where lives J. P. [the author]. All of these lands are cultivated. There is land on which coffee is cultivated, where taro and sweet potatoes are cultivated, and land livestock is raised. All of us living from Kailua to Kalaoa are not in a famine, there is nothing we lack for the well being of our bodies.Mokuola (a poetic reference to a place of life and well-being) is seen clearly upon the ocean, like the featherless back of the ukeke (shore bird). So it is in the uplands where one may wander gathering what is needed, as far as Kiholo which opens like the mouth of a long house into the wind. It is there that the bow of the boats may safely land upon the shore. The livelihood of the people there is fishing and the raising of livestock. The people in the uplands of Napuu are farmers, and as is the custom of those people of the backlands, they all eat in the morning and then go to work. So it is with all of the native people of these lands, they are a people that are well off . . .As was said earlier, coffee is the plant of value on this land, and so, is the raising of livestock. From the payments for those products, the people are well off and they have built wooden houses. If you come here you shall see that it is true. Fish are also something which benefits the people. The people who make the pai ai on Maui bring it to Kona and trade it. Some people also trade their poi for the coffee of the natives here . . . [J.P. Puuokupa, in Ka Nupepa Kuokoa,27 November 1875; translated in Maly and Maly 2002:339]4.4.1 KalokoHistorical documents suggest that by the 1840s to 1850s, the coastal zone had been abandoned as a residential area, except for a house used by the fishpond’s caretaker. According to Cordy, this pattern would have changed from pre-historic and early historic times when many coastal residences were present (Cordy et al. 1991:288). By the 1870s and 1880s, housing seems to have become focused in the upland zone at the Kohanaiki Homesteads with some scattered houses across Kaloko along the road to Kailua and the upper Government Road (Figure 8). Cultivation may have shifted to cash crops like coffee and small-scale livestock raising may have taken place (Cordy et al. 1991).
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00746Figure 8. 1906 Donn Hawaii Territory Survey map of Hawai‘i with project area in red; note the majority of the project area spanned across Public Lands and the southern portion of the project area crossed into homestead landsCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00747During the twentieth century, major developments focused on Kaloko Ahupua‘a with continuing commercial use of Kaloko Fishpond and increasing animal husbandry. Ranchingsteadily increased with the development of the ahupua‘auplands into the Hu‘ehu‘e Ranch. Maly and Maly (2003) discuss the acquisition of these lands and the types of ranching that were common:In 1899, John A. Maguire, founder of Huehue Ranch applied for aPatent Grant on. . . lots in ‘O‘oma 2nd, but he only secured Grant No. 4536 . . . Maguire’s Huehue Ranch did secure General Lease No.s 1001 and 590 for grazing purposes on the remaining government lands in the Kohanaiki and ‘O‘oma vicinity. Thus, by the turn of the century, Huehue Ranch, utilized both the upper forest lands and lower kula lands to the shore for ranching purposes. Oral history interviews with elder former ranch hands record that this use extended across the Kapena and Huliko‘a grant lands of Kohanaiki, from the fee and leasehold lands of Kaloko and ‘O‘oma. Nineteenth century goat drives, gave way to formalized cattle drives and round ups on these lands. [Maly and Maly 2003:78]Until the construction of the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway in the 1970s, access to the “kula kai(shoreward plains)” was limited to local residents (Maly and Maly 2003:101). The 1924 USGS map in Figure 9 shows “the road to the sea” connecting the Kohanaiki Homesteads with the Kaloko Fish Pond. In the first half of the twentieth century, the primary method of travel was “by foot or on horse or donkey, and those who traveled the land, were almost always native residents of Kalaoa, ‘O‘oma,.RKDQDLNL.DORNRDQG+RQRNǀKDX´ 0DO\DQG0DO\ Hu‘ehu‘e Ranch bulldozed a jeep road to the shore around 1955 during the construction of the Kailua pier; this was used primarily by the ranch employees for duties or for going fishing along the coast.Leased from Hu‘ehu‘e Ranch, the Kaloko Fishpond continued as a commercial fishing operation until the 1950s. During the 1970s, the pond was incorporated into the newly established Kaloko-+RQRNǀKDX1DWLRQDO+LVWRULF3DUN4.4.2 KealakeheAs government lands, portions of Kealakehe Ahupua‘a were subdivided as the Kealakehe Homesteads for purchase by homesteaders for residential development. Following the passage of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act in 1921, portions of Kealakehe were designated Hawaiian Homelands “for Native Hawaiians to live on, farm, ranch, and engage in commercial, industrial, or any other activities.”4.4.3.HDKXROnjAsisal (Agave sisilana PLOOZDVFRQVWUXFWHGLQ.HDKXROnjVRPHWLPHGXULQJWKHODWH V sisalwas grown to make ropes and other fibers. The mill was located along the southern portion of the old Palani Road corridor. Operating until 1924, the mill was surrounded bysisal fields that covered an area of up to 1,DFUHVLQ.HDKXROnjDQG.HDODNHKHahupua‘a(Jensen 1990).In the late 1890s and 1900s, the area around Pawai Bay was a fishing village with a canoe landing (Yent 1993:4). A large brackish pond was present mauka of the bay, and in addition to several planting pits utilized for the cultivation of primarily pineapple, multiple house sites were present around Pawai Bay (Neighbor Island Consultants 1973:45, 52). This area was inhabited by
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00748Figure 9. 1924 Kalaoa and Keahole Point USGS topographic quadrangles, depicting project area in redCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical BackgroundCIA for the WWTP 0DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00749the Kau‘a family until the construction of the airport in 1948. The coastal area of Maka‘eo was marked by a large coconut grove (Yent 1993:4), and the coastal trail that ran through Kailua Town turned to head maukaDW 0DNDµHR WR MRLQ ZLWK WKH 0ƗPDODKRD 7UDLO(Springer and Camara1987:42).In 1909, the Lili‘uokalani Trust was established to provide for children, especially orphans, of Hawaiian descent (Queen Lili‘uokalani Children’s Center 2004). Income was derived from real estate owned by Queen Lili‘uokalani. As a result of the will of Queen Lili‘uokalani, the lands of .HDKXROnjZHUHSODFHGLQDWUXVW,QWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHVWKHWUXVWHHVKDYHEHJXQWRGHYHORSWKH.HDKXROnjODQGVWRJHQHUDWHUHYHQXHIRUWKHLUSURJUDPV7KHDUHDDURXQG3DODQL5RDGLVQRZoccupied with shopping malls, bookstores, business offices, and residential subdivisions.The construction of Kona Airport, or the Old Airport (Figure 10), began on 10 June 1948 (State of Hawai‘i Department of Transportation 1948). Development of the airport continued with the construction of the boundary fence in 1950 and various runway extensions completed over the years, with the last extension completed in 1967 (Neighbor Island Consultants 1973). The airport development included a passenger terminal, an access road, a parking lot, the runway and parking apron, as well as an airplane hangar. However, the commercial operations of Kona Airport ended with the opening of the neZ.HƗKROH$LUSRUWRQ1 July 1970. Following the Kona Airport closure, the County of Hawai‘i took over management of the area for development as a park. In 1976, ownership of the Kona Airport lands was transferred to the Hawai‘i Island State Parks.Figure 10. Photo of Kona Airport, ca. 1940s (courtesy of Hawaii Pictures)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007504.5 Previous Archaeological ResearchThis section provides an overview of previous archaeological research conducted in the vicinity of the current project area. Section 4.5.1 is an overview of all previous archaeological studies in the vicinity. Section 4.5.2 provides discussions of those previous studies overlapping the current project area. Table 7 through Table 10 identifies the archaeological sites previously recorded in and near the current project area. 4.5.1 Previous Archaeological Studies in the Vicinity of the Project AreaOver the past century numerous archaeological studies have been conducted within and surrounding the current project area. This body of past work provides information about past land use that can be used to form a predictive model for the current project area. John F.G. Stokes and J.E. Reinecke conducted the earliest studies, which were coastal surveys. In 1906, Stokes was assigned by the Bishop Museum the task of recording the coastal heiauof Hawai‘i Island, building upon the preliminary work of Thomas G. Thrum. Visiting the sites of more than 100 heiauisland-wide, he drew “plans of more than forty of the best preserved foundations, and collected as much oral data as possible” (Stokes and Dye 1991:12).%HWZHHQ.HDODNHKHDQGWKH.HDKXROnj-Lanihau boundary, Stokes documented five heiau; of these, the heiauof Kawaluna and Palihiolo at Pawai %D\LQ.HDKXROnjDUHLQFORVHVWSUR[LPLW\WRWKHFXUUHQWSURMHFWDUHDWKRXJKWKH\GRQRWRYHUODSLWIn 1930, the Bishop Museum undertook an archaeological reconnaissance survey of portions of :HVW+DZDLދL 5HLQHFNH 5HLQHFNHEURNHWKHSRrtion of his survey conducted between .DLOXD.RQDDQG.DODKXLSXDދDLQ6RXWK.RKDODLQWRIRXUVHFWLRQV ³/DQLKDXDGMRLQLQJ.DLOXDvillage . . . ; Honokohau-kaloko . . . ; the remainder of the coast to Keahole Light; [and] the cursorily survey[ed] coast past the light” (Reinecke 1930:2). The “Lanihau” section appears to KDYHLQFOXGHGFRDVWDO.HDKXROnj 5HLQHFNHGRFXPHQWHGVHYHUDOVLWHVORFDWHGmakaiof the current project area, along the shoreline fronting what is now Old Kona Airport Park/Kailua Park. He describes the “Honokohau-kaloko” section as having “considerable remains” (Reinecke 1930:2); unfortunately, the maps covering this section are illegible, however, the sites documented by Reinecke (1930) in this area are understood to have been located wellmakaiof the current project area.Table 7 contains summaries of previous archaeological studies; archaeological studies overlapping the current project area are identified using bold font. Previous studies in the vicinity of the Mauka and Makai Sections of the current project area are depicted on Figure 11, excluding WKRVHSDVWVWXGLHVORFDWHGDORQJWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\52:3UHYLRXVVWXGLHVLQWKHvicinity of the Northern Section of the current project area are depicted on Figure 12, again H[FOXGLQJWKRVHSDVWVWXGLHVORFDWHGDORQJWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\52:3UHYLRXVarchaeological studies located alongWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\52:LQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHoverall current project area are depicted on Figure 13. The Stokes (1906-1907) and Reinecke (1930) studies are not depicted as their coverage is not clearly defined.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00751Table 7. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project areaReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Stokes 1906 (Stokes and Dye 1991)Archaeological reconnaissance survey,VODQGRI+DZDLދLIdentified numerous heiauand NRұD(shrines) across the island; documented five heiauin current project DKXSXDұD,none of which are within the current project areaReinecke 1930Archaeological reconnaissancesurveyCoastal West +DZDLދLIdentified hundreds of sites along coast of :HVW+DZDLދLLQFOXGLQJDQXPEHURIVLWHVin vicinity of Old Kona Airport Park and Honokohau BayChing andRosendahl 1968Archaeological reconnaissance surveyKailua-Kawaiahae Rdcorridor (Section II) and .HƗKROH3RLQWAirport, +RQRNǀKDXWR.DX$KXSXDދDDocumented 14 sites (not assigned SIHP V WKUHHVLWHVUHFRUGHGLQ+RQRNǀKDXincluding a trail and burial; no sites documented in KalokoLadd 1968 Archaeological salvage (data recovery)+RQRNǀKDXHarbor; Kaloko, +RQRNǀKDXDQGKealakehe $KXSXDދDSalvage excavations for four sites previously identified by Bishop Museum in 1961 and not assigned SIHP #s: D11-3/1 (burial), D11-3/2 (burial), D11-3/3 (burial), and D11-4 (house site)Newman 1970Field inspection Old Kona Airport State Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDDocumented several features in Lanihau portion of Old Kona Airport, later assigned as SIHP #s -02000 (petroglyphs), -02001 (petroglyphs, SDSDPnj[stone on which the checker-like game, NǀQDQH, was played], and bait cups), and -02002 (house site)Emory andSoehren 1971Archaeological and historical surveyCoastal Kaloko, +RQRNǀKDXDQGKealakehe Ahupua‘aDocumented 72 sites across three DKXSXDұD, not assigned SIHP #s; site types included house sites, ahu(cairns), fishing ko‘a, terraces, enclosures, walls,SDSDPnj,burial grounds and platforms, KǀOXD(sled; sled course) slides, Makaopi‘o Heiau, Hale 2.ƗQH+HLDX3XµXRLQD+HLDX‘Aimakapa Pond, petroglyphs; study included search for sites and plane table surveys documented by Bishop Museum in 1961
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00752ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Renger 1971 Intensive survey Kaloko and Kukio $KXSXDދDmakaiof Queen .DދDKXPDQX+ZyDocumented 89 sites in Kaloko, not assigned SIHP #s; site types included fishponds, house sites, burials, trails, lava tubes, walls, platforms, petroglyphs, enclosures, etc.Neighbor Island Consultants 1973Archaeological reconnaissance surveyOld Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDDocumented 19 sites not assigned SIHP #s; site types included planting pits, house sites, burials, and petroglyphs;two sites (KA14, petroglyph; KA15, petroglyph and house site) recorded in maukaportion of property near southern terminus of Makai Section of current project areaSinoto 1975 Archaeological reconnaissance survey+RQRNǀKDX6PDOOBoat Harbor; Kealakehe $KXSXDދDDocumented three previously identified sites, not assigned SIHP #s: D11-27(house site), D12-3 (salt pans), and a SDSDPnjSinoto 1977 Archaeological reconnaissance surveyKealakehe $KXSXDދDmaukaof Queen .DދDKXPDQXHwy; TMK [3] 7-4-008:017 por.Documented four newly identified sites: SIHP #s 50-10-28-05011 (DKXSXDұDwall possibly overlapping current project DUHDDW.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnjboundary), -05012 (lava tube shelter), -05013 (lava tube shelter), and -05014(lava tube shelter) Ching 1978 Reconnaissance survey987 acres in .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDDocumented 59 sites with 140 features, predominately located at coast; sites assigned SIHP numbers (SIHP #s -06490 through -06548) which may be problematic; cluster of sites within proximity to Makai Section of current project area: SIHP #s -06528 (two platforms), -06529 (three platforms), -06530 (four ahu), -06531 (single ahu), -06532 (single ahu), -06533(petroglyphs), -06534 (two ahu), -06535(single ahu), and -06536 (enclosure)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00753ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Rosendahl 1979Reconnaissance surveyApprox. 212 acres LQ.HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD 70.V[3] 7-04-008:001 por., 002 por. and 012 por.Documented 13 sites, not assigned SIHP numbers, including two large modified lava bubble sinkholes, two long sections of stone wall (Kuakini Wall), a cairn,overhang rock shelter, petroglyph, SDSDPnjand petroglyphs, and a walled enclosureEstioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980Reconnaissance surveyOld Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDIdentified 35 sites not assigned SIHP #s; site types included house sites, petroglyphs, burials, and multiple lava shelters and sinkholes; study area minimally overlaps makaiterminus of Makai Section of current project area; no sites identified in proximity to current project areaFolk 1980 Archaeological survey and subsurface testingThree NƯSXNDwithin QLT/DQGV.HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDDocumented 21 sites: SIHP #s -06444through -06447, -06498, -06522, -06524,-06666 through -06669, -06671 through -06679, -06502, and -06503; site types included pavements, caves, habitation complexes, an enclosure, a platform, a shrine, and historic-era campsites; testing in one NƯSXNDexposed a buried cultural layer; archaeological salvage recommended for all sitesNeller 1980 Archaeological reconnaissance surveyOld Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDSurvey focus on documenting areas of human remains exposed by stormy seas; also documented a number of previously identified sites at park including SIHP #s -02001 and -02002and areas of petroglyphs; no sites identified in proximity to current project area (Makai Section)Soehren 1980 Archaeological reconnaissance surveyKailua Wastewater Treatment Site, Kealakehe $KXSXDދD70. [3] 7-4-008:003 (por.)Documented SIHP # -07704, a north-south oriented trail located just west of existing WWTP and western boundary of Makai Section of current project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00754ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Soehren 1980aArchaeological reconnaissance surveyApprox. 90 acres in Kaloko $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-3-009:001 por.Documented a single waterworn stone QHDU4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+Zy (possible sling stone), not assigned a site number; noted potential for “graves” within propertySoehren 1980bArchaeological reconnaissance survey.DORNR$KXSXDދD TMK: [3] 7-3-009:001 por.Documented stepping-stone trails, a possible burial, a lava tube containing a cultural deposit, and a lava tube used for temporary habitation, water collection, and possibly refuge; no SIHP numbers assignedSoehren 1981 Archaeological reconnaissance surveyKealakehe $KXSXDދD70. [3] 7-4-008:003 por. Documented three previously recorded sites near coast in proposed ocean outfall alignment for Kealakehe WWTP: SIHP #s-01888 (shrine and/or house site), -01889(remnant house site or platform), -01890(burial platform and remnant house sites)Bonk 1987 Preliminary archaeological reconaissance surveyLower Kealakehe $KXSXDދD FRDVWup to 630 ft amsl)Noted findings within three general areas: 1)+RQRNǀKDX+DUERUYLFLQLW\ 2) 1,000-m-wide coastal strip, both found to contain numerous archaeological features; and 3) everything maukaof these coastal areas, found to contain ranching and homesteading features;only site noted within bounds of currentSURMHFWDUHDLV0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO 6,+3# -00002)Rosendahl 1989Archaeological inventory surveyKaloko $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-3-010:017 por.Documented SIHP # -13493, segment of a stepping-stone trail located just northeast of Northern Section of current project areaCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00755ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Donham 1990aArchaeologicalinventory survey950 acres inKealakehe and .HDKXROnjAhupua‘a,TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:017, 012 por.Documented four previously identified sites including SIHP #s -00002 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO DQG-05011(DKXSXDұDwall), and 78 new sites comprising 840 individual features, predominately agricultural in function; assigned 80 new SIHP #s: -13175through -13254; of these, six (SIHP #s -00002, -05011, -13182, -13194, -13195,and -13253) are indicated in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area Donham 1990bArchaeological inventory surveyKealakehe and .HDKXROnjAhupua‘a,TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:017, 012 por.Addendum to Donham 1990a study reported on finds of Donham 1990c AIS in QLTODQGVLQ.HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD notes 24 sites comprising 250 features (SIHP #s -13420 through -13440 and -13447 through -13449); sites not in proximity to current project areaDonham 1990cArchaeological inventory survey1100 acres in QLT Lands; .HDKXROnjAhupua‘a, TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002 por. and 012Documented 239 sites comprising over 1,810 individual features similar to those observed by Donham (1990a); of these, two previously documented: SIHP # -00002 (Mamalaohoa Trail) and SIHP # -07276 (Kuakini Wall); anumber of sites initially documented by Ching (1978) likely confirmed but assigned new SIHP numbers; 237 new SIHP designations include SIHP #s 50-10-[27 or 28]-13255 through -13491; seven sites are in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area: SIHP #s -00002, -13315, -13321, -13326 through -13328, and -13482; 13 sites in proximity to Makai Section of project area: SIHP #s -13284, -13286, -13288 through -13298, and -13353; radiocarbon testing yielded evidence of occupation as early as fifteenth century
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00756ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Pietrusewsky 1990Osteological analysisOld Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDExamination of skeletal remains of one female individual collected from park, which technically overlaps makaiterminus of Makai Section of current project area; exposure location and subsequent reinterment location not in proximity to current project areaRosendahl and Walker 1990Archaeological inventory surveyKaloko$KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-3-010:017 por.Attempted recording additional information about SIHP # -13493(stepping-stone trail); no additional information obtainedSmith and Yent 1990Archaeological inventory survey and data recovery25 acres at Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-5-005:007Documented six sites: two previously identified by Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace (1980) comprising a wall and numerous ahu; and four newly documented sites including a wall, platform, and filled crevices; sites not assigned SIHP numbers Borthwick and Hammatt 1992aArchaeological assessment(negative finds AIS)Kealakehe and .HDKXROnjAhupua‘a, TMK: [3] 7-5-004:067, 7-5-05:007, 7-4-008:002Documented ten previously recorded sites (including three without SIHP numbers at Old Kona Airport Park, and SIHP #s -13266, -13291 through -13294, -13296, -13298 recorded by Donham 1990c) and four newly recorded sites (SIHP #s -17167 through -17170); of these, six are in proximity to Makai Section of current project area (SIHP #s -13291, -13292, -13294, -13298,-17168, and -17169)Borthwick and Hammatt 1992bArchaeological field inspection and interim preservation planKealakehe $KXSXDދD 70.[3] 7-1-008:017 por.Documented two newly identified sites in Donham (1990a)/Burgett and Rosendahl (1992) project area: SIHP #s -15537 (lava tube) and -15538 (terrace); recommends further mitigation at SIHP # -00002 and two stepping-stone trails (SIHP #s -13194 and -13197)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00757ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Burgett and Rosendahl 1992Archaeological inventory surveyKealakehe and .HDKXROnjAhupua‘a, TMK: [3] 7-4-008:017, 012 por.Addendum to Donham (1990a) AIS documented 44 newly identified sites comprising 225 features (SIHP #s -16001 through -16044), and 103 additional features associated with Donham (1990a and b) sites; of these, only one (SIHP # -13253) is indicated in proximity to Mauka Section of current project areaYent 1992 Archaeological field inspectionOld Kona Airport Park, Lanihau$KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-7-005:005 por.Documented a partial anthropomorphic petroglyph (State Park Site #1992-40), not assigned a SIHP #Borthwick et al. 1993Archaeological reconnaissance surveyKealakehe and +RQRNǀKDX$KXSXDދDDocumented 43 new sites (no SIHP #s assigned); identified 44 previously documented sites (with SIHP designations from multiple different studies); two sites documented in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area include trail sites SIHP #s-00002 and -13194Fager and Graves 1993Archaeological inventory survey15+ acres at Kaloko Industrial Park, Kaloko $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-3-051:001 por.Documented 17 sites comprising 60 component features: SIHP #s 50-10-28-15335 through -15351; feature types included terraced, modified outcrops, mounds, walls, lava tubes, SƗKRHKRHexcavations, ahu, filled cracks, enclosures, and a stepping-stone trail; assessments of function included agriculture, animal husbandry, temporary habitation, marker, quarry, and transportation; a charcoal sample yielded a probable age of AD 1617–1884
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00758ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Henry and Graves 1993Archaeological inventory survey Queen .DދDKXPDQXHwy and Kaiwi St ROW, .HDKXROnjWR.DODRD$KXSXDދDPhase 1 AIS (site identification) documented 25 sites comprising 60 features; of these, five previously identified (SIHP #s -00002, -06432[DKXSXDұDboundary wall], -13194[trail], -13195 [trail], and -13334[complex]); newly identified sites assigned as SIHP #s -15314 through -15333O’Hare and Rosendahl 1993Archaeoloigcal inventory survey100 acreas of QLT ODQGV.HDKXROnjAhupua‘a; TMK:[3] 7-4-008:002 por.Documented 18 sites comprising 38 features: one previously identified (SIHP # -0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO DQGQHZO\identified (SIHP #s 50-10-28-18502through -18518) used for agriculture, temporary habitation, temporary habitation/possibly ceremonial, burial, historic dump, transportation, quarry, and markerBarr et al. 1994Archaeological inventory survey206 acres in Kealakehe and +RQRNǀKDX$KXSXDދD TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:003 por., 005 por., 017 por., and 034 por.Documented 83 sites including 33 newly recorded sites and 50 previously identified sites (with SIHP designations from multiple studies); two sites documented in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area include trail sites SIHP #s -00002 and -13194; charcoal samples yielded ages generally within between 1600s–1890s, though one sample dated to AD 1439-1693O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994Archaeological data recovery800 acres in Kealakehe $KXSXDދD TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:012 por., and 017Documented 422 archaeological features within Donham (1990a) survey area; excavated 88 test units; conducted laboratory analysis on soil, artifact, and charcoal samples; majority of features found to be agricultural in nature; radiocarbon analysis indicated majority of sampled habitation and agricultural features ranged in age from AD 1400-1850Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00759ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Carpenter1995Burial recovery and reintermentOld Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD70. [3] 7-5-005:007Included collection of human remains from 24 individuals exposed by high surf and subsequent reinterment at park, which technically overlapsmakaiterminus of Makai Section of current project area; exposure locations and subsequent reinterment location not in proximity to current project area Head and Rosendahl 1995Archaeological data recovery.HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD 70.V [3] 7-04-008:002 por., 012 por. Data recovery conducted at SIHP #s - 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO DQG-10-28-18506 (complex); efforts at SIHP # -00002involved documentation of construction techniques at seven sample areas; test excavations at SIHP # -18506 yielded a radiocarbon date of AD 1453-1824Walsh and Hammatt 1995Archaeological inventory surveyQueen .DދDKXPDQXHw\.HDKXROnjto Kalaoa $KXSXDދDDocumented 17 sites comprising 29 individual features; five sites previously recorded (SIHP #s -00002, -02238,-06432, -13194, and -15324) and 12 sites newly recorded (SIHP #s -19943through 19954); of documented sites, only SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 in proximity to current project areaColin et al. 1996Archaeological inventory survey and limited subsurface testing224 acres in Kaloko and Kohanaiki $KXSXDދD TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:002 por. and 017Documented 55 sites comprising 93 features, including two previously identified sites (SIHP #s -13493 and -15324) and 53 newly identified sites (SIHP #s -20696 through -20722 and -20724 through -20749), of which six are in proximity to Northern Section of current project area (SIHP #s -13493,-20722, -20744, -20745, 20726, and -20728); documented sites included ahu,simple agricultural features, recurrent and temporary habitation sites, trails, enclosures, walls, and a quarry; subsurface testing conducted at eightsites; two charcoal samples yielded dateranges falling between AD 1670-1945
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00760ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Hammatt et al. 1999Archaeological data recoveryQueen .DދDKXPDQXHw\+RQRNǀKDX$KXSXDދDData recovery at SIHP # -00002 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO DQG-19953 (mauka-makaitrail) involved production of archival-quality photo documentation and cross-sectional drawings of portions of subject trails to be impacted byconstructionWolforth 1999Archaeological monitoring Queen .DދDKXPDQXHwy and Kaiwi St ROW, .HDKXROnjWR.DODRD$KXSXDދDInvolved inspection of 31 previously documented sites (including those documented by Henry and Graves 1993 in proximity to current project area) and documentation of eight newly recorded sites: SIHP #s -21252 through -21258 and -21756; portions of a 3.3-km section of SIHP # -00002 within the 1999 mapped and described areaHaun and Henry 2000Archaeological inventory survey 102 acres at Kaloko Industrial Park, Kaloko $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-3-051:60Documented 45 sites comprising 81 individual features: nine previously identified, of which five found to be disturbed; and 36 newly identified sites; site types and functions conform to those expected within subject elevational/zonal settlement pattern Haun and Henry 2001Archaeological inventory surveyKealakehe $KXSXDދD70. [3] 7-4-008:003 por.Located directly adjacent to but not overlapping current project area; documented 58 sites comprising 123 features (SIHP #s -23007 through -23062); feature types included SƗKRHKRHexcavations, stone alignments, ahu,mounds, petroglyphs, enclosures, trails, and a cave, overhang, and platform; functional categories included quarrying, markers, agriculture, rock art, temporary habitation, transportation, possible ceremony, indeterminate; several sites located in proximity to Mauka and Makai Sections of current project area (SIHP #s -23020, -23023, -23026, -23029, -23033,-23047, -23048)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00761ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Gmirkin and Bond 2002Archaeological inventory surveyKaloko-+RQRNǀKDXNational Historical ParkLocated directly adjacent to but not overlapping current project area; documented four sites in one area (SIHP #s -19954, -23352 through -23354), and ten in another area (assigned temporary site numbers NPS SP-1 through 10); of these, sites SP-1 through -10 in proximity to Mauka Section of current project areaRechtman and Escott 2002Archaeological inventory survey40 acres in Kealakehe $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-4-008:003por.Documented eight sites: three previously identified (SIHP #s -23020,SƗKRHKRHexcavation; -23021, lava tube; and -23023, trail segment) and five newly identified (SIHP #s -23549,C-shaped enclosure; -23550 and -23552,SƗKRHKRHexcavations; -23551, modified lava blister; and -23554, trail segment; all eight sites located within or in proximity to Mauka or Makai Sections of current project area; all recommended for no further workHaun et al. 2003Archaeological data recoveryKaloko IndustrialPark, Kaloko $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-3-051:60Data recovery efforts at SIHP #s -21999,-22010, -22014, -22016, -22017, -22018,-22023, and -22032 involved determinations of site age and function; all sites determined to have functioned for temporary habitation and associated activity; radiocarbon analyses indicated occupation between AD 1445 and the early 1800sPestana and Spear 2005Archaeological assessment (no finds AIS)Old Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD70. [3] 7-5-005:007por.Survey effort involved hand excavation of 22 shovel tests and three test units; no cultural materials identified
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00762ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Haun and Henry 2006Archaeological inventory survey370 acres in Kealakehe and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD TMKs: [3] 7-4-008:002 por., 003 por., 071 por., and 072 por. Documented 127 sites comprising 432 features; 23 sites previously identified (with SIHP designations from multiple studies); 104 sites newly identified (SIHP #s -25549 through -25653); feature types included SƗKRHKRHexcavations, ahu, alignments, overhangs, lava blisters, enclosures, terraces, platforms, trails, walls, pavements, midden scatters, mounds, sand areas, filled cracks, lava tubes, C-shapes, a metal tower, and an upright; sites occur as expected following elevational/zonal settlement patterns; SIHP #s -07704, -23033,-25643, -25556, -25557, -25558 indicated to be within or in close proximity to current project areaRosendahl 2006Historic preservation reviewKealakehe $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-4-008 por. Noted two previously recorded sites: SIHP #s -13180 (complex of land division, ranching, and agriculture features) and -16010 (agricultural complex); both sites fully mitigated in previous workBell et al. 2008Archaeological inventory survey224 acres in Kaloko and Kohanaiki $KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-3-009:017 Located directly adjacent to but not overlapping current project area; documented 59 sites, including 53 previously identified (with SIHP designations from multiple studies) and sixnewly identified (SIHP #s -26259 through -26264); distribution of sites correspondswith expectations according to elevation, with sites most frequent on ridges, tumuli or in lava tubes; SIHP #s -13493, -15329,-20722, -20726, -20728, -20744, and -20745 indicated in proximity to Northern Section of current project areaHammatt and Shideler 2008Documentation of damage TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:009 and 010 Assessed damage to a portion of SIHP # - 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO Hammatt et al. 2008Mitigation implementation TMKs: [3] 7-4-020:009 and 010Reported on renaturalization and restoration efforts at a disturbed portion of SIHP # - 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00763ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Clark and McCoy 2009Archaeological assessment (no finds AIS)Kalaoa 5 Ahupua‘a; TMK: [3] 7-03-043:003 por.Area of Potential Effect (APE) included existingIDFLOLW\LQ.HDKXROnj QRarchaeological features identifiedSimonson et al. 2010Archaeological literature review and field inspectionOld Kona Airport Park, Lanihau and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDTMKs: [3] 7-5-005:007 and 083Confirmed location of numerous previously identified sites and documented four new sites, not assigned SIHP #s; many previously identified sites not confirmed; study area minimally overlaps makaiterminus of Makai Section of current project area; no sites identified in proximity to current project areaWilkinson et al. 2011Archaeological literature review and field inspection.HDKXROnjthrough Kaloko $KXSXDދD TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:025; 7-4-008:005; 7-4-020: 003, 004, 007, 010; 7-4-021:008, 023Study confirmed 11 previously recorded sites; similar number of previously recorded sites not confirmed; several new features observed including SƗKRHKRHand µDµƗexcavations, possible trails, a lava tube opening, a bulldozed concentration of waterworn stones and artifacts, and a potentially historic fence line; one site located in proximity to Mauka Section of current project area (SIHP # -13194, trail)Monahan et al. 2012Archaeological inventorysurveyQueen .DދDKXPDQXHwy, Kealakehe to Kalaoa $KXSXDދD TMKs: [3] 7-4-008, 7-3-009, and 7-3-043Documented 75 sites: 20 previously documented (with SIHP designations from multiple different studies) and 55 newly recorded; feature types included trails, SƗKRHKRHand µDµƗexcavations, mounds, ahu, walls, modified outcrops, petroglyphs, lava tubes, enclosures, leveled areas, filled crevices, modified depressions and blisters, and a burial platform; SIHP #s -10714, -28794,-28796, and -29344 indicated in proximity to current project area (Northern Section)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00764ReferenceType of StudyLocationResults (SIHP # 50-10-27**** unless otherwise noted)Reeve et al. 2012Archaeological inventory survey628 acres in .HDKXROnj 70. [3] 7-4-008:002Documented 322 sites comprising 464 component features, as well as 139 SƗKRHKRHexcavations not assigned SIHP designations; some sites previously recorded by Ching (1978) and/or Folk (1980); new site designations include SIHP #s -27273through -27419, -27421 through -27542,and -27559 through -27569; 48 sites indicated within proximity to Makai Section of current project area; site density highest at coast, where excavations at habitation sites yieldedwide variety of cultural materials; radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples provided evidence of occupation from as early as sixteenth century Lizama et al. 2015Archaeological monitoring .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD 70. [3] 7-4-008:002 Ensured protection of SIHP #s -06492(enclosure) and -27384 (cemetery); documented a new site, SIHP # -30224(buried cultural deposit)Yucha et al. 2016Archaeological inventory surveyKealakehe and .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD 70.V [3] 7-4-020:003, 010 por., 023 por., 024 por.Documented ten sites, including three previously identified (SIHP #s -13308,-13310, and -16013) and seven newly identified (SIHP #s -29892 through -29894, -29896, -29898, -30196, and -30197); feature types included trails, ahu,modified outcrops, terraces, and SƗKRHKRHexcavations; SIHP # -13310 found to represent modern bulldozer track Wilkinson et al. 2017Archaeological inventory surveyQueen .DދDKXPDQXHwy, Kealakehe to Kalaoa $KXSXDދD TMKs: [3] 7-2-005; 7-3-009, 043, 049, 051, 058; 7-3-043:091, 083; 7-4-020Supplemental survey documented two segments of SIHP # - 0ƗPDODKRDTrail) located adjacent to intersection of Kealakehe Pkwy and Queen .DދDKXPDQX+Zy; one segment within Mauka Section of current project areaCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00765Figure 11. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Mauka and Makai Sections of the project area (in red); this map does not include previous studies DORQJ4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ VHHFigure 13)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00766Figure 12. Portion of the 1996 Keahole Point USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (in red); this map does not include previous studies along Queen.DދDKXPDQXHighway (see Figure 13)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00767Figure 13. Portions of the 1996 Keahole Point and Kailua USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing previous archaeological studies DORQJWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQXHighway in relation to the overall project area (in red)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQG68TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007Table 8. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Mauka Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted)SIHP # 50-10-27-Other Site NumbersPrevious Archaeological Reference(s)Site Type# of Fea.Site FunctionSite AgeMost Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s)00002 – Bonk 1987; Donham 1990a and c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b, Borthwick et al. 1993; Henry and Graves 1993; Barr et al. 1994; O’Hare andGoodfellow 1994; Head and Rosendahl 1995; Walsh and Hammatt 1995; Hammatt et al. 1999; Wolforth 1999; Hammatt and Shideler 2008; Hammatt et al. 2008; Monahan et al. 2012; Wilkinson et al. 2017Trail 0ƗPDODKRDTrail)– Transportation Historic Data recovery (archival research) and partial preservation0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOKDVEHHQLPSDFWHGLQmultiple locations by various developments; extant portions in fair to reconstructed condition; various portions in active preservation and/or ongoing mitigation, including portions overlapping current project area50-10-28-05011/2175650-Ha-D11-29; Site 1 (Sinoto 1977); T-94(Donham 1990a); 927-25,39 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992)Sinoto 1977; Donham 1990a; Burgett andRosendahl 1992; O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994; Wilkinson et al. 2011Wall –$KXSXDұDboundary Historic Further data collection (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992); no further work (?) (O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994)Good condition13182 T-8 Donham 1990a Complex 2 Agriculture, marker Indeterminate No further work Good condition13194 T-21 Donham 1990a; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b; Borthwick et al. 1993; Henry and Graves 1993; Barr et al. 1994; O’Hare andGoodfellow 1994; Walsh and Hammatt 1995Stepping-stone trail– Transportation Prehistoric Preservation Disturbed to fair condition13195 T-22 Donham 1990a; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b; Henry and Graves 1993Complex 3 Marker Historic No further work Fair condition13253 T-96 (Donham 1990a) Soehren 1976; Donham 1990a; Burgett and Rosendahl 1992; O’Hare andGoodfellow 1994Complex 24 Burial, temporary habitationPrehistoric Preservation Fair to good condition13253K Site 1 (Soehren 1976); T-96 (Donham 1990a)Soehren 1976; Donham 1990a Stepping-stone trail– Transportation Prehistoric Preservation Fair to good condition; trail impacted by bulldozing sometime after 197613315 T-68 Donham 1990c Rubble wall 1 Indeterminate Prehistoric, historic Further data collection Fair condition13321 T-74 Donham 1990c Boulder concentration1 Agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition13326 T-85 Donham 1990c Platform 1 Agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition13327 T-88 Donham 1990c3Ɨhoehoeexcavation2 Quarry Prehistoric No further work Good condition13328 T-89 Donham 1990c Cave 1 Habitation Prehistoric Further data collection necessary Fair condition13482 T-87 Donham 1990c3ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 Quarry – No further work –21588 SP-9 Emory and Soehren 1971; Cluff 1977; Durst 1999; Gmirkin and Bond 2002Trail – Transportation Historic Preservation/avoidance during construction Disturbed to excellent condition23020 7 (Haun and Henry 2001)Haun and Henry 2001; Rechtman and Escott 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 Quarry Pre-Contact No further work Good condition23021 6 (Haun and Henry 2001)Haun and Henry 2001; Rechtman and Escott 2002Cave 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No further work Good conditionCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQG69TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007SIHP # 50-10-27-Other Site NumbersPrevious Archaeological Reference(s)Site Type# of Fea.Site FunctionSite AgeMost Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s)23023 2 (Haun and Henry 2001)Haun and Henry 2001; Rechtman and Escott 2002Trail 1 Transportation Pre-Contact No further work –23026 3 (Haun and Henry 2001)Haun and Henry 2001 Complex 5 Marker – No further work Good condition23029 4 (Haun and Henry 2001)Haun and Henry 20013ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 Quarry – No further work Good condition23552 – Rechtman and Escott 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 Quarry Pre-Contact No further work –23553A – Rechtman and Escott 2002 Trail 2 Transportation Pre-Contact No further work –25549 – Haun and Henry 2006 Trail – Transportation – No further work Fair to good condition25552 – Haun and Henry 2006 L-shaped wall 1 Temporary habitation – No further work Fair condition25553 – Haun and Henry 2006 Cairn 1 Marker – No further work Fair condition25554 – Haun and Henry 2006 Enclosure 1 Permanent habitation – No further work Fair condition– SP-1 Gmirkin and Bond 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-2 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Battering 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-3 Gmirkin and Bond 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-4 Gmirkin and Bond 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-5 Gmirkin and Bond 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-6 Gmirkin and Bond 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-7 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Wall 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-8 Gmirkin and Bond 20023ƗKRHKRHexcavation1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction –– SP-10 Gmirkin and Bond 2002 Stone mound 1 – – Avoidance and monitoring during construction Poor condition
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQG70TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007Table 9. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Makai Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted)SIHP # 50-10-27-Other Site NumbersPrevious Archaeological Reference(s)Site Type# of Fea. Site FunctionSite AgeMost Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s)06531 T-153 Ching 1978, Reeve et al. 2012 Complex 2 Habitation/marker Traditional Data recoveryPoor condition06532 T-197 Ching 1978, Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Burial Traditional Preservation Fair condition07704 – Soehren 1980, Haun and Henry 2006Trail 27 Transportation Historic No further work Trail marked by 26 associated cairns13284 T-32 Donham 1990c Complex 4 Agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition13286 T-34 Donham 1990c Complex 10 Indeterminate/ markers/ possible agriculturePrehistoric, early historic No further work Good condition13288 T-37 Donham 1990c Retaining wall/terrace 1 Loading ramp Historic No further work Fair to good condition13289 T-38 Donham 1990c Complex 15 Quarry/ possible agriculturePrehistoric, early historic Further data collection Good condition13290 T-39 Donham 1990c Complex 6 Quarry/ agriculture Prehistoric, early historic Further data collection Good condition13291 T-40 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Complex 6 Quarry Prehistoric, early historic Preservation Fair condition13292 T-41 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992aComplex 18 Quarry/ possible agriculturePrehistoric, early historic No further work Good condition13293 T-42 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992aComplex 9 Quarry/ possible agriculture Prehistoric No further work Good condition13294 T-43 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992aComplex 73 Agriculture Indeterminate/ Prehistoric, historicPreservation Good condition13295 T-44 Donham 1990c Complex 10 Quarry Prehistoric, early historicFurther data collection Good condition13297 T-47 Donham 1990c Complex 9 Quarry/ possible agriculturePrehistoric No further work Good condition13298 T-48 Donham 1990c; Borthwick and Hammatt 1992aComplex 7 Quarry/ agriculture/ temporary habitationPrehistoric No further work Good condition13353 T-128 Donham 1990c Complex 3 Rock art, aquaculture, bathingPrehistoric, early historic Further data collection Good condition17167 CSH1 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Modified sink 1 Shelter Prehistoric Preserve Good condition with fair excavation potential17168 CSH2 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Modified sink 1 Shelter Prehistoric Preservation Fair to good condition with poor excavation potential17169 CSH3 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a Modified blister 1 Shelter Prehistoric No further work Poor condition with poor excavation potential23033 80 Haun and Henry 2001; Haun and Henry 2006Overhang 1 Temporary habitation – Data recovery Good condition23047 55 Haun and Henry 2001 Cairn 1 Marker – No further work Good condition23048 74 Haun and Henry 2001PƗhoehoeexcavation 1 Quarry– No further work Good condition23549 – Rechtman and Escott 2002 C-shaped enclosure 1 Temporary habitation Pre-Contact No further work Good condition23550 – Rechtman and Escott 2002 Pahoehoe excavation 1 quarryPre-Contact No further work Good condition23551 – Rechtman and Escott 2002 Modified blister, cairn 2 Temporary habitation, markerPre-Contact No further work Good condition25556 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No further work Fair condition25557 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No further work Fair condition25558 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate – No further work Fair conditionCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQG71TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007SIHP # 50-10-27-Other Site NumbersPrevious Archaeological Reference(s)Site Type# of Fea. Site FunctionSite AgeMost Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s)25643 – Haun and Henry 2006 Alignment 1 Indeterminate -- No further work Fair condition27279 T-009 Reeve et al. 2012 Modified overhang 1 Storage TraditionalData recovery Fair condition27280 T-010 Reeve et al. 2012 Filled crevice 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recoveryGood condition27282 T-012 Reeve et al. 2012 Sinkhole 1Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Good condition27285 T-016 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27298 T-030 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 2 Marker Traditional Preservation Feature A: fair condition; Feature B: poor condition27299 T-031 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27300 T-032 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recoveryPoor condition27301 T-033 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recoveryFair condition27302 T-036 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27304 T-039 Reeve et al. 2012 Battering1 ProcessingTraditional Data recoveryFair condition27305 T-040 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27308 T-045 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27378 T-116 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recoveryPoor condition27379 T-117 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Preservation Fair condition27380 T-118 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Preservation Fair condition27381 T-119 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recoveryPoor condition27382 T-123 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Historic Data recovery Fair condition27398 T-154 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Modern Data recoveryGood condition27400 T-156 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27401 T-157 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27402 T-158 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recoveryPoor condition27403 T-159 Reeve et al. 2012 Complex2 Marker Traditional Data recovery Fair condition 27404 T-160 Reeve et al. 2012 Stone mound 1 Marker Traditional Data recoveryFair condition27405 T-161 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recoveryFair condition27406 T-162 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27407 T-163 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recoveryPoor condition27408 T-164 Reeve et al. 2012 U-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27409 T-165 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27410 T-166 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recoveryFair condition27411 T-167 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27412 T-168 Reeve et al. 2012 Modified overhang 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27413 T-169 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27414 T-170 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27415 T-171 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27416 T-172 Reeve et al. 2012 Complex2 Habitation Traditional Data recoveryFeature A: fair condition; Feature B: poor condition27417 T-173 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27421 T-177 Reeve et al. 2012 Modified crevice 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recoveryFair condition
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQG72TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007SIHP # 50-10-27-Other Site NumbersPrevious Archaeological Reference(s)Site Type# of Fea. Site FunctionSite AgeMost Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s)27422 T-178 Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Poor condition27439 T-198 Reeve et al. 2012 Wall segment 1 Indeterminate Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27440 T-199 Reeve et al. 2012 Complex 3 Habitation Traditional Data recoveryFair condition27441 T-200 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair condition27442 T-201 Reeve et al. 2012 Scatter 1 Activity area Traditional Data recovery Good condition27447 T-208 Reeve et al. 2012 Enclosure 1 Habitation Traditional Data recoveryFair condition27559 – Reeve et al. 2012 C-shaped wall 1 Habitation Traditional Data recovery Fair conditionTable 10. Previously documented archaeological sites in or near the vicinity of the Northern Section of the project area (site numbers prefixed “50-10-27” unless otherwise noted)SIHP # 50-10-27-Other Site NumbersPrevious Archaeological Reference(s)Site Type# of Feat. Site FunctionSite AgeMost Current Recommendation Most Recent Observed Status and Other Comment(s)10714A, B A: T-091010-4,B: T-091010-5(Monahan et al. 2012)Renger 1971; Monahan et al. 2012 Trail system (mauka-makai)3 Transportation Prehistoric, historic Data recovery (archival research) and partial preservationPart of the Road to the Sea trail system; absorbed SIHP # -28796 (trail marker)13493 PHRI 547-1 Rosendahl 1989; Rosendahl and Walker 1990; Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008Trail – Transportation Prehistoric No further work –15329 PHRI 92-1118-18Henry and Graves 1993; Bell et al. 2008 Modified tumulus1 Temporary habitation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition20722 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition20726 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 2 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition20728 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Enclosure 1 Temporary habitation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition20744 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Poor condition20745 – Colin et al. 1996; Bell et al. 2008 Trail 1 Transportation Pre-contact No further work Fair condition28794 T-091010-7 Monahan et al. 2012 Filled crevice 1 Indeterminate; possible agricultural clearing featureIndeterminate Avoidance during construction –28796 (see 10714)T-091010-6 Monahan et al. 2012 Stacked boulders1 Marker – – Absorbed by SIHP # -10714 as a marker of Feature B trail29344 Excavation 0 (Monahan and Yucha 2012)Monahan et al. 2012 Excavated pit 1 Indeterminate; possible quarry or sweet potato planter or bird pitIndeterminate—probably prehistoric (pre-Contact)Data recovery ––50-Ha-D13-81Renger 1971 Trail – Transportation – – –Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island73TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0074.5.2 Previous Archaeological Studies Overlapping the Project AreaAll the SIHP numbers listed in this section are prefixed “50-10-27,” unless otherwise noted.4.5.2.1 Ching and Rosendahl 1968In 1968, the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) reported on the results of a reconnaissance survey conducted for a section of the proposed Kailua-Kawaihae Road (present 4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ ORFDWHGEHWZHHQ+RQRNǀKDXDQG.DX$KXSXDދD.HƗKRle Point, DQGIRUWKHSURSRVHGQHZDLUSRUWDW.HƗKROH &KLQJDQG5RVHQGDKO VHHFigure 13). Fourteen sites were documented but not assigned SIHP numbers. Three sites (T1–T3) were documented in +RQRNǀKDX$KXSXDދDQRWLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHFXUUHQWSURMHFWDUHD7LVGHVFULEHGDVDNHUEVWRQHmauka-makaitrail. The descriptions of T2 and T3 are missing from the report, but a photo caption indicates T2 was a grave of some sort. No sites were documented in Kaloko, where the Northern Section of the project area is located.4.5.2.2 Neighbor Island Consultants 1973, Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980In 1973, Neighbor Island Consultants carried out a reconnaissance survey of Old Kona Airport Park, minimally overlapping the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (see Figure 11). Nineteen sites were documented but not assigned SIHP numbers, consisting of house sites—including a historic habitation complex, bait mortars, planting pits, lava cave shelters, enclosures, petroglyphs, and a number of burial sites. Two sites (KA14, petroglyph; KA15, petroglyph and house site) were recorded in the maukaportion of the property near the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area, but were not confirmed during later surveys. In 1980, State Parks archaeologists conducted an updated reconnaissance survey of Old Kona Airport Park, minimally overlapping the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980; see Figure 11). The survey identified 35 sites, some of which were previously recorded by Neighbor Island Consultants (1973). The sites were designated 1980-1 through 1980-35 and included enclosures, lava tube shelters, lava “pits,” rock mounds or ahu, burials, bait mortars, salt pans, petroglyphs, building foundations, subsurface deposits, a wall, a SDSDPnj, a cistern, and a luaor outhouse. None of the identified sites are in proximity to the current project area.4.5.2.3 Sinoto 1977In 1977, the Bishop Museum conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey of portions of Kealakehe, overlapping the Mauka Section of the current project area (Sinoto 1977; see Figure 11). Four new historic properties were identified, including one that may partially overlap the current project area: SIHP # 50-10-28-05011, wall delineating the Kealakehe anG .HDKXROnjDKXSXDұDboundary (see Table 10). The site was recommended for preservation and/or monitoring (Sinoto 1977:3). The other three sites, SIHP #s -05012 through -05014, are lava tube shelters located maukaof the current project area.4.5.2.4 Ching 1978In 1978,$UFKDHRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK&HQWHU+DZDLދL,QF $5&+ XQGHUWRRNDQDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHFRQQDLVVDQFH RI DFUHV LQ .HDKXROnj $KXSXDދDmakaiRI 4XHHQ .DދDKXPDQX +LJKZD\overlapping the Makai Section of the project area (Ching 1978; see Figure 11). A total of 59 sites
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island74TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007comprising 140 features were documented, and were concentrated at the coast. The sites were assigned SIHP numbers but a notation in the report states many of the numbers were reassigned. The site distribution map included in the report indicates a cluster of sites documented by Ching(1978) are within proximity of the southwestern boundary of the existing WWTP facility: SIHP #s -06528 (two platforms), -06529 (three platforms), -06530 (four ahu), -06531 (single ahu), -06532 (single ahu), -06533 (petroglyphs), -06534 (two ahu), -06535 (single ahu), and -06536(enclosure) (see Table 10). 4.5.2.5 Neller 1980, Pietrusewsky 1990, and Carpenter 1995 In 1980, DLNR conducted a reconnaissance survey at Old Kona Airport Park, which may have minimally overlapped the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (Neller 1980; see Figure 11). The survey was undertaken in response to reports of multiple exposed burials along the shoreline following a winter storm event. The survey identified the presence of several areas of exposed human burials, and other areas containing cultural deposits, petroglyphs, and hearths. Previously recorded SIHP #s -02001 and -02002 were also confirmed. None of the burial areas or other sites or features are in proximity to the current project area. The 1980 report asserts that a comprehensive archaeological study should be conducted at the park.In following years, additional studies were undertaken at the park in response to exposure of human remains following storm events (Pietrusewsky 1990, Carpenter 1995). Since the “project area” for these studies is designated as the overall park parcel, these studies are illustrated on Figure 11 as overlapping the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area; however, the burial find locations and their subsequent reinterment locations are not in proximity to the current project area. 4.5.2.6 Soehren 1980In 1980, Lloyd J. Soehren completed an archaeological reconnaissance survey for the Kailua Wastewater Treatment Site in Kealakehe, overlapping the existing WWTP site in the Makai Section of the current project area (Soehren 1980; see Figure 11). The survey identified a north-south oriented trail (SIHP # -07704) located just makaiof the existing WWTP and western boundary of the Makai Section of the current project area. According to Soehren (1980:2), “The trail appears to join the village and pond at Honokohau with the small settlement at Pawai in Keahuolu.” Based on its construction, the trail likely “represents a ‘preliminary route selection’ for a nineteenth century horse trail (Apple 1965) subsequently abandoned, perhpas [sic] in favor of the ‘Old Mamalahoa Trail’ farther inland. It would, therefore, seem to be of interest primarily to the historian and of little or no interpretive value to the public” (Soehren 1980:2). 4.5.2.7 Soehren 1980aIn 1980, Soehren undertook an archaeological reconnaissance survey of approximately 90 acres LQ.DORNR$KXSXDދDmaukaRIWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\RYHUODSSLQJWKH1RUWKHUQ6HFWLRQof the current project area along the Hina Lani Street ROW (Soehren 1980a; see Figure 12). No archaeological features were identified, though the reconnaissance appears to have been limited to transects along the project area boundaries. Soehren (1980:1–2) notes, “In my opinion, there is little liklihood [sic] that any archaeological features will be found in the area with the possible exception of graves. These may be concealed in lava flows and can be exceedingly difficult toCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island75TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007find. Some may be marked with stone cairns but none were seen.” A waterworn pebble was found “near the highway” which Soehren (1980a:1) described as a probable slingstone.4.5.2.8 Bonk 1987In 1987, the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo conducted a preliminary archaeological reconnaissance (termed a “walk-through” survey) of “lower” Kealakehe, between the coast andapproximately 630–730 ft amsl (Bonk 1987). The 1987 study area overlaps the portions of the Makai and Mauka Sections of the current project area in Kealakehe (see Figure 11). The study organizes its preliminary findings into three general areas:1.$FFRUGLQJ WR %RQN ³7KH DUHD QRUWK RI WKH >+RQRNǀKDX@KDUERU DORQJ WKHDKXSXDދD ERUGHU DQG LQWR WKH DGMDFHQW DKXSXDދD RI +RQRNRKDX KDV D JRRG GHDO RIprehistoric as well as historic remains,” including such significant sites as Puuoina Heiau.2. Bonk (1987:7) describes “A coastal tract of land, extending up to 1,000 feet in depth and UXQQLQJWKHIXOOZLGWKRIWKHDKXSXDދDRI.HDODNHKH´FRQWDLQLQJQXPHURXVVLJQLILFDQWVLWHVpreviously recorded by Reinecke (1930) and Emory (1971), and including such significant VLWHVDV0DNDRSLދR+HLDXDQG+DOH2.DQH+HLDX3. While no sites were observed “in the area between the above mentioned coastal strip and WKH>4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX@KLJKZD\´WKH0ƗPDOahoa Trail was noted just maukaof the highway; further mauka, features associated with historic ranching and homesteading were observed (Bonk 1987:11). Additional research was recommended for all the areas covered by the walk-through survey. Except for MƗPDODKRD7UDLO 6,+3-00002), no historic properties were explicitly identified by Bonk (1987) within the bounds of the current project area.4.5.2.9 Rosendahl 1989, Rosendahl and Walker 1990In 1989 and 1990, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) completed archaeological inventory surveys for a water tank site located on the north side of Hina Lani Street (Rosendahl 1989, Rosendahl and Walker 1990; see Figure 12). This water tank site is the present location of the unused potable water storage tank proposed to be recommissioned for R-1 service in the Northern Section of the current project area. The 1989 survey identified a 7.5-m segment of a stepping-stone trail (SIHP # -13493) crossing the µDµƗlava in a northeast-southwest orientation. According to Rosendahl (1989:1), “The trail appears to be prehistoric, and appears to have been used as a secondary transportation route.” The location of SIHP # -13493 is indicated just northeast of the Northern Section project area boundary (see Table 10).The following year, PHRI conducted an addendum AIS at the water tank site at the request of SHPD (Rosendahl and Walker 1990; see Figure 12). The purpose of the addendum study was to obtain additional information for SIHP # -13493 through both fieldwork and archival research. These efforts did not yield any additional information about the trail.4.5.2.10 Donham 1990a, Donham 1990b, Burgett and Rosendahl 1992, and O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994In 1990, PHRI reported on the results of archaeological inventory survey of the 950-acre SURSRVHG .HDODNHKH 3ODQQHG &RPPXQLW\ SURMHFW DUHD ORFDWHG LQ .HDODNHKH DQG .HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDDQGRYHUODSSLQJWKH0DXND6HFWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQWSURMHFWDUHD 'RQKDP D VHH
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island76TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007Figure 11). The survey fieldwork consisted of an aerial reconnaissance and 100%-coverage pedestrian survey. Four previously identified sites were confirmed; of these, two had been previously assigned SIHP designations (SIHP # -0ƗPDODKRD7UDLODQG6,+3-05011,DKXSXDұDboundary wall), and two were newly assigned SIHP designations. A total of 78 sites were newly identified and assigned SIHP designations. The 80 newly obtained SIHP numbers included SIHP #s -13175 through -13254. Six of the documented sites are located in proximity to the current project area (see Table 10): SIHP #s -00002, -05011, -13182, -13194, -13195, and 13253. Donham (1990a:i) noted a predominance of agricultural features including rock mounds, SƗKRHKRHexcavations, modified outcrops, terraces, small enclosures and low mounded walls. Twenty-one sites were recommended for no further work, data recovery was recommended for 42 sites, and the remainder were recommended for preservation upon further data collection or “as is” (Donham 1990a:i). Later that year, PHRI prepared an addendum AIS report for an expansion of the Kealakehe 3ODQQHG &RPPXQLW\ SURMHFW LQWR .HDKXROnj 'RQKDP E QRW YLVLEOH RQFigure 11). The H[SDQVLRQDUHDRYHUODSSHGDQRWKHUFRQFXUUHQW3+5,VXUYH\DUHDLQ.HDKXROnj 'RQKDP F and therefore summarized the findings of the Donham (1990c) survey within the addendum project area, in which 24 sites had been documented: SIHP #s -13420 through -13440 and -13447 through -13449. Like those documented by Donham (1990a) in Kealakehe, the site types included predominately agricultural features with associated habitation, transportation, and miscellanea. Because the addendum AIS area was well upslope of the Mauka Section of the current project area, none of the sites are in proximity.In 1992,PHRI prepared a report for another addendum AIS, this one located within the Donham 1990a survey area but focused on examination of proposed roadways associated with the planned community (Burgett and Rosendahl 1992; see Figure 11). This addendum AIS study documented 44 newly identified sites comprising 225 features (SIHP #s -16001 through -16044), and 103 additional features associated with Donham (1990a and b) sites. Of these, only one (SIHP # -13253) is indicated in proximity to the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Section Table 10).Two years later, PHRI reported on data recovery efforts conducted at 800 acres within the Kealakehe Planned Community project area, also overlapping the Mauka Section of the current project area (O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994; see Figure 11). The data recovery effort included transit recordation of site locations, additional description and mapping, and excavation of 88 test units. Over 40 soil, pollen, and charcoal samples were collected and submitted for specialized analysis. All but eight of the 422 documented features were found to be agricultural in nature. The results of pollen analysis and wood taxa identification were found to “support the model of different environmental zones corresponding with the different elevation zones at Kealakehe” (O’Hare and Goodfellow 1994:ii). The majority of the habitation and agricultural features in the project area were dated to AD 1400-1850.4.5.2.11 Donham 1990cAlso in 1990,3+5,UHSRUWHGRQDQ$,6FRQGXFWHGRQDFUHVRI4XHHQ/LOLދXRNDODQL7UXVWODQGVLQ.HDKXROnjRYHUODSSLQJSRUWLRQVRIERWKWKH0DXNDDQG0DNDL6HFWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWproject area (Donham 1990c; see Figure 11). The survey fieldwork consisted of an aerial reconnaissance and 100%-coverage pedestrian survey. A total of 239 sites comprising over 1,810 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island77TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007individual features were documented. Two of the sites, SIHP # - 0ƗPDODRKRD7UDLO DQGSIHP # -07276 (the Kuakini Wall) had been previously recorded and assigned site numbers; a number of additional sites initially documented by Ching (1978) makaiRI4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQXHighway were likely confirmed but were assigned new SIHP numbers as correlation proved difficult. The 237 new SIHP designations included SIHP #s 50-10-[27 or 28]-13255 through -13491. Seven sites identified by Donham 1990c (and 1990b) are in proximity to the southern portion of the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Table 10): SIHP #s -00002, -13315, -13321, -13326 through -13328, and -13482 (see Table 10). Thirteen sites identified by Donham (1990c) are in proximity to the Makai Section of the project area: SIHP #s -13284, -13286, -13288 through -13298, and -13353 (see Table 10). Predominate feature types are listed as SƗKRHKRHexcavations, rock mounds, and modified blisters and outcrops. An agricultural function is assigned to 85-90% of all identified features. Other functional types included temporary habitation, transportation, aquaculture, water collection, ceremony, cave shelters, and burials. Several charcoal samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating, indicating possible occupation as early as the mid-fifteenth century. Eighty-four sites were recommended for no further work; data recovery was recommended for 123 sites; the remainder were recommended for preservation upon further data collection or “as is” (Donham 1990c:ii). 4.5.2.12 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992aIn 1992, CSH conducted an archaeological assessment (AIS with negative finds) for the proposed Kealakehe Sewer Force Main and Pump Station, comprising an inventory-level surface survey and review of pertinent literature (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992a). The study area, which consisted of a 100-ft-wide, 9,300-ft-long force main corridor and rectangular 1-acre pumping station, overlaps the Makai Section of the current project area along the proposed R-1 line extending to Old Kona Airport Park (see Figure 11). The survey documented ten previously recorded sites: two caves and a petroglyph not assigned SIHP numbers and located within the maukaportion of Old Kona Airport Park; and SIHP #s -13266, -13291 through -13294, -13296, -13298 recorded by Donham 1990c, which generally represent quarrying, agricultural, and temporary habitation complexes. Four sites were newly recorded: SIHP #s -17167 and -17168 (modified sink shelters), -17169 (modified blister shelter), and -17170 (clearing mounds). Of the 14 documented sites, all are described as pre-Contact in age except for SIHP # -17170 which is an historic-era site. Six of the 14 sites are in proximity to the Makai Section of the current project area (SIHP #s -13291, -13292, -13294, -13298, -17168, and -17169) (see Section Table 10). Six sites were recommended for no further work, one was recommended for subsurface testing, and the remainder were recommended for preservation.4.5.2.13 Borthwick and Hammatt 1992bAlso in 1992, CSH conducted a field inspection with an associated preservation plan for a proposed golf course in the Kealakehe Planned Community project area, slightly overlapping the Mauka Section of the current project area (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b; see Figure 11). The study was intended to confirm sites previously documented by Donham (1990a) and/or Burgett and Rosendahl (1992) in the area and document any newly discovered sites. Ten previously recorded sites comprising trails, ahu, and agricultural features were confirmed (SIHP #s -00002, -13193 through -13198, -13201, -16003, and -16025) and two sites were newly recorded and assigned as SIHP #s -15537 (lava tube cave) and -15538 (terrace). Three sites (SIHP #s -00002,
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island78TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007-13194, and -13195) are within the current project area (see Table 10). The preservation plan component of the study recommended preservation measures for three trail sites (SIHP #s -00002, -13194, and -13197). 4.5.2.14 Borthwick et al. 1993, Barr et al. 1994In 1993, CSH undertook an archaeological reconnaissance for the proposed Kealakehe Parkway Extension (Borthwick et al. 1993). The project area comprised four discrete areas including an LQWHUFKDQJHDORQJ4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\DQDUHDRIDOWHUQDWLYHURDGDOLJQPHQWVLQmauka.HDODNHKHDQG+RQRNǀKDXDQDUHDZKHUHWKHWZRmaukaroad alignments are converged, and an DUHDQHDUWKH3DODQL5RDGDQG0ƗPDODKRD+LJKway intersection in mauka+RQRNǀKDX2IWKHVHonly the proposed interchange area is in proximity to the current project area, along the Mauka Section (see Figure 13). Forty-four previously identified and 43 newly identified sites were documented, comprising pre-Contact and historic habitations, lava tubes, heiau, and both confirmed and possible burial sites. Agricultural features were typically not documented though they were commonly present, particularly in the more maukaareas. Sites identified in proximity to the current project area included SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 (see Table 10), the latter noted to be bisected by SIHP # -DQG4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\0DQ\RIWKHGRFXPHQWHGVLWHVwere recommended for either data recovery or preservation. The following year, CSH conducted an AIS for the Kealakehe extension project (Barr et al. 1994). The AIS largely overlapped the 1993 reconnaissance project area, with the exception of the alternative road alignments which had been redrawn. Like the 1993 reconnaissance project area, only the proposed interchange along QuHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\LVLQSUR[LPLW\WRWKHFXUUHQWproject area (see Figure 13). A total of 83 sites were documented, of which 50 were previously recorded comprising a wide variety of site types. Almost all the sites were documented in the maukaroad alignment areas, with only previously identified SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 in proximity to the current project area (see Table 10). Eight charcoal samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating. Age ranges were generally found to be within the late prehistoric to late historic time periods (i.e., 1600s to 1890s), though one sample collected from a lava tube yielded a date range of AD 1439-1693 at 83% probability (Barr et al. 1994:248). Sixty sites were recommended for data recovery, seven sites were to be preserved, and no further work was warranted for the remaining 16sites (Barr et al. 1994:i).4.5.2.15 Henry and Graves 1993, Wolforth 1999In 1993, PHRI undertook a Phase 1 AIS, comprising surface site identification only, for the Keahole-Kailua 69kV Transmission Line pURMHFWORFDWHGDORQJWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\and Kawiwi Street ROW (Henry and Graves 1993). The project area corridor ranged from 50-100IW ZLGH DQG H[WHQGHG IURP .HDKXROnj WR .DODRD $KXSXDދD RYHUODSSLQJ WKH 0DXND DQGNorthern Sections of the current project area (see Figure 13). The Phase 1 survey conducted 100% pedestrian coverage within previously unsurveyed areas; in the portions of Kealakehe and .HDKXROnjSUHYLRXVO\VXUYH\HGE\'RQKDP DDQGF WKe survey work focused on confirmingpreviously documented sites. The Phase 1 survey documented 25 sites comprising 60 component features. Of these, five were previously identified, including SIHP #s - 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO -06432 (DKXSXDұDboundary wall), -13194 (trail), -13195 (trail), and -13334 (complex). The 20 newly identified sites were assigned as SIHP #s -15314 through -15333. The 25 documented sites represented a wide veriety of feature types. Assessments of function included agriculture, marker,Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island79TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007transportation, boundary, habitation, quarry, storage, and indeterminate. Sites indicated in proximity to the current project area include SIHP #s -00002, -13194, and -13195 in the Mauka Section and SIHP # -15329 located just northwest of the Northern Section (see Table 10). A significant amount of prior disturbance was noted in the project area, including an access roadway extending along most of the transmission line corridor and modern industrial and agricultural developments.Several years later, PHRI conducted archaeological monitoring for the Keahole-Kailua 69kV Transmission Line installation, once again overlapping the Mauka and Northern Sections of the current project area (Wolforth 1999; see Figure 13). The monitoring involved inspection of 31 previously documented sites (including those documented by Henryand Graves 1993 in proximity to the current project area) and documentation of eight newly recorded sites: SIHP #s -21252 (filled lava blister), -21253 through -21255 (modified outcrops), -21256 (cupboards and modified lava tube), -21257 and -21258 (trails), and -21756 (boundary wall). Portions of the approximately 3.3-km section of SIHP # -00002 within the transmission line project area were mapped and described in detail—possibly including parts of the site within the current project area. Wolforth(1999:ii) concluded that “The relationship of the Mamalahoa Trail to other sites and trails suggests that Mamalahoa Trail was built over, and incorporates parts of a prehistoric trail.”4.5.2.16 Walsh and Hammatt 1995, Hammatt et al. 1999In 1995, CSH undertook DQ$,6IRUDSURSRVHGH[SDQVLRQRIWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ROW, located between Palani Road and the Keahole Airport entrance road (Walsh and Hammatt 1995). The project area corridor averaged 309 fWZLGHDQGH[WHQGHGIURP.HDKXROnjWR.DODRDoverlapping the Mauka and Northern Sections of the current project area (see Figure 13). A total of 17 sites comprising 29 individual features were identified, including five previously documented sites (SIHP #s -00002, -02238, -06432, -13194 and -15324) and 12 newly identified sites (SIHP #s -19943 through -19954). Of these, only SIHP #s -00002 and -13194 are in proximity to the current project area (Mauka Section; see Table 10). Formal site and feature types included trails, modified outcrop, ahu; walls, mounds, petroglyphs, enclosures, and a road, terrace alignment, ash deposit, midden scatter, and SƗKRHKRHexcavation. Functional types included transportation, temporary habitation, boundary/ranching, markers, symbolism, quarry, agriculture, and indeterminate. Three features were tested for human remains; none were found. Eight sites were recommended for data recovery, four were recommended for preservation following data recovery, and five were recommended for no further work.4.5.2.17 Colin et al. 1996In 1996, CSH conducted an AIS of a 224.43-DFUHSDUFHOLQ.DORNRDQG.RKDQDLNL$KXSXDދDbounding the maukashoulder of Queen.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ &ROLQHWDO 7KHVWXG\DUHDoverlapped the Northern Section of the current project area (see Figure 12). Fifty-five sites comprising 93 features were documented, including two previously identified sites (SIHP #s -13493 and -15324) and 53 newly identified sites (SIHP #s -20696 through -20722 and -20724 through -20749); six of these are in proximity to the Northern Section of the current project area (SIHP #s -13493, -20722, -20744, -20745, 20726, and -20728; see Table 10). The documented features comprised a wide variety of feature types associated with agriculture, habitation, transportation, boundary, and resource collection. Two charcoal samples were obtained from subsurface excavations that yielded date ranges falling between AD 1670-1945. Forty sites were
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island80TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007recommended for data recovery, ten were recommended for preservation, one site wasrecommended for both data recovery and preservation, and no further work was recommended for the remaining four sites.4.5.2.18 Rechtman and Escott 2002In 2002, Rechtman Consulting conducted an AIS of approximately 40 acres for an extension of the Kealakehe WWTP, overlapping the Makai Section of the current project area (Rechtman and Escott 2002; see Figure 11). The survey documented eight sites within and adjacent to the 2002 project area, of which three were previously identified (SIHP #s -23020,SƗKRHKRHexcavation; -23021, lava tube; and -23023, trail segment) and five were newly identified. The five new sites included SIHP #s -23549 (C-shaped enclosure), -23550 and -23552 (SƗKRHKRHexcavations), -23551 (modified lava blister), and -23554 (trail segment). All eight sites are located within or in proximity to the Mauka or Makai Sections of the current project area (see Table 10); all were recommended for no further work (Rechtman and Escott 2002:22). 4.5.2.19 Haun and Henry 2006In 2006, Haun and Associates undertook an AIS of approximately 370 acres (Haun and Henry 7KHVXUYH\H[DPLQHGWZRGLVFUHWHDUHDVLQ.HDODNHKH$KXSXDދDDQGDFRUULGRUH[WHQGLQJWKURXJKERWK.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnj$KXSXDދD the corridor crossed the Makai Section of the FXUUHQWSURMHFWDUHDWHUPLQDWLQJDGMDFHQWWRWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\52:DQGWKHMauka Section, and another portion of the 2006 project area also abutted the highway ROW and the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Figure 11). A total of 127 sites comprising 432 features were documented. Of these, 23 sites were previously identified (with SIHPdesignations from multiple different studies) and 104 sites were newly identified (SIHP #s -25549 through -25653). Documented feature types included SƗKRHKRHexcavations, ahu, alignments, overhangs, lava blisters, enclosures, terraces, platforms, trails, walls, pavements, midden scatters, mounds, sand areas, filled cracks, lava tubes, C-shapes, a metal tower, and an upright. The distribution of the features and their associated functions were found to be as expected following elevational/zonal settlement patterns. Forty-seven sites were recommended for data recovery, 27 for preservation, and 54 for no further work. SIHP #s -07704, -23033, -25643, -25556, -25557, and -25558 are indicated to be within or in close proximity to the current project area (see Table 10). 4.5.2.20 Simonson et al. 2010In 2010, CSH prepared a literature rievew and field inspection report for the 117-acre Old Kona Airport Park, which had transferrHGRZQHUVKLSIURPWKH6WDWHRI+DZDLދLWRWKH&RXQW\RI+DZDLދLin 2009 and was renamed “Kailua Park” (Simonson et al. 2010). The 2010 project area minimally overlaps the southern terminus of the Makai Section of the current project area (see Figure 11). The field inspection effort confirmed numerous previously identified sites (only some of which had been previously assigned SIHP designations) and documented four new sites (which were not assigned SIHP designations). A number of other previously identified sites were not confirmed.None of the identified sites are in proximity to the current project area.4.5.2.21 Wilkinson et al. 2011In 2011, CSH prepared a literature review and field inspection of approximately 70 acres in .HDKXROnjWKURXJK+RQRNǀKDX$KXSXDދDIRUDSURSRVHGMXGLFLDU\VLWH :LONLQVRQHWDO 7KeCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island81TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007project area comprised seven non-contiguous candidate development sites; of these, one candidate site in Kealakehe overlapped the Mauka Section of the current project area. The field inspection effort confirmed 11 previously identified sites (SIHP #s -05011, -13179, -13180, -13308, -13323, -26291, -26292, -26303, -26307, -26308, and -27855). A similar number of previously identified sites expected within the project area could not be confirmed; this result was attributed to inaccuracies in previous site distribution maps and typically low ground visibility. In addition, several new features were observed (but not assigned SIHP designations), including modified outcrops, SƗKRHKRHand ‘DµƗexcavations, possible trails, a lava tube opening, a bulldozed concentration of waterworn stones and artifacts, and a potentially historic fence line. One previously recorded site (SIHP # -13194, trail) was indicated in proximity to the current project area (see Section Table 10); the documented portion of SIHP # -05011 was located well upslope.4.5.2.22 Monahan et al. 2012, Wilkinson et al. 2017In 2012, CSH completed an AIS report for the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2SURMHFWORFDWHGEHWZHHQ.HDODNHKHDQG.DODRD$KXSXDދDDQGRYHUODSSLQJWKH1RUWKHUQ6HFWLRQof the current project area (Monahan et al. 2010; see Figure 13). The survey documented 75 sites, including 20 previously documented sites (with SIHP designations from multiple different studies) and 55 newly recorded sites. Feature types included trails, SƗKRHKRHand µDµƗexcavations, mounds, ahu, walls, modified outcrops, petroglyphs, lava tubes, enclosures, leveled areas, filled crevices, modified depressions and blisters, and a burial platform. Of these, SIHP #s -10714, -28794, and -29344 are indicated in proximity to the current project area (see Table 10). Another feature indicated in proximity was initially assigned as SIHP # -28796, but was ultimately absorbed as a component of SIHP # -10714, since it is a small cairn marking the Feature B trail routes. As such, the report does not contain a separate site description for SIHP # -28796. Only two of the 75 documented sites were recommended for no further work; the remainder were recommended for data recovery, preservation, and/or relocation.In 2017, CSH prepared a supplemental AIS addressing an expansion of the 2012 project area (Wilkinson et al. 2017). The revised project area overlapped the Northern and Mauka Sections of the current project area, along the Hina Lani Street ROW and in the highway ROW surrounding the Kealakehe Parkway intersection (see Figure 13). The supplemental survey documented two segments of SIHP # - 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO DGMDFHQWWR.HDODNHKH3DUNZD\RQHRIZKLFKLVlocated within the Mauka Section of the current project area (see Table 10). Both documented portions of the trail were recommended for preservation. 4.5.2.23 Reeve et al. 2012In 2012, Pacific Legacy, Inc. completed an AIS report for the 628-acre conservation portion of 4/7ODQGVLQ.HDKXROnj$KXSXDދDRYHUODSSLQJWKH0DNDL6HFWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQWSURMHFWDUHD(Reeve et al. 2012; see Figure 11). The survey documented 322 archaeological sites comprising 464 component features. Of these, a number were found to correspond to sites documented by Ching (1978) and Folk (1980); correlation issues are addressed in the report. The report provides somewhat contradictory information on the total numbers of previously recorded vs. newly recorded sites. New site number designations included SIHP #s -27273 through -27419, -27421through -27542, and -27559 through -27569. The designated sites did not include an additional 139SƗKRHKRHexcavations documented throughout the project area, which were attributed to possible quarrying activites (Reeve et al. 2012:i). The documented feature types were as expected
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Historical Background&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµa, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island82TMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007for the area and were largely assessed as pre-Contact in age. Forty-eight of the sites documented by Reeve et al. (2012) are indicated to be located within or in proximity to the Makai Section of the current project area (see Table 10). Site distribution indicated two distinct zones of land use based on elevation and distance from the coast: a coastal zone “which stretches from the high surf line inland for approximately 200 meters” containing an abundance of archaeological features; and an inland area characterized by a markedly lower density of archaeological features, with almost a complete absence of sites in the inlandmost portions of the study area (Reeve et al. 2012:37–38). Excavations at coastal habitation sites yielded an abundance of cultural material including traditional artifacts and food remains. The presence of fishhooks and other fishing gear within the artifact assemblage at these sites, as well as the abundance of shell fish and fish remains recovered from them, indicates the close relationship between the residents of FRDVWDO.HDKXROnjDQGWKHVHD>5HHYHHWDO2012:i]Eight charcoal samples collected from coastal habitation sites were subjected to radiocarbon analysis. While most of the results suggested late pre-Contact to early historic occupation, two samples indicated possibility of occupation from the sixteenth century. The relatively late settlement dates are suggested to support “ethnohistoric documentation indicat[ing] that the main ORFLRIVHWWOHPHQWZLWKLQFRDVWDO.HDKXROnjZDVWRZDUGWKHVRXWKHUQSRUWLRQRIWKHahupua‘ain the area now occupied by the Old Kona Airport Park” (Reeve et al. 2012:139). All the documented sites were recommended for either preservation or data recovery.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00783Section 5 Community Consultation5.1 IntroductionThroughout the course of this assessment, an effort was made to contact and consult with Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHO), agencies, and community members including descendants of the area, in order to identify individuals with cultural expertise/and or knowledge of the ahupua‘a where the project areas are located. CHS initiated its outreach effort in June 2017 through letters, email, telephone calls, and in-person contact. CSH is currently in the process of completing consultations.5.2 Community Contact LetterLetters (Figure 14 and Figure 15) along with a map and aerial photograph of the project were mailed with the following text: At the request of Wilson Okamoto Corporation (WOC), on behalf of the County of Hawai‘i – Department of Environmental Management (DEM), Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) is conducting a cultural impact assessment (CIA) for the proposed Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Master Plan EIS; .RKDQDLNL .DORNR +RQRNǀKDX .HDODNHKH .HDKXROnj $KXSXDµD 1RUWK .RQDDistrict; Hawai‘i Island; Multiple TMKs.The County of Hawai‘i – DEM is proposing improvements to the Kealakehe WWTP that will provide additional treatment to produce R-1 standard water suitable for reuse in accordance with the State of Hawai‘i, Department of Health Reuse Guidelines. In addition, treated wastewater in excess of demand for reuse will be further treated through a proposed onsite subsurface flow wetlands and then conveyed to a proposed offsite soil aquifer treatment (SAT) facility for even further treatment and disposal.The recycled water will be used to irrigate a proposed landscaped buffer parcel surrounding the WWTP and the DEM also proposes to construct underground recycled water transmission pipes to properties that plan to utilize the recycled water. These properties include the Old Kona Airport Park and the Queen Lili‘uokalani Trust (QLT) Children’s Center. A recycled water transmission line is also proposed from the WWTP to Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway where it will turn north within the highway right-of-way and connect to a recycled water transmission pipe that is being constructed in the highway by the State Department of Transportation for the DEM as part of its Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening Project. That pipe will extend from the connection at the Kealakehe Parkway intersection to the driveway entrance of the Kohanaiki Golf and Ocean Club, which plans to use the recycled water for irrigation. At the intersection of Hina Lani Drive, a new transmission pipe will branch off mauka (towards the mountain) along Hina Lani Drive to an abandoned Department of Water Supply reservoir, which will be converted to store recycled water.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00784Figure 14. Page one of the community consultation letterCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00785Figure 15. Page two of the community consultation letter
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00786In future phases, underground transmission pipes and another new storage tank will be constructed in road rights-of-ways and easements for distribution of recycled water to other users.The purpose of the CIA is to gather information about the project area and its surroundings through research and interviews with individuals that are knowledgeable about this area. The research and interviews assist us when assessing potential impacts to the cultural resources, cultural practices, and beliefs identified as a result of the planned project. We are seeking your NǀNXD(assistance) and guidance regarding the following aspects of our study:xGeneral history and present and past land use of the project area.xKnowledge of cultural sites –for example, historic sites, archaeological sites, and burials.xKnowledge of traditional gathering practices in the project area, both past and ongoing.xCultural associations of the project area, such as legends and traditional uses.xReferrals of NnjSXQDor elders and NDPDµƗLQD(Native-born) who might be willing to share their cultural knowledge of the project area and the surrounding ahupua‘a(traditional land division extending from the mountains to the sea) lands.xAny other cultural concerns the community might have related to cultural practices within or in the vicinity of the project area.In most cases, two or three attempts were made to contact individuals, organizations, and agencies.5.3 Community Contact TableTable 11 consists of various agencies and community members that were contacted for this project. CSH contacted a total of 37 parties including OHA, SHPD, the County of Hawai‘i, other agencies, NHOs, and knowledgeable community members. Of the 37 parties consulted, a total of eight people/agencies responded to the consultation letter. Five people participated in formal interviews, however, only four were authorized to be used in this study. CSH initiated its outreach effort in June 2017 through March 2018 through letters and emails. Below is a preliminary list of individuals who shared their PDQDұRand ұLNHabout the project areas and their corresponding DKXSXDұD:Table 11. Community contact tableNameAffiliationNotesCarlson, Carl Former General Manager of Huehue Ranch Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00787NameAffiliationNotesReplied via email 19 July 2017:“Thank you for your request for information about the project area. I GRQұW EHOieve that I have any information that would be of value to you. FYI, I have a new mailing address.” (**Address updated in database**)Cayan, Phyllis SHPD Intake Specialist Letter and figures sent via email 31 July 2017Replied via email 31 July 2017: “Aloha, your submittal is in the queue for review by the Oahu Burials Specialist.Kindly allow 30-45 working days for review completion. A copy of the review letter will be emailed to you by the Reviewer”County of Hawai‘i –Planning Department, Cultural Resources CommissionLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Replied via email 16 August 2017, We note and affirm that the proposed project, as described in your letter, is advocated by both the County General Plan and the Community Development Plan (CDP) encompassing the North Kona and South Kona Districts.The General Plan, in its Chapter 11, at sub-section 11.6.4.7.2.(b), sets forth the following “Course of Action” to be taken toward implementing the objectives and policies of the Plan: “Upgrade the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant to produce tertiary (R-1) quality effluent.”The region’s Kona CDP sets forth several relevant policies and actions
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00788NameAffiliationNotesregarding wastewater treatment and effluent:1. “Policy PUB-4.4: Sewer Priorities : The highest priority in expanding the sewer system within the Kona Urban Area [between Keauhou and the Kona International Airport] shall be to service any shoreline properties that do not have access to a public sewer system and then to service lots within approximately 1 mile of the shoreline.”2. “Action PUB–4.4c: Update the sewerage master plan to service the entire Kona Urban Area with priority to the TODs [CDP-specified “transit-oriented development” nodal centers] and the areas within approximately 1 mile of the shoreline.”3. “Policy PUB–4.5: Wastewater Treatment and Effluent Reuse. The Kealakehe WastewaterTreatment Plant shall be expanded to accommodate the projected sewage volume from the Urban Area extending south of Hina Lani Street to the Keauhou Wastewater Treatment Plant service area.”4. “Action PUB–4.5a: Master plan the expansion of Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00789NameAffiliationNotesthe Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant.”We have no additional comments or suggestions with regard to the particular aspects of your study enumerated in your letter. Crabbe, Kamana‘oponoKa Pouhana, OHA Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Fitzgerald, Robert Director, Dept. of Parks Rec (Old Airport)Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Flores, Kalani UH Professor of Hawaiian Lifestyles: Hawaii Community College, UH Center at West HawaiiLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Gmirkin, Rick Archaeologist, Ala Kahakai National Historic TrailRick Gmirkin was present at the project site during our interview with Nicole Lui on 10 October 2017. He shared some PDQDұRabout the project which was summarized and sent to him for review.CSH replied via email 8 November 2017:Aloha e Rick, I hope things are well with you! Please review the attachment that includes your interview summary. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us!Rick replied 9 November 2017:Aloha Chantelle and thanks for sharing. There are some edits that I would recommend. Please give me a
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00790NameAffiliationNotescall to set up a time to discuss, 808-430-5213. MahaloCSH reached out 28 November 2017 via phone, left message. Rick Gmirkin replied via email 6 December 2017: Aloha Chantelle,Sorry we did not connect. I am in DOT meetings tomorrow but wanted to share with you a report that I had mentioned by Tom Wolforth in 1999 that documents the Mamalahoa trail in your project area. It also includes some known mauka-makai trails. I am off on Friday, Let's try and connect next week. Mahalo and Enjoy.CSH replied 19 March 2018:Aloha e Rick! I hope things are well with you! E kala mai for the delayed response but mahalo for forwarding that report for reference! I included a piece in your summary referencing that report and we used it as a reference when describing the trails within the area. ,VWKHUHDQ\WKLQJHOVH\RXұGOLNHWRDGGto your summary? Mahalo for all your NǀNXDCSH reached out to Mr. Gmrikin via email on 11 May 2018: Aloha Rick! I hope things are well with you! :HұYHDOUHDG\VXEPLWWHGDGUDIWRIWKH&,$UHSRUWWRWKHFOLHQWDQGZHұYHmade edits to submit a final copy. The attached document is your contribution to the report. I know our VFKHGXOHVKDYHQұWV\QFHGXSEXWVRIDUZHKDYHQұWUHFHLYHGZRUGIURPyou regarding corrections to your Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00791NameAffiliationNotessummary. We are looking to submit WKHILQDOFRS\E\QH[WZHHNDQGZHұGOLNHWRPDNHVXUH\RXұYHUHDGDQGapproved your summary before including it in the final report. If we do not hear back from you and get your approval, unfortunately we ZRQұWEHDEOHWRLQFOXGH\RXUsummary in the final report. Please let me know how I can be of any assistance.Mr. Gmirkin replied via email 14 May 2018:That looks fine. Mahalo for reaching outGomes, Stanley Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Letter returned via USPS 9 July 2017Greenwell, Kelly Palani Ranch Family/Farmer Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Greenwell, Patricia Married to L. Radcliffe Greenwell who managed Kahua and Parker Ranch for over 30 years. Referred by Dr. Soehren.Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Halemau, Karin Paniolo at Huehue Ranch, Lineal descendant, fishermanLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Kahui, Craig V. ExeFXWLYH'LUHFWRU/DµLµƿSXD2020Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Kailiwai, John H..DPDµƗLQDRI0DNDµHRLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00792NameAffiliationNotesSecond round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Keanaaina, Rev. NormanMauna Ziona Church Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Kimitete, Richard Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Kona Hawaiian Civic ClubLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Kossow, Barbara Ka Ulu Lauhala O Kona Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Kuali‘i, Melvyn KaleoLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Replied via email 16 October 2017; E kala mai ia’u for the late response mahalo a nui for the opportunity to participate in the current (CIA) for the (WWTP) Kealakehe 5 project within theDKXSXDұDRI.RKDQDLNL.DORNR+RQRNǀKDX.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnjMy connection to the afore mentioned DKXSXDұDDUHERWKIDPLOLDODQGprofessional, I have worked on both the Kohanaiki and Kaiser projects as a descendant and cultural consultant. I have in the past and are currently working with the Kaloko-+RQRNǀKDXNHPS in regards to NAGPRA Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00793NameAffiliationNotesconsulWDWLRQSURFHVVFRQFHUQLQJQƗLZLNnjSXQDI am interested in any previous archaeological surveys conducted as well as current and or ongoing surveys, and if possible I would like to visit the project sites prior to excavation. My concerns are of possible undocumented Burial Non-Burial, Historical, Cultural, Agricultural, habitation sites, and trails. The possibility of finding sites features and trails mentioned are very high, sites such as these have been documented at Kohanaiki, .DORNR+RQRNǀKDX.HDODNHhe, .HDKXROnjDQGQHLJKERULQJDKXSXDұDVXFKDVұ2ұRPDWRWKHQRUWKDQGLanihau to south.I sincerely apologize for not responding promptly I have been working on several new projects and recently returned home.Please don’t hesitate to contact me thank you very much.ұRZDXQǀPHNDKDұDKDұDCSH responded via email 24 October 2017 discussing availability for an interview but received no reply from community contactKunewa, Iris Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Kunitake, Walter Letter and figures sent via email 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via email 31 July 2017Lamont, Joan Community Organizer/ Vice President of Beautification, Kona Outdoor CircleLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00794NameAffiliationNotesSecond round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Lee, Reggie Lineal descendant with DLNR/ Government AgencyLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Lui, Joe and Agnes Kupuna Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Lui, Nicole Cultural Descendant/CRC CommisionerReached out to CSH via email on Thursday 14 September 2017:I am writing in regards to the Consultation for the CIA for the Kealakehe WWTP. I am writing to you as a descendant and representative of my ohana past and present. I am not writing as a CRC commissioner.My question is in regards to consultation. Will there be a time when we will here from CSH in regards to consultation of the area. As for the other Kupuna who I thought could help they no longer want to be a part of the process. My own mother is 80 and it is sometimes hard for her so we will have to be careful as to where we meet and when we meet. I would need at least a weeks advance notice of when you folks would like to meet with us. Here are my contact info and hope to hear from either of you or Sarah. Sarah should have my contact. Just in case here it is. Please do not give to anyone who claims to know me.I will be indisposed next week as I will be in Oahu for conference. Nicole Garcia speaks highly of you Nicole Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00795NameAffiliationNotesNishihara and I hold her word in high regard. I look forward to workingwith you both and CSH.CSH replied via email 15 September 2017 making arrangements for an interview. CSH reached out again via email 28 September 2017 with possible dates for an interview. Nicole Lui replied 28 September via email confirming October 10 for interview. CSH emailed Nicole Lui 8 November 2017:Aloha e Nicole, I hope things are well with you! Please review the attachment that includes your interview summary. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us! Nicole replied via email 10 November 2017:Welina, How much time do I have to review this and make some changes. I have a paper to write for school and because I little bit old I really need to focus on what I am doing and so if I GRQұWQHHGWRUXVKRQWKLV,ZLOOIHHlbetter reviewing the interview summary at least by this Sunday and make minor changes. CSH replied 10 November 2017:Please do not rush. This Sunday will EHSHUIHFW0DKDORIRUDOO\RXUNǀNXDNicole Lui replied 14 November 2017:Hope you don’t mind but I did add and I did some embellishing to the content. I did not lie about anything I
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00796NameAffiliationNotesjust added and I did correct some of the content as well other then that it was fine. Please check the grammer and the sentence structure as I am not so good at that. I hope it is okay and that I only meant to reflect my ohana and our history and our love for the aina and its stories and connections to the remaining people of the aina kaha. Hope to meet you someday again.CSH replied 15 November 2017:Aloha e Keaka! Iwill work on the edits and send you a new copy to review. 0DKDORIRUDOO\RXUNǀNXDCSH replied 27 November 2017: Aloha e Keaka, I have revised your interview summary to include the notes you mentioned. Please review and let me know if this is okay to submit for the CIA. Also, I have attached a few pictures from that KXDNDұLWKDW,ұGOLNHWRLQFOXGHLQWKHreport as well... please let me know if the pictures are okay. Mahalo a lehu!Nicole Lui replied 27 November 2017:Aloha Chantellee, I read it throughand there was a little change that I needed to make it was a little hemahema. The part about Papawai changed to Pawai and then now called Halepa’o. Please if you don’t get it let me know and I will resend. Other then that it is great. Mahalo piha nona kii.Nicole Lui replied 4 January 2018:Aloha Chantelle, Did I send the minor changes I made to the revised interview. There were a few changes Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00797NameAffiliationNotesthat needed to be made again. Please let me know that I sent it to you I thought I did because Papawai was known to us as Halepa’o. I need to make sure I sent my revisions of the second revised interview. MI hope I making sense.CSH replied 8 January 2018:$ORKD .HDND +DXұROL 0DNDKLNLHou!Yes, I received your updated revisions to the interview summary. Attached to this email is the newly revised summary. Please look through at your leisure and let me know if these changes match your revisions. Nicole Lui replied via email 22 February 2018:Welina e Chantellee, This is in regards to persons knowledgeable about the area of Kanoenoe and other wahi. Kupuna Johnny Kailiwai is no longer with us he hala as of last year. Just to let you folks know. Iapologize if I gave his name I did not find out until a month ago. He was very private.CSH replied 22 February 2018:.HDORKDQǀLNDұRKDQD.DұLOLZDL(ұDXDPRNƗNRXLNHNDXPDKDCSH replied 28 February 2018:Aloha e Keaka, I hope all is well with \RX DQG \RXU ұRKDQD 7KH DWWDFKHGimage is a copy of the project figure that note the features you mentioned during your interview. Please review and verify if these markers are correct. 0DKDORIRUDOO\RXUNǀNXD0ƗODPDSRQR
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00798NameAffiliationNotesNicole Lui replied 28 February 2018:Aloha Chantellee, I am so sorry that I did not have enough time to really show you folks where several of the places once were and where specifically some of the places are at. How can I help you make corrections. The map is not entirely correct and I want to help correct it. Iam not computer literate when it comes to these type of map things. Please let me know how I can show you where and where.CSH replied 1 March 2018:Yes of course! The most convenient for you I think is if I print out a map and mail it over to you, have you actually draw on the map and make corrections then have you mail it backto us. Once we receive it, we can send it back to our GIS Department and have them add in those corrections. Does that sound good to you? I would just need your physical address.Nicole Lui replied 9 March 2018:E Kala mai Chantellee. I have not yet made the corrections to the map. Iapologize. I will try and do it today. It is always busy for me and I sometimes forget until to late. Mahalo for your time and understanding.What is the time frame for you to get everything in?CSH replied 9 March 2018:Aloha e Keaka, Mahalo for your NǀNXD,I,QHHGHGWRJLYHDWLPHIUDPH,ұGVD\E\HQGRIQH[WZHHN7KLVZLOOgive our mapping department some time to add your corrections to the Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:00799NameAffiliationNotesmap. I completely understand about EHLQJVREXV\KHKH,OƗPDLNDұLCSH replied 9 March 2018: E kala mai e Keaka, I think what was gonna happen is, I would mail you a hard copy of the map to make FRUUHFWLRQVDQG\RXұGPDLOLWEDFNWRme. I was just waiting on a physical address from you. I have the map ready to be sent out. Let me know, mahalo. Nicole Lui replied 9 March 2018:Sugars I am so sorry I forgot. Iapologize. Here is my address:76-6217 Lehua Rd Kailua-Kona, HI 96740CSH sent out hard copy of map on 12 March 2018. Waiting on replyReceived corrections to map via USPS on 20 March 2018 Marks, Jerome ‘Aha Moku Rep, Kohala to South KonaLetter and figures sent via email 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via email 31 July 2017Marquez, David Kealakehe Ahupua‘a 2020 Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Letter returned via USPS 9 July 2017Medeiros Jr., ClarenceLineal Descendant Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Nakahashi, Ikaika Cultural Historian, Hawai’i IslandLetter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Replied via email 25 July 2017: “Mahalo for contacting me regarding the CIA for the proposed Kealakehe
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007100NameAffiliationNotesWastewater Treatment Plant. Irecommend CSH utilize the media (e.x. Hawaiұi Tribune-Herald, West Hawaiұi Today, etc.) to solicit additional information for this CIA. Irecommend CSH to contact and meet with native tenants and people that currently live or previously lived in .RKDQDLNL .DORNR +RQRNǀKDXKealakehe, Keahuolnj, Island of Hawaiұi for information about the cultural customs and practices for this CIA.”Nazara, Cynthia Cultural Research Consultant Cynthia Nazara was present at the project site during our interview with Nicole Lui on 10 October 2017. She shared some PDQDұRabout the project which was summarized and sent to her for review. CSH replied via email 8 November 2017:Aloha e Cynthia, I hope things are well with you! Please review the attachment that includes your interview summary. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us!Cynthia called CSH on 8 December 2017 to speak with the archaeologists working on the project and also stated she did not receive word from CSH since our meeting at the project site. CSH sent email on 8 December 2017:Aloha e Cynthia, I hope things are well with you! Please review the attachment that includes your interview summary. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us!CSH sent email 19 March 2018:Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007101NameAffiliationNotesAloha e Cynthia, I hope things are ZHOOZLWK\RX:HKDYHQұWUHFHLYHGDreply yet regarding your interview summary and are hoping we can get that finalized. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.Cynthia replied 19 March 2018:Aloha I really don’t have anything more to say except what I sent previously. MahaloCSH replied 19 March 2018:0DKDORIRU\RXUUHSO\,GRQұWWKLQN,received a previous reply from you regarding your interview summary but if you got a chance to review the document and everything looks okay, ZHұOOLQFOXGHLWLQWKHGUDIW&,$Cynthia replied 19 March 2018:MahaloPai, Mahealani Cultural Specialist/Kamehameha Investment Corp Letter and figures sent 5 September 2017Interview confirmed 18 October 2017 LQ.DKDOXދXInterview summary hand delievered 8 November 2017CSH followed up 29 December 2017:,ұPMXVWIROORZLQJup with you on the status of your interview and wondering if you got a change to look thru it yet. We are still waiting on a few others to review their summary but hoping to wrap up this portion of the report by the end of January.”Uncle Mahealani replied 29 December 2017 via email:“Kala mai for my delayed response. I need to make some corrections and if
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007102NameAffiliationNotesyou send me in word doc, then I could go and edit those and get it back to you.”CSH immediately replied:Mahalo for the quick reply! Document is attached.CSH reached out 28 February 2018:I hope all is well with you and your ұRKDQD7KHDWWDFKHGLPDJHLVDFRS\of the project figure that note the features you mentioned during your interview. Please review and verify if these markers are correct. Mahalo for DOO\RXUNǀNXDCSH emailed 28 February 2018:Aloha e Uncle Mahealani, E kala mai, just another thing... have you had the chance to review your interview summary yet?I understand we all have kuleana and ,GRQұWZDQQDUXVKEHFDXVHZHZDQWyour summary to be as accurate as possible. Just doing a status check! :)I hope school is going smooth too!0DKDORIRU\RXUNǀNXDCSH reached out on 19 March 2018:Aloha e Uncle Mahealani! I hope this email finds you in good spirits. We are nearing the date to submit the draft CIA and was wondering if you had a chance to look thru or edit your interview summary yet. Please let me know if you have any questions. 0DKDORIRUDOO\RXUNǀNXDReveira, Teresa Makani Hou o Kaloko-HonokohauLetter and figures sent via USPS 26June 2017Letter returned via USPS 9 July 2017Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007103NameAffiliationNotesReeves, Hannah Kupuna/Community Organizer Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Tam Sing, Tracy DLNR, Division of State Parks Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Van Gieson, George Cultural & Historic Sites Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Replied via email 2 September 2017, Sorry for the delayed response...computer issues..both of them...my only area of concern wold be the remote possibility of leakage at the Hina Lani street project area getting to the Honokohau fish pond, that being an issue depending on any chemicals introduced. Otherwise I have objections; re-using water in Kona is a necessity at this point in time. Thanks for contact me... Sorry I meant the Kaloko fish pond. CSH replied 5 September 2017:Aloha and thank you so much for the reply. Outside of your concern with Kaloko fishpond, is there any other mana’o you’d like to share?If you’d like, we could arrange a very casual talk-story session if you have any other information to share. If not, I thank you very much for your time and we’ll include your reply in the report. Please let me know. Replied 5 September 2017:
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007104NameAffiliationNotesmy area of interest was the Holua....and the chief's dwelling near the ponds....and the burials.....would love to talk to you....any ohana to Fred or John..??CSH replied 5 September 2017: :KDWұV D JRRG GD\WLPH IRU \RX" ,could come out to meet you and we FDQ WDON VWRU\ ,ұG SUREDE\ EHaccompanied by my Project Director, Nicole. We could also do it over the phone if WKDWұVPRUHFRQYHQLHQWIRU\RX-XVWlet me know what works. 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ ,ұP QRW WRR IDPLOLDUZLWKWKH6SHQFHUVLGHRIP\ұRKDQD0\ IDWKHU JUHZ XS LQ 2ұDKXWaimanalo to be exact and he was actually adopted by a Spencer.Minamina...I wish I knew more about my Spencer side. Please let me know what works for you.George replied 5 September 2017:i'm good from about 10 am on till 4 ish......retired fire captain and am always here on the ranch...call in case something comes up..895 2940CSH replied 12 September 2017:Aloha George,, KRSH \RXұUH GRLQJwell! Would you be avaiable to talk-story with us on Thursday, October 28? Myself along with my Project Director are available that day and we can meet you at around 10am if that works. Please let me know.George replied 2 October 2017:Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007105NameAffiliationNotesCatching up...so we are going to meet on the 17th up here..??CSH replied 2 October 2017:Good Morning! Yes!, I will meet you on Tuesday the 17th at 10am. Does that time work for you?Interview confirmed on 17 October 2017 at his home in Volcano. George replied 19 October 2017:Thank you for taking the time to speak with me. I so enjoyed your company, and your interest in our culture. If I may be of help at any time, feel free to contact me..Ahui ho...CSH replied 24 October 2017:Aloha George, I enjoyed your company as well! I will definitely keep you on my radar for any future projects. Stay dry! Malama Pono.CSH reached out to Mr. Van Gieson but email has been discontinued, called and left message but no responseTyler, Curtis Resident/Council Member Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Yent, Martha Letter and figures sent via USPS 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via USPS 31 July 2017Young, Charles ‘Aha Moku Rep, Ho‘okena Letter and figures sent via email 26 June 2017Second round of letter and figures sent via email 31 July 2017
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0071065.4 Consultation with the County of Hawai‘i—Planning Department,Cultural Resources CommissionCSH contacted County of Hawai‘i –Planning Department, Cultural Resources Commission (CRC) on 26 June 2017 via letter and figures. Mr. Luke Mead of the CRC contacted CSH via phone on 18 July 2017 acknowledging receipt of the letter and figures. Mr. Mead requested CSH attend the August 2017 CRC meeting to present the proposed project to the Board and the public. CSH attended the August 2017 CRC meeting where Ms. Nicole Lui and Ms. Theresa Donham requested a map of previous archaeological studies that were conducted and any archaeological sites within and in the vicinity of the project area. CSH attended an October 2017 CRC meeting where we presented those maps to the Board and the public. On 22 February 2018, the CRC sent a letter via email with information regarding past and present land use, cultural associations, and knowledgeable individuals and organizations. See Figure 16 and Figure 17 for a copy of the letter submitted by the CRC to CSH.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007107Figure 16. Page 1, Letter from the County of Hawai‘i - Planning Department, Cultural Resources Commission
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007108Figure 17. Page 2, Letter from the County of Hawai‘i - Planning Department, Cultural Resources CommissionCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0071095.5Kama‘ƗLQDInterviewsThe authors and researchers of this report extend our deep appreciation to everyone who took time to speak and share their PDQDұRand ұLNHwith CSH whether in interviews or brief consultations. We request that if these interviews are used in future documents, the words of contributors are reproduced accurately and in no way altered, and that if large excerpts from interviews are used, report preparers obtain the express written consent of the interviewee/s.5.5.1 Nicole Keaka LuiOn Tuesday, 10 October 2017, members from CSH met with Nicole Lui, a lineal descendant of the KeahuoOnj DOVR SURQRXQFHG .HދRKXދROX $KXSXDދD 7KLV SDUWLFXODUDKXSXDұDmakes up a VHFWLRQRIWKH.HNDKDRUދƖLQD.DKDODQGV0V/XLZDVaccompanied by her parents, Agnes Kaelemakule Lui and Raymond “Joe” Lui; and Kawehi Nguyen, a NDPDұƗLQDRI+RQRNǀKDX:Hmet Ms. Lui and Ms. Nguyen at the entrance to the QLT, a center dedicated to serving orphaned and destitute Hawaiian children. We followed them through the property to a clearing overlooking the Plains of Kanoenoe (Figure 18). It is here that 3Xދu o Kaloa is located (Figure 19), a storied KLOOIDPRXVLQWKHEDWWOHEHWZHHQEURWKHUV.HOLދLRNDORDDQG.HDZH-nui-a-Umi.A loose translation of kanoenoeemphasizes mist or fogginess. According to multiple accounts given by NnjSXQDand told directly to Ms. Lui, a mist would settle on these plains from the maukaregion and signal the start of planting. Due to the aridness of this area, ұXDOD(sweet potato; Ipomoea batatas) took well to the land and was cultivated by both men and women as the main staple. Ms. Lui was told stories by her WnjWnjZDKLQH(grandmother), Margaret Pelekane, that she herself took to farming and acquired an iron ұǀұǀ(digging stick). Thisұǀұǀ, with a history all its own, was passed down to Ms. LuLދVPRWKHUDQGILQDOO\WRKHUDtrue family treasure. Noni(Morinda citrifolia) ZDVDOVRJDWKHUHGLQWKLVVDPHDUHDDQGXVHGPHGLFLQDOO\E\0V/XLދVmother and her grandfather, Solomon Kaelemakule.$JQHV0V/XLދVPRWKHUVWLOOJDWKHUVnoni here and makes her own noni juice (Figure 20). She also taught Ms. Lui how to make a treat from the noni. After gathering the fruit, you cut it into strips and lay them in a drying box set out in the sun. You peel it after it was dried and eat it “right then and there.” In Agnes’ younger days, instead of using a drying box, they’d lay the strips of noni out in the sun on the SƗKRHKRH(smooth lava). Things were much cleaner then and there were hardly any flies, making it easier to prepare and store food.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007110Figure 18. At the QLT property looking maukatoward the Plains of Kanoenoe (CSH 2017)Figure 19. Keaka/XLSRLQWLQJWRWKHJHQHUDOGLUHFWLRQRI3XދXR.DORD(CSH 2017)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, .HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007111Figure 20. Ms. Lui’s mother, Agnes, with noniand ұXKDORD(CSH 2017)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Community Consultation&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007112Figure 21. Cynthia Nazara pointing out ұXKDORD(CSH 2017)Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community Consultation&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007113ұ8KDORD(Waltheria indica) also grows in this area and is still gathered by Ms. Lui’s mother as aOƗұDXODSDұDX(medicinal plant) (Figure 21). The leaves and root of the ұXKDORDwould be prepared as a tea and used for common colds. According to Ms. Lui’s mother, they did their gathering on Thursdays as that was their day of healing from the time of their NnjSXQD(elders). This old practice was not questioned as they did what was told by their elders. Life was hard in those days and many families left Kekaha and relocated elewhere seeking employment and financial comfort. Ms. Lui’s grandparents, great-grandparents, and their families remained in Kekaha and made their lives there and, in many ways, became the caretakers of this land and deeply accustomed to the way of life for the people here. Ms. Lui’s recollection of the history of .DQRHQRHDQG3XދXR.DORDJRHVEDFNWR.HDZHQXLDXPLDQGKLVEURWKHU.HOLދLRNDORD$WWKHSDVVLQJRIWKHLUIDWKHUދ8PL-a-OLORD.HDZHQXLDXPLZDVJLYHQFRQWURORYHU+LORDQG.HOLދLRNDORDZDVJLYHQ.RQD,QWLPH.HOLދLRNDORDEHFDPHDFUXHOFKLHIDQGZKen Keawenuiaumi got word of his harsh acts he took pity on the people of Kona and prepared for battle at the Plains of Kanoenoe. 7KHIODWZKHUH.HOLދLRNDORDZDVVODLQEHDUVKLVQDPH3XދXR.DORD$OWKRXJKshe cannot confirm the exact location, there are many petroglyphs that surround one particular SXұXwhich suggests WKLVWREHWKHORFDWLRQRI3XދXR.DORD7KHGHWDLOVRIWKLVEDWWOHFDQEHIRXQGLQRuling Chiefs of +DZDLұLby Samuel Kamakau.The beach and sanctuary of the QLT property was once referred to as Papawai or Pawai,however, the true Pawai lies south of the QLT property and is situated at the end of the old Kona Airport tarmac. Ms. Lui, her mother, and other surviving knjpunabrought to light the traditional name of this area as +DOH3ƗRދR(HouseRIWKH3ƗRދR SƗRұRbeing the general term for theұRұRSX(Hawaiian goby;Elotridae). QLT took into consideration using the true name of this area and recently changed the name of the area to +DOH3ƗRދR. In many cases with Hawaiian place names, the pronunciation of the name does not necessarily match the spelling of it. This would be at the discretion of the people living in that area. For example, although spelled3ƗRދRGHVFHQGDQWVRIWKHDUHDVD\³3DދR,” which Ms. Lui and her family use today. There was a NRұDoutside Hale PaދRwhere0V/XLދVJUDQGIDWKHU6RORPRQ.DHOHPDNXOHZRXOGfish. In the back of Hale PaދRZDVKHUgrandfather's KDOHZDұD(canoe house) situated on a flat of SƗKRHKRHThere is also a SƗLOLQD(graveyard) on the beach. Kawehi NJX\HQDGHVFHQGDQWRIWKH.DQDNDPDLNDދLދ2hana, remembers gathering ұǀSDHұXOD(Hawaiian red shrimp; Halocaridina rubra) from an anchialine pool towardthe back of Pawai Beach. Ms. Lui pointed out the general location of numerous petroglyphs that bring life to this area and adds to its storied past, some on the lava nearing the main access road.As we stood in the clearing taking in the vastness of Kanoenoe, she continued to explain her love for this place and her kuleana(responsibility) as a descendant toPƗODPD(take care of) this land rich in stories. Before leaving, her closing thoughts focused on the absence of development and how the spirit of the land can remain intact so that connections can be made for generations to come, making the intangible tangible, and bringing life to stories of long ago.Ms. Lui then wished to visit aSRUWLRQRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDWKDWKLJKOLJKWVWKH0ƗPDODhoa Trail and to introduce CSH cultural researchers to Cynthia Nazara, cultural monitor and linealdescendant of the Kekaha region.We met Ms. Nazara at Kealakehe Parkway where she was accompanied by Rick Gmirkin, Community Archaeologist for the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail. In this area, MXVWRII4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ZHKDGDFOHDUYLHZRIWKHODUJHVWDQGmost intact portion of the old MƗmalahoa Trail which is mauka of and runs parallel to the highway.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community Consultation&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007114The trail itself is overgrown with fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) makingit easily detectable in an open field of lava (Figure 22 and Figure 23).0V/XLދVconnection with WKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOgoes back to when her great-grandfather, John Kaelemakule, Sr., was elected as Road Supervisor in the late 1880s. He drafted letters to the Minister of the Interior requesting additional funding for maintainenance and upkeep of the MƗmalahoa Trail. In addition, he was instrumental in widening the road and later appointed his son, Mano Kaelemakule, as caretaker of a crossroad that connected to the MƗmalahoa Highway. High Chief Kinimaka, the grandfather of John Kaelemakule, Sr., was a supervisor of roads and built and managed the Judd Trail. These trails not only hold historical significance to the people of the area but represent an even closer connection to Ms. Lui as her NnjSXQDworked so intimately with them. Ms. Lui follows in her NnjSXQDұVfootsteps today and is resourceful in her role as a cultural monitor for major road projects. These projects span from Ane Keohokalole Highway to the MƗmalahoa Bypass road and numerous projects in between. She has been involved in this line of work for the past nine years and continues in the same capacity WRGD\RQWKH4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQXHighway project. In regard to the proposed Kealakehe WWTP project, Ms. Lui’s highest concern is possible GHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLODQGIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRQsignificant historic and culturalsites. Many of these sites can be found in the areas from QLT lands to the Department of 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ ODQG DUHD ZKHUH WKH 0ƗPDODKRD 7UDLO LV ORFDWHG6KH VXSSRUWV WKH RQJRLQJpreservation and protection of these areas and should it come to a point where construction efforts would impose on any historic or cultural site, she strongly suggests the project be rerouted to cause no further damage and supports continuous archaeological and cultural monitoring.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5Community Consultation&,$IRUWKH::730DVWHU3ODQ.DORNR.HDODNHKH.HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VOandTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007115Figure 22. View of the 0ƗPDODKRDTrail overgrown with fountain grass (CSH 2017)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007116Figure 237KH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO &6+ Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0071175.5.2 Rick GmirkinOn 17 August, Rick Gmirkin, a Community Archaeologist, spoke at the Cultural Resources Commission meeting on behalf of the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, National Park Service. Below is a summary of the minutes taken from that meeting:He feels this is a great project, but after reviewing the project area, he wished to bring to attention that there are several known trails within the project area. On the north, in the project area aboveKaloko is an old abandoned water tank. Directly next to the tank, and possibly where the fence is, is a section of the Road to the Sea, or Kohanaiki Trail. It starts from the homesteads of Kohanaiki to Kaloko. This section of the trail is very well-worn; there is depth through theSƗKRHKRHindicating travel by horse. Aunty Maluhia used the trail, along with her son Reggie Lee.There is another trail in the area, within Kealakehe, which is on the mauka side of the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and runs parallel to the highway. This is the0ƗPDODKRDTrail. While it is shown on the map, Mr. Gmirkin wished to bring further awareness to the applicants as long linear projects potentially require digging and installation of lines underground, which may impact the trails. Currently, there is discussion of mitigation for the0ƗPDODKRDTrail because of the highway expansion of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and the inadvertent, further damage to the trail within the project corridor. The mitigation requested for the section of trail in discussion is for it to be documented and potentially restored. This trail connects Kaloko+RQRNƗKDXto Mahai‘ula towards the north, and to the south it connects to the intersection of Makalapua and the shopping center on the mauka side. There remains potential future purpose, and the trail is still revered by some individuals of Kekaha.Mr. Gmirkin also added that in the discussion of the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway project, Uncle Curtis Tyler mentioned that the0DNƗµHRMauka-Makai Trail is located in the area. The boundary wall that separates Kealakehe and Keahuolnjis a potential location of this trail.On 10 October, CSH met with Mr. Gmirkin near the largest, intact portion of the Mamalahoa Trail. He mentioned that this portion of the old trail runs from Kealakehe Parkway to beyond the Makalapua Shopping Center, being cutoff, however, by side roads. His extensive knowledge of WUDLOVLQWKLVUHJLRQQRWRQO\FRYHU WKH 0ƗPDODKRD 7UDLO EXW DOVRWKHROGUDQFKWUDLOVJRLQJupmauka.Mr. Gmirkin strongly urged CSH to review a previously published monitoring report to gain IXUWKHULQVLJKWWRWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOZLWKLQWKHSURMHFWDUHDand knownmauka-makaitrails in the corresponding DKXSXDұD.This suggested report, by Thomas Wolforth printed in 1999, covered the same districts mentioned in the current Kealakehe WWTP project. Mr. Gmirkin’srecomendation of this report is noted in Section 3.3.5 in our description of trails and also in the Previous Archaeology Research section, Section 4.5.$VDQDGYRFDWHIRUWUDLOSUHVHUYDWLRQ0U*PLUNLQVXSSRUWVWKHSURWHFWLRQRIWKH0ƗPDODKRDTrail which may be impacted by ground disturbance from the Kealakehe Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) project.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0071185.5.3 Cynthia NazaraCynthia Nazara works as a freelance cultural resource consultant and is a NDPDұƗLQDof Kaloko. As an active member of the Kona Hawaiian Civic Club, she expressed strong concerns about preserving the remaining portions of the MƗmalahoa Trail. A few sections of the trail have already been disturbed during previous construction and she fears further development will cause even greater harm to the historic trail. Ms. Nazara strongly advises that the water lines must absolutelybe moved to protect existing KLVWRULFVLWHV6KHKDVVHHQWKHODQGVFDSHRI+RQRNǀKDXDQG.HDODNHKHFKDQJHWKURXJKRXWKHUOLIHWLPHDQGLVDFFXVWRPHGWRWKHVW\OHRIFOLHQWVZKRދG³UDWKHUSD\ILQHVWKDQIROORZWKHZULWWen laws and procedures.” She is hopeful that the completion of this CIA will prompt alternative locations for this project. 5.5.40ƗKHDODQL3DL2Q:HGQHVGD\2FWREHUPHPEHUVIURP&6+PHWZLWK0ƗKHDODQL3DLDFXOWXUDOSUDFWLWLRQHUand a lineal descendant ofWKH+RQRNǀKDX-Kaloko-.RKDQDLNL$KXSXDދD:HPHWRQWKHJURXQGVRIWKHIRUPHU.RQD/DJRRQ+RWHOLQ.DKDOXދX$KXSXDދDZKHUH0U3DLZRUNVDVDFXOWXUDOresource specialist. This site is owned by Kamehameha Schools and is currently under renovation to become a cultural and educational complex. Mr. Pai led the restoration efforts of QƗKHLDXof 0ƗNROHދƗ+DOHR3DSD.HދHNnjDQG+ƗSDLDOLދL+HLDXORFDWHGQHDUWKHVKRUHOLQHRIWKLVSURSHUW\0U3DLZDVERUQLQ WR:LOOLDP.DKDNnjދLODQL3DL-UDQG0DEHO.XދXOHL.DOƗ$XJXVWLQ+LVIDWKHUZDVERUQDWދƖLދǀSLR+RQRNǀKDXLNLDQGKDLOHGIURPWKH.njSRQR1ƗKHދHKROXDMahi and Pai family. His mother’s side hDLOVIURPWKH.DKHOHDQG.DOƗދ2hana of Waimanu Valley and was later taken ashƗnai(adopt, raise) by the Kuakahela-Simeona family. She then came to +RQRNǀKDXDQGOLYHGZLWKKHU8QFOH.DQDNDPDLNDދLDQG$XQW\0DNDSLQL0ƗKHDODQLUHFDOOVWKHstory of his mother carrying the slop cans from the present Firestone Auto Shop on Palani Road and carrying it in a “China MDQ´VW\OHEDFNWR+RQRNǀKDXWRIHHGWKHOLYHVWRFNQHDUދƖLދǀSLRfishtrap. Being one of the first families to reside in the area oI.DORNRDQG+RQRNǀKDX0U3DL¶sancestors were part of a fishing hui(club, association) that took care of QƗORNRLұD(fishpond) .DORNRދƖLPDNDSƗDQGWKHދƖLދǀSLRILVKWUDS,QKLV\RXQJHU\HDUVKLVLPPHGLDWHIDPLO\UHORFDWHGWR2ދDKXLQVHDUFKRIHPSOR\PHQWDQGOLYHGLQ1ƗQƗNXOLRQWKH:DLދDQDH&RDVW+HDWWHQGHGPDQ\GLIIHUHQWVFhools as a child which included1ƗQƗLNDSRQR(OHPDQWDU\3XދXKDOH(OHPHQWDU\6W$QWKRQ\6FKRRO.DOƗNDXD0LGGOHSchool, Damien Memorial School, and Farrington High School. Though he spent the majority of KLVWLPHLQ2ދDKXKHZRXOGreturn to Kona every summer to visit his grandparents. 0U3DLދVұohanaintroduced him to a sustainable lifestyle at a very young age. His family specialized in ұǀSHOX(mackerel scad; Decapterus pinnulatus) fishing and ate it at nearly every meal. They even sold some off the side of the road as a means of living. They would make floaters from the wood of thehau(beach hibiscus; Hibiscus tiliaceus) tree which grew abundantly near ދƖLPDNDSƗDQGXVHWKLVZKHQILVKLQJ,QWKRVHGD\Vmaukaand makaifamilies worked together and took care of one another. During the holiday season, those up mauka who wanted fish would pack and send a donkey down the makaitrail. Once received by the families on the coast, they would send it back with fish. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Community ConsultationCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007119On the coast they also gathered ұǀSDHұXOD,ұRSLKL(limpet; Cellana sandwicensis), KHұH(general name for octopus), and limu(general name for seaweed). In order for any limu, especially limu ұHOHұHOH(Enteromorpha prolifera), to flourish, the water needed to be at the right conditions and was used as bait for the nenuefish (chun; Kyphosus spp.). The ұDXNXұXor Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax hoactli) was viewed as a sign of fresh water. ұ8DOD(sweet potato; Ipomoea batatas) was also cultivated near the shore as the land was too arid for nearly any other crop to thrive. His grandmother planted watermelon, squash, pumpkin, and pineapple for the family. In keeping true to their sustainable lifestyle, old leaves from the squash and pumpkin were used as mulch for the next crop promising healthy soil for the next gathering.,Q 0U3DLZDVLQYROYHGLQWKH3XEOLF$FFHVV6KRUHOLQH+DZDLLދL 3$6+ Fase that centered on his family’s traditional and customary practice of harvesting ұǀSDHұXODas bait for ұǀSHOXfishing along the coastal shoreline of Kohanaiki AKXSXDދD+LVHIIRUWVgave momentum to the drive to allow Native Hawaiians to exercise their native gathering rights in shoreline areas that may or may not be affected by commerical development. During the interview, Mr. Pai shared a PRұROHORof a kupua (demigod) named Kalualapauila. This demigod could change from a human form into a PDQǀ(shark) and he was the high priest, .DދLZLQear the current location of Kealakehe Parkway is an area named KaދLZL$heiauwas erected at the northern boundary of Kealakehe and surrounded by kauila(Alphitonia ponderosa), which no longer grows in the area. 0U3DLLVYHU\NQRZOHGJHDEOHRIKLVWRULFWUDLOVLQWKH+RQRNǀKDXDQG.HDODNHKHDUHDDnd applauds the localHIIRUWVWRSUHVHUYHWKH0DPƗODKRD7UDLOLQits current state as it was completely RYHUJURZQEHIRUH+HPHQWLRQHGRQHSDUWLFXODUWUDLOLQWKHDUHDRI/ƗދLRSXDZKHUHWKHFXUUHQW:HVW+DZDLދL'HSDUWPHQWRI+DZDLLDQ+RPH/DQGV '++/ ORWVDUH7KHUHLVDOVRa trail that leads from the Kaloko Fishpond up toward Kohanaikimaukawhere their family ancestors lived along the trail. He mentioned that in older times markers separated each DKXSXDұD, either an ahu(rock shrine) or NRұD. Specific markers on land also served to locate ұǀSHOXNRұD(ұǀSHOXfishing grounds). He mentioned the area between the current location of the WWTP and the ocean is known as a leina, a place where spirits would leap to enter the next realm. Mr. Pai dissected the terminology of Ke-ala-kehe as “the winding path.” Another trail, a particularly winding path, would lead to the pali (cliff) of this leina, where the noiobird (Hawaiian noddy tern; Anous tenuirostris melanogenys) would rest. Mr. Pai’s concern with this project is the possibility of unearthing burials during the widening of the road (as part of a separate project) and possibly disturbing burials situated within the crevices of lava. He pointed out a few caves makaiRI4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ZKLFKPD\DOVREHDlocation for burLDOV:KHQ4XHHQ.DދDKXPDQX+LJKZD\ZDVILUVWZLGHQHGiwi(human remains) were found south of Kaloko National Park. In 1982 after Hurricane Iwa and again in 1991 after Hurricane Iniki, iwiwere uncoveredLQWKHVDQGDW0DNDދHǀDOVRNQRZQDV2OG$ދV,QWKe case where workers come into contact with iwi¸ it is of utmost importance, especially to Mr. Pai, that they be handled with great respect and reverence in seeking the continuation of their moe loa(eternal rest). In this unfortunate scenario, the appropriate parties should be contacted most efficiently so the correct procedures may take place to ensure proper handling and treatment.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Traditional Cultural PracticesCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007120Section 6 Traditional Cultural Practices6.1 HabitationThe mo‘olelo of Kamiki and his brother Maka‘iole relates that they were supernatural siblings who were raised and empowered by their ancestor Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-kua. The mo‘olelodiscusses the various priests of the area and gives a description of the landscape. Kamiki describes the fishing grounds of Kekaha including the area known as Ka‘ele-huluhulu (“splintered outer hull”), wKLFKZDVQDPHGDIWHUWKHURXJKZDWHUVRI+DOHµǀKLµXDQGKRZWKHFDQRHVZHUHGUDJJHGover the canoe landing. Kamiki also went deep sea fishing near a ko‘a ORFDWHGDW3ƗRµR$IWHUcatching 400 aku.DPLNLWUDYHOHGWR1Ɨ-Hono-‘elua,now known as Honokohau, and divided his catch between the sacred chiefess Paehala and the people of that area.The wahi panacompiled in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 indicate the ahupua‘a of Kaloko, .HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnjZHUHULFKLQUHVRXUFHV DVGHVFULEHGLQODQGFRPPLVVLRQWHVWLPRQLHV and well utilized (boundaries, villages, watering holes, and µLOLµƗLQD).In addition to mo‘oleloand testimonies, previous archaeology has yielded signs of habitation including house sites, lava shelters, planting pits, and recreational activites (such as SDSDPnjNǀQDQH,KǀOXD,and petroglyphs).Descendant of the area, Ms. Nicole Lui, shared that many families once lived in the Kekeha region but relocated to seek employment and financial stability. Her great-grandparents, grandparents, and a few other families remained in the Kekeha region. Cultural practitioner and lineal descendant of HonokǀKDX.DORNRDQG.RKDQDLNL $KXSXDµD0ƗKHDODQL3DLVKDUHGthat his ‘ohanaZDVRQHRIWKHILUVWIDPLOLHVWRUHVLGHLQWKH.DORNRDQG+RQRNǀKDXDUHD6.2 Gathering of Plant ResourcesThe wahi panaof Pu‘u-o-Kaloa was used as a sign of coming rains for the peopOHRI.HDKXROnjand Kealakehe. When the OƯKDXor light, dewy mists sat at the top of this particular pu‘u, the people of this area knew rain was on its way. It was an important omen for the farmers of this area who cultivated sweet potatoes and other crops.,Q 'DYLG .DOƗNDXD GHVFULEHG WKH ODQGV RI.HDKXROnjZKLFKLQFOXGHGKDOIRIWKH+XDODODLPRXQWDLQV7KHPRXQWDLQVZHUHDEXQGDQWLQkoa,kukui, and µǀKLµD. The upper portions used for cultivation were suitable for coffee, oranges, taro, ptoatoes, and bananas. Breadfruit and NROƯJUHZZLOG7KHORZHUSRUWLRQVRI.HDKXROnjZHUHXVHGfor grazing cattle, sheep, and goats. The makairegion was rich in aquacultural resources and coconut trees. Ms. Lui pointed out that ‘ualawas grown in the plains of Kanoenoe due to its aridness. Her WnjWnjZDKLQH, Margaret Pelekane, was a farmer and acquired an iron µǀµǀand passed it down to Ms. Lui’s mother and finally to her. It is considered a family treasure. Noniwas gathered in this area and used medicinally by Ms. Lui’s mother and her grandfather, Solomon Kaelemakule. Ms. Lui’s mother still gathers nonihere and makes her own juice. Ms. Lui also shared a recipe with noni. After gathering the fruit, you cut it into strips, lay them in a drying box, and place in the sun. Ms. Lui shared that growing up, they would place the noni strips on the SƗhoehoe. She pointedout that it was much cleaner at that time and there were hardly any flies making it easier to prepare and store food. ‘Uhaloawas also found within the project area and is still gathered by Ms. Lui’s Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Traditional Cultural PracticesCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007121mother and used for OƗµDXODSDµDX. The leaves and root of the ‘uhaloa are prepared as a tea and used for the treatment of common colds. According to Ms. Lui’s mother, gathering occurred on Thursdays, as it was considered a day of healing from the time of their NnjSXQD. She added that the particular date for gathering was never questioned, as they did what their elders said. Mr. Pai gathered hauwith his family and made floaters with the wood. Mr. Pai sharedthat ‘ualawas planted near the shore because the land was too arid for any other crop to thrive. He recalls his grandmother cultivating watermelon, squash, pumpkin, and pineapple for their ‘ohana. In addition, to truly keep to a sustainable lifestyle, the old leaves from the squash and pumpkin were used as mulch for the next crop.6.3 AquacultureIn the mo‘oleloof Kamiki, he describes the coastline of Kona including the fishing grounds of Kekaha; the rocky terrain of the canoe landingFDOOHG+DOHµǀKLµX DQGWKHVXSHUQDWXUDOFXUUHQWVRIthe area (Ke-au-NƗWKHFXUUHQWWKDWVWULNHV .H-au-NƗQDµLWKHFXUUHQWRIVPRRWKZDWHUV DQG.H-au-miki, the current that pulls to the deep sea) that are identified as Pele’s brothers. The mo‘oleloof Punia share how he would catch lobsters for his mother in caves guarded by Kai‘ale‘ale and his sharks. In addition to mo‘olelodiscussing in length the variety of coastal resources of Kona, NnjµXODand ko‘awere noted in historical documents such as land claims, archaeological surveys, and through consultations.Ms. Lui’s friend, Kawehi Nguyen, a descendant of Kanakamaika‘i ‘Ohana, recalls gathering µǀSDHµXODfrom an anchialine pool toward the back of Pawai Beach. Mr. Pai’s family was part of a fishing huithDWWRRNFDUHRI.DORNRDQGµƖLPDNDSƗ/RNR,µD DQGWKHµƖLǀSLRILVKWUDSMr. Pai’s ‘ohanaintroduced him to a sustainable lifestyle at a young age. His family specialized in µǀSHOXfishing and ate it at every meal. They also sold µǀSHOXon the side of the road as a means of living. He recalls people gathering µǀSDHµXOD,‘opihi,he‘e, and limu. Mr. Pai pointed out for limu ‘ele‘eleto flourish, the water needs to be at the correct conditions. Limu ‘ele‘ele was also used as bait for the nenue. He shared his ‘ikeof the ‘auku‘uor Black-crowned Night Heron as an indicator of fresh water nearby.He pointed out that where the West Hawai‘i DHHL lots are located there is a mauka-makaitral that leads from the Kaloko Fishpond to Kohanaiki Maukawhere familyancestors once resided. He added that in earlier times ahu and ko‘a were used as ahupua‘a boundary markers. Specific markers such as µǀSHOXNRµDcould be found on land and indicated µǀSHOXfishing grounds.6.41Ɨ$OD+HOHSeveral trails ran through these ahupua‘a. The most noteable was the alaloathat crossed makailands, which linked royal centers, coastal communities, and resources. Another trail was Kealaehu (“The path of Ehu”), which is located in the maukaUHJLRQDERYH0ƗPDODKRD+LJKZD\.HDODHKXspans from KDµnj EHIRUH WUDYHOLQJ WKURXJK 6RXWK .RQD DQG 1RUWK .RQD FRQWLQXLQJ RQ WR.DµnjSnjOHKXZKHUHLWFXWVmakaiWR.ƯKRORDQGPHHWVZLWKWKHalaloaalignment. The trails continue traveling north to Kawaihae and beyond (Maly and Maly 1993:73).A number of previous archaeological studies also documented pre-Contact and historic trails (Borthwick and Hammatt 1992b; Borthwick et al. 1993; Ching and Rosendahl 1968; Colin et al. 1996; Donham 1990c; Fager and Graves 1993; Hammatt and Shideler 2008; Hammatt et al. 1999, 2008; Haun and Henry 1991, 2006; Head and Rosendahl 1995; Henry and Graves 1993; O’Hare and Rosendahl 1993; Rechtman
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Traditional Cultural PracticesCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007122and Escott 2002; Renger 1971; Rosendahl 1989; Wilkinson et al. 2011; Wilkinson et al. 2017;Yucha et al. 2016).Maukato makaiWUDLOV ZHUH DOVR HYLGHQW LQ .RKDQDLNL .DORNR .DODRD DQG +RQRNǀKDXAhupua‘a. These trails were utilized by upland families who traveled to the coast to fish and gather water during droughts. Mr. Pai echoed the descriptions of the maukato makaitrails and added that the mauka and makai families often helped each other out. During the holidays, maukafamilies who wanted fish would pack and send a donkey makai. Once the makaifamily received the donkey, they would send it back with fish for the maukafamily. Mr. Rick Gmirkin, Community Archaeologist at the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, described that the current project area “above Kaloko is an old abandoned water tank” and next to the tank is possibly a section of the Road to the Sea Trail or the Kohanaiki Trail. He shared that Aunty Elizabeth Maluhia Lee, a long-time NDPDµƗLQDof the area and lauhala (pandanus; Pandanus odoratissuimus) master weaver who has since passed away, utilized the trail with her son Reggie Lee. Mr. Gmirkin noted that the trailstarts from the homesteads of Kohanaiki and travels to Kaloko and the portion near the project area is very well worn. The depth through the SƗKRHKRHindicates travel by horse.0V/XLHVFRUWHG&6+WRWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOZKLFKLVORFDWHGZLWKLQWKHSURject area near Kealakehe Parkway. Cultural Monitor for the Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway project, Cynthia Nazara, and Rick Gmirkin, Community Archaeologist for the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, were near the trail when CSH arrived. Ms. Lui introduced us to Ms. Nazara and Mr. Gmirkin where they pointed out the trail, which runs parallel (mauka) to Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway. The trail itself is overgrown with fountain grass. Ms. Nazara pointed out that portions of the trail have been disturbed due to previous construction work and urged that the remaining portions of the trail be preserved. Mr. GmirkinXUJHVIRUWKHSURSHUSUHVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQRIWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOand other noted trails in the project area. 0V/XL¶VFRQQHFWLRQWRWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOis with her great-grandfather, John Kaelemakule, Sr., who was a road supervisor in the late 1880s. Her great-grandfather drafted letters to the Minister of the Interior requesting additional funding to maintain WKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO6.5 BurialsMo‘olelosuggest the remains of Kamehameha I may have been buried nearby. Kamakau states that the iwi of Kamehameha I were taken to Kekaha and placed in a secret cave (Kamakau 1961:215). Previous archaeological studies have documented many burials (Carpenter 1995;Ching and Rosendahl 1968; Emory and Soehren 1971; Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980; Ladd 1968; Monahan et al. 2012; Neighbor Island Consultants 1973; Renger 1971; Rosendahl 1993; Soehren 1980b, 1981).Palihiolo Heiau is a luakini heiau said to have been UHFRQVWUXFWHGE\.DOƗNDXD$FRFRQXWJURYHis said to have surrounded the heiauZKHUH.DOƗNDXD¶VJUDQGIDWKHUZDVKXQJIRUPXUGHU0V/XLVKDUHGKHUNQRZOHGJHRIDJUDYH\DUGRQWKHEHDFKQHDU+DOH3DµR DOVRNQRZQDV+DOH3ƗRµR).Mr. Pai shared his knowledge of burials during the widening of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway, which were found within the crevices of lava. He also pointed out that iwi were found makaiof Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway and south of Kaloko National Park. In 1982 after Hurricane Iwa and again in 1991 after Hurricane Iniki,iwi wereXQFRYHUHGDW0DNDµHǀDOVRNQRZQDV2OG$¶VCultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Summary and RecommendationsCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007123Section 7 Summary and RecommendationsCSH undertook this CIA at the request of Wilson Okamoto Corporation and on behalf of the County of Hawai‘i – Department of Environmental Management (DEM). The research broadly covered the ahupua‘a RI.DORNR.HDODNHKHDQG.HDKXROnj, including the current project area.7.1 Results of Background ResearchBackground for this project yielded the following results (presented in approximately chronological order):1.Mo‘olelo suggest the remains of Kamehameha I may have been buried in Kaloko Ahupua‘a. Kamakau states that the iwi of Kamehameha were taken to Kekaha in Kaloko at a secret cave (Kamakau 1961:215).2. Pukui shares a mo‘oleloRIµƿKLNLDOHJHQGDU\KHURZKRSUD\HGWR3HOHWRVDYHWKHSULHVWKa-lua-lapa-uila. As a result, a storm arose. The priest turned into a manǀas it tried to enter aheiauto save the priest’s human form. One of Pele’s sisters, Hi‘iaka-noho-lae (“Hi‘iaka living at [the] point”) came to live in this sacred area that was forbidden from Pele (Pukui et al. 1974:70).3. A distinguishing feature of the Kona landscape are the many trails that cross and zig-zag through each ahupua‘a. The alaloais a trail that crossed the makailands that linked royal centers, coastal communities, and resources (Maly and Maly 1993:73). A maukatrail called Kealaehu (“The Path of Ehu”) passed the area a little maukaRIWKHROG0ƗPDODKRD+LJKZD\.HDODHKXVSDQQHGIURP.DµnjWR.DZDLKDH4. Another distinct feature of the Kona landscape are the KǀOXDslides. +ǀOXDis an ancient sport that can be traced back to the time of Pele and was pursued by those of ali‘iranking. The sleds were narrow but long (approximately 12 to 18 ft) and used to race downhill. The track itself ran maukato makaiand was covered with pili grass. The track was slicked with kukui(candlenut; Aleurites moluccana) oil (Mitchell 1975:38). 5. In the early nineteenth century, the residents of Kaloko Ahupua‘a were feeling the pressures and consequences of Western Contact. Native Hawaiians were enlisting as seamen on foreign ships while harbor facilities were being constructed in Kailua and Kealakekua.6. The ahupua‘aof Kaloko was awarded and kept by Lot Kamehameha (Kamehameha V) GXULQJWKH0ƗKHOH$WRWDORIDGGLWLRQDOODQGFODLPVZHUHPDGHLQ.DORNRRIZKLFKwere awarded in the uplands. Kealakehe Ahupua‘a was awarded to Kekuapanio, a young noble who was a favorite amongst ali‘isuch as Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III), who later returned the land to the government. The entire ahupua‘aRI.HDKXROnjZDVDZDUGHGWR$QH.HRKRNƗOROHZKRKHOGWZRZDOOHGKRXVHlots “from very ancient times” along the shoreline.7. Oral histories indicate that during the mid-1800s, private residences were scattered along the coastline, maukaUHJLRQV VSHFLILFDOO\DERYH IW DQGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI0ƗPDODKRDHighway. Maukaand makai trails were utilized by upland families who traveled to access coastal resources and gather water during upland droughts. Goats and cattle contributed to droughts by stripping the vegetation of the area. In 1870, a resident known as J. Kihe stated that the families who resided in the Kekaha region moved with the exception of one family who remained.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Summary and RecommendationsCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:0071248. Previous archaeology yielded habitation sites, temporary habitation sites, lava tubes, lava shelters, trails (pre-Contact and historic), historic campsites, and recreational activities (such as SDSDPnj,NǀQDQH, petroglyphs,KǀOXD).7.2 Results of Community ConsultationCSH attempted to contact 37 NHOs, agencies, and community members. Seven people/agencies responded to the consultation letter. Five people participated in formal interviews, however, only four were authorized to be used in this study. CSH initiated its outreach effort in June 2017 through March 2018. Below is a list of individuals who shared their mana‘oand ‘ikeabout the project area:1. Nicole Keaka Lui, dHVFHQGDQWRI.HDXROnjDQG.HNDKD2. Rick Gmirkin, archaeologist, Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail3. Cynthia Nazara, cultural consultant and descendant of Kekaha4. George Van Gieson, retired fire captain and NDPDµƗLQD5. County of Hawai‘i—Planning Department, Cultural Resources Commission6. Ikaika Nakahashi, Cultural Historian (Maui County and Hawai‘i County)—State of Hawai‘i, SHPD7..DOHR.XDOLދLFXOWXUDOFRQVXOWDQWDQGGHVFHQGDQWRf Kohanaiki7.3 Cultural Community Concerns and RecommendationsBased on information gathered from the community consultation, participants voiced and framed their concerns in a cultural context.1. Ms. Nicole Lui is concerned about the possible destruction of tKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO6KHis also concerned about future development and how it impacts significant and cultural sites. She focused on sites found in the vicinity of the QLT lands to Department of 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQODQGVQHDUWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO6KHVXSSRUWVRngoing preservation and protection of these areas and strongly suggested the project be rerouted to cause no further damage and continuous archaeological and cultural monitoring.2. Mr. Rick Gmirkin expressed deep concern with preserving the Kohanaiki Trail (also FDOOHG5RDGWRWKH6HD 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLODQGRWKHUmauka and makai trails within the H[SDQVHRIWKHSURMHFWDUHD$VWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLOLVWKUHDWHQHGE\SRVVLEOHJURXQGdisturbance associated with the Kealakehe WWTP project, he further urges the preservation and protection of this trail.3. Cynthia Nazara expressed strong concerns about preserving the remaining portions of WKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO$OWKRXJKSRUWLRQVRIWKHWUDLOKDYHEHHQGLVWXUEHGby previous construction, she fears further development will cause greater harm to the trail. Ms. Nazara strongly advised that the water lines be moved to protect existing historic sites.4.0U0ƗKHDODQL3DLLVFRQFHUQHGWKHSURMHFWPD\XQHDUWKEXULDOVDQGSRVVLEO\GLVWXUEEXULDOVsituated within the crevices of lava. Mr. Pai knows of several caves makaiof Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway that may also be a location for burials. He pointed out that when Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway was first widened, iwi were found south of Kaloko National Park. It is of utmost importance for Mr. Pai that if workers come into contact with iwi,they be handled with great respect and reverence in seeking the continuation of their moe loa.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Summary and RecommendationsCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007125He requestedthat appropriate parites be contacted efficiently so the correct procedures may take place to ensure proper handling and treatment.7.4 Impacts and RecommendationsBased on information gathered from the cultural and historical background, and the community consultation, CSH identified potential impacts and makes the following recommendations based on approved community consultations.1.&RPPXQLW\SDUWLFLSDQWVYRLFHGFRQFHUQVUHJDUGLQJWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLODQGVXJJHVWWKHproject be rerouted to avoid further disturbance and destruction. One of the community participants suggestedarchaeoORJLFDODQGFXOWXUDOPRQLWRULQJIRUWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO2QHparticipant strongly urged that CSH review a previously published monitoring report to gain IXUWKHULQVLJKWRIWKH0ƗPDODKRD7UDLODQGNQRZQmauka-makai trails.2. Previous archaeological studies have yielded a number of burials (Carpenter 1995; Ching and Rosendahl 1968; Emory and Soehren 1971; Estioko-Griffin and Lovelace 1980; Ladd 1968; Monahan et al. 2012; Neighbor Island Consultants 1973; Renger 1971; Rosendahl 1993; Soehren 1980b, 1981). In addition to previous archaeological studies, a community participant has shared their knowledge of burials found north and makaiof the project area.3. In the event that any potential historic properties are identified during construction activities, all activities will cease and the SHPD will be notified pursuant to HAR §13-280-3. In the event that iwi NnjSXQDare identified, all earth moving activities in the area will stop, the area will be cordoned off, and the SHPD and Police Department will be notified pursuant to HAR §13-300-40. In addition, in the event of an inadvertent discovery of human remains, the completion of a burial treatment plan, in compliance with HAR §13-300 and HRS §6E-43, is recommended.4. In the event that LZLNnjSXQDand/or cultural finds are encountered during construction, project proponents should consult with cultural and lineal descendants of the area to develop a reinterment plan and cultural preservation plan for proper cultural protocol, curation, and long-term maintenance.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Referemces CitedCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007126Section 8 References CitedAkana, Collette Leimomi, and Kiele Gonzalez2015+ƗQDX.D8D+DZDLLDQ5DLQ1DPHVKamehameha Publishing, Honolulu.Ava Konohiki2015 Ancestral ViVLRQV RI µƖLQD ZHEVLWH $YDLODEOH RQOLQH DWhttp://www.avakonohiki.org/.Barr, Timothy R., Edward W. Novack, Joy S. Collins, Brian Colin, Jennifer J. Robins,and Hallett H. Hammatt1994An Archaeological Inventory Survey and Limited Subsurface Testing of the Proposed Kealakehe Parkway Extension, Alternatives 10 and 11 (TMK 7-4-8: por. 3, 5, 17, 34). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i.Beckwith, Martha W. 1970Hawaiian Mythology.University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Bell, Matthew, Randy Groza, David Shideler, and Hallet H. 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Shideler2008Mitigation Implementation for the 0ƗPDODKRD7UDLO 6,+3-10-27-002) in the 9LFLQLW\RI0DNDOD%RXOHYDUGDQGWKH4XHHQ.DұDKXPDQX+LJKZD\.HDKXROnj$KXSXDұD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLұL,VODQG70. >@-4-020: 009 & 010.&XOWXUDO6XUYH\V+DZDLދL,QF.DLOXD+DZDLދLHaun, Alan E. and Dave Henry2000Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaloko Industrial Park, Phases III and IV TMK: 7-3-51:60. Kaloko, North Kona, Island of Hawai‘i.Haun & Associates, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i.2001Archaeological Inventory Survey, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Commercial/Industrial Development, Land of Kealakehe, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK:7-4-08:[Por.3]). Haun & Associates, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i.2006Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kona Kai Ola Project Lands of Kealakehe and Keahuolu, North Kona'LVWULFW,VODQGRI+DZDLұL 70. >@-4-008:por. 2, por. 3, 71 and por. 72)+DXQ $VVRFLDWHV.HDދDX+DZDLދLHaun, Alan, Dave Henry, and Dianne Berrigan2003Archaeological Data Recovery Sites 2199, 22010, 22014, 22016, 22017, 22018, 22023, and 22032, Land of Kaloko, North Kona Distinct, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK: 3-7-3-51:60). Haun & Associates, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i.Haun, Alan E. and Dave Henry2000Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaloko Industrial Park, Phases III and IV TMK: 7-3-51:60. Kaloko, North Kona, Island of Hawai‘i.Haun & Associates, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i.2001Archaeological Inventory Survey, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Commercial/Industrial Development, Land of Kealakehe, North Kona District, Island of Hawai‘i (TMK:7-4-08:[Por.3]). Haun & Associates, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i.2006Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kona Kai Ola Project Lands of Kealakehe and .HDKXROX1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW,VODQGRI+DZDLұL 70. >@-4-008:por. 2, por. 3, 71 and por. 72)+DXQ $VVRFLDWHV.HDދDX+DZDLދLHawai‘i TMK Service2014 Tax Map Key [3] 7-3-09; 7-4-08, 20. Hawai‘i TMK Service, Honolulu.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Referemces CitedCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007130Head, James and Paul H. Rosendahl1995$UFKDHRORJLFDO0LWLJDWLRQ3URJUDP4XHHQ/LOLұXRNDODQL7UXVW3URSHUW\3KDVH,,– Data Recovery Amendment No. 1, Land of Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island RI +DZDLұL 70. -7-04-08:Por. 2,12). Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, +DZDLދL+HQU\-DFN'6XVDQ7*RRGIHOORZDQG.HSƗ0DO\1993Archaeological Assessment Study Kailua to Keahole Region State Lands LUC Project LandV RI 0DNDXOD +DOHұRKLұX +DPDQDPDQD .DODRD -4, Kalaoa-ұ2ұRPDDQGұ2ұRPD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW,VODQGRI+DZDLұLPaul H Rosendahl, ,QF+LOR+DZDLދLHenry, Jack D. and Donna K. Graves1993Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey Phase I – Site Identification Keahole-Kailua 69 kV Transmission Line Project North Kona District Island of Hawai‘i.Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawai‘i.µƮµƯ-RKQ3DSD1959Fragments of Hawaiian History. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.Jensen 19901990Archaeological Inventory Survey, Palani Road Improvements Project, Land of Keahuolu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, HI..D+RNXR+DZDLދL1917 Article. Ka Hoku o Hawaii, 25 October.1914 Article. Ka Hoku o Hawaii, 19 March.1923 Article. Ka Hoku o Hawaii, 13 September.Ka Nupepa Kuokoa1867 Article. Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, 28 December.Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani H.1961Ruling Chiefs of Hawai‘i. Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu.1992Ruling Chiefs of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu.Kelly, Marion1971Kekaha: Aina Maloo: Historical Survey and Background of Kaloko and Kukio Ahupuaa. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.1983Na Mala o Kona: Gardens of Kona, A History of Land Use in Kona, Hawaii. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu.Kirch, Patrick V.1985Feathered Gods and Fishhooks,An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.Ladd, Edmund J.1968+RQRNǀKDX.RQD+DZDLL $6DOYDJH5HSRUW. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu.Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KEALAKEHE 5 Referemces CitedCIA for the WWTP Master Plan, Kaloko, Kealakehe, .HDKXROnj$KXSXDµD1RUWK.RQD'LVWULFW+DZDLµL,VODQGTMKs: [3] 7-3-009:027; 7-4-008:002, 058, 073; 7-4-020:007, 019, 021, 022; 7-5-005:007131Lizama, Tanya M., Ruth-Rebeccalynne Aloua, Rowland B. Reeve, and Paul L. Cleghorn2015Archaeological Monitoring for the Removal of Shoreline Improvements at the 4XHHQ/LOLұXRNDODQL7UXVW&DPSJURXQGVLQ.HDKXROnj1RUth Kona District, Island RI+DZDLұL>70. -4-008:002].3DFLILF/HJDF\,QF.DLOXD+DZDLދLMalo, David1951+DZDLLDQ $QWLTXLWLHV 0RұROHOR +DZDLұLBishop Museum Press, Honolulu, +DZDLދLMaly 20002000Na Honokohau – Na Hono i Na Hau Elua (Honokohau – Bays of the Two Wind-Born Dews) District of Kona, Island of Hawaii Volume II –Oral History Interviews Honokohau Nui & Iki, District of Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK 7-4-08: por. 13 and 30) Kumu Pono Associates, Hilo, Hawai‘i.0DO\.HSƗand Onaona Maly1993He Wahi Moolelo No Na Aina, a me Na Ala Hele i Hehi ia, Mai Keauhou a i Kealakekua, Ma Kona, Hawaii (A Historical Overview of the Lands, and Trails Traveled, Between Keauhou and Kealakekua, Kona, Hawaii). Kumu Pono $VVRFLDWHV+LOR+DZDLދL2002He Wahi Moolelo Ohana no Kaloko Me Honokohau Ma Kekaha O Na Kona – ACollection of Family Traditions Describing Customs, Practices and Beliefs of the Families and Lands of Kaloko and Honokohau, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. Kumu Pono Associates, Hilo, HawDLދL0F*UHJRU'DYLDQQD3RPDLNDދL1996 An Introduction to the Hoaaina and Their Rights.Hawaiian Journal of History,9ROXPH8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLދL3UHVV+RQROXOXMenzies, Archibald1920Hawaii Nei 128 Years Ago. Mitchell, Donald D. Kilolani1975Hawaiian Games for Today. Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu.Monahan, Christopher M., Trevor M. Yucha, and Constance R. O’Hare2012Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Proposed Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway Widening Phase 2 Project, Kalaoa, Kalaoa-‘O‘oma, ‘O‘oma 2, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, +RQRNǀKDX-2 and Kealakehe, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island TMKs: (3) 7-4-008, 7-3-009 and 7-3-043. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i.Nakuina, Moses K.19907KH:LQG*RXUGRI/DұDPDRPDR.DODPDNnj3UHVVHonolulu.Neighbor Island Consultants1973An Assessment of Environmental Impact Resulting from the Development of Kailua Park, Kailua-Kona, Hawai‘i. Prepared for the County of Hawai‘i.Neller, Earl1980Archeological Reconnaissance at the Old Kona Airport Beach Park, Keahuolu and Lanihau, Kona, Hawaii.Historic Sites Section, Division of State Parks, Department Land and Natural Resources.
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