HomeMy WebLinkAboutNPS Archeology Historic Preservation Standards-GuidelinesThursday
September 29, 1983
Part IV
__--
i
--__ Department of the
Interior
National Park Service
Archeology and Historic Preservation;
Secretary of the Interior's Standards and
Guidelines
44716 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
National Park Service
Archeology and Historic Preservation;
Secretary of the Interior's Standards
and Guidelines
AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior.
ACTION: Notice.
SUMMARY: This notice sets forth the
Secretary of the Interior's Standards and
Guidelines for Archeology and Historic
Preservation. These standards and
guidelines are not regulatory and do not
set or interpret agency policy. They are
intended to provide technical advice
about archeological and historic
preservation activities and methods.
DATE: These Standards and Guidelines
are effective on September 29, 1983.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Lawrence E. Aten, Chief, Interagency
Resources Division, National Park
Service, United States Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240 (202-
343-9500). A Directory of Technical
Information listing other sources of
supporting information is available from
the National Park Service.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The
Standards and Guidelines are prepared
under the authority of Sections 101(f),
(g), and (h), and Section 110 of the
National Historic Preservation Act of
1966, as amended. State Historic
Preservation Officers; Federal
Preservation Officers including those of
the Department of Agriculture,
Department of Defense, Smithsonian
Institution and General Services
Administration; the Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation; the National Trust
for Historic Preservation; and other
interested parties were consulted during
the development of the Standards and
Guidelines; additional consultation with
these agencies will occur as the
Standards and Guidelines are tested
during their first year of use.
Purpose
The proposed Standards and the
philosophy on which they are based
result from nearly twenty years of
intensive preservation activities at the
Federal, Statei and local levels.
The purposes of the Standards are:
To organize the information gathered
about preservation activities.
To describe results to be achieved by
Federal agencies, States, and others
when planning for the identification,
evaluation, registration and treatment of
historic properties.
To integrate the diverse efforts of
many entities performing historic
preservation into a systematic effort to
preserve our nation's cultural heritage.
Uses of the Standards
The following groups or individuals
are encouraged to use these Standards:
Federal agency personnel responsible
for cultural resource management
pursuant to Section 110 of the National
Historic Preservation Act, as amended,
in areas under Federal jurisdiction. A
separate series of guidelines advising
Federal agencies on their specific
historic preservation activities under
Section 110 is in preparation.
State Historic Preservation Offices
responsible under the National Historic
Preservation Act, as amended, for
making decisions about the preservation
of historic properties in their States in
accordance with appropriate regulations
and the Historic Preservation Fund
Grants Management Manual. The State
Historic Preservation Offices serve as
the focal point for preservation planning
and act as a central state-wide
repository of collected information.
Local governments wishing to
establish a comprehensive approach to
the identification, evaluation,
registration and treatment of historic
properties within their jurisdictions.
Other individuals and organizations
needing basic technical standards and
guidelines for historic preservation
activities.
Organization
This material is organized in three
sections: Standards; Guidelines; and
recommended technical sources, cited at
the end of each set of guidelines. Users
of this document are expected to consult
the recommended technical sources to
obtain guidance in specific cases.
Review of the Standards and Guidelines
The Secretary of the Interior's
Standards for Rehabilitation have
recently undergone extensive review
and their guidelines made current after 5
years of field use. Users and other
interested parties are encouraged to
submit written comments on the utility
of these Standards and Guidelines
except for the Rehabilitation Standards
mentioned above. This edition will be
thoroughly reviewed by the National
Park Service (including consultation
with Federal and State agencies), after
the end of its first full year of use and
any necessary modifications will be
made. Subsequent reviews are
anticipated as needed. Comments
should be sent to Chief, Interagency
Resources Division, National Park
Service, United States Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.
Contents
Standards for Preservation Planning
Guidelines for Preservation Planning
Standards for Identification
Guidelines for Identification
Standards for Evaluation
Guidelines for Evaluation
Standards for Registration
Guidelines for Registration
Standards for Historical Documentation
Guidelines for Historical Documentation
Standards for Architectural ;nd Engineering
Documentation
Guidelines for Architectural and
Engineering Documentation
Standards for Archeological Documentation
Guidelines for Archeological
Documentation
Standards for Historic Preservation Projects
Professional Qualifications Standards
Preservation Terminology
Secretary of the Interior's Standards for
Preservation Planning
.Preservation planning is a process
that organizes preservation activities
(identification, evaluation, registration
and treatment of historic properties)'in a
logical sequence. The Standards for
Planning discuss the relationship among
these activities while the remaining
activity standards consider how each
activity should be carried out. The
Professional Qualifications Standards
discuss the education and experience
required to carry out various activities.
The Standards for Planning outline a
process that determines when an area
should be examined for historic
proptrties, whether an identified
property is significant, and how a
significant property should be treated.
Preservation planning is based on the
following principles:
-Important historic properties cannot
be replaced if they are destroyed.
Preservation planning provides for
conservative use of these properties,
preserving them in place and avoiding
harm when possible and altering or
destroying properties only when
necessary.
-If planning for the preservation of
historic properties is to have positive
effects, it must begin before the
identification of all significant properties
has been completed. To make
responsible decisions about historic
properties, existing information must be
used to the maximum extent and new
information must be acquired as needed.
-Preservation planning includes
public participation. The planning
process should provide a forum for open
discussion of preservation issues. Public
involvement is most meaningful when it
is used to assist in defining values of
properties and preservation planning
issues, rather than when it is limited to
review of decisions already made. Early
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44717
and continuing public participation is
essential to the broad acceptance of
preservation planning decisions.
Preservation planning can occur at
several levels or scales: in a project
area; in a community; in a State as a
whole; or in the scattered or contiguous
landholdings of a Federal agency.
Depending on the scale, the planning
process will involve different segments
of the public and professional
communities and the resulting plans will
vary in detail.-For example, a State
preservation plan will likely have more
general recommendations than a plan
for a project area or a community. The
planning process described in these
Standards is flexible enough to be used
at all levels while providing a common
structure which promotes coordination
and minimizes duplication of effort. The
Guidelines for Preservation Planning
contain additional information about
how to integrate various levels of
planning.
Standard L Preservation Planning
Establishes Historic Contexts
Decisions about the identification,
evaluation, registration and treatment of
historic properties are most reliably
made when the relationship of
individual properties to other similar
properties is understood. Information
about historic properties representing-
aspects of history, architecture,
archeology, engineering and culture
must be collected and organized to
define these relationships. This
organizational framework is called a
"historic context." The historic context
organizes information based on a
cultural theme and its geographical and
chronological limits. Contexts describe
the significant broad patterns of
development in an area that may be
represented by historic properties. The
development of historic contexts is the
foundation for decisions about
identification, evaluation, registration
and treatment of historic,properties.
Standard II. Preservation Planning Uses
Historic Contexts To Develop Goals and
Priorities for the Identification,
Evaluation, Registration and-Treatment
of Historic Properties
A series of preservation goals is
systematically developed for each
historic context to ensure that the range
of properties representing the important
aspects of each historic context is.
identified, evaluated and treated. Then
priorities are set for all goals identified
for each historic context. The goals with
assigned priorities established for each
historic context are integrated to
produce a comprehensive and consistent
set of goals and priorities for all historic
contexts in the geographical area of a
planning effort.
The goals for each historic context
may change as new information
becomes available. The overall set of
goals and priorities are then altered in,
response to the changes in the goals and
priorities for the individual historic
contexts.
Activities undertaken to meet the
goals must be designed to deliver a
usable product within a reasonable
period of time. The scope of the activity
must be defined so the work can be
completed with available budgeted
program resources.
Standard III. The Results of
Preservation Planning Are Made
Available for Integration Into Broader
Planning Processes
Preservation of historic properties is
one element of larger planning
processes. Planning results, including
goals and priorities, information about
historic properties, and any planning
documents, must be transmitted in a
usable form to those responsible for
other planning activities. Federally
mandated historic preservation planning
is most successfully integrated into
project management planning at an
early stage. Elsewhere, this integration
is achieved by making the'results of
preservation planning available'to other
governmental planning bodies and to
private interests whose activities affect
historic properties.
Secretary of the Interior's Gtidelines for
Preservation Planning
Introduction
These Guidelines link the Standards
for Preservation Planning with more
specific guidance and technical
information. They describe one
approach to meeting the Standards for
Preservation Planning. Agencies,
organizations or individuals proposing
to approach planning differently may
wish to review their approaches with
the National Park Service..
The Guidelines are organized as-
follows: _
Managing the Planning Process
Developing Historic Contexts
Developing Goals for a Historic Context
Integrating Individual Historic Contexts-
Creating the Preservation Plan
Coordinating with Management Frameworks
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Managing the Planning Process
The preservation planning process
must include an explicit approach to
implementation, a provision for review
and revision of all elements, and a
mechanism for resolving conflicts within
the overall set of preservation goals and
between this set of goals and other land
use planning goals. It is recommended
that the process and its products be
described in public -documents.
Implementing the Process
The planning process is a continuous
cycle. To establish and maintain such a
process, however, the process mustbe
divided into manageable segments that
can be performed within a defined
period, such as a fiscal year or budget
cycle. One means of achieving this is to
define a period of time during which all
the preliminary steps in the planning
process will be completed. These
preliminary steps would include setting
a schedule for subsequent activities.
Review and Revision
Planning is a dynainic process. It is
expected that the content of the historic
contexts described in Standard I and the
goals and priorities described in
Standard II will be altered based on
new information obtained as planning
proceeds. The incorporation of this
information is essential to improve the
content of the plan and to keep it up-to-
date and useful. New information must
be reviewed regularly and
systematically, and the plan revised
accordingly.
Public Participation
The success of the preservation
planning process depends on how well it
solicits and integrates the views of
various groups. The planning process is
directed first toward resolving conflicts
in goals for historic preservation, and
second toward resolving conflicts
between historic preservation goals and
other land-use planning goals. Public
participation is intergral to this
approach and includes at least the
-following actions:
1. Involving historians, architectural
historians, archeologists, historical
architects, folklorists and persons from
related discipline to define, review and
revise the historic contexts, goals and
priorities;
2. Involving interested individuals,
organizations and communities in the
planning area in identifying the kinds of
historic properties that may exist and
suitable protective measures;
3. Involving prospective users of the
preservation plan in defining issues,
goals and priorities;
4. Providing for coordination with
other p!anning efforts at local, state,
regional and national levels, as
appropriate; and
44718 Federal Register / Voi. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
5. Creating mechanisms for identifying
and resolving conflicts about historic
preservation issues.
The development of historic contexts,
for example, should be based on the
professional input of all disciplines
involved in preservation and not be
limited to a single discipline. For
prehistoric archeology, for example,
data from fields such as geology,
geomorphology and geography may also
be needed. The individuals and
organizations to be involved will
depend, in part, on those present or
interested in the planning area.
Documents Rfesulting from the Planning
Process
In most cases, the planning process
,produces documents that explain how
the process works and that discuss the
historic contexts and related goals and
priorities. While the process can operate
in the absence of these documents,
planning documents are important
because they are the most effective
means of communicating the process
and its recommendations to others.
Planning documents also record
decisionsabout historic properties.
As various parts of the planning
process are reviewed and revised to
reflect current information, related
documents must also be updated.
Planning documents should be created
in a form that can be easily revised. It is
also recommended that the format,
language and organization of any
documents or other materials (visual
aids, etc.) containing preservation
planning information meet the needs of
prospective users.
Developing Historic Contexts
General Approach
Available information about historic
properties must be divided into
manageable units before it can be useful
for planning purposes. Major decisions
about identifying, evaluating, registering
and treating historic properties are most
reliably made in the context of other
related properties: A historic context is
an organizational format that groups
information about related historic
properties, based on a theme,
geographic limits and chronological
period. A single historic context
describes one or more aspects of the
historic development of an area,
considering history, architecture,
archeology, engineering and culture; and
identifies the significan't patterns that
individual historic properties represent,
for example, Coal Mining in
Northeastern Pennsylvania between
1860 and 1930. A set of historic contexts
is a comprehensive summary of all
aspects of the history of the area.
The historic context is the cornerstone
of the planning process. The goal of
preservation planning is to identify,
evaluate, register and treat the full range
of properties representing each historic
context, rather than only one or two
types of properties. Identification
activities are organized to ensure that
research and survey activities include
properties representing all aspects of the
historic context. Evaluation uses the.
historic context as the framework within
which to apply the criteria for evalution
to specific properties or property types.
Decisions about treatment of properties
are made with the goal of treating the
range of properties in the context. The
use of historic contexts in organizing
major preservation activities ensures
that those activities result in the
preservation of the wide variety of
properties that represent our history,
rather than only a small, biased sample
of properties.
Historic contexts, as theoretical
constructs, are linked to actual historic
properties through the concept of
property type. Property types permit the
development of plans for identification,
evaluation and treatment even in the
absence of complete knowledge of
individual properties. ike the historic
context, property types are artifical
constructs which may be revised as
necessary.
Historic contexts can be developed at
a variety of scales appropriate for local,
State and regional planning. Given the
probability of historic contexts
overlapping in an area, it is important to
coordinate the development and use of
contexts at all levels. Generally, the
State Historic Preservation Office
possesses the most complete body of
information about historic properties
and, in practice, is in the best position to
perform this function.
The development of historic contexts
generally results in documents that
describe the prehistoric processes-or
patterns that define the context. Each of
the contexts selected should be
developed to the point of identifying
important property types to be useful in
ater preservation decision-making. The
amount of detail included in these
summaries will vary depending on the
level (local, state, regional, or national)
at which the contexts are developed and
on their intended uses. For most
planning purposes, a synopsis of the
written description of the historic
context is sufficient.
Creating a Historic Context
Generally, historic contexts should -
not be constructed so broadly as to
include all property types under a single
historic context or so narrowly as to
contain only one property type per
historic context. The following
procedures should be followed in
creating a historic context.
1. Identify the concept, time period and
geographical limits for the historic
context
Existing information, concepts,
theories, models and descriptions should
be used as the basis for defining historic
contexts. Biases in primary and
secondary sources should be identified
and accounted for when existing
information is used in defining historic
contexts.
The identification and description of
historic cohtexts should incorporate
contributions from .all disciplines
involved in historic preservation. The
chronological period and geographical'
area of each historic context should be
defined after the conceptual basis is
established. However, there may be
exceptions, especially in defining
prehistoric contexts where drainage
systems or physiographic regions often
are outlined first. The geographical
boundaries for historic contexts should
not be based upon contemporary
political, project or other contemporary
boundaries if those boundaries do not
coincide with historical boundaries. For
example, boundaries for prehistoric
contexts will have little relationship to
contemporary city, county or state
boundaries.
2. Assemble the existing information
about the historic context
a. Collecting information: Several
kinds of information are needed to
construct a preservation plan.
Information about the history of the area
encompassed by the historic context
must be collected, including any
information about historic properties
that have already been identified.
Existing survey or inventory entries are
an important source of information
about historic properties. Other sources
may include literature on prehistory,
history, architecture and the
environment; social and environmental
impact assessments; county and State
land use plans; architectural and folklife
studies and oral histories; ethnographic
research; State historic inventories and
registers; technical reports prepared for
Section 106 or other assessments of
historic properties; and and direct
consultation with individuals and
organized groups.
In addition, organizations and groups
that may have important roles in
defining historic contexts and values
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44719
should be identified. In most cases a
range of knowlegeable professionals
drawn from the preservation, planning
and academic communities will be
available to assist in defining contexts
and in identifying sources of
information. In other cases, however,
development of historic contexts may
occur in areas whose history or
prehistory has not been extensively
studied. In these situations, broad
general historic contexts should be
initially identified using available
literature and expertise, with the
expectation that the contexts will be
revised and subdivided in the future as
primary source research and field
survey are conducted. It is also
important to identify such sources of
information as existing planning data,
which is needed to establish goals for
identification, evaluation, and
treatment, and to identify factors that
will affect attainment of those goals.
The same approach for obtaining
information is not necessarily desirable
for all historic contexts. Information
should not be gathered without first
considering its relative importance to
the historic context, the cost and time
involved, and the expertise required to
obtain it. In many cases, for example,
published sources may be used in
writing initial definitions of historic
contexts; archival research or field work
may be needed for subsequent activities.
b. Assessing information: All
information should be reviewed to
identify bias in historic perspective,
methodological approach, or area of
coverage. For example, field surveys for
archeological sites may have ignored
historic archelolgical sites, or county
land use plans may have emphasized
only development goals.
3. Synthesize information
The information collection and
analysis results in a written narrative of
the historic context. This narrative
provides a detailed synthesis of the data
that have been collected and.analyzed.
The narrative covers the history of the
area from the chosen perspective and
identifies important patterns, events,
persons or cultural values. In the
process of identifying the important
patterns, one should consider:
a. Trends in area settlement and
development, if relevant;
b. Aesthetic and artistic values
embodied in architecture, construction
technology or craftsmanship;
c. Research values or problems
relevant.to the historic context; social
and physical sciences and humanities;
and cultural interests of local
communities; and
d. Intangible cultural values of ethnic
groups and native American peoples.
4. Define property types
A property type is a grouping of
individual properties based on shared
physical or associative characteristics.
Property types link the ideas
incorporated in the theoretical historic
context with actual historic properties
that illustrate those ideas. Property
types defined for each historic context
should be directly related to the
conceptual basis of the historic context.
Property types defined for the historic
'context "Coal Mining in Northeastern
Pennsylvania, 1860-1930" might include
coal extraction and processing
complexes; railroad and canal
transportation, systems; commercial
districts; mine workers' housing;
churches, social clubs and other
community facilities reflecting the ethnic
origins of workers; and residences and
other properties associated with mine
owners and other industrialists.
a. Identify property types: The
narrative should discuss the kinds of
properties expected within the
geographical limits of the context and
group them into those property types
most useful in representing important
historic trends.
Generally, property types should be
defined after the historic context has
been defined. Property types in common
usage ("Queen Anne houses," "mill
buildings," or "stratified sites") should
not be adopted without first verifying
their relevance to the historic contexts
being used.
b. Characterize the locational
patterns of property types:
Generalizations about where particular
types of properties are likely to be found
can serve as a guide for identification
and treatment. Generalizations about
the distribution of archeological
properties are frequently used. The
.distribution of other historic properties
often can be estimated based on
recognizable historical, environmental
or cultural factors that determined their
location. Locational patterns of property
types should be based upon models that
have an explicit theoretical or historical
basis and can be tested in the field. The
model may be the product of historical
research and analysis ("Prior to
widespread use of steam power, mills
were located on rivers and streams able
to produce water power" or "plantation
houses in the Mississippi Black.Belt
were located on sandy clay knolls"), or
it may result from sampling techniques.
Often the results of statistically valid
sample surveys can be used to describe
the locational patterns of a
representative portion of properties
belonging to a particular property type.
Other surveys can also provide a basis
for suggesting locational patterns if a
diversity of historic properties was
recorded and a variety of environmental
zones was inspected. It is likely that the
identification of locational patterns will
come from a combination of these
sources. Expected or predicted
locational patterns of property types
should be developed with a provision
made for their verification.
c. Characterize the current condition
of property types: The expected
condition of property types should be
evaluated to assist in the development
of identification, evaluation and.
treatment strategies, and to help define
physical integrity thresholds for various
property types. The following should be
assessed for each property type:
(1) Inherent characteristics of a
property type that either contribute to or
detract from its physical preservation.
For example, a property type commonly
constructed of fragile materials is more
likely to be deteriorated than a property
type constructed of durable materials;
structures whose historic function or
design limits the potential for alternative
uses (water towers) are less likely to be
reused than structures whose design
allows a wider variety of other uses
(commercial -buildings or warehouses).
(2) Aspects of the social and natural
environment that may affect the
preservation or visibility-of the property
type. For example, community values
placed on certain types of properties
(churches, historic cemeteries) may
result in their maintenance while the
need to reuse valuable materials may
stimulate the disappearance of
properties like abandoned houses and
barns.
It may be most efficient to estimate of
the condition of property types based on
professional knowledge of existing
properties and field test these estimates
using a small sample of properties
representative of each type.
5. Identify information needs
F'illing gaps in information is an
important element of the preservation
plan designed for each historic context.
Statements of the information needed
should be as specific as possible,
'focusing on the information needed, the
historic context and property types it
applies to, and why the information is
needed to perform identification,
evaluation, or treatment activities.
Developing Goals for a Historic Context
Developing Goals
A goal is a statement of preferred
preservation activities, which is
44720 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
generally stated in terms o f property
types.
The purpose of establishing
preservation goals is to set forth a "best
case" version of how properties in the
historic context should be identified,
evaluated, registered and treated.
Preservation goals should be oriented
toward the greatest po'ssible protection
of properties in the historic context and
should be based on the principle that
properties should be preserved in place
if possible, through affirmative
treatments like rehabilitation,
stabilization or restoration. Generally,
goals will be specific to the historic
context and will often be phrased in
terms of property types. Some of these
goals will be related to information
needs previously identified for the
historic context. Collectively, the goals
for a historic context should be a
coherent statement of program direction
covering all aspects 'of the context.
For each goal, a statement should be
prepared identifying:
1. The goal, including the context and
property types to which the goal applies
and the geographical area in which they
are located;
2. The activities required t6 achieve
the goal;
3. The most appropriate methods or
strategies for carrying out the activities;
4. A schedule within which the
activities should be completed; and
5. The amount of effort required to
accomplish the goal, as well as a way to
evaluate progress toward its
accomplishment.
Setting priorities for goals
Once goals have been developed they
need to be ranked in importance.
Ranking involves examining each goal
in light of a number qf factors.
1. General social, economic, political
and environmental conditions and
trends affecting (positively and
negatively) the identification,
evaluation, registration and treatment of
property types in the historic context.
Some property types in the historic
context may be more directly threatened
by deterioration, land development
patterns, contemporary use patterns, or
public perceptions of their value, and
such property types should be given
priority consideration.
2. Major cost or technical
considerations affecting the
identification, evaluation and treatment
of property types in the historic context.
-The identification or treatment of
some property types may be technically
possible but the cost prohibitive; or
techniques may not currently perfected
(for exAmple, the identification of
submerged sites or objects, or the
evaluation of sites containing material
for which dating techniques are still
being developed).
3. Identification, evaluation,
registration and treatment activities
previously carried out for property types
in the historic context. '
If a number of properties representing
one aspect of a historic context have,
been recorded or preserved, treatment
of additional members of that property
type may receive lower priority than
treatment of a property type for which
no examples have yet been recorded or
preserved. This approach ensures that
the focus of recording or preserving all
elements of ths historic context is
retained, rather than limiting activities
to preserving properties representing
only some aspects of the context.
The result of considering the goals in
light of these concerns will be a list of
refined goals ranked in order of priority.
Integrating Individual Con texts-
Creating the Preservation Plan
When historic contexts overlap
geographically, competing goals and
priorities must be integrated for
-effective preservation planning. The
ranking of goals for each historic
context must be reconciled to ensure
that recommendations for one context
do not contradict those for another. This
important step results in an overall set
of priorities for several historic contexts
and a list of the activities to be
performed to achieve the ranked goals.
When applied to a specific geographical
area, this is the preservation plan for
that area.
It is expected that in many instances
historic contexts will overlap
geographically. Overlapping contexts
are likely to occur in two
combinations-those that were defined
at the same scale (i.e., textile
development in Smithtown 1850-1910
and Civil War in Smithtown 1855-1870)
and those defined at different scales
(i.e., Civil War in Smithtown and Civil
War in the Shenandoah Valley). The
contexts may share the same property
types, although the shared property
types will probably have different levels
of importance, or they may group the
same properties into different property
types, reflecting either a different scale
of analysis or a different historical
perspective.
As previously noted, many of the
goals that the formulated for a historic
context will focus on the property types
defined for that context. Thus it is
critical that the integration of goals
include the explicit consideration of the
potential for shared property type
membership by individual properties.
For example, when the same property
types are used by two contexts,
reconciling the goals will require
weighing the level of importance
assigned to each property type. The
degree to which integration of historic
contexts must involve reconciling
property types may be limited by the
coordinated development of historic
contexts used at various levels.
Integration with lVfahagement
Frameworks
Preservation goals and priorities are
adapted to land units through
integration with other planning
concerns. This integration must involve
the resolution of conflicts that arise
when competing resources occupy the
same land base, Successful resolution of
these conflicts can often be achieved
through judicious combination of
inventory, evaluation and treatment*
activities. Since historic properties are
irreplaceable, these activities should be
heavily weighted to discourage the
destruction of significant properties and
to be compatible with the primary land
use.
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Resource Protection Planning Process.
State and Plans Grants Division, 1980.
Washington, D.C. Available from Survey and
Planning Branch, interagency Resources
Division, Nationil Park Service, Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.
Outlines a step-by-step approach to
implementing the resource protection
planning process.
Resource Protection Planning Process Case
Studies. Available from Survey and Planning
Branch, Interagency Resources Division,
National Park Service, Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Reports
prepared by State Historic Preservation
Offices and other using the planning process.
Planning Theory. Andreas Faludi, 1980.
Oxford: Pergamon Press. Constructs a model
of planning using concepts borrowed from
general systems theory.
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR'S
STANDARDS FOR IDENTIFICATION
Identification activities are
undertaken to gather information about
historic properties in an area. The scope
of these activities will depend on:
existing knowledge about properties;
goals for survey activities developed in
the planning process; and current
management needs.
Standard I. Identification of Historic
Properties Is Undertaken to the Degree
Required To Make Decisions
Archival research and survey
activities should be-designed to gather
the information necessary to achieve
defined preservation goals. The
44721 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
objectives, chosen methods and
techniques, and expected results of the
identification activities are specified in
a research design. These activities may
include archival research and other
techniques to develop historic contexts,
sampling-an area to gain a broad
understanding of the kinds of properties
it contains, or examining every property
in an area as a basis for property
specific decisions. Where possible, use
of quantitative methods is important
because it can produce an estimate,
whose reliability may be assessed, of
the kinds of historic properties that may
be present in the studied area.
Identification activities should use a
search procedure consistent with the
management needs for information and
the character of the area to be
investigated. Careful selection of
methods, techniques and level of detail
is necessary so that the gathered
information will provide a sound basis
for making decisions.
Standard II. Results of Identification
Activities are Integrated Into the
Preservation Planning Process
Results of identification activities are
reviewed for their effects on previous
planning data. Archival research or field
survey may refine the understanding of
one or more historic contexts and may
alter the need for additional survey or
study of particular property types.
Incorporation of the results of these
activities into the planning process is
fiecessary to ensure that the planning
process is always based on the best
available information.
Standard III. Identification Activities
Include Explicit Procedures for Record-
Keeping and Information Distribution
Information gathered in identification
activities is useful in other preservation
planning activities only when it is
systematically gathered and recorded,
and made available to those responsible
for preservation planning. The results of
identification activities should be
reported in a format that summarizes
the design and methods of the survey,
provides a basis for others to review the
results, and states where information on
identified properties is maintained.
However, sensitive information, like the
location of fragile resources, must be
safeguarded from general public
distribution.
Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for
Identification
Introduction
These Guidelines link the Standards
for Identification with more specific
guidance and technical information. The
Guidelines outline one approach to meet
the Standards for Identification.
Agencies, organizations and individuals
proposing to approach identification
differently may wish to review their
approaches with the National Park
Service.
The Guidelines are organized as
follows:
Role of Identification in the Planning
Process
Performing Identification
Integrating Identification Results
Reporting Identification Results
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Role of Identification in the Planning
Process
Identification is undertaken for the
purpose of locating historic properties
and is composed of a number of
activities which include, but are not
limited to archival research, informant
interviews, field survey and analysis.
Combinations of these activities may be
selected and appropriate levels of effort
assigned to produce a flexible series of
options. Generally identification
activities will have multiple objectives,
reflecting complex management needs.
Within a comprehensive planning
process, identification is normally
undertaken to acquire property-specific
information needed to refine a particular
historic context or to develop any new
historic contexts. (See the Guidelines for
Preservation Planning for discussion of
information gathering to establish plans
and to develop historic contexts.) The
results of identification activities are
then integrated into the planning
process so that subsequent activities are
based on the most up-to-date
information. Identification activities are
also undertaken in the absence of a
comprehensive planning process, most
frequently as part of a specific land-use
or development project. Even lacking a
formally developed preservation
planning process, the benefits of
efficent, goal-directed research may be
obtained by the development of
localized historic contexts, suitable in
scale for the project area, as part of the
background research which customarily
occurs before field survey efforts.
Performing Identification
Research Design
Identification activities are essentially
research activities for which a statement
of objectives or research design should
be prepared before work is performed.
Within the framework of a
comprehensive planning process, the
research design provides a vehicle for'
integrating the various activities
performed during the identification
process and for linking those activities
directly to the goals and the historic
context(s) for which those goals were
defined. The research design stipulates
the logical integration of historic
context(s) and field and laboratory
methodology. Although these tasks may
be performed individually, they will not
contribute to the greatest extent
possible in increasing information on the
historic context unless they relate to the
defined goals and to each other.,
Additionally, the research design
provides a focus for the integration of
interdisciplinary information. It ensures
that the linkages between specialized
activities are real, logical and address
the defined research questions.
Identification activities should be guided
by the research design and the results
discussed in those terms. (See Reporting
Identification Results)
The research design should include
the following:
1. Objectives of the identification
activities. For example: to characterize
the range of historic properties in a
region; to identify the number of
properties associated-with a context;'to
gather information to determine which
properties in an area are significant.
The statement of objectives should
refer to current knowledge about the
historic contexts or property types,
based on background research or
assessments of previous research. It
should clearly define the physical extent
of the area to be investigated and the
amount and kinds of information to be
gathered about properties in the area.
2. Methods to be used to obtain the
information. For example: archival
research or field survey. Research
methods should be clearly and
specifically related to research
problems.
Archival. research or survey methods
should be carefully explained so that
others using the gathered information
can understand how the information
was obtained and what its possible
limitations or biases are.
The methods should be compatible
with the past and present environmental
character of the geographical area under
study and the kinds of properties most
likely to be present in the area.
3. The expected results and the
reasons for those expections.
Expectations about the kind, number,
location,, character and condition of
historic properties are generally based
on a combination of background
research, proposed hypotheses, and
analogy to the kinds of properties
known to exist in areas of similar
environment or history.
44722 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 J Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
Archival Research
Archival or background research is
generally undertaken prior to any field
survey. Where identification is
undertaken as part of a comprehensive
planning process, background research
may have taken place as part of the
developrnent of the historic contexts
(see the Guidelines for Preservation
Planning). In the absence of previously
developed historic contexts, archival
research should address specific issues
and topics. It should not duplicate
previous work. Sources should include,
but not be limited to, historical maps,
atlases, tax records, photographs,
ethnographies, folklife documentation,
oral histories and other studies, as well
as standard historical reference works,
as appropriate for the research problem.
(See the Guidelines for Historical
Documentation for additional
discussion.)
Field Survey
The variety of field survey techniques
available, in combination with the
varying levels of effort that may be
assigned, give great flexibility to
implementing field surveys. It is
important that the selection of field
survey techniques and levelof effort be
responsive to the management needs
and preservation goals that direct the
survey effort.
Survey techniques may be loosely
grouped into two categories, according
to their results. First are the techniques
that result in the characterization of a
region's historic properties. Such
techniques might include "windshield"
or walk-over surveys, with perhaps a
limited use of sub-surface survey. For
purposes of these Guidelines, this kind
of survey is termed a "reconnaissance."
The second category of survey
techniques is those that permit the
identification and description of specific
historic properties in an area; this kind
of survey effort is termed "intensive."
the terms "rec6nnaissance" and
"intensive" are sometimes defined to
mean particular survey techniques,
generally with regard to prehistoric
sites. The use of the terms here is
general and is not intended to redefine
the terms as they are used elsewhere.
Reconnaissance survey might be most
profitably employed when gathering
data to refine a developed historic
context-such as checking on the
presence or absence -of expected
property types, to define specific
property types or to estimate the
distribution of historic properties in an
area. The results of regional
characterization activities provide a
general understanding of the historic
properties in a particular area and
permit management decisions that
consider the sensitivity of the area in
terms of historic preservation concerns
and the resulting implications for future
land use planning. The data should
allow the formulation of estimates of the
necessity, type and cost of further
identification work and the setting of
priorities for the individual tasks
involved. In most cases, areas surveyed
in this way will require resurvey if more
complete information is needed about
specific properties.
A reconnaissance survey should
document:
1. The kinds of properties looked for;
2. The boundaries of the area
surveyed;
3. The method of survey, including the
extent of survey coverage;
4. The kinds of historic properties
present in the surveyed area;
5. Specific properties that were
identified, and the categories of
information collected; and
6. Places examined that did not
contain historic properties.
Intensive survey is most useful when
it is necessary to know precisely what
historic properties exist in a given area
or when information, sufficient for later
evaluation and treatment decisions is
needed on individual historic properties.
Intensive survey describes the
distribution of properties in an area;
determines the number, location, and
condition of properties; determines the
types of properties actually present
within the area; permits classification of
individual properties; and records the
physical extent of specific properties.
An intensive survey should document:
1. The kinds of properties looked for;
2. The boundaries of the area
surveyed;
3. The method of survey, including an
estimate of the extent of survey
coverage;
4. A record of the precise location of
all properties identified; and
5. Information on the appparance,
significance, integrity and boundaries of
each property sufficient to permit an
evaluation of its significance.
Sampling
Reconnaissance or intensive survey
methods may be employed according to
a sampling procedure to examine less-
than-the-total project or planning area.
Sampling can be effective when
several locations are being considered
for an undertaking or when it is
desirable to estimate the cultural
resources of an area. In many cases,
especially where large land areas are
involved, sampling can be done in
stages. In this approach, the results of
the initial large area survey are used to
structure successively smaller, more
detailed surveys. This "nesting"
approach is an efficient technique since
it enables characterization of both large
and small areas with reduced effort. As
with all investigative techniques, such
procedures should be designed to permit
an independent assessment of results.
Various types of sample surveys can
be conducted, including, but not limited
to: random, stratified and systematic.
Selection of sample type should be
guided by the problem the survey is
expected to solve, the nature of the
expected properties and the nature of
the area to be surveyed.
Sample surveys may provide data to
estimate frequencies of properties and
types of properties within a specified
area at various confidence levels.
Selection of confidence levels should be
based upon the nature of the problem
the sample survey is designed to
address.
Predictive modeling is an application
of basic sampling techniques that
projects or extrapolates the number,
classes and frequencies of properties in
unsurveyed areas based on those found
in surveyed areas. Predictive modeling
can be an effective tool during the early
stages of planning an undertaking, for
targeting field survey and for other
management purposes. However, the
accuracy of the model must be verified;
predictions should be confirmed through
field testing and the model redesigned
and retested if necessary.
Special survey techniques
Special survey techniques may be
needed in certain situations.
Remote sensing techniques may be
the most effective way to gather
background environmental data, plan
more detailed field investigations.,
discover certain classes of properties,
map~sites, locate and confirm the
presence of predicted sites, and define
features within properties. Remote
sensing techniques include aerial,
subsurface and underwater techniques.
Ordinarily the results of remote sensing
should be verified through independent
field inspection before making any
evaluation or statement regarding
frequencies or types of properties.
Integrating Identification Results
The results of identification efforts
must be integrated into the planning
process so that planning decisions are
based on the best available information.
The newinformantion is first assessed
against the objectives of the
identification effort to determine
whether the gathered information meets
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44723
the defined identification goals for the
historic context(s); then the goals are
adjusted accordingly. In addition, the
historic context narrative, the definition
of property types and the planning goals
for evaluation and treatment are all
adjusted as necessary to accommodate
the new data.
Reporting Identification Results
Reporting of the results of
identification activities should begin
with the statement of objectives
prepared before undertaking the survey.
The report should respond t6 each of the
major points documenting:
1. Objectives;
2. Area researched or surveyed;
3. Research design or statement of
objectives;
4. Methods used, including the
intensity of coverage. If the methods
differ from those outlined in the
statement of objectives, the reasons
should be explained.
5. Results: how the results met the
objectives; result analysis, implications
and recommedations; where the
compiled information is located.
A summary of the survey results
should be available for examination and
distribution. Identified properties should
then be evaluated for possible inclusibn
in appropriate inventories.
Protection of information about
archeological sites or other properties
that may be threatened by
dissemination of that information is
necessary. These may include fragile
archeological properties or properties
such as religious sites, structures, or
objects, whose cultural value would be
compromised by public knowledge of
the property's location.
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
The Archeological Survey: Methods and
Uses. Thomas F. King. Interagency
Archeological Services, U.S. Department of
the Interior, 1978. Washington, D.C. Available
through the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402. GPO stock number
024-016-00091. Written primarily for the non-
archeologist, this publication presents
methods and objectives for archeological
surveys.
Cultural Resources Evaluation of the
Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Shelf
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1977.
Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for
Preservation Planning. Anne Derry, H. Ward
Jandl, Carol Shull and Jan Thorman. National
Register Division, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1978. Washington, D.C. Available
through the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402. GPO stock number.
024-016-0089-7. General guidance about
designing and carrying out community
surveys.
The Process of Field Research: Final
Report on the Blue Ridge Parkway Folklife
Project. American Folklife. Center, 1981.
Regional Sampling in Archeology. David
Hurst Thomas. University of California,
Archeological Survey Annual Report, 1968-9,
11:87-100.
Remote Sensing: A Handbook for
Archeologists and Cultural Resource
Managers. Thomas R. Lyons and Thomas
Eugene Avery. Cultural Resource
Management Division, National Park Service,
U.S. Department of the Interior, 1977.
Remote Sensing and Non-Destructive
Archeology. Thomas R. Lyons and James L.
Ebert, editors. Remote Sensing Division,
Southwest Cultural Resources Center,
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior and University of New Mexico, 1978.
Remote Sensing Experiments in Cultural
Resource Studies: Non-Destructive Methods
of Archeological Exploration, Survey and
Analysis. Thomas R. Lyons, assembler.
reports of the Chaco Center, Number One.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior and University of New Mexico, 1976.
Sampling in Archeology. James W. Mueller,
editor. University of Arizona Press, 1975.
Tucson, Arizona.
Scholars as Contractors. William J. Mayer-
Oakes and Alice W. Portnoy, editors.
Cultural Resource Management Studies. U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1979.
Sedimentary Studies of Prehistoric
Archeological Sites. Sherwood Gagliano,
Charles Pearson, Richard Weinstein, Diana
Wiseman, and Christopher McClendon.
Division of State Plans and Grants, National
Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,
1982. Washington, D.C. Available from
Coastal Environments Inc., 1260 Main Street,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70802. Establishes
and evaluates a method for employing
sedimentological analysis in distinguishing
site areas from non-site areas when
identifying submerged archeological sites on
the continental shelf.
State Survey Forms. Available from
Interagency Resource Management Division,
National Park Service, Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.
Characterizes cultural resource survey
documentation methods in State Historic
Preservation Offices.
Truss Bridge Types: A Guide to Dating and
Identifying. Donald C. Jackson and T. Allan
Comp. American Association for State and Local History, 1977. Nashville, Tennessee.
Technical leaflet #95. Available from,
AASLH, 708 Berry Road, Nashville,
Tennessee 37204. Information about
performing surveys of historic bridges and
identifying the types of properties
encountered.
Secretary of the Interior's Standards for
Evaluation
Evaluation is the process of
determining whether identified
properties meet defined criteria of
significance and therefore should be
included in an inventory of historic
properties determined to meet the
criteria. The criteria employed vary
depending on the inventory's use in
resource management.
Standard L Evaluation of the
Significance of Historic Properties Uses
Established Criteria
The evaluation of historic properties
employs criteria to determine which
properties are significant. Criteria
should therefore focus on historical,
architectural, archeological, engineering
and cultural values, rather than on
treatments. A statement of the minimum
information necessary to evaluate
properties against the criteria should be
provided to direct information gathering
activities.
Because the National Register of
Historic Places is a major focus of
preservation activities on the Federal,
State and local levels, the National
Register criteria have been widely
adopted not only as required for Federal
purposes, but for State and local
inventories as well. The National
Historic Landmark criteria and other
criteria used for inclusion of properties
in State historic site files are other
examples of criteria with different
management purposes.
Standard I1. Evaluation of Significance
Applies the Criteria Within Historic
Contexts
Properties are evaluated using a
historic context that identifies the
significant patterns that properties
represent and defines expected property
types against which individual
properties may be compared. Within
this comparative framework, the criteria
for evaluation take on particular
meaning with regard to individual
properties.
Standard III. Evaluation Results in A
List or Inventory of Significant
Properties That Is Consulted In
Assigning Registration and Treatment
Priorities
The evaluation process and the
subsequent development of an inventory
of significant properties is an on-going
activity. Evaluation of the significance
of a property should be completed "
before registration is considered and
before preservation treatments are
selected. The inventory entries should
contain sufficient information for
subsequent activities such as
registration or treatment of properties,
including an evaluation statement that
makes clear the significance of the
property within one or more historic
contexts.
44724 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
Standard IV. Evaluation Results Are
Made Available to the Public
Evaluation is the basis of registration
and treatment decisions. Information
about evaluation decisions should be
organized and available for use by the
general public and by those who take
part in decisions about registration and'
treatment. Use of appropriate computer-
assisted data bases should be a part of
the information dissemination effort.
Sensitive information, however, must be
safeguarded from general public
distribution.
Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for
Evaluation
Introduction
These Guidelines link the Standards
for Evaluation with more specific
guidance and technical information.
These Guidelines describe one approach
to meeting the Standards for Evaluation.
Agencies, organizations, or individuals
proposing to approach evaluation
differently may wish to review their
approach with the National Park
Service.
The Guidelines are organized as
follows:
The Evalauation Process
Criteria
Application of Criteria within a Historic
Context
Inventory
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
The Evaluation Process
These Guidelines describe principles
for evaluating the significance of one or
more historic properties with regard to a
given set of criteria.
Groups of related properties should be
evaluated at the same time whenever
possible; for example, following
completion of a theme study or
community survey.
Evaluation should not be undertaken
using documentation that may be out of
date. Prior to proceeding with evaluation
the current condition of the property
should be determined and previous
analyses evaluated in light of any new
information.
Evaluation must be performed by
persons qualified by education, training
and experience in the application of the
criteria. Where feasible, evaluation
should be performed in consultation
with other individuals experienced in
applying the relevant criteria in the
geographical area under consideration;
for example, the State Historic
Preservation Officer or local landmarks
commission.
Evaluation is completed with a
written determination that a property is
or is not significant based on provided
information. This statement should be
part of the record.
Criteria: The purposes of evaluation
criteria should be made clear. For
example, the criteria may be used "to
evaluate properties for inclusion in the
county landmarks list," or "to implement
the National Register of Historic Places
program."
For Federal cultural resource
management purposes, criteria used to
develop an inventory should be
coordinated with the Natidnal Register
criteria for evaluation as implemented in
the approved State comprehensive
historic preservation plan.
Content of Criteria: Criteria should be
appropriate in scale to the purpose of
the evaluation. For example, criteria
designed to describe national
significance should not be used as the
basis for creating a county or State
inventory. Criteria should be categorical
and not attempt to describe in detail
every property likely to qualify. Criteria
should outline the disciplines or broad
areas of concern (history, archeology,
architectural history, engineering and
culture, for ekample) included within the
scope of the inventory; explain what
kinds of properties, if any, are excluded
and the reasons for exclusion; and
define how levels of significance are
mbasured, if such levels are
incorporated into the criteria. If the
criteria are to be used in situations
where the National Register criteria are
also widely used, it is valuable to
include a statement explaining the
relationship of the criteria used to the
National Register criteria, including how
the scope of the inventory differs from
that defined by the National Register
criteria and how the inventory could be
use to identify properties that meet the
National Register criteria.
Information Needed to Evaluate
Properties: The criteria should be
accompanied by a statement defining
the minimum information necessary to
evaluate properties to insure that this
information is collected during
identification activities intended to
locate specific historic properties.
Generally, at least the following will be
needed:
1. Adequately developed historic
contexts, including identified property
types. (See the Guidelines for
Preservation Planning for discussion of
development of historic contexts.)
2. Sufficient information about the
appearance, condition and associative
values of the property to be evaluated
to:
a. Classify it as to property type;
b. Compare its features or
characteristics with those expected for
its property type; and
c. Define the physical extent of the
property and accurately locate the
property.
To facilitate distinguishing between
facts and analysis, the information
should be divided into categories.
including identification and description
of pertinent historical contexts;
description of the property and its
significance in the historical context;
and analysis of the integrity of the
property relative to that needed to
represent the context.
Usually documentation need not
include such items as a complete title
history or biography of every owner of a
property, except where that information
is important in evaluating its
significance. Information on proposed or
potential treatments or threats, such as
destruction of a property through
uncontrollable natural processes, is also
not needed for evaluation, unless those
effects are likely to occur prior to or
during the evaluation, thereby altering
the significant characteristic of the
property. If archeological testing or
structural analysis is needed for
evaluation, it should not proceeded
beyond the point of providing the
information necessary for evaluation
and should not unnecessarily affect
significant features or values of the
property.
When more information is needed:
Evaluation cannot be conducted unless
all necessary information is available.
(See Information Needed to Evaluate
Properties.) Any missing information or
analysis should be identified (e.g.
development of context or information*
on the property) as well as the specific
activities required to obtain the
information. (archival research, field
survey and testing, or laboratory
testing). When adequate information is
not available, it is important to record
that fact so that evaluation will not be
undertaken until the information can be
obtained. In some cases needed
information is not obtainable, for
example, where historical records have
been destroyed or analytical techniques
have not been developed to date
materials in archeological sites. If an
evaluation must be completed in these
cases, it is important to acknowledge
what information was not obtainable
and how that missing information may
affect the reliability of the evaluation.
Application of the Criteria within a
Historic Context
The first step in evaluation is
considering how the -criteria apply to the
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 1447-25
particular historic context. This is done
by reviewing the previously developed
narrative for the historic context and
determining how the criteria would
apply to properties in that context,
based on the important patterns, events,
persons and cultural values identified.
(See the discussion of the historic
context narrative in the Guidelines for
Preservation Planning.) This step
includes identification of which criteria
each property type might meet and how
integrity is to be evaluated for each
property type under each criterion.
Specific guidelines for evaluating the
eligibility of individual properties should
be established. These guidelines should
outline and justify the specific physical
characteristics'or data requirements that
an individual property must possess to
retain integrity for the particular
property type; and define the process by
which revisions or additions can be
made to the evaluation framework.
Consideration of property type and
intergrity: After considering how the
criteria apply to the particular historic
context, the -evaluation process ifor a
property generally includes the
following steps:
1. A property is classified as.to the
appropriate.historic context(s) -and
property type(s). If no existing.property
type is appropriate, anew property type
is defined, its values identified, and the
specific characteristics ordata
requirements are'outlined and justified
as an addition to thehistoric context. If
necessary, a new.historic -context is
defined for which values and property
types and their integrity requirements
are identified and justified.
2. A comparison is made between the
existing information about the property
and the integrity-characteristics or data
required for the property type.
a. If the comparison shows that the
property possesses these characteristics,
then it is evaluated as significant for
that historic context. The evaluation
includes a determination that the
property retains integrity for its type.
b. If the comparison shows that the
property does not meet the minimum
requirements, one of several conclusions
is reached:
(1) The property is determined not
significant because it does not.retain the
integrity defined for the property type.
(2) The property has characteristics
that may make it significant but these
differ from those expected for .that
property type in that context. In this
case, the historic context or property
types should be reexamined and revised
if necessary, based on subsequent
research and survey.
The evaluation should state how the
particular property meets the integrity
requirements for its type. When a
property is disqualified for loss of
integrity, the evaluation statement
should focus on the kinds of integrity
expected for the property type, those
that are absent for the disqualified
property, and the impact of that absence
on the property's abiliiy to exemplify
architectural, historical or research
values within a particular historic
context.
The integrity of the property in its
current condition, rather than its likely
condition after a proposed treatment,
should be evaluated. Factors such as
structural problems, deterioration, or
abandonment should be considered in
the evaluation only if they have affected
the integrity of the significant features or
characteristics of the property.
Inventory
An inventory is a repository of
information-on specific properties
evaluated as significant.
Content: The inventory should
include:
1. Summaries of the important historic
contexts. These may be in the form of an
approved plan or analyses of historic
contexts important in the history of the
geographical area covered by the
inventory.
2. Descriptions of significant property
types of these contextswhether or not
any specific properties have been
identified.
3. Results of reconnaissance surveys
or other identification activities, even if
the level of information-on specific
properties identified as part of those
activities is iot sufficient to evaluate
individual properties.
4. ilnformation on indihidual properties
that was used in evaluation.
Historic contexts are identified by
name, with reference to documents
describing those contexts, or with a
narrative statement about the context(s)
where such documents do not exist.
A description of the property* Part of
this description may be a photographic
record.
A statement that justifies the
significance of the property in relation to
its context(s). This statement should
include an analysis of the integrity of
the property.
Boundaries of-the property.
A record of when a property was
evaluated and included in the inventory,
and by whom.
Records on demolished or altered
properties and properties evaluated as
not significant should be retained, along
with full description of areas surveyed,
for the planning information these
records provide about impacts to
properties and about the location and
character of non-significant properties
to prevent redundant identification work
at a later time.
Maintenance: Inventory entries should
be maintained so that they accurately
represent what is known about historic
properties in the area covered by the
inventory. This will include new
information gained from research.and
survey about the historic contexts,
property types, and previously
evaluated properties, as well as
information about newly evaluated
properties. For individual properties,
addition of kinds of significance, change
in the boundaries, or loss of significance
through demolition or alteration should
be recorded.
Uses andAvailability: An inventory
should be managed.so that the
information is accessible. Its usefulness
depends on the organization of
information and on its abilty to
incorporate new information. An
inventory should be structured so that
entries can be retrieved by locality _®rby
historic context.
The availability of the inventory
information should be announced or a
summary should be distributed. This
may be in the form of a list of properties
evaluated as significant or a summary of
the historic contexts and the kinds of
properties in the inventory. Inventories
should be avilable to managers,
planners, and the general.public at 'local,
State, regional, and Federal agency
levels.
It is .necessary to protect information
about archeological sites or other
properties whose integrity may be
damaged by widespread knowledge of
their location. It -may also be necessary
to protect information on the location of
properties such as religious sites,
structures, or objects whose cultural
value would be -compromised by public
knowledge of the property's location.
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
How to Apply the National Register
Critero. Available through the National
Register Branch, Interagency Resources
Division, National Park Service, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C. 20240. Provides detalied technical
information about interpretation of the
significance and integrity criteria used
by the National Register of Historic
Places program.
How To Series. Available through the
National Register Branch, Interagency
Resources Division, National Park
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. 20240. Discusses
application of the National Register
criteria for evaluation. Titles include:
44726 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
How To Establish Boundaries for
National Register Properties.
How To Evaluate and Nominate
Potential National Register Properties
That Have Achieved Significance
Within the Last 50 Years.
How To Improve Quality of Photos for
National Register Nominations.
How To Apply for Certification of
Significance Under Section 2124 of the
Tax Reform Act of 1976.
How To Apply for Certification of State
and Local Stdtutes and Historic
Districts.
How To Quality Historic Properties
Under the New Federal Law Affective
Easements.
Importance of Small, Surface, and
Disturged Sites as Sources of Significant
Archeological Data. Valerie Talmage
and Olga Chesler. Interagency
Archeological Service 1,977. Washington,
D.C. Available from the National
Technical Information Service. NTIS
Publication Number PB 270939[AS.
Discusses the role of small, surface, and
disturbed sites as sources of significant
information about a variety of
prehistoric activities. These types of
sites are frequently ignored in the
development of regional archeological
research designs.
Secretary of the Interior's Standards For
Registration
Registration is the formal recognition
of properties evaluated as significant.
Preservation benefits provided by
various registration programs range
from honorific recognition to prohibition
of demolition or alteration of included
properties. Some registration programs
provide recognition and other broad
benefits while other programs authorize
more specific forms of protection.
Standard . Registration Is Conducted
According To Stated Procedures
Registration of historic properties in
the National Register of Historic Places
must be done in accordance with the
National Register regulations published
in the Code of Federal Regulations, 36
CFR 60. Registration for other lists or
purposes follow an established process
that is understood by the public,
particularly by those interests that may
be affected by registration.
Standard I1. Registration Information
Locates, Describes andJustifies the
Significance and Physical Integrity of a
Historic Property
Registers are used for planning,
research and treatment. They must
contain adequate information for users
to locate a property and understand its
significance. Additional information
may be appropriate depending on the
intended use of the register.
Standard III. Registration Information is
Accessible to the Public
Information should be readily
available to the public and to
government agencies responsible for the
preservation of historic properties and
for other planning needs.
Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for
Registration
Introduction
These Guidelines link the Standards
for Registration with more-specific
guidance and technical information.
They describe one approach to meeting
the Standards for Registration.
Agencies: organizations, or individuals
proposing to approach registration
differently may wish to review their
approach with the National Park
Service.
The Guidelines are organized as
follows:
Purpose of Registration Programs
Registration Procedures
Documentation on Registered Properties
Public Availability
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Purpose of Registration Programs
Registration of historic properties is
the formal recognition of properties that
have been evaluated as significant
according to written criteria.
Registration results in an official
inventory or list that serves an
administrative function. A variety of
benefits or forms of protection accure to
a registered property, ranging from
honorific recognition to prohibition of
demolition or alteration.
Some registration programs provide
recognition and other broad benefits or
entitlements, while other registrations of
properties may, in addition, authorize
more specific forms of protection. The
application of the registration process
should be a logical outgrowth of the
same planning goals and priorities that
guided the identification and evaluation
activities. All registration programs
should establish priorities for
rec6gnition of their authorized range of
properties: provide for confidentiality of
sensitive information: and establish a
means of appealing the registration or
non-registration of a property.
Registration Procedures
Explicit procedures are essential
because they are the means by which
the public can understand and
participate in the registration process.
Procedures for registration programs
should be developed by professionals in
the field of historic preservation, in
consultation with those who will use or
be affected by the program. Prior to
taking effect, procedures should be
published or circulated for comment at
the governmental level at which they
will be used. (Procedures for registration
of properties in the National Register of.
Historic Places and the National
Historic Landmarks list, for expmple,
are published in the Federal Register.)
Any registration program should
include:
1. A professional staff to prepare or
assess the documentation;
2. A professional review, independent
of the nominating source, to provide an
impartial evaluation of the documented
significance;
3. Adequate notice to property
owners, elected officials and the public
about proposed registrations and the
effects of listing, ifany; and
4. A means of public participation.
Professional Review: The registration
process should include an independent
evaluation of the significance of the
property and of the quality and
thoroughness of the documentation
supporting that significance. Such
evaluation ensures that significance is
adequately justified and that
registration documentation meets the
technical requirements of the
registration process.
State and local preservation
programs, concerned with both public
and private properties, generally use a
review board, panel or commission. This
level of professional review has proven
to be effective in assessing the
significance of properties considered for
registration.
Review boards and other forms of
independent review should include
professionals in the fields or diciplines
included in the criteria; representatives
of other fields or disciplines may be
desirable to reflect other values or
aspects of the register. Key personnel
must be qualified by education, training
or experience to accomplish their
designated duties. (See the Professional
Qualifications Standards.)
The scope of the independent review
should be clearly stated in the
registration procedures and should not
include issues outside the scope of the
applicable criteria for evaluation and
other areas specified in the procedures.
Generally, independent reviewers
should not be involved in any primary
research or analysis related to
properties under consideration; this
information should be gathered and
organized prior to review meetings.
Documentation presented to the
reviewers should be made available to
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44727
the public prior to review meetings or
public hearings. Registration of
properties should not take place until
review of documentation has been
completed.
Public Notice: Adequate notice allows
property owners, officials and other
interested parties to comment on
proposed registrations prior to action by
the independent reviewers. The degree
of protection and control provided b-y a
registration program may be a factor in
determining what constitutes adequate
notice. For example, adequate notice of
proposed inclusion.in honorific registers
may be less complex than that for
registration that results in local controls
on alteration or demolition of registered
properties.
Notice to elected officials and the
public is necessary to distribute
information about potential registrations
of concern to planning and development
interests.
Adequate notice to property owners
may be accomplished through means
ranging from individual notification by
mail to publication of a public notice,
depending on the nature of the
registration program and the number
and character of the properties involved.
Public notices and owner notification
about proposed registrations should
include the dates and times of public
meetings and review meetings, the kinds
of comments that are appropriate, and
how comments will be considered in the
evaluation process. The notice should
also state where information can be
obtained about the registration program,
the criteria used to evaluate properties
for inclusion, and the significance of
specific properties under consideration.
The procedures should include a
means of public participation in the form
of submission of written comments or a
review meeting open to the public or a
public hearing.
The procedures should state time
periods within which reviews, notices,
comments, public hearings, review
meetings'and appeals will occur. The
time periods should be short enough to
allow for efficient recognition of historic
properties but also allow adequate time
for public comment and participation by
those affected. Time periods may vary
depending on whether activities are
carried out at the local, State, or
national level. These time schedules
should be widely circulated so that the
process is widely understood.
Appeal Process: A means of appeal
should be included in the registration
process to allow for reconsideration of a
property's inclusion. Reasons for appeal
may range from existence of additional
information about the property
supporting or refuting its significance to
administrative or procedural error. An
appeal process should specify to whom
an appeal may be made and how the
information that is provided will be
evaluated. The appeal procedures
should also state the time limit, if any,
on appealing a decision and on
consideration of information and
issuance of a decision by the appeal
authority.
* Documentation on Regstered Properties
Documentation requirements should
be carefully weighed to provide the
information actually needed to reach a
registration decision and should be
made public. It should be made certain
that identification and evaluation
activities obtain and record the
information necessary for registration.
Documentation should be prepared in a
standardized format and on materials
that are archivall stable and easy to
store and retrieve.
Location: The precise location of a
historic property must be clearly
identified.
Street address, town or vicinity, and
county should be provided. Properties
should also be located on maps; these
may be USGS maps, county planning
maps, or city base maps or real estate
maps. A uniform system of noting
location, such as UTM grid points or
longitude and latitude, should
supplement mapping. It is recommended
that each registration process
standardize the preferred choice of
maps appropriate to the scope of the
process.
Description: An accurate description
of a property includes a description of
both the current and historical physical
appearance and condition of the
property and notes the relevant property
type(s) for the applicable historic
context(s). Discussion should include
alterations, deterioration, relocation and
-other changes to the property since its
period of significance.
Significance: A statement of
significance should explain-why a
property meets the criteria for inclusion
in the register to which it has been
nominated.
This statement should contain at least
3 elements:
1. Reference to the relevant historic
context(s);
2. Identification of relevant property
types within the context and their
characteristics; and
3. Justification that the property under.
consideration has the characteristics
required to qualify it.
Relevant historic contexts can be
identified through reference to the
preservation plan or other documents
where the contexts have been
previously described or can be provided
by a narrative discussion of the context.
(The development of contexts and their
use in evaluating properties are
discussed in the Guidelines for
Preservation Planning and the
Guidelines for Evaluation.) A significant
property type and its characteristics are
identified either through reference to the
historic context(s) or by a narrative in
the documentation that describes
historic contexts. Justification of a
specific property is made by systematic
comparison of its characteristics to
those required for the property type.
Boundaries: The delineation and
justification of boundaries for a
registered property are important for
future treatment activities. It is
expecially critical when legal restraints
or restrictions may result from the
registration of properties. Thus,
boundaries should correspond as closely
as possible to the actual extent and
configuration of the property and should
be carefully selected to encompass, but
not exceed, the extent of the significant
resource(s). The selection of boundaries
should reflect the significant aspects of
the property.
Arbitrary boundaries should not be
chosen for ease of description since this
can result in the inclusion of unrelated
land or in exclusion of a portion of the
historic property. Present property lines
should not be chosen as property
boundaries without careful analysis of
whether they are appropriate to the
historic property. A single uniform
boundary description and acreage
should not be applied to a group or class
of properties (antebellum plantations,
for example) without examination of the
actual extent of each property. The
selected boundaries should be justified
as appropriate to the historic property.
Boundaries should be clearly and
precisely described, using a verbal
boundary description, legal description,
accurate sketch map, or lines drawn on
base maps, or a combination of these
where needed to specify the limits of the
property being registered. When used,
maps should show the location of
buildings, structures, sites or objects
within the boundary.
Updating Information on Registered
Properties: A change in the condition of
the significant features of a property
may require a change in the official
registration record. Alteration of a
significant architectural feature, for
example, could mean that a property is
no longer significant for its architectural
design.
Additional significance of registered
properties may be identified through
development of new historic contexts.
44728 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
Research may reveal that a property is
significant in other historic contexts or
is significant at a higher level. For
example, a property previously
recognized~as of local significance could
be found to be of national significance.
A change in location or condition of a
registered property may mean that the
property is no longer significant for the
reasons for which it was registered and
the property should be deleted from the
registered list.
Public A vailability
Lists of registered properties should
be readily available for public use, and
information on registered properties
should be distributed on a regular basis.
Lists of properties registered nationally
are" distributed through publication in
the Federal Register and to
Congressional Offices and State Historic
Preservation Offices. Comprehensive
information should be stored and
maintained for public use at designated
national, State and local authorities
open to the public on a regular basis.
Information should be retrievable by
the property name, and location, historic
context or property type. The specific
location of properties that may be
threatened by dissemination of that
information must be withheld. These
may include fragile archeological
properties or properties such as religious
sites, structures, or objects whose
cultural value would be compromised by
public knowledge of the property
location.
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information.
How to Complete National Register Forms.
National Register Division, National Park
Service, U.S. Deparment of the Interior, 1977.
Washington, D.C. Aailable through the
Superintendent of Documents, US
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402. GPO Stock Number 024-005-
00666-4. This publication is the standard
reference on the documentation requirements
of the National Register of Historic Places
program.
How To Series. Available through the
National Register Branch, Interagency Resources Division, National Park Service,
Department of the Interior 20240. These
information sheets contain supplementary
information about interpreting the National
Register criteria for evaluation and
documentation requirements of the National
Register registration program. Title include:
How To Establish Boundaries for National
Register Properties.
How To Evaluate and Nominate Potential
National Register Properties That Have
Achieved Significance Within the Last 50
Years.
How To Improve the Quality of Photographs
for National Register Nominations.
How To Apply for Certification of
Significance Under Section 2T24 of the Tax
Reform Act of 1976.
How To Apply for Certification of State and
Local Statutes and Historic Districts.
How To Qualify Historic Properties Under
the New Federal Law Affecting Easements.
Note on Documentation and Treatment
of Historic Properties
Documentation and treatment of
historic properties includes a variety of
techniques to preserve or protect
properties, or to document their historic
values and information. While
documentation activities may be applied
to any potentially historic property,
generally only those properties that first
have been evaluated as- significant
against specified criteria (such as those
of the National Register) are treated.
Some commonly applied treatments are
preservation in place, rehabilitation,
restoration and stabilization; there are
other types of treatments also.
Documentation and treatment may be
applied to the same property; for
example, archeological, historical, and
architectural documentation may be
prepared before a structure is stabilized
or before foundations or chimneys or
other lost features are reconstructed.
Alternatives for treatment will usually
be available, and care should be applied
in choosing among them. Preservation in
place is generally preferable to moving a
property. Over time, the preferred
treatment for a property may change; for
example, an archeological site intended
for preservation in place may begin to
erode so that a combination of
archeological documentation and
stabilization may be required. If a
decision is made that a particular
property will not be preserved in place,
the need for documentation must then
be considered.
The three sets of documentatioit
standards (i.e., the Standards for
Historical Documentation, Standards for
Architectural and Engineering
Documentation, and Standards for
Archeological Documentation) as well
as the Standards for Historic
Preservation Projects (Acquisition,
Preservation, Stabilization, Protection,
Rehabilitation, Restoration, and
Reconstruction) describe the techniques
of several disciplines to treat historic
properties, and to document or preserve
information about their historical
values. The integration of planning for
documentation and treatment with their
execution is accomplished in a
statement of objectives, or research
design. Because both the goals and
appropriate methodologies are likely to
be interdisciplinary in nature, the
relationship among these various
activities should be specified in the
research design to ensure that the
resulting documentation produces a
comprehensive, record of historic
properties in an efficient manner,
Secretary of the Interior's Standards for
Historical Documentation
Historical documentatioi provides
important information related to the
significance of a property for use by
historians, researchers, preservationists,
architects, and historical archeologists.
Research is used early in planning to
gather information needed to identify
and evaluate properties. (These
activities are discussed in the Standards
and Guidelines for.Preservation
Planning and the Standards and
Guidelines for Identification.) Historical
documentation is also a treatment that
can be applied in several ways to
properties previously evaluated as
significant; it may be used in
conjunction with other treatment
activities (as'the basis for rehabilitation
plans or.interpretive programs, for
example) or as a final treatment to
preserve information in cases of
threatened property destruction. These
Standards concern the use of research
and documentation as a treatment.
Standard I. Historical Documentation
Follows a Research Design That
Responds to Needs Identified in the
Planning Process
Historical documentation is
undertaken to make a detailed record of
the significance of a property for
research and interpretive purposes and
for conservation of information in cases
of threatened property destruction.
Documentation must have defined
objectives so that proposed work may
be assessed to ,determine whether the
resulting documentation will meet needs
identified in the planning process. The
research design or statement of
objectives is a formal statement of how
the needs identified in the plan are to be
addressed in a specific documentation
project. This is the framework that
guides the selection of methods and
evaluation of results, and specifies the
relationship of the historical
documentation efforts to other proposed
treatment activities.
Stqndards II. Historical Documentation
Employs an Appropriate Methodology
to Obtain the Information Required by
The Research Design
Methods and techniques of historical
research should be chosen to obtain
needed information in the most efficient
way. Techniques should be carefully
selected and the sources should be
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44729
recorded so that other researchers can
verify or locate information discovered
during the research..
Standard III. The Results of Historical
Documentation Are Assessed Against
the Research Design and Integrated Into
the Planning Process
Documentation is one product of
research; information gatherd about the
usefulness of the research design itself
is another. The research results are
assessed against the research design to
determine how well they meet the
objectives of the research. The results
are integrated into the body of current
knowledge and reviewed for their
implications for the planning process.
The research design is reviewed to'
determine how future research designs
might be modified based on the activity
conducted.
Standard IV. The Results of Historical
Documentation Are Reported and Made
Available to the Public
Research results must be accessible to
prospective users. Results should be
communicated to the professional
community and the public in reports
summarizing the documentation activity
and identifying the repository of
additional detailed information. The
goal of disseminating information must
be balanced, however, with the need to
protect sensitive information whose
disclosure might result in damage to
properties.
Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for
Historical Documentation
Introduction
These Guidelines link the Standards
for Historical Documentation with more
specific guidance and technical
information. They describe one
approach to meeting the Standards for
Historical Documentation. Agencies,
organizations or individuals proposing
to approach historical documentation
differently may wish to review their
approaches with the National Park
Service.
The Guidelines are organized as
follows:
Historical Documentation Objectives
Research Design Methods
Integrating Results
Reporting Results
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Documentation Objectives
Documentation is a detailed record, in
the form of a report or other written.
document, of the historical context(s)
and significance of a property.
Historical research to create
documentation uses archival materials,
oral history techniques, ethnohistories,
prior research contained in secondary
sources and other sources to make a
detailed record of previously identified
values or to investigate particular
questions about the established
significance of a property or properties.
It is an investigative technique that may
be employed to document associative,
architectural, cultural or informational
values of properties. It may be used as a.
component of structural reco rding or
archeological investigation, to enable
interpretation or to mitigate the
anticipated loss of a property through
conservation of information about its
historical, architectural or archeological
significance. Documentation generally
results in both greater factual
knowledge about the specific property
and its values, and in better
understanding of the property in its
historical context. In addition to
increasing factual knowledge about a
property and its significance in one
historical context, documentation may
also serve to link the property to or
define its importance in other known or
yet-to-be defined historic contexts.
Documentation should incorporate,
rather than duplicate, the findings of
previous research. Research may be
undertaken to identify how a particular
property fits into the work of an
architect or builder; to analyze the
historical relationship among several
properties; or to document in greater
detail the historical contexts of
properties. The kinds of questions
investigated will generally depend on
what is already known or understood
and what information is needed. For
example, documentation of a bridge
whosb technological significance is well
understood, but whose role in local
transportation history is not, would
summarize the informalfion on the
former topic and focus research on the
associative values of the property. The
questions that research seeks to answer
through deed, map or archival search,
oral history and other techniques may
also relate to issues addressed in
structural documentation or
archeological investigation; for example,
the reasons for and history of
modification of a building to be the
subject of architectural or engineering
documentation.
Research Design
Historical documentation is guided by
a statement of objectives, research
design or task directive prepared before
research is performed. The research
design.is a useful statement of how
proposed work will enhance existing
archival data and permits comparison of
theproposed work with the results. The
purpose of the research design is to
define the proposed scope of the
documentation work and to define a set
of expectations based on the'
information available prior to the
research. Generally, the research design
-also ensures that research methods are
commensurate with the type, quality
and source of expected information.
The research design for a property
should identify:
1. Evaluated significance of the
propertyies) to be investigated;
2. Historical, architectural,
archeological or cultural issues relevant
to the evaluated significance of the
property;
3. Previous research on those issues
and how the proposed work is related to
existing knowledge;
4. The amount and kinds of
information 'equired to produce reliable
historical analyses;
5. Methods to be used to obtain the
information;
6. Types of sources to be investigated;
types of personnel required;
7. Expected results or findings based
on available knowledge about the
property and its context; and
8. Relationship of the proposed
historical documentation to other
proposed treatment activities; for
example, recommendations on the use
of documentation in interpretive
programs or other aspects of treatment
such as anticipated architectural,
engineering or archeological
documentation).
Research Methods
Research methods should be.chosen
based on the information needs, be " -
capable of replication and be recorded
so that another researcher could follow
the same research procedure. Sources
should be recorded so that other
researchers can locate or verify the
information discovered during the
search.
Use of Sources: The variety of
available written and graphic materials
and the number of individuals that can
serve as sources, including but not
limited to personal records, deed and
title books, newspapers, plats, maps,
atlases, photographs, vital records,
censuses, historical narratives,
interviews of individuals add secondary
source materials, should be considered
in developing the research design. Part
of the development of the research
design is deciding what kinds of source
materials are most likely to contain
needed information and at what point in
the research process that information
will be most valuable. For example,
44730 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
often secondary sources are most
valuable for gathering background'
information, while primary sources are
more useful to gather or confirm specific
facts. The documentation goals may not
require exhaustive investigation of
sources, such.as deed records or
building permits. Research may be kept
cost-effective by making careful
decisions about when to use particular
sources, thereby limiting the use of time-
consuming techniques to when
absolutely necessary. Decisions about
when to gather information may also
affect the quality of information that can
be gathered. When dealing with large
project areas where loss .of many
properties is anticipated, it is important
to gather information from local archival
sources and oral histories before project
activities destroy or disperse family or
community records and residents.
Analysis of the accuracy and biases
of source materials is critical in
analyzing the information gathered from
these sources. Maps, historical atlases
and insurance maps should be assessed
like written records for errors, biases
and omissions; for example, some map
sources may omit structures of a
temporary nature or may not fully depict
ethnic or minority areas. Likewise,
building plans and architectural'
renderings may not reflect a structure as
it'was actually built.
Analysis: Analysis should not only
focus on the issues defined in the
research design, but should also explore
major new issues identified during the
course of research or analysis. The
documentation gathered may raise
important issues not previously
considered, and further investigation
may be important, particularly when
contradictory information has been
gathered. It is important to examine the
implications of these new issues to
ensure that they are investigated in a
balanced way.
Questions that should be considered
in analyzing the information include:
1. Has enough information been
gathered to anwser the questions that
were posed?
2. Do the answers contradict one
another? If so, it may be necessary to
search for more evidence. If no
additional evidence is available,
judgements must be based on the
available sources, weighing their biases.
Conflicts of source materials should be
noted.
In general, the more the researcher
knows about the general historical
period and setting; and limitations of the
source materials under investigation, the
better the individual is prepared to
evaluate the information found in the
documentary sources investigated. Peer
review or consultation with other
knowledgeable individuals about the
information and the tentative
conclusions can be an important part of
the analysis.
Integrating Results
The results of documentation must be
integrated into the planning process so
that planning decisions are based on the
best available informaiton. The new
information is first assessed against the
research design to determine whether
the gathered information meets the
defined objectives of the research. Then
the relevant historic contexts, property
types, and treatment goals for those
contexts are all adjusted, as necessary,
based on the historical documentation
results.
Reporting Results
Reports should contain:
1. Summaries of the purpose of the
documentation, the research design and
methods and techniques of
investigati'ofi.
2. Sources of facts or analyses so that
other researchers can locate the
information in its original context.
Notation of any conflicts in source
materials and how the individual
performing the documentation
interpreted these conflicts.
3. Sources consulted, including those
expected to contain useful information
and those that contained no information
about the property(s).
4. Assessment of the accuracy, biases
and historical perspective of all sources.
This information and that identified in'
No. 3 may be provided in an annotated
bibliography.
5. Discussion of major analyses and
results, including conclusions regarding
all major research issues identified in
the research design, as well as
important issues raised in the course of
research. The analysis should be
summarized in terms of its impact on
interpretating the property's significance
and expanding or altering the
knowledge about the property and its
context.
6. Researchers' interpretation of
historical'events or trends. These
interpretations should be clearly
identified.
Primary results should be preserved
and made accessible in some manner,
although they need not necessarily be
contained in the report. At a minimum,
the report should reference the location
of notes and analyses.
Results of historical documentation
should be made available for use in
preservation planning and by the
general public. Report-formats may vary,
depending on the audience and the
anticipated uses of the documentation,
but professionally accepted rules of
report writing should be followed. If
reports are of a technical nature, the
format of the major scientific journal of
the pertinent discipline may be the most
appropriate format. Peer review of draft
reports is one means of ensuring that
state-of-the-art technical reports are
produced.
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Folklife and Fieldwork: A Layman's
Introduction to Field Techniques. Peter
Bartis. American Folklife Center,
Washington, D.C., 1979.
Ordinary People and Everyday Life:
Perspectives on the New Social History.
lames B. Gardnee and George Rollie Adams,
editors, American Association for State and-
Local History, Nashville, Tennessee, 1983.
The Process of Field Research. Cadil
Fleischhauer and Charles K. Wolfe. American
Folklife Center, Washington, D.C., 1981.
Researching Heritage Buildings. Margaret
Carter. Ministry of the Environment, Ottawa,
Canada, 1983.
Secretary of the Interior's Standards for
Architectural and Engineering
Documentation
These standards concern the
development of documentation for
historic buildings, sites, structures and
objects: This documentation, which
usually consists of measured drawings,
photographs and written data, provides
important information on a property's
significance for use by scholars,
researchers, preservationists, architects,
engineers and others interested in
preserving and understanding historic
properties. Documentation permits
accurate repair or reconstruction of
parts of a property, recoids existing
conditions for easements, or may ,
preserve information about a property
that is to be demolished.
These Standards are intended for use
in developing documentation to be
included in the Historic American
Building Survey (HABS) and the Historic
American Engineering Record (HAER)
Collections in the Library of Congress.
HABS/HAER, in the National Park%,
Service, have defined specific
requirements for meeting these
Standards for their collections. The
HABS/HAER requirements include
information important to development of
documentation for other purposes such
as State or local archives
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday; September 29, 1983 / Notices 44731
Standard I. Documentation Shall
Adequately Explicate and Illustrate
What is Significant or Valuable About
the Historic Building, Site, Structure or
Object Being Documented.
The historic significance of the
building, site, structure or object
identified in the evaluation process
should be conveyed by the drawings,
photographs and other materials that
comprise documentation. The historical,
architectural, engineering or cultural
values of the property together with the
purpose of the documentation activity
determine the level and methods of
documentation. Documentation
prepared for submission to the Library
of Congress must meet the HABS/HAER
Guidelines.
Standard II. Documentation Shall be
Prepared Accurately From Reliable
Sources With Limitations Clearly
Stated to Permit Independent
Verification of the Information.
The purpose of documentation is to
preserve an accurate record of historic
properties that can be used in research
and other preservation activities. To
serve these purposes, the documentation
must include information that permits
assessment of its reliability.
Standard II. Documentation Shall be
Prepared on Materials That are Readily
Reproductible, Durable and in Standard
Sizes.
The size and quality of documentation
materials are important factors in the
preservation of information for future
use. Selection of materials should be
based on the length of time expected for
storage, the anticipated frequency of use
and a size convenient for storage.
Standard IV. Documentation Shall be
Clearly and Concisely Produced.
In order for documentation to be
useful for future research, written
materials must be legible and
understandable, and graphic materials
must-contain scale information and
location references.
Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for
Architectural and Engineering
Documentation
Introduction
These Guidelines link the Standards
for Architectural and Engineering
Documentation with more specific
guidance and technical information.
They describe one approach to meeting
the Standards for Architectural
Engineering Documentation. Agencies,
organizations or individuals proposing
to approach documentation differently
may wish to review their approaches
with the National Park Service.
The Guidelines are organized as
follows:
Definitions
Goal of Documentation
The HABS/HAER Collections
Standard I: Content
STandard I1: Quality
Standard III: Materials
Standard IV: Presentation
Architectural and Engineering Documentation
Prepared for Other Purposes
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Definitions
These definitions are used in
conjunction with these Guidelines:
Architectural Data Form-a one page
HABS form intended to provide
identifying information for
accompanying HABS documentation.
Documentation-measured drawings,
photographs, histories, inventory cards
or other media that depict historic
buildings, sites, structures or objects.
Field Photography-photography,
other than large-format photography,
intended for the purpose'of producing
documentation, usually 35mm.
Field Records-notes of
measurements taken, field photographs
and other recorded information intended
for the purpose of producing
documentation.
Inventory Card-a one page form
which includes written data, a sketched
site plan and a 35mm contact print dry-
mounted on the form. The negative, with
a separate contact sheet and index
should be included with the inventory
card.
Large Format Photographs-
photographs taken of historic buildings,
sites, structures or objects where the
negative is a 4 X 5", 5 X 7" or 8 X 10"
size and where the photograph is taken
with appropriate means to correct
perspective distortion.
Measured Drawings-drawings
produced on HABS or HAER formats
depicting existing' conditions or other
relevant features of historic buildings,
sites, structures or objects. Measured
drawings are usually produced in ink on
archivally stable material, such as
mylar.
Photocopy-A photograph, with large-
format negative, of a photograph or
drawing.
Select Existing Drawings-drawings
of historic buildings, sites, structures or
objects, whether original construction or
later alteration drawings that portray or
depict the historic value or significance.
Sketch Plan-a floor plan, generally
not to exact scale although often drawn
from measurements, where the features
are shown ihi proper relation and
proportion to one another.
Goal of Documentation
The Historic American Buildings
Survey (IlABS) and Historic American
Engineering Record (HAER) are the
national historical architectural and
engineering documentation programs of
the National Park Service that promote
documentation incorporated into the
HABS/HAER collections in the Library
of Congress. The goal of the collections
is to provide architects, engineers,
scholars, and interested members of the
public with comprehensive
documentation of buildings, sites,
structures and objects significant in
American history and the growth and
development of the built environment.
The HABS/HAER Collections: HABS/
HAER documentation usually consists
of measured drawings, photographs and
written data that provide a detailed
record which reflects a property's
significance. Measured drawings and
properly executed photographs act as a
form of insurance against fires and
natural disasters by permitting the
repair and, if necessary, reconstruction
of historic structures damaged by such
disasters. Documentation is used to
provide the basis for enforcing
preservation easement. In addition,
documentation is often the last means of
preservation of a property; when a
property is to be demolished, its
'documentation provides future
researchers access to valuable
information that otherwise would be
lost.
HABE/HAER documentation is
developed in a number of ways. First
and most usually, the National Park
Service employs summer teams of
student architects, engineers, historians
and architectural historians to develop
HABS/HAER documentation under the
supervision of National Park Service
professionals. Second, the National Park
Service produces HABS/HAER
documentation, in conjunction with
restoration or other preservation
treatment, of historic buildings managed
by the National Park Service. Third,
Federal agencies, pursuant to Section
110(b) of the National Historic
Preservation Act, as amended, record
those historic properties to be
demolished or substantially altered as a
result of agency dction or assisted
action (referred to as mitigation
projects). Fourth, individuals and
organizations prepare documentation to
HABS/HAER standards and donate that
documentation to the HABS/HAER
collections. For each of these programs,
44732 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 . Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
different Documentation Level's will be
set.
The Standards describe the
fundamental principles of HABS/HAER
documentation. They are supplemented
by other material describing more
specific guidelines, such'as line weights
for drawings, preferred techniques for
architectural photography, and formats
for written data. This technical
information is found in the HABS/HAER
Procedures Manual.
These Guidelines include important
information about developing
documentation for State or local
archives. The State Historic
Preservation Officer or the State library
should be consulted regarding archival
requirements if the documentation will
become part of their collections. In
establishing archives, the important
questions of durability and
reproducibility should be considered in
relation to the purposes of the
collection.
Documentation prepared for the
purpose of inclusion in the HABS/HAER
collections must meet the requirements
below. The HABS/HAER office of the
National Park Service retains the right
to refuse to accept documentation for
inclusion in the HABS/HAER
collections when that documentation
does not meet HABS/HAER
requirements, as specified below.
Standard I: Content
1. Requirement. Documentation shall
adequately explicate and illustrate what
is significant or valuable about the
historic building, site, structure or object
being documented.
2. Criteria: Documentation shall meet
one of the following documentation
levels to be considered adequate for
inclusion in the HABS/HAER
collections.
a. Documentation Level I;
(1] Drawings: a full set of measured
drawings depicting existing or historic
conditions.
(2) Photographs: photographs with
large-format negatives of exterior and
interior views: photocopies with large
format negatives of select existing
drawings or historic views where
available.
(3) Written data: history and
description.
b.. Documentation Level II;
(1) Drawings: select existing drawings,
where available, should be
photographed with large-format
negatives or photographically
reproduced on mylar.
(2) Photographs: photographs with
large-format negatives. of exterior and
interior views, or historic views, where
available.
(3) Written data: history and
description.
c. Documentation Level lII;
(1) Drawings: sketch plan.
(2) Photographs: photographs with
large-format negatives of exterior and
interior views.
(3) Written data: architectural data
form.
d. Documentation Level IV: HABS/
HAER inventory card.
3. Test: Inspection of the
documentation by HABS/HAER staff.
4. Commentary: The HABS/HAER
office retains the right to refuse to
accept any documentation on buildings,
site, structures or objects lacking
historical significance. Generally,
buildings, sites, structures or objects
must be listed in, or eligible for listing in
the National Register of Historic Places
to be considered for inclusion in the
HABS/HAER collections.
The kind and amount of
documentation should be appropriate to
the nature and significance of the
buildings, site, structure or object being
documented. For example,
Documentation Level I would be
inappropriate for a building that is a
minor element of a historic district,
notable only for stFeetscape context and
scale. A full set of measured drawings
for such a minor building would be
expensive and would add little, if any,
information to the HABS/HAER
collections. Large format photography
(Documentation Level llI) would usually
be adequate to record the significance of
this type of building.
Similarly, the aspect of the property
that is being documented should reflect
the nature and significance of the
building, site, structure or object being
documented. For example, measured
drawings of Dankmar Adler and Louis
Sullivan's Auditorium Building in
Chicago should indicate not only
facades, floor plans and sections, but
also the innovative structural and
mechanical systems that were
incorporated in that building. Large
format photography of Gunston Hall in
Fairfax County, Virginia, to take another
example, should clearly show William
Buckland's hand-carved moldings in the
Palladian.Room, as well as other views.
HABS/HAER documentation is
usually in the form of measured
drawings, photographs, and written
data. While the criteria in this section
have addressed only these media,
documentation need not be limited to
them. Other media, such as films of
industrial processes, can and have been
used to document historic buildings,
sites, structures or objects. If other
media are to be used, the HABS/HAER
office should be contacted before
recording.
The actual selection of the
appropriate documentation level will
vary, as discussed above. For mitigation
documentation projects, this level will
be selected by the National Park Service
Regional Office and communicated to
the agency responsible for completing
the documentation. Generally, Level I
documentation is required for nationally
significant buildings and structures,
defined as National Historic Landmarks
and the primary historic units of the
National Park Service.
On occasion, factors otherthan
significance will dictate the selection of
another level of documentation. For
example, if a rehabilitation of a property
is planned, the owner may wish to have
a full set of as-built drawings, even
though the significance may indicate
Level II documentation.
HABS Level I measured drawings
usually depict existing conditions
through the use of a site plan, floor
plans, elevations, sections and
construction details. HAER Level I
measured drawings will frequently
depict original conditions where
adequate historical material exists, so
as to illustrate manufacturing or
engineering processes.
Level I1 documentation differs from
Level I by substituting copies of existing
drawings, either original or alteration
drawings, for recently executed
measured drawings. If this is done, the
drawings must meet HABS/HAER
requirements outlined below. While
existing drawings are rarely as suitable
as as-built drawings, they are adquate in
many cases for documentation purposes.
Only when the desirability of having as-
built drawings is clear are Level I
measured drawings required in-addition
to existing drawings. If existing
drawings are housed in an accessible
collection and cared for archivally, their
reproduction for HABS/HAER may not
be necessary. In other cases, Level I
measured drawings are required in the
absence of existing drawings.
Level III documentation requires a
sketch plan if it helps to explain the
structure. The architectural data form
should supplement the photographs by
explaining what is not readily visible.
Level IV documentation consists of
completed HABS/HAER inventory
cards. This level of documentation,
unlike the other three levels, is rarely
considered adequate documentation for
the HABS/HAER collections but is
undertaken to identify historic resources
in a given area prior to additional, more
comprehensive documentation.
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44733
Standard II: Quality
1. Requirement: HABS and HAER
documentation shall be prepared
accurately from reliable sources with
limitations clearly stated to permit
independent verification of information.
2. Criteria: For all levels of
documentation, the following quality
standards shall be met:
a. Measured drawings: Measured
drawings shall be produced from
recorded, accurate measurements.
Portions of the building that were not
accessible for measurement should not
be drawn on the measured drawings,
but clearly labeled as not accessible or
drawn from available construction
drawings and other sources and so
identified. No part of the measured
drawings shall be produced from
hypothesis or non-measurement related
activities. Documentation Level I
measured drawings shall be
accompanied by a set of field notebooks
in which the measurements were first
recorded. Other drawings, prepared for
Documentation Levels II and III, shall
include a statement describing where
the original drawings are located.
b. Large format photographs: Large
format photographs shall clearly depict
the appearance of the property and
areas of significance of the recorded
building, site, structure or object. Each
view shall be perspective-corrected and
fully captioned.
c..Written history: Written history and
description for Documentation Levels I
and II shall be based on primary sources
to the greatest extent possible. For
Levels III and IV, secondary sources
may provide adequate information; if
not, primary research will be necessary.
A frank assessment of the reliability and
limitations of sources shall be included.
Within the written history, statements
shall be footnoted as to their sources,
where appropriate. The written data
shall include a methodology section
specifying name of researcher, date of
research, sources searched, and
limitations of the project.
3. Test: Inspection of the
documentation by HABS/HAER staff.
4. Commentary: The reliability of the
HABS/HAER collections depends on
documentation of high quality. Quality
is not something that can be easily
prescribed or quantified, but it derives
from a process in which thoroughness
and accuracy play a large part. The
principle of independent verification
HABS/HAER documentation is'critical
to the HABS/HAER collections.
Standard III: Materials
1. Requirement: HABS and HAER
documentation shall be prepared on
materials that are readily reproducible
for ease of access; durable for long
storage; and in standard sizes for ease
of handling.
2. Criteria: For all levels of
documentation, the following material
standards shall be met:
a. Measured Drawings:
Readily Reproducible: Ink on
translucent material.
Durable: Ink on archivally stable
materials.
Standard Sizes: Two sizes: 19 X 24"
or 24 X 36".
b. Large Format Photographs:
Readily Reproducible: Prints shall
accompany all negatives.
Durable: Photography must be
archivally processed and stored.
Negatives are required on safety film
only. Resin-coated paper is not
accepted. Color photography is not
acceptable.
Standard Sizes: Three sizes: 4 X 5", 5
X 7", 8 X 10".
c. Written History and Description:
Readily Reproducible: Clean copy for
xeroxing.
Durable: Archival bond required.
Standard Sizes: 81/2 X 11".
d. Field Records:
Readily Reproducible: Field
notebooks may be jeroxed. Photo
identification sheet will accompany 35
mm negatives and contact sheets.
Durable: No requirement.
Standard Sizes: Only requirement is
that they can be made to fit into a 91/2 x
12" archival folding file.
3. Test: Inspection of the
documentation by HABS/HAER staff.
4. Commentary: All HABS/HAER
records are intended for reproduction;
some 20,000 HABS/HAER records are
reproduced each year by the Library of
Congress. Although field records are not,
intended for quality reproduction, it is
intended that they be used to
supplement the formal documentation.
The basic durability performance
standard for HABS/HAER records is 500
years. Ink on mylar is believed to meet
this standard, while color photography,
for example, does not. Field records do
not meet this archival standard, but are
maintained in the HABS/HAER
collections as a courtesty to the
collection user.
Standard IV: Presentation
1. Requirement: HABS and HAER
documentation shall be clearly and
concisely produced.
2. Criteria: For levels of
documentation as indicated below, the
following standards for presentation
will be used:
a. Measured Drawings: Level I
measured drawings will be lettered
mechanically (i.e., Leroy or similar or in
a handprinted equivalent style.
Adequate dimensions shall be included
on all sheets. Level III sketch plans
should be neat and orderly.
b. Large format photographs: Level I
photographs shall include duplicate
photographs that include a scale. Level
II and III photographs shall include, at a
minimum, at least one photograph with
a scale, usually of the principal facade.
c. Written history and description:
Data shall be typewritten on bond,
following accepted rules of grammar.
3. Test: Inspection of the
documentation by HABS/HAER staff.
Architectural and Engineering
Documentation Prepared for Other
Purposes
Where a preservation planning
process is in use, architectural and
engineering documentation, like other
treatment activities, are undertaken to
achieve the goals identified by the
preservation planning process.
Documentation is deliberately selected
as a treatment for properties evaluated
as significant, and the development of
the documentation program for a
property follows from the planning
objectives. Documentation efforts focus
on the significant characteristics of the
-property, as defined in the previously
completed evaluation. The selection of a
level of documentation and the
documentation techniques (measured
drawings, photography, etc.) is based on
the significance of the property and the
management needs for which the
documentation is being performed. For
example, the kind and level of
documentation requirdd to record a
historic property for easement purposes
may be less detailed than that required
as mitigation prior to destruction of the
property. In the former case, essential
documentation might be limited to the
portions of the property controlled by
the easement, for example, exterior
facades; while in the latter case,
significant interior architectural features
and non-visible structural details would
also be documented.
The.principles and content of the
HABS/HAER criteria may be used for
guidance in creating documentation
requirements for other archives. Levels
of documentation and the durability and
sizes of documentation may vary
depending on the intended use and the
repository. Accuracy of documentation
should be controlled by assessing the
reliability of all sources and making thi.
assessment available in the archival
record; by describing the limitations of
the information available from research
and physical examination of the
44734 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
property; and by retaining the primary
data (field measurements and
notebooks) from which the archival
record was produced. Usefulness of the
documentation products depends on
preparing the documentation on durable
materials that are able to withstand
handling and reproduction, and in sizes
that can be stored and reproduced
without damage.
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Recording Historic Buildings. Harley J.
McKee. Government Printing Office, 1970.
Washington, D.C. Available through the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402. GPO number 024-005-0235-9.
HABS/HAER Procedures Manual. Historic
American Buildings Survey/Historic
American Engineering Record, National Park
Service, 1980. Washington, D.C.
Photogrammetric Recording of Cultural
Resources. Perry E. Borchers. Technical
Preservation Services, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1977. Washinton, D.C.
Rectified Photography and Photo Drawings
for Historic Preservation. J. Henry Chambers.
Technical Preservation Services, U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1975. Washington,
D.C.
Secretary of the Interior's Standards for
Archeological Documentation
Archeological documentation is a
series of actions applied to properties of
archeological interest. Documentation of
such properties may occur at any or all
levels of planning, identification,
evaluation or treatment. The nature and
level of documentation is dictated by
each specific set of circumstances.
Archeological documentation consists of
activities such as archival research,
observation and recording of above-
ground remains, and observation
(directly, through excavation, or
indirectly, through remote sensing) of
below-ground remains. Archeological
documentation is employed for the
purpose of gathering information on
individual historic properties or groups
of properties. It is guided by a
framework of objectives and methods
derived from the planning process, and
makes use of previous planning
decisions, such as those on evaluation of
significance. Archeological
documentation may be undertaken as an
aid to various treatment activities,
including research, interpretation,
reconstruction, stabilization and data
recovery when mitigating archeological
losss resulting from construction. Care
should be taken to assure that
documentation efforts do not duplicate
pirevious efforts.
Standard L Archeological
Documentation Activities Follow an
Explicit Statement of Objectives and
Methods That Responds to Needs
Identified in the Planning Process
Archeological research and
documentation may be undertaken to
fulfill a number of needs, such as
overviews and background studies for
planning, interpretation or data recovery
to mitigate adverse effects. The planning
needs are articulated in a statement of
objectives to be accomplished by the
archeological documentation activities.
The statement of objectives guides the
selection of methods and techniques of
study and provides a comparative
framework for evaluating and deciding
the relative efficiency of alternatives.
Satisfactory documentation involves the
use of archeological and historical
sources, as well as those of other
disciplines. The statement of objectives
usually takes the form of a formal and
explicit research design which has'
evolved from the interrelation of
planning needs, current knowledge,
resource value and logistics.
Standard II. The Methods and
Techniques of Archeological
Documentation are Selected To Obtain
the Information Required by the
Statement of Objectives
The methods and techniques chosen
for archeological documentation should
be the most effective, least destructive,
most efficient and economical means of
obtaining the needed information.
Methods and techniques should be
selected so that the results may be
verified if necessary. Non-destructive
techniques should be used whenever
appropriate. The focus on stated
objectives should be maintained
throughout the process of study and
documentation.
Standard 111 The Results of
Archeological Documentation ore
Assessed Against the Statement of
Objectives and Integrated Into the
Planning Process
One product of archeological
documentation is the recovered data;
another is the information-gathered
about the usefulness of the statement of
objectives itself. The recovered data are
assessed against the objectives to
determine how they meet the specified
planning needs. Information related to
archeological site types, distribution and
density should be integrated in planning
'at the level of identification and evaluation. Information and data
concerning intra-site structure may be
needed for developing mitigation
strategies and are appropriately
integrated at this level of planning. The
results of the data analyses are
integrated into the body of current
knowledge. The utility of the method of
approach and the particular techniques
which were used in the investigation
(i.e. the research design) should be
assessed so that the objectives of future
documentation efforts may be modified
accordingly.
Standard IV. The Results of
Archeological Documentation ore
Reported and Made Available to the
Public
Results must be accessible to a broad
range of users including appropriate
agencies, the professional community
and the general public. Results should
be communicated in reports that
summarize the objectives, methods,
techniques and results of the
documentation activity, and identify the
repository of the materials and
information so that additional detailed
information can be obtained, if
necessary. The public may also benefit
from the knowledge obtained from
archeological documentation through
pamphlets, brochures, leaflets, displays
and exhibits, or by slide, film or multi-
media productions. Thegoal of
disseminating information must be
balanced, however, with the need to
protect sensitive information whose
disclosure might result in damage to
properties. Curation arrangements
sufficient to preserve artifacts,
specimens and records generated by the
investigation must be provided for to
assure the availability of these materials
for future use.
Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for
Archeological Documentation
Introduction
These Guidelines link the Standards
for Archeological Documentation with
more specific guidance and technical
information. They describe one
approach to meeting the Standards for
Documentation. Agencies, organizations
or individuals proposing to approach
archeological documentation differently
may wish to review their approach with
the National Park Service.
The Guidelines are organized as
follows:
Archeological.Documentation Objectives
Documentation Plan
Methods
Reporting Results
Curation
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
1. Collection of base-line data;
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44735
2. Problem-oriented research directed
toward particular data gaps recognized
in the historic context(s);
3. Preservation or illustration of
significance which has been identified
for treatment by the planning process: or
4. Testing of new investigative or
conservation techniques, such as the
effect of different actions such as forms
of site burial (aqueous or non-aqueous).
Many properties having archeological
components have associative values as
well as research values. Examples
include Native American sacred areas
and historic sites such as battlefields.
Archeological documentation may
preserve information or data that are
linked to the identified values that a
particular property possesses.
Depending on the property type and the
range of values represented by the
property, it may be necessary to recover
information that relates to an aspect of
the property's significance other than
the specified research questions. It is
possible that conflicts may arise
between the optimal realizations of
research goals and other issues such as
the recognition/protection of other types
of associative values. The research
design for the archeological
documentation should provide for
methods and procedures to resolve such
conflicts, and for the close coordination
of the archeological research with the
appropriate ethnographic, social or
technological research..
Archeological Documentation
Objectives
The term "archeological
documentation" is used here to refer
specifically to any operation that is
performed using archeological
techniques as a means to obtain and
record evidence about past human
activity that is of importance to
documenting history and prehistory in
the United States. Historic and
prehistoric properties may be important
for the data they contain, or because of
their association with important
persons, events, or processes, or
because they represent architectural or
artistic values, or for other reasons.
Archeological documentation may be an
appropriate option for application not
only to archeological properties, but to
above-ground structures as well, and
may be used in collaboration with a
wide range of other treatment activities.
If a property contains artifacts,
features, and other materials that can be
studied using archeological techniques,
then archeological documentation may
be selected to achieve particular goals
of the planning process-such as to
address a specified information need, or
to illustrate significant associative
values. Within the overall goals and
priorities established by the planning
process, particular methods of I
investigation are chosen that best suit
the types ofstudy to be performed.
Relationship of archeological
documentation to other types of
'documentation or other treatments:
Archeological, documentation is
appropriate for achieving any of various
goals, including:
Documentation Plan
Research Design: Archeological
documentation can be carried out only
after defining explicit goals and a
methodology for reaching them. The
goals of the documentation effort
.directly reflect the goals of the
preservation plan and the specific needs
identified for the relevant historic
contexts. In the case of problem oriented
archeological research, the plan usually
takes the form of a formal research
design, and includes, in addition to the
items below, explicit statements of the
problem to be addressed and the
methods or tests to be applied. The
purpose of the statement of objectives is
to explain the rationale behind the
documentation effort; to define the
scope of the investigation; to identify the
methods, techniques, and procedures to
be used; to provide a schedule for the
activities; and to permit. comparison of
the proposed research with the results.
The research design for an archeological
documentation effort follows the same
guidelines as those for identification
(see the Guidelines for Identification)
but has a more property-specific
orientation.
The research design should draw
upon the preservation plan to identify:
1. Evaluated significance of the
property(ies) to be studied;
2. Research problems or other issues.
relevant to the significance of the
property;
3. Prior research on the topic and
property type; and how the proposed
documentation objectives are related to
previous research and existing
knowledge;
4. The amount and kinds of
information (data) required to address
the documentation objectives and to
make reliable statements, including at
what point information is redundant and
documentation efforts have reached a
point of diminishing returns;
5. Methods to be used to find the
information; and
6. Relationship of the proposed
archeological investigation to
anticipated historical or structural
documentation, or other treatments.
The primary focus of archeological
documentation is on the data classes
that are required to address the
specified documentation objectives.
This may mean that other data classes
are deliberately neglected. If so, the
reasons for such a decision should be
carefully justified in terms of the
preservation plan.-
Archeological investigations seldom
are able to collect and record all
possible data. It is essental to determine
the point at which further data recovery
and documentation fail to improve the
usefulness of the archeological
information being recovered. One
purpose of the research design is to
estimate those limits in advance and to
-suggest at what point information
becomes duplicative. Investigation
strategies should be selected based on
these general principles, considering the
following factors:
1. Specific data needs;
2. Time and funds available to secure
the data; and
3. Relative cost efficiency of various
strategies.
Responsiveness to the concerns of
local groups (e.g., Native American
groups with ties to-specific properties)
that was built into survey and
evaluation phases of the preservation
plan, should be maintained in
archeological investigation, since such
activity usually involves site
disturbance. The research design, in
addition to providing for appropriate
ethnographic research and consultation,
should consider concerns voiced in
previous phases. In the absence of
previous efforts to coordinate with local
or other interested groups, the research
design should anticipate the need to
initiate appropriate contracts and
provide a mechanism for responding to
sensitive issues, such as the possible
uncovering of human remains or
discovery of sacred areas.
The research design facilitates an
orderly, goal directed and economical
project. However, the research design
must be flexible enough to allow for
examination of unanticipated but
important research opportunities that
arise during the investigation.
Documentation Methods
Background Review: Archeological
documentation usually is preceded by,
or integrated with historical research
(i.e. that intensive background information gathering including
identification of previous archeological
work and inspection of museum
collections; gathering relevant data on
geology, botany, urban geography and
other related disciplines; archival
research; informant interviews, or-
recording of oral tradition, etc.).
44736 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 /.Notices
Depending on the goals of the
archeological documentation, the
background historical and archeological
research may exceed the level of
research accomplished for development
of the relevant historic contexts or for
identification and evaluation, and
focuses on the unique aspects of the
property to be treated. This assists in
directing the investigation and locates a
broader base of information than that
contained in the property itself for
response to the documentation goals.
This activity is particularly important
for historic archeological properties
where information sources other than
the property itself may be critical to
preserving the significant aspects of the
property. (See the-Secretary of the
Interior's Standards and Guidelines for
Historical Documentation for discussion
of associated research activities.)
Field Studies: The implementation of
the research design in the field must be
flexible enough to accommodate the
discovery of new or unexpected data
classes or properties, or changing field
conditions. A phased approach may be
appropriated when dealing with large
complex properties or groups of
properties, allowing for changes in
emphasis or field strategy, or
termination of the program, based on
analysis of recovered data at the end of
each phase. Such an approach permits
the confirmation of assumptions
concerning property extent, content or
organization which had been made
based on data gathered from
identification and evaluation efforts, or
the adjustment of those expectations
and resulting changes in procedure. In
some cases a phased approach may be
necessary to gather sufficient data to
calculate the necessary sample size for
a statistically valid sample. A phased
documentation program may often be
most cost-effective, in allowing for early
termination of work if the desired
objectives cannot be achieved.
Explicit descriptive statements of and
justification for field study techniques
are important to provide a means of
evaluating results. In some cases,
especially those employing a sampling
strategy in earlier phases (such as
identification or evaluation), it is
possible to estimate parameters of
certain classes of data in a fairly
rigorous statistical manner. It is thus
desirable to maintain some consistency
in choice of sampling designs throughout
multiple phases of work at the same
property. Consistency with previously
employed areal sampling frameworks
also improves potential replication in
terms of later locating sampled and
unsampled areas. It often is desirable to
estimate the nature and frequency of
data parameters based on existing
information or analogy to other similar
cases. These estimates may then be
tested in field studies.
An important consideration in
choosing methods to be used in the field
studies should be assuring full, clear,
and accurate descriptions of all field
operations and observations, including
excavation and recording techniques
and stratigraphic or inter-site
relationships.
To the extent feasible, chosen
methodologies and techniques should
take into account the possibility that
future researchers will need to use the
recovered data to address problems not
recognized at the time the data were
recovered. The field operation may
recover data that may not be fully
analyzed; this data, as well as the data
analyzed, should be recorded and
preserved in a way to facilitate future
research.'
A variety of methodologies may be
used. Choices must be explained,
including a measure of cost-
effectiveness relative to other potential
choices. Actual results can then be
measured against expectations, and the
information applied later in similar
cases.
Destructive methods should not be
applied to portions or elements of the
property if nondestructive methods are
practical. If portions or elements of the
property being documented are to be
preserved in place, the archeological
investigation should employ methods
that will leave the property as
undisturbed as possible. However, in
cases where the property will be
destroyed by, for example, construction
following the investigation, it may be
most practical to gather the needed data
in the most direct manner, even though
that may involve use of destructive
techniques.
Logistics in the field, including the
deployment of personnel and materials
and the execution of sampling strategies,
should consider site significant,
anticipated location of most important
data, cost effectiveness, potential time
limitations and possible adverse
environmental conditions.
The choice of methods for recording
data gathered in the field should be
based on the research design. Based on
that statement, it is known in advance of
field work what kinds of information are
needed for analysis; record-keeping
techniques should focus on these data.
Field records should be maintained in a.
manner that permits independent
interpretation in so far as possible.
Record-keeping should be standardized
in format and level of detail.
Archeological documentation should
be conducted under the supervision of
qualified professionals in the disciplines
appropriate to the data that are to be
recovered. When the general public is
directly involved in archeological
documentation activities, provision
should be made for training and
supervision by qualified professionals.
(See the Professional Qualifications
Standards.)
Analysis: Archeological
documentation is not completed with
field work; analysis of the collected
information is an integral part of the
documentation activity, and should be
planned for in the research design.
Analytical techniques should be
selected that are relevant to the
objectives of the investigation. Forms of
analysis that may be appropriate,
depending on the type of data recovered
and the objectives of the investigation,
include but are not limited to: studying
artifact types and distribution;
radiometric and other means of age
determination; studies of soil
stratigraphy; studies of organic matter
such as human remains, pollen, animal
bones, shells and seeds; study of the
composition of soils and study of the
natural environment in which the
property appears.
Reporting Results
Report Contents: Archeological
documentation concludes with written
report(s) including minimally the
following topics:
1. Description of the study area;
2. Relevant historical documentation/
background research;.
3. The research design;
4. The field studies as actually
implemented, including any deviation
from the research design and the reason
for the changes;
5. All field observations;
6. Analyses and results, illustrated as
appropriate with tables, charts, and
graphs;
7. Evaluation of the investigation in
terms of the goals and objectives of the
investigation, including discussion of
how well the needs dictated by the'
planning process were served;
8. Recommendations for updating the
relevant historic contexts and planning
goals and priorities, and generation of
new or revised information needs;
9. Reference to related on-going or
proposed treatment activities, such as
structural documentation, stabilization,
etc-; and
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44737
10. Information on the location of
original data in the form of field notes,
photographs, and other materials.
Some individual property information,
such as specific locational data, may be
highly sensitive to disclosure, because of
the threat of vandalism. If the objectives
of the documentation effort are such
that a report'containing confidential
information such as specific site
locations or information on religious
practices is necessary, it may be
appropriate to prepare a separate report
for public distribution. The additional
report should summarize that
information that is not under restricted
access in a format most useful to the
expected groups of potential users. Peer
review of draft reports is recommended
to ensure that state-of-the-art technical
reports are produced.
Availability: Results must be made
available to the full range of potential
users. This can be accomplished through
a variety of means including publication
of results in monographs and
professionals journals and distribution
of the report to librari4s or technical
clearinghouses such as the National
Technical.Information Service in
Springfield, Virginia.
Curation
Archeological specimens and records
are part of the documentary record of an
archeological site. They must be curated
for future use in research, interpretation,
preservation, and resource management
activities. Curation of important
archeological specimens and records
* should be provided for in the
development of any archeological
program or project.
Archeological specimens and records
that should be curated are those that
embody the information important to
history and prehistory. They include
artifacts and their associated
documents, photographs, maps, and
field notes; materials of an
environmental nature such as bones,
shells, soil and sediment samples, wood,
seeds, pollen, and their associated
records; and the products and
associated records of laboratory
procedures such as thin sections, and
sediment fractions that result from the
analysis of archeological data.
Satisfactory curation occurs when:
1. Curation facilities have adequate
space, facilities, and professional
personnel;
2. Archeological specimens are
maintained so that their information
values are not lost through deterioration,
and records are maintained to a
professional archival standard;
3. Curated collections are accessible.
to qualified researchers within a
reasonable time of having been
requested; and
4. Collections are available for
interpretive purposes, subject to
reasonable security precautions.
Recommended Sources of Technical
Information
Archeomagnetism: A Handbook for the
Archeologist. Jeffrey L. Eighmy, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.,
1980.
The Curation ond Management of
Archeological Collections: A Pilot Study.
Cultural Resource Management Series, U.S.
Department of the Interior, September 1980.
Human Bones and Archeology. Douglas H.
Ubelaker. Interagency Archeological
Services, Heritage Conservation and
Recreation Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C., 1980. Available
from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402
Manual for Museums. Ralph H. Lewis,
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1976.
Treatment of Archeological Properties: A
Handbook. Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation. Washington D.C., 1980.
Secretary of the Interior's Standards for
Historic Preservation Projects
General Standards for Historic
Preservation Projects
The following general standards apply
to all treatments undertaken on historic
properties listed in the National
Register.
1. Every reasonable effort shall be
made to provide a compatible use for a
property that requires minimal
alteration of the building, structure, or
site and its environment, or to use a
property for its originally intended
purpose.
2. The distinguishing original qualities
.or character of a building, structure, or
site and its environment shall not be
destroyed. The removal or alteration of
any historic material or distinctive
architectural features should be avoided
when possible.
3. All buildings, structures, and sites
shall be recognized as products of their
own time. Alterations which have no
historical basis and which seek to create
an earlier appearance shall be
discouraged.
4. Changes which have taken place in
the course of time are evidence of the
history and development of a building,
structure, or site and its environment.
These changes may have acquired
significance in their own right, and this
significance shall be recognized and
respected.-
5. Distinctive architectural features or
examples of skilled craftsmanship which
characterize a building, structure, or site
shall be treated with sensitivity.
6. Deteriorated architectural features
shall be repaired rather than replaced,
wherever possible. In the event
replacement is necessary, the new
material should match the material
being replacedin composition, design,
color, texture, and other visual qualities.
Repair or replacement of missing
architectural features should be based
on accurate duplications of features,
substantiated by historic, physical, or
pictorial evidence rather than on
conjectural designs or the availability of
different architectural elements from
other buildings or structures.
7. The surface cleaning of structures
shall be undertaken with the gentlest
means possible. Sandblasting and other
cleaning methods that will damage the
historic building materials shall not be
undertaken.
8. Every reasonable effort shall be
made to protect and preserve
archeological resources affected by, or
adjacent to, any acquisition,.
stabilization, preservation,
rehabilitation, restoration, or
reconstruction project.
Specific Standards for Historic
Preservation Projects
The following specific standards for
each treatment are to be used in
conjunction with the eight general,
standards and, in each case, begin with
number 9. For example, in evaluating
acquisition projects, include the eight
general standards plus the four specific
standards listed under standards for
Acquisition. The specific standards
differ from those published for use in
Historic Preservation Fund grant-in-aid
projects (36 CFR Part 68) in that they
discuss more fully the treatment of
archeological properties.
Standards for Acquisition
9. Careful consideration shall be given
to the type and extent of property rights
which are required to assure the -
preservation of the historic resource.
The preservation objectives shall
determine the exact property rights to be
acquired.
10. Properties shall be acquired in fee
simple when absolute ownership is
required to insure their preservation.
11. The purchase of less-than-fee-
simple interests, such as open space or
facade easements, shall undertaken
when a limited interest achieves the
preservation objective.
12. Every reasonable effort shall be
made to acquire sufficient property with
the historic resource to protect its
historical, archeological, architectural or
cultural significance.
44738 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
Standard for Protection
9. Before applying protective
measures which are generally of a
temporary nature and imply future
historic preservation work, an analysis
of the actual or anticipated threats to
the property shall be made.
10. Protection shall safeguard the
physical condition or environment of a
property or archeological site from
further deterioration or damage caused
by weather or other natural, animal, or
human intrusions.
11. If any historic material or
architectural features are removed, they
shall be properly recorded and, if
possible, stored for future study or
reuse.
Standards for Stabilization
9. Stabilization shall reestablish the
structural stability of a property through
the reinforcement of loadbearing
members or by arresting deterioration
leading to structural failure.
Stabilization shall also reestablish
weather resistant conditions for a
property.
10. Stabilization shall be
accomplished in such a manner that it
detracts as little as possible from the
property's appearance and significance.
When reinforcement is required to
reestablish structural stability, such
work shall be concealed wherever
possible so as not to intrude upon or
detract from the aesthetic and historical
or archeological quality of the property,
except where concealment would result
in the alteration or destruction of
historically or archeologically
significant material or spaces. Accurate
documentation of stabilization
procedures shall be kept and made
available for future needs.
11. Stabilization work that will result
in ground disturbance shall be preceded
by sufficient archeological investigation
to determine whether significant
subsurface features or artifacts will be
affected. Recovery, curation and
documentation of archeological features
and specimens shall be undertaken in
accordance with appropriate
professional methods and techniques.
Standards for Preservation
9. Preservation shall maintain the
existing form, integrity, and materials of
a building, structure, or site.
Archeological sites shall be preserved
undisturbed whenever feasible and-
practical. Substantial reconstruction or
restoration of lost features generally are
not included in a preservation
undertaking.
10. Preservation shall include
techniques of arresting or retarding the
deterioration of a property through a
program of ongoing maintenance.
11. Use of destructive techniques, such
as archeological excavation, shall be
limited to providing sufficient
information for research, interpretation
and management needs.
Standards for Rehabilitation
9. Contemporary design for alterations
and additions to existing properties
shall not be discouraged when such
alterations and additions do not destroy
significant historic, architectural, or
cultural material and such design is
compatible with the size, scale, color,
material, and character of the property,
neighborhood, or environment.
10. Wherever possible, new additions
or alterations to structures shall be done
in such a manner that if such additions
or alterations were to be removed in the
future, the essential form and integrity
of the structure would be unimpaired.
Standards for Restoration 9. Every reasonable effort shall be
made to use a property for is originally
intended purpose or to provide a
compatible use that will require
minimum alteration to the property and
its environment.
10. Reinforcement required for
structural stability or the installation of
_protective or code required mechanical
systems shall be concealed wherever
possible so as not to intrude or detract
from the property's aesthetic and
historical qualities, except where
concealment would result in the
alteration or destruction of historically
significant materials or spaces.
11. Restoration work such as the
demolition of non-contributing additions
that will result in ground or structural
disturbance shall be preceded by
sufficient archeological investigation to
determine whether significant
subsurface or structural features or
artifacts will be affected. Recovery,
curation and dochmentation of
archeological features and specimens
shall be undertaken in accordance with
appropriate professional methods and
techniques.
Standards for Reconstruction
9. Reconstruction of a part or all of a
property shall be undertaken only when
such work is essential to reproduce a
significant missing feature in a historic
district or scene, and when a
contemporary design solution is not
acceptable. Reconstruction of
archeological sites generally is not
appropriate.
10. Reconstruction of all or a part of a
historic property shall be appropriate
when the reconstruction is essential for
understanding and interpreting the value
of a historic district, or when no other
building, structure, object, or landscape
feature with the same associative value
has survived and sufficient historical or
archeological documentation exists to
insure an accurate reproduction of the
original.
11. The reproduction of missing
elements accomplished with new
materials shall duplicate the
composition, design, color, texture,. and
other visual qualities of the missing
element, Reconstruction of missing
architectural or archeological features
shall be based upon accurate
duplication of original features
substantiated by physical or
documentary evidence rather than upon
conjectural designs or the availability of
different architectural features from
other buildings.
12. Reconstruction of a building or
structure on an original site shall be
preceded by a thorough archeological
investigation to locate and identify all
subsurface features and artifacts.
Recovery, curation and documentation
of archeological features and specimens
shall be undertaken in accordance with
professional methods and techniques:
13. Reconstruction shall include
measures to preserve any remaining
original fabric, including foundations,
subsurface, and ancillary elements. The
reconstruction of missing elements. The
reconstruction of missing elements and
features shall be done in such a manner
that the essential form and integrity of
the original surviving features are
unimpaired.
Secretary of the Interior Guidelines for
Historic Pieservation Projects
The guidelines for the Secretary of the
Interior's Standards for Historic
Preservation Projects, not included here
because of their length, may be obtained
separately from the National Park
Serivce.
Professional Qualifications Standards
The following requirements are those
used by the National Park Service, and
have been previously published in the
Code of Federal Regulations, 36 CFR
Part 61. The qualifications define
minimum education andexperience
required to perform identification,
evaluation, registration, and treatment
activities. In some cases, additional
areas or levels of expertise may be
needed, depending on the complexity of
the task and the nature of the historic
properties involved. In the following
definitions, a year of full-time
professional experience need not consist
of a continuous year of fulltime work bul
Federal Register / Vol. 48, No. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices 44739
may be made up of discontinuous
periods of full-time or part-time work
adding up to the equivalent of a year of
full-time experience.
History
The minimum professional
qualifications in history are a graduate
degree in history or closely related field;
or a bachelor's degree in history or
closely related field plus one'of thd
following:
1. At least two years of full-time
experience in research, writing,
teaching, interpretation, or. other
demonstrable professional activity with
an academic institution, historic
organization or agency, museum, or
other professional institution; or
2. Substantial contribution through
research and publication to the body of
scholarly knowledge in the field of
history.
Archeology
The minimum professional
qualifications in archeology are a
graduate degree in archeology,
anthropology, or closely related field
plus:
1. At least one year of full-time
professional experience or equivalent
specialized training in archeological
research, administration or
management;
2. At least four months of supervised
field and analytic experience in general
North American archeology; and
3. Demonstrated ability to carry
research to completion.
In addition to these minimum
qualifications, a professional in
prehistoric archeology shall have at
least one year of full-time professional
experience at a supervisory level in the
study of archeological resources of the
prehistoric period. A professional in
historic archeology shall have at least
one year of full-time professional
experience at a supervisory level in the
study of archeological resources of the
historic period.
Architectural History
The minimum professional
qualifications in architectural history
are a graduate degree in architectural
history, art history, historic
preservation, or closely related field,
with coursework in American
architectural history; or a bachelor's
degree in architectural history, art
history, historic preservation or closely
related field plus one of the following:
1. At least two years of full-time
experience in research, writing, or
teaching in American architectural
history or restoration architecture with
an academic institution, historical
organization or agency, museum, or
other professional institution; or
2. Substantial contribution through
research and publication to the body of
scholarly knowledge in the field of
American architectural history.
Architecture.
The minimum professional
qualifications in architecture are a
professional degree in architecture plus
at least two years of full-time
experience in architecture; or a State
license to practice architecture.
Historic Architecture
The minimum professional
qualifications historic in architecture are
a professional degree in architecture or
a State license to practice architecture,
plus one of the following:
1. At least one year of graduate study
in architectural preservation, American
architectural history, preservation
planning, or closely related field; or
2. At least one year of full-time
professional experience on historic
preservation projects.
Such graduate study or experience
shall include detailed investigations of
historic structures, preparation of
historic structures research reports, and
preparation of plans and specifications
for preservation projects.
Preservation Terminology
Acquisition-the act or process of
acquiring fee title or interest other than
fee title of real property (including
acquisition of development rights or
remainder interest).
Comprehensive Historic Preservation
Planning-the organization into a logical
sequence of preservation information
pertaining to identification, evaluation,
registration and treatment of historic
properties, and setting priorities for
accomplishing preservation activities.
Historic Context-a unit created for
planning purposes that groups
-information about historic properties
based on a shared theme, specific time
period and geographical area.
Historic Property-a district, site,
building, structure or object significant
in American history, architecture,
engineering, archeology or culture at the
national, State, or local level.
Integrity-the authenticity of a
property's historic identity, evidenced
by the survival of physical
characteristics that existed during the
property's historic or prehistoric period.
Intensive Survey-a systematic,
detailed examination of an area
,designed to gather information about
historic properties sufficient to evaluate
them against predetermined criteria of
significance within specific historic
contexts.
Inventory-a list of historic properties
determined to meet specified criteria of
significance.
National Register Criteria-the
established criteria for evaluating the
eligibility of properties for inclusion in
the National Register of Historic Places.
Preservation (treatment)-the act or
process of applying measures to sustain
the existing form, integrity and material
of a building or structure, and the
existing form and vegetative cover of a
site..It may include initial stabilization
work, where necessary, as well as
ongoing maintenance of the historic
building materials.
Property Type-a grouping of
individual properties based on a set of
shared physical or associative
characteristics.
Protection (treatment)-the act or
process of applying measures designed
to affect the physical condition of a
property by defending or guarding it
from deterioration, loss or attack, or to
cover or shield the property from danger
or injury. In the case of buildings and
structures, such treatment is generally of
a temporary nature and anticipates
future historic preservation treatment; in
the case of archeological'sites, the
protective measure may be temporary or
permanent.
Reconnaissance Survey-an
examination of all or part of an area
accomplished in sufficient'detail to
make generalizations about the types
and distributions of historic properties
that may be present.
Reconstruction (treatment)-the act
or process of reproducing by new
construction the exact form and detail of
a vanished building, structure, or object,
or any part thereof, as it appeared at a
specific period of time.
Rehabilitation (treatment)-the act or
process of returning a property to a state
of utility through repair or alteration
which makes possible an efficient
contemporary use while preserving
those portions or features of the
property which are significant to its
historical, architectural and cultural
values.
Research design-a statement of
proposed identification, documentation,
investigation, or other treatment of a
historic property that identifies the
project's goals, methods and techniques,
expected results, and the relationship of
the expected results to other proposed
activities or treatments.
Restoration-the act or process of
accurately recovering the form and
details of a property and its setting as it
appeared at a particular period of time
44740-44742 Federal Register / Vol. 48, No.. 190 / Thursday, September 29, 1983 / Notices
by means of the removal of later work
or by the replacement of missing earlier
work.
Sample Survey-surveyof a
representative sample of lands within a
given area in order'to generate or test
predictions about the types and
distributions of historic properties in the
entire area.
Stabilization (treatment)-the act or
processof applying measures designed
to reestablish a weather resistant
enclosure and 'the structural stability of
an-unsafe or'deteriorated .property while*
maintaining the essential form as it
exists at present.
Statement of'objectives-see
Research design.
Dated: September 26, 1983.
Russell E. Dickenson,
Director, National Park Service.
JFR Ooc.:83-26607Filed 9--28-83:8:45 aml
BILLING CODE 4310-70-A