Loading...
The URL can be used to link to this page
Your browser does not support the video tag.
Home
My WebLink
About
Kauai Kakou General Plan 2018
| 1 2018 FINAL VERSION APPROVED BY THE COUNTY COUNCIL ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Mālama Honua—caring for the Earth—extends beyond simply caring for our physical surroundings. Mālama Honua embraces protection and balance in all things that make up our world and keep it prosperous; thus recognizing the connectedness between all things and of people as its stewards. It is through kākou—working together—that the crews of the Polynesian Voyaging Society successfully circumnavigated the vast oceans of the world, using the wayfinding tools and knowledge of our ancestors, to inspire Mālama Honua throughout communities worldwide. Without kākou, the Voyaging Society’s vision of inspiring a healthy, vibrant, and unified world would be lost; our legacy waʻa—Hōkūleʻa, Hikianalia, and Kaua‘i’s very own Nāmāhoe—would never have been given Hā (the breath of life) and the continuing stories of hope and triumph shared through the successful journeys of these global voyagers would never be. As with navigation, a direction may be set, but the path traveled is rarely straight. However, keeping an eye on the horizon and to the heavens has always allowed our Master Navigators to never lose sight of the destination. In the same way our navigators have set a course, our community has crafted the Kaua‘i General Plan to guide our actions and provide a direction toward a shared vision of our island-community’s future. Let us be confident in the course we have set, and courageous in times of storm and trouble, and look to the stories and lessons of our Hawaiian Voyagers—to kākou—in order to Mālama Honua right here on Kaua‘i. This plan is dedicated in memory of Louie Abrams (1952 – 2016) Former Planning Commissioner and eternal believer in making Kaua’i a great place to live. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | 3 2018 FINAL VERSION APPROVED BY THE COUNTY COUNCIL ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Message from Mayor Bernard P. Carvalho Jr. Aloha! The County of Kaua‘i is pleased to present Kaua‘i Kākou– Kaua‘i County General Plan. This document charts the course for our island for the next 20 years, guiding our growth and sustainability for generations to come. It is the responsibility of us all on Kaua‘i—in every industry, moku, and community—to ensure that life here does not only benefit our own individual interests, but the overall shared vision of our island and its people. Since 2014, when the public process began, this has been an important goal and the driving force behind our Planning Department in its mission to update the Kaua‘i County General Plan. Now, after years of research and collaboration, we have a set guide in place to move us one step closer to achieving this goal. I would like to extend a special Mahalo to everyone who contributed to this action- driven plan, and I celebrate this achievement together with you. Mahalo to the County’s Planning Department and consultants, the members of the Citizens Advisory Committee, and our courageous community members for sharing your mana‘o with us all. As we move forward together in aloha, I see the Kaua‘i County General Plan shining bright like the North Star which guides us home. Me ke aloha pumehana, Bernard P. Carvalho Jr. Mayor, County of Kaua‘i 2018 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER COUNTY COUNCIL OFFICE OF THE COUNTY CLERK Mel Rapozo, Chair Ross Kagawa, Vice Chair Jade K. Fountain-Tanigawa, County Clerk Arthur Brun Scott K. Sato, Deputy County Clerk Mason K. Chock Arryl Kaneshiro Derek S.K. Kawakami Telephone (808) 241-4188 JoAnn A. Yukimura Fax (808) 241-6349 Email cokcouncil@kauai.gov Council Services Division 4396 Rice Street, Suite 209 Līhu‘e, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i 96766 February 2018 Aloha! On behalf of the Kaua‘i County Council, I would like to express the Council’s appreciation to all who have made possible the completion of the Kaua‘i County General Plan. The theme of the Plan, Kaua‘i Kākou, represents the desires and dreams of our island’s residents, business community, and government leaders, who converged together to define and implement a shared vision for our island. Like the stars that once guided the ancient Polynesian navigators to discover our beautiful islands, the Kaua‘i County General Plan is our map to help us navigate Kaua‘i’s changing landscape and guide us into the future. During the process, one message was clear. The people of Kaua‘i desire urgency. Urgency for affordable housing, transportation improvements, economic stimulation, and major infrastructure improvements. As leaders, we need to commit to work hand-in-hand, and move forward on developing legislation to support the Plan and its vision. Special mahalo and congratulations goes to the dedicated members of the Citizens Advisory Committee, who crafted the public’s input into defined vision statements. The invaluable leadership by the County Planning Department and Plan Consultants to gather information through a unique, community-engaging approach, were instrumental in producing this living document that will serve as a roadmap for Kaua‘i in the years to come. Lastly, thank you to the Kaua‘i community for your participation in this process. As we move forward, we extend our best wishes to Mayor Bernard P. Carvalho, Jr., his Administration, and the future leaders of Kaua‘i for continuing to honor this vision for all of Kaua‘i’s people and future generations. Mahalo nui loa for your participation and collaboration! Sincerely, MEL RAPOZO Council Chair, Kaua‘i County Council ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION acKNoWLedgeMeNtS | KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 5 Citizen Advisory Committee Bill ArakakiKurt BosshardBev BrodyHelen CoxLuke EvslinRobert Farias, Sr.Randall FranciscoLaurie HoBrenda JoseSue KanohoCammie MatsumotoMark oyamaGary PachecoBarbara Robesontom ShigemotoStacy Sproat-BeckSusan tai Kaneko County Council Mel Rapozo, Council ChairRoss Kagawa, Council Vice ChairMason K. Chock, Planning Committee ChairArthur Brun Arryl Kaneshiroderek S.K. KawakamiJoAnn A. Yukimuragary L. Hooser (former)KipuKai Kuali‘i (former) Planning Commission Kimo Keawe (chair) Louis AbramsKanoe Ahuna donna apisa Roy Ho Wayne KatayamaWade LordSean Mahoneyglenda Nogami-Streufert Mayor’s Office Mayor Bernard P. Carvalho, Jr.Managing director Wallace Rezentes, Jr. Managing director Nadine Nakamura (former)Sarah Blane, Chief of Staff Planning Department Michael dahilig, directorKa‘āina Hull, deputy Planning directorMarie Williams, PlannerLeanora Ka‘iaokamālie, PlannerMarisa Valenciano, PlannerLee Steinmetz, transportation PlannerAlex Wong, PlannerAlan Clinton, Project Assistant Office of the County Clerk, Council Services Division Jade K. Fountain-tanigawa, County ClerkScott K. Sato, deputy county ClerkJenelle Agas, Legislative AssistantCouncil Services Staff County Agency Partners Elderly AffairsCounty Attorneyseconomic development Emergency Management (formerly civil defense)FireHousing Liquor Control Parks & Recreation PolicePublic WorksEngineeringBuilding WastewaterSolid Wastetransportation Water State Agency Partners department of Land and Natural Resources department of Health department of transportationoffice of Hawaiian affairs Consultants SSFM International, Inc. (Prime)Charlier Associates, Inc.Collaborative EconomicsEconomic & Planning SystemsMarine & Coastal Solutions International, Inc.opticos design, Inc. PBR Hawai‘i Raimi & AssociatesSMS Research University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program Ruby Pap, Coastal Land Use Extension Agent ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Unless otherwise noted, all photos provided by Planning Department staff. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 6 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN | gLoSSaRY oF HaWaIIaN WoRdS aNd PHRaSeS the following list provides Hawaiian words and phrases, and their corresponding definitions, used throughout this document. the translations are taken and adapted as necessary from Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, available online at http://wehewehe.org/. Ahupua‘a means a land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea, so called because the boundary was marked by a heap (ahu) of stones surmounted by an image of a pig (puaʻa), or because a pig or other tribute was laid on the altar as tax to the chief. the boundaries of an ahupua‘a is based on the region’s watersheds. Ali‘i means a chief. Aloha means affection, compassion for others. ‘Alaea Pa‘akai means sea salt enriched with minerals. ‘Āina means land, earth. ‘Āina Ho’opulapula means homesteading lands. Heiau means a Native Hawaiian place of worship, shrine; some heiau were elaborately constructed stone platforms, others simple earth terraces. Hoa ‘Āina means tenant or caretaker, as on a kuleana. Iwi means bone; core (as of a speech). the bones of the dead were considered the most cherished possession and hidden. Ka Po‘e Kahiko means People of old. Kākou means we (inclusive, three or more), ours, promotes synergy when developing solutions and alternatives. Kamaʻāina means a Native-born, one born in a place, host. Kanaka Maoli o Kauaʻi means a Native Hawaiian of Kauaʻi. Kapu means forbidden, sacred. Keiki means a child or children. Kīpuka means a variation or change of form (puka, hole), as a calm place in a high sea, deep place in a shoal, opening in a forest, openings in cloud formations, and especially a clear place or oasis within a lava bed where there may be vegetation. Konohiki means the headman of an ahupuaʻa land division under the chief; land or fishing rights under control of the konohiki; such rights are sometimes called konohiki rights. Kuleana means right, privilege, concern, responsibility. Kūpuna means elders. Lo’i means an irrigated terrace, especially for taro, but also for rice; paddy. Lo’i kalo means a taro (colocasia esculenta) terrace. Lōkahi means collaboration or teamwork, unity, agreement. Māhele means a division, piece, department, category, portion, or land division. Makaʻāinana means people that attend the land. Makai means toward the ocean. Mālama ‘Āina means caring for the land. Mana means supernatural or divine power; a powerful nation, authority; privilege. Mana‘o means a thought or belief. Mauka means inland or toward the upland. Moku means a traditional land division representing a district or section typically encompassing several ahupua‘a. Kauaʻi’s moku include Puna, Kona, Ko‘olau, Halele‘a, Nāpali, and Ni‘ihau. Mokupuni means island. Nā Kānaka Maoli o Kauaʻi means Native Hawaiians of Kaua‘i and is the plural of Kanaka Maoli o Kauaʻi. ‘Ohana means a family, relative, kin group. ‘Ōlelo means language or speech. Pali means cliff. Paniolo means cowboy. Wahi Pana means legendary place. GLOSSARY OF HAWAIIAN WORDS AND PHRASES ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION acRoNYMS aNd aBBReVIatIoNS | KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 7 the following list, in alphabetical order, provides the acronyms, abbreviations, and their corresponding definitions used throughout this document. ACS American Community Survey ADA americans with disabilities act ADU additional dwelling Unit ADVC average daily Visitor census AIS Archaeological Inventory Study APA Archaeological Planning Association B&B Bed & Breakfast BFE Base Flood Elevation BPH Bike Plan Hawai‘i CAC Citizen Advisory Committee CDC centers for disease control CDP census designated Place CEDS comprehensive economic development Strategy CHMP Commercial Harbors Master Plan CIP Capital Improvement Program CPTED Crime Prevention through Environmental design CWRM Commission on Water Resource Management CZO comprehensive Zoning ordinance DBC deposit Beverage container DBEDT department of Business, economic development, and tourism DHHL department of Hawaiian Home Lands DLNR department of Land and Natural Resources DOBOR division of Boating and Recreation DOCARE division of conservation and Resources Enforcement DOE department of education DOFAW division of Forestry and Wildlife DOH department of Health DOW department of Water DPW department of Public Works DRR disaster Risk Reduction EA Environmental Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EPA Environmental Protection Agency FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map GE Genetically Engineered GET general excise tax GP General Plan GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System GMO genetically Modified organisms gpd gallons Per day gwh Gigawatt Hour Hazmat Hazardous Materials HEAL Healthy Eating, Active Living HDOT Hawai’i department of transportation HHPS Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study HHARP Hawai’i Hazards awareness and Resilience Program HiAP Health in All Policies HOME Home Investment Partnership Program HTA Hawai‘i tourism authority HUD U.S. department of Housing and Urban development IAL Important Agricultural Lands ICAC Interagency Climate Adaptation Committee ICAP Island Climate Adaptation Policy IFS Instream Flow Standards ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 8 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN | acRoNYMS aNd aBBReVIatIoNS IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISWMP Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan ITS Intelligent transportation System IWS Individual Wastewater Systems KCC Kaua’i community college KCHA Kauaʻi county Housing agency KCHII Kauaʻi community Health Improvement Initiative KEDB Kauaʻi economic development Board KEMA Kaua’i emergency Management agency (formerly civil defense) KESP Kauaʻi energy Sustainability Plan KESRP Kauaʻi endangered Seabird Recovery Project KHPRC Kaua’i Historic Preservation Review Commission KIUC Kauaʻi Island Utility cooperative KPAA Kauaʻi Planning and action alliance KTP Kīlauea town Plan KTS Kapa‘a transportation Solutions Study KTSP Kauaʻi tourism Strategic Plan 2016 – 2018 Update KVB Kauaʻi Visitors Bureau KWA Kauaʻi Watershed alliance LCP Līhuʻe community Plan LESP Land Evaluation and Site Assessment LGBTQ Lesbian-gay-Bisexual-transgender-Queer LOS Length of Stay LRTP Long Range transportation Plan MGD Million gallons per day MLTP Multimodal Land transportation Plan MMA Major Market Area MMT CO2EQ Million Metric tons of greenhouse Gas Emissions NAICS North american Industry classification System NIMS National Incident Management System NOAA National oceanic and atmospheric Administration NSPA North Shore Path alternatives OCCL office of conservation and coastal Lands OTD offer to dedicate PASH Public Access Shoreline Hawai‘i PDR Purchase of development Rights PHEV Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle PMRF Pacific Missile Range Facility PTSA Parent teacher Student association R&D Research & development RPS Renewable Performance Standards SHPD State Historic Preservation division SKCP South Kauaʻi community Plan SLR Sea Level Rise SRTS Safe Routes to School SMA Special Management Area SNAP Supplemental Nutrition assistance Program SOV Single occupancy Vehicle SPA Special Planning Area TAM technical assistance Memorandum TDR transfer of development Rights TVR transient Vacation Rental TVU transient Vacation Unit UDP Urban design Plan USDA United States department of agriculture USGS United States Geological Survey VDA Visitor destination area VMT Vehicle Miles traveled WSPA West Side Path Alternatives ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION gLoSSaRY oF teRMS | KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 9 the following list, in alphabetical order, provides definitions for planning terms used throughout this document. Boundary Amendment means changes to the Hawai‘i State Land Use district boundaries. Boundary amendments are approved by the State Land Use Comission. Built Environment means all physical parts of our communities, such as buildings, streets, infrastructure, and parks. Community Plan means a public document that provides specific proposals for future land uses, developments, and public improvements in a given community within the county of Kauaʻi. In the 2000 General Plan, community plans were referred to as “development Plans.” Community plans are intended to be region specific and capture the community’s vision for the area. Cottage Industry means a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home. Design Standards means specific regulations, such as form base code, within Special Planning Areas. design Standards are intended to help to achieve the vision and character that is desired by the community. Development means any building, construction, renovation, mining, extraction, dredging, filling, excavation, or drilling activity or operation; any material change in the use or appearance of any structure or in the land itself; the division of land into parcels; any change in the intensity or use of land, such as an increase in the number of dwelling units in a structure or a change to a commercial or industrial use from a less intensive use; any activity that alters a shore, beach, seacoast, river, stream, lake, pond, canal, marsh, dune area, woodlands, wetland, endangered species habitat, aquifer or other resource area, including coastal construction or other activity (aPa Website, 2016). Development Permits (Land use and building permits collectively) means any written approval or decision by a local government under its land development regulations that gives authorization to undertake some category of development, including but not limited to a building permit, zoning permit, final subdivision plat, minor subdivision, resubdivision, conditional use, variance, appeal decision, planned unit development, site plan, certificate of appropriateness, and zoning map amendment(s) by the legislative body (aPa Website, 2016). Development Standards means specific regulations, such as lot coverage, building height, and setbacks that guide the placement of development per zoning district. For example, Residential development Section 8-4.4 of the Comprehensive Zoning ordinance (cZo) Standards states single family detached dwelling units are subject to density and acreage limitations. Entitlement means an approved permit issued by the county of Kauaʻi to use or develop land. Includes subdivision approval, zoning, variance, special use, and PdU permits. Food Miles Travelled means the distance food travels from where it is grown to where it is consumed. Good Agricultural Practices means voluntary audits that verify that fruits and vegetables are produced, packed, handled, and stored as safely as possible to minimize risks of microbial food safety hazards (USda Website, 2016). Houselessness means lack of housing. Individuals who are houseless lack permanent housing, and may live on the streets, in shelters, in abandoned buildings or vehicles, or any other unstable or non-permanent situation (NHcHc Website, 2017). GLOSSARY OF TERMS ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 10 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN | gLoSSaRY oF teRMS Housing Unit means a house, an apartment, a mobile home, a group of rooms, or a single room that is occupied (or, if vacant, is intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters (SMS Research, 2016). Infill Development means building within existing communities. Infill development can expand housing inventory without consuming open space. Kuleana Rights means allodial titles to Hoa ʻĀina for their own (fee simple) lands, house lots, and certain privileges, including access from the mountains to the shore to collect resources granted by the Kuleana act of the Māhele (december 21, 1849) also referred to as the “Kuleana act of 1850.”1 In 2012 the Hawai‘i Supreme court reaffirmed the viability of Kuleana rights in the present day.2 Landscape Guidelines means design and maintenance guidelines that improve the quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of street landscaping. they also can be used to aid design standards to achieve the vision and character that is desired by the community. The Māhele (also referred to as the great Māhele) means the process, proposed by King Kamehameha III, of redistributing of Hawaiian land to guarantee that Hawaiian people would not lose their tenured land as a result of the alien Land ownership act of 1850, which allowed foreign land ownership in order to motivate capital and labor.3 Makerspaces means collaborative shared spaces where people gather to create, invent, and learn using technology, hardware, and tools. Missing Middle Housing means housing located within walking distance to shops and amenities, filling the gap between single-family homes and apartment buildings (opticos design Website, 2017). Multi-Family Housing means there are two or more housing units within a single building, or there are separate housing units within one housing complex. Provisional Area means an area on the Land Use Map to be defined and designated via a future community Planning process due to the sensitivity of its potential regional impact. the regional community Planning policy, once adopted by ordinance, is considered consistent with this plan. 1 Hoakalei Cultural Foundation Website 2014.2 Opinion of the Court by Nakayama, Acting C.J., Supreme Court of the State of Hawai’i, April 27, 2012; Hawai‘i Reporter April 2012.3 Chinen, JJ The Great Māhele, 1958; HawaiiHistory.org 2017). Single-Family Housing means a building consisting of only one dwelling unit designed for or occupied exclusively by one family. Subdivision means the division of land or the consolidation and resubdivision into two or more lots or parcels for the purpose of transfer, sale, lease, or building development. the term also includes a building or group of buildings, other than a hotel, containing or divided into two or more dwelling units or lodging units. Tsunami Evacuation Zone means any area that should be evacuated when there is a tsunami warning present, as mandated by the Kauaʻi emergency Management agency (KeMa). these areas are typically a minimum of 100 feet away from inland waterways and marinas connected to the ocean. Urban Edge Boundary means a regional boundary intended to limit urban sprawl. It defines where higher density urban development should be contained. Areas outside the Urban Edge Boundary are intended for lower density land uses such as open, conservation, and agriculture. Walkshed means a quarter- to a half-mile radius walking distance or a comfortable walking distance between locations. Zoning Amendment means changes or additions to the county of Kauaʻi cZo. Section 8-3.4 of the cZo states amendments may be made whenever public necessity, convenience, and general welfare require an amendment. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION FIGURES | KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 11 Figure 1-1 county Planning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Figure 1-2 general Plan Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Figure 1-3 Key growth trends (2015-2035) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Figure 1-4 growth allocations by Planning district . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Figure 1-5 Reach of the general Plan Public Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Figure 2-1 approach to Updatingthe Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Figure 2-2 Planning districts and Place types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Figure 3-1 components of the Watershed Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Figure 3-2 aquifer Sectors on Kaua‘i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 3-3 Hydrologic Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 3-4 Sea Level Rise Impacts to coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Figure 3-5 Kaua‘i’s Housing crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Figure 3-6 Multimodal Land transportation Plan 2035 goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Figure 3-7 Projected Wastewater and domestic Water capacity by district in 2035 . . . . . 141 Figure 3-8 Public and Private Water Service areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Figure 3-9 average daily Visitor census (2005-2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Figure 3-10 2015 Visitor Plant Inventory (# of Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Figure 3-11 Kaua‘i Visitor destination areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Figure 3-12 Waimea-Kekaha Visitor destination areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Figure 3-13 South Kaua‘i Visitor destination areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Figure 3-14 Līhu‘e Visitor destination areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Figure 3-16 North Shore Visitor destination areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Figure 3-15 east Kaua‘i Visitor destination areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Figure 3-17 Kaua‘i agricultural Production (2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Figure 3-18 Kaua’i Nui Kuapapa, Moku o Kaua’i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Figure 3-19 composition of Hawai‘i gHg emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Figure 3-20 Impacts of climate change on Kaua‘i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Figure 3-21 Social equity Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Figure 4-1 Implementation and Feedback Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Figure 5-1 Kaua‘i Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Figure 5-2 Waimea-Kekaha Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Figure 5-3 Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 FIGURES ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 12 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN | FIGURES Figure 5-4 South Kaua‘i Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Figure 5-5 Līhu‘e Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Figure 5-6 east Kaua‘i Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Figure 5-7 North Shore Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Figure 5-8 Kaua‘i Island Heritage Resource Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Figure 5-9 Waimea-Kekaha Heritage Resource Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Figure 5-10 Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele Heritage Resource Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Figure 5-11 South Kaua‘i Heritage Resource Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Figure 5-12 Līhu‘e Heritage Resource Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Figure 5-13 east Kaua‘i Heritage Resources Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Figure 5-14 North Shore Heritage Resource Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Figure 5-15 Kaua‘i Island Hazard Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Figure 5-16 Waimea-Kekaha Hazard Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Figure 5-17 Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele Hazard Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Figure 5-18 South Kaua‘i Hazard Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Figure 5-19 Līhu‘e Hazard Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Figure 5-20 east Kaua‘i Hazard Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Figure 5-21 North Shore Hazard Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Figure 5-22 Kaua‘i Island Infrastructure Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Figure 5-23 Waimea-Kekaha Infrastructure Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Figure 5-24 Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele Infrastructure Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Figure 5-25 South Kaua‘i Infrastructure Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Figure 5-26 Līhu‘e Infrastructure Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Figure 5-27 east Kaua‘i Infrastructure Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Figure 5-28 North Shore Infrastructure Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Figure 5-29 Kaua‘i Island Public Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Figure 5-30 Waimea-Kekaha Public Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Figure 5-31 Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele Public Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Figure 5-32 South Kaua‘i Public Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 Figure 5-33 Līhu‘e Public Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 Figure 5-34 east Kaua‘i Public Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Figure 5-35 North Shore Public Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Figure 5-36 Kaua‘i Island-Wide transportation Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Figure 5-37 Kaua‘i Island transit Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION taBLeS | KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 13 TABLES table 1-1 Kaua‘i county Population, Island-Wide and By district (1990-2035) . . . . . . . . .28 table 1-2 Housing Unit demand, Forecast to 2035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 table 1-3 Job growth, Forecast to 2035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 table 1-4 Visitor arrivals, Forecast to 2035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 table 2-1 changes to Resort areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 table 2-2 Major designation changes by Planning district . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 table 2-3 actions & Resources consulted for Land Use Map Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 table 3-1 Summary of goals and Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 table 3-2 State Parks on Kaua‘i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 table 3-3 2016 average daily Visitor census by Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 table 3-4 Hawaiian Immersion charter Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 table 4-1 general Plan objectives and draft Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 table 5-1 Kaua‘i Island transportation Roadway Map Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 table 5-2 Priority transit capacity Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 14 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION taBLe oF coNteNtS | KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 15 INTRODUCTION 19 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR THE FUTURE 23 1.1 General Plan Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.1.1 general Plan Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.1.2 county Planning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.1.3 general Plan Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.2 Public Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.2.1 Background data and Key growth trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.2.2 a Plan driven by the community’s Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.2.3 Balancing Policy and Planning for action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.3 Vision and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 goaL #1: a Sustainable Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 goaL #2: a Unique and Beautiful Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 goaL #3: a Healthy and Resilient People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 goaL #4: an equitable Place, with opportunity for all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.4 POLICIES TO GUIDE GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 POLICY #1: MaNage gRoWtH to PReSeRVe RURaL cHaRacteR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 POLICY #2: PRoVIde aFFoRdaBLe HoUSINg WHILe FacILItatINg a dIVeRSItY oF PRIVateLY-deVeLoPed HoUSINg FoR LocaL FaMILIeS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 POLICY #3: RecogNIZe tHe IdeNtItY oF KaUaʻI’S INdIVIdUaL toWNS aNd dIStRIctS 40 POLICY #4: deSIgN HeaLtHY aNd coMPLete NeIgHBoRHoodS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 POLICY #5: MaKe StRategIc INFRaStRUctURe INVeStMeNtS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 POLICY #6: RedUce tHe coSt oF LIVINg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 POLICY #7: BUILd a BaLaNced MULtIModaL tRaNSPoRtatIoN SYSteM . . . . . . . . 42 POLICY #8: PRotect KaUaʻI’S SceNIc BeaUtY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 POLICY #9: UPHoLd KaUaʻI aS a UNIQUe VISItoR deStINatIoN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 POLICY #10: HeLP BUSINeSS tHRIVe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 POLICY #11: HeLP agRIcULtURaL LaNdS Be PRodUctIVe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 POLICY #12: PRotect oUR WateRSHedS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 POLICY #13: coMPLete KaUaʻI’S SHIFt to cLeaN eNeRgY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 POLICY #14: PRePaRe FoR cLIMate cHaNge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 POLICY #15: ReSPect NatIVe HaWaIIaN RIgHtS aNd WaHI PaNa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 16 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN | taBLe oF coNteNtS POLICY #16: PRotect acceSS to KaUaʻI’S tReaSURed PLaceS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 POLICY #17: NURtURe oUR KeIKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 POLICY #18: HoNoR oUR KŪPUNa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 POLICY #19: coMMUNIcate WItH aLoHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 51 2.1 FUTURE LAND USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2 LAND USE DESIGNATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3 MAP IMPLEMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.4.1 WaIMea-KeKaHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2.4.2 HaNaPĒPĒ–‘eLe‘eLe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.4.3 SoUtH KaUa’I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.4.4 LĪHU’e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2.4.5 eaSt KaUa’I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 2.4.6 NoRtH SHoRe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.0 ACTIONS BY SECTOR 95 SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 1. Wao Nahele – the Upper Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2. Kahawai – Middle Watershed, drainage, and Freshwater Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3. Kahakai – coastal areas and Shorelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4. threatened and endangered Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 SECTOR: II. HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 1. affordable Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 2. Infill Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 3. New communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4. agriculture Worker Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5. Hawaiian Home Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6. elderly Housing and assisted Living Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7. the Houseless Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8. Impact of Resort Uses on Housing Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 SECTOR: III. LAND TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 1. general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 2. county Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3. transit Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4. Pedestrian Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5. Bicycle Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6. Parking Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION taBLe oF coNteNtS | KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 17 SECTOR: IV. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 1. domestic Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 2. Wastewater, Septic Systems, and cesspools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 3. Solid Waste disposal and Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4. airports and Harbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 SECTOR: V. SHARED SPACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 1. town centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2. Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3. Linear Parks and trails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 4. State Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 1. tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 2. agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3. Small Businesses and Promising Economic Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 SECTOR: VII. HERITAGE RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 1. Historic Buildings, Structures, and Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 2. Wahi Pana, cultural Sites, and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 3. Landmarks and Scenic Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 SECTOR: VIII. ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION . . 184 1. energy Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 2. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 SECTOR: IX. PUBLIC SAFETY & HAZARDS RESILIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . 191 1. Police, Fire, ocean Safety, and emergency Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 2. Hazards Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 3. Global Warming and Climate Change Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 1. Social equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 2. access to Quality education and training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 3. Community Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 4. access to Recreation and Subsistence activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING 217 4.1 IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 4.1.1 tooLS FoR IMPLeMeNtatIoN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 4.1.2 KeY IMPLeMeNtatIoN ageNcIeS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 4.2 MONITORING PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 4.2.1 PeRFoRMaNce MeaSUReS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 4.2.2 coMMUNItY edUcatIoN & caPacItY BUILdINg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 4.2.3 UPdatINg tHe geNeRaL PLaN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 18 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN | taBLe oF coNteNtS 5.0 POLICY MAPS 227 5.1 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 5.3 HERITAGE RESOURCE MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 5.4 HAZARD MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 5.5 INFRASTRUCTURE MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 5.6 PUBLIC FACILITIES MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 5.7 TRANSPORTATION MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 6.0 REFERENCES 281 APPENDICES 295 Appendix A – Progress Report on the 2000 General Plan . . . . . . . . . . 295 Appendix B – The Approach & Public Process to Develop this General Plan 299 Appendix C – Growth Trends and Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Appendix D – Sea Level Rise Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Appendix E – Land Ownership and Availability for Future Growth . . . . . 359 Appendix F – Entitled Projects by District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Appendix G – Action Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Appendix H – Issues and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 The appendices are not controlling and are meant only as a courtesy guide. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | INTRODUCTION 19 Kauaʻi is at a Crossroads Kauaʻi’s beauty — found in its expansive beaches, striking landscapes, and cultural diversity — enriches the lives of its people and draws visitors from around the world. the spirit of aloha imbues our rural lifestyle and spiritual connection to the land and ocean —making our way of life unique and unhurried in an increasingly fast-paced world. However, throughout the general Plan’s public process, many expressed that “times are tougher than ever” and that quality of life is burdened by Kauaʻi’s unresolved issues. Voices in the community have expressed frustration towards previous plans that have not been implemented, and towards instances of deferred action on the part of government. Kauaʻi remains vulnerable to overdependence on tourism while the challenges of traffic and housing impact everyone. our rural infrastructure, aging and with limited capacity, appears to be at a tipping point. there are needs, sometimes competing, in areas like environmental preservation, economic prosperity, traffic congestion, and community health. concerns brew over agriculture lands, access to education, water quality, social equity, and invasive species. Looming on the horizon is global climate change and its potential effects on our communities, health, and economy. these threats have cast pessimism over whether Kauaʻi’s treasured identity can be preserved. It’s clear the island is at a crossroads on an array of issues. Many attribute this sense of vulnerability to a common source: growth. Growth is Happening Whether We Like It or Not the need to manage growth is the primary driver behind long range planning. A successful plan relies on the community’s ability to accept factual circumstances, assess future challenges, and craft coherent solutions. However, a recurring theme was the desire to limit growth even though recent population growth has exceeded the 2000 general Plan’s projections. our island’s growth continues regardless of the desire to see it lessen. However, under-planning our future leads to inadequate infrastructure, an increase in illegal land INTRODUCTION From top left: Hanalei taro fields, North Shore district; Brennecke’s Beach, South Kaua‘i district; Kaua‘i paddlers; traffic on Kūhiō Highway near Kapa‘a, east Kaua‘i district. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 20 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN uses, and a community that continues to evolve under the weight of more people. Some have suggested legislating policies like limiting family size or restricting the right to travel to Kaua‘i, but such methods of population control are unconstitutional.Growth is projected to continue to increase throughout the next twenty years at an approximate rate of one percent a year. Both natural increase and in-migration cause growth, but the data also reveals a large out-migration of those born and raised here. today, Kaua’i is at a juncture where we can either adequately plan for a future that can accommodate those who were born and raised on the island, or we can continue to see the efflux of our kama‘āina leaving for a more feasible life away from home. When faced with this dilemma, the community has shown a strong desire to implement the necessary actions to ensure that the future of Kaua‘i will provide opportunities for today’s keiki. therefore, the general Plan accepts this projected growth as a timely opportunity to cultivate collaboration and positive change. In this light, the challenge is to ensure growth benefits local residents and also addresses today’s pressing concerns. one such concern is Kaua’i’s housing crisis. approximately 9,000 homes are needed by the year 2035 (see appendix c). the ability of our keiki to pursue a livelihood at home will depend on our ability to adequately address and correct the decline of available and affordable housing. to further complicate matters, any home that is built on Kauaʻi can be bought and sold on the global market. these competitive forces often outpace the needs of local residents who continue to become increasingly disenfranchised over time. The Urgency of Planning for Kauaʻi’s Future A trend reversal in the type of growth our island sees will largely depend on the outcome and implementation of plans like this one. the general Plan is a call to arms, making the tough decisions to steer us on the right path. But collective agreement to make hard choices relies on accurately representing the community tenor and ensuring solutions have buy-in. therefore, the public process placed great effort on “listening” rather than “telling.” democracy relies on diverse views and respectful discourse, and the General Plan follows in that tradition. At the beginning of the process, many were apprehensive about future change. However, the dissemination of baseline data about current conditions and trends, derived from a series of technical studies, built a common pool of understanding so discourse could occur. thousands of residents touched the process in one way or another, through small group meetings, open house events, pop-ups, surveys, visioning workshops, classroom lectures, contests, and internet outreach (see appendix B). the county administration convened a citizen advisory committee (cac) that helped test presumptions and policies. Keiki, college students, large landowners, and agencies were all engaged. In short, the mana‘o of everyone with a stake in Kauaʻi’s future was sought and welcomed. Upon this foundation, the General Plan sets in place a vision, policies, objectives and actions to guide County decision-making and partnership efforts over the long term. It describes how we will manage projected growth while preserving our most important resources, places, and qualities. A Vision Grounded in Reality communities concurred that the 2000 general Plan’s vision was still relevant. But they also noted where accomplishments fell short of the vision, things that need “fixing,” and the failure to work on weaknesses. Faced with this dilemma, updating the General Plan was layered with questions of what is appropriate to change, to emphasize, and to prioritize. It was agreed upon that the General Plan should create clear policy, measures of progress, and a system for evaluation and accountability. As a result, the general Plan identifies 19 key polices to guide growth and includes a discussion of each policy’s rationale and intended outcomes. an actions chapter, tied to the policies, is added along with an expanded implementation chapter. With these changes, the General Plan will continue to serve as the county’s premier document in managing growth and providing guideposts for the future. Kauaʻi Kākou: Moving Forward Together Kauaʻi’s strengths lie in both the individual and collective sense of independence and kuleana that its people share. We must rely on one another, address challenges directly, become more self-sufficient, and protect the physical environment and culture that make Kauaʻi special. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | INTRODUCTION 21 The spirit of aloha imbues our rural lifestyle and spiritual connection to the land and ocean. cliffs along Kaua‘i’s coastline ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 22 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.1 geNeRaL PLaN coNtext | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 23 1.1 GENERAL PLAN CONTEXT 1.1.1 GENERAL PLAN PURPOSE the general Plan establishes priorities for managing growth and community development over a 20-year planning timeframe. In addition to being required by State Law, the County Charter instructs that the General Plan guide future action concerning land use and development regulations, urban renewal programs, and expenditures for capital improvements. the first general Plan was adopted in 1971. Updates, meant to take place every ten years, last occurred in 1982 and 2000. the update of the General Plan also presents the opportunity to look at the County as a whole and make consensus-based decisions about issues and opportunities pertaining to growth. As a direction-setting document, the General Plan is not regulatory in the sense of a zoning code or other land use entitlement. the policies guide county decision-making by mapping land use patterns, describing what type of development is desirable, and by setting high-level priorities for infrastructure and programs. this will impact development code revisions, district and zone amendments, discretionary project approvals, and capital projects planning. the general Plan covers six planning districts on the Island of Kauaʻi: North Shore, east Kauaʻi, Līhuʻe, South Kauaʻi, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele, and Waimea-Kekaha. the Island of Ni‘ihau is also part of Kauaʻi County, but is not covered by the General Plan due to its predominantly private ownership and management. 1.1.2 COUNTY PLANNING SYSTEM the general Plan plays a key role in the county’s planning system, which is composed of a hierarchical set of activities and plans, as shown in Figure 1-1. together, the general Plan, the community plans, and 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR THE FUTURE The General Plan Vision & Goals for Kaua‘i are a series of statements that express the community’s values and desired outcomes in the year 2035. Policies and actions flow from the Vision & Goals. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 24 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN the functional plans set long-term policy directing development of the land use ordinances and the Capital Improvements Program. The General Plan sets forth the policy direction for the County through written policies. Spatial policies are depicted on the Future Land Use Map (Section 5.2) and other maps. Policy is elaborated through the more detailed community plans, zoning, and land use regulations. Community & Special Area Plans establish more detailed policy and maps that are specific to a certain community or geographic area and establish the basis for zoning controls that are unique to the area. Functional Plans analyze alternatives and establish policy regarding the future development of specific systems and facilities. Both community plans and public facility plans are strategic in character. they define and set forth strategies and courses of action, often involving resource commitments and physical improvements. The Capital Improvements Program (CIP) includes County expenditures and action priorities for a rolling six-year period. It also establishes a financial plan and a general schedule for project implementation. Regulatory Ordinances and Administrative Rules including the comphehensive Zoning ordinance (cZo), the Special Management area (SMa) Rules, and the Subdivision ordinance, set standards for land uses, as well as procedures and criteria for deciding discretionary permits. the cZo and other land use regulations elaborate on General Plan and community plan policies. the regulations translate policies (both maps and text) into specific terms, such as permissible uses, building heights, and other requirements. Zoning Amendments apply to a particular land parcel or group of parcels. the general Plan Land Use Map in chapter 5 shows only general land uses for an area. Zone changes translate these to the parcel level on the County Zoning Maps in Chapter 5. at the time of zoning, decisions need to be made concerning a wide range of issues, including but not limited to the following: the potential effects on the use and character of surrounding lands; the specific location of commercial and residential areas; the densities of development; the road system; and the adequacy of infrastructure and community facilities. Site development and construction regulations such as the building code, grading ordinance, and the drainage standards play a significant role in guiding land development and maintaining environmental quality. 1.1.3 GENERAL PLAN FRAMEWORK the theme of the general Plan, Kaua‘i Kākou, acknowledges that Kaua‘i’s strength lies in its strong, diverse community and the ability to work together to provide a better future. the plan’s framework represents Kaua‘i’s approach to managing future growth and unifies the vision, goals, policies, objectives, actions, and maps. the general Plan Framework is illustrated in Figure 1-2. the five elements of the framework are described below: • Vision and goals – the vision and goals are aspirational in nature. they describe Kaua‘i’s ideal and desired state by the year 2035. the vision for Kaua‘i is organized by four overarching goals identified through the community process. Figure 1-1 County Planning System Kaua‘i General Plan Actions• Amendments• Appropriations• Approvals Community &Special Area Plans Functional Plans• Water• transportation• Wastewater• Solid Waste Development Standards• cZo• Subdivision• SMA Capital ImprovementsProgram ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.1 geNeRaL PLaN coNtext | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 25 Figure 1-2 General Plan Framework • Policies – the nineteen policies update and streamline the policies in the General Plan 2000, while also accounting for new issues and community concerns. In concert, the policies articulate the county’s direction and priorities in accommodating and managing future growth. • objectives and actions by Sector – the ten sectors represent the areas that must be considered in policy implementation. Within each sector are several subsections which elaborate on more specific topics. each subsection has an objective that details the policy direction specific to the topic. actions are forward-looking and are organized by the implementation tool available to the County. Actions represent what is needed to move policy forward. they include code changes, updated or new plans, partnership needs, and projects. this organization allows users to find ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 26 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN topics easily and also communicates how the General Plan should be used. Responsible parties and policy conformance for each action is shown in the action matrix (appendix g). • Policy Maps – Six maps illustrate the policy of the general Plan. the Future Land Use Map is the spatial representation of how Kaua‘i should accommodate and manage future growth. the other maps support the Future Land Use Map and include Heritage Resources, Hazards, Infrastructure, Public Facilities, and transportation. • Implementation Program – By nature, the General Plan is a high-level guidance document and implementation will require moving forward on several levels of the planning system and across many existing programs. the general Plan’s Implementation Program is designed for accountability and transparency, and includes evaluation, monitoring, and reporting elements. Performance measures provide a means of assessing progress in relation to the General Plan vision, goals, and policies. chapter 4 covers performance measures and monitoring in further detail. together, the implementation elements create a feedback loop, thus allowing the General Plan to be a living document that can be amended in a timely manner if need be. 1.2 PUBLIC PROCESS 1.2.1 BACKGROUND DATA AND KEY GROWTH TRENDS to plan for the future, an assessment of existing conditions and trends must first occur. Phase I of the General Plan Update included the development and integration of six technical reports to serve as the Plan’s data foundation and to inform policy development: 1. Socio-economic analysis and Forecast (2014) 2. Land Use Buildout analysis (2015) 3. Infrastructure analysis (2015) 4. Climate Change and Coastal Hazards assessment (2014) 5. Important agricultural Lands Study (2015) 6. community Health Improvement Plan (2014) A summary of the technical reports is provided in Appendix C. Key growth trends related to defacto population, housing, and jobs are described below. Since 2000, the county grew by over 12,000 residents – from 58,463 residents to 71,000 in 2015. to the year 2035, Kauaʻi will continue expanding its resident and visitor population base, thus increasing the demand for new housing and jobs. total population for the county is projected to increase to 88,013 by 2035 (table 1-1). this represents an increase of 22 percent between 2015 and 2035, or approximately one percent a year (Figure 1-3). although growth is spurred by both natural increase and in-migration, the forecasted growth rate is lower and more stable compared to previous decades. Changing demographics suggest an aging population with limited ability to maintain the levels of natural growth experienced in the last two decades. the housing unit forecast is a function of the total population and assumes that housing production will respond to demand. to accurately determine demand, household size was forecasted on the planning district level. as with population, the Līhuʻe Planning district is likely to see a larger increase in total housing units than the other districts (see Figure 1-4). assuming stable household size, the 2035 total housing unit forecast is 39,676 (see table 1-2). this represents annual growth of approximately 1.2 percent per year. Figure 1-3 Key Growth Trends (2015-2035) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.2 PUBLIc PRoceSS | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 27 Since 1990, a substantial number of jobs have been generated within the visitor industry (arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodations, and food services). growth in the visitor industry and other sectors will increase total jobs to 34,000 by 2030 (see table 1-3). average annual job growth is expected to equal 0.79 percent until 2020. Between 2020 and 2030, job growth is expected to occur at an average annual rate of 0.66 percent. the rate is expected to dip again to 0.53 percent during the period between 2030 and 2035, resulting in 34,900 jobs by 2035. the visitor arrivals forecast shows an overall growth of about one percent per annum between 2010 and 2035 (see table 1-4). It decreases very slightly across that period. If history can be trusted, we can expect some form of disrupting event in the visitor industry every five to ten years. that means the real path that visitor arrival counts will take on Kaua‘i is likely to have its significant ups and downs just as it did in the last 25 years. Figure 1-4 Growth Allocations by Planning District (based on housing unit demand from 2010-2035) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 28 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i 51,676 58,463 67,091 74,693 83,328 88,013 Līhu‘e 11,169 12,507 14,683 18,017 21,595 23,456 South Kaua‘i 9,600 10,545 11,696 13,623 15,737 16,855 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele 3,873 4,362 6,157 6,463 6,860 7,094 Waimea-Kekaha 4,698 5,660 5,561 5,901 6,323 6,566 North Shore 5,913 6,605 8,002 8,286 8,686 8,933 East Kaua‘i 16,192 18,784 20,992 22,403 24,128 25,110 Table 1-1 Kaua‘i County Population, Island-Wide and By District (1990-2035) Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 county of Kauaʻi, total Units 17,613 25,331 29,793 33,553 37,519 39,676 county of Kauaʻi, available Units 16,985 21,398 24,915 28,085 31,379 33,169 county of Kauaʻi, occupied Units 16,253 20,370 23,240 25,902 28,788 30,349 Average annual growth rate 4.4% 1.8% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% Table 1-2 Housing Unit Demand, Forecast to 2035 Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 county of Kauaʻi 25,250 26,550 28,150 31,900 34,000 34,900 Average annual growth rate 0.51% 0.60% 1.33% 0.66% 0.53% Table 1-3 Job Growth, Forecast to 2035 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.2 PUBLIc PRoceSS | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 29 Figure 1-5 Reach of the General Plan Public Process Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 county of Kauaʻi (x1000)1,229 1,075 955 1,302 1,418 1,480 change this decade -13%-11.2 % 26.7 % 8.1% 4.2% Average Annual Rate of Change -1.3%-1.2% 2.7% .8% .4% Table 1-4 Visitor Arrivals, Forecast to 2035 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 30 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1.2.2 A PLAN DRIVEN BY THE COMMUNITY’S VISION the general Plan is based on the community’s vision for Kauaʻi’s future. Phase II of the update process utilized a broad and inclusive public engagement program to develop the Plan. thousands participated through a variety of platforms including open houses, workshops, social media, digital engagement, community and small group meetings, pop-up events, and a survey with more than 1,000 respondents. Input from the public, agencies, and the Citizen Advisory Committee informed the vision, goals, policies, objectives, and actions. a project website (www.plankauai.com) served as a clearinghouse for information and updates. the website included records of community input, technical studies, white papers, meeting summaries, and other relevant documents. Figure 1-5 llustrates the reach of the public process as of February 2018. the public process is fully described in appendix B. 1.2.3 BALANCING POLICY AND PLANNING FOR ACTION the public process garnered positive feedback concerning the 2000 general Plan’s well-crafted vision and values. However, many did point out weaknesses in the previous general Plan’s ability to identify effective mechanisms for managing growth and to provide the public and decision makers clear implementation guideposts. Further, the tenor and character of public comments tended to congregate around what was wrong with their community, what needed to be fixed, or where government failed them during this process. the issues raised by the public during this process did not differ significantly from those facing the community before the turn of the millennium. However, the sense of urgency and concern is noticeably different – reflecting a heightened sense of frustration at how many issues have become exacerbated over time. In response, the plan clarifies policy and direction built upon the still-valid foundational community values in the 2000 general Plan: • Protection, management, and enjoyment of our open spaces, unique natural beauty, rural lifestyle, outdoor recreation and parks. • conservation of fishing grounds and other natural resources, so that individuals and families can support themselves through traditional gathering and agricultural activities. • Access to and along shorelines, waterways, and mountains for all. However, access should be controlled where necessary to conserve natural resources and to maintain the quality of public sites for fishing, hunting, recreation, and wilderness activities valued by the local community. • Recognition that our environment is our economy, our natural capital, and the basis of our economic survival and success. • Balanced management of our built environment, clustering new development around existing communities and maintaining the four-story height limit. • diverse job and business opportunities so that people of all skill levels and capabilities can support themselves and their families. • Government that supports and encourages business. • Balanced economic growth development that promotes providing good jobs and a strong economy, without sacrificing our environment and or our quality of life. • Respect and protection for the values and rights of our many cultures, in compliance with our laws and responsibilities as citizens. • Preservation of our cultural, historical, sacred, and archaeological sites. • Appreciation and support for the traditions of the Native Hawaiian host culture and the many other cultural traditions and values that make up the Kaua‘i community. • Appreciation and support for the visitor industry’s role in preserving and honoring all cultures and their values as Kaua‘i’s leading source of income and as a supporter of community festivals, recreation, arts, and culture. • Protection of Kaua‘i’s unique character. • Recognition of the uniqueness of our communities, supporting people with roots and history in those communities to continue to live and raise their families there. • Safety for all citizens and visitors. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.2 PUBLIc PRoceSS | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 31 • Support for our youth, educating them to succeed. • Broad participation in the public process. the general Plan keeps paramount Kaua’i’s values that focus on what we have in common rather than what separates us, threads the values through overarching policies, then implements policy through clear actions. Concerns were raised that a focus on problems created in the past would leave aside detailed and deep discussion on the policies needed to move us forward. Another concern was that an emphasis on actions may draw away attention from a firm policy foundation to guide decision-making. In response, the “Policies to guide growth” section discusses the rationale behind the policies and provides insight toward how each item is meant to move us forward. Further, the actions by sector contain objectives that are clearly tied for consistency to the policies. Kaua’i Kākou public participation events ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 32 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN A Sustainable Island Growing responsibly to meet the needs of current and future generations without depleting resources. • Kaua‘i is a sustainable island, rooted in principles of aloha and mālama ‘āina, and remarkable in its thriving ecosystems. • Kaua‘i is a place where conservation and restoration of land and water resources provide the foundation of sustainable policies for land use, energy, infrastructure, society, and economy. A Unique and Beautiful Place Stewardship and protection of the natural, cultural, social, and built environment assets that are of value to the community. • Kaua‘i is a place of distinctive natural beauty that honors its Native Hawaiian heritage, values historic places, and is shaped by diverse languages and cultural traditions. • Kaua‘i is an island of unique communities that are united in a common vision and in care for their neighbors and ‘ohana • Kaua‘i is a place where rural character and natural landscapes are preserved through compact, walkable communities separated by scenic and functional open spaces. • Kaua‘i is a place that welcomes visitors, providing adequate facilities and a variety of cultural and recreational opportunities while maintaining the principles of aloha and mālama ‘āina. A Healthy and Resilient People Increasing health, vitality, and resilience of communities through improving the natural, built, and social environment and responding to impacts from climate change. • Kaua‘i is a place with healthy people and vibrant community life, safe facilities for walking and biking, places to gather and socialize, and venues for arts and culture. • Kaua‘i is a resilient community that shares kuleana in planning for the future, proactively responding to and preparing for changes, and providing for the needs of people from keiki to kūpuna. • Kaua‘i is a place that supports agriculture and a diversity of farming practices and produces food and other products that contribute to Kaua‘i’s self-sufficiency. An Equitable Place, with Opportunity for All Fostering diverse and equitable communities with vibrant economies, access to jobs and housing, and a high quality of life. • Kaua‘i is an island of economic opportunity where businesses, cottage industries, and entrepreneurs thrive, and where youth have broad access to education, enrichment, and xeconomic opportunity. • Kaua‘i is a place where housing for all ages and income levels is integrated into the fabric of each community, and where people can live close to work and services. 1.3 VISION AND GOALS the vision sets the desired long range outcome through a series of statements organized by the following over-arching goals: ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.3 VISIoN aNd goaLS | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 33 Kaua‘i residents widely agree that sustainability should drive planning for the future. this recognizes that Kaua‘i’s natural environment provides the foundation for a sustainable and equitable society, which in turn creates and supports a sustainable economy. the 2000 general Plan broke ground toward recognizing sustainability goals for the County, but this general Plan is the first to adopt it as an overarching goal. Sustainable development does not endanger the natural systems that support life: air, water, soil, and living organisms. It means meeting the basic needs of society and extending to all people the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life. It means integrating economic and environmental considerations in policy and decision-making.1 A key concept related to sustainability is managing growth without depleting the natural environment. Many feel the island is near or at carrying capacity with regard to resources, such as parks, roads, and public infrastructure. there is also concern that Kaua‘i’s natural resources and ecosystems are being irreversibly stressed or depleted. Addressing these issues sustainably means frankly assessing the existing conditions and identifying the tools and resources available to provide for their sustainable use and protection into the future. there is a common desire to manage or limit growth, visitor traffic, and development on Kaua‘i. there is agreement that growth should be concentrated around existing centers to promote efficiencies in 1 Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Develop-ment, 1987 infrastructure while preserving open space and contributing to health. Adequate infrastructure should be provided to support current and anticipated needs. A sustainable society is one with a strong and diverse community fabric, where people of all ages, origins, economic statuses, and abilities co-exist and thrive. they share a desire to strengthen communities to withstand economic and environmental pressures and provide for needs from keiki to kūpuna. a sustainable economy requires increased self-reliance for food, energy, and other resources. this means each individual taking the responsibility, or kuleana, to reduce their ecological footprint in their own lifestyle and land use. Sustainability also means recognizing the county’s role in the larger world. For example, sustainability is threatened by global climate change, and Kaua‘i must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and adapt in ways that are sensitive to the environment. Local sustainability efforts are strengthened by statewide initiatives and partnerships. In 2008, the Hawai’i 2050 Sustainability Plan was finalized. In 2014, the county became a signatory of the Aloha+ Challenge, a statewide commitment to achieve integrated sustainability goals by 2030. the program’s priorities include clean energy, local food production, natural resource management, waste reduction, smart sustainable communities, and green workforce and education. the general Plan’s sectors and performance measures align with and support these priority areas. GOAL #1: A SUSTAINABLE ISLAND Sustainability means growing responsibly to meet the needs of current and future generations without depleting important resources. The United Nations Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - United Nations, 1987 Community Voices “In the words of Edward R. Murrow, American journalist, 1908-1965: ‘The obscure we see eventually. The completely obvious, it seems, takes a little longer.’” “Well, we have waited too long already, so let’s design and build a ‘Self-sufficient and Sustainable Kaua‘i for the people of Kaua‘i.’ And yes, we not only can be a model for the rest of the state, country, and world, we SHOULD BE, we owe it to our children and future generations!” Kaua’i Kakou art contest entry by aaliyah cadiente-Nu-mazawa of Wilcox Elementary School. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 34 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Kaua‘i’s natural ecosystems, coupled with its multi-ethnic culture, are what make Kaua‘i truly unique. these qualities and features are irreplaceable and exist nowhere else in the world, and therefore deserve protection in perpetuity. Specific examples include endemic and endangered species, historic structures, archaeological sites, cultural traditions, beliefs, practices, stories, and legendary places (wahi pana). there is a legendary belief that applying traditional Hawaiian concepts of resource management, such as the ahupua‘a system, can help to develop and support a culture of stewardship on Kaua‘i. In addition, there is a recognition of the need to protect the public trust resources provided special protection in article 11.1 of the Constitution of the State of Hawai‘i, which states: “For the benefit of present and future generations, the State and its political subdivisions shall conserve and protect Hawai‘i’s natural beauty and all natural resources, including land, water, air, minerals and energy sources, and shall promote the development and utilization of these resources in a manner consistent with their conservation and in furtherance of the self-sufficiency of the State. All public natural resources are held in trust by the State for the benefit of the people.” Many of these resources are under private or shared management between different levels of government. the general Plan identifies those resources and qualities in need of stewardship, identifies issues and challenges, and sets forth policies that strengthen, uphold, or support their protection. the Heritage Resources Sector identifies special resources in need of protection. GOAL #2: A UNIQUE AND BEAUTIFUL PLACE Kaua‘i’s people share responsibility, or kuleana, to care for and protect treasured resources, traditions, and qualities of the natural, built, and human environment. Community Voices “The land is chief. We are but stewards of the land. If we take care of the land, the land will take care of us. All in the community must take into consideration how important it is to take only what one needs; to share, if there is abundance; to combine resources whenever possible; to contribute one’s talents and capabilities in the spirit of shared kuleana (responsibility).” Waimea Canyon, Waimea-Kekaha district ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.3 VISIoN aNd goaLS | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 35 Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Source: World Health Organization, 1946 Health is influenced by the built environment, including the quality and affordability of housing; ability to walk or bicycle to key destinations; access to education, health care, and public services; availability of healthy foods; and access to the recreational areas that support active lifestyles. Healthy communities are also multi-generational, supporting the needs of all from keiki to kūpuna. Community health is strengthed by locally grown food, compact walkable communities, preservation of natural areas, and access to jobs that support a high quality of life. Resilience refers to the ability of a system to absorb disturbance and still maintain its basic function and structure. Source: Walker and Salt (2006) Resilient communities understand their strengths and vulnerabilities, and have resources and networks that enable self-sufficiency in responding to changes. Having weathered multiple disasters, Kaua’i’s residents have a heightened awareness of the need to prepare for and recover quickly from disruptive events. this awareness is an asset that can be employed in planning for other hardships due to climate change or economic fluctuations. Self-sufficiency is another aspect of resiliency. this includes increasing local food production and crops for fuel and fiber. It means transitioning to renewable energy sources rather than relying on imported fossil fuels. It means hardening key infrastructure and siting it and other development away from vulnerable areas over time. Resiliency also requires strong community fabric. Factors that erode community fabric include: the high cost of living; loss of opportunities for youth; residents priced out of the housing market; lack of common gathering areas; and sprawling development which weakens our town centers. the general Plan addresses these concerns through policies and actions for revitalizing towns and encouraging affordable housing. Finally, resilience needs a strong and diverse economy. Workers must have access to living-wage employment and opportunities for advancement. Kauaʻi’s heavy reliance on the visitor industry — from the number of jobs supported by visitor spending to the percentage of real property revenue generated from resort uses — is considered a threat to resilience. the general Plan’s policies and actions support renewal, rather than expansion, in the visitor industry, strengthening of the agricultural sector, and economic diversification. GOAL #3: A HEALTHY AND RESILIENT PEOPLE We seek to increase the resilience and vitality of Kaua‘i’s communities and promote better health outcomes through improving the natural, built, and social environment. Community Voices “The plantation camps should be used as a community model where safety, health, and welfare can be provided in a planned community: • Community rules are formed and adhered to. • Dispensaries and child caring centers can be established. • Yurts or tiny homes on decks can be used and when more room is needed, smaller units. • Porta potties are used and water must be brought in by residents or catchment systems used. • On demand water heaters are used if there is water provided by county. Solar if not.” “Emphasize the relevance between the importance of being self-reliant and self-sustaining, along with the ways in which the essence of aloha becomes possible – to take care of ourselves, each other and our environment for generations to come!” Kaua’i Kakou art contest winner Zixin He of Kapa‘a Elementary School. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 36 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN opportunity is about equal access to a high quality of life, which includes adequate housing, employment, and pathways to upward mobility. Perhaps the greatest challenge to opportunity is Kaua‘i’s high cost of living, often called the “Price of Paradise.” there is great concern that the cost of living has pushed local families away from Kaua‘i, and keeps many families in or near poverty. the majority of new and available housing is not affordable to the average working household. this has also led to a sense that development contributes to inequality by serving off-island interests. When transportation and electricity costs are factored in, the average Kaua‘i household spends more than 60 percent of its income on housing and transportation. Some residents manage the high cost of living through supplemental backyard food production, hunting, fishing, and multiple jobs. others turn living rooms or garages into bedrooms for long-term guests and extended family. Still, the number of houseless individuals and families on the island is increasing, and many more are at risk of becoming houseless. those unable to manage the costs become the working poor, continually in “survival mode” — or they abandon Kaua‘i and seek opportunity elsewhere. Reversing this trend means ensuring that Kaua‘i residents, regardless of factors such as geographic location, age, race, gender, and economic status, have access to housing that is adequate, employment that can sustain their needs, essential services, transportation options, and opportunities for recreation and enjoyment of shared spaces. It means making sure that planning and land development decisions do not unfairly burden disadvantaged groups. It means encouraging and celebrating diverse, mixed income neighborhoods. It means providing for workforce housing in new growth areas and areas to be redeveloped. It means providing access to services and opportunities in rural communities so that the people there can maintain their desired lifestyle while meeting their needs. this general Plan includes policies that will help Kaua‘i provide opportunity for its people from keiki to kūpuna. this will require creative thinking, collaboration, and collective action in the spirit of Kaua‘i Kākou. GOAL #4: AN EQUITABLE PLACE, WITH OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL We aim to foster diverse and equitable communities with vibrant economies, access to jobs and housing, and a high quality of life. Community Voices “I believe that most of the long-term Kaua‘i residents are more concerned with the issues of opportunity and challenges faced by their children, resolving infrastructure issues, housing opportunities for the less affluent local community, cost of living, etc. In other words, survival. If the only house you can afford is a black and grey apartment in Princeville, yet your job is in Līhu‘e — you’re stuck wasting four hours per day in traffic. It’s our development patterns that guide our addiction to cars, not the other way around.” Kaua’i Kakou art contest entry by aljhay Flores of King Kaumuali‘i elementary School. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.4 PoLIcIeS to gUIde gRoWtH | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 37 1.4 POLICIES TO GUIDE GROWTh Nineteen policies address the issues most important to Kauaʻi residents in the face of existing issues and future growth. the policies guide objectives and actions and inform the Future Land Use Map. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 121110 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 38 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN GENERAL PLAN POLICIES Nineteen policies articulate the County’s path forward toward meeting the community’s vision and goals of sustainability, unique character, resilience, and equity. The policies address the critical issues and opportunities identified through the community process. They are not listed in order of priority, as all are important. These policies were the subject of a community-wide survey that was completed by more than 1,000 respondents across Kauaʻi, and indicated widespread agreement with the policy direction. Results of the survey are summarized in Appendix B. Each policy statement is numbered and accompanied by a heading and icon. The icons are used in Chapter 3 to illustrate policy consistency. POLICY #1: MaNage gRoWtH to PReSeRVe RURaL cHaRacteR Preserve Kauaʻi’s rural character by limiting the supply of developable land to an amount adequate for future needs. Prohibit development not adjacent to towns. Ensure new development occurs inside growth boundaries and is compact and walkable. Rural character is what makes Kauaʻi a unique and beautiful place valued by residents and visitors alike. However, this character is threatened by low-density development occurring on agricultural lands that are non-adjacent to existing towns. this development pattern also increases traffic—another threat to Kauaʻi’s rural character. Because our population will grow, we need to manage growth in a way that is sustainable and preserves our character. By concentrating growth within or adjacent to existing towns, we designate where urban uses belong in order to better preserve agricultural lands and open space. Infill and compact growth in existing towns will minimize infrastructure costs and help maintain separation between towns. When combined with transportation improvements, compact growth can reduce traffic congestion by reducing the need for long trips in single occupancy vehicles, increasing walking and biking within towns, and improving access to transit. This policy is implemented spatially through the Land Use Map in Chapter 5 (Urban Edge Boundaries and amount of new urban district allocated to districts) and through actions for Housing, Land Use, and the Economy. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.4 PoLIcIeS to gUIde gRoWtH | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 39 POLICY #2: PRoVIde aFFoRdaBLe HoUSINg WHILe FacILItatINg a dIVeRSItY oF PRIVateLY-deVeLoPed HoUSINg FoR LocaL FAMILIES Recognizing the extraordinary urgency, the County needs to plan for and help facilitate the building of approximately 9,000 housing units by 2035. Factors to consider include establishing: (1) a fair and effective housing ordinance; (2) adequate capital; (3) effective partnerships; (4) clear policy guidelines ensuring cost-effective and energy-efficient homes by design and location; (5) a strategy for providing adequate infrastructure for affordable housing; (6) a “housing first” approach to ending homelessness; and (7) a timetable for action, including a short-term strategy for developing 2000 affordable housing units in the first five years. the average price of a single family house on Kauaʻi exceeds $700,000.2 A large majority of our population, especially low- and moderate-income working families, seniors, and the houseless population, cannot afford such costs. our current housing deficit is approximately 1,400 units,3 and demand is projected to increase by approximately 9,000 units by 2035.4 over 80 percent of the housing demand on Kaua‘i comes from families making 120 percent of median income or less, with the largest need coming from families with income equal to or less than 50 percent of median income.5 the median income for a 4-person household is presently $79,200.6 Currently the average cost to build a basic house or dwelling unit is $450,000.7 Whether by private or public developer, the construction of a housing unit must therefore be subsidized by approximately $200,000. at that level of subsidy, it will take $1.62 billion of private and public capital over the next 20 years to build 8,100 affordable housing units (80% of the 9,000 units needed by 2035). Besides finding capital and partners to provide some of the capital, efforts must be made to reduce housing costs with design and other innovative solutions such as tiny homes and reducing the environmental footprint. It is presently best practice to consider household transportation costs with housing costs. A house may be affordable, but if it is located far from jobs, requiring extensive (and expensive) commuting, a family is not well served, while traffic is worsened. Locating affordable housing near job centers will allow families to manage their cost of living, while easing traffic congestion. the housing crisis is compounded by the fact that 44 percent of all households are already cost-burdened, meaning that housing costs exceeds 30 percent of income.8 Slow inventory growth, regulatory barriers, predominantly single-family residential construction, fierce off-island demand for second homes, vacation rentals, and investment properties, the rising high cost of building a dwelling unit, and a lack of infrastructure also all contribute to a severe lack of housing. 2 Kauaʻi Board of ReaLtoRS®, 20153 Kaua‘i Rental Housing Study, 20144 Socioeconomic Analysis & Forecasts5 Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study, 20166 county of Kaua‘i 2017 annual Income Limits7 09/13/2016 and 09/20/2016 Minutes of the Kaua‘i county council affordable Housing advisory committee (authorized by Resolu-tion No. 2013-57, draft 1 on 06/12/2013, amended by Resolution No. 2014-34 on 05/28/2014)8 ACS Housing Snapshot, 2014 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 40 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN there is no simple, single solution; rather, several essential strategies need to be deployed concurrently and quickly. Affordable housing is a pivotal issue that will define life on Kauaʻi over the next 20 years. Kaua‘i will not be Kaua‘i if those born and raised on the island must move away. If not effectively addressed, there will be enormous suffering, with consequences for the economy and the social fabric of Kaua‘i County. If the County is committed to achieving its vision of an equitable society with opportunity for all, it is imperative that the county find a way to address this basic need. This policy is implemented spatially through the Land Use Map, and through actions for Housing, Transportation, Opportunities and Health, and Infrastructure and Services. POLICY #3: RecogNIZe tHe IdeNtItY oF KaUaʻI’S INdIVIdUaL toWNS aNd dIStRIctS Kauaʻi’s towns and planning districts are distinct, each with its own character, opportunities, and needs. This uniqueness must be celebrated, protected in Community Plans, and reinforced in development standards. An overriding theme from community input is the appreciation of Kauaʻi’s distinct towns separated by open space. this physical attribute contributes to the rural character so valued by residents and visitors. Communities also expressed that their towns and districts are unique: for example, Kōloa is not Hanalei and Waimea is not Kapa‘a. directing growth and community planning in this manner protects the identity of towns and districts, and preserves the open space between towns. This policy is implemented spatially in the Land Use Map, and through actions for Energy Sustainability & Climate Change Mitigation, Transportation, and each planning district. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.4 PoLIcIeS to gUIde gRoWtH | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 41 POLICY #4: deSIgN HeaLtHY aNd coMPLete NeIgHBoRHoodS Ensure new and existing neighborhoods have safe roads and functional parks, as well as access to jobs, commerce, transit, and public services. Nationwide, and in Hawai‘i, health problems such as obesity and diabetes have increased significantly for adults and children. If not reversed, for the first time in history in the United States, the lifespan of children may be shorter than the lifespan of their parents. these health outcomes can be attributed in part to increasing levels of sedentary lifestyles.9 Recent plans confirm the relationship between health and community design. Creating neighborhoods where it is safe and convenient to walk, bike, or take transit allows residents to increase physical activity on a daily basis, thereby reducing health risks. designing in this manner improves access to education, jobs, and services for those who are unable to drive and reduces the cost of transportation for families. Compact, walkable neighborhoods, when compared to patterns of low-density sprawl, reduce the need for costly expansion and maintenance of services and roads and protect the environment through reduced emissions. The policy is implemented through actions for Housing, Transportation, and Shared Spaces. 9 Community Health Needs Assessment, 2013; Community Health Improvement Initiative, 2014 POLICY #5: MaKe StRategIc INFRaStRUctURe INVeStMeNtS New government investment should support growth areas and include priority projects as identified in Community Plans. Funding at all levels of government (Local, State, and Federal) is becoming increasingly limited. Just like a family on a budget, government must live within its means. With this in mind, difficult decisions must be made as to how limited funds are spent. Infrastructure needs include parks, water, wastewater, solid waste, and transportation. Recognizing reduced funding, we must direct infrastructure investment as a means to direct growth to the areas most suitable for development. With economics as a key aspect of sustainability, establishing infrastructure investment priorities in alignment with our vision is essential. This policy is addressed in the Implementation and Monitoring Chapter of the General Plan, and actions for each district. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 42 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN POLICY #6: RedUce tHe coSt oF LIVINg Reduce the combined costs of housing and transportation, which consume more than 60 percent of Kaua‘i’s average household income. Do this by connecting housing to jobs and by providing a diversity of housing types and affordable transportation options. Whether it is reflected in the cost of housing, food, or transportation, our community continues to struggle with the “Price of Paradise.” For example, according to the U.S. census Bureau (2014) american community Survey (acS), 44 percent of all households are cost-burdened and the average Kaua‘i household spends 36 percent of their income on housing costs and 26 percent on transportation costs. With employment wages relatively stagnant, coupled with the increasing price of basic necessities, housing and transportation actions must be aligned to improve equity and accessibility to these primary needs. This policy is implemented spatially in the Land Use Map and through actions for Housing, Transportation, and the Economy, and Opportunity and Health. POLICY #7: BUILd a BaLaNced MULtIModaL tRaNSPoRtatIoN SYSteM Reduce congestion conditions through strategic infrastructure improvements and increase multimodal transportation options. Community members have repeatedly highlighted congestion as the county’s top transportation concern and express that transportation infrastructure has not kept pace with development. Past studies and efforts have demonstrated that trying to “build our way” out of congestion through a focus solely on road widening and new roads is neither feasible nor sustainable, and threatens our unique rural sense of place. For example, the Hawai’i department of transportation (Hdot) has identified $3.1 billion in roadway projects for Kauaʻi, but anticipated funding of $630 million over the same timeframe.10 In other words, only 20 percent of the funding needed to complete these projects is anticipated to be available. the county’s Multimodal Land transportation Plan, adopted in 2013, provides a balanced solution that addresses the needs of all transportation users, including freight, cars, transit users, bicyclists, and pedestrians. County and State cooperation is needed to implement the highest priority projects that contribute most to managing congestion. This policy is implemented through the Transportation Map and Actions for Land Transportation, and the Līhuʻe and South Kauaʻi districts. 10 Federal Aid Highways 2035 Transportation Plan for the District of Kauaʻi, 2014 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.4 PoLIcIeS to gUIde gRoWtH | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 43 POLICY #8: PRotect KaUaʻI’S SceNIc BeaUtY Protect the island’s natural beauty by preserving the open space and views between towns. Kauaʻi is home to distinctive natural views and landmarks that define Kauaʻi’s sense of place for residents and visitors. Mauka and makai scenic views of places such as Wai‘ale‘ale, Kawaikini, Kē’ē Beach, and Waimea Canyon need to be protected regardless of population growth, development, and other changes. Many of our natural landmarks also serve as important physical cues to help orient people at sea. Protecting our scenic beauty and natural landmarks will ensure that our island’s historical significance and unique identity will be preserved over time. This policy is implemented through the Land Use Map and actions for Heritage Resources. POLICY #9: UPHoLd KaUaʻI aS a UNIQUe VISItoR deStINatIoN Protect the identity of Kauaʻi’s visitor industry by focusing on revitalization and limiting new resort growth only to existing Visitor Destination Areas. Reduce visitors’ impacts on infrastructure and communities. growth in the average daily Visitor count leads to economic activity. However, with the advent of disruptive forces in our traditional notion of visitor accommodations (e.g., transient vacation rentals, house sharing), and the inability to restrict travel due to federal constitutional rights, any permitted growth in the visitor industry needs to consider the negative impact it can have on our infrastructure and our communities. Many areas like Hā‘ena, Wainiha, and Hanalei have had their community character dramatically altered as a consequence of non-traditional visitor industry operations encroaching on their way of life. this impact has left Kauaʻi with a clear increase in traffic — an impact not sustainable to our island. With the tools that the county has at its disposal, legal methods of limiting the physical footprint of transient accommodation uses should be encouraged. This policy is implemented through the Land Use Map, and actions for the Economy, Housing and Shared Spaces. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 44 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN POLICY #10: HeLP BUSINeSS tHRIVe Create and foster thriving commercial areas in Town Centers through improved infrastructure, civic space, streetscapes, updated zoning standards, and streamlined approval processes. In order to provide equity and opportunity for all, a focus on job creation and economic growth is necessary. Historically, economic growth has centered on the tourism industry, leading to overuse of the rural and natural areas that make Kauaʻi a unique and beautiful place. Future economic growth should support existing town centers to become more vibrant hubs of commerce and promote opportunities for small businesses and cottage industries. Infrastructure, investment, and community-building efforts should be directed toward existing town center areas and provide ease of regulation for nascent enterprise. This policy is implemented through the Land Use Map and actions for Shared Spaces, Heritage Resources, and Economy. POLICY #11: HeLP agRIcULtURaL LaNdS Be PRodUctIVe Support economic diversification and access to locally produced food by increasing the productivity and profitability of all forms of agriculture. Nurture small-scale farms, promote crop diversity, and form stronger public/private partnerships with farmers. the Hawai‘i Baseline Agricultural Study11 reported that only 21,494 acres of land on Kauaʻi are being used for agriculture (out of approximately 136,908 acres within the State Land Use agricultural district). Less than 1,000 acres of the lands in production are used to grow food crops, not including coffee. Having a productive agricultural system not only involves having lands available for farming, but creating the mechanisms necessary to support vibrant agriculture. While Kauaʻi’s people may have different opinions on what type of agriculture should be allowed, increasing agricultural production is crucial for food, resources, and economic sustainability, as well as to the cultural heritage and identity of the island. This policy is implemented through the Actions for Economy, and Opportunity and Health. 11 2015 UH Hilo/doa ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.4 PoLIcIeS to gUIde gRoWtH | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 45 POLICY #12: PRotect oUR WateRSHedS Act with the understanding that forests, biodiversity, and water resources are fragile and interconnected. Restore and protect our watershed from mauka to makai. the health of our island is the health of our community, and it starts with protecting our watersheds. the public has called the health of our watersheds into question, and the increasing threats of pollution and overuse are apparent. Recognition of our environment as a living system transcending land boundaries and physical walls should always be woven into our actions moving forward. Emphasis should be placed on actions that address the disproportional impacts of growth on our watersheds. traditional approaches of land use and resource management, including the understanding of water and watershed resources as public trust resources, promote our sense of place and make environmental sense when seeking options that balance our growing community and the need to maintain healthy watersheds. though current estimates show water withdrawals under maximum sustainable yield for much of the county, and though Kauaʻi is not a regulated groundwater area, there are increasing concerns and questions regarding future availability of both surface and groundwater. this plan will need to be adapted to reflect updated projections in light of climate change and increasing evidence that groundwater withdrawals may reduce stream flow and vice versa. Water conservation and reuse, and stream restoration are key measures to ensure sustainable water supply on our island in future. This policy is reflected spatially on the Land Use Map and implemented through Actions for the Watershed. POLICY #13: coMPLete KaUaʻI’S SHIFt to cLeaN eNeRgY Mitigate climate change and reduce system-wide carbon emissions by at least 80 percent by 2050 through deep reductions in energy use and by transforming electricity, transportation, and infrastructure systems toward the use of clean energy. Kauaʻi’s shift to clean energy is in line with the goals of being a sustainable and resilient island. By doing our part to reduce greenhouse gas (gHg) emissions, we will help to prevent global average temperatures from rising. In 2007, Kauaʻi contributed 1.2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide gases, which primarily came from the combustion of fossil fuels for electricity, ground transportation, and air transportation.12 although Kauaʻi is leading the State in generating local renewable energy production (approximately 40% of our electrical demand), there is still much work to do in reducing the GHG emissions generated from the transportation sector. This policy is reflected in the Actions for Energy Sustainability & Climate Change Mitigation and Public Safety and Hazards Resilience. 12 Hawaii Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 2007 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 46 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN POLICY #14: PRePaRe FoR cLIMate cHaNge Prepare for impacts to the island economy, food systems, and infrastructure that will be caused by climate change. Climate change and resulting sea level rise (SLR) are evidenced and documented on global, national, as well as local levels. While data forecasts are in flux, the best available science for our island indicates we should plan for at least three feet of sea level rise. As an island with the majority of residences and activities located on or close to the coastline, it is important to provide direction to prepare our island for increased coastal hazards and their impacts to business, homes, roadways, drinking water, and ultimately health and safety. This policy is implemented through the Land Use Map and Actions for Public Safety and Hazards Resilience. POLICY #15: ReSPect NatIVe HaWaIIaN RIgHtS aNd WaHI PaNa Perpetuate traditional Native Hawaiian rights and protect public trust resources and cultural sites in all land use development and activities. Native Hawaiians have refined systems for sustainable stewardship and collaboration that honor the island’s beauty and bounty as well as one another. these principles are still alive today through the language, stories, dance, and ceremonies of our native people. Mālama ‘Āina, or caring for the land, is ingrained within the fabric and language of Hawaiian culture. Also rooted within stories and traditions are the struggles and accomplishments of the Ka Po‘e Kahiko, or the People of old, valuing significance of place, the origins of things, safety, health, and cooperation. our Kanaka Maoli o Kauaʻi are a vibrant and integral foundation of our community, and their ancestral knowledge about the land and resources, how to care for one another, and customary gathering rights and traditions must be passed on to future generations. It is understood as a resident, native or not, that Nā Kanaka o Kauaʻi are treasures to be respected and that lands and resources must be protected for perpetuation of cultural practice. This policy is implemented in the Heritage Resources Map and Actions for Heritage Resources. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.4 PoLIcIeS to gUIde gRoWtH | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 47 POLICY #16: PRotect acceSS to KaUaʻI’S tReaSURed PLaceS Protect access to and customary use of shoreline areas, trails, and places for religious and cultural observances, fishing, gathering, hunting, and recreational activities, such as hiking and surfing. the beaches, mountains, and other natural areas of Kauaʻi are cherished by its people for recreation, physical, mental, and spiritual rejuvenation, and family and cultural connections. In addition, many community members continue to provide for themselves and their families through subsistence practices — fishing, hunting, or gathering of foods, materials, and medicines — that have been perpetuated for generations. development pressures mauka and makai, as well as emergencies caused by visitors getting hurt in some of the places our residents otherwise know as kapu, threaten continued access to Kauaʻi’s most treasured places for fear of liability. Promoting collaboration, providing for local and visitor education, enforcing rules protecting access, and providing signage and wayfinding where appropriate, perpetuate the protection of natural resources and the Hawaiian value system of mālama ʻāina. This policy is reflected in the Heritage Resources Map and implemented through actions for Shared Spaces and Heritage Resources. POLICY #17: NURtURe oUR KeIKI Value youth as Kauaʻi’s most treasured resource. Provide them with safe communities, great schools and facilities, and financially sustainable jobs, housing, and transportation opportunities so they are able to seek livelihoods on Kauaʻi. Kauaʻi continues to see more births than deaths. However, the statistics also show the exodus of young people for greater opportunities. the loss of our next generation creates an unsustainable trend of population aging that could disproportionately cause economic and social issues over the long-term. Actions to promote education, housing, and economic opportunity are necessary to keep our keiki from permanently moving away from home. This policy is implemented through Actions for Health and Opportunity, Economy, and Shared Spaces. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 48 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN POLICY #18: HoNoR oUR KŪPUNa Prepare for the aging of Kauaʻi’s population through housing, services, and facility improvements that meet the needs of elderly households. Kauaʻi’s population is aging. About one third of Kauaʻi’s population will be 65 and over in 2035. In comparison to the other counties, Kauaʻi has a relatively high median age and a higher percentage of older adults. Here on Kauaʻi, kūpuna are honored and cared for as they are the foundation of our families and communities. By supporting kūpuna-friendly communities, kūpuna will be able to age in place and live an active and independent lifestyle as long as possible. Many of our communities today are not conducive to an aging population because of zoning regulations that have separated neighborhoods and commercial uses to be accessible only by car. In preparing for an aging population, we must rethink our community design by including the needs of our kūpuna. This policy is implemented through the Actions for Housing, Shared Spaces, Health and Opportunity, and Transportation. POLICY #19: coMMUNIcate WItH aLoHa Kauaʻi’s residents care about planning and decision-making. Government must share information, encourage input, improve public processes, and be responsive. during the update process, community members and agencies asked how implementation of the 2000 General Plan was monitored in order to determine accomplishments and challenges. Although there were many successes, feedback mechanisms and metrics were absent or not consistent. tracking the many actions that support the policies that help us to attain our goals will take a thoughtfully crafted system with room to evolve. Establishing performance measures, monitoring progress, reinforcing accountability, and involving the community in the future of the island are integral to our success. This policy is implemented through the Implementation & Monitoring Chapter of the General Plan. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 1.4 PoLIcIeS to gUIde gRoWtH | 1.0 VISION, GOALS, & POLICIES FOR ThE FUTURE 49 The theme of the General Plan, Kaua’i Kākou, acknowledges that Kaua’i’s strength lies in its strong, diverse community and ability to work together to provide for a better future. East Kaua‘i Community Visioning Workshop in Kapa‘a ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 50 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.1 FUTURE LAND USE | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 51 2.1 FUTURE LAND USE Future Land Use Objectives: 1. To accommodate Kauaʻi’s projected population growth and housing needs. 2. To meet future housing needs through “missing middle” housing types that are affordable by design and located near jobs centers. 3. To protect rural character by ensuring new growth is designed to be compact and focused around existing town cores. 4. To manage land use and development in a manner that respects the unique character of a place. 5. To locate residential growth in and near major jobs centers. 6. To increase overall community health through design that supports safe and accessible parks, streets, and other shared spaces. 7. To encourage the development of Līhuʻe as Kauaʻi’s primary urban center within an urban edge boundary. 8. To increase resiliency by limiting development in areas impacted by future sea level rise. 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE The Future Land Use Map spatially represents the County’s growth policy and communicates the desired development pattern to residents, landowners, businesses, and government agencies. The map will guide future boundary amendment actions at the State level and amendments to zoning districts and development standards at the County level. Policy Alignment: ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 52 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Directing How Kauaʻi Grows The Future Land Use Map, shown in Chapter 5, is the backbone of the General Plan and is a critical element in the State and County’s land use and regulatory planning system. Map consistency is required for all boundary and zoning amendment actions. The map represents the development pattern needed to accommodate projected growth and support the 2035 Vision and Goals. The Map was updated through an in-depth public and technical process. Specific changes were based on community input obtained through visioning workshops, community meetings, and stakeholder consultation. Existing entitlements and legal rights were considered as well. Updated population projections determined the extent of new growth areas, while sea level rise and other technical planning information directed whether or not certain areas are appropriate for development. The Future Land Use Map aligns with the General Plan’s policy by directing growth to existing communities through infill and mixed-use development that provides a range of more affordable housing types. New communities, located adjacent to existing towns, will be designed to support housing for locals, a range of civic space, and the County’s multimodal transportation goals. Consistent with the desire to limit growth north of the Wailua Bridge due to congestion concerns, the majority of growth is steered to the Līhuʻe and South Kauaʻi Planning Districts. This also serves to reduce the cost of living by locating more housing near major job centers. Additional growth is allocated to the Waimea-Kekaha, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele, East Kauaʻi, and North Shore planning districts based on historic and natural increase trends. Building Upon Historic Settlement PatternsPrior to Western settlement, a complex system of land division existed across Hawai‘i. An island, or mokupuni, was divided into several moku, the largest units within each island. Kauaʻi has five moku and Ni‘ihau represents a sixth. Moku were divided into ahupua‘a, land sections that extended from the mountains to the sea. The size of the ahupua‘a depended on the resources of the area. Each was a self-sustaining unit, with resources to provide for the local population, and sufficient surplus to allow for trade. Kauaʻi embraces the concepts of moku and ahupua‘a and seeks to perpetuate the names, symbols, and knowledge associated with them through education and signage. Kauaʻi’s towns were originally sited at harbors and Commercial area in Nāwiliwili, Līhu‘e District (Courtesy of Prayitno Hadinata, through Flickr.com Creative Commons). ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.1 FUTURE LAND USE | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 53 crossroads, some of which pre-dated the arrival of Europeans. During the plantation period, settlements included plantation camps centered on sugar cane fields. These places were built to a pedestrian-oriented scale that made it possible to get around on foot. The surrounding fields created a greenbelt that separated towns. This relationship between built areas and surrounding natural or agricultural lands heavily influences Kauaʻi’s rural identity. Even with the rise of the automobile and the trend of sprawling development patterns, the legacy of these walkable settlements are seen in Kōloa, Hanapēpē, Hanalei, Kapa‘a, and other towns. Growth should be directed to revitalize, restore, and celebrate these towns as unique places that promote healthy economies and community life. Protecting Kauaʻi’s Rural CharacterKauaʻi’s natural environment has always defined the character of the island. Its built environment consists of small, mostly rural communities separated by expanses of open space and working agricultural lands. Each community maintains a unique sense of identity and has features and qualities that its residents would like to see preserved. Each also has elements that can be improved upon. Shared challenges in Kauaʻi’s communities include preserving and restoring the vitality of neighborhood centers, providing goods and services used by locals, improving walkability and connectivity, and increasing opportunities for social interaction and employment. While Līhuʻe is widely seen as the appropriate urban center for the island, most people in outlying communities would rather not drive to Līhuʻe for their daily needs. However, the current land use pattern of growth forces them to do so, adding to the burden upon the island’s roads and infrastructure. Policies and development patterns supporting compact communities with vibrant neighborhood centers will reduce transportation impacts contributing to a sustainable future and help preserve the laid-back lifestyle that Kauaʻi residents value. The Land Use Buildout Analysis (2015) indicates that if existing development trends continue, significant residential growth would occur on the agricultural and open zoning districts, and be comprised of predominantly single-family homes on large lots. Moreover, this growth would be focused on the North Shore and East Kauaʻi planning districts, as it has over the past 15 years. Such development would exacerbate sprawl onto agricultural land, stress limited rural infrastructure, and increase traffic — ultimately undermining Kauaʻi’s sense of rural character. The Future Land Use Map was developed to avoid and reverse these trends. By focusing development, uses, and density within and around existing towns, agriculture land and the open space between towns can be preserved. The strategy is to accommodate as much of the projected housing need within and adjacent to existing developed areas, and discourage new residential and resort development in areas not directly adjacent to existing communities. This means allowing and incentivizing increased density and infill within a five-minute walk of town centers. Supporting Compact Development and Growth AllocationsSome communities have already taken steps to focus growth in their existing town cores through recent planning efforts. “Special Planning Areas” were established through the Līhuʻe Town Core Urban Design Plan (2010) and the South Kauaʻi Community Plan (2015). Compact, mixed-use development is supported by place-based zoning codes which focus on building size, type, and location rather than use, particularly in neighborhood centers and new communities. The Land Use Map provides the framework for similar planning efforts to occur at the Community Plan level for other planning districts. The Future Land Use Map also manages growth through the spatial allocation of anticipated population and housing increases. The location and extent of new growth areas were determined through the population projections which assigns future growth to each of the six planning districts (refer to Chapter 1). Consistent with the General Plan’s policies and the Līhuʻe Community Plan (2015), 47 percent of future growth is allocated to the Līhuʻe District. South Kauaʻi will accommodate 26 percent of future growth. East Kauaʻi, which is the most populous district, is projected to receive 13 percent of future growth. 14 percent of future growth is allocated to the remaining three districts — North Shore, Waimea-Kekaha, and Hanapēpē-‘Ele’ele — to provide for natural population increase. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 54 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2.2 LAND USE DESIGNATIONS The Future Land Use Map designations describe the desired type of land use in broad terms. All boundaries are generalized and do not carry the legal weight of metes and bounds. In many cases, more specific planning and regulatory action is required to refine and implement the map. Some previous designations have been carried through, but the policy for these designations may have changed. Other designations have been consolidated or modified into new categories. Designations were developed or updated based on an in-depth public process described in Appendix B. The twelve designations are: 1. Natural Areas designated as Natural have either limited development capacity or are not suitable for development due to topography, hazards vulnerability, sensitive resources, and other constraints. They include all State Land Use Conservation District lands and some County Open Zoning District land. These areas include the many ridges, waterfalls, river valleys, and rugged coastlines of the island that comprise its open spaces and scenic views. Very few residential uses are found in the Natural designation and are generally not encouraged. Actions for the Natural designation are found in the following Chapter 3 sectors: The Watershed, Shared Spaces, and Heritage Resources. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapNatural replaces the Open Designation in the previous General Plan. The Open Designation included undeveloped natural areas as well as some areas that are vegetated but developed and actively managed, such as golf courses. 2. Agriculture It is the County’s policy to preserve and protect Agriculture lands, particularly those of the highest quality. Therefore, Important Agriculture Lands (IAL) are also identified on the Future Land Use Map. Preserving agricultural lands contributes to self-sufficiency and helps preserve Kauaʻi’s rural character and lifestyle. Agriculture lands are held in reserve for agricultural purposes with little residential development. These areas range in scale from large agricultural fields to small diversified farms. While the 2000 General Plan acknowledged issues related to residential encroachment into agricultural lands, this development pattern continued to expand, especially on the North Shore and East Kauaʻi. The General Plan Kalalau Beach (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) Kalāheo (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry Inter-national Corp.) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.2 LAND USE DESIGNATIONS | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 55 recognizes that residential development on agricultural lands is an unsustainable trend, and emphasizes preserving agricultural lands in intact form while limiting other uses. When development does occur, it should be clustered so as to minimize the requirements for new infrastructure and the impacts on open space and adjacent land uses. Actions for the Agriculture designation are found in the following Chapter 3 subsections: Agriculture and Agricultural Worker Housing. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapThe Agriculture designation was expanded to include those lands no longer designated Resort or Residential Community. It has also been modified to differentiate between Important Agriculture Lands (IAL) and non-IAL. 3. Homestead Homesteads are existing low-density rural residential communities that were created in the early 1900s under the 1895 Land Act. There are numerous homestead lots, mostly within the South Kauaʻi and East Kauaʻi districts, that have a residential community form. The Homestead designation allows for single-family dwellings even if the parcel is in the State Land Use Agricultural District. The State Land Use Law requires residential dwellings within the State Land Use Agricultural district to be “farm dwellings,” meaning that the occupant needs to earn income from agricultural use of the land.10 However, single-family dwellings are permitted on lots existing before June 4, 1976.11 Lands mapped as Homestead are included within this designation although the underlying zoning is agriculture because they are entitled to residential use and many parcels have long been developed with single-family residences. The policy for Homestead areas is to allow incremental buildout of existing areas, while limiting the development and dispersal of new homesteads and agricultural communities. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapThe Homestead designation is new and was created to acknowledge existing rural community form of homesteads in Kalāheo, Wailua, and Kapa‘a. 4. Neighborhood Center Neighborhood Center is a new designation focused on historic town cores and corresponds to existing or future areas appropriate for accommodating infill development and growth. Centers consist of a mixed-use core with a cluster of retail and service activity, civic spaces and primary destinations, along with residential uses. This core area can support an interconnected network of streets and blocks that encourage multimodal transportation access. Centers typically comprise a mix of detached and attached buildings between 1-5 stories in height. 10 HRS §205-4.5(a)(4)11 HRS §205-4.5(b) Wailua Homesteads (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) Kōloa Town (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 56 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Actions for the Neighborhood Center designation are found in the following Chapter 3 subsections: Town Centers, New Communities, and Transportation. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapNeighborhood Center is a new designation. It updates the previous Town Center boundary and replaces Urban Center and Residential Community in some areas. The designation works with Neighborhood General to indicate existing and new mixed use centers where growth and revitalization should be prioritized. 5. Neighborhood General The Neighborhood General Designation applies to the walkshed surrounding Neighborhood Centers. This designation is intended for medium intensity mixed-use environments that support the town core with housing, services, parks, civic/institutional, home occupation, and commercial uses. Buildings in this designation are mostly detached, with some attached, 1-2 stories in height that can accommodate a range of multi-family housing types. Actions for the Neighborhood Center designation are found in the following Chapter 3 sectors: Housing, Shared Spaces, and Land Transportation. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapNeighborhood General is a new designation. It was designated over the existing Urban Center and Residential Community designation where it was included within a quarter mile radius of Neighborhood Center. This included the Agriculture designation in some areas. 6. Residential Community This designation indicates existing areas that are primarily residential with few to no other uses. These areas are located outside the quarter mile boundary of Neighborhood Center and are no longer intended to be utilized as a growth tool to indicate areas of future development. The exception is the Lima Ola affordable housing project in ‘Ele‘ele. Instead, the majority of future residential needs are directed to the existing and proposed Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General designations. Actions for the Residential Community designation are found in the following Chapter 3 sectors: Housing and Shared Spaces. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapIn addition to being largely replaced by Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General, Residential Community was removed from areas where it was not possible to accommodate compact and walkable development directly adjacent to existing towns. This includes areas west of Waimea Town, along Ala Kalanimaka in Kōloa, on the Huleia Plateau in Puhi, and mauka of the Princeville Airport. All these areas have converted to Agriculture. Kīlauea Town (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) Hanapēpē (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.2 LAND USE DESIGNATIONS | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 57 7. Urban Center The Urban Center designation has largely been replaced by Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General. Urban Center is only applied in the Līhuʻe District, which is expected to absorb approximately half of the island’s future growth to 2035. Līhuʻe contains multiple neighborhood centers with overlapping walksheds, creating a nearly continuous urban fabric. In this district, Urban Center is applied to urbanized areas that accommodate intensive urban uses and zoning such as general commercial and general industrial. Actions for the Urban Center designation are found in the Līhuʻe Community Plan and the following Chapter 3 sectors: Shared Spaces and Housing. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapPreviously, the Urban Center designation was applied to “centers of government, commerce and transportation that serve the entire County or a large region.” In addition to Līhuʻe, this included Port Allen and an area adjacent to Kapa‘a Middle School. The Urban Center designation is replaced with Neighborhood Center and Industrial in Port Allen, and Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General in Kapa‘a. The policy addressing Wailua-Kapa‘a Traffic and managing growth north of the Wailua Bridge influenced the decision to remove the swath of Urban Center from the area adjacent to Kapa‘a Middle School. 8. Resort Entitled or partially entitled resort development could add more than 3,000 resort units to the existing visitor unit inventory. Most of these entitlements have no expiration date. Given concerns regarding stressed infrastructure including roads, wastewater systems, and parks, the policy is to prohibit expansion of Visitor Destination Area (VDA), and where possible, to reduce VDA boundaries and remove Resort areas where entitlements do not exist. Many in the community desired a shift toward a “use it or lose it” approach toward resort development. Use it or lose it refuses lack of action toward entitling over the past few decades, indicates the market’s ability to start and absorb this type of product in that spatial location, or a developer’s willingness to make forward progress toward utilizing the General Plan designation. Given this community desire, the General Plan Update reduces the island’s total resort acreage. Actions for the Resort designation are found in the Chapter 3 sector: Economy. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapConsistent with the policy to not expand the Visitor Destination Area (VDA), Resort designation was removed in unentitled areas (without County Resort Zoning or VDA) where there was little community support for resort expansion, such as Nukoli‘i and Princeville (Table 2-1). Further restrictions are required on remaining areas without entitlements, by policy, in the Tourism subsection, to ensure furtherance of the “use it or lose it” policy, and provide a short window for areas like Kīkīaola to commit investment toward the resort use of the area. Otherwise, the designation of the area will revert to Agriculture. Līhuʻe (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry Inter-national Corp.) Poʻipū (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry Inter-national Corp.) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 58 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 9. Industrial and Transportation These designations apply to areas that exclusively accommodate business, transportation, production-oriented, and light industrial uses. In general, these uses need to be buffered from surrounding land uses due to noise and other considerations. Lands within the Transportation designation are used predominantly for major shipping and transportation facilities including Līhuʻe Airport, Nāwiliwili Harbor, and Port Allen Harbor. Actions for Industrial and Transportation are found in Chapter 3 sectors: Land Transportation and Critical Infrastructure. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapThe Transportation designation was newly applied to the Princeville Airport, which was previously designated Residential Community. The Industrial designation is new. Industrial applies to areas with existing Industrial zoning and includes potential Industrial areas such as the Olokele and Kōloa mill sites. 10. Military The Military designation describes lands under the control of the U.S. Armed Forces. It is unchanged from the equivalent designation in the 2000 General Plan. Uses within the Military designation include residential, office, and various facilities related to the mission of the installation. The public is typically restricted from access. This designation is limited to the Pacific Missile Range Facility at Barking Sands. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapThe Military designation is unchanged. District Action Waimea-Kekaha Kīkīaola Land Company holdings east of Waimea Plantation Cottages 60 acres of Resort Designation changed to “Provisional” Resort, to allow for a detailed community process to determine the appropriateness, scale, and extent of future resort development in Waimea-Kekaha. Līhuʻe Non-entitled resort lands in Nukoli‘i, south of Kaua‘i Beach Resort 30 acres of Resort was designated Agriculture. Table 2-1 Changes to Resort Areas Port Allen (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) Pacific Missile Range Facility (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.2 LAND USE DESIGNATIONS | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 59 11. University Zone University Zone is applied to the parcels owned by the Kauaʻi Community College (KCC), the island’s only post-secondary educational institution. The designation acknowledges KCC’s plans for expansion and that the area should provide facilities, housing, and uses to serve the student, faculty, and staff population. Actions for Access to Quality Education are found in Chapter 3 sector: Opportunity and Health for All. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapThe University Zone designation is a new designation on the General Plan Land Use Map. 12. Parks and Golf Courses The Park designation describes major active public and private parks. The designation includes state parks, regional and district parks, stadiums, linear parks, and beach parks. Actions for parks are found in Chapter 3. A new designation is “Golf Courses.” Golf Courses were previously included in the Open and Parks and Recreation designations. Actions for Shared Spaces are found in Chapter 3 sector: Shared Spaces. Changes from the Previous General Plan Land Use MapAll State and County parks, as well as the National Tropical Botanical Garden’s properties in South Kauaʻi, were included to the extent allowed by the scale of the map. A new designation is “Golf Courses.” Golf Courses were previously included in the Open and Parks and Recreation designations. Kauaʻi Community College (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) Princeville (© 2018 Eagle View Technologies, Inc. and Pictometry International Corp.) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 60 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN District Action Waimea-Kekaha • Two areas west of Waimea changed from Residential Community to Agriculture. • Resort designation changed to “Provisional Resort” to allow for a community planning process to determine the appropriateness, scale, and extent for resort development in Waimea. Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele • Neighborhood Center and General designations added to both Port Allen and Hanapēpē Town to be consistent with Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) plans and to connect Lima Ola to Port Allen. • Agriculture designation changed to “Provisional” to allow for a community planning process. • 75 acres for planned Lima Ola affordable housing development changed from Agriculture to Residential Community. • New Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General added to Port Allen. • Approximately 19 acres in Makaweli on existing mill site from agriculture to industrial. South Kauaʻi • Neighborhood Center and General designation applied to Kōloa, Kalāheo, and Po’ipū Roundabout Area. • Small Town designation at Numila and Lāwa‘i Cannery • Large Town designation at Po’ipū Mixed Use Gateway. • Residential Community removed from 60 acres above Weliweli Tract. Līhuʻe • Neighborhood Center applied to Līhuʻe Town Core, Puhi Mauka, Isenberg Mauka, Hanamā‘ulu Town, and area in Hanamā‘ulu fronting Highway adjacent to Triangle (west of bluff) formerly owned by EWM Realty International. • Portion of Nukoli’i redesignated from Resort to Agriculture. • Addition of the Urban Edge Boundary. • New University Zone applied to Kaua‘i Community College and the surrounding schools. • Residential Community removed from areas along Kīpū Road. • New Residential Community added on mauka side of DHHL Wailua Lands (for consistency with DHHL’s Kaua‘i Island Plan 2004). • New Neighborhood Center added on the mauka and makai side of DHHL Wailua Lands (for consistency with DHHL’s Kaua‘i Island Plan 2004). East Kauaʻi • Neighborhood Center/General applied to previous Urban Center in Kapa‘a Town and added to a portion of Olohena Road near Kapa‘a Town. • Neighborhood General applied to previous Urban Center designation around Kapa‘a Middle School. • Portion of area behind Coco Palms in the Flood Zone changed from Resort to Natural. • New Neighborhood Center at Kapahi, Anahola Post Office, and Anahola Town Center (to match DHHL’s Anahola Town Center Plan). North Shore • Neighborhood Center and General designation applied to Hanalei and Kīlauea. • Kīlauea town center expanded to accommodate growth. • Residential Community at Princeville Airport changed to Transportation. • Residential Community mauka of Princeville Airport removed and changed to Agriculture. • Resort designation makai of highway removed and changed to Agriculture. Table 2-2 Major Designation Changes by Planning District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.3 MAP IMPLEMENTATION | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 61 2.3 MAP IMPLEMENTATION The Future Land Use Map is just one component of Kauaʻi’s planning system. If growth is to be effectively managed and accommodated, the Future Land Use Map will have to be implemented through regulatory and development action. Given existing residential buildout trends, the affordable housing crisis, and the slow pace of the land use entitlement process, implementation will require concerted effort to move forward the State Land Use District boundary amendments, County zoning amendments, Community Plan updates, and infrastructure improvements needed to support the desired growth pattern. However, the way forward is not guaranteed. Whether or not future development aligns with the Map is dependent on action taken by the State Land Use Commission, individual developers, and elected officials. The economic situation of the State and County will no doubt impact the pace of implementation as well. The previous General Plan utilized the Urban Center and Residential Community to indicate existing and future urbanized areas – or those areas with or requiring future State Land Use Urban District and/or County Zoning Amendments. The update includes these and Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General – thus directing growth into a compact urban form around a strong town core. The new growth areas needed to accommodate housing demand are connected to existing centers, building upon or providing a new mixed use center. It is critical that the County focus land entitlement approval in these areas. Properly implemented, Urban Growth Boundaries provide a helpful tool for ensuring compact development. Henceforth when Community Plans are developed and adopted, each Community Plan shall establish an Urban Edge Boundary to delineate the extent of future town expansion. In the process of identifying a boundary, the Planning Department shall conduct a build-out analysis of the existing urban footprint and use the principles of smart growth to ensure that there is enough room within the boundary for growth desired by the community in a pattern that will make efficient use of scarce resources. In order for new growth to support the unique character of existing towns, a place-based zoning framework will allow communities to shape the feel and design of future infill development and housing types. For this to occur, the island-wide application of place types should inform community plan updates. For example, the South Kauaʻi Community Plan (2015) identified place types for existing and proposed centers, and utilized them as the basis for developing and applying Form-Based Code transect zones. The Form-Based Code for South Kauaʻi overlaid the zoning regulations and was adopted as part of the Community Plan. Place types are described further in Section 2.4. Actions for Future Land Use Map Implementation A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Implement a zoning program to comprehensively redistrict and rezone lands consistent with the Future Land Use Map and updated Community Plan and map designations. 2. Build upon place types in future Community Plans and update zoning and development standards to be place-based. 3. Support State Land Use Boundary Amendment Petitions for new Urban District consistent with the Future Land Use Map. 4. Given that the Future Land Use Map is conceptual, the size of future amendments to the State Land Use District Urban District should consider the General Plan’s population allocations, housing projections, and the objectives for New Communities. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Use the community planning process to update and refine the Future Land Use Maps as needed. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 62 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING Process Overview The Future Land Use Map was updated to ensure consistency with the policy direction. Changes account for new information on development plans and proposals, as well as public input on the desired form, character, and degree of change for communities. Table 2-3 describes the process and resources that informed the update. Community Visioning Workshops District-specific input shaped the update and development of the Future Land Use Map. Intensive workshops engaged communities in determining how each place sees itself today, how it envisions changing, and what characteristics and values are important to preserve. The General Plan covers six planning districts on the Island of Kauaʻi: North Shore, East Kauaʻi, Līhuʻe, South Kauaʻi, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele, and Waimea-Kekaha (Figure 2-2). The Island of Ni‘ihau is also part of Kauaʻi County, but is not covered by the General Plan due to its predominantly private ownership and management. It was important to conduct this exercise in areas without recently adopted community plans like South Kauaʻi and Līhuʻe. The workshops included bus and walking tours of eleven communities: Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele, Port Allen, Waimea, Kekaha, Hanalei, Kīlauea, Princeville, Wailua, Kapa‘a, and Anahola. Workshop results included assigning place types to each major community, determining the desired degree of change to 2035, identifying key values, developing a preliminary vision and priorities to inform policy, and identifying town centers and other land uses. The input played a key role in updating the Future Land Use Map and was tested at community open house meetings. Figure 2-1 shows how the workshops and baseline technical studies informed the development of the preliminary district visions, priorities, and Future Land Use Map changes presented in this section, and how these will inform future community planning efforts. Place Types Place Types are a design tool used to guide and evaluate future growth in terms of form, scale, and function in the built environment. Places are characterized by a core area or center, along with its pedestrian shed, typically a quarter-mile radius around the center where spaces for living, working, shopping, learning, and recreation are within a five-minute walk of one another. The community’s determination of place types through the workshops and previous community planning work was used to update the previous General Plan’s Town Center boundaries, including the location and extent of the Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General designations. Kauaʻi’s place types are mapped in Figure 2-2 and described below: • Rural Crossroads. Located at the intersection of two or more roads, a crossroad provides a small amount of locally-serving retail and other services in a rural or less urban context; crossroads transition quickly into rural or less-urban intensities and activities, and/or into the natural environment. Examples of rural crossroads include Kapaia in Līhuʻe District and ‘Ōma‘o in South Kauaʻi District. • Village. Located in less urbanized areas, small villages exist at the edge of the rural and urban condition. A village has a main street with surrounding residential areas; this, however, transitions quickly into agricultural uses and/or into the natural environment. Examples of small villages include Hanalei on the North Shore and Lāwa‘i in South Kauaʻi. They are typically scaled to about the size of one neighborhood. • Small Town. Located in more urbanized areas, small towns are essentially large villages that are made up of clusters of 2-3 neighborhoods that can support a mixed-use environment. The mixed-use environment can be located at the intersection of multiple neighborhoods or along a corridor between multiple neighborhoods. Historic examples of small towns include Kōloa Town in South Kauaʻi and Waimea Town in Waimea-Kekaha. They are typically scaled to about the size of 2-3 neighborhoods. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 63 Figure 2-1 Approach to Updating the Land Use Map Action Resources Consulted Consulted population allocations and buildout projections contained in the General Plan technical studies Land Use Buildout Analysis (2015) Socioeconomic Analysis & Forecasts (SMS Research, 2016) Confirmed or updated information on entitled lands and landowner plans County permit records Landowner interviews Incorporated information from South Kauaʻi and Līhuʻe Community Plans regarding areas of change and land use designations Līhuʻe Community Plan (2015) South Kauaʻi Community Plan (2015) Applied place types and right-sized Neighborhood Centers in Waimea-Kekaha, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele, East Kauaʻi, and North Shore General Plan Community Visioning Workshops (November 2015 and April 2016) Applied/overlaid information on hazard areas and infrastructure to existing developed areas and future growth areas General Plan Infrastructure Study (R.M. Towill, 2015) Infrastructure Assessment for the General Plan Update (SSFM International, 2016) Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment (2014) NOAA Sea Level Rise (SLR) Viewer State and County GIS Hazard Layers Updated and applied General Plan land use designations for areas outside Neighborhood Center and General areas Līhuʻe Community Plan (2015) South Kauaʻi Community Plan (2015) General Plan Community Visioning Workshops (November 2015 and April 2016) Updated and applied General Plan land use designations for areas outside Neighborhood Center and General areas Kauaʻi General Plan (Kauaʻi County, 2000) Table 2-3 Actions & Resources Consulted for Land Use Map Updates • Large Town. Located in urbanized areas, large towns are made up of clusters of neighborhoods or villages that support a larger, more complex mixed-use environment. Buildings within towns are often attached and may be up to four stories tall. Large towns are important centers, and are typically made up of four or more neighborhoods. Līhu‘e and Kapa‘a are examples of large town place types on Kaua‘i. • Plantation Camp. A fifth place type, the Plantation Camp, is a historic remnant of a former plantation housing camp that is not associated with a present-day center and is located in a rural area. This type is a cluster of ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 64 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Figure 2-2 Planning Districts and Place Types houses with little or no retail or service uses. While other place types promote pedestrian-oriented development, the single-use nature of this place type results in an environment that is primarily auto-oriented, and would not be considered future areas of potential growth. Examples of plantation camps include Pākalā Village, and Kaumakani on the West Side. The Plantation Camp coloring on the land use maps (Chapter 5) is intended as a descriptive place-type and is not a land use designation with specific land use policies. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 65 2.4.1 WAIMEA-KEKAHA Waimea is the civic center of the West Side, home to the high school and other community facilities as well as to a variety of restaurants and retail stores. It is the gateway to Waimea Canyon and Kōke’e State Parks, attracting many visitors as well as residents. Much of Waimea and Kekaha lie within flood zones and tsunami inundation areas, which is a consideration in determining patterns of future land use and development. Preliminary Vision & Priorities for Waimea-Kekaha The vision and priorities are preliminary as they have not been examined through an in-depth community planning effort. They provide guidance for specific areas and will inform future community planning efforts. WaimeaWaimea is suited for incremental change to continue improving on its ability to serve both resident and tourist needs. The community’s existing historic center is active and attractive, but residents see opportunities for it to continue to improve as a vibrant walkable destination. The central square is highly valued, and residents would like to explore ways to expand the space, recalling that the park had been larger historically but cut away over time with streets and parking. Lucy Wright Park is another important community destination located just a block from the central square that could benefit from improved facilities and parking. Waimea Canyon Park, adjacent to the Waimea Canyon Middle School, is the community’s regional park that is currently used for sports events and tournaments on the West Side. In 2013, the community envisioned the future expansion of the park through the Waimea Sports Complex Master Plan. In the plan, the community called for an additional 65 acres to create a multi-use sports venue that would better serve residents and generate economic activity for West Side businesses through hosting statewide and national sports tournaments. Two distinct centers have developed along Kaumualiʻi Highway – one node at Waimea Road serving mostly locals, and another around Makeke Road catering more to tourists – and residents expressed interest in exploring opportunities for connecting these nodes for pedestrians. At the west end, the former mill site makai from the West Kauaʻi Tech & Visitors Center is a key opportunity site to establish pedestrian-oriented, civic, and retail space for both visitors and residents. Residents enjoy the town’s landscaped sidewalks and WAIMEA-KEKAHA Place Type: Kekaha: Small Town Waimea: Small Town Character/Key Values: • Community-Minded • Country Living • Historic/Timeless • Peaceful/Relaxed/Quiet/Isolated • Family/‘Ohana/Home Degree of Change: Waimea: Incremental Kekaha: Incremental Waimea-Kekaha Waimea Theatre ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 66 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN desire that future pedestrian facilities match the rural character. Providing multimodal transportation options will help alleviate parking demand in the town center. This includes increasing safe pedestrian crossings, especially near the high school, and calming highway intersections with difficult left turns. New mixed-use infill compatible with the existing scale is welcome. In the surrounding neighborhood, a variety of small-scale housing is desirable, especially to offer options to “age in place.” To continue to support visitor activity, the community sees value in improving its various tourist facilities, such as public bathrooms and access to the tourist center. A walking route connecting various historic sites could enhance the visitor experience and build upon the community’s rich historic heritage. KekahaKekaha residents envision incremental change to build on their proud agricultural identity. This would mean having new businesses in town, while maintaining the relaxed country-living atmosphere that is unique to the West Side. Clustering new commercial and community activity along Kekaha Road near existing businesses, especially near the Kōke‘e Road intersection, can better enable residents’ multimodal transportation options. Agrotourism or value-added agriculture businesses are seen as a major economic opportunity that can preserve the community’s agricultural heritage. The vacant mill sites, under common ownership, could offer a transformative change for the community, if re-developed to be part of a new agribusiness and agrotourism center that could include value-adding light-industrial and processing businesses, markets and small local vendors for visitors, and housing. Any new infill should maintain the small-scale character of the community. More modest projects could improve pedestrian mobility throughout town, such as building sidewalks on important connector streets such as Elpaio Road. Kekaha Road is recognized as an important secondary, parallel route to the highway, particularly for pedestrians and bicyclists, and residents also desire to encourage slow speeds on local streets. Better multimodal connectivity to Waimea is a priority, and residents favor a separated path to enable easier bicycle access to Waimea’s town center. Kekaha’s strong community base of residents are eager to explore grassroots-driven changes for revitalization, rather than waiting solely on private development. Land Use Map Changes for Waimea-Kekaha The Waimea-Kekaha Land Use Map is shown on Figure 5-2. Updates to Land Use Designations since the 2000 General Plan version are described below. Neighborhood Centers and WalkshedsIn Kekaha, the Neighborhood Center designation was applied to amend the Town Center designation of the 2000 General Plan, reducing the size to reflect a more reasonably walkable scale for the center. This was achieved by removing residential neighborhoods from the boundary to more accurately reflect areas where mixed-use activity would be appropriate. The Neigborhood Center boundary was delineated by Amakihi Road to the west; to the eastern edge of the mill site to the east, to allow potential mixed-use re-purposing of the mill area; and to the back side of Kehaka Road properties on the makai edge. Existing agricultural lands delineate the mauka edge of the Neighborhood Center. Neighborhood General replaced developable land use designations within a ¼ mile radius from the Neighborhood Center. In Waimea, the 2000 General Plan’s Town Center boundary was reduced to a more walkable, ¼- to ½-mile scale for the Neighborhood Center designation. To the west, large single-use institutional properties such as the middle school and hospital were removed from the center, with the new boundary set at Huakai Road; the technology and visitors’ centers were included to prioritize pedestrian connectivity up to this location from the walkable nodes further east along the highway. The new mauka boundary is set at Tsuchiya Road and includes the first block on the mauka side of Kaumuali’i Highway. The eastern boundary is maintained at the river. The makai boundary is pulled back to Kahakai Road and La‘au Road, to discourage redevelopment directly along the coast given concerns of future coastal flooding. Neighborhood General replaced developable land use designations within a ¼ mile radius from the Neighborhood Center. Other Land Use ChangesTwo areas west of Waimea were designated as Residential Community in the 2000 General Plan. These are not connected to the existing community and therefore have been designated as Agriculture to be more consistent with the community’s vision of focusing revitalization and development around the Neighborhood Center. The area adjacent to the Waimea Plantation Cottages was designated Resort in the 2000 General Plan. No ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 67 movement to entitle the property occurred since the previous General Plan. The Future Land Use Map converts this area to “Provisional Resort.” This will allow a more intensive community process to determine if resort potential should be removed or retained to support economic growth on the West Side. Natural Hazards and Climate Change Resilience in Waimea/KekahaThe communities of Waimea and Kekaha are vulnerable to natural hazards, including marine and terrestrial flooding, wave inundation, erosion, and storms and tsunamis. All of these hazards are expected to be exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise, threatening residential, commercial, and agricultural activities. This calls for a need to employ resiliency strategies in community siting, design, and relocation. The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment conducted a preliminary Sea Level Rise (SLR) Inundation Assessment and Needs for Waimea-Kekaha (Needs Assessment) using “bathtub” still water flood modeling from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea level rise viewer. The inundation maps for the 1-foot, 3-foot, and 6-foot scenarios can be found in Appendix D. In advance of or in conjunction with the Community Plan update, it is recommended that a hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for coastal hazards with climate change and SLR be conducted with particular focus on low-lying areas adjacent to the Waimea River, low-lying agricultural lands, beach-front properties, and Kīkīaola Small Boat Harbor. Such an assessment should incorporate planning information depicting wave inundation and erosion impacts from SLR, which is currently being developed by researchers at University of Hawai‘i and others for the State SLR adaptation report. The Needs Assessment also noted that the County may adopt requirements for flood hazard mitigation/adaptation that account for SLR hazards and are above and beyond the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) flood zones and the base floor elevations (BFEs), and limit or prohibit re-zoning of flood-prone agricultural lands. Actions for Public Safety and Hazards Resiliency point to the need to update the County flood program. Lastly, the Needs Assessment suggested that a sediment management plan be developed at Kīkīaola Small Boat Harbor, which is acting to trap sand against the east breakwall and exposing properties to the west to increased erosion and wave inundation. Such an action would require partnership with relevant State, Federal, and private property owners due to the multiple jurisdictions involved. Waimea Sugar Mill ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 68 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Guidance for Community Planning for Waimea-Kekaha The following goals and actions are preliminary and will help inform future community planning processes. I. GOAL: Build on Kekaha’s proud agricultural identity while maintaining the relaxed, country living atmosphere. A. REVITALIZE THE NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER OF KEKAHA AS A HUB FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY ACTIVITY. 1. Cluster new commercial and community activity within the Neighborhood Center along Kekaha Road near existing businesses. 2. Support community-driven revitalization efforts and programs. B. IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY AND MULTIMODAL CONNECTIVITY. 1. Better accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians along Kekaha Road by slowing traffic. 2. Construct sidewalks along important connector streets such as ‘Elepaio Road. 3. Improve multimodal connectivity to Waimea with a separated shared use path to enable easier bicycle access to Waimea’s town center. 4. Enable a “park once and walk” environment in the town center by integrating parking and transit facilities nearby. C. CREATE TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES THAT CELEBRATE AND BUILD UPON KEKAHA’S AGRICULTURAL IDENTITY. 1. Support programs that encourage agro-tourism and value-added agriculture businesses. 2. Explore the redevelopment of the Kekaha Mill site as an agrotourism and agrobusiness center that could include light-industrial and processing facilities, as well as markets, visitor facilities, and housing. II. GOAL: Ensure that Waimea–Kekaha is resilient to climate change and coastal hazards. 1. In advance of or in conjunction with the Community Plan update, conduct detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for coastal hazards with climate change and sea level rise for Waimea-Kekaha when updated sea level rise, erosion rates, and wave inundation planning information is available. Assessment should include low-lying areas adjacent to the Waimea River, low-lying agricultural lands, beach-front properties, Kekaha Landfill, and Kīkīaola Small Boat Harbor. It should also identify priority planning areas where resources and planning efforts need to be focused and identify how and where to use adaptation strategies such as accommodation, retreat, and protection, and should encourage relocation to safer areas. 2. Prohibit land use intensification in flood-prone agricultural areas. 3. Partner with relevant State, Federal, and private property owners to develop a sediment management plan for Kīkīaola Small Boat Harbor. III. GOAL: Continue to improve upon Waimea’s ability to serve both residents’ and visitors’ needs. A. CONTINUE TO IMPROVE UPON WAIMEA’S HISTORIC CENTER AS A VIBRANT AND WALKABLE DESTINATION. 1. Explore ways to expand the central square and make it more pedestrian oriented. 2. Establish pedestrian-oriented civic and retail space at the former mill site at the west end of town. 3. Improve tourist amenities and access to the visitor information center. 4. Provide a variety of small-scale housing near the neighborhood center that is appropriate to the community character and accommodates “aging in place.” 5. Improve facilities and parking at Lucy Wright Park. 6. Create a walking route to connect the various historic sites in town and install signage to celebrate Waimea’s historic heritage. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 69 7. Explore ways to fund and implement the Waimea Sports Complex Master Plan (2013). B. IMPROVE MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS TO HELP ALLEVIATE PARKING PRESSURES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER. 1. Improve pedestrian connectivity between the two nodes of activity along Kaumuali‘i Highway at Waimea Road and Makeke Road. 2. Increase safe pedestrian crossings of Kaumuali‘i Highway, especially near the high school. 3. Install traffic calming measures at highway intersections. 4. Provide parking facilities near transfer points to major tourist destinations such as Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon. Explore shuttle options to those destinations. 5. Enable a “park once and walk” environment in the town center by integrating parking and transit facilities nearby. C. ADDRESS DECREASING WATER LEVELS IN THE WAIMEA RIVER AND SUPPORT EQUITY IN WATER MANAGEMENT. 1. Address community concerns regarding decreasing water levels in the Waimea River through a non-adversarial process involving major stakeholders. Waimea Hawaiian Church ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 70 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2.4.2 HANAPĒPĒ–‘ELE‘ELE Hanapēpē-’Ele’ele is the gateway to the West Side. As Kaumuali’i Highway turns south and descends from the uplands of Kalāheo, views of the ocean open up together with views of the Hanapēpē River. The district includes Port Allen, one of the island’s main industrial hubs, with a harbor, power plant, and solar farm. Hanapēpē is also a priority development area for DHHL, who owns land west of the existing town. Their plans include development of approximately 250 house lots in Phases I and II, then developing 234 house lots in a later phase. Preliminary Vision & Priorities for Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele The vision and priorities are preliminary as they have not been examined through an in-depth community planning effort. They provide guidance for specific areas and will inform future community planning efforts. HanapēpēHanapēpē is an appropriate location for incremental change. Residents value maintaining the character and “soul” of the historic town, a thriving center for artists, craftspeople, small farmers, and small businesses. There may be opportunities to increase pedestrian and non-motorized connectivities across the neighborhoods. Incremental infill across the town may help to fill in “missing teeth” in the historic downtown, provide affordable housing options in a variety of forms consistent with the existing town character, and revitalize the western portion of Hanapēpē Road. New infill in the town center would also sensitively provide for public and semi-public space that supports activities such as markets and special community events, and preserves important community character such as “mom-and-pop” shops. The State owns a significant amount of land along Hanapēpē Road and has no plans for improvement. A revitalization plan for the area could be developed in cooperation with appropriate State and County agencies. Major connectivity opportunities are envisioned at the highway, along the river, and connecting to and along the coast. Safe crossings are a priority, especially for children traveling along Kona Road and Kaumuali‘i Highway. Improved multimodal access to the shore is important, especially between Hanapēpē Heights, Hanapēpē Town, and Salt Pond Park. A shoreline trail connecting Salt Pond Park to Port Allen is a HANAPĒPĒ-‘ELE‘ELE Place Type: Small Town Character/Key Values: • Peaceful/Laidback/Sunny • Country/Rural/Small Towns • Welcoming • Community/‘Ohana/Closely-Knit • Local Style/Culture/Grounded Degree of Change: Incremental Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Hanapēpē Town ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 71 popular idea both as an alternate route and valuable recreational amenity for residents. Finally, improved riverside access could offer another attractive alternate pedestrian route through town and encourage recreational use of the river, maintaining the historic swinging bridge as an important destination for both visitors and residents. The salt pans on Pū‘olo Point are an ancient cultural site that still functions today. The recognized stewards of this valued cultural resource are the salt makers, who continue to cultivate pa‘akai (sea salt) and manage this resource. The nearby Burns Field Airport (originally known as the Auxiliary Flying Field at Port Allen Military Reservations) is used by commercial operators, and during emergencies by the National Guard and the County Fire Department. The continued cooperation of the airstrip is a concern for residents, salt-makers, and others who question the vulnerability of the airfield to coastal inundation. In addition to the presence of the airstrip, vehicle use on the beach and other activities may negatively impact the integrity of salt-making resources. ‘Ele‘ele‘Ele‘ele is also suited for incremental change. There is the opportunity for Port Allen and ‘Ele‘ele Shopping Center to connect to new residential neighborhoods (including the Lima Ola workforce housing project) as they develop over time. The Port and shopping center are recognized as a valuable node. There is an opportunity to consolidate parking and transit facilities for recreational users. If ʻEleʻele shopping center redevelops and expands, this can provide a key development and open space opportunity for the Port’s current parking lot. Connectivity to this node is critical. It could be improved through better highway crossings and an alternate pedestrian/bicycle route paralleling the highway as new residential neighborhoods are added along ‘Ele‘ele’s eastern edge. As Hanapēpē and ‘Ele‘ele evolve, public open space can be ocean and river views, access to coastal areas, and a possible regional open space network. Hanapēpē, ‘Ele‘ele, and Port Allen can evolve individually, but the desire is that connectivity would increase among them. Land Use Map Changes for Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele The Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Land Use Map is shown on Figure 5-3. Updates to Land Use Designations since the 2000 General Plan version are described below. Neighborhood Centers and WalkshedsThe Hanapēpē Neighborhood Center designation matches the Town Center designation of the 2000 General Plan with one exception: west of Pū‘olo/Hanapēpē Park Road the boundary is extended to incorporate all points of the Hanapēpē Road/Kaumuali‘i Highway intersection. A Neighborhood Center designation was also applied to the core parcels facing Waialo Road in Port Allen, differentiating the potential for mixed-use, pedestrian-oriented development along Waialo Road and the industrial and residential properties to the east and west, respectively. Port Allen Harbor ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 72 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN The Residential Community located to the west of the existing Hanapēpē Heights area and owned by DHHL was downsized to reflect current DHHL plans. Other Land Use ChangesSeventy-five acres for the planned Lima Ola affordable housing development changed from Agriculture to Residential Community. Additional Neighborhood General was provided to connect Lima Ola to the Neighborhood General located in Port Allen. Natural Hazards and Climate Change Resilience in Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele The Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele district, including Port Allen, is vulnerable to natural hazards, including marine and terrestrial flooding, wave inundation, erosion, and storms and tsunamis. All of these hazards are expected to be exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise, threatening residential, commercial, cultural, and agricultural activities. This calls for a need to employ resiliency strategies in community siting, design, and relocation. The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment conducted a preliminary Sea Level Rise (SLR) Inundation Assessment and Needs for Hanapēpē using “bathtub” still water flood modeling from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea level rise viewer (Needs Assessment). The inundation maps for the 1-foot, 3-foot, and 6-foot SLR scenarios can be found in Appendix D. In advance of or in conjunction with the Community Plan update, it is recommended that a hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for coastal hazards with climate change and SLR be conducted with particular focus on the Hanapēpē River, Port Allen facilities, and Salt Pond. Such an assessment should incorporate planning information depicting wave inundation and erosion impacts from SLR, which is currently being developed by researchers at University of Hawai‘i and others for the State sea level rise adaptation report. Members of the Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele community are participating in a process to formulate a community-based emergency deisaster response plan as part of the State’s Hawaiʻi Hazards Awareness and Resilience Program (HHARP). Guidance for Community Planning for Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele The following goals and actions are preliminary and will inform future community planning processes. I. GOAL: Ensure that Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele is resilient to Climate Change and coastal hazards. 1. In advance of or in conjunction with the Community Plan, conduct detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for Hanapēpē when updated sea level rise, erosion rates, and wave inundation planning information is available. Assessment should include the Hanapēpē River area, Port Allen Harbor, and Salt Pond. It should identify priority planning areas where resources and planning efforts need to be focused and identify how and where to use adaptation strategies such as accommodation, retreat, and protection, and should encourage relocation to safer areas. 2. Adaptation strategies and approaches should include actions that are based on the ancestral knowledge of Kanaka Maoli (i.e., practice of kilo). II. GOAL: Maintain the character of Hanapēpē as a historic town and a thriving center for residents, artists, craftspeople, farmers, and small businesses. A. REVITALIZE THE HISTORIC CENTER OF HANAPĒPĒ TO SHOWCASE AND ACCOMMODATE ARTISTS, SMALL BUSINESSES, SERVICES, AND ACTIVITIES. 1. Cluster new commercial and community activity within the Neighborhood Center along Hanapēpē Road near existing businesses. 2. Encourage incremental infill in vacant spaces within the historic town center. 3. Provide for public and semi-public space to support activities such as markets, festivals, and community events. 4. Provide affordable housing options in a variety of forms consistent with the existing town character. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 73 5. Revitalize the western portion of Hanapēpē Road. 6. Preserve the character of “mom and pop” small shops. 7. Explore the development of a revitalization plan for Hanapēpē Town in collaboration with appropriate state and county agencies. 8. Explore the development of a cultural center to support local traditions, practices, and organizations. B. MAINTAIN TRAFFIC FLOW AND INCREASE PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY AND MULTIMODAL CONNECTIVITY. 1. Maintain smooth throughflow of traffic on Kaumualiʻi Hwy. 2. Improve riverside access to encourage appropriate recreational use of the river while protecting the estuary. 3. Maintain the historic swinging bridge as an important pedestrian link and visitor attraction. 4. Provide safe pedestrian crossings, especially from Hanapēpē Heights to the town center, and the Neighborhood Center Park and Stadium. 5. Improve pedestrian and bicycle access to the shore, sports facilities, and Port Allen from residential neighborhoods. 6. Explore the creation of a shoreline trail connecting Salt Pond Park to Port Allen. 7. Enable a “park once and walk” environment in the town center by integrating parking and transit facilities near the town center. 8. Reconstruct/replace the 1911 bridge for safety, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) access, and a variety of public uses. III. GOAL: Improve Critical Infrastructure 1. Provide sewerline connections to unserved homes in Hanapēpē Heights and to Salt Pond. 2. Improve the stormwater management system including the expansion of storm drains to better control the collection of runoff. IV. GOAL: Expand and Enhance Open Spaces and Recreational Facilities 1. Expand Salt Pond Beach Park to accommodate growing community needs and visitors. 2. Maintain sweeping views along the highways. 3. Explore creation of pocket parks and public scenic vantage points overlooking the harbor, shoreline, and Hanapēpē Valley. 4. Establish a wide swath of publicly accessible open space and recreational lands along the coastline from Port Allen to Numila. V. GOAL: Enhance the Identities and Roles of ‘Eleʻele and Port Allen 1. Enhance and continue to maintain the relationships and interconnectedness between ‘Eleʻele, Port Allen, and Hanapēpē. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 74 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2.4.3 SOUTH KAUA’I The South Kauaʻi District is bounded by Wahiawā Gulch to the west, and on the east by Hā‘upu mountain ridge, Knudsen Gap, and Mount Kahili. The Planning District includes the towns of Po‘ipū, Kukui‘ula, Kōloa, ‘Ōma‘o, Lāwa‘i, and Kalāheo, and encompasses an area of approximately 31,300 acres (49 square miles). The South Kauaʻi Community Plan (SKCP) was adopted in 2015. It sets forth a Vision, Policies, and Land Use Map for the District. Policies included in the SKCP are comprehensive and address a range of topics. In addition, this section explains changes to the Land Use Map for South Kauaʻi District that were made in order to ensure consistency with the conventions used in the Future Land Use Map. Vision and Community Descriptions for South Kaua‘i The Vision for South Kauaʻi in 2035 is shown below. South Kauaʻi is comprised of distinct rural communities, each embracing its own rich cultural, natural, and historic heritage, but well-connected through safe and efficient transportation networks. Balanced, responsible development enhances existing communities, preserving the local rural lifestyle that embodies South Kauaʻi and is cherished by residents and visitors alike. South Kauaʻi Community Plan (SKCP) (2015) KōloaThe site of the State’s first sugar plantation, Kōloa is a compact, thriving village. It rests in the mid-land plains between the mauka villages along Kaumuali‘i Highway and the makai tourism-focused villages and resorts. Its compact commercial main street strikes a balance between serving local residents and tourists. Kōloa can be categorized as a Small Town due to the intensity and size of the commercial core, and the prominence of the area within the region. The neighborhood center extends several blocks along Kōloa Road between Po‘ipū Road and Waikomo Road. The SKCP’s Vision statement for Kōloa in 2035 is as follows: Kōloa will be a thriving commercial and residential community that maintains its rural feel and historic “old town” charm by preserving, enhancing, and protecting its vast cultural treasures. Kōloa’s history is preserved through the plantation/western architecture in the town core, its historic churches, and other historic buildings. In the town core, renovations and new buildings follow the style of “Old Kōloa Town.” Shaded by building canopies and large trees, pedestrian walkways connect “pockets” of public parking at each end of town. The town provides Kōloa and Po‘ipū residents with vital services such as grocery stores, the Post Office, and the Neighborhood Center. Both visitors and residents are also attracted to Kōloa because of its unique shops, restaurants, and taverns. Outside of town, the former Kōloa Sugar Mill is in active use as a light industrial center and a food processing and packing facility. Coffee, papaya, and other export crops are being grown on former sugar lands. SOUTH KAUA‘I Place Type: Kōloa: Small Town Kalāheo: Small Town Po’ipū: Village Kukui‘ula: Village Lāwa‘i: Village ‘Ōma‘o: Crossroads South Kaua‘i ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 75 Sueoka Market in Kōloa Town Brennecke’s Beach ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 76 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Po‘ipūPo‘ipū is a collection of makai developments and the historic epicenter for resorts and tourist activity on the southern shore of Kauaʻi. It has large expanses of sandy beaches, including the popular Po‘ipū Beach Park, and is highly developed with a nearly unbroken maze of resorts and tourist lodgings between Po‘ipū Road and the shore. Po‘ipū is classified as a Village place type. The SKCP’s Vision statement for Po‘ipū in 2035 is as follows: Po‘ipū will be a world-class, sustainable resort destination serving residents and visitors alike, developed responsibly, with clean, healthy beaches and ocean environments, welcoming parks and preserved heritage resources, all well-connected and accessible to everyone. Po‘ipū is a beach resort that accommodates both a residential community and the island’s largest Visitor Destination Area. Supported by the growing community of Kukui‘ula to the west and by historic Kōloa Town to the north, Po‘ipū is home to about 40 percent of Kauaʻi’s resort accommodations and is a major center of employment. Po‘ipū is known for its many outdoor recreation opportunities afforded by its beaches, surf breaks, diving spots, golf courses, and tennis facilities. Bicycle tours use old agricultural roads belonging to Grove Farm and McBryde. Walkers, joggers, and bicyclists enjoy the continuous pedestrian/bicycle pathway that runs along the shoreline from the Spouting Horn to Māhā‘ulepū. KalāheoKalāheo is the largest mauka village in the South Kauaʻi District. It is bisected by Kaumuali‘i Highway and made up of neighborhoods weaving around hilly terrain to both the north and south. Kalāheo can be categorized as a Small Village due to its size and intensity of retail and civic uses. Existing commercial uses are concentrated along the highway and include a bakery, pharmacy, service uses, and food establishments serving primarily residents. The SKCP’s Vision statement for Kalāheo in 2035 is as follows: Kalāheo will remain as a residential community enhanced by a neighborhood-scaled commercial center and supported by small local businesses. In Kalāheo, numerous homes dot the hillsides mauka of town and around Kukuiolono Park. The population of Kalāheo is growing, as homestead and agricultural subdivisions created in the 1970s and ‘80s are built out with homes. In the town center, business properties are gradually being renovated with building designs supporting the paniolo theme. Public parking lots help to relieve traffic congestion and sidewalks encourage people to walk around town. Businesses have expanded mauka and makai of Kaumuali‘i Highway along the larger intersections. An active business I ‘ike ‘oe ia Kaua‘i a puni a ‘ike ‘ole ia Kaua‘i-iki, a‘ole no ‘oe i ‘ike ia Kaua‘i If you have seen all of the places of Kaua‘i and have not seen Little Kaua‘i, you have not seen the whole of Kaua‘i. (Kaua‘i-iki, little Kaua‘i, is a stone that stood in a taro patch at Wahiawa, Kaua‘i. When it was threatened with destruction by the building of a road, it was rescued by Walter McBryde and taken to Mai‘aloa and later to Kukui-o-Lono park, where it stands today). Kalāheo Town ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 77 association promotes the paniolo town theme and sponsors an annual town celebration. On the western edge of town, near Brydeswood, a shopping center with a large grocery store helps to provide for the needs of a growing population. Lāwa‘i and ‘Ōma‘oLāwa‘i is a small mauka neighborhood straddling a winding section of Kaumuali‘i Highway. It has two distinct “crossroad”-size commercial nodes—along Kōloa Road at Lauoho Road, near the old cannery, and on the highway at Aulima Road where the post office and market are located. Though physically encompassing a large area, Lāwa‘i’s neighborhood pattern is highly defined and limited by reservoirs and hilly topography. Lāwa‘i can be categorized as a Village due to the limited retail and civic uses found at the core and the surrounding residential areas and hills. ‘Ōma‘o is classified as a Crossroads place type. It consists of a small series of mauka neighborhoods that reach southward from Kaumuali‘i Highway. It has no defined commercial node but is rather a largely residential neighborhood, limited in connectivity, size, and future growth by topography and reservoirs. ‘Ōma‘o is a small residential community with a small central park. The SKCP’s Vision statement for Lāwa‘i and ‘Ōma‘o in 2035 is as follows: Lāwa’i will remain a rural crossroads with a limited commercial area centered on the Post Office and Old Cannery. ‘Ōma‘o will maintain its value as a small rural residential community. Lāwa‘i and ‘Ōma‘o are valued as rural crossroads and small rural residential communities. The small commercial area around the old Lāwa‘i Cannery is developed with shops and services that serve the nearby residential neighborhoods, as well as people traveling along Kaumuali‘i Highway or Kōloa Road. Edges around the existing communities are maintained, preventing sprawl. A scenic roadway corridor along Kōloa Road maintains separation between Kōloa and Lāwa‘i. Kukui‘ulaKukui‘ula is a growing area with many important assets: Spouting Horn, Kukui‘ula Small Boat Harbor, the National Tropical Botanical Garden, and a beautiful coastline. This community is the focus of much new development, with a new high-end shopping center and entitlements for large subdivisions set around golf courses. A Vision statement was not developed for Kukui‘ula in the SKCP. Land Use Map Changes for South Kauaʻi The South Kauaʻi Land Use Map is shown on Figure 5-4. Updates to Land Use Designations since the 2000 General Plan version are described below. Neighborhood Centers and Form-Based Code TransectsIn order to accommodate the growth projected for South Kauaʻi, the SKCP delineated six Special Planning Areas (SPAs). These represent specific areas where compact, walkable communities are desired in both new and existing neighborhood centers and nodes. South Kauaʻi uses a Form- Based Code Framework and has regulating plans for three of these SPAs (Kōloa Town, Kalāheo Town, and the Po‘ipū Roundabout). It uses Neighborhood Center and General Designations, as well as a Neighborhood Edge designation for areas within a 1⁄2-mile radius (ten minute walk) from the Neighborhood Centers. The SPAs are required to follow the design and land use standards detailed in the South Kauaʻi Form-Based Code regardless of the underlying zoning. The other three areas (Lāwa‘i Cannery, Numila, and Po‘ipū Gateway) will undergo a special master planning process to develop regulating plans and transects when development is proposed. On the Future Land Use Map they are labeled either as a Large Town or a Small Town. The Po‘ipū Gateway Mixed-Use Village is classified as a Large Town and Lāwa‘i Cannery and Numila are classified as Small Towns. These place types are general placeholders for the future SPAs until their Regulating Plans with transect zones are determined. They also will be required to use the transect zones defined in the South Kauaʻi form-based code. SPAs are a County zoning designation that is a higher level of detail than appropriate for the General Plan Land Use Map. Areas for infill and future development in South Kauaʻi are shown on the General Plan Land Use Map as Neighborhood Centers and General, or as future place types based on the characteristics of their envisioned build form and relationship to other communities. Other Land Use ChangesThe SKCP supported expansion of the Visitor Destination Area (VDA) along Lāwa‘i Road due to the concentration of non-conforming TVRs makai of the highway. This recommendation was not extended to the existing neighborhood of Ho‘one Road. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 78 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Due to the General Plan’s policy to not expand the VDA, the Lāwa‘i Road VDA recommendation has been removed and the neighborhood will remain a residential community. To be consistent with the community’s desire to focus revitalization and development around the town core, sixty (60) acres of State land located above Weliweli Tract was changed from Residential Community to Agriculture. The SKCP identified the boundaries of a potential growth area to be vetted through the Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Community Plan process. It includes the area surrounding Numila, which is desired by the landowner to be a master planned community supporting the growth of ‘Ele‘ele and Port Allen. Because of the boundary shift between planning districts, it falls within the South Kauaʻi planning district. On the South Kauaʻi Community Plan Land Use Map, it is designated Agriculture and shown as a placeholder to be defined as part of the future Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Community Plan update. No projected residential growth for South Kauaʻi was allocated to the area. In this plan, the Planning District boundary between South Kaua‘i and Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele is shifted from Wahiawa Gulch to Kalāheo Gulch. Due to this change, the potential growth area is now included within the Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Planning District. Natural Hazards and Climate Change Resilience in South KauaʻiThe South Kauaʻi district is vulnerable to natural hazards, including marine and terrestrial flooding, wave inundation, erosion, and storms and tsunamis. All of these hazards are expected to be exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise, threatening residential, commercial and agricultural activities. This calls for a need to employ resiliency strategies in community siting, design, and relocation. The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment conducted a preliminary Sea Level Rise (SLR) Inundation Assessment and Needs Po‘ipū (Needs Assessment) using “bathtub” still water flood modeling from the NOAA sea level rise viewer. The inundation maps for the 1-foot, 3-foot, and 6-foot SLR scenarios can be found in Appendix D. Po‘ipū provides one example where the NOAA SLR Viewer data greatly underestimates SLR related hazards because the model does not account for increased coastal erosion and wave induced flooding with increasing sea level rise. This data gap is currently being addressed by University of Hawai‘i and other researchers and the planning information is expected within the next few years. Therefore, it is recommended that a community-scale hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment be conducted when that data becomes available with particular focus on the beach resources and resort facilities. The South Kauaʻi Community Plan (2015) Community planning guidance for the district is contained in the SKCP. The Walkable Mixed-Use Communities section identifies policies to enhance existing communities with pedestrian-friendly development. By locating commercial and retail establishments convenient to residential areas, alternatives to driving, such as transit, walking, and biking, once again become viable. Potential redevelopment is concentrated in the Special Planning Areas described above. The main goal of these policies is to focus growth to compact, defined settlement areas to enhance sense of community, improve conditions for walkable communities, maintain rural character of the place, and preserve open space. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 79 2.4.4 LĪHU’E The Līhuʻe Planning District is the “heart” of Kauaʻi. Extending north to the Wailua River and south to Hā’upu Ridge, the district serves as the main business, government, and transportation center of the island. The Līhuʻe region includes the main communities of Līhuʻe, Hanamā’ulu, and Puhi. Sub- areas and neighborhoods include Nāwiliwili, Kapaia, Kīpū, Kālepa, Nūhou, Niumalu, Kalapakī, and Pū‘ali. The most recent Līhuʻe Community Plan (LCP) was adopted in 2015. It sets forth a Vision, Policies, and Land Use Map for the District. This General Plan incorporates the LCP Vision, land use map, and policies. Policies included in the Līhuʻe Community Plan are comprehensive and address a range of topics. Only those that are specific to the communities in the Līhuʻe District are reproduced here. In addition, this section explains changes to the Land Use Map for Līhuʻe District that were made in order to ensure consistency with the conventions used in the islandwide Land Use Maps. Vision and Community Descriptions for Līhu‘e The Vision for the Līhuʻe District is as follows: The Līhuʻe District shall be a place with walkable, compact communities, each distinct yet connected, and each with its own unique identity and sense of place. Green, open spaces between communities serve as visual and physical buffers and evoke Kauaʻi’s rural essence. Līhuʻe Town serves as a destination and gathering place for the island, with a vibrant Town Core and a desirable mix of uses and attractions for residents and visitors. Līhu‘e Community Plan (2015) Community descriptions for the communities of Līhuʻe, Hanamā‘ulu, and Puhi are provided below. Līhuʻe TownLīhuʻe Town is the County seat of Kauaʻi and the island’s major commercial and civic center. It is the only community on Kauaʻi that consists of four or more neighborhoods and can be classified as a Large Town place type. Līhuʻe Town is bounded by the Hanamā‘ulu and Nāwiliwili Gulches on the north and south and by the shoreline and the Isenberg neighborhood along Kūhiō Highway on the east and west. Key commercial centers in Līhuʻe town include the Civic Center District, Kūhiō Highway commercial strip, and portions of Rice Street. The town developed along Haleko Road (north of Rice Street) and Rice Street, both of which are designated as historic roads. The Kūhiō Highway commercial strip has developed alongside the adjacent Isenberg and ‘Akahi-‘Elua neighborhoods and serve as a hub for those populations. The east side of Kūhiō Highway consists of commercial storefronts with neoclassical and art deco architectural influences. The ‘Akahi-‘Elua neighborhood between Ahukini Street and Hardy Street has relatively large lots and the residential architecture styles of the homes remaining are of cottage, craftsman, and prairie styles from the 1930s and early 1940s. Rice Street between Kress and Kalena Street was developed as a retail center secondary to the Kūhiō Highway Commercial District. With continuous LĪHU’E Place Type: Līhu‘e: Large Town Hanamā‘ulu: Small Town Puhi: Village Nāwiliwili: Crossroads Kapaia: Crossroads Līhuʻe ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 80 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN storefronts along both sides of the streets and several historic buildings, Rice Street is often characterized as Līhuʻe’s “Main Street.” Hanamā‘uluHanamā‘ulu is a former plantation village and housing subdivision that lies between the Hanamā’ulu Gulch and Kālepa Ridge. Kūhiō Highway bisects the community and links it to Līhuʻe Town, Puhi, and Kapa‘a. In 1877, Hanamā‘ulu Mill became the second mill for Līhuʻe Plantation. In the 1950s and 1960s, Līhuʻe Plantation opened several subdivisions and offered them for sale to their workers. These subdivisions surround the village center and flank both sides of Kūhiō Highway. The small village center was a cluster of plantation structures including the Hanamā‘ulu Trading Company and post office, both of which were destroyed by fire in 2012 along with several other businesses. Portions of these structures have since been rebuilt. The village center has several small businesses including a gas station, warehouses, a convenience store, park, and elementary school, all within walking distance from its neighborhoods. A recent housing project called Kālepa Village is a workforce housing project that is done in plantation vernacular and is the only multi-family development in the vicinity. PuhiPuhi is the newest developed community in the Līhuʻe District, and is designated as a Village place type. It is located south and west of Nāwiliwili Gulch and has access to Līhuʻe Town along Kaumualiʻi Highway. Puhi is home to Kauaʻi’s major regional shopping center, Kukui Grove Center, as well as a large industrial park and big box retailers including Costco. This makes Puhi a commercial destination and employment center that experiences a large amount of daily commuter traffic from across the island. The area mauka of Kaumualiʻi Highway is a decidedly more open landscape, with expanses of green space and agricultural uses. This mauka area is home to the campuses of Island School and Kauaʻi Community College, as well as the historic Kilohana Plantation and railroad, a prominent attraction. The land use character is suburban with predominantly single family residential developments, shopping mall and big box retail, cul-de-sac road systems, and large lot single family homes with golf course frontages. Overall, Puhi provides a diverse mix of uses, residential dwellings, light industrial, retail, and education. With these established uses, Puhi is poised to remain a regional destination into the future, and also to experience residential growth to support employment and educational opportunities there. Land Use Map Changes for Līhuʻe The Līhuʻe Land Use Map is shown on Figure 5-5. Updates to Land Use Designations since the 2000 General Plan version are described below. Neighborhood Centers & Urban Edge BoundaryLīhu‘e is the only district on Kaua‘i to have an Urban Edge Boundary delineation. The boundary was adopted through the Līhu‘e Community Plan (2015) to limit urban sprawl, defining where higher density development should be contained throughout the district. The Urban Edge Boundary is intended to facilitate preservation of agricultural lands and uses by focusing future growth and development within existing or identified Urban Centers and Neighborhood Centers. Within the Urban Edge Boundary, there are existing and future designated Neighborhood Centers that correspond to Mixed Use Special Planning Areas (SPAs). These SPAs indicate priority “areas of change” for infill and new development to Commercial building with street frontage on Kūhiō Highway in Līhu‘e. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 81 Kaua‘i Museum with the County Building lawn and associated monument in the foreground. accommodate projected population growth. Most of these Neighborhood Centers are within a half mile of one another. The Neighborhood General designation is not applied in Līhuʻe because most of these half-mile walksheds overlap. Instead, the General Plan Urban Center designation is retained in those developable areas outside of designated Neighborhood Centers. Neighborhood Center & Residential Community on DHHL Wailua LandsTo ensure consistency with the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) Kaua‘i Island Plan (2004), neighborhood center was designated on the mauka and makai side of DHHL’s Wailua lands. Residential Community was also added on the mauka side of the highway to reflect DHHL’s vision for more beneficiary housing in this area. Other Land Use ChangesThe Residential designation was removed from several areas in Pū‘ali, to the southeast of Puhi, as they were not adjacent to an existing Neighborhood Center. A portion of the EWM property near the northern end of the District was designated as Residential. A new University Zone designation is applied to the Kaua‘i Community College area and the surrounding schools to acknowledge the future expansion of facilities, housing, and uses to better serve students, faculty, and staff. To be consistent with the policy to limit resort expansion, a portion of Nukoli‘i was changed from Resort to Agriculture. Natural Hazards and Climate Change Resilience in Līhuʻe DistrictThe Līhuʻe district is vulnerable to natural hazards, including marine and terrestrial flooding, wave inundation, erosion, and storms and tsunamis. All of these hazards are expected to be exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise, threatening residential, commercial, and agricultural activities. The coastal areas of Nāwiliwili, Niumalu, and Huleia stream are particularly vulnerable to coastal hazards. This calls for a need to employ resiliency strategies in community siting, design, and relocation. The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment conducted a preliminary Sea Level Rise (SLR) Inundation Assessment and Needs for Nāwiliwili (Needs Assessment) utilizing “bathtub” still water flood modeling from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) SLR viewer. The inundation maps for the 1-foot, 3-foot, and 6-foot SLR scenarios can be found in Appendix D. Nāwiliwili is an important industrial and port area with infrastructure that may require protection to maintain essential services. It is recommended that a hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for coastal hazards with climate change and SLR be conducted with particular focus around Nāwiliwili Stream, Huleia Stream, Kalapakī Beach, Nāwiliwili Small Boat Harbor, and the Niumalu area. Such an assessment should incorporate planning information depicting wave inundation and erosion impacts from SLR, which is currently being developed by researchers at University of Hawai‘i and others for the State SLR adaptation report. The Needs Assessment also notes that the Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA FIRM maps indicate most of the shoreline around Kalapakī and Nāwiliwili is outside the 100-year flood plain (Zone X) and this may underestimate the risk since these maps do not incorporate sea level rise. The County may adopt requirements for flood hazard mitigation and adaptation that account for SLR hazards that are above and beyond the FIRM flood zones and base flood elevations (BFEs). Goals, Policy Objectives, and Actions for Līhuʻe Community planning guidance for the district is contained in the LCP and Līhuʻe Town Core Urban Design Plan (2010). ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 82 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2.4.5 EAST KAUA’I The East Kauaʻi district extends from the Wailua River north to Moloa’a, including the Kapa‘a-Wailua basin, Keālia, and Anahola. The Kapa‘a-Wailua basin is home to a large portion of Kauaʻi’s population. An urban corridor extends along Kūhiō Highway from Haleilio Road in Wailua to Kawaihau Road, at the northern edge of Kapa‘a Town. East Kauaʻi has extensive mauka residential areas, including Kapahi and Wailua Homesteads. Preliminary Vision & Priorities for East Kaua‘i The vision and priorities are preliminary as they have not been examined through an in-depth community planning effort. They provide guidance for specific areas and will inform future community planning efforts. By 2035, We Envision an East Kaua‘i Where: Residents enjoy a high quality of life in a rural setting. Natural resources are protected and open spaces and public access are preserved Agricultural lands are farmed, productive, and protected. Affordable housing opportunities exist for local residents. Archaeological, historic, and cultural places in our community are honored, preserved, and maintained. New recreational facilities provide safe and healthy opportunities for youth and adults. Historic Kapa‘a Town maintains its western plantation character, is livable and walkable, with mixed uses, pedestrian-friendly streets, bike paths, new parking, and public transit. A range of visitor accommodation types are in place and new attractions have opened. Deferred infrastructure needs have been addressed. Public transit service has increased and is integrated into new developments. WailuaWailua is designated as a village place type. Community input indicated that the area along the Kūhiō Highway bounded roughly by Haleilio Road, Lanikai Street, and Papaloa Road provides a good opportunity for a Neighborhood Center in proximity to residential neighborhoods in Wailua and resort areas along the coast. Portions of Wailua within 1⁄2 mile of this center can accommodate additional residential uses on underutilized and vacant parcels. KapahiCommunity support is indicated for a future Village place type at Kapahi. A Neighborhood Center was EAST KAUA’I Place Type: Wailua: Village Kapahi: Village Kapa‘a: Large Town Anahola: Rural Crossroads (near Post Office); Future Village (at Anahola Marketplace) Degree of Change: Wailua: Incremental Kapahi: Incremental Kapa‘a: Transformational Anahola: Incremental at Anahola Post Office; Transformational at Anahola Marketplace EastKaua‘i ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 83 identified along Kawaihau Road, roughly between Kuahale Street and Pu’uka’a Street. This area in the future can accommodate a mix of medium-intensity residential uses, along with additional commercial and service uses, in a configuration that is supportive of transit. Kapa‘a TownKapa‘a Town’s future growth pattern depends largely upon the intensity of implementation related to a key community policy regarding traffic north of the Wailua bridge. The 2000 General Plan does earmark large residential growth at the Hokua Place property near Kapa‘a Middle School. The area is designated as Urban Center. However, community opinion remains divided, with strong concerns about the perceived impacts of the proposed development on traffic. Supporters cite the great need for housing and the consistency of the Hokua Place proposal with smart growth principles. Others feel that the proposed traffic mitigation measures won’t be enough to counteract negative impacts, that sewer infrastructure is constrained, and that because of the East Kauaʻi congestion, affordable housing development should be concentrated in Līhuʻe. Another concern is that much of Kapa‘a Town is within tsunami evacuation and flood zones. Sea level rise projections show that much of the area could be inundated if SLR reaches 3 feet, as is currently anticipated by the year 2100. These considerations raise further questions about how much growth should be encouraged and accommodated within the Kapa‘a-Wailua corridor. In the public consultation process, two map alternatives were developed for Kapa‘a Town’s future that reflected this dual input. In the first alternative, Kapa‘a transforms from a Small Town to a Large Town place type. The existing Town Center boundary is extended mauka along Olohena road with the idea that the Main Street environment at Olohena and Kūhiō could extend mauka to the roundabout and the northeast corner of the Hokua property. Hokua Place would organize medium-intensity residential neighborhoods on the makai side of the property and lower-intensity neighborhoods to the west. In this alternative, residential growth would be absorbed on the Hokua site as well as on opportunity sites in and around central Kapa‘a. In particular, sites around the Baptiste sports complex may need infrastructure investment (such as flood control) to make medium-intensity development feasible. In the second alternative, Kapa‘a would maintain a Small Town place type, concentrating growth in and around three nodes of existing development along the Kūhiō Highway rather than at Hokua Place. In this alternative, residential growth would be absorbed on opportunity sites in and around central Kapa‘a. This alternative would require more intense development patterns in order to accommodate a similar amount of growth as the first alternative. The Future Land Use Map moves forward the 2000 General Plan’s higher-intensity designation for the area, but also updates and refines the designation based on the first alternative map scenario and new population projections. The previous Urban Center designation is changed to Neighborhood General, which will require a mix of residential building types and a walkable, compact form where connectivity to the school and Kapa‘a Town is emphasized. The size of the future Urban District boundary amendment should consider walkshed boundaries and accommodate future housing projections. AnaholaMuch of the land in Anahola is owned and managed by the State Department of Hawaiian Homelands (DHHL). According to the Kauaʻi Island Plan, Anahola is DHHL’s largest residential homestead area on Kauaʻi and is their priority development area. DHHL’s Anahola Regional Plan (2012) calls for future development of residential homesteads and agricultural uses in the area, as well as the establishment of a new Town Center along Kūhiō Highway. The Anahola Town Center Plan (2012) describes the proposed Town Center. While a portion of site designation for the Town Center has since been replaced by a solar farm, the East Kauaʻi Community Workshop held as part of this General Plan confirmed that the community still supports the Town Center, and this General Plan identifies it as a Village place type. In addition, the community was largely supportive of the preservation of an existing Kapa‘a Town ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 84 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN small center at the Anahola Post Office, which has been designated as a Crossroads place type. Land Use Map Changes for East Kauaʻi The East Kauaʻi Land Use Map is shown on Figure 5-6. Updates to Land Use Designations since the 2000 General Plan version are described below. Urban CenterThe previous Urban Center designation on and surrounding the Kapa‘a Middle School has been updated to Neighborhood General. Neighborhood Centers and WalkshedsThis General Plan Land Use Map includes new Neighborhood Centers at Wailua and Kapahi, based on community input. The Neighborhood General designation replaces residential designations within 1⁄4-mile of Neighborhood Centers. In Kapa‘a Town, Neighborhood Centers are shown in three locations. A new Neighborhood Center is designated at the location of the planned Anahola Town Center, with Neighborhood General designation replacing residential designations within 1⁄4-mile of the Neighborhood Center. A smaller Center and Neighborhood General area is established at the post office. Due to hazard vulnerability in this area, the extent of the Center and General areas at this location are limited. Other Land Use Map ChangesNo additional changes to the land use map for East Kauaʻi are made. Natural Hazards and Climate Change Resilience in East KauaʻiThe East Kauaʻi district is vulnerable to natural hazards, including marine and terrestrial flooding, wave inundation, erosion, storms, and tsunamis. All of these hazards are expected to be exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise, threatening residential, commercial, and agricultural activities. This calls for a need to employ resiliency strategies in community siting, design, and relocation. The coastal area between Wailua and Kapa‘a is particularly vulnerable due to development density. Smaller rural communities of Anahola and Moloa‘a are also vulnerable to flooding due to their low-lying nature adjacent to stream mouths. The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment conducted a preliminary Sea Level Rise (SLR) Inundation Assessment and Needs for these areas (Needs Assessment) utilizing “bathtub” still water flood modeling from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) SLR viewer. The inundation maps for the 1-foot, 3-foot, and 6-foot SLR scenarios can be found in Appendix D. In advance of or in conjunction with the Community Plan Update, it is recommended that a hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for coastal hazards with climate change and SLR be conducted with particular focus on critical infrastructure, residential, commercial, and visitor areas along the Kapa‘a-Wailua corridor including but not limited to areas around Moikeha and Waiakeha Canals, mauka residential areas where freshwater wetlands are expected to emerge due to rising water table, and areas around the Wailua River. The NOAA SLR flooding data shows little flooding or coastal change along the shoreline and this underestimates SLR related hazards because the model does not account for increased coastal erosion and wave induced flooding with increasing sea level rise. The hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment should incorporate planning information depicting the Mountain views from Anahola ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 85 above information, which is currently being developed at researchers at University of Hawai‘i and others for the State sea level rise adaptation report. Historical shoreline change studies indicate a long-term trend of shoreline erosion for most of the Wailua-Kapa‘a shoreline, which is expected to increase with accelerated SLR. Kapa‘a Beach Park is particularly vulnerable and erosion of the beach threatens the bike path, resorts, and homes, especially in proximity to the Pono Kai seawall. Flanking erosion is particularly pronounced at the northern end of the wall, which is a common issue with sea walls. The Needs Assessment also recommends a coastal and beach management plan for Wailua/Kapa‘a including regional sand management and beach conservation and restoration as alternatives to increased coastal armoring in residential areas. For Anahola and Moloa‘a, given the high degree of exposure to flooding hazards around the stream and backshore areas as well as chronic beach erosion issues, community-scale risk and vulnerability assessments are also advised by the needs assessment. ‘Aliomanu Road at the north end of Anahola Bay has recently been threatened by coastal erosion. A vulnerability assessment for the road and long term plans for its protection or relocation need to be considered. The Needs Assessment also notes that the flood areas as shown on the the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) are likely to expand as the frequency and severity of flooding events increase with SLR. The County may adopt requirements for flood hazard mitigation/adaptation that account for SLR hazards and are above and beyond the FIRM flood zones and base flood elevations (BFEs). Chapter 3, Section IX Actions point to the need to update the County flood program. Guidance for Community Planning for East Kaua‘i The following goals and actions are preliminary and will inform future community planning processes. I. GOAL: Accommodate East Kauaʻi’s projected housing needs. 1. Allow the buildout of communities based on existing zoning with the exception of areas impacted by future sea level rise and other hazards. 2. In new communities, ensure the majority of units are “missing middle housing” and affordable by design. 3. Design new communities to be walkable, compact, and connected to Kapa‘a Town. 4. The build-out phasing of new communities should be coordinated with the implementation of priority projects in the Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions Plan. II. GOAL: Ensure that East Kauaʻi is resilient to Climate Change and coastal hazards. 1. Conduct detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for coastal hazards with climate change and sea level rise in East Kauaʻi when updated sea level rise, erosion rates, and wave inundation planning information is available. Assessment should include Wailua-Kapa‘a shoreline and low-lying areas around the town, canals and rivers, critical infrastructure, residential, and commercial facilities. Additional assessments should be conducted in vulnerable areas of Anahola and Moloa‘a. Assessments should identify priority planning areas where resources and planning efforts need to be focused and identify how and where to use adaptation strategies such as accommodation, retreat, and protection, and should encourage relocation to safer areas. 2. Seek partnerships with State, UH, County, and private entities to develop a coastal and beach management plan for Wailua/Kapa‘a including regional sand management and beach conservation and restoration as alternatives to increased coastal armoring in residential areas. III. GOAL: Celebrate Wailua’s rich and cultural heritage. A. PROTECT SCENIC CORRIDORS AND SITES OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE. 1. Update inventory of cultural sites. 2. Coordinate Work with Open Space Commission and Kauaʻi Historic Preservation Commission. 3. Discourage development away from scenic corridors and areas of cultural significance. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 86 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN B. SHARE AND EDUCATE VISITORS AND THE COMMUNITY ABOUT WAILUA’S HISTORY. 1. Develop signage with historical information. 2. Establish a Wailua Cultural Center and/or Visitor information center. IV. GOAL: Increase connectivity within the Wailua corridor to better connect residential, resort, commercial, and recreational uses. 1. Clear and maintain vegetation along Kuamo‘o and Olohena Road for pedestrian and bicyclists safety and comfort. 2. Provide alternative routes for pedestrian and bicyclists from Wailua Houselots to Kuamo’o Road. 3. Add bicycle lanes on Kuamo’o Road and Olohena Road. 4. Increase frequency of Wailua shuttle. 5. Establish more park and ride sites in Wailua Homesteads and Wailua Houselots. V. GOAL: Enhance historic Kapa‘a Town. A. ENCOURAGE INFILL DEVELOPMENT AND MIXED-USE WITHIN THE TOWN CORE. 1. Educate community members and landowners about special planning areas. 2. Provide incentives to property owners of vacant parcels in Historic Kapa‘a Town to develop buildings for mixed-use. 3. Update East Kauaʻi Community Plan and incorporate Form-Based Code for Historic Kapa‘a Town. 4. Provide a range of affordable housing types. 5. Develop a parking audit for Kapa‘a Town. B. PRESERVE THE HISTORIC CHARACTER OF KAPA‘A TOWN. 1. Update East Kauaʻi Community Plan and incorporate Form- Based Code for Historic Kapa‘a Town. 2. Improve design guidelines for buildings and streetscapes. 3. Educate property owners on incentives for historic preservation. VI. GOAL: Increase connectivity from the town to recreation and residential areas along Kukui/Olohena Road. A. IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN, BICYCLE, AND TRANSIT CONNECTIVITY. 1. Add sidewalks along Olohena Road from the Kapa‘a Middle School to the town. 2. Ensure safe pedestrian and bicycle paths that connect the beach parks to the town and to residential areas. 3. Ensure new communities support the County’s mode shift goals and improve vehicular and pedestrian connectivity to parks, schools, and Kapa‘a Town. VII. GOAL: Address traffic congestion. A. IMPROVE CAPACITY WITHIN THE WAILUA-KAPA‘A CORRIDOR. 1. Implement the Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions projects. 2. Continue to work with HDOT. VIII. GOAL: Support DHHL’s Island General Plan and Anahola Plan. A. IMPROVE COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE COUNTY, DHHL, AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS. 1. Work with the DHHL to ensure the Anahola Plan is compatible with the area’s Community Plan. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 87 2.4.6 NORTH SHORE The North Shore Planning District extends from Moloa‘a Bay on the east to Puanaiea Point on the west, which is eight miles west along the Nā Pali Coast from Hā’ena. The North Shore includes the communities of Hā’ena, Wainiha, Hanalei, ‘Anini, Kalihiwai, Kīlauea, and Princeville. The main population centers on the North Shore are the communities of Hanalei, Princeville, and Kīlauea. Residents of these communities value the rural, isolated character of the North Shore and its inherent natural beauty, and the strong sense of community central to each place. While each community differs somewhat in its approach to growth and change, North Shore communities generally express greater concerns regarding the impacts of new development as well as the negative effects of tourism. The North Shore attractions from Kē‘ē Beach to the Hanalei Pier are must-see sights for nearly all visitors to Kauaʻi. There is a sentiment among local residents that the North Shore is more burdened by tourist impacts than other areas of the island, as popular sites are overrun and residents must compete with tourists for parking. Preliminary Vision & Priorities for the North Shore The vision and priorities are preliminary as they have not been examined through an in-depth community planning effort. They provide guidance for specific areas and will inform future community planning efforts. HanaleiA minimal degree of change is anticipated for Hanalei, which is designated as a Village place type. The community’s focus is on maintaining its historic character and restoring it where it has been damaged. The pleasant, informal, pedestrian-scaled existing center can be maintained through modest flexibility in site frontages of new infill, allowing buildings to set back at varying intervals to provide civic space or pedestrian amenities like outdoor seating. Despite allowing frontage flexibility, new off-street parking lots are located behind buildings, and existing lots are screened by landscaping, to support a better pedestrian environment at the street. “Complete streets” that balance pedestrian, bicycle, transit, and private vehicle activity are a goal for residents, with context-sensitive elements that act to calm traffic on the highway, and provide safe crossings for pedestrians, but with an emphasis on street designs that are consistent with Hanalei’s rural character. On the east side of town, a path or informal sidewalk along Kūhiō Highway is desired to connect existing businesses which otherwise lack a safe, established route. There is also support for a possible parallel, shared use path makai of Kūhiō Highway, which could connect community civic uses between the single row of existing buildings and existing agricultural lands. Traffic congestion on the highway into town is a HANALEI, KĪLAUEA, & PRINCEVILLE Place Types: Hanalei: Village Kīlauea: Small Town Princeville: Undetermined (Village, or no place type to be applied) Character/Key Values: • Rural/Isolated • Resilient/Protective/Healthy • Natural Beauty/Verdant • Challenged/Threatened Degree of Change: Hanalei: Minimal Kīlauea: Incremental Princeville: Incremental North Shore ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 88 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN significant issue, and closely related is the primary concern about the current large number of tourists passing through Hanalei and the town’s capacity to manage this daily influx of visitors. Exploring transportation alternatives for traveling to and around Hanalei is thus a priority in order to mitigate peak vehicular traffic levels and tourist impacts on the town, but with sensitivity to the goal of improving the means of access to the town, rather than increasing the volume of tourist access. One such consideration is to implement a bike-share program in the town center that would provide opportunities to reduce private vehicular trips. Such a program could be coordinated with regional transit and shuttle options connecting to other park-and-ride locations on the North Shore and even elsewhere on Kauaʻi, allowing visitors to easily travel to regional destinations including Kīlauea Lighthouse, Kēʻē Beach, and Hāʻena State Park without using a private vehicle. Trail connections (outlined in the Kauaʻi Path North Shore Path Alternatives Report (2012)) between Hanalei and Princeville were also discussed as an alternative, recreational option for pedestrians and bicyclists. Tourist capacity is a continued concern for residents, who wish to see TVRs convert back to housing for locals and the stabilization of Hanaleiʻs population, which has been in decline. In preparing the community for possible hurricanes and tsunamis, clear and abundant signage will be important for the education of this constant visitor population. It is imperative to reduce the number of TVRs in the high risk tsunami zones for the safety of both visitors and residents. Hanalei’s sensitive natural environment and strained single highway access-point into town make the control of the community’s future growth important. The previous Town Center boundary, extending farther west than the existing commercial center, has been reduced in size to incorporate only the current mixed-use area at its eastern end. Although the center is not expected to expand, residents would like to see more neighborhood-serving businesses amongst the shops in the center. PrincevilleAn incremental degree of change could help Princeville to provide better connectivity and preserve public access to open space, while adopting more compact and connected land use patterns for future development. Residents expressed that public access and connectivity are primary issues for lands both mauka and makai of Kūhiō Highway. Public access to the shoreline has come under threat as vacation residences continue to develop down the coast. The community faces a critical need to preserve and restore public access to beaches, shorelines, and open space as new development progresses. In addition, public pedestrian and bicycle access is important to preserve and improve through Princeville’s neighborhoods and properties. As Princeville expands, good street connections are also critical to establish between Phases I and II, in order to improve pedestrian and bicycle circulation and not further exacerbate the busy Kūhiō Highway. Residents strongly desire more sensitive considerations of land use and development rights for Princeville’s surrounding rural and agricultural lands. The community has seen the impacts of a loosely-defined agricultural land use, with large-lot residential subdivisions consuming valuable undeveloped land and eroding the rural character of the North Shore. However, these “gentleman estates” were still preferred to high-density condos. Residents desire that new resorts would be developed at an appropriate, small-footprint scale for the rural surroundings. More thoughtful consideration of appropriate locations for Hanalei Bay ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 89 developable land uses is also a priority; for example, community members expressed widespread sentiment to limit development mauka of the highway, concentrating new residential neighborhoods and institutions (such as a school) close to the cores of existing communities. Future master planning efforts for Princeville Shopping Center could improve the area’s multimodal access and connectivity. This could include better pedestrian crossings between the Center and adjacent areas, including the affordable housing project to the west. Improved pedestrian facilities and context-sensitive elements can calm vehicular traffic along the scenic viewplane portion of Kūhiō Highway, including safer shoulders and pedestrian crossings at the Hanalei Valley Lookout. A regional transit facility can also be incorporated into the expansion of the Princeville Shopping Center, providing a shuttle stop for visitors traveling between North Shore destinations, with an accompanying park-and-ride lot. Mixed-use development can be focused at this node. KīlaueaOther than Līhuʻe, Kīlauea is the only other town with a micro-regional plan. Community outreach reveals much of the information included in the Kīlauea Town Plan (2006) remains valid and should continue through this planning horizon. Local interest in modest growth and a desire to better accommodate day visitors make Kīlauea an ideal candidate for incremental growth. It is designated as a future Small Town place type. The Town Plan supports additional housing development of approximately 200-240 units on undeveloped land west of the town. The community felt it was important that the majority of any future residential development be affordable. For future growth to occur, a regional wastewater treatment solution will have to be developed. Town expansion will also provide the opportunity for a new park and public school site. A new commercial development, currently under construction, will improve access to neighborhood-serving services. Should town expansion occur, an assessment of commercial space needs should be conducted. Kīlauea Road already faces significant traffic from tourists traveling to the National Historic site, the Kīlauea Lighthouse. This problem can be addressed with an expansion of the center westward from Keneke Street, with a new road connection from the center to Kūhiō Highway serving as a backbone for new neighborhood development, consistent with the town plan. Traffic headed both to the center and the lighthouse could use this as a new primary route, relieving traffic on the residential portions of Kīlauea Road. The center’s westward expansion could integrate a pool of parking for tourists, coordinated with a new shuttle to the lighthouse and other North Shore destinations, to further manage access and mitigate tourist traffic impacts. Live/work buildings were envisioned as a naturally-fitting building type option for the community, allowing residents to generate capital directly out of the home. Improved pedestrian and bicycle routes further support this evolution of the walkable center. Residents desire more consistent sidewalks, path connections to the agricultural center, and coordinated multimodal trail options between North Shore communities and even between different moku. Improved access and connections to the local beaches from the center is a further priority, as is the addition of industrial lands in Kīlauea to allow for more local production space. Kīlauea’s relationship with Kūhiō Highway is a focus for future change to improve safe access and community visibility. A series of roundabouts is one possible strategy to create attractive gateways, slow vehicle speeds passing Kīlauea, and create safer intersections. Future roundabouts could be implemented at the new westward bypass road to Keneke Street, connecting to the highway across from Kauaʻi Mini Golf; at Kolo Road, a current primary entrance to the community; and, at Ho‘oku‘i Road, near a small assortment of commercial businesses. Any considerations of growth are coupled with existing concerns of water and municipal sewer access. The community has expressed interest in considering progressive solutions to sewage treatment and encouraging more widespread rainwater catchment practices. As with the rest of the North Shore, Kīlauea residents balance their desires for growth of a neighborhood-serving center with great concern for maintaining the precious local natural environment, especially with significant tourist demand on the region. The community shares a desire to create a coordinated shuttle service for the North Shore to relieve highway traffic demands and could implement a park-and-ride lot either within the new center expansion, or at the Kauaʻi Mini Golf property. Land Use Map Changes for the North Shore Neighborhood Centers and WalkshedsIn Hanalei, the Neighborhood Center size was reduced from the 2000 General Plan Town Center ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 90 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN designation along its western extent. It now ends at the west side of the post office to reflect the current extent of mixed-use activity in Hanalei. The new Neighborhood Center better reflects the community’s commitment to limiting future growth and the desire to preserve the historic and cultural landscape along the highway west of the Neighborhood Center. Kīlauea’s 2000 General Plan Town Center boundary is largely maintained in location and scale as the new Neighborhood Center, with small adjustments to the northern and western edges. The existing residential neighborhood makai of the center was removed to establish the northern boundary. The western edge was adjusted to represent a more realistic general location of the center extension based on the likely alignment of a new western bypass road. The depth of the western portion of the Center approximates the land area necessary for reasonable mixed-use development lots with parking. A Neighborhood Center designation was added in Princeville at the existing Princeville Shopping Center and adjacent parcels between Hanalei Plantation Road and Ka Haku Road. These include the fire station, affordable housing community, and vacant land to the west of the shopping center and the bank building, library, and vacant land on the mauka side of Emmalani Drive to the west. The Neighborhood Center designation acknowledges that while Princeville is a private, master-planned development, the shopping center is mixed use and serves as a community hub that exhibits characteristics of a Neighborhood Center. Given land use patterns makai of the highway and substantial topography changes mauka, there is little opportunity for walksheds to create a large development area, thus, the surrounding land use designations were retained. Other Land Use ChangesThe former Residential Community designation at Princeville Airport was changed to Transportation. The Residential Community pod located mauka of Princeville Airport was removed and changed to Agriculture. The Resort designation over the plateau makai of the Prince Golf Club was removed due to the community’s desire to not expand the existing Princeville Visitor Destination Area boundaries. Natural Hazards and Climate Change Resilience on the North ShoreThe North Shore district is vulnerable to natural hazards, including marine and terrestrial flooding, wave inundation, erosion, storms, and tsunamis. All of these hazards are expected to be exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise, threatening residential, commercial, and agricultural activities. This calls for a need to employ resiliency strategies in community siting, design, and relocation. The communities of Kalihiwai, ‘Anini, Hanalei, Wainiha, and Hā‘ena are particularly vulnerable to coastal hazards, particularly flooding from high waves, flash flooding, and tsunamis. The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment conducted a preliminary Sea Level Rise (SLR) Inundation Assessment and Needs for Hanalei, Wainiha, and Hā‘ena (Needs Assessment) utilizing “bathtub” still water flood modeling from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) SLR viewer. The inundation maps for the 1-foot, 3-foot, and 6-foot SLR scenarios can be found in Appendix D. The maps show a high potential for increased flooding from SLR due to the low lying nature of Hanalei situated between Hanalei and Waioli streams. The maps likely underestimates SLR related hazards, however, because the model does not account for increased coastal erosion and wave induced flooding with increasing sea level rise. This data gap is currently being addressed by University of Hawai‘i and other researchers and the planning information is expected within the next few years. Given the high degree of exposure to flooding, wave inundation, and other coastal hazards along the North Shore, it is recommended that a community-scale hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment with climate change and SLR be conducted when updated data becomes available with particular focus on residential, commercial, and visitor accommodations, essential infrastructure like roads and bridges, and agricultural areas. Such an assessment should be conducted in advance of or in conjunction with the Community Plan update. The Needs Assessment recommends that the County may adopt requirements for flood hazard mitigation/adaptation that account for SLR hazards and are above and beyond the FEMA FIRM flood zones and the base floor elevations (BFEs). Actions for Public Safety and Hazards Resiliency point to the need to update the County flood program. Lastly, the Needs Assessment suggests prohibiting the subdivision of coastal properties to limit exposure to coastal hazards and prohibiting shoreline armoring to conserve beach ecosystems. While specific Needs Assessments were not ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 91 conducted for Kalihiwai and ‘Anini, the SLR data is available for examination, and similar actions and recommendations can be drawn for these low-lying communities. Policy Opportunities for the North Shore Integrating Transit: The integration of consolidated parking and transit facilities was a common discussion thread throughout the North Shore communities. Participants considered ways that pools of public parking and transit stops could be integrated into town centers, establishing “park-once” facilities and providing convenient transfer points for tourists accessing Kīlauea Lighthouse and Hā‘ena State Park, with the goal of mitigating the impact of tourist traffic on the Kūhiō Highway and parking facilities at existing visitor destinations. The following Goals, Policies, and Actions are preliminary, and were derived from input received during the North Shore Community Visioning Workshop held in November 2015. They should be further explored and vetted with community input during Community Planning processes. Guidance for Community Planning for the North Shore The following goals and actions are preliminary and will inform future community planning processes. I. GOAL: Ensure that the North Shore is resilient to Climate Change and coastal hazard 1. Conduct a detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment for coastal hazards with climate change and SLR in Hanalei and other North Shore communities when updated sea level rise, erosion rates, and wave inundation planning information is available. Assessment should include all developed areas of Hanalei, particularly around the streams and beach front parcels, and include critical infrastructure (e.g., roads and bridges), residential, visitor, and commercial facilities. Additional assessments should be conducted in vulnerable areas of Wainiha, Hā‘ena, Kalihiwai, and ‘Anini. Assessment should identify priority planning areas where resources and planning efforts need to be focused and identify how and where to use adaptation strategies such as accommodation, retreat, protection, and encouraged relocation to safer areas. II. GOAL: Retain and restore the historic character of Hanalei. A. ESTABLISH DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR NEW INFILL DEVELOPMENT TO MATCH THE HISTORIC CHARACTER OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD. 1. Require off-street parking lots to be located behind buildings. 2. Allow modest flexibility in site frontages to accommodate pedestrian uses or gathering spaces. B. ENCOURAGE COMPLETE STREETS THAT BALANCE PEDESTRIAN, BICYCLE, TRANSIT, AND VEHICLE NEEDS WHILE MAINTAINING HANALEI’S RURAL CHARACTER. 1. Provide a path or informal sidewalk on the east side of town to connect existing businesses along Kūhiō Highway. 2. Consider a shared use path mauka of Kūhiō Highway to provide a parallel route for pedestrians and bicycles. 3. Support a coordinated shuttle service for the North Shore and provide a park-and-ride location and shuttle stop in Hanalei. 4. Install traffic calming features to improve the safety of pedestrian crossings. 5. Explore a bike share program for Hanalei to reduce vehicular trips. C. PROTECT HANALEI’S UNIQUE HERITAGE RESOURCES. PRESERVE THE CHARACTER AND PROTECT THE KALO LO‘I OF HANALEI. 1. Preserve the character and integrity of Hanalei’s historic highway and bridges. 2. Protect the kalo lo‘i of Hanalei in perpetuity. D. BUILD COMMUNITY RESILIENCE THROUGH EDUCATION AND AWARENESS. 1. Educate visitors about threats from tsunami and other hazards and measures for preparedness and response. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 92 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN III. GOAL: Improve connectivity and preserve public access to open space in Princeville. A. ADOPT MORE COMPLETE AND CONNECTED LAND USE PATTERNS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT THAT PRESERVES PUBLIC ACCESS TO THE SHORELINE AND OPEN SPACE. 1. Require the provision of good roadway and multimodal connections between Princeville Phases I and II. 2. Develop new resorts at an appropriate, small-footprint scale to match the rural surroundings. 3. Limit development mauka of the highway, concentrating new residential and institutional uses closer to existing neighborhoods. 4. Encourage redevelopment of the Princeville Shopping Center to increase multimodal access and connectivity. Incorporate pedestrian crossings to adjacent areas, traffic calming measures fronting the area, and transit facilities. 5. Support a coordinated shuttle service for the North Shore and provide a park-and-ride location and shuttle stop in the Princeville Shopping Center. IV. GOAL: Provide for modest growth of Kīlauea Town with improvements to accommodate resident needs. A. EXPAND THE TOWN CENTER TO PROVIDE FOR RESIDENT NEEDS. 1. Ensure there is an adequate neighborhood-serving commercial space. 2. Provide additional housing in the areas designated Neighborhood General and Neighborhood Center. Prioritize the water and wastewater infrastructure improvements needed for this to occur. With public and private partners, build a sewage treatment system to accommodate commercial, industrial, and residential units, and replace aging cesspools and better protect the environment. 3. Create a new road connection from the Town Center to Kūhiō Highway. The road will provide a route for visitor traffic to the lighthouse, serve as a gateway to Kīlauea, and provide a backbone for new residential development. 4. Support community-driven revitalization efforts and programs. 5. Continue to work with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to address the need for traffic reduction in Kīlauea Town and at the Refuge by establishing visitor parking area(s) and a shuttle service. 6. Include buildings that accommodate live/work arrangements in the Town Center. 7. Incorporate industrial-zoned lands into the new Town Center for production-oriented businesses. 8. Obtain land to expand the Kīlauea County ballpark. B. IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY AND MULTIMODAL CONNECTIVITY. 1. Improve sidewalk, path, and trail connections between the Town Center, agricultural center, and beaches. 2. Improve safe access and visibility along Kūhiō Highway utilizing roundabouts and other traffic calming measures and gateway features. 3. Support a coordinated shuttle service for the North Shore and provide park-and-ride locations and shuttle stops in Kīlauea Town. 4. Enable a “park once and walk” environment in the town center by integrating parking and transit. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 2.4 COMMUNITY PLANNING | 2.0 FUTURE LAND USE 93 A place-based zoning framework will allow communities to shape the feel and design of future infill development and housing types. Independence Day at Vidinha Soccer Field, Līhu‘e District (Courtesy of Larry Loos, through Creative Commons). ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 94 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 95 The following four implementation tools are used to categorize each subsection’s actions: Permitting and Code Changes Actions within this tool address new development and how it is approved. Permitting actions will be reviewed during the approval process. Specific approvals include State Land Use boundary amendments; County Zoning amendments; and Zoning, Special Use, and Variance Permits. “Code Changes” indicates items to be addressed in future amendments to development standards. Plans and Studies This section calls for preparing and updating future plans and studies. The General Plan is broad in nature and more detailed follow-up work is needed in many areas. This underscores the importance of future planning efforts and the need to align such efforts with the General Plan’s direction. Projects and Programs Actions in this category identify priority County programs and capital projects and include guidance for project selection, design, and funding. Partnership Needs In many cases, County jurisdiction to move actions forward is limited. Partners are non-County entities, including State and Federal agencies, non-profit organizations, community based organizations, and the general community. Actions in this tool operate in the spirit of kākou and “silo-breaking” to acknowledge that other agencies and organizations must help move the policies forward. Actions also identify areas where agencies and the community can collaborate in new ways. 3.0 ACTIONS BY SECTOR Along with future land use and Community Planning, the following ten sectors represent important areas to be addressed when planning Kauaʻi’s growth and development. In identifying the sector objectives and actions, care was given to ensure consistency with the goals and policies from Chapter 1. Table 3-1 illustrates the cross-cutting nature of the goals and sectors. The sectors are: I. THE WATERsHED II. HOUsING III. TRANsPORTATION IV. CRITICAL INFRAsTRUCTURE V. sHARED sPACEs VI. ECONOMY VII. HERITAGE REsOURCEs VIII. ENERGY sUsTAINAbILITY & CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION IX. PUbLIC sAFETY & HAZARDs REsILIENCY X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 96 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Sectors SUSTAINABILITY Growing Responsibly STEWARDSHIP Protecting Kauaʻi’s Unique Beauty HEALTH & RESILIENCE Strengthening Communities OPPORTUNITY Promoting Diversity & Equity The Watershed Ensure use and enjoyment of resources without depletion. Protect natural, historic, and cultural resources in perpetuity. Protect resources and traditions that promote self-sufficiency. Promote equal access to natural areas and recreation. Housing Provide housing to accommodate growth within and near town centers. Prevent housing sprawl into Open and Agriculture lands. Provide housing for multigenerational families and aging in place. Ensure affordable housing is provided in proximity to job centers. Transportation Promote multimodal shifts to reduce costs.Decrease vehicle miles traveled to reduce carbon emissions. Provide connectivity and safe routes to walk or bike to parks and schools. Promote equal access to transportation. Infrastructure & Services Provide adequate infrastructure to accommodate growth. Preserve natural areas by concentrating growth and services in existing developed areas. Provide equitable access to safe and sanitary services and facilities. Ensure low-income communities have adequate facilities and services. Shared Spaces Provide adequate park facilities for resident and visitor enjoyment. Protect popular destinations from deterioration and overuse. Provide a diversity of facilities that support active lifestyles. Increase access to parks and recreation in all neighborhoods. Economy Promote economic diversification.Protect high-quality agricultural lands from development. Partner to enhance education and employment opportunities. Provide infrastructure to strengthen and grow small business. Heritage Resources Encourage preservation and restoration of historic structures and features in Kaua‘i’s town centers. Preserve and protect the integrity of special places for current and future generations. Preserve access to wahi pana for traditional cultural practices. Celebrate the cultural and historic features that represent Kaua‘i’s diverse cultural influences. Energy Sustainability & Climate Change Mitigation Reduce fossil fuels and transition to renewables. Encourage use of alternative fuel sources. Promote clean energy from non-harmful sources. Explore solutions to reduce energy costs to residents. Public Safety & Hazards Resiliency Protect or relocate assets, develop outside hazard areas, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Identify and protect those resources vulnerable to climate change. Strengthen preparedness, response, and recovery to hazards and climate change. Increase and diversify food grown and consumed on island. Opportunity & Health for All Foster shared responsibility for sustainable choices. Protect residents’ access to shoreline and recreational areas. Improve health aspects of natural and built landscapes. Ensure widespread access to health care, education, and services. Table 3-1 Summary of Goals and Sectors ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 97 sECTOR: I. THE WATERsHED Kauaʻi’s 66 watersheds convey rainwater from mauka to makai and replenish aquifers along the way. This water flow has shaped Kauaʻi over six million years, sculpting the Na Pali Coast and Waimea Canyon while creating the coastal plains where human settlement occurs. The health of the watershed, from ridge to reef, makes all life possible. Yet our island’s watersheds are fragile and under threat from human activities, invasive species, and climate change. Perpetuating the Wisdom of Native Hawaiian Watershed Management Water is held in trust by the state, for the benefit of the people. Public trust purposes, which receive priority over private commercial uses, include domestic uses, Native Hawaiian and traditional and customary rights, appurtenant rights, environmental protection, and reservations for the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. Effective watershed management requires both landscape-scale conservation and site-specific mitigation all while balancing human uses with resource protection. Fortunately, Kauaʻi can use its traditional system of resource management – the ahupua‘a system – as a model for cultivating environmental stewardship. For many centuries, Hawaiian society thrived under the recognition that the community, forests, streams, and ocean are interconnected. This view is embodied in the ahupua‘a system, which was utilized across Hawai‘i in i ka wā kahiko (meaning “in old times/long ago/in the age of antiquity”). A typical ahupua‘a, or land division, follows watershed lines and extends from the highest point mauka down to the fringing reef. Within the ahupua‘a are several subzones: Wao Nahele (upland), Wao Kanaka (cultivated flat land/plateau), Kahawai (freshwater resources), and Kahakai (coastal areas). A konohiki managed the ahupua’a to ensure the various ecological units functioned adequately to support and provide for the area’s residents. Kauaʻi’s ahupua‘a boundaries are shown on the Heritage Resources Map. The peaks of Wai’ale’ale and Kawaikini ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 98 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Today, the concept of ahupua‘a management is not only recognized as Kauaʻi’s cultural legacy, but also for its contribution to modern land and natural resource management. Although today’s average household may not draw from the ahupua‘a for all their needs, everyone benefits from the services that a healthy watershed provides. Successful watershed management is paramount to a sustainable future. However, the growing population creates demands which place pressure on watersheds. The threats include development, improper agricultural practices, invasive species, erosion, climate change, and natural hazards. Furthermore, there is little doubt that climate change will impact watershed health in ways unprecedented in modern times. The legacy of this cultural practice is perpetuated through the General Plan’s goal of sustainability and the vision for thriving ecosystems. By building upon the wisdom of the ancient Hawaiians, who lived in harmony with the land, the General Plan recognizes the complexity and interrelatedness of our island’s watersheds and human uses. The organization of this sector’s subsections follows the ecological units identified in the ahupua‘a: Wao Nahele (The Upper Watershed), Kahawai (Freshwater Resources and Drainage), and Kahakai (Coastal Areas). A fourth subsection, “Threatened and Endangered Species,” includes actions for protecting Kauaʻi’s native plants and animals. Figure 3-1 Components of the Watershed Sector ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 99 1. WAO NAHELE – THE UPPER WATERSHED The upper watershed and its forests are critical to the health and integrity of the ecosystem. It provides the essential services of water quality protection, flood mitigation, and fire protection. Moreover, it comprises the vestiges of Kauaʻi’s native forests and landscapes which are the habitat for many endangered and at-risk species. Objective: To conserve the upper watershed and restore native habitat and forested areas. 1.1 Supporting the State in Upper Watershed Management Kauaʻi’s upper watershed is largely under State jurisdiction, both through ownership and by regulatory authority. The State Land Use Conservation District comprises 55 percent of Kauaʻi’s land area. Within the Conservation District are 24 State-managed reserves, preserves, and park areas. These are shown on the Heritage Resources Map in Chapter 5. The Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) has responsibility for protecting the public trust and managing forest resources, natural area reserves, and state parks. The forests harbor rare and endangered plant and animal species, and include native ecosystems which are relatively intact. In 2011, the State launched “The Rain Follows the Forest” – a management initiative to sustain fresh water resources by doubling the amount of protected watershed area. State initiatives also include the Aloha+ Challenge and Governor Ige’s “World Conservation Congress Legacy Commitment: 30 by 30 Watershed Forests Target” to protect 30% (253,000 acres) of Hawai‘i’s highest priority watershed forests by 2030. 1.2 Aligning Partners for Management of the Watershed and Forests In 2003, the Kauaʻi Watershed Alliance (KWA) was formed. KWA’s members are the Department of Water and the public and private landowners within the State Land Use Conservation District. “The Mission of the Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance is to PROTECT, PRESERVE, and MANAGE our valuable watershed resources for the benefit of our residents, communities, and all future generations through the concerted efforts of its members.” Their projects focus on managing the landscape-scale damage to the watershed caused by feral animals and invasive weeds. Management activities include planning, strategic animal control, invasive weed control, monitoring of forest health, and constructing and maintaining protective fences. In alignment with the State’s goal in “The Rain Follows the Forest” initiative, the KWA Management Plan calls for fencing and managing 25,000 acres in the next ten years. For the Wao Nahele—the Upper Watershed—to benefit from conservation efforts, the community should carefully consider the importance of balancing the sustainable use of this area with the sensitivity and uniqueness of these upper native forests. They have to-date survived the fate of our native lowland forests—destruction by invasive species, wildfires, and incompatible uses by humans. They have a great value to all of us, as they make up almost 50% of Kaua‘i’s land area. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Review State DLNR Forest Reserve Plans when development is adjacent to Forest Reserves. 2. Require best management practices for resource management. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Utilize the Forest Reserve and Natural Area Reserve Plans in Community Planning processes and share information regarding forest management activities with the public. 2. Through appropriate county departments, support KWA members in the development of future watershed management plans and appropriate studies as needed for the health of the upper native forests. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 100 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Support projects that conserve and protect our remaining endemic forests and landscapes in the upper watershed. 2. Develop collaborative projects that support goals shared by the Forest Reserve Management Plans, County’s Open Space Commission, Nā Ala Hele Commission, the Kauaʻi Watershed Alliance, and others. 3. Establish a watershed task force or watershed liaison within the County whose mission is to facilitate better communication and coordination between agencies and organizations that work in the watershed (County, State, and non-governmental organizations), mauka to makai. 4. Utilize best practice watershed management plans, such as the Hanalei Watershed Management Plan, as examples for other communities to employ. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Support the management and protection of Kauaʻi’s forest resources and upper watershed areas in the Conservation District. 2. Support the State’s “World Conservation Congress Legacy Commitment: 30 by 30 Watershed Forests Target” to protect 30% (253,000 acres) of Hawai‘i’s highest priority watershed forests by 2030. 3. Educate the public and visitors about native species protection, wildfire prevention, the spread of invasive species, and water quality protection. 4. Increase opportunities for public access to forests in a way that is ecologically sustainable. 5. Promote education and enforcement campaigns to curb littering and dumping in forest areas. Provide trash and recycling receptacles near popular trailheads and picnic areas. 6. Support and educate about State and Federal landowner assistance programs that support private forest-restoration efforts, such as the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program and Forest Stewardship Program. Ho‘opi‘i Falls, East Kaua‘i District ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 101 2. KAHAWAI – MIDDLE WATERSHED, DRAINAGE, AND FRESHWATER RESOURCES The rainclouds captured by Kauaʻi’s lofty peaks, such as Wai’ale’ale and Kawaikini, supply our perennial streams and restore the underground aquifers, upon which we all depend. Objective: 1) To protect, restore, and enhance freshwater resources to support aquatic, environmental, and cultural resources; and, 2) to recognize and mitigate impacts from the built environment to the mid- watershed area. 2.1 Understanding Our Reliance on Aquifers and Streams Water is a public trust resource in Hawai‘i. The DLNR is responsible for managing water resources and water use statewide, including the protection of watersheds and natural stream environments. These management activities are guided by the State Water Plan, which includes five components: Water Resource Protection Plan, Water Quality Plan, State Water Projects Plan, Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan, and the County Water Use and Development Plan. The Kaua‘i Water Use and Development Plan (WUDP) assesses the sustainable yield of the aquifer in relation to current and future water demands. The WUDP is currently being updated and will set forth polices to guide the County in its planning and management of water resources. Kauaʻi’s aquifer supplies the vast majority of our domestic water and is divided into three sectors that are comprised of 13 systems (see Figure 3-2). The systems range in size from 68 square miles in the Makaweli aquifer system to 18 square miles in the Kīlauea aquifer system. An estimated 312 million gallons per day (mgd) can be safely withdrawn from the aquifer. This is defined by the Commission on Water Resources Management (CWRM) as sustainable yield.12 Actual withdrawal is a small fraction of total sustainable yield. Total well production on Kauaʻi was 14.37 mgd in 2014 compared to an estimated sustainable yield of 312 mgd.13 The aquifer is fed primarily through rainfall, which ranges from 20 to 400 inches annually across the island. Groundwater recharge is also affected by evapotranspiration, agricultural irrigation water, and streamflow. Studies show that our aquifer sectors have ample water supply for the island. 14 15 Also, Kauaʻi has no State-designated Groundwater Management Areas. KAUA’I’S AQUIFER SYSTEM CAN SUSTAINABLY PROVIDE AN ESTIMATED 312 MILLION GALLONS OF WATER PER DAY. While sustainable yield is adequate, the difficulty and expense of extracting and distributing water are limiting factors in providing water to service new development. In addition, groundwater levels are affected by the combined effects of prolonged drought, withdrawals, and the reduction of agricultural irrigation, as observed by the community to date in the Līhuʻe Basin.16 Kauaʻi’s groundwater quality is good, although certain aquifers are vulnerable to contamination due to their location and/or geological composition. On a remote island, there are no practical substitutes for groundwater as the primary source of domestic water. Our aquifers depend on continual recharge by seepage from rainfall and streamflows through permeable ground surfaces. In this respect, the quality and quantity of Kauaʻi’s groundwater relies upon the same policies and actions that protect watersheds, streams, and water bodies, and reduce nonpoint source pollution. An illustration of the hydrologic cycle can be found in Figure 3-3. 12 Water Resource Protection Plan, 200813 Adequacy of Future Infrastructure Analysis, 201514 Fukunaga & Associates, County of Kaua‘i Water Use & Devel-opment Plan Update (unpublished draft)15 Technical Memorandum, May 2015 and Sept 2015 updates16 Effects of Irrigation and Rainfall Reduction on Ground-Water Recharge in the Līhu‘e Basin, 2006 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 102 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Figure 3-2 Aquifer Sectors on Kaua‘i Figure 3-3 Hydrologic Cycle ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 103 2.2 Protecting Drainage Systems and Water Quality The mid-watershed provides an important transfer zone between the upper and lower watershed. It represents the area of greatest alteration from human uses, such as residential development and agriculture. Resource use, waste disposal, sedimentation (as a result of deforestation), and changes in hydrology due to development, dams, and water diversions greatly impact watershed function and water quality. Kaua‘i’s drainage system is mostly natural—comprised of its streams and rivers. This system is complemented by structures such as irrigation ditch systems and flood protection levees along certain streams. Kaua‘i does not have an islandwide drainage master plan, but has in place drainage standards that require new development to maintain storm runoff to pre-development rates. Drainage master plans for new development must conform the requirements of the Kaua‘i County Storm Water Runoff System Manual. The Department of Public Works intends to focus on specific problem areas by developing strategic plans for flood-prone areas such as Hanalei, Nāwiliwili, Kapa‘a, Wailua, Po‘ipū, and Kekaha. These plans would provide detailed analyses of the flood conditions and specify preventative and remedial actions. Nonpoint source pollution, commonly called polluted runoff, occurs when rainwater moves on the surface of the earth or through the ground carrying the pollutants it encounters along the way. This polluted runoff flows to drainage systems and ends up impairing streams and nearshore coastal waters. Significant pollutant types include sediment, nutrients, toxins, pathogens, litter, and debris. The consequences of nonpoint source pollution include: increased risk of disease from water recreation, algae blooms, fish kills, destroyed aquatic habitats, and turbid waters. Some polluted runoff is from natural sources, like soil eroding on steep slopes during heavy rain. Most, however, results from human activity on the land. Protecting water quality from both nonpoint and point sources is a collective regulatory responsibility involving all levels of government. Federal laws governing water quality and nonpoint source pollution management define specific standards that must be met to avoid sanctions. State government is the lead authority for carrying out Federal water quality mandates. The Department of Health oversees adherence to safe drinking water standards and collaborates with the State’s Coastal Zone Management Program to address nonpoint source pollution requirements. The State also has primary responsibilities for watersheds through DLNR’s management of State Conservation District lands. The County’s primary responsibilities for water protection are associated with its authority over State Land Use Urban District land uses, County ordinances regulating construction activities, management of nine potable water systems, and its shared authority with the State for the Agricultural District. Most nonpoint source water pollution on Kauaʻi is due to erosion from lower elevation development-related activities, such as agriculture and from grading, grubbing, and stockpiling. Potential runoff from these activities are regulated by County Government through its zoning and permitting authority, such as the ordinances for subdivision, flood control, drainage, and grading. 2.3 Protecting Perennial Streams and Instream Flow Kauaʻi has 30 perennial streams, or streams that consistently flow year round. Of this number, 21 (70 percent) were impaired in 2014.17 Historically, these streams were the pristine habitat for communities of native fish (o‘opu), insects, and snails, but stream diversions and introduced species, such as guppies and swordtail, have led to the decline of many native species. Water in many of Kauaʻi’s perennial streams was diverted during the Plantation Era for agricultural purposes. With the decline and abandonment of the plantation economy, the status of these historic diversions is now in limbo. In order to determine the legal status of existing diversions, the State Water Code requires an assessment of a stream’s instream flow. The development of instream flow standards (IFS) is a scientific process which analyzes hydrologic conditions and non-stream uses. Continued stream diversion and the lack of IFS, along with decreasing stream levels in some areas, are issues of concern for some communities. Where development is concerned, buffers near perennial streams should be implemented and green infrastructure should be encouraged to reduce nonpoint pollution. 17 State of Hawai‘i Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report, 2014 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 104 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2.4 Utilizing Community Partnerships in Water Management Water resource conservation and protection can be further strengthened through community participation. Organizations and volunteers play significant roles in protecting vital water resources through partnerships with government agencies. Greater awareness of water resource issues helps drive attention and resources to address problems. Making Kauaʻi’s water quality everyone’s kuleana ensures the greatest amount of vigilance to maintaining standards and preserving these irreplaceable resources for future generations (See Subsectors on Water and Agriculture in Chapter 3). Although the priority for conservation activity is the upper watershed, there is also a need to restore Kauaʻi’s native lowland forests which have been largely destroyed by human activity, wildfires, and invasive species. Reestablishment of native habitat could provide scenic values, cultural gathering areas, hiking and other recreational uses, and educational opportunities. Carefully managed forestry efforts also provide opportunities for green energy production, food forests, and materials for local manufacturing. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Avoid impacts to natural hydrologic recharge areas, stream corridors, floodplains, and wetlands through standards that: a. Guide development to avoid disturbance of natural drainage features, preserve wetlands and streams, and provide riparian buffer areas to prevent land disturbance and filter runoff. b. Require best management practices designed to control stormwater and polluted runoff. c. Ensure drainage systems are properly sized, built, and maintained. d. Incorporate trees, rain gardens, swales, green roofs, and other features that mimic natural systems. 2. Reduce erosion and retain sediment onsite during and after construction. 3. Ensure that Good Agricultural Practices and other runoff reduction measures are addressed when reviewing agricultural grading permit exemptions. 4. Review and update drainage regulations and the drainage constraint district to incorporate and encourage green infrastructure concepts. 5. If large detention basins are required to control drainage, design them for multiple uses and treat them as an important tool. 6. Utilize existing Water Management Plans as examples of best management practices. 7. Expressly and consistently condition devel-opment and subdivision approvals, building permits, and other discretionary approvals for actions that may impact surface water resources, on at least one of the following: a. The prior implementation of updated instream flow standards and a monitoring plan for any surface water sources that are needed for any permitted project or development, when there is a reasonable possibility that public trust purposes are or may be harmed. b. Ground- or surface- water management area designation for any aquifer area where new or expanded water sources will need to be developed, when there is a reasonable possibility of harm to public trust purposes in either ground or surface waters. c. The explicit application and execution of the “framework” of analysis set forth by the Hawaiʻi Supreme Court in the Kauaʻi Springs case, prior to the issuance of any permit or other discretionary approval by the County Planning Department, Planning Commission, or County Council. 8. Provide for the crossing of water courses by spanning rather than by culverts when possible, so that natural streambeds will not be altered. 9. Support the protection, restoration, and enhancement of surface and subsurface water resources, stream habitats, and watershed areas to support: groundwater aquifer recharge; aquatic and environmental processes; riparian, scenic, recreational, and Native Hawaiian cultural ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 105 resources; and constitutionally-protected Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices. 10. Support mauka to makai streamflow, which is essential to the survival of native stream life. 11. Support mediated agreements, such as that in Waimea, to restore streamflows to meet public trust purposes for Wailua River, Huleʻia River, and others, while avoiding costly litigation. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. In Community Plans, include protection actions for streams and inland water bodies to prevent degradation of water quality and address non-point source pollution. 2. Establish a drainage system database to better understand the drainage network on Kauaʻi and to assist with water quantity and quality impacts. 3. Periodically review the County’s flood control measures and plans using updated information and forecasts on climate change. 4. Develop drainage master plans for flood-prone areas such as Hanalei, Nāwiliwili, Kapa‘a, Wailua, Po‘ipū, and Kekaha. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Utilize green infrastructure concepts and best management practices in County projects. 2. Mark stormwater drains as “going to the ocean.” 3. Complete the update of the Kaua‘i County Water Use and Development Plan. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Collaborate with community groups and stakeholders to better manage water resources in a cooperative fashion, avoiding adversarial fights that can divide the community. 2. Encourage collaborative watershed and stream protection through the efforts of non-profit and volunteer environmental groups, such as the Hanalei Watershed Hui and Kauaʻi Watershed Alliance. 3. Develop instream flow standards for Kauaʻi’s perennial streams, with a focus on the existing project to develop standards for Southeast Kauaʻi. 4. Maintain stream flows by periodically removing excessive debris and vegetation from stream channels and beds that can impede drainage. 5. Monitor the quality of coastal and inland waterbodies, using an operational groundwater-level monitoring network and a stream monitoring network, to ensure compliance with instream flow standards. 6. Support the establishment of community-based councils to assist with watershed management issues. 7. Seek to prevent stream overflow in low-lying communities by maintaining natural drainageways and preventing the buildup of debris. 8. Support the update of the Hawai‘i State Water Plan components as they relate to Kaua‘i, including the Water Resource Protection Plan, Water Quality Plan, State Water Projects Plan, and Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 106 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 3. KAHAKAI – COASTAL AREAS AND SHORELINES Kauaʻi’s coastal areas — including beaches, the shoreline, and near-shore waters — are heavily used by residents and visitors. Protecting and preserving the coast and its waters is essential to sustaining our communities, economy, and way of life. This will require retaining and improving the coast’s valued characteristics which include good water quality, sandy beaches, abundant marine life, scenic views, and public access. However, coastlines are dynamic by nature and face constant threats from development, erosion, hurricanes, and tsunamis. Effective management can minimize negative impacts and help preserve coastal areas for the use and enjoyment of current and future generations. Objective: To protect and enhance coastal resources and public access to the shoreline. 3.1 Addressing Human-Caused Coastal Erosion Centuries of erosion have shaped Kauaʻi’s 90 miles of coastline resulting in dramatic contrasts from the Na Pali cliffs to the low-lying wetlands of the Mānā Plain. While Kauaʻi has only 12 percent of the State’s coastline, it has more than one-third of its beach sand including the longest stretch of beach in Hawai’i. However, approximately 70 percent of our beaches are eroding and Kauaʻi has lost an estimated four miles of beach over the past century.18 Although erosion is a naturally occurring force, the human contribution to beach erosion includes coastal development and coastal armoring, which exacerbates sand loss and the narrowing of beaches. Such structures cover approximately ten percent of the shoreline. Sea level 18 Anderson et al., 2015 rise, which is accelerating worldwide due to global warming, is another human contribution to beach erosion. 3.2 Regulating Coastal Development and Activities The State of Hawai‘i participates in the federal Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program, established through the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. The Program seeks to “Preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation’s coastal zone” and is administered by NOAA.19 The Hawai‘i CZM Program employs a wide range of strategies to manage coastal issues, mitigate detrimental environmental impacts resulting from development, and uphold environmental laws. Through statewide planning and community initiatives, such as the Ocean Resources Management Plan (ORMP) and Marine and Coastal Zone Advocacy Council (MACZAC), the CZM Program sponsors State and County efforts related to coastal stewardship, planning, permitting, education, and outreach.20 The Special Management Area (SMA) was established in 1975 as part of the Hawai‘i CZM Program. Pursuant to HRS 205A, counties are authorized to determine SMA boundaries and administer SMA permits and shoreline setback provisions. The SMA covers coastal areas including roads, natural areas, and resort development. Proposed development within the SMA is subject to an assessment to determine whether an SMA Major Use Permit or an SMA Minor Permit is required. SMA permits do not prohibit development in coastal areas, but ensure development, uses, and activities comply with the CZM program and SMA Guidelines. The construction of a single-family residence as well as interior alterations, agriculture, and underground utilities are land uses and activities within the SMA that are generally excluded from the definition of “development” pursuant to HRS 205A-22. The County also regulates coastal development through a Shoreline Setback Ordinance (2008) that prohibits development within a shoreline setback area. The setback line is based on average lot depth and long-term coastal erosion rates from the Kaua‘i Coastal Erosion Study (2012).21 19 https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/20 http://planning.hawaii.gov/czm/about-czm/21 Fletcher, et al., 2012 ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 107 Figure 3-4 Sea Level Rise Impacts to Coastal Areas 3.3 Planning for Climate Change Impacts to Coastal Areas Climate change is altering and aggravating natural forces such as sea level rise, rainfall patterns, high wave events, hurricanes, extreme tidal events, and beach erosion (see Figure 3-4). Ocean warming and acidification will continue to progressively impact Kauaʻi’s coastal waters and shorelines. Based on the best available science, we should plan for three feet of sea level rise by the latter half of the century. It is important to note that this estimate may be conservative, as some studies project upwards of six feet of sea level rise by 2100. The greatest uncertainty surrounding the projections concern the rate and magnitude of ice sheet loss primarily from Greenland and West Antarctica. This is also dependent on worldwide efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Infrastructure and private development built today can be expected to still be in place in the second half of this century when several feet of sea level rise becomes possible. Therefore, it is important to utilize planning approaches that are adaptive in nature, such as scenario-based planning. Future sea level rise and ocean warming will greatly impact different types of coastal habitats, including intertidal areas, wetlands, estuaries, lagoons, tidal marshes and flats, and tidally influenced streams and rivers. Shorelines may migrate inland, moving sediment-rich backshore areas along with them. If coastal development impedes that migration, this sediment could be eroded, impacting coastal water quality and beaches. Wetland areas that play a vital role in filtering water flow to the ocean will also be affected. Increased coastal inundation from high wave events could also transport pollutants from agricultural, industrial, and wastewater treatment operations. Fish populations in shallow water and inter-tidal and sub-tidal aquatic habitats could be affected by changes to pollutant levels and water salinity. Coral reefs may ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 108 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN be able to grow higher to adapt to rising sea levels, provided they are not impaired by impacts from bleaching, excessive sedimentation, and other factors. 3.4 Supporting Traditional and Community Based Coastal Resource Management Kauaʻi’s coastal areas and coral reefs support a wide range of activities, including traditional harvesting and subsistence practices, recreation, trade and commerce, and tourism. Our ability to preserve and protect these resources will require deploying a range of management practices and policies to minimize threats, reduce harm from human activities, and respond to future impacts due to climate change. In 2015, the establishment of Hawai‘i’s first Community Based Subsistence Fishing Area in Hā’ena demonstrated how traditional resource management can function collaboratively with modern practices. The area protects the sustainability of near-shore ocean resources through rules based on cultural practices. Management programs that reaffirm traditional and customary native Hawaiian subsistence practices and promote understanding of the ahupua‘a management system should be encouraged. The State also runs a Makai Watch program of which there are two locations on Kauaʻi in Hanalei and Hā‘ena. This program allows citizens to assist in the management of marine resources by promoting education, monitoring, and compliance to State rules. These programs further demonstrate how ahupua’a management concepts can be integrated into today’s community life and strengthen community participation in resource management. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Minimize coastal hazard risks through planning and development standards that: a. Ensure the safety of individuals, families, and communities within coastal hazard areas and communicate the dangers to residents and tourists. b. Discourage development or redevelopment (including tourist uses) within hazardous areas, while preserving adequate space for expected future growth in areas located outside these areas. c. If hazard risks are unavoidable, minimize hazard risks to new development over the life of authorized structures. d. Ensure property owners assume the risks associated with new development in hazardous areas. e. Limit development near vulnerable water supplies. f. Manage water supply issues resulting from saltwater intrusion, such as limits on groundwater withdrawal or diversification of water supplies. 2. Avoid or minimize coastal resource impacts through development standards that: a. Protect public beach, rocky coasts, dune, wetland, river, and stream resources in all coastal planning and regulatory decisions. b. Protect the quality of coral reefs through standards that address, prevent, and minimize impacts from development. c. Minimize impacts to view corridors from roads or public places to the ocean and from mauka to makai. d. Preserve and protect Kauaʻi’s sandy beaches and shorelines from erosion and degradation while ensuring continued public access to them. e. Ensure adequate parking and convenient public access to coastal lands in all zoning and subdivision permits. 3. Promote strategic beach nourishment in public use areas. 4. Seek to preserve natural beach processes and avoid the construction of shoreline protection structures. 5. Do not allow permanent armoring of the shoreline. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 109 6. Include the following guidelines for coastal development in the CZO: a. For resorts and other multi building complexes, transition from low building heights along the shoreline to taller buildings on the interior of the property. b. Provide an open, vegetated visual buffer between the shoreline and buildings. c. Protect community accessways laterally along the coast in the buffer zone mauka of the shoreline. d. Maintain existing stands of trees or plant trees within the buffer zone to provide sun and wind protection and to moderate the appearance of large buildings. 7. Update the Shore District in relation to the SMA regulations. 8. Continually incorporate new information on climate change into shoreline policies and regulations. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Restore lost and unrecorded beach accesses by identifying, recording, and demarcating accessways for public use. 2. Develop detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments in low-lying coastal areas based on future data and forecasts regarding climate change. Use this assessment to identify where resources and planning efforts should be focused and to develop adaptation strategies and inform stakeholders including tourists of these dangers. 3. Recognize scientific uncertainty by using scenario planning and adaptive management techniques that adjust policies and rules based on monitoring efforts. 4. Analyze options and criteria for relocation of development outside of hazardous areas along the coast and incorporate findings into a long- term relocation plan. 5. Support studies to assess impacts to coastal and cultural resources at Salt Pond Beach and Pū‘olo Point in collaboration with community members, including but not limited to the salt making practitioners. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Adequately fund and utilize the Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Fund to actively acquire shoreline lands and accessways for public use and consider development of an “Offer To Dedicate” (OTD) Coastal Easement or Land Banking Program. 2. Acknowledge, support, and participate in government, university, and private efforts to better understand and predict climate change impacts on coastal areas. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Manage local marine resources through community-based strategies, such as the Hā’ena Community-Based Subsistence Fishing Area. 2. Address loss of beach areas due to sea level rise through a comprehensive beach management strategy, including local financing plans for beach and dune restoration. 3. Encourage citizen groups to take responsibility for water resource monitoring and protection, such as through the expansion of the Makai Watch Program. 4. Adopt tax policies favorable to public shoreline access. 5. Dissuade beach driving through enforcement and by educating drivers about the laws, safety, and environmental and cultural impacts of driving on beaches. 6. Provide preferred tax status and other incentives to help community groups, non-governmental organizations, and government agencies restore native lowland forests. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 110 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 4. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES Kauaʻi is a global hotspot for biodiversity. Biodiversity allows ecosystems to function and thrive, and its loss negatively impacts water supply, food security, and resilience to extreme events. Kauaʻi has experienced a dramatic loss of animal, plant, and marine species in modern times. This is a statewide trend that has earned Hawai’i the dubious honor of “Endangered Species Capital of the World.” Objective: To protect the flora and fauna unique to Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i and to mitigate the impact of invasive species. 4.1 Saving our Natural Heritage As the oldest and most isolated of the eight main Hawaiian islands, Kauaʻi’s unique geological and climatic conditions host hundreds of plants and animals that are found nowhere else, including over 140 plant and animal species that are on the Federal endangered species list. Among these are several threatened and endangered birds, such as the ‘Ua’u (Hawaiian Petrel), ‘A’o (Newell’s Shearwater), and Nēnē (Hawaiian Goose), as well as six forest birds that are found nowhere else on earth. Since their arrival on Kauaʻi, people have depended on the natural world to survive and thrive. However, with an increasing population and modern technology, the relative balance that people had with their environment has deteriorated. Currently, many species are threatened by habitat reduction, disturbance, predation, overexploitation, and other human-introduced dangers. Without educated decision-making about how we expand and grow, wildlife will suffer. Already, human presence has caused over half of the species that existed here in pre-colonization times to become extinct. It is our responsibility to ensure that we provide for the continued presence of the remaining 50 percent. Preservation and protection of the growing number of endangered species requires a comprehensive approach through direct and indirect measures to ensure Kaua‘i’s natural legacy endures. 4.2 Countering the Threat of Invasive Species and Diseases Invasive species threaten our environment, agriculture, human health, and quality of life. They represent a constant and evolving threat to Kauaʻi’s environment — particularly to the island’s already vulnerable endangered species. If left unchecked, invasive species can easily thrive and multiply in Kauaʻi’s hospitable environment, out-competing native life, and jeopardizing our watersheds. Expanding global trade and travel, climate change, and unpredictable biological evolution are major factors driving the introduction and establishment of invasive species. Prevention, containment, and eradication of invasive species require persistent and coordinated attention by all levels of government as well as cooperation from businesses and the community. Port of entry controls are a critical method for preventing the introduction of invasive species. Airport and harbor inspections must occur regularly to prevent new threats from gaining a foothold on Kauaʻi. Efforts to date have thus far prevented ecologically destructive invasive fauna such as snakes, mongoose, the varroa mite, coqui frogs, and little fire ants from establishing lasting footholds on Kauaʻi. Other invasive species such as the rose-winged parakeet and feral cats are established on the island and require effective management and containment strategies to minimize their impacts. The parakeets pose a significant economic and food safety issue on Kaua‘i, since the birds are naturally drawn to fruit trees on local commercial farms. Feral cats are also a public concern as they carry toxoplasmosis, a disease that enters the water supply from cat feces and has been documented to kill marine animals such as the endangered Hawaiian monk seal. Invasive flora have a wide range of detrimental effects on the island’s ecology and economy. Species such as banana poka (Passiflora tarminiana), miconia (Miconia calvescens), and strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) spread aggressively in forests and contribute to the hearty diet and proliferation of rodents and feral pigs, which subsequently cause both ongoing conservation issues and food safety concerns for local agriculture ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 111 producers. Furthermore, invasive herbaceous and woody plant pests such as bush beardgrass (Schizachyrium condensatum), aramina (Urena lobata), wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata), and fireweed (Senecio madagascariencsis) spread rapidly and can cause serious damage from an economic standpoint, as these types of invasive weeds can easily overtake pastures and grazing lands for livestock and are exceptionally difficult to eradicate. Viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases such as Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death (ROD) and Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) cause flora-based infections that pose serious threats to indigenous flora and local food sources, respectively. Knowledge of these diseases and best management practices for preventing the spread of these diseases via contact with humans, automobiles, pets, and equipment/tools must be taught to the general public, and consciously adopted into all of our daily lives. Active measures to minimize the impact of diseases and invasive pests must continue to be implemented and improved. Through concerted efforts and partnerships between the County, State, and Federal agencies (i.e., USDA, USFWS, NRCS, East & West Kaua‘i Soil and Water Conservation Districts, HDOA, and DLNR), conservation groups (i.e., Kaua‘i Conservation Alliance, KISC, Plant Pono, NTBG, the Nature Conservancy, and the Kōke‘e Resource Conservation Program) and academic institutions (i.e., University of Hawai‘i – CTAHR and local schools), prevention, monitoring, and eradication efforts will continue to combat the introduction and establishment of invasive species and diseases on Kaua‘i. 4.3 Protecting Coastal and Near-Shore Habitats Kauaʻi’s shorelines and near-shore waters support a wide range of terrestrial and marine species. These include several threatened and endangered seabird species, marine mammals such as Hawaiian monk seals, sea turtles, and whales. The north and east coasts have shallow fringing coral reefs, while the reefs on the west and south sides are less continuous. These marine habitats require good water quality and healthy coral reefs. Both are susceptible to sediment runoff from erosion and flooding as well as the discharge of pollutants generated from agriculture, businesses, households, and wastewater. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Avoid development or land use intensification on critical habitats and in areas that are essential to the health, safety, and life of vulnerable native species. 2. Require the use of noninvasive plant species for landscaping of newly developed areas, public lands, and roadways. 3. Require future development to address potential impacts on threatened or endangered flora and fauna: a. Evaluate potential loss of habitat. b. Identify all endangered and threatened species present. c. List minimization efforts. d. If mitigation is needed, join an established Habitat Conservation Plan or develop one. 4. Encourage new development to implement voluntary actions to encourage a net gain in protection efforts of our threatened and endangered species. 5. Minimize risks to threatened and endangered species in construction and development activity. B. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Increase wildlife and habitat protection knowledge and expertise within the County government. 2. Develop a protocol that will help minimize the current feral cat population, to lessen the impact of direct endangered species fatalities, as well as the spread of diseases, such as toxoplasmosis. 3. Adopt a comprehensive animal control ordinance to reduce or eliminate populations of feral, abandoned, and stray cats. 4. Develop a list of native plant species suitable for landscaping. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 112 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN C. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Provide enforcement and education regarding endangered species regulations. 2. Provide interpretive signage within protected areas to educate people about native flora and fauna. 3. Design and install signage informing motorists and pedestrians about the presence of threatened or endangered species in wildlife hazard zones and during yearly times of increased danger. 4. Utilize predator-proof fencing and new technology to protect endangered species, such as seabirds, from lights and powerlines. 5. Complete and implement native species Habitat Conservation Plans, such as the Kauaʻi Seabird Habitat Conservation Plan and the Kauaʻi Nēnē Habitat Conservation Plan, which address legal issues regarding human-wildlife interaction while allowing for economic development. 6. Protect and restore forest bird corridors, seabird flyways, waterbird habitat, and areas of monk seal loafing. 7. Promote greater protection of Kauaʻi’s native flora and fauna biodiversity by reducing the threats of invasive species: a. Rapidly identify and address invasive species on County lands and coordinate with other public and private landowners to control sources of invasive species. b. Track invasive species and focus attention on the most damaging, persistent, and emerging invasive species from other islands in Hawai‘i that have not yet become established on Kauaʻi. c. Collaborate with State and local partners, such as the Kaua’i Invasive Species Committee, on comprehensive biosecurity strategies at ports of entry to prevent invasive species, such as the mongoose, from spreading to Kaua’i. d. Support State, County, and non-profit organization efforts to control invasive species, identify and address invasive species on County lands, and coordinate with other public and private landowners to control sources of invasive species through the work of DLNR, the Hawai‘i Invasive Species Council (HISC), the Kauaʻi Invasive Species Committee (KISC), the Kauaʻi Watershed Alliance (KWA), and others. e. Increase public awareness of specific invasive species threats through both targeted and wide-scale campaigns, as appropriate to the nature and geographic extent of individual threats. Focus attention on what is at stake and whom to contact for invasive species detection. 8. Acquire shoreline areas that could serve as refugia for species impacted by sea level rise or areas that could be appropriate sites for coastal habitat creation or restoration. 9. Utilize conservation easements and partnerships with land trusts to acquire natural areas and promote mitigation banking. 10. Promote protection, restoration, and identification of critical habitats for our native, threatened, and endangered flora and fauna through the following actions: a. Regularly evaluate and update a database listing environmental resource sites. b. Identify specific areas of habitat across the island that are in need of more heightened protection and/or restoration. c. Protect and restore existing wetlands that serve as critical habitats for existing species. d. Require developers and land-users to provide a protection buffer around existing habitats and wetlands. e. Encourage more reforestation and native flora outplantings across the island to help increase and enhance habitats. f. Preserve and establish connectivity between existing habitats and critical areas of interest. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: I. THE WATERSHED | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 113 Blossoms from a native ‘Ōhi‘a Lehua tree, Upper Wailua River, East Kaua‘i District. 11. Ensure adequate inspection and review of shipments that may contain invasive species. 12. In schools, develop programs that improve education and awareness of: a. The role of native species and the importance of biodiversity in Hawai‘i. b. Projects that support the prevention and eradication of invasive species, and the protection and conservation of threatened and endangered species and habitats. 13. Protect endangered species through programs, including but not limited to the Mānā Plain Wetland Restoration Project, Kīlauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, Kauaʻi Endangered Seabird Recovery Project, and Kauaʻi Forest Bird Recovery Project. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 114 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN sECTOR: II. HOUsING Declining housing affordability for locals has reached a crisis level with far-ranging social impacts. Home prices exceed 300 percent of the national average while affordable market rentals are few and far between. The lack of housing supply has been due in part to the effects of the Great Recession of 2007-2009. For almost 10 years, large-scale private development of housing has been nonexistent. Only high-end individual homes and several County-sponsored affordable housing projects were built (due to reduced land prices or prior inclusionary zoning requirements). At the household level, high housing costs cause stress, reduce disposable income, and limit transportation options. These impacts are felt community-wide. They contribute to a stressed local economy and frayed social fabric. The complexity of the housing crisis must be addressed on multiple levels if Kauaʻi is to achieve its vision and become a place where housing for all ages and income levels is integrated into all communities and located close to work and services. Understanding the High Cost of Housing Many complex factors drive housing costs. These include slow inventory growth, limited developable land, a lengthy entitlement process, and high infrastructure and construction costs. The off-island market, willing to pay a premium for Kauaʻi property, is another factor driving high costs. Recent major development on residential-zoned land, such as Kukui‘ula and Po’ipū Kai, take advantage of this market. Between January 2008 and September 2015, 45% of homes sold were purchased by mainland and foreign buyers.22 High costs are also a product of a long and uncertain entitlement process, which often requires discretionary approval at both the State and County levels. The roads, water, and wastewater infrastructure needed to service new communities 22 Measuring Housing Demand in Hawai‘i 2015-2025, 2015 Kalepa Village Apartments, Hanamā‘ulu, Līhu‘e District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: II. HOUSING | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 115 are largely funded by the development itself, which necessitates high sales prices. Spurred by internal and external population growth, the growing number of households continues to outpace housing development. Given that there is a current deficit of 1,400 housing units, meeting the projected demand of approximately 9,000 homes by 2035 will be challenging (see Figure 3-5). Changing the Residential Development Paradigm New market construction may have increased housing inventory, but it has not produced the range of housing needed to serve Kauaʻi’s workforce. According to the Land Use Buildout Analysis (2015), over 80 percent of residential development is single family construction that occurs on Agriculture, Open, and R-1 through R-4 zoned land. This has exacerbated Kauaʻi’s low- density development paradigm. In order to confront the housing crisis, public and private partners must work together to ensure that increases to the housing inventory will be affordable to residents. Reducing the Cost of Living by Connecting Housing, Jobs, and Transportation When housing is built in automobile-centric subdivisions far from schools, shopping, and jobs, residents must largely rely on personal vehicles for all their trips. Such reliance not only contributes to traffic congestion, but is detrimental to the environment and overall health of the community. Additionally, it has heavy financial impacts to the average household. It is estimated that combined housing and transportation costs consume more than 60 percent of Kauaʻi’s Figure 3-5 Kaua‘i’s Housing Crisis ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 116 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN average household income.23 In fact, transportation costs outweigh housing costs. The high cost of transportation includes automobile ownership, insurance, repair, and fuel costs. The Future Land Use Map prioritizes residential growth in towns and near the major jobs centers of Līhuʻe and Po’ipū. This Map locates new communities near existing towns and requires a compact, walkable form. This land use pattern will encourage increased transit, bicycling, and walking trips, thus reducing average household transportation costs. Moving Forward on All Fronts The solutions needed to stem the housing crisis will not come easily nor swiftly. Many factors are out of government control, such as off-island demand and high land and construction costs. However, major changes to the regulatory process can support inventory expansion through affordable housing projects, more infill housing, and the development of new walkable communities in designated growth areas. Also required are strong partnerships and special consideration for agricultural worker housing, DHHL development, elderly housing needs, and houselessness. 23 Center for Neighborhood Technology (2016) 1. AFFORDABLE HOUSING Affordable housing refers to those projects funded through County support, Federal tax credits, and/or imposition on developers. In other words, government and the developer, usually in partnership, bear the development costs to house individuals and families unable to obtain market-rate housing. Although such projects alone will never fill the housing gap, they are essential to providing a safety net and serving those most at need. Increases to the affordable housing inventory are desperately needed. Objective: To increase housing opportunities for low to moderate income households. 1.1 Producing Affordable Housing through Mandates In 2008, Kauaʻi passed its first affordable housing ordinance, also known as inclusionary zoning. It requires developers to construct approximately 30 percent of their project as affordable housing. Similar mandates have been put in place as conditions of State Land Use District boundary amendment approvals or long range plans, such as the Kīlauea Town Plan. However, as of 2016, the affordable housing ordinance has not produced any affordable units. Many developers express concern that such mandates delay development and housing inventory growth, thus compounding the problem they are meant to solve. At the same time, the community does not support removing such requirements altogether. A more balanced approach is required and carefully crafted amendments to existing laws must be implemented if the desired result is production of affordable housing by the private sector. 1.2 Supporting County Sponsored or Required Affordable Housing Programs and Projects The Kauaʻi County Housing Agency implements a variety of programs designed to promote ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: II. HOUSING | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 117 homeownership, expedite the permitting of affordable housing, and support housing rehabilition. Sources of funds that are potentially available to address housing needs include: Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development) Housing Choice Vouchers, HOME (Home Investment Partnerships Program) and CDBG (Community Development Block Grants) programs, USDA Rural Development programs, private foundations, State CIP funds, and County Bond funds. Federal funds are very prescriptive in terms of household income categories served. In contrast, locally established and funded programs can be customized to serve those who fall between the Federal programs and market-rate units. The Agency also plays a key role in developing affordable rental projects. A major source of capital for these projects is the Federal Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, which incentivizes the use of private equity through public-private partnerships. The tax credit provides a dollar-for-dollar reduction in the developer’s federal income tax. However, use of these credits are limited to housing for families with incomes equal to or less than 60% of the median income and are limited in availability through a very competitive Statewide process. Development subsidies also come from development grants and loans. The County’s Housing and Community Development Revolving Fund reinvests income from federal grant programs in housing projects and first-time homebuyer mortgages. These capital investments will be repaid to the revolving fund which provides long-term support for County housing programs. Federal HOME and CDBG funds also support affordable housing development. To receive federal CDBG grants, HOME program funds and other federal funding, the County is required to prepare and update a Five-Year Consolidated Plan that addresses housing and community development needs and establishes funding priorities. Other sources of funds include USDA Rural Development programs, private foundations, State CIP funds, and County Bond funds. While the construction of new affordable housing is needed, the preservation and rehabilitation of existing affordable housing is equally important. The County should ensure that the affordability of subsidized housing is preserved for the longest term possible. Also, it is generally less expensive to rehabilitate existing affordable housing than to construct new housing. Rehabilitation of existing housing supports and improves existing neighborhoods, and can also provide energy efficient upgrades to units. Through active partnerships with landowners and affordable housing developers, the Housing Agency has helped move forward several 100% affordable housing projects in Līhuʻe, Hanamā’ulu, Princeville, and Kōloa — constructing over 300 affordable rental units since 2000. Since the year 2000, the County has also supported self-help housing at Puhi and Kapa‘a, assisted Habitat for Humanity in developing its 119 units in ‘Ele‘ele, and helped to rehabilitate 173 units at Līhu‘e Court. The County has also acquired 22 properties and converted them to leaseholds, making them far more affordable to qualifying families than fee purchase while perpetuating their affordability indefinitely. A new initiative underway is the Lima Ola affordable housing project. This is a master-planned community that will provide over 400 affordable units in ‘Ele’ele. In addition to moving forward with Lima Ola, the County should acquire land with access to transit, water, and wastewater service for future project development. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Update the County’s Housing Ordinance into a workable law requiring all developers to contribute a fair share of resources to build affordable housing in a “win-win” manner. 2. Design and locate affordable housing projects in or near job centers to minimize household transportation costs, community and household fossil fuel usage, and traffic congestion. 3. Support economically integrated communities by requiring affordable housing mandates to be met on site. 4. Amend Ordinance 860, Workforce Housing, to incentivize the creation of affordable housing development. 5. Preserve the affordable housing stock by adopting a policy that any units built with taxpayer moneys or required under the Housing Ordinance for the general welfare shall be perpetually affordable to allow the inventory of affordable homes to grow rather than contract (which happens when such units are allowed to be sold on the open market). ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 118 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 6. When possible, encourage the design of affordable, energy-efficient residential projects with civic spaces, shade trees, and pedestrian/bicycle amenities to enhance livability, equity, and safe transit options, especially for children. 7. For county-sponsored housing subsidized with public money, the County shall require the units to be affordable for the life of the building and the land to remain in county ownership in perpetuity. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Find ways to insulate affordable housing units from the market, whether rentals or for ownership, to preserve the affordability of units. 2. Review existing affordable housing requirements in plans and zoning amendments to assess impediments to affordable housing creation. 3. Assess the County’s affordable housing needs and priorities through the five-year Consolidated Plan and one-year Action Plans. 4. Establish a ratio for the housing needs for workforce, elderly, and disabled households, and amend existing laws and plans as needed. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Complete the Lima Ola affordable housing project. 2. Seek and acquire land in or near town centers with access to transit, domestic water, and sewers for future affordable housing development. 3. Create dedicated sources of funding and continue to use the Housing Revolving Fund to finance affordable housing projects. 4. Develop and rehabilitate affordable housing low-interest loan programs and awards, such as the Rental Housing Revolving Fund through the Hawai’i Housing Financing and Development Corporation. 5. Support the housing needs of low income households through the Federal Housing Assistance Payments Program (Section 8). 6. Support a flexible planning process and robust monitoring system to allow timely changes in strategy and resource allocation for the housing program. 7. Develop a quasi-public housing development or redevelopment agency to support affordable housing projects, particularly infill housing development projects within town centers. 8. Pursue and establish a source of capital for the development and maintenance of affordable housing. Possible sources include: earmarking a percentage of real property taxes for affordable housing development; a conveyance tax surcharge on high-priced real estate transactions and earmarked for affordable housing development; an expanded Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) that increases availability of the tax credit; and setting eligibility higher than the current 60 percent of median income. 9. Continue and expand the County’s efforts to provide and require homeownership classes, including financial literacy, for families potentially eligible for county affordable housing projects. 10. Review best practices from elsewhere and test in pilot programs the methods that significantly reduce the cost of building a home, including infrastructure and system costs. The Mayor and the County Council should work with community to use Hawai‘i Revised Statutes Section 46-15 to “designate areas of land for experimental and demonstration projects, the purposes of which are to research and develop ideas that would reduce the cost of housing in the State.” D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Provide the highest level of housing and community development assistance through partnerships and non-profit organizations such as a Community Land Trust. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: II. HOUSING | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 119 2. INFILL HOUSING Infill development, or housing located within existing communities, can expand our housing inventory without consuming precious open space. It may be less expensive than “greenfield” development because it utilizes existing infrastructure and services. Infill housing has the potential to play an important role in meeting future housing needs, but only if the zoning, infrastructure, and built environment can support higher density communities. It should also be appropriately scaled to the character of individual towns. Objective: To support mixed use, higher density, and walkable development in existing towns. 2.1 Countering the Threat of Residential Sprawl Decentralized development or residential sprawl onto agricultural and open-zoned land erodes our rural character and town centers. Such development requires automobile dependence, which burdens our limited road network. It also incurs a greater cost per household for infrastructure and services. Expansion of this type of development will run counter to an environmentally and fiscally sustainable future. It also undermines the goal of preserving agricultural lands and the open spaces that separate towns. 2.2 Supporting Infill Development and “Missing Middle” Housing The alternative to sprawl focuses new development in existing towns in order to leverage existing physical and social infrastructure while preserving vital open space. This fosters town centers that support infill housing and mixed use environments. For example, town centers should be centered on functional and attractive shared spaces where people can live, work, and play in the same area. Priority infill areas include the major employment centers of Līhuʻe and Kōloa. However, with the exception of hazard areas, additional infill growth should be encouraged in all towns. Enabling this environment means creating or adapting planning and zoning requirements in a manner that will stimulate private investment in new or renovated structures. Additional dwelling units (ADUs) (also called ‘ohana units) are one example. ADUs are smaller and less expensive to construct, offering a County-sanctioned private sector option towards increasing housing in existing communities. ADUs are allowed on residentially zoned lots where one home is permitted. Although previously permitted, new ADUs are not allowed on agricultural or open lands unless approvals were secured before 2007. The County is also exploring whether to allow Additional Rental Units (ARU) in residential zoned areas. An ARU is a long term rental unit that includes a kitchen, bedroom(s), and bathroom facilities, attached or detached from a dwelling unit. Unlike ADUs, ARUs are restricted in size and allowed only in residentially zoned areas. ADUs are not restricted in size and were previously allowed within the Agriculture Zoning District and the Open Zoning District. Infill development can further diversify Kauaʻi’s housing stock through “missing middle” housing in walkable communities. “missing middle” housing is characterized by small-scale, multi-unit housing types such as duplexes, fourplexes, bungalow courts, and mansion apartments, and can be integrated into communities with single-family homes. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Allow for multi-family structures and a variety of accessory dwellings such as ‘ohana units and additional rental units within the Neighborhood Center, Neighborhood General, and Residential Community designations. 2. Facilitate the development of small-footprint homes or “tiny homes” on small lots. 3. Update zoning in and around town centers to facilitate mixed use and infill development, such as units above commercial space. 4. Streamline permit approvals for infill development and housing rehabilitation by removing barriers, such as administrative delays. 5. Incentivize infill development by reducing or eliminating tipping fees, wastewater and water ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 120 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN facility charges, permit review fees, and park and environmental assessment fees. 6. Update the building code to reduce construction costs and facilitate cost-saving materials and technology while maintaining health and safety. 7. Reevaluate the definition of “kitchen” to provide flexibility for multi generational housing. 8. Increase lot coverage allowances to provide for more ADUs within the residential district. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Prevent displacement of vulnerable renters through rent stabilization policies and tax incentives for long-term rentals. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Improve infrastructure and facility improvements in town centers to support a mixed use environment and increased density. 2. Hold educational sessions for landowners in Special Planning Areas to inform them of new development standards and potential infill development opportunities. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Support programs that facilitate infill development and economic revitalization of town cores. 2. Collaborate with the State to review and streamline infill development projects. 3. NEW COMMUNITIES New communities are needed to accommodate future growth. Even though infill development is prioritized, there is not enough residential zoning capacity to accommodate projected housing demand.24 The General Plan’s policies and actions guide where and how these new communities will develop. Objective: To develop compact, walkable communities consistent with the Future Land Use Map. 3.1 Designing Communities for Equity and Health Communities that cater to a high-end market, resulting in enclaves of similar household incomes and housing types, are no longer acceptable. New communities must further the goals of sustainability, equity, and opportunity. This means that zoning and subdivision approvals for new communities must support multiple transportation options and provide shared space for a range of household types. Use of green infrastructure, which mimics natural systems and protects water quality through features such as trees and rain gardens, is also encouraged. New communities should be walkable, built with a pattern where one can live with limited reliance on the automobile, conducive to destination walking and cycling, and with access to transit and shared spaces. Walkable areas are largely supported through a network of interconnected, tree-lined streets, a diversity of housing choices, and a mix of appropriate commercial and residential uses in a compact form. This type of compact design supports public transit and ultimately reduces infrastructure and service delivery costs to the County over the long-term. 24 Kauaʻi 2035 General Plan Technical Study: Land Use Buildout Analysis, 2015 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: II. HOUSING | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 121 A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Locate new communities only in areas designated for growth in the Land Use Map. 2. Avoid sprawl development patterns and inefficient infrastructure and service delivery by maximizing density in new communities. 3. Substantially increase the amount of market rate multi-family and “missing middle” housing on Kauaʻi by requiring housing type diversity in all new subdivisions. 4. Increase opportunities for moderate- and low-income households to become homeowners by providing a range of housing types. 5. Build housing in proximity to jobs, parks, community resources, and services. 6. Ensure subdivisions are designed to support housing type diversity, maximize density, provide safe pedestrian/bicycle connections, and slow speed on roads. 7. Take a proactive role in supporting County zoning amendments and State Land Use redistricting consistent with the General Plan and updated Community Plans. 8. Allow higher density to increase profitability for developers, resulting in a cheaper housing per unit cost. 9. New communities should incorporate green infrastructure into their design and be water and energy efficient. 10. Require non-entitled new communities in this General Plan to attain full State and County district and zoning approvals by 2027. Require short-duration expiration dates should development not be constructed as permitted, unless stated otherwise. 11. Prohibit future subdivision and development from restricting construction of ADUs in their deed and covenants. B. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Work with the State Office of Planning to explore large-scale State land use redistricting consistent with the General Plan and updated Community Plans. 2. Enter into public/private partnerships to move forward development in new communities, especially in Līhuʻe, South Kauaʻi, and Kīlauea. 3. Leverage market-rate development to support long-term affordable housing through inclusionary zoning and other tools. 4. AGRICULTURE WORKER HOUSING The lack of housing for farm workers is a major impediment to finding and supporting the labor necessary for agricultural enterprise. Housing units near agricultural operations reduce commuting time and deter vandalism and theft through increased surveillance. Objective: To expand housing opportunities for workers on farms. The Farm Worker Housing Bill25 allows farm operators to build small housing units on their agricultural properties. This useful zoning change could be more widely utilized through modest improvements to the ordinance and permit application process. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Support the development of a limited amount of housing on agricultural land for farm workers and their families by: a. Improving the existing process to obtain Farm Worker Housing Permits and remove barriers to participation. b. Providing outreach on the Farm Worker Housing Law to increase participation. 25 Ordinance 903, passed in 2010 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 122 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 5. HAWAIIAN HOME LANDS The State Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) owns 20,565 acres on Kauaʻi, primarily in the East Kauaʻi, Hanapēpē, ‘Ele’ele, and Līhuʻe Planning Districts (see landowner maps in Appendix E). DHHL works to ensure that native Hawaiian families have homes and land to call their own. Objective: To support the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands in their mission to provide housing to their beneficiaries. 5.1 Implementing the Kauaʻi Island Plan DHHL defines beneficiaries as all Native Hawaiians (50 percent or more Hawaiian) and their successors, including existing lessees, applicants on the wait list, and Native Hawaiians who have not applied for a homestead award. The DHHL’s mission is to develop and deliver land to Native Hawaiians. Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana‘ole, who led the passage of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1921, advocated ‘āina ho‘opulapula, protecting the Native Hawaiian population. ‘Āina ho‘opulapula involves creating self-sufficiency and planning for the future through investing in resources, such as education and housing. The DHHL Kauaʻi Island Plan (2004) designates three priority tracts for residential development: Wailua, Hanapēpē, and Anahola/Kamalomalo‘o. These areas can accommodate a total of 2,351 residential lots of 10,000 square feet each, along with 84 acres of community space. Of high priority is a total of 621 lots to be developed across the three areas. Anahola is currently under development, but buildout has been slower than expected. Wailua will be the next priority area, although there is no timetable for development. The General Plan Land Use Maps incorporate the DHHL high priority growth areas. As of 2014, there were a total of 1,621 applicants on DHHL’s Kauaʻi waitlist. 26 The 2008 DHHL Lessee Survey (prepared by SMS Research) found prevalent issues on homestead lands: overcrowding, aging infrastructure and homes, and the inability of homesteaders to finance expansion and repairs. The high costs of construction on Kauaʻi also make even simple homes out of reach for many DHHL beneficiaries. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Prior to the issuance of development and subdivision approvals, building permits, and other discretionary approvals for actions that may impact water sources that could also serve or impact the water needs of DHHL, consult with DHHL regarding their projected water needs and other rights to water under the public trust, such as those described or referenced under Hawai‘i State Constitution Art. XII § 1; Hawai‘i Revised Statutes §§ 168-4, 171-58, and 174C-49; Hawaiian Homes Commission Act §§ 220 and 221; and interpretive case law. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Integrate the recommendations of DHHL plans into community planning. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Partner with DHHL on infrastructure projects that will support development of both County and DHHL priority growth areas. 2. Partner with DHHL to relocate the Wailua Wastewater Treatment Plant out of the tsunami zone and to support future residential development on DHHL land. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Respect and support the mission of DHHL to prioritize planning for their beneficiaries. 26 DHHL Applicant Waiting List, 2014. The 2008 DHHL Lessee Survey (prepared by SMS Research) ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: II. HOUSING | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 123 6. ELDERLY HOUSING AND ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES On Kauaʻi, kūpuna (the Hawaiian word for elders or grandparents) are honored for their life experience and wisdom. Kauaʻi has a relatively high median age and a higher percentage of older adults than the State as a whole. Many older residents are retired or semi-retired, and have more limited income streams than working adults. Adequate and affordable housing is a significant component in overall quality of life for elderly people. Of particular importance is the supply of affordable rental housing for seniors. Objective: To accommodate the needs of an aging population through age- friendly community design and assisted living facilities. 6.1 Readying for “The Silver Tsunami” A significant demographic shift is occurring on Kauaʻi. Kauaʻi County already has the highest proportion of older adults compared to its total population of any County in Hawai‘i.27 The proportion of Kauaʻi residents over 65 years is projected to rise from 10 percent in 2010 to 30 percent in 2035, which will effectively double the number of older adult households on Kauaʻi. The impacts of an aging population include increased demand for healthcare and social services. It also places a strain on the workforce — especially if the workforce growth is stagnant. 6.2 Supporting Kūpuna-Friendly Communities One of the State’s goals for Hawai‘i’s aging population is to, “Enable older adults to remain in their own homes with a high quality of life for as long as possible through the provision of home and community based services, including supports for family caregivers.”28 This goal, also known as “Aging in Place,” is best served by having senior housing near social and 27 Hawai‘i State Plan on Aging, 201128 Hawai‘i State Plan on Aging, 2011 medical services, shopping, and basic services. Unfortunately, development patterns and zoning laws are sometimes barriers to kūpuna-friendly communities. Most homes are segregated from commercial areas and require automobile trips to shopping and medical services. Many neighborhoods do not have safe connections for walking with supportive devices, such as a cane or wheelchair. There are many neighborhood parks that do not have accessible outdoor gathering spaces for kūpuna to meet and gather in a shady place. CLOSE TO ONE THIRD OF KAUA‘I’S POPULATION WILL BE 65 AND OVER IN 2035 Zoning and development standards must be updated so new communities are designed to allow kūpuna to age in place. We need to increase alternatives for older adults to “downsize” in the communities in which they live, reside in multigenerational households, and have options to move to high-quality assisted living facilities. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Provide additional housing and assisted living facilities for Kauaʻi’s increasing elderly population by: a. Increasing the supply of housing that is affordable, accessible to services, and promotes aging in place. b. Allow multigenerational housing that accommodates family home care situations. c. Revising development standards to facilitate approval of assisted living units and continuing care communities. 2. Integrate universal design standards into Kauaʻi’s building code. B. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Regularly convene a Kaua‘i Houseless Solutions Summit to develop collaborative short-term homeless solutions involving Kaua‘i’s faith-based community with support from health and human service organizations and County and State agencies. C. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Provide and anticipate increasing services to the elderly and their caregivers, including acess to transit, nutrition services, fitness programs, and personal care. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 124 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 7. THE HOUSELESS POPULATION By providing a range of housing types, including affordable rentals, Kauaʻi can help families and individuals reduce the time spent being houseless. Objective: To reduce Kaua’i’s population of those houseless and at risk for houselessness. 7.1 Addressing the Increasing Number of Houseless People The Homeless Utilization Report (2014) identified 378 houseless individuals on Kauaʻi. Of this total, 300 were unsheltered, and 78 had temporary shelter. Kauaʻi participates in the State of Hawai‘i Department of Human Services and Homeless Programs Office Continuum of Care program. State agencies are primarily responsible for outreach to houseless people and have a range of services including emergency/transitional shelters, permanent supportive housing, rapid re-rehousing, homeless prevention, and a Housing First Program. 7.2 Providing Homes for the Houseless The housing needs of disadvantaged groups are documented in the State of Hawai‘i 2015-2020 Consolidated Plan. This plan includes data from the Partners in Care Information Center, Point-in-Time Count Reports, review and consultation of various plans, public input, and surveys conducted. Kauaʻi County has identified the need for a range of housing types for persons with disabilities, substance abuse, and HIV/AIDS. These include affordable rental and permanent housing, as well as transitional and group home facilities with medical and other support services. The General Plan supports focusing State resources on securing shelter for houseless families with children, youth, people with disabilities, women, and veterans. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Allow managed micro-housing developments or camp sites for the houseless. 2. Allow development of Single Resident Occupancy unit projects. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Support the implementation and update of the Kauaʻi Houseless Solutions Summit Plan. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. In addressing homelessness, adopt and implement the Housing First approach to reduce and ultimately eliminate homelessness. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Support the development and expansion of shelters to increase temporary housing for the houseless and other at-risk populations. 2. The Mayor and the County Housing Agency shall work with the State of Hawai‘i Department of Human Services and nonprofit community to implement a robust Housing First program that provides 24/7 wrap-around services and makes available transitional and permanent housing for all houseless persons who desire such housing. 3. Identify partnership opportunities with landowners and community organizations to accommodate sheltering and transitional housing needs for houseless populations and people with disabilities. 4. Develop a coordinated, integrated system of services that facilitates entry, offers wraparound services, and supports system exit when appropriate. 5. Provide transportation to enable the houseless to access services (offer rides, bus vouchers, pay as you go card, or other options). 6. Support rehabilitation programs for the houseless. 7. Prioritize resources for houseless families with children, youth, women, veterans, and people with disabilities. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: II. HOUSING | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 125 8. IMPACT OF RESORT USES ON HOUSING INVENTORY The spread of resort uses, especially transient vacation rentals (TVRs), into residential areas outside of visitor destination areas (VDAs) significantly altered many established communities – especially in places like Hā’ena and Hanalei where the resident population declined when homes were converted to TVRs. Objective: To reduce the impact of resort uses on communities outside the Visitor Destination Area. 8.1 Improving Enforcement of Non-Conforming Resort Uses Large concentrations of non-conforming TVRs negatively impact residential neighborhoods. The displacement of low- to moderate-income households changed the social character of traditional neighborhoods. Once they were close-knit places, where neighbors knew each other. Today, the transitory occupancy of these neighborhoods are more vulnerable to crime, noise, and illegal parking. Hā’ena, Hanalei, ‘Anini, and the Ho‘ona Street Neighborhood in Po’ipū are especially affected by large concentrations of non-conforming TVR. Starting in 2008, the County addressed the proliferation of TVRs through a series of zoning amendments and stepped-up enforcement. TVRs are no longer allowed outside of the VDA, except for the approximately 400 units that are “grandfathered” via a non-conforming use certificate that requires annual recertification. Despite this effective “cap” on non-VDA TVRs, there are still outstanding concerns regarding residential character, public safety, and tax equity. 8.2 Ensuring Tax Equity for Resort Uses All TVRs should pay transient accommodation, real property, and general excise taxes at a rate consistent with other resort uses. This is to ensure fairness in accounting for visitor-related impacts and contributing to State and County revenue. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Reduce the impact and number of transient vacation rentals and similar uses, such as Bed & Breakfasts, in the communities outside the VDA by: a. Continuing aggressive enforcement against illegal TVRs. b. Supporting attrition and amortization of non-confirmin TVRs, especially in high hazard areas. c. Monitoring and enforcing laws against new types of transient rentals facilitated by sharing economy websites, such as Airbnb and VRBO. d. Creatively exploring ways to use the tax code for enhanced compliance of non-conforming TVRs. 2. Set fines and taxes on illegal and legal vacation rentals respectively that remove homes from the local residential market supply. The penalties should be high enough to deter illegal use. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 126 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN sECTOR: III. LAND TRANsPORTATION Kauaʻi is at a crossroads for its future transportation. Traffic congestion is one of the community’s most frequently expressed concerns, and it impacts nearly everyone on Kauaʻi. The island’s topography, overall constrained financial resources, repair and maintenance backlog of existing roads and bridges, and General Plan goals of sustainability, resiliency, and health all underscore the need to achieve more efficiency and effectiveness with Kauaʻi’s existing transportation system and to spend Kauaʻi’s limited transportation funds wisely, and seek additional funding from Federal, State, and private partners. A Balanced System The term “balanced system” recognizes the importance of safely accommodating all roadway users, the need to make strategic investments, and that transportation and land use are linked, each with implications for the other. In 2013, the County Council adopted the Multimodal Land Transportation Plan (MLTP) which outlines steps the County of Kauaʻi will take to achieve a balanced multimodal transportation system through the planning horizon year of 2035. The MLTP reviews existing conditions and trends and proposes programs and scenarios for roadway networks, bicycle facilities, pedestrian facilities, and transit. It also discusses how land use relates to transportation. In order to address congestion, manage growth, reinforce compact land use patterns, and address sustainability goals, the MLTP was used as a framework for transportation policies in this General Plan. The MLTP proposed significant mode shift targets by 2035, primarily a reduction in Single Occupant Vehicle (SOV) travel and increases in transit, walking, and biking modes (Figure 3-6). While reduced, SOV trips are still projected to be the largest share of total trips. Implementation of the MLTP will result in far- reaching outcomes that support many of the goals of this plan. These include reduced energy consumption, reduced Hardy Street, Līhu‘e District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: III. LAND TRANSPORTATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 127 household transportation costs, increased levels of physical activity, and improved transportation choice, especially for those who cannot drive. Accomplishing these targets will require strategic implementation of specific projects and actions, as well as a “cultural shift” in personal transportation choices. A shift in personal transportation choices occurring over time is supported by nationwide trends, including the following: • Decline or delay in personal car ownership by millennials. • Willingness by millennials to use transit and other modes of transportation. • Prevalence of new transportation services, such as Uber and Lyft. • New “apps” that link private and public transit services. • Desire of both millennials and baby-boomers to live in walkable communities close to work and shopping. • Increase in telecommuting and office sharing. • Increase in the “shared economy,” including ride-share, car-share, and bike-share services. • Increased recognition of the link between transportation choices and climate change. • Increased awareness of the relationship between health and transportation. While not all national trends may be currently prevalent on Kauaʻi, it is anticipated that both public and private transportation services linked to technological advances will affect Kauaʻi’s transportation system over the General Plan’s timeframe. As the jurisdiction responsible for Kauaʻi’s belt highways and major roads leading to the airport and Nāwiliwili Harbor, the HDOT is a key partner in Kauaʻi’s land transportation network. Thinking of our transportation network as an integrated system will require continued collaboration between the County and the State in planning across jurisdictions and across modes. The transportation actions discussed in this section reflect the importance of partnership and the need to consider our land transportation system as an integrated network. The actions are organized by the following six programs: A. General B. County Roads C. Transit D. Pedestrian E. Bicycle F. Parking Management Figure 3-6 Multimodal Land Transportation Plan 2035 Goals ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 128 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1. GENERAL Solutions for the future sustainability and reliability of Kauaʻi’s transportation network lie in providing a balanced system with multiple modes, including freight, cars, transit, walking, and biking. Objective: To safely and efficiently move people and goods about Kaua‘i by creating a more multimodal land transportation system. As a percentage of total trips, increase transit trips to 3.6%, walking trips to 11.5%, and bicycle trips to 7.6% by 2035 using 2010 data as a baseline. 1.1 Managing congestion requires a multi-pronged approach Traffic congestion, particularly on our belt highways, is a primary concern of our residents. Historically, efforts to address congestion have focused solely on adding capacity for motor vehicles through widening existing roads and building new roads. These types of projects are costly, can be environmentally sensitive, and often take years or even decades to complete, if they are ever undertaken at all. The State’s Federal Aid Highways 2035 Transportation Plan for the District of Kauaʻi identified $3.2 billion in proposed roadway projects, with anticipated funding of $600 million over 20 years. This approach to addressing congestion is simply not sustainable. A new approach is needed that focuses on managing congestion through a combination of smaller, quicker roadway projects, shifts some trips away from SOVs to other modes (transit, walking, and biking), and reduces trip demand by focusing housing near jobs, schools, services, and parks. At the same time, the backlog of existing roads and bridges in need of maintenance and repair has grown. The longer it takes to address road maintenance, the more costly it becomes as roads move from needing a simple resurfacing to a more extensive reconstruction. With two agencies responsible for our roadway system (HDOT for our belt highways, and the County of Kauaʻi Department of Public Works for our County roads), close collaboration is needed to assure we are all working toward the same end goal. In addition to coordination between these two agencies, venues are needed for public dialogue, education, enhancing partnerships, and brainstorming of creative ideas for funding and implementation of our transportation system. The Built Environment Task Force of Get Fit Kauaʻi is an ideal venue for this continued discussion. Given the reality of limited funding, strategic investment choices will need to be made. These choices can be based on a series of principles that are articulated in the General Plan, and include the following: • Prioritize the repair and maintenance of existing roads over construction of new roads. • When new roads are planned and constructed, focus on enhancing roadway network and connectivity, and improving resilience. • When feasible, to minimize additional costs, consider and incorporate roadway improvements for all modes at the time of roadway resurfacing. • Where feasible, as a means to reduce cost and shorten timelines for implementation, consider “least cost planning” and “practical design” for corridor planning. As an example, focus on spot improvements and intersection modifications to manage congestion prior to considering corridor-long multi-lane widening projects. • Consider the safety of all users in planning and design. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: III. LAND TRANSPORTATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 129 A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Coordinate land use planning with transportation to minimize the impact of growth on congestion, improve walkability in town centers, revitalize commercial areas, and enhance mobility in places where people live, work, learn, and play. 2. Require that transportation impact analysis reports and other traffic studies analyze a project’s potential to encourage mode shift. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. In all Community Plans, incorporate planning of roadway, transit, bike and pedestrian facilities, and transportation needs to support economic revitalization. 2. Include analysis of the planned transportation system’s ability to accommodate proposed growth, manage congestion, and achieve the County’s mode shift targets in all Community Plans. 3. In all Community Plans, develop a regional traffic circulation plan that includes all modes of transportation. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Establish transportation priorities using a performance-based evaluation process, which considers the following criteria: a. Safety; b. System preservation; c. Economic development/community access; d. Support of growth areas as designated in the General Plan and Community Plans; e. Congestion management; and f. Environmental and cultural impacts. 2. Support completion of the priority projects in the Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions Report to include the following: a. Add one lane on the Kūhiō Highway from the southern end of the Kapa‘a Bypass Road to Kuamo’o Road. b. Widen the northern segment of the Kapa‘a Bypass Road to two-lane and two-way from the northern end of the Bypass to the roundabout at Olohena Road. c. Operational improvements, such as signalization and left turn restrictions on Kūhiō Highway. d. Extension of right turn lane on Haleilio Road at Kūhiō Highway. e. Congestion management on Kūhiō Highway, from Kuamo‘o Road to Kapule Highway. 3. Incorporate and integrate transit strategies in the Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions framework. 4. Following a priority evaluation process, complete priority circulation and multimodal capacity projects identified in the General Plan Transportation Maps. 5. Consider implementing Transportation Demand Management strategies with County of Kaua‘i employees who work in Līhu‘e as a pilot program that can be replicated by other employers. Strategies may include the following: a. Staggered work hours; b. Bulk rate bus passes; and c. Incentives to encourage commuting by other than single-occupancy vehicles. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Improve the process of collaboration with HDOT to involve both the County and State in planning, scoping, design, and funding of transportation plans and projects. 2. In collaboration with HDOT, develop a process to apply “least cost planning” and “practical design” ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 130 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN into transportation planning and projects with a focus on congestion management for Kūhiō Highway and Kaumuali‘i Highway. Select a pilot project to test the process and outcomes. 3. Restructure the Transportation Coordinating Committee as a working group with representatives from Kauaʻi County Long Range Planning, the County’s Transportation Planner, Public Works Engineering, Capital Improvement Program Manager, Transportation Agency, and HDOT. 4. Identify and actively seek non-County revenue sources (Federal, State, and private) to supplement County funding of the transportation network. 5. Enhance community partnerships for roadway maintenance (including landscaping) and education of all roadway users. 6. Continue to support the Built Environment Task Force of Get Fit Kauaʻi as a primary venue for public discussion of funding and implementing our land transportation system. 7. Regularly evaluate and update Council-determined land transportation user fees, such as bus fares, registration, and fuel and vehicle weight tax rates. 2. COUNTY ROADS County roads and local streets will continue to be the primary way that people and goods move around the island, but they cannot accommodate unlimited growth. Maintaining roads so that they safely and efficiently handle vehicles, buses, and other modes of transportation is essential to a future with less time spent in traffic and fewer vehicle trips. County roads are under the jurisdiction of the County of Kauaʻi. They do not include roads and highways that are under the jurisdiction of the Hawai‘i Department of Transportation. This section applies only to roads under the jurisdiction of the County. Objective: To provide a safe and accessible County road network that supports the Future Land Use Map. 2.1 Preserving our Island’s Character and Advancing Opportunity Along with addressing congestion, other concerns of our community include preserving Kaua‘i’s character, promoting economic development, and providing access for everyone to education, jobs, and services, regardless of age or physical ability. Our County roads system plays a big role in addressing these concerns. When the only way to get around is by car, large segments of our population are left out, due to age, physical ability, or socio-economic conditions. Providing housing near jobs, education, and services, with a safe and convenient transportation network that accommodates transit, walking, and biking, allows everyone to be connected. Retrofit of existing County roads can also be a catalyst ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: III. LAND TRANSPORTATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 131 for economic development, by creating inviting places for socialization and commerce. How various modes are accommodated is achieved through street design and is key to preserving the character of our island. In town settings, sidewalks and bike lanes may be needed. In slow-speed, low-volume settings, it may be appropriate for all users to share the street without special allocation for each user. The design of each street needs to take into account the function of the street, space available, adjacent land use, and the character of surroundings. This is called “context sensitive design,” and is critical to preserving a sense of place. New street design standards are being developed by the County incorporating these principles to accommodate all users in different settings. On many local roads, residents express concerns about motorists speeding. This can be dangerous for all road users, and can discourage people from walking and biking. Sometimes streets are designed to accommodate a much higher speed than the posted speed limit, which encourages speeding. Designing streets to the desired speed limit can slow traffic, reduce the need for costly enforcement, and can improve safety for all users. “Traffic calming” is an important strategy to slow down traffic to the desired speed on selected streets. A variety of traffic calming treatments can be used to reduce speeds, and selecting appropriate treatments will vary by location. A traffic calming toolkit can help engineers, public safety officials, and community members consider and evaluate treatments that are suitable for each location. With limited funding, priorities need to be established for road retrofit and construction to best accommodate the needs of all users. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Complete new street design standards to address all users. 2. Amend the zoning and subdivision codes to support multimodal transportation options and safety for all users. 3. Develop a traffic calming toolkit and update the County Traffic Code to allow for traffic calming features 4. Designate, sign, and enforce truck routes. 5. Update the school zone ordinance and signage. B. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Complete priority resurfacing, reconstruction, retrofit, and repair of existing roads and bridges based on available funding. 2. Retrofit existing roads to incorporate facilities for all users where feasible and appropriate, and as indicated in Community Plans or other network plans, as a part of resurfacing and reconstruction projects. 3. Implement maintenance of roadside vegetation and roadway surfaces to increase safety. C. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Improve systems, communications, and resources so that County projects funded by the State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) are completed on schedule. 2. Secure resources and partnerships for maintenance of County roadways. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 132 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 3. TRANSIT PROGRAM Transit is a key component of Kauaʻi’s transportation strategy to manage congestion, maintain our island’s character, reduce our environmental footprint, reduce the cost of living, and provide opportunity for everyone. Objective: To enhance the viability of transit as a transportation choice for residents and visitors. 3.1 Expanding Transit Ridership The Kauaʻi Bus is the County’s provider of transit services. With each service improvement (extending hours of service and providing weekend service), ridership has increased substantially. Based on survey responses and analysis of ridership patterns, there is latent demand for transit service that is not being met due to current service limitations. Two areas with the greatest potential to expand transit ridership are: 1. To expand service frequency and improve routing for commuters, and 2. To provide viable transportation alternatives for visitors other than a weekly car rental. The first requires modifications to The Kauaʻi Bus mainline and peak hour service. The second requires a new model for how visitors experience the island. Currently, about 89 percent of visitors rent a car during their visit. This adds to our island’s roadway congestion, and causes severe parking impacts at destinations. In order to change this model, several factors are needed, including: • Affordable and reliable shuttles between the airport and resort areas, • Frequent shuttles within resort areas, • Enhanced bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure within resort areas, including opportunities for bike rental or bike share, and • Opportunity for short-term car rentals on site at resorts. These and other recommendations are found in the Kaua‘i Short-Range Transit Plan (approved by the County Council October 2017). Improved transit service cannot be accomplished if transit funding is irregular. A dedicated funding source is needed to sustain service expansion. This will require partnerships and support from residents, large and mid-size employers, commercial enterprises, and others that will benefit from an improved transit system. At the same time as service expansion, efficiencies are needed to offset costs. This may include provision of some transit services by private enterprise, contracting of some services, elimination or consolidation of routes with low ridership, and efforts to transfer paratransit riders to less costly fixed route service. 3.2 Encouraging Transit-Ready Development New development that is “transit ready” has sufficient density and walkability to encourage use of the bus system. Such projects, especially when constructed near transit hubs, can help increase bus ridership and improve the efficacy of the bus system. In recent years, the State has placed an emphasis on transit-oriented development. As a result, there is an opportunity to explore workforce and affordable housing development on state- owned parcels adjacent to bus stops. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: III. LAND TRANSPORTATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 133 A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Provide density bonuses for workforce housing near transit. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Implement the Short-Range Transit Plan. 2. Complete a Mid-Range (4-7 year) Transit Plan for longer-term transit planning. 3. Address the feasibility and practicality of accommodating luggage, surfboards, and other large objects on County and private buses. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Increase mainline service frequency to every 30 minutes, with 15 minute frequency at peak times on peak routes. 2. Identify and implement service modernization features, including GPS location of buses and integration with transit apps; electronic fare recovery; on-board wi-fi; and other amenities to streamline service and attract riders. 3. Focus initial phases of service expansion in areas of highest ridership potential. 4. Improve bus route and schedule information. 5. Complete bus shelters and amenities at 50 priority bus stops. 6. Identify priorities for ADA-compliant pedestrian access to bus stops. Develop a construction schedule and funding plan for priority projects. 7. Provide adequate and efficient bus storage and maintenance facilities. 8. Identify locations for park and rides, especially in coordination with a North Shore shuttle. 9. Convert bus fleet to sustainable fuels. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Expand the bulk bus pass program to generate transit revenue and encourage ridership. 2. Coordinate with HDOT to incorporate transit stops and pullouts on State Highway projects where needed. 3. Work with State and Federal agencies and local employers to establish a dedicated funding source for transit. 4. Partner with HDOT to design bus stops on rural highways. 5. Develop a transit-ready development pilot project on State lands pursuant to the State Transit Oriented Development Strategic Plan. 6. Provide housing adjacent to transit stops, with a special focus on transit hubs. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 134 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 4. PEDESTRIAN PROGRAM Walking is ideal for short trips within town, or to and from transit stops. Expanding walking as a viable mode of transportation meets many of our goals, including health, sustainability, creating thriving commercial centers, reducing transportation cost, and equity. Objective: To provide connected and convenient pedestrian facilities in communities. 4.1 Making Walking Safe and Attractive In plantation days, walking was much more prevalent. Work, the dispensary, shops, schools, and recreation were all within walking distance of homes. In many of our plantation towns, the “bones” of these walkable communities are still intact. Today, in order to expand walking, people need to feel that it is safe and inviting. In addition, for new communities, land use must be planned so that homes, parks, schools, jobs, and services are within walking distance. This is an example of how land use and transportation are linked. In many places, a key contributor to congestion at peak hours is pick-up and drop-off at schools. A significant portion of elementary school students live within walking distance, yet many parents feel it is unsafe for their children to walk to school. Kauaʻi’s Safe Routes to School program, a partnership between the County, the Department of Education, and Get Fit Kauaʻi, strives to reduce barriers to walking to school through education, enforcement, encouragement, and investment in infrastructure. A similar program could be developed to establish “safe routes to parks” in neighborhoods. With limited funding, investments in pedestrian infrastructure need to be strategic. Priorities include safe routes to schools and parks, and improvements to support vibrant, walkable town centers. Identifying and providing solutions for locations with a history of safety concerns, such as locations of crashes involving pedestrians, is another critical element. Design of pedestrian improvements needs to take into account community preferences and surrounding character (“context-sensitive design”). For example, in low-speed, low-volume areas, it may be perfectly safe for cars, bikes, and pedestrians to all share the road. In other areas, such as town centers, a higher level of pedestrian infrastructure is needed for the safety of all users. Pedestrians in Kīlauea, North Shore District ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: III. LAND TRANSPORTATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 135 A. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Identify high-priority pedestrian safety projects based on crash data. B. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Continue a robust Safe Routes to School Program with Engineering, Encouragement, Education, Enforcement, and Evaluation. 2. Complete priority pedestrian projects as identified in Community Plans and other studies. 3. Work with HDOT to identify and implement appropriate pedestrian crossings on State Highways. 4. Develop a Safe Routes to Parks program to identify priority pedestrian improvements within neighborhoods to parks. 5. BICYCLE PROGRAM Bicycling is a viable mode of transportation for short to medium trips within and between towns. Both bicycling and walking, also considered “active transportation,” promote health, sustainability, and equity, and have the potential to reduce the cost of living. Objective: To create connected and safe bicycle networks that accommodate all riders. 5.1 A Complete Bicycle Network The likelihood of people bicycling for transportation can be divided into four categories:29 1. Strong and Fearless 29 City of Portland, Four Types of Transportation Cyclists 2. Enthused and Confident 3. Interested but Concerned 4. No Way No How Strong and fearless riders are comfortable riding their bikes with cars in nearly all conditions. Based on research in other places, this group comprises less than one percent of the population. Enthused and confident riders are regular commute cyclists who are willing to share the road with motorists but prefer to ride in separate bike lanes or in adequate shoulders. Generally, enthused and confident riders are approximately seven percent of the population. Interested but concerned cyclists have some experience riding bikes and would like to ride more, but feel riding conditions are unsafe. Interested but concerned cyclists generally comprise 60 percent of the population. Local surveys indicate a large portion of our population falls into the interested but concerned category — they would like to ride their bikes more for transportation, but feel that current conditions are unsafe. No way no how, approximately 30 percent of the population, are simply not interested in riding a bike for transportation, no matter the conditions. In order to expand cycling as a viable means of transportation, conditions need to address the safety issues of the “interested but concerned” group: if the road is shared with cars, volumes and speeds need to be low; on higher volume streets, separate bike lanes are needed; in high-volume high-speed corridors, separate bike facilities, such as shared use paths, are needed. Intersection treatments also need to be safe for cyclists. Most importantly, a continuous network is needed that allows cyclists to feel safe getting from Point A to Point B. Adding bike lanes on a single street does not create a network and will not substantially increase cycling until those bike lanes are connected to other bike facilities. While planning is done at the network level, implementation is typically done incrementally. Community Plans are seen as the ideal scale and community process to establish bicycle networks in all of our districts. For existing road retrofits, as much as possible, implementation should occur in conjunction with other roadway projects, such as resurfacing and reconstruction, to reduce costs. Another key factor is bicycle education. Both cyclists and motorists need to understand their rights and responsibilities of safely sharing the road. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 136 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Incorporate bicycle parking requirements into the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Establish an islandwide bikeways plan with priorities for implementation through the community planning process. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Complete planning, engineering, and construction for the West Side Path from Waimea to Kekaha and from Hanapēpē to Salt Pond. 2. Complete the Ke Ala Hele Makalae path from Anahola to Līhuʻe. 3. Complete planning and first phase construction of a North Shore Path in areas supported by the community. 4. Complete at least one segment of a shared use path identified in the South Kauaʻi Community Plan and the Līhuʻe Community Plan. 5. Complete priority bikeway projects as identified in Community Plans. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Work with HDOT to have adequate and safe bicycle facilities on all State Highways, including bridges. 2. Leverage Federal funding to complete bicycle and pedestrian access improvements on Kīlauea Road to Kīlauea Point National Wildlife Refuge. 3. Prepare a bikeshare feasibility study and implement a bikeshare program. 4. Continue to support bicycle safety and education programs in collaboration with community partners. Cyclist on Kūhi‘ō Highway ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: III. LAND TRANSPORTATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 137 6. PARKING MANAGEMENT Parking is a key component of both land use and transportation. Creating vibrant, walkable towns requires new ways of thinking about parking. At beaches, trails, and other scenic destinations, parking is a key consideration to providing access while protecting our island’s character and environment. Objective: To implement parking strategies that support community needs. 6.1 Managing Parking Wisely In 2014, the County received technical assistance from Smart Growth America to conduct a Parking Audit Workshop for Līhuʻe Town. The workshop provided our community with new ways to think about parking supply and demand, and the relationship of parking to transportation and land use. These concepts apply not only to Līhuʻe, but to all areas of our island. Traditional zoning requires each building or parcel to provide adequate parking on site. This leads to large expanses of land dedicated to parking, and generally creates commercial areas that are not conducive to walking. With increased density and a safe pedestrian environment, parking can be provided off-site. Parking districts that consolidate parking in key locations to serve multiple properties, and shared parking between sites, are strategies that are needed to encourage infill development. Another important consideration for our towns and resort areas is to promote parking management strategies that reduce parking demand. These strategies may include timed parking, paid parking, and employer incentives such as transportation benefits that incentivize ride-sharing, walking, biking, or taking transit to work. At beaches, trails, and other scenic destinations, parking is an important component of access, yet in some areas, such as Kē‘ē Beach, scenic and cultural resources are compromised by too many cars. In some areas, formalized or dedicated parking is needed. In other areas, parking demand should be reduced through alternative modes of access, such as shuttles. A. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Implement parking audits in areas where parking resources are perceived to be limited and where additional parking resources or parking management may be needed such as Kapa‘a Town, Hanalei, and Po’ipū. 2. In partnership with the State, develop and implement a parking management plan for the Līhuʻe Civic Center. B. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Establish staff resources and funding for Countywide parking enforcement. 2. Work with State agencies to address the parking impact at beaches and other State-owned parks and scenic areas such as Kē’ē Beach. 3. Work with employers and resort areas to establish parking management strategies that incentivize mode shift. 4. Consider the establishment of parking districts in town centers. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 138 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN sECTOR: IV. CRITICAL INFRAsTRUCTURE Infrastructure to provide water and dispose of wastewater and solid waste is critical to supporting growth on Kauaʻi, yet current systems are stressed and not keeping pace with demand. If Kauaʻi is to grow sustainably it must meet the infrastructure needs of today and make smart investments in planning, maintenance, and facilities to meet future needs. We must also ensure that our airports and harbors are well maintained and equipped to withstand unexpected events. Meeting Current Infrastructure Needs We depend upon our public and private systems for water, wastewater treatment, and solid waste disposal to sustain our daily activities in a way that protects our public health and natural environment. Yet, Kaua’i’s landfill is near capacity, and the island is heavily reliant on individual septic systems and cesspools. These conditions have potentially severe consequences for public health and environmental quality, and both could require costly fixes. Kauaʻi is like many rural areas in that it has a small tax base and limited resources to fund infrastructure improvements. Strategic infrastructure investments must support these systems in ways that are environmentally and economically responsible and equitable in their outcomes. Two General Plan studies document existing infrastructure conditions and estimate future need: • The General Plan Update Kauaʻi Infrastructure Analysis (2015) describes existing infrastructure systems on Kauaʻi. • Assessment of the Adequacy of Kauaʻi Infrastructure for Current and Future Needs (2015) estimates infrastructure needs for the island and by planning district to 2035. These studies identified projected deficits of water and wastewater capacity in some districts, indicating Līhu‘e Airport, Līhu‘e District (Credit: Andrew Baerst, https://www.flickr.com/photos/baerst/) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IV. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 139 a need for more capacity to accommodate the 2035 population (see Figure 3-7). Other key findings are summarized in the sub-sections on Water, Wastewater, and Solid Waste. Maps showing key infrastructure systems can be found in Section 5.5. This Sector also includes Airports and Harbors, which are critical facilities that support the transport of people and goods to and from Kauaʻi. Improving How Infrastructure Supports New Growth Typically, the burden of paying for the infrastructure to service new development falls on the developer. In turn, these costs are carried over to the buyer. In order to alleviate the housing crisis by supporting growth in the desired areas, government will need to help provide this infrastructure. The County should use its ability to invest in infrastructure as a tool to encourage growth where it is desired. However, for this to occur, infrastructure improvements and land use planning will need to be more closely coordinated. We need to look to partnerships to provide the funding needed for new infrastructure required by growth. Examples include the creation of special districts and innovative public-private partnerships. Aligning Facility Plans with the General Plan As a high-level policy document, the General Plan is not a facility plan or master plan. Infrastructure systems run by the County or State are guided by specific plans that provide direction, needs assessment, and capital expenditures for entire systems and individual facilities. Typically, these plans are highly technical and conform to regulatory requirements. However, the update of these specific plans should be guided by the General Plan and align with policies and actions. Moreover, the County has limited to no jurisdiction and less involvement in the update of facility plans for privately run systems, such as in Princeville. Given the need to focus and prioritize infrastructure improvements and explore public-private partnerships, Community Plans are an important opportunity to develop district-level guidance on the development and improvement of regional infrastructure. 1. DOMESTIC WATER Kauaʻi is endowed with ample water supply in our aquifers, but water distribution is limited by a system that requires expansion to meet projected demands through 2035. Objective: To ensure water for Kaua‘i’s water needs under the Public Trust Doctrine and integrate traditional ahupua‘a methods of preserving water for future generations—not taking more than is needed and leaving enough for everyone. 1.1 Reconciling Water Supply and Infrastructure Kauaʻi’s aquifers have sufficient sustainable yields to accommodate future growth. The State Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) has not imposed any Ground Water Management Areas on Kauaʻi, which would be required if there were dangers of exceeding sustainable yields in any of our aquifers. The CWRM is expected to issue an updated Water Resource Protection Plan that will have new sustainable yield estimates based on a more cautious approach than previous estimates. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 140 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1.2 Improving System Reliability and Addressing Growth Kauaʻi’s 2014 groundwater well production exceeded 2011 water consumption by about 3.25 million gallons per day (mgd). Groundwater supplies were sufficient within each area except Līhuʻe, which supplemented its water needs with Grove Farm’s privately owned system. The Department of Water (DOW) has 13 service areas with approximately 20,500 customers (as of November 2013). The State Department of Health Safe Drinking Water Branch regulates ten private water systems on Kauaʻi. These range from large systems owned by the Pacific Missile Range Facility and Princeville Utilities Company, Inc. to smaller private systems in Keālia, Kōke’e State Park, Polihale State Park, Pākalā Village, and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands water system in Anahola. See Figure 3-8 for the locations of public and private water service areas on Kauaʻi. Based on future projections, the DOW will need to complete system and facility improvements to address an additional 6.48 mgd of production and supporting facilities by 2035. This includes replacing an estimated 237 miles of pipeline (out of 400 total pipeline miles) due to deterioration, age, and capacity issues. The Water Plan 2020, updated in 2001, is revisited yearly by the Department of Water (DOW) to reprioritize improvements and be in sync with current land development needs. However, the coordination between DOW improvements and long range planning can and must be improved. The lack of coordination has led to inefficiencies and delays as the DOW requires lead time in process permitting and funding. This has had the effect of delaying or even halting construction of new housing and commercial projects. Additionally, in some areas there are legal challenges that question the validity of diverting water resources for any purpose based on the public trust doctrine. Before water and associated facilities for extraction, storage, and distribution can be allocated to support growth, these legal cases and planning gaps need to be addressed. The DOW Water Plan 2020 incorporated housing unit and population forecasts from the 2000 Kauaʻi General Plan. The DOW will update its Water Plan 2020 to a 2040 planning horizon after this General Plan is complete, incorporating updated housing unit and population forecasts. Additionally, DOW prepares a Water Use and Development Plan. The General Plan actions for domestic water support water planning and investments in infrastructure that focus on priority growth areas. They also support measures for water conservation and recycling. General Plan policies and actions that focus growth around existing centers will help to reduce costs associated with water system upgrades by minimizing the extent of new water distribution networks that must be built and maintained. 1.3 Enhancing Water Conservation While there is little concern that we will exhaust the water supply in our aquifers, minimizing water demands will conserve existing system capacity and reduce or forestall the need to expand costly water extraction, storage, and transmission/distribution infrastructure. Use of recycled “greywater” or rain catchment for irrigation and some types of cleaning is another way to minimize demands on potable water supply. Likewise, more efficient buildings and land use patterns can also reduce overall demand for water. Kauaʻi residents have been conserving water over recent years. DOW has a range of historic and recent strategies and measures to encourage water conservation, including 100 percent customer metering, leak detection, plumbing code regulations, and public outreach and education programs. The Water Plan 2020 goals include reducing average daily demand by 2.2 million gallons per day and reducing maximum daily demand by 3.2 million gallons. DOW reports that revenues have been dropping annually, most likely due to rate increases that incentivize customers to use less water. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Prioritize increasing domestic water supply, storage, and distribution systems to meet projected needs while encouraging conservation. 2. Prioritize water infrastructure improvements in infill development areas. 3. Encourage alternatives for non-potable water usage, such as rainwater catchment and greywater recycling. 4. Support water savings through land use practices like low impact development (LID), Ahwahnee Water Principles for Resource Efficient Land Use, new green building programs, and onsite and offsite conservation land use practices. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IV. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 141 5. Conduct an audit of the County’s dependency on surface water regarding future development, based on legal availability and water regulations. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Implement and update the County Water Plan to guide system expansion, improvement, rehabilitation, and rate structures to support growth consistent with the General Plan and Community Plans. 2. Reduce potable water usage through recycled water and alternative individual water systems such as rainwater catchment and greywater recycling, and incorporate these into the County Water Plan Update. 3. Update sustainable yield of aquifers, incorpo-rating most recent United States Geological Survey (USGS) low-flow studies and surface water data into the County Department of Water budget, with appropriate reservations for public trust purposes including environmental protec-tion, traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights, appurtenant rights, domestic water uses, and the needs of the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. 4. Reconcile water service areas with County planning districts to integrate facilities with Community Plans. C. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Encourage water conservation at the individual, business, and municipal levels. 2. Collaborate with community groups on cooperative approaches to water management. Figure 3-7 Projected Wastewater and Domestic Water Capacity by District in 2035 0.78 -1.03 -1.78 -2.15 0.09 0.5 0 0.18 0.04 -0.85 -1.67 -3.13-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 Mi l l i o n G a l l o n s P e r D a y ( M G D ) Līhu‘e South Kaua‘i Hanapēpē - ‘Ele‘ele Waimea-Kekaha North Shore East Kaua‘i ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 142 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2. WASTEWATER, SEPTIC SYSTEMS, AND CESSPOOLS Sustainable growth means providing safe and sanitary wastewater disposal solutions for growing areas and converting communities off of cesspools that create environmental pollution and potential health hazards. Objective: To preserve and protect our fresh and ocean waters and other water resources from wastewater and other pollutants. 2.1 Maintaining and Expanding Regional Wastewater Treatment Kauaʻi’s wastewater treatment and disposal is addressed through a combination of County and private systems. Treated effluent is either disposed of via injection well and ocean outfall or is recycled as R-1 or R-2 water for irrigation. The County’s wastewater treatment plants are located at Waimea, ‘Ele‘ele, Līhuʻe, and Wailua, and they have a combined design capacity of 5.5 million gallons per day (mgd). The Infrastructure Maps at the end of this section and in Chapter 5 show the locations of the plants. All four plants were built before 1980 and have had capacity and system upgrades. The Waimea and Līhuʻe plants produce R-1 water (oxidized, filtered, and disinfected) while the Wailua plant produces R-2 water (oxidized and disinfected). Both forms of recycled water are suitable for irrigation and some other nondrinking uses, but the primary use is for irrigation of County parks, State Department of Education (DOE) property, and golf courses. In addition to County systems, there are over 35 privately owned wastewater treatment plants serving various developments on Kauaʻi. The largest private systems are in Puhi, the Kauaʻi Beach Resort, Po‘ipū (HOH Utilities), Princeville (Princeville Utilities), and at the Pacific Missile Range Facility. These five systems have a combined design capacity of 3.42 mgd. The Princeville and Po‘ipū systems produce R-1 and/or R-2 water that is reused by nearby private golf courses. The other private systems are package treatment plants serving small beach resorts, and sludge from them is trucked to the County treatment plants in ‘Ele‘ele and Līhuʻe. While total wastewater treatment capacity was sufficient to address the levels of wastewater generated in 2015, projected growth indicates the need to expand wastewater treatment facilities by a little over 2.5 mgd to accommodate islandwide generation in 2035. The greatest projected needs are on the South and East sides of the island. Only the Līhuʻe wastewater treatment plant is projected to have significant excess capacity. New regional wastewater solutions will be needed to accommodate planned growth in South Kauaʻi and Kīlauea. Water recycling is a sustainable approach to wastewater management. It decreases the diversion of water from sensitive systems such as the aquifer or streams and also decreases discharge into the ocean. When adequately treated, recycled water can be used for a variety of water needs such as agriculture and landscaping. 2.2 Addressing Cesspool Conversion A large number of homes and businesses are not connected to a regional sewer system and must use a cesspool or septic system. These Individual Wastewater Systems (IWS) are regulated by the State Department of Health and had an estimated capacity of 4.06 mgd in 2015. The DOH estimated there were 13,688 cesspools and 5,300 septic and aerobic units on Kauaʻi in 2016. HAWAI‘I COUNTY HAS MORE CESSPOOLS THAN KAUA‘I, BUT KAUA‘I HAS THE HIGHEST DENSITY OF IWS AT 32 UNITS PER SQUARE MILE. The State no longer allows construction of cesspools. Large capacity cesspools were banned by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2005. DOH offers incentives for septic system conversion through Act 120, a State tax credit of up to $10,000 per qualified cesspool. However, this is only for properties within 200 feet of streams, ocean, or SWAP zone (Source Water Assessment and Protection Program) near wells. The tax credit program is set to expire in 2020 unless the State legislature extends its horizon. At this time the DOH uses the County building permitting process to determine if a property needs to upgrade a cesspool to septic system, depending on the location of the property and/or the extent of the project. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IV. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 143 2.3 Anticipating Emerging Water Quality Concerns The Wailua plant discharges up to 1.5 million gallons of treated effluent per day through a permitted ocean outfall that begins approximately 670 feet offshore of Lydgate Beach and 30 feet below the ocean surface. The County is required to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, issued by the State Department of Health (DOH). As part of the compliance measures for the permit, the County must strive to meet updated water quality standards. A wide-ranging concern is coastal water quality near high concentrations of cesspools and underground injection wells. DOH is exploring the environmental impact of Kauaʻi’s large number of cesspools and injection wells, with a special focus on South Kauaʻi, Nāwiliwili, and Wailua. Figure 3-8 Public and Private Water Service Areas . ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 144 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Require large-scale developers to contribute funds toward improved recycled water production and distribution, or to construct their own wastewater reclamation facility. 2. Manage wastewater treatment and disposal in a manner that safeguards human health while accommodating current needs of local residents before any consideration of future growth. These systems are to be efficient and cost-effective, and use recycled water from treatment where possible. 3. Improve the quality of effluent discharged into injection wells, especially those in the Special Management Areas. 4. Support innovative treatment systems that produce effluent at appropriate water quality levels to encourage reuse such as irrigation, industrial uses, and other non-potable use. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Develop and update wastewater facility plans to guide decisions regarding the allocation of treatment capacity, the expansion of wastewater systems, and system improvement priorities. 2. Coordinate public and private planning, development, operation, and management of wastewater treatment and disposal systems. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Locate and relocate wastewater facilities in appropriate geographic areas, based on traditional, cultural, and biological natural filtration systems for the optimization and expansion of wastewater systems and system improvement, considering alternative reclamation technology or tertiary treatment. 2. Provide adequate trunk sewer and collection main capacities to serve existing and future urban development. 3. Plan for and implement regional wastewater treatment solutions for South Kauaʻi and Kīlauea. 4. Monitor the disposition and potential effect of cesspool seepage and injection wells on the groundwater and nearshore water quality. 5. Support water reuse projects and increase the use of recycled water. 6. Explore opportunities to utilize the Clean Water State Revolving Fund Program for financing water quality infrastructure projects, including energy savings at plants, capacity increases including new pump stations, and drainage improvements. 7. Improve wastewater infrastructure through grant and loan programs, such as the USDA Rural Development Program. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Reduce the number of cesspools through septic conversion or through connection to a new or existing regional wastewater system. 2. Institute best practices for diverting and reusing wastewater. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IV. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 145 3. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING With a landfill nearing capacity and a fragile island ecosystem, all people must do their part to recycle, reduce waste generation, and properly dispose of hazardous and green waste. The County should continue to explore and embrace programs and strategies that reduce our waste footprint. Objective: To provide environmentally-sound waste disposal and collection services with a goal to reduce the solid waste stream by 70 percent. 3.1 Managing the Solid Waste Stream through Increased Diversion There are significant challenges to managing solid waste disposal on a small island with a growing residential and visitor population. The Department of Public Works (DPW) provides islandwide service for collecting and disposing of solid waste generated by residents. This includes a limited number of commercial customers, including Transient Vacation Rentals. The majority of businesses requiring dumpster service are collected by private refuse hauling companies. The DPW currently does not have curbside recycling or curbside green waste collection programs. All residential recycling is voluntary, and residents must transport material to various centers located throughout the island. In 2015, total islandwide waste generation was approximately 150,000 tons (roughly estimated at 11.6 pounds per person a day). An estimated 44 percent of total waste is diverted from the landfill through recycling and other diversion efforts. The diversion rate has increased steadily over the past ten years; however, it cannot be assumed the diversion rate will continue to climb. Reaching the County’s goal of 70 percent diversion by 2023 will require a new materials recycling facility (MRF), curbside recycling, recycling mandates for businesses, and curbside collection of green waste. THE COUNTY HAS A GOAL OF 70% DIVERSION BY 2023 In July 2016, Kauaʻi became the first County in the State to introduce a variable rate refuse collection fee for residential customers. This “Pay as You Throw” system charges for service in relation to the volume of the refuse cart requested by customers and provides an economic incentive to reduce trash and increase recycling and waste diversion behaviors. Green waste recycling is among the most cost-effective programs for reducing landfill demand since its byproducts can be marketed and it comprises a substantial portion of solid waste generated on Kauaʻi. In FY 2015, 31,450 tons of green waste was diverted at County transfer stations, Kekaha landfill, and through commercial efforts. This undiverted amount of green waste was estimated to be over 6,000 tons in 2010, based on a waste composition analysis conducted for the County’s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (2009). In addition, green waste accounted for two-thirds of the tonnage in the County’s diverted waste stream and over 30 percent of the tonnage for private sector waste diversion programs. In order to maximize the potential of green waste diversion from the landfill, the County would need to initiate curbside recycling for green waste. There are currently five green waste recycling locations, listed in the table below. Green Waste Recycling Locations Hanalei Transfer Station Kapa‘a Transfer Station Līhu’e Transfer Station Hanapēpē Transfer Station Kekaha Landfill The County offers a variety of residential recycling opportunities for various recyclables from appliances ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 146 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN to household hazardous waste. Items are accepted free of charge at various locations throughout the island. The County also offers free backyard composting bins for residents to manage food and yard waste. These programs are coupled with strong education and outreach efforts. Disposal of commercially generated cardboard, metal, and green waste is restricted at the landfill. This has been very effective to ensure that large generators do not dispose of recyclable items. The County is looking to reinforce this existing legislation by mandating that local businesses have recycling programs in place for materials that are easily recyclable. The Hawai‘i Deposit Beverage Container (DBC) law was implemented in 2005 and covers water and other beverages packaged in aluminum, bi-metal, glass, and certain plastics. This provides an economic incentive to recycle and has significantly increased the diversion of these containers. The current recycling rate is 68 percent. Food waste is another opportunity to divert waste from landfills, especially since food waste emits high levels of greenhouse gas in landfills. The County’s “Food: Too Good to Waste” public awareness campaign provides tools and tips for residents and businesses to save money by reducing food waste. The County will explore other remedies to solid waste disposal through new technologies and new methods. 3.2 Developing a New Landfill DPW manages the County’s only landfill at Kekaha, where all municipal solid waste from residents and businesses is disposed. The landfill has a limited lifespan with less than 700,000 cubic yards of capacity remaining30. The estimated remaining lifespan of the landfill is approximately 4.9 years. This requires increasing waste diversion and capacity at the Kekaha Landfill, while expediting the development of a new landfill site. Decisive action is needed, as the required environmental studies, land acquisition, and program implementation for a new landfill site will be a lengthy process. In addition to increased recycling, a new landfill will be needed to address solid waste disposal. The current Kekaha landfill site is the only permitted municipal solid waste site on the island and can continue to accept waste only up through 2020 without 30 The Waste Management of Hawai‘i (WMH) Annual Report released in February 2015 approvals to expand it. If existing proposals to expand are approved, the Kekaha landfill will likely reach capacity by 2028. It is extremely important to note that estimates of remaining time before the Kekaha landfill is full are based on typical conditions for solid waste generation. These can change dramatically after a major storm or other natural disaster. For context, Hurricane Iniki in 1992 produced more solid waste in a 24-hour period than five years of the typical rate of solid waste generation on Kauaʻi. The County has proposed to create a combined new landfill and materials recycling facility on a 270-acre site owned by the State in Ma‘alo, near Līhuʻe. The proposed Resource Recovery Park provides the possibility of more preferable locations for long-term management of some of Kauaʻi’s solid waste disposal and recycling programs that are not already operational. Long-term management of Kauaʻi’s solid waste streams will require diligent efforts by the community, businesses, and government. Coordinated programs are needed to “reduce, reuse, and recycle” in ways that are effective and convenient. Programs that reduce waste from building materials, packaging, or other major waste generators can be particularly effective since they target larger volume businesses that can adjust their systems, often with cost savings as a byproduct. Targets, such as the County’s 70 percent diversion rate goal by 2023, help focus efforts and bring attention to programs and strategies that work best. Automated truck and cart ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IV. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 147 A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Reduce construction and demolition debris disposal in landfills by requiring recycling, particularly for large contractors and construction projects. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Update and implement the Solid Waste Integrated Management Plan to set policies for solid waste programs, facility planning, capital improvements, operations, user fees, and financing facilities and operations. 2. Plan and prepare for emergency debris management and disposal due to future major storms and tsunamis. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Site and construct a new landfill. 2. Establish an automated weekly, curbside collection system for residentially generated green waste and recyclables. 3. Reduce solid waste volume through source-reduction through new technology and programs that reuse building materials, minimize packing materials, and other measures. Focus attention on large volume purchasers and developers. 4. Divert at least 70 percent of solid waste through increased source reduction, recycling, biodiversion, and landfill diversion methods. 5. Maximize effective life of existing and future landfill capacity. 6. Increase the convenience of recycling centers for users. 7. Provide commercial volume-based collection with enhanced recycling programs, including incentives for businesses to adopt zero-waste collection programs. 4. AIRPORTS AND HARBORS Ocean and air travel are what keep Kauaʻi connected to the world. We rely on our airports and harbors to bring people and essential goods to and from the island. Their reliability and longevity are critical to maintaining Kauaʻi’s economy. Objective: To support the modernization and user- friendliness of Kaua’i’s airports and harbors. 4.1 Modernizing Airports to Serve Current and Future Needs Kauaʻi’s main airport in Līhuʻe is managed by the HDOT Airports Division. In addition, the HDOT operates the Port Allen airport, a general aviation airport. HDOT is undertaking a statewide Airports Modernization Program. In Līhuʻe, improvements include upgrades to the ticket lobby, construction of a consolidated car rental facility, and an expansion of the parking area and airport loop road.31 The State of Hawai‘i Office of Planning recently completed a Technical Assistance Memorandum (TAM) to guide planning of land uses within five miles of airports to ensure land uses that are compatible with airport operations, including aircraft landing and takeoff.32 While improvements to airports are justified to serve existing and projected demand, there is concern that increasing the capacity of Līhuʻe Airport would support and encourage increased visitor traffic. Such improvements should be balanced with the objectives of managing tourism impacts and keeping visitor arrivals at reasonable levels. 4.2 Accommodating Demand for Commercial Harbor Facilities Kauaʻi’s two commercial harbors at Nāwiliwili Harbor and Port Allen are also owned and operated by the State through the HDOT’s Harbors Division. Nāwiliwili Harbor serves as the primary commercial harbor for Kauaʻi with facilities for handling both overseas 31 Hawai‘i Airports Modernization Program, 200832 TAM-2016-1, August 1, 2016 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 148 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN and inter-island general and containerized cargo. The harbor is also used for charter boat fishing and recreational boating and is a port-of-call for passenger cruise ships. Port Allen is a popular port for excursion and charter boat operations but is not currently equipped to accommodate cruise ships. The Kauaʻi Commercial Harbors 2025 Master Plan (CHMP) was updated in 2001 and contains recommendations for both harbors through the year 2025. Kauaʻi depends almost entirely on ocean transport for its essential commodities, including food, clothing, fuel, automobiles, and many other goods. Ocean freight is also used to export goods within and outside the State. The CHMP emphasized the need to ensure commercial harbors can accommodate projections of cargo volumes through the year 2025, which were used to develop facility recommendations. Nāwiliwili Harbor should be able to accommodate demand for overseas and inter-island shipments through 2025, but beyond that, expansion may be needed. A State-owned area adjacent to the existing terminal was identified for possible expansion of the overseas terminal in the CHMP. Inter-island terminal needs may also be met by harbor reconfiguration or additional land acquisition. In addition to handling overseas and interisland containerized cargo, Nāwiliwili Harbor can accommodate the domestic and international cruise ships that come to Kaua‘i. At Nāwiliwili Harbor, Pier 2 is primarily used as the cruise ship terminal with a berth length of 531 feet and a depth of 35 feet at pier side.33 In 2017, 21 cruise ship companies anchored at Nāwiliwili Harbor with Pride of America accounting for the majority of the trips to Kaua‘i.34 With the exception of Pride of America, a Hawai‘i Cruise line, most cruise ships that come to Kaua‘i are part of a longer route that comes from either Los Angeles or Mexico. In the Commercial Harbors 2025 Master Plan (2001), there were several recommendations for Nāwiliwili Harbor that included providing sufficient berthing facilities for the growing industry and ensuring the safety of passengers from commercial cargo operations. To implement the Commercial Harbors 2025 Master Plan, the Hawai‘i Department of Transportation – Harbors Division has recently included in their draft environmental assessment a 33 HDOT – Harbors Division, Port of Call Handbook: http://hidot.hawaii.gov/harbors/files/2012/10/Nawiliwili-Harbor-Kauai.pdf34 HDOT – Harbors Division, Passenger and Cruise Schedules: https://hidot.hawaii.gov/harbors/files/2013/01/DOC001.pdf proposal for Nāwiliwili Harbor drainage and pedestrian improvements. The paving and construction of the roadway connecting Pier 2 and Pier 3 will improve safety by designating a pedestrian walkway for cruise ship passengers separate from the commercial cargo activities. 4.3 Valuing Small Boat Harbors as Important Recreational Resources Small boat harbors are a valued recreational amenity on Kauaʻi. They are managed by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) Division of Boating and Recreation (DOBOR). There may be opportunities for the County to support DOBOR in applying for grants and funding, providing parking, and seeking expedited permitting for maintenance of small boat harbors. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. At airports, accommodate shuttles that transport visitors to resort destinations. 2. Do not expand the Princeville Airport, except for use as a parking hub and gateway for visitors to the North Shore. B. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Support DOBOR with master planning and acquiring funding for expansion and maintenance of all small boat harbors. 2. Update the Līhuʻe Airport Master Plan and address capacity issues. 3. Collaborate with HDOT Airports Division in the implementation of the TAM. 4. Collaborate with HDOT Airports Division and other agencies in future planning of land uses at Burns Field in Port Allen as a part of the Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Community Plan. 5. Support HDOT – Harbors Division to implement and update the Kaua‘i Commercial Harbors 2025 Master Plan. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: V. SHARED SPACES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 149 sECTOR: V. sHARED sPACEs The public realm belongs to all and must be planned and designed in consideration of all users’ needs from keiki to kūpuna. Shared spaces, also known as “civic space,” are the areas used for everyday community activities such as shopping, recreation, and socializing. Kauaʻi’s most important shared spaces are its town centers, streets, beaches, and parks. Policies and actions for shared spaces are aimed at making town centers, parks, paths, and other common areas more inviting, safe, functional, and vibrant. They should be places where people can relax, interact, and enjoy the things that make Kauaʻi special. Shared spaces also provide a connection to place. When the community is involved in the design and activation of shared spaces, they become points of pride and hallmarks of uniqueness. From bus stops, public art, park design, and landscaping, there are a multitude of ways that Kauaʻi’s communities can put their imprint on shared spaces. This section includes actions for Town Centers, County Parks, Linear Parks and Trails, Passive Parks, and State Parks. Hanalei Pier at Black Pot Beach, North Shore District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 150 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1. TOWN CENTERS Kauaʻi’s small towns are the pride of the island, with historic charm and unique character. Town centers are hubs for activity, commerce, and interaction. In spite of the technological progress made in the digital and automobile age, some of our town centers have declined and independent businesses have closed. Presently, we have the opportunity to revitalize these town centers by encouraging a mix of businesses and housing, along with attractive design and safe sidewalks. Objective: To develop town centers as attractive places to work, live, and play. 1.1 Helping Town Centers be Vibrant Shared Spaces Kauaʻi’s town centers are the primary milieus for daily civic, business, and commercial activities. Both existing and future town centers are designated “Neighborhood Center” on the Future Land Use Map. In Līhuʻe, some town center areas are designated “Urban Center.” Residents place a high value on their historic towns and efforts to revitalize business and generate economic activity are ongoing in Waimea, Hanapēpē, Kōloa, Līhuʻe, and Kapa‘a. The General Plan supports focused development within towns, also known as infill development. More intense and efficient use of existing urban space will protect open space and rural character. Infill development requires improvements to the infrastructure capacity and physical environment of town centers. This means that in addition to being compact and walkable, town centers must have environmentally and aesthetically attractive features such as street trees, green spaces, convenient and safe pedestrian access, and appealing building facades or public art. At the same time, redevelopment must be balanced with protection of a town’s historic character. The preservation of historic plantation architecture creates sense of place, allowing residents and visitors to feel connected to the town’s past. 1.2 Supporting Public Art Public art is art that is placed and integrated into the public realm for everyone to enjoy. It includes a variety of forms such as murals, sculptures, and statues. Art can also be reflected in the design of bus shelters, park facilities, and crosswalks. Public art enhances sense of place and can educate people about Kauaʻi’s history and heritage. Some examples of public art includes the whale mural by Wyland in Waipouli and the installation at the roundabout at Umi and Hardy Streets. Since 1967, the State has had an “Art in State Buildings” law where one percent of the construction costs of new public buildings is designated for art work. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Encourage vibrant shared space and destinations in town centers by: a. Implementing design standards to ensure the aesthetic character of buildings blends in and matches the desired scale and character of the town. b. Allowing historic buildings on small lots to redevelop without the imposition of new setbacks or off-street parking requirements. c. Siting new commercial development contiguous to towns, within walking distance of residential development. d. Supporting the creation of and improvement of venues for art and culture. e. Providing comfortable and safe walking environments, including context-sensitive sidewalks along main roads. f. Enhancing shade resources, including trees on streets and in public parks, and improving criteria for species selection and programs for tree maintenance. g. Providing more on-street parking. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: V. SHARED SPACES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 151 B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Acknowledge the important role of town squares and other civic space in town centers and seek to improve usability of such venues. 2. Establish or update urban design standards through Community Plans. 3. Identify public art opportunities and funding in community and facility planning. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Implement economic revitalization projects in town centers, such as the Līhuʻe Town Core TIGER grant project. 2. Construct centralized parking lots in towns that experience parking management issues. 3. Improve criteria for species selection and maintenance of street trees and landscaping. 4. Identify opportunities for public art installation in projects, such as roundabouts, parks, and streetscape improvements. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Foster civic engagement in town centers through placemaking activities. 2. Conduct community events that bring people together. 3. Activate and revitalize public spaces with artwork, programs, and performances. 4. Use underutilized public space as venues for creative expression. 2. PARKS Our County park system is an invaluable public asset — essential to both Kauaʻi’s economy and sense of community. Parks should provide abundant opportunities for residents and visitors to experience the island’s renowned beaches and coastlines, and also strengthen community fabric through shared space and amenities for play, exercise, socializing, and enjoying nature. Objective: To provide a variety of quality and accessible parks and recreational facilities. 2.1 Maintaining Our Existing Park System Kauaʻi’s park system comprises 85 properties varying in size and use, from beach parks to neighborhood centers. Special parks include the 18-hole public Wailua Golf Course, and cultural preserves at Ka Ulu o Paoa, Ka Ulu o Laka, and Kāneiolouma. County parks are managed by the Department of Parks and Recreation, which was created by Charter in 2006. Recently, the Department began systemic facility upgrades, ADA accessibility improvements, and launched a cultural stewardship agreement to restore Kāneiolouma. Since 2000, the park system expanded to include Ke Ala Hele Makalae — the East Kauaʻi Shared Use Path — and Black Pot Park expansion. The location of parks is shown on the Public Facilities and Land Use Maps in Chapter 5. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 152 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN The range of parks include: • Regional Parks (serve entire County and have specialized recreation facilities). • District Parks (serve several neighborhoods with structured recreation activities). • Beach Parks (support wide range of marine recreation activities). • Neighborhood Parks (playground and open space for surrounding local community). • Special Use Areas (golf courses and other unique facilities). • Passive Parks. • Linear Parks (addressed in Linear Park subsection). Given the extensive use of Kauaʻi’s parks by residents and visitors, park maintenance is a visible and important governmental function. Park management is challenging when dealing with a large number of properties spread around a jurisdiction and with limited financial resources and personnel. A survey conducted as part of the County’s Parks and Recreation Master Plan (2013) found that improving the maintenance of existing parks ranked as the most important issue. Overall, County parks are heavily used and require more maintenance and upgrades than they currently receive. While the regional and district parks attract the greatest numbers of users and are easier to maintain from a resource allocation perspective, the County should maintain all of its parks to serve the diversity of users on the island. Budgeting the available resources proves to be an ongoing challenge and illustrates the need to diversify sources of financial and in-kind support. Currently, the Public Access, Open Space, Natural Resources Preservation Fund (commonly known as the the Open Space Fund) receives 0.5 percent of real property taxes and can be used to acquire park land.35 Other sources of funding, including facility use fees and State and Federal grant programs for land acquisition, are utilized for facility planning, rehabilitation and construction, and trail restoration. Additional support is possible through partnerships with the private sector and community through efforts like Adopt-a-Park programs, recreation partnerships, and volunteer clean-up and improvement programs. 35 County of Kaua’i Parks and Recreation Master Plan, 2013 2.2 Supporting Communities through a Range of Parks Most parks provide landscaped refuges with space for keiki to play or for adults to sit and enjoy the outdoors. However, substantial park acreage is underutilized and could support a variety of park types and recreational uses. An active neighborhood park strengthens and connects communities by providing civic space. This type of shared space supports infill development and new growth. Although Kauaʻi has many neighborhood and passive parks, most do not provide the full range of facilities desired by residents. A range of park sizes and types in proximity to neighborhoods supports healthy activities and builds community cohesion. Park land can be used for broad or specialized uses, from community gardens, dog parks, skate parks, and larger multi-use park complexes. The usability of neighborhood parks can be improved by adding playgrounds, walking paths, seating, and pavilions. Facilities for children and the aging population must be considered in park design. Community Plans can identify areas appropriate for park uses in each district. A Civic Space designation with associated standards can be applied to areas intended for parks. Park creation and improvement is an ideal area to explore public and private partnerships. Creative funding sources and maintenance solutions can be identified with the help of community partners. Community involvement allows parks to be better Bynum Bridge Playground at Lydgate Park, Līhu‘e District ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: V. SHARED SPACES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 153 tailored to the unique needs and identities of each neighborhood. 2.3 Improving Park Accessibility for Greater Equity Park accessibility is important from an equity perspective. Parks and their facilities should be safe and accessible for people of all ages and abilities. ADA requirements ensure a certain level of accessibility is provided, but there are other aspects as well, such as having sufficient parking, or just the simple distance of parks from residential areas with significant numbers of seniors and/or children. Access for seniors is particularly important as the park system must accommodate an aging population. Priority should also be given to communities across the island with a high degree of low-income households, children, and kūpuna. 2.4 Facing the Challenges of Beach Park Management Beach parks are among Kauaʻi’s most treasured scenic and recreational assets. They accommodate a range of uses by visitors and residents alike, both in and out of the water. Sadly, there are those who take advantage of common areas through vandalizing, littering, illegal camping, and crime. Security and maintenance of Kauaʻi’s beach parks are ongoing concerns. Many of the facilities, such as restrooms and picnic areas at the most heavily frequented beach parks, are in need of more maintenance, upgrades, and repairs. The most popular beach parks in South Kauaʻi, East Kauaʻi, and the North Shore are getting more crowded, and public uses occasionally conflict. It is difficult for residents to enjoy traditional recreational beach activities in an overcrowded setting. In order to preserve the local lifestyle, many residents desire for some areas to be reserved primarily for local use and not heavily promoted to visitors. Furthermore, visitor safety in these areas, which often lack water safety officers, is another valid concern. Access and parking at beach parks can limit the enjoyment of residents and visitors. Many parking areas are too small to accommodate demand. In some cases, development near popular beaches provides little to no public parking, forcing people to find street parking along the highway or in residential areas. Shoreline erosion and sea level rise are discussed in other areas of the General Plan; however, it is worth noting that Kauaʻi’s beach parks are profoundly affected by ongoing beach loss. It is important to preserve and treat well the areas that we have remaining, and ensure they can be enjoyed by all. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Provide comprehensive, well-designed, and highly functional parks and recreational facilities that meet public needs, provide attractive places to exercise, accommodate diverse groups and activities, make suitable use of resources, and are compatible with surrounding uses. 2. Provide a range of civic space and functional parks in large residential projects and in new communities. 3. Streamline permitting of public facilities to efficiently coordinate the development and expansion of parks. 4. Allow in-lieu funding expenditure on facility capital improvements through the Park Dedication Ordinance. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Plan for safe routes to parks, especially in areas with high concentration of youth. 2. Utilize vacant or underused County-owned land for community purposes. 3. Update and implement the Kaua‘i Parks & Recreation Master Plan (2013). C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Support priority projects in the Kauaʻi Parks & Recreation Master Plan. 2. Prioritize park improvements and provide safe routes to parks, especially in low-income neighborhoods with high concentrations of youth. 3. Implement a playground development and rehabilitation program to provide high quality play environments, especially in underserved communities. 4. Enhance parks by making them more conducive to physical activity through shared use paths, play equipment for more than one age group, skate parks, disc golf, tennis facilities, and other improvements. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 154 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 5. Promote social interaction through facility improvements, such as pavilions, shade trees, and seating. 6. Expand indoor recreation spaces at selected parks. 7. Ensure safety and cleanliness at Kauaʻi’s beach parks. Use Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) when planning improvements. 8. Address illegal camping in parks. 9. Provide accessibility features at popular facilities such as beach parks. 10. Develop and install uniform signage, including interpretive signage that promotes a sense of place and educates the public at County beach parks regarding sensitive coastal and marine ecosystems and wildlife. 11. Provide canopy trees and shading at regional parks, such as over unshaded bleachers, to guard against heatstroke and other heat hazards, especially during football, baseball, and soccer seasons. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Expand the County’s park stewardship agreement program. 2. Explore alternative sources of funding for priority park improvements, such as crowdfunding and community initiatives or collaborations. 3. Implement programs for beach and dune restoration, especially at beach parks experiencing erosion such as Po’ipū Beach Park. 4. Encourage expansion of programs and legislation supporting septic systems in place of cesspools located within 200 feet of a shoreline, perennial stream, or wetland. 3. LINEAR PARKS AND TRAILS Pedestrian and biking paths and trails are special public recreational assets. They offer a scenic and safe refuge from traffic and development, allowing residents and visitors to experience Kauaʻi’s natural environment. Trails are identified in the Heritage Resource Maps in Chapter 5. Objective: To expand and improve access to Kaua’ i’s shared use paths and trails. 3.1 Extending Kauaʻi’s Shared Use Path Network Shared use paths, often located within a linear park, are separated from roads and provide a safe environment for pedestrians and cyclists of all ages. Benefits of shared use paths include lessening dependence on fossil fuels, improving community health, increasing public access, and providing economic development opportunities. Since the last General Plan, the County has constructed over eight miles of shared use path along the Kapa‘a-Wailua Coast, also known as Ka Ala Hele Makalae. In addition to allowing residents and visitors to enjoy an uninterrupted traverse of the coastline or open space, shared use paths increase travel choice by providing important non-vehicular connections between towns or nodes of activity. Based on the success of Ka Ala Hele Makalae, other paths have been planned for the North Shore, South Kauaʻi, and Waimea-Kekaha. 3.2 Increasing Recreational Opportunities through Trails Kauaʻi’s people have a long tradition of using trails for subsistence activities in the mountains and along the coast. Today, trails are an invaluable resource providing access not only to recreation, but to experience cultural history, hunting game animals, managing natural resources, and suppressing wildfires. The majority of Kauaʻi’s public and signed trails are maintained through the State — either State Parks or the Nā Ala Hele Program. The Nā Ala Hele Program also regulates activities, plans future trails, ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: V. SHARED SPACES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 155 and conducts maintenance activities. The Kauaʻi Nā Ala Hele Advisory Council provides a venue for public input on program implementation. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Provide safe and convenient access to beaches and inland resources through the park system. 2. Identify and design new shared use paths to provide safe corridors for pedestrians and cyclists. 3. Encourage the development of accessways to the path, when development is adjacent to or near a shared use path. 4. Increase opportunities for public access to mountainous and forested areas in a way that is ecologically sustainable. B. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Complete Ka Ala Hele Makalae from Anahola to Līhuʻe. 2. Construct the Waimea-Kekaha Shared Use Path. 3. Construct the North Shore Shared Use Path. 4. Construct a South Kauaʻi Shared Use Path. C. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Explore expansion of the Nā Ala Hele trail system, especially in Planning Districts without formal trails. 4. STATE PARKS Kauaʻi’s more than 14,000 acres of State parks include the world-renowned Nā Pali Coast and Waimea Canyon. Several parks are Hawai’i’s most visited with over 500,000 recreational visits a year. In addition to being major visitor destinations, State parks improve residents’ quality of life by providing access to trails, hunting areas, coastlines, and beaches. At the same time, the lack of upkeep and maintenance of State parks is a persistent issue, reducing the quality of the park experience for resident and visitor alike. Objective: To improve the resident and visitor experience at Kaua‘i’s State Parks. 4.1 Improving the Experience of Visitors and Residents at State Parks The State manages nine parks on Kauaʻi, including larger parks at Kōke’e and Waimea Canyon, and the world-famous Nā Pali Coast Wilderness Park (see Table 3-2). The County is an important partner in helping to ensure the best possible management and improvement of State Parks for the residents and visitors who use them. The degree of park-related problems is illustrated by a recent visitor survey.36 Approximately 85 percent of visitors were very satisfied with Kauaʻi’s beaches, whereas only 61 – 69 percent of them were very satisfied with the island’s parks. 4.2 Adequately Funding State Park Improvements In addition to traffic and parking issues, Hāena State Park, Kōke’e State Park, and Waimea Canyon State Park are underfunded relative to the demands placed on them. For example, limited parking at Hā’ena State Park has led to illegal parking and frustration 36 Kaua‘i Visitor Survey, 2015Ka Ala Hele Makalae in Wailua, East Kaua’i District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 156 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN for visitors and residents seeking to visit the many attractions nearby. An unmanaged parking situation has contributed to high rates of theft and vandalism at the parking lot. State Parks has completed or is in the process of developing master plans for major parks, such as Hā’ena, Waimea, and Kōke’e. In order to implement solutions and improve park facilities per the master plans, funds will have to be provided. A. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Implement the Waimea Canyon, Kōke‘e, and Hā’ena State Park Master Plans. 2. Complete master planning for Russian Fort, Polihale, and Wailua River State Parks. 3. Support adequate funding and staffing for capital improvements, including maintenance and enforcement for public parks, trails, and recreation areas. 4. Improve and coordinate infrastructure and transportation to reduce visitor impacts. Hiking trail in Kōke‘e State Park, Waimea-Kekaha District Table 3-2 State Parks on Kaua‘i Park Name Planning District Master Plan Status Kōke‘e State Park Waimea-Kekaha Approved in 2013. Polihale State Park Waimea-Kekaha Master plan not updated. Waimea Canyon State Park Waimea-Kekaha Approved in 2013. Waimea State Recreational Pier Waimea-Kekaha Master plan not updated. Russian Fort Elizabeth Historical State Park Waimea-Kekaha Master plan not updated. Ahukini State Recreational Pier Līhuʻe/East Kauaʻi Master plan not updated. Wailua River State Park East Kauaʻi Master plan not updated. Hā‘ena State Park North Shore Draft plan released in 2015. Nā Pali Coast State Park North Shore/Waimea-Kekaha Master plan not updated. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 157 sECTOR: VI. ECONOMY Kauaʻi strives to be a place where the economy is resilient, small businesses thrive, and all people have opportunities to access the education and training that lead to gainful employment. We must collaborate and find creative ways to leverage our assets so existing and new industries can grow. Increasing Economic Opportunity for All Over the long term, average annual job growth is projected at 1.12 percent, equating to 34,900 civilian wage and salary jobs by 2035. The number of self-employed persons is also projected to increase at a rate higher than the rest of the State. In terms of industrial growth, tourism comprises 30 percent of all employment and will likely remain Kauaʻi’s leading industry.37 Kauaʻi’s other anchor industries include healthcare (11 percent), education (8 percent), construction (6 percent), and government (6 percent). 37 Kaua‘i Economic Summary Report, Collaborative Economics 2015 Despite the projected job growth, economic opportunity on Kauaʻi is offset by the high cost of living. The average family of four must earn ten percent more than the rest of the State, and more than 160 percent of the State minimum wage to meet their basic needs.38 On top of this, Kauaʻi’s median household income is typically far less than the State average.39 As a result, many residents work multiple jobs, supplement income with home grown food or cottage businesses, and commute long distances to work from the neighborhoods that have affordable housing. 38 Self-Sufficiency Standard: Estimates for Hawai‘i 2014, DBEDT 201539 State of Hawai‘i Databook 2014, DBEDT 2015 Hanapēpē Art Night, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 158 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Supporting Regional and Community Based Economic Development Growing economic opportunity requires cooperation and collaboration. The Chamber of Commerce, Kauaʻi Economic Development Board (KEDB), and other associations lead initiatives and often partner with the County’s Office of Economic Development. Kauaʻi Community College plays an essential role in developing education and workforce training opportunities. The County relies on these partnerships in its efforts to attract new industries and stimulate existing businesses. The Kauaʻi Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy, or CEDS, engages the County and stakeholders to craft strategies for economic growth over the short term. Strategy updates occur every five years and in concert with the development of a regional statewide CEDS. Cultivating Economic Diversification and Resiliency Kauaʻi’s visitor industry provides livelihoods to many, but the heavy reliance on tourism is a major concern. Disruptions in global and national tourism are out of our control, yet they have large repercussions on Kauaʻi. For Kauaʻi’s economy to be more resilient and less dependent on a single industry, there will need to be a diversity of living-wage jobs in different sectors. These jobs must be supported by a skilled and educated workforce. The 2016-2021 CEDS seeks to foster a diversified economy. The six target industry clusters identified as promising areas for growth are: • Food & Agriculture • Sustainable Technologies & Practices • Science & Technology • Health & Wellness • Sports & Recreation • Arts & Culture In 2014, these sectors comprised approximately 30 percent of Kauaʻi’s private sector jobs, almost as large a share as tourism. The actions identified in the CEDS are aimed at providing infrastructure, capital, and workforce to support the growth of these sectors. Additionally, to realize the goal of becoming more resilient, businesses must be prepared and protected so they can recover from natural disasters and adapt to impacts from climate change. O kau aku, o ka ia la mai, pelā ka nohona o ka ‘ohana From you and from him, so lived the family. The farmer gave to the fisherman, the fisherman gave to the farmer. Providing the Physical Capacity for Economic Growth For economic growth to occur, an adequate amount of space must be available for Kauaʻi’s business needs including commercial, industrial, resort, and agricultural uses. Other important strategies include redeveloping our town centers as attractive places to work and promoting mixed use and adaptive reuse to more efficiently use non-residential urban space. Workforce housing must also be provided near major jobs centers, such as resort areas and Līhuʻe. These needs and strategies are cross-cutting in nature and are included in the Shared Spaces and Housing Sectors. The following strategies are reflected in the Future Land Use Map and summarized below: Strengthening Existing Town Centers and Mixed Use Environments Directing growth and infrastructure investment within or adjacent to town centers will generate economic activity for small businesses. Through a directed growth policy, our town centers can support a mix of housing, commerce, and recreational uses that appeals to our millennial and baby boomer population. Mixed use zoning will better accommodate Kauaʻi’s self-employed and cottage businesses. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 159 Relevant Land Use Map Changes: • Application of Neighborhood Center and Neighborhood General around existing town cores (Kekaha, Waimea, Hanapēpē–‘Ele‘ele, Port Allen, Līhuʻe, Kapa‘a, Kapahi, Anahola, Kīlauea, Hanalei) • Application of Special Planning Areas in Līhuʻe and South Kauaʻi (Kōloa, Kalāheo, Kukui‘ula roundabout area) to encourage infill housing and mixed use within existing town cores Providing Adequate Space for Industrial Uses and Manufacturing In order to accommodate industrial and manufacturing needs, the supply of existing industrial zoned land must be carefully considered. There is a deficit of industrial lands outside of the Līhuʻe Planning District, and many small businesses such as welding shops, auto repair, and woodshops are left to operate in residential areas via a use permit or illegally. The potential of former plantation mill sites for redevelopment or adaptive reuse must also be tapped. Relevant Land Use Map Changes: • Industrial Designation at Kōloa Mill, Port Allen, Olokele Mill, and Anahola Revitalizing Existing Visitor Destination Areas Over the last two decades, a substantial number of jobs have been generated within the visitor industry (arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodations, and food services). However, visitor growth also strains public facilities, infrastructure, and public services. Therefore, new resort growth and infrastructure should be focused in the VDA. Relevant Land Use Map Changes: • No resort designation expansion Protecting Agricultural Lands for Agricultural Production and Food Self-Sufficiency The County and State can protect the capacity for agricultural production through the designation of Important Agricultural Lands, density controls, and changes to development standards. Relevant Land Use Map Changes: • IAL designations • Urban Edge Boundary in the Līhuʻe Planning District Fostering a University District Access to quality education and training is needed to expand Kaua’i’s workforce and to facilitate growth in the emerging industries. The University Zone designation reflects the community’s desire to recognize Kaua’i Community College and the surrounding area as an education center with supportive residential and commercial mixed uses. Relevant Land Use Map Changes: • University Zone designation in the Līhuʻe Planning Area The following sections discuss objectives and actions for Tourism, Agriculture, and Small Businesses and Promising Economic Sectors. Kaua‘i Economic Development Goals 2016-2020 (CEDS 2016) 1. Build, attract, and retain a 21st century workforce. 2. Encourage innovation and the development of small, mid-size, and large businesses and organizations. 3. Increase adaptability and resilience, particularly regarding natural disasters and climate change. 4. Increase collaboration. 5. Ensure sustainable development. 6. Achieve greater food self-sufficiency. 7. Develop plans and continue to build capacity for economic development in each of the six target industry clusters. 8. Enhance the community’s ability to thrive. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 160 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1. TOURISM The visitor industry is the mainstay of Kauaʻi’s economy. It accounts for a third of the County’s total economic output and generates more than a quarter of the jobs. It contributes substantially to County tax revenue. The policy of the General Plan is to uphold Kauaʻi as a unique visitor destination by focusing on revitalization and limiting new resort designations. This shifts the focus from expansion of the visitor industry to implementing a model of high value, low impact tourism that puts protection of the qualities and values that visitors come to experience as a high priority. Objective: To focus new resort development in areas designated for visitor use. 1.1 Managing Average Daily Visitor Count and Visitor Impacts Every year, over 1.1 million visitors are drawn to Kauaʻi’s beautiful environment and rich array of cultural and outdoor activities. Research shows that most visitors are attracted to the island’s peaceful and unhurried setting. These preferences align well with residents’ desire to preserve Kauaʻi’s natural beauty and small town character. In 2016, Kaua‘i’s Average Daily Visitor Count (ADVC) was 24,797, which is more than one-third of the 2016 resident population. As much as visitors support Kaua‘i’s economy, they also stress infrastructure and increase the demand for public services. For this reason, recent growth in visitor arrivals has been a concern for many residents. Over the long term, growth in Kaua‘i’s ADVC has averaged 2.0% per year. However, since 2010, the ADVC has grown at an annual growth rate of 4.0% per year. (2010 ADVC: 19,548 (Figure 3-9); 2016 ADVC: 24,797 (Table 3-3)). If growth were to continue at that rate by 2035, the ADVC would increase by 112% to 52,600. However, that Kaua‘i’s ADVC is highly variable year-to-year and is sensitive to global economic conditions, political conflict, and growth in other tourism markets. Recent projections by the State and industry experts estimate that ADVC will be more than 32,700 by 2030. Hawai‘i’s visitor arrivals growth is also constrained by airport infrastructure and the availability and utilization of gates at Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL) and the Līhu‘e Airport (LIH). The Hawai‘i Airports Modernization Program shows the creation of the new mauka concourse in Honolulu to accommodate gate demand during peak hours and the new larger capacity planes. However, the concourse would mainly address the future growth expected from the Asia markets such as Japan, which have not been Kaua‘i’s target markets. The Modernization Program does not include increasing gates at the Līhu‘e Airport. Without these supply constraints the Kaua‘i visitor arrivals and daily census forecast would follow the U.S. GDP growth rate since Kaua‘i’s source has been the United States and the key variables of U.S. visitors arrivals has been personal income and GDP. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) GDP forecast for U.S. GDP Table 3-3 2016 Average Daily Visitor Census by Month Month Average Daily Census January 27,603 February 24,744 March 24,772 April 22,495 May 22,140 June 29,104 July 29,258 August 24,082 September 20,979 October 22,244 November 22,055 December 28,055 Average 24,797 Source: Hawai‘i Tourism Authority, 2017 ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 161 ranges from +2.8% growth in 2018 to +2.0% growth in 2035. Following along that measure for a high limit boundary the average daily visitor census would reach 39,480 visitors per day in 2035. As mentioned earlier, the 2010-2016 average daily visitor census growth rate reflects the current strong West Coast economies. Furthermore, recent damage to tourism infrastructure in competitive destinations may spur a short-lived boost in visitors. However, the visitor industry in Hawai‘i is historically very cyclical and supply side effects will soon correct the market demands. Many feel that the current level of tourism growth on Kaua’i is excessive and as a result creates negative social and environmental impacts. For example, the Kaua‘i Tourism Strategic Plan (2015) explained that when ADVC exceeds 25,000 there is a notable decline in both the visitor experience and residential quality of life. The traffic congestion along the highway in Wailua-Kapa‘a is an oft-cited example. Many feel Kauaʻi has hit its “carrying capacity” with regard to certain infrastructure systems, particularly the most heavily utilized parks and road networks. Acknowledgement of a tourism carrying capacity is occurring at the State level as well; the State of Hawai‘i Climate Adaptation Initiative (Act 183) calls for analysis of a maximum annual visitor carrying capacity for the State and Counties. Popular destinations such as Hā‘ena State Park are actively looking for ways to address overcrowding and other impacts. In order to deal with tourism impacts, government and the resort industry will need to collaborate and engage in tourism management. One important step is to actively monitor and assess visitor impacts on infrastructure and facilities. By quantifying impacts, the County and State can better plan to control the impacts of excessive tourism. Tourism management includes a range of methods, from increasing the supply of recreational opportunities and facilities, reducing public use of certain resources, and changing visitor behavior through education and signage. 1.2 Managing Visitor Unit Inventory Expansion Resort and hotel properties account for 20 percent of the total revenue from Real Property, and vacation rentals account for an additional 21 percent.40 Over 40 percent of the County’s Real Property tax revenue comes from visitor accommodations. However, dealing with excessive tourism also means managing the supply of visitor units. According to the 2016 Visitor Plant Inventory, Kaua‘i has 8,444 visitor units, which includes hotel units, timeshares, apartment-hotels, and individual vacation units (see Figure 3-10). This is an increase of 1,285 units from 40 County of Kaua‘i Real Property Data, 2016 People enjoying the blue waters of Kē’ē Beach, North Shore District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 162 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN the 2000 Visitor Plant Inventory of 7,159. The majority of Kauaʻi’s visitor accommodation fall in the deluxe to luxury price range. Less than three percent of Kauaʻi’s accommodation are considered budget (campsites are not considered to be units). The number of total visitor units on Kauaʻi dipped following the passage of three ordinances (864, 876, and 904) that increased regulation on transient vacation rentals or units (TVRs or TVUs) outside of designated Visitor Destination Areas (VDA). The ordinances established a non-conforming use grandfathering process for the operation of TVRs outside of the VDA. Under the current law, TVRs are not allowed outside of the VDA unless they have an active Non-Conforming Use Certificate. Kauaʻi’s visitor inventory could expand by 3,000 units, considering the amount of “pipeline” projects that have received their final discretionary permit. Given that each unit supports an average of two or three visitors, construction of these units would expand ADVC by several thousand. Although the County’s projections do not foresee a drastic expansion of the visitor population over the long term, many are concerned about the impact of such an increase on Kauaʻi’s already burdened infrastructure. Possibly compounding the potential problem are hundreds of acres of resort-designated land without entitlements, which have the potential to further expand the inventory. There was strong support to eliminate this potential in order to first absorb and manage impact from existing “pipeline” projects. There is a need to manage tourism growth and the associated impacts through legally available means, including regulating resort uses outside the Figure 3-9 Average Daily Visitor Census (2005-2015) Figure 3-10 2015 Visitor Plant Inventory (# of Units) ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 163 VDA and imposing entitlement deadlines on resort designations. The resulting policy is to limit expansion of VDAs beyond what is recognized as Resort in the Future Land Use Map. Figure 3-11 shows existing VDAs on Kaua‘i. Resort designations are described in Chapter 2, and Land Use Maps in Chapter 5. 1.3 Improving the Visitor Experience and Impacts on Communities Improving the visitor experience and reducing impacts will depend on adopting new ways of doing things. Taking shuttles to popular destinations instead of driving private cars is one example. Fortunately, Kauaʻi has a high percentage of repeat visitors — as much as 70 percent, according to the KTSP. Learning about and accepting different ways of accessing Kauaʻi’s attractions should be easier for experienced visitors, who might also appreciate such efforts to preserve the environment and culture. Managing visitor impacts also includes improving visitor facilities and parking at both County and State parks, and ocean safety at beaches. Given that impacts disproportionally affect certain areas of the island, particularly the North Shore and South Kauaʻi districts, shuttle efforts, parking improvements, and other solutions should be focused there. Visitor and resident interaction is another place for improvement, particularly with respect to the awareness and appreciation of Hawaiian culture. The Kauaʻi Tourism Strategic Plan seeks to reinforce authentic Native Hawaiian culture and local Kauaʻi culture. These are the qualities that make Kauaʻi truly unique as a visitor destination, since there are many other tropical and subtropical beach areas in the world. Merging these common sets of values between visitors and residents can sustain a strong tourism sector that has a light footprint on Kauaʻi’s environment and meshes well with local culture and lifestyles. Effectively doing this first requires managing future growth in the visitor industry so it does not exceed the recognized carrying capacity of Kauaʻi’s resources and infrastructure. In addition, it requires improved transit options, better management of parks and beaches, and enhanced interactions with people involved in the visitor industry as well as other Kauaʻi residents. The ultimate goal is to balance the visitor industry with natural and cultural preservation, the protection of community fabric, and the overall quality of life for residents. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Revitalize—rather than expand—the existing Visitor Destination Areas in Po‘ipū, Līhuʻe, Wailua, and Princeville. 2. Focus visitor uses, services, facilities, and accommodations in the Visitor Destination Area. 3. Do not expand existing Visitor Destination Area boundaries beyond resort-designated areas. 4. Allow existing resort entitlements to build out and require any non-entitled resort-designated areas in this General Plan to attain full State and County zoning resort-related approvals by the year 2027, or within ten years of Community Plan approval if an area is conditionally designated. 5. Require short-duration expiration dates should development not be constructed as permitted. 6. Where appropriate, negotiate with entitled resort projects to reduce unit count if discretionary permits are sought again. 7. Create a regulatory system that ensures resort developers pay their own way by paying their fair share of system expansion for all public systems, including but not limited to land transportation improvements, housing, water, sewer, cables, and parks. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Implement and update the Kauaʻi Tourism Strategic Plan. 2. Explore the development of the carrying capacity for various sites around the island and a monitoring system that tracks visitor impacts within the context of “limits of acceptable change” or other metric. 3. Create a comprehensive incentive and disincentive plan to address visitor numbers and impacts in specific areas. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Improve route and destination signage to alleviate congestion associated with difficulties in finding desired locations. 2. Improve waste disposal, collection, and management at popular destinations and provide more recycling options. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 164 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Figure 3-11 Kaua‘i Visitor Destination Areas Figure 3-12 Waimea-Kekaha Visitor Destination Areas Figure 3-13 South Kaua‘i Visitor Destination Areas ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 165 Figure 3-14 Līhu‘e Visitor Destination Areas Figure 3-15 East Kaua‘i Visitor Destination Areas Figure 3-16 North Shore Visitor Destination Areas ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 166 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 3. Support projects to encourage visitor transportation mode shift from single occupancy vehicles to other modes. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Provide visitors with a unique, positive, culturally-rich, and safe experience on Kauaʻi. Encourage cultural sensitivity and cultural exchange. 2. Develop alternative transportation options for visitors, including shuttles and car sharing, to reduce visitor impact on our roads, highways, and scenic places. 3. Establish a County tax on rental cars to fund alternative transportation options for visitors. 4. Lift the cap on existing Transient Accommodation Tax (TAT) funds distributed by the State to Counties, thus increasing the allocation to Kauaʻi for services and infrastructure. 5. Develop and promote community programs that reinforce the unique sense of place of communities, such as those with historical and cultural significance. 6. Encourage more use of Native Hawaiian place names and increase understanding of the meanings. 7. Encourage tourism that provides eco-friendly and educational experiences, products, and services; leverages and supports local business and agriculture; relies less on cars; and embraces the rich historic and cultural foundation upon which Kaua‘i’s communities were built. 8. Attract new employees, especially local residents, to the visitor industry to ensure an available, well- qualified workforce. 9. Train the visitor workforce in understanding Kauaʻi’s local culture. 10. Encourage the visitor industry, airlines, and the growing cruise line industry, to buy and promote Kauaʻi products and support businesses on Kauaʻi. 11. Increase use of renewable fuel sources and support carbon offset programs and incentives for passengers traveling to and from Kauaʻi. 2. AGRICULTURE Agriculture is an important element in Kauaʻi’s identity as a rural place, and it represents our greatest opportunity for economic diversification and food self-sufficiency. We can increase the productivity and profitability of all forms of agriculture by nurturing small-scale farms, promoting crop diversity, and strengthening partnerships. For this to occur, major challenges will have to be surmounted — from the upkeep of aging agricultural infrastructure to halting the tide of residential sprawl. Objective: To ensure the long-term viability and productivity of agricultural lands. 2.1 Perpetuating Kauaʻi’s Long Tradition of Agriculture Agriculture is the history and lifeline of the Hawaiian Islands. Mālama ‘āina, caring for the land, is ingrained in the fabric and language of the Native Hawaiian culture. Maka‘ainānā means “the common people” and is translated as “those who watch that which feeds” (“that which feeds” being the land). To be occupied with the growing of food and materials for one’s ‘ohana is to be occupied with ensuring the health of the land, water, and natural systems. In i ka wā kahiko (meaning “in old times/long ago/in the age of antiquity”), a variety of lo‘i terraces, dry-land agriculture, fish ponds, and salt pans supported a large population. Some of Kauaʻi’s modern agricultural infrastructure is inherited from the ancient Hawaiians, such as taro fields and ditch systems. Traditional agricultural products such as taro, coconut, and breadfruit are still in demand and are synonymous with both healthy living and regional identity. In 1835, the Old Kōloa Sugar Mill became Hawai‘i’s first commercially-viable sugar mill. This heralded the era of plantation agriculture where sugar and pineapple cultivation dominated the landscape. Land ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 167 was managed and owned by large companies such as the Kōloa Sugar Company, McBryde Sugar Company, and Grove Farm. Supporting the sugar and pineapple industry was an extensive network of ditches, flumes, and reservoirs created and maintained by the landowners. The era of plantation agriculture has come to an end, but the remaining infrastructure and still-undeveloped swaths of agricultural land provide for today’s agricultural activity and opportunities for new enterprise to thrive. Agriculture and food industries remain one of the most promising economic sectors on Kauaʻi. It is a substantial source of employment, with about 3,601 jobs on Kauaʻi in 2014. It is also a sector that supports Kauaʻi’s vision of remaining a rural island, preserving open spaces, and producing more food and resources. While the number of jobs in agriculture has not increased substantially since 2001, earnings have increased by 53 percent to $30,511 average annual earnings per employee.41Total earnings in the sector are upwards of $113 million per year. Kauaʻi’s agricultural lands are owned and managed by a small number of large landowners. On the South and West Sides, agricultural land owners include the State, the State Department of Hawaiian Homelands (DHHL), Alexander & Baldwin (A&B), and Grove Farm.42 There are pockets of agricultural land in Līhuʻe District, mostly owned by Grove Farm. East Kauaʻi’s agricultural lands were largely sold off and converted to large lot residential development following the closure of Amfac Hawai‘i’s Līhuʻe Plantation; however, there remain some tracts between Hanamā‘ulu and Anahola that provide opportunities for cultivation. The North Shore is home to a large portion of Kauaʻi’s diversified agriculture operations, particularly around Moloa‘a and Kīlauea. Taro production is concentrated in and around Hanalei. The North Shore’s land ownership patterns are more fragmented and among the most desirable areas for high-end housing. This, coupled with regulations that permit agricultural condominiums, exerts development pressure on the North Shore’s agricultural lands. The Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline Study (2015) provides a snapshot of what is currently grown and raised on Kauaʻi (Figure 3-17). Like the rest of the Hawaiian Islands, Kauaʻi has shifted out of sugar cultivation within the last few decades, leaving 41 Draft Kaua‘i Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Update, 201642 Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline Study, 2015 much of its agricultural lands open to other uses. Over 40,000 acres are currently used as pasture for grazing animals, supported by three privately owned slaughtering facilities. The greatest share of Kauaʻi’s 21,000 acres of cultivated crop lands are in commercial seed production (13,299 acres), followed by coffee (3,788 acres), and commercial forestry (1,743 acres). The island has more taro cultivation than the rest of the state combined, with 443 acres under cultivation. The seed production industry has a much larger presence on Kauaʻi than on any other island, with nearly twice the amount of acreage as O‘ahu. Concerns about pesticide use and the cultivation of genetically modified organisms (GMO) by seed companies and other large agricultural producers have resulted in fact-finding inquiries, lawsuits, and proposed legislation regulating these activities. Nevertheless, these large agricultural operations provide substantial employment opportunities in rural areas of Kauaʻi, particularly Waimea and Kekaha. This concern has carried throughout the community engagement process leading up to the crafting of this plan. The online survey response included a number of written comments seeking a higher degree of regulatory oversight concerning GMO and pesticide activities. However, given the judgment of the Federal Court striking down Bill No. 2491 (Ordinance No. 960), County ordinance on State statutory preemption grounds, no regulatory proposals are included in this plan. Should State laws be enacted to provide larger County authority for potential regulation of such agricultural activities, the General Plan could consider appropriate policies. 2.2 Protecting Important Agricultural Lands (IAL) The Agricultural District is under both State and County land use authority. The State Constitution sets the policy to “conserve and protect agricultural lands, promote diversified agriculture, increase agricultural self-sufficiency, and assure the availability of agriculturally suitable lands.”43 Retaining the integrity of agricultural lands means protection against encroachment and fragmentation. Pursuant to the constitutional mandate, the State Legislature adopted Important Agricultural Lands (IAL) designation criteria in 2005. Once designated, IAL cannot be reclassified to State Land Use Urban District except under a “super majority” vote of both 43 Important Agricultural Lands Study, 2015 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 168 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN houses of the State legislature. Owners of these lands qualify for both State and County incentives, but those incentives have not been determined. The County’s IAL Study mapped potential candidate lands and set a goal for the County to lead designation of at least 21,158 acres.44 Some major landowners have voluntarily designated their lands, a total of 16,263 acres.45 County regulations limit density and subdivision on agriculture lands. Additional controls are needed to discourage development such as “gentlemen estates” — large lot agricultural subdivisions catering to a high-end market. Such development patterns are largely opposed by the community. When this type of development does occur, residences and farm dwellings should be clustered to preserve the agricultural land and open space quality, while reducing costs of infrastructure and service provision. 44 Important Agricultural Lands Study, 201545 Important Agricultural Lands Study, 2015 2.3 Improving Agricultural Water Infrastructure The ditches and irrigation systems — vestiges of the plantation era — must be protected and restored. Without viable irrigation systems, the potential for intensive agriculture is jeopardized or lost. Irrigation reservoirs and ditches also retain and channel storm water away from settled areas. The State plans for and manages water infrastructure on State land through the State Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan. Private landowners maintain their own infrastructure, focusing on areas that are intensively farmed. Community partnerships such as the East Kauaʻi Water Users Cooperative can also be instrumental in keeping irrigation systems functioning to serve agricultural operations. The condition of ditches outside those areas is variable and assumed to be deteriorating. An emerging issue is the permitting of water diversion from streams to feed agricultural ditch systems. Many diversions have operated for a long time under a revocable State permit. However, the State now requires that such diversions obtain a water lease. The water lease application process requires environmental Produce at Kōloa Sunshine Market, South Kaua‘i District ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 169 and cultural studies, including analysis of inflow stream standards. This may result in stricter diversion limits, which will impact agricultural operations if stream flow decreases. 2.4 Supporting Farmers and Access to Healthy Local Food On Kauaʻi, there is an increasing demand for locally-grown, healthy food as evidenced in the rise of farmers markets and community garden initiatives. Throughout the public process, people expressed a desire for Kauaʻi to “grow its own food” and decrease its dependence on imported food. Locally-grown food reduces the greenhouse gas emissions associated with “food miles traveled” and encourages resiliency and personal independence by reducing one’s reliance on imported products. A strong agricultural sector will strengthen Kauaʻi’s self-sufficiency by increasing food and resource production for both local consumption and export. While opinions differ on what type of agriculture is suitable for Kauaʻi, many agree that increased agricultural production will aid food self-sufficiency and economic diversification goals. Additionally, working farms support the cultural heritage and rural identity of Kauaʻi. Food hubs are another tool used to support locally grown food. They help aggregate, distribute, and market products from local farmers. The County can support the development of food hubs, such as the Kīlauea Community Agricultural Center, or similar projects that connect people to arable land, and then farmers to buyers. 2.5 Expanding Aquaculture Aquaculture has existed on Kauaʻi since the ancient Hawaiians harvested seafood from coastal fish ponds. Today Kauaʻi has limited commercial aquaculture activity, including a farm producing over 400 metric tons of shrimp per year. There is opportunity for this industry to expand and capitalize on the increased global demand for seafood and decline in access to ocean stock. Due to its potential to help diversify agriculture and the economy, the Hawai‘i 2050 Sustainability Plan includes a goal to expand the Figure 3-17 Kaua‘i Agricultural Production (2015) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 170 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN development and commercialization of marine aquaculture. The State’s Aquaculture and Livestock Support Services Branch provides support for this industry through business planning and development, as well through loans for start-ups. 2.6 Partnering to Support Existing and New Agricultural Enterprise A productive agricultural system not only involves having lands available for farming, but creating and supporting the mechanisms necessary for growing and processing food and materials. This includes providing agricultural and business education, increasing marketing, understanding transport and export opportunities, and promoting best management practices that mitigate environmental and health impacts. For the agricultural sector to be productive and profitable, agriculture must be recognized as a collection of both large and small businesses supported by a workforce, strong public-private partnerships, and the community. In addition to providing support to established operations, consideration must be given to the many aspiring farmers on both private and state-leased small-scale farms, especially on the North Shore and East Kauaʻi, where many smaller agricultural lots are located. New farmers face barriers to entry, such as the high cost of labor and land, government regulations, and stringent thresholds and rules for farm worker housing. Another issue is the lack of tax incentives for active agriculture. If support is not provided, landowners may find it easier to utilize their agricultural lands for passive uses, such as ranching. Government is involved in the success of agriculture through tax and other incentives, such as water and infrastructure access or improvements, as well as by land use standards to protect agricultural lands and businesses. The community can support agriculture by recognizing its significance in promoting health and wellness and increasing economic independence. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Ensure agriculture-designated lands are used for agriculture and related activities, including aquaculture, commercial forestry, and animal husbandry. 2. Use urban growth boundaries or other land preservation easements to limit conversion of agriculture-designated lands to non-agricultural uses. 3. Control the subdivision and alteration of agriculturally-zoned land to prevent the dissipation of agricultural potential, the loss of rural character, and the conversion of land use to urban land use designations. 4. Provide criteria to allow clustering of allowable density for landowners of Important Agricultural Land (IAL). 5. To the extent that public trust purposes would not be impacted or continue to be impacted, or where serviced agricultural operations constitute a reasonable and beneficial use that furthers the interests of the public, require preservation of viable irrigation systems — both government-owned and privately owned — to support the supply of irrigation water to farms, provided that mitigation measures are taken to minimize any impacts to public trust purposes. 6. Support landowner and farmer-initiated designations of important agricultural lands that at least meet criterion number five of Act 183 (SLH 2005), “land with sufficient quantities of water to support viable agricultural production.” 7. Use IAL maps and tools when reviewing landowner/farmer-initiated petitions for the designation of IAL or for evaluating priority lands for IAL designation proposed by the State or County. 8. Revise the agricultural property tax regime, including but not limited to the Agricultural Dedication program, to increase incentives to lease land for productive farms. 9. Clarify rules and authority related to permitting of agricultural structures and uses on IAL. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 171 10. Include community gardens as a permitted use in residential areas. 11. Require that prospective buyers of property adjacent to agricultural land be notified through title report that they could be subject to inconvenience or discomfort resulting from accepted farming activities, pursuant to HRS Chapter 205-4.5. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Consider the relationship and proximity of other land uses to agricultural land in planning efforts. Define “rural” and include its relationship to agriculture. 2. Update and implement the Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan. 3. Improve upon or develop a system for local and export marketing of food and primary resources. 4. Create an agriculture database of key information and indicators that would enable the monitoring of agricultural progress and growth. 5. Increase access to healthy food in underserved neighborhoods and build more equitable food systems, from cultivation to disposal. 6. Update and implement the Kaua‘i Agriculture Strategic Plan. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Provide economic development programs to promote and support agriculture. 2. Reestablish an Agricultural Specialist position with the Office of Economic Development. 3. Support the Sunshine Markets and other means of marketing Kauaʻi agricultural and food products to residents, businesses, and visitors. 4. Establish a minimum goal for designation of IAL. Improve the IAL program to effectively preserve high-quality agricultural land. Develop related County-level incentives, specifically to encourage food production to increase self-reliance. 5. Increase incentives to lease land to small farmers through revisions to the agricultural property tax regime. 6. Improve water infrastructure for irrigation in priority areas, such as IAL. 7. Develop community food hubs, commercial kitchens, and other initiatives that provide places for community members to grow and prepare their own food. 8. Allow the use of SNAP benefits at farmers markets. 9. Reduce water rates for landowners of agricultural lands in active production. 10. Establish a County-wide composting program. Hanalei taro fields, North Shore District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 172 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Expand commercial agriculture, attract new agricultural support and value-added industries, and promote locally-grown commodity sales. 2. Increase small-scale diversified farming, including, but not limited to, fruits and vegetables, building materials, medicinal plants, aquaculture, apiaries, flowers, and livestock. 3. Expand aquaculture and livestock farming. 4. Improve water access and infrastructure for agricultural purposes. 5. Support regional agricultural parks and centers. 6. Support commercial agricultural producers with agricultural cooperative extension services, marketing, and business development. Market agriculture and food products within Kauaʻi and to out-of-state markets. 7. Prepare youth for future careers in diversified agriculture and aquaculture, with additional emphasis on business skills. 8. Provide incentives and opportunities for agricultural housing, jobs, training, processing/transport of goods, and other needs. Expand direct financial and tax assistance to agricultural enterprises. 9. Review legislation impacting agriculture on Kauaʻi. Coordinate position statements with the Kauaʻi Community College, the Farm Bureau, and other agricultural interest groups. 10. Clarify the reclassification incentive provided through designation of Important Agricultural Lands (IAL).46 11. Support education and cooperation relating to protection of native birds and protecting the right to farm. 46 HRS 205 Part III Important Agricultural Lands 3. SMALL BUSINESSES AND PROMISING ECONOMIC SECTORS Kauaʻi is rich in entrepreneurial talent and skills that should be nurtured, cultivated, and celebrated. We depend on the success of our small businesses, which make up the vast majority of our establishments. The ability to work from home and establish cottage industries is in keeping with our values of preserving our rural communities and lifestyles. With a focus on promising economic sectors, we can encourage economic growth that is in keeping with the General Plan’s vision, goals, and policies. Objective: To promote opportunities for small business and emerging economic sectors to thrive. 3.1 Nurturing Entrepreneurs and Small Business Kauaʻi’s entrepreneurial talent can be cultivated through improved access to networking, mentorship, equipment, training, and resources. Incubators and accelerators can serve this function, providing professional development services as well as shared equipment and resources. Co-working spaces create a supportive entrepreneurial community and encourage innovation and collaboration between multiple types of businesses. Access to capital and affordable office and commercial space can help small businesses scale up once they are ready to strike out on their own. Small businesses are the basis of Kauaʻi’s economy. Over half of Kauaʻi’s businesses have four or fewer employees, and 70 percent of people work at businesses with less than 100 employees. Nurturing small businesses, particularly in the target industry clusters identified in the CEDS, will help ensure a robust and resilient economy. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VI. ECONOMY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 173 3.2 Supporting Cottage Industries and Rural Economic Development Kauaʻi has a strong small business base and a growing cottage and home-based industry sector. If nurtured, these assets can help revitalize local communities and enable people to work where they live. Infrastructure, such as broadband internet, co-working spaces, and other supporting means that enable people to work from home or within their communities, can help improve quality of life for all residents on Kauaʻi by reducing traffic on the roads and creating more demand for local services and amenities. From a permitting perspective, the County can examine its development standards to ensure it does not create unreasonable barriers to working from home. “Home Businesses” are permitted in every zoning district, but zoning restrictions may limit certain types of business operations. The CZO is silent on deliveries to residential uses, but prohibits “frequent bulk shipments” from or to a home business. Restrictions on permitted equipment may also limit the growth of cottage industries in residential areas. In addition to development code changes, more industrial land is needed to accommodate manufacturing and industrial uses outside of residential areas. The deficit of industrial lands outside of Līhuʻe causes many small businesses, such as welding shops, auto repair operations, and woodshops, to operate via a special use permit or illegally. One opportunity is to redevelop former plantation mill sites for manufacturing and industrial needs. 3.3 Fostering High Tech and Clean Tech Jobs The Pacific Missile Range Facilitity (PMRF), located on the West Side, is one of the foremost aerospace test sites in the United States PMRF leverages Kauaʻi’s location in the center of the Pacific Ocean for the benefit of aerospace and space launch testing. The base supports approximately 900 civilian jobs and 75 active duty members. The 900 civilian jobs comprise $89.72 million and the 75 active duty members comprise approximately $7.5 million of the facility’s $118 million operating budget in FY 2016. Historically, PMRF has been the driving force behind the establishment of technology-based business on Kauaʻi. PMRF’s continued vitality contributes significantly to Kauaʻi’s high technology industry and provides opportunities for supportive businesses and entrepreneurs. The momentum of KIUC in pursuing ambitious renewable energy targets, coupled with Kauaʻi’s goals for emissions reductions in transportation and energy, also provides opportunities for clean technology businesses and green jobs. Clean tech tends to be low- or non-polluting, provide higher wage jobs, and supports sustainability goals. 3.4 Growing the Arts, Culture, and Creative Industry Kauaʻi has served as a premier film, TV, and photo shoot destination for the past 80 years. Film and photo productions for major production companies and media outlets are regularly staged here. A vibrant arts scene has flourished with the development of monthly or weekly “Art Nights” in communities around the island, including Hanapēpē, Kīlauea, and Kapa‘a. The Kauaʻi Arts & Culture Feasibility Study Final Report (September 2015) found robust pockets of arts such as painting, woodworking, jewelry-making, and performing arts. Arts connected to Hawaiian, Japanese, and Filipino culture and traditions were also strong. E kanu I ka hui ‘oi hā‘ule ka ua Plant the taro stalks while there is rain. (Do your work when the opportunity affords.) A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Lessen zoning restrictions for home-based businesses. 2. Reduce the costs and regulatory hurdles associated with starting a business. 3. Increase inventory of industrial zoned lands. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Implement and update the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS). 2. Develop business improvement districts and Main Street programs to fund revitalization efforts. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 174 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Invest in shared facilities and resources that can be utilized by multiple opportunity clusters, such as creative industries and technical services. 2. Provide infrastructure that increases the competitiveness of businesses on Kauaʻi and allows them to thrive in all parts of the island. 3. Utilize County facilities and funds to support shared workspaces, makerspaces, and equipment for small businesses to utilize. 4. Support programs and infrastructure that enables employees to telecommute or work in satellite locations. 5. Attract technology and energy businesses that complement Kauaʻi’s economic and sustainability goals. 6. Build capacity for economic development in the target industry clusters identified by CEDS. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Build the capacity of all businesses and increase the skills and readiness of Kauaʻi’s students and workforce. 2. Invest in opportunity industries that can diversify Kauaʻi’s economy and provide living wages. 3. Promote cross-sector linkages between Kauaʻi’s anchor and opportunity industries to grow the market for local products and services. 4. Support initiatives and programs to revitalize town centers and increase demand for local-serving businesses. 5. Provide business planning assistance, career planning, entrepreneurial training, incubation, and assistance with permitting, licensing, and regulatory issues. 6. Expand offerings for mentorship, networking, and affordable workspaces. 7. Support programs and initiatives that encourage manufacturing and support Kauaʻi’s small-scale independent manufacturers. 8. Strengthen market linkages between the tourism industry and Kauaʻi made products such as fashion, food, and music. 9. Expand opportunities for innovation and tech-based businesses. 10. Increase access to capital for small businesses and start-ups. 11. Educate businesses on financial planning and funding sources for hazard preparedness and recovery, including insurance options for business interruption, natural disasters, and other unexpected occurrences. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VII. HERITAGE RESOURCES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 175 sECTOR: VII. HERITAGE REsOURCEs From ancient heiau to Buddhist missions, heritage resources symbolize Kauaʻi’s history, showcase our diversity, and perpetuate a unique sense of place. By protecting these resources, Kauaʻi will continue to honor its history, value its Native Hawaiian heritage, and celebrate its diverse languages and cultural traditions. Throughout Kauaʻi there is an abundance of archaeological, cultural, historic, and scenic resources. Together these resources document Kauaʻi’s storied past, cultivate a unique sense of place, and educate new generations about their history. The Heritage Resources map highlights important historic sites, including those listed on the National Register and the Hawai’i Register of Historic Places. In addition, the map shows historic cultivation areas, priority public access points, and ahupua‘a and moku boundaries. In recognition that environmentally significant places are part of our heritage, the map also includes streams, waterbodies, coral reefs, and critical habitat. As time goes on, our heritage resources will require more consistent and comprehensive attention to ensure their survival. Innovative ways to both protect and reuse historic resources should be utilized all while identifying new resources worthy of preservation. This section addresses Historic Buildings and Structures and Places; Wahi Pana, Cultural Sites, and Cultural Resources; and Landmarks and Scenic Resources. Ke Kahua O Kāneiolouma in Po’ipū, South Kaua’i District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 176 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1. HISTORIC BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, AND PLACES Historic buildings and structures are critical to preserving Kauaʻi’s unique history, town character, and sense of place. It is our kuleana to ensure that each community’s treasured structures are preserved and celebrated. Objective: To preserve and enhance historic buildings, structures, and places. 1.1 Recognizing and Designating Historic Buildings and Structures Kauaʻi has approximately 60 buildings and complexes listed on the National Register of Historic Places and/or the Hawai’i Register of Historic Places. From the U.S. Post Office on Rice Street to Russian Fort in Waimea, these structures are visual reminders of Kauaʻi’s past. Some roads and bridges, including pedestrian bridges and overpasses, also have unique features that are historically significant and contribute to a sense of place. Famous examples include the one-lane steel truss bridge at Hanalei River and Route 560 — a narrow ten mile road between Princeville and Hā’ena. Designation requires review prior to demolition or renovation, and makes properties eligible for financial assistance such as grants and tax incentives. The lead agency for all aspects of historic preservation is DLNR’s Historic Preservation Division (SHPD). SHPD maintains an inventory of known historic sites and conducts surveys to identify and document new sites. Significant sites are placed on the Hawai’i Register of Historic Places where they may then be nominated to the National Register of Historic Places. On the local level, the Kauaʻi Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) works with landowners to recommend properties for designation. The Commission was established in 1987 to protect and promote the County’s historic resources, and maintain a County-wide inventory of historic resources. The Commission also administers the Local Certified Government program, which provides Federal assistance for historic preservation. Reviews of County permits and projects involving historic sites, structures, and districts are typically coordinated with KHPRC and SHPD. 1.2 Supporting Preservation through Standards and Incentives In addition to the KHPRC, the County supports preservation though development standards, as well as partnerships and targeted financial assistance. Property tax assessments and the Open Space Fund are existing County mechanisms that can also incentivize preservation. Compliance with modern building and zoning codes is often a challenge when renovating historic properties. Sensible alternatives to strict code requirements can make the difference between leaving a historic property to further deteriorate or be demolished, and allowing it to be restored and thrive with a new purpose. The historic nature of town cores can also be protected and promulgated through district-wide architectural and design standards. These ensure new development is in keeping with a town’s historic character and that redevelopment occurs in a historically sensitive manner. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Broaden the types of uses allowed in historic structures. 2. Support the reuse and renovation of historic structures through building code amendments. 3. Update and create Special Planning Areas in towns to ensure new development and redevelopment of existing sites or structures is done in a “historically sensitive” manner. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Update and maintain the inventory and management plan for historic resources. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VII. HERITAGE RESOURCES | 3.0 actions by sector 177 C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1.Maintain the character of historic structures andbridges by implementing best managementpractices that adhere to the Secretary of theInterior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeologyand Historic Preservation when rehabilitating and/or renovating historically significant buildings andstructures. 2.Educate and encourage property owners tonominate structures and sites to the State andNational Register of Historic Places. 3.Provide a real property tax exemption for historicproperties, including commercial properties. 4.Explore utilizing the Open Space Fund for historicpreservation purposes. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1.Support partnerships between the County ofKaua‘i, KHPRC, the public, and various historicaland archaeological organizations to preserveimportant historic buildings and structures thatilluminate Kauaʻi’s history. 2.Establish a low-interest revolving loan fund forrehabilitation of historic properties. 3.Develop a County of Kaua‘i standard operatingprocedure (SOP) for engaging with SHPD andthe “Section 106” and/or “HRS 6E” processes.Implement the SOP to improve interagencycoordination and communication between SHPDand the applicable County, State, and Federalagencies. 2. WAHI PANA, CULTURAL SITES,AND RESOURCES Wahi Pana and the resources that support cultural practices are the foundation of Kauaʻi’s identity. Culturally significant places and sites, once destroyed, cannot be replaced. These places and the stories behind them provide vital insight to how the ancient Hawaiians lived in harmony with the land and managed the use of natural resources in a sustainable manner. Objective: To recognize and protect the resources and places important to Kaua’i’s history and people. 2.1 Identifying and Preserving Wahi Pana and Archeological Resources Throughout Kauaʻi there are numerous archaeological sites that document ancient Hawaiian habitation and culture. A traditional cultural property is defined as an area or place associated with the practices and beliefs of a living community. On Kauaʻi these include heiau, burial sites, fishponds, taro fields, and places where multiple archaeological and historic features are located. Kauaʻi has 30 archaeological sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places or the Hawai’i Register of Historic Places. Large scale archeological Pū‘olo Point Salt Pans, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele District (Photo courtesy of Malia Nobrega-Olivera) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 178 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN districts, such as the Nā Pali Coast, are listed in their entirety. All registered archaeological sites are included in the Heritage Resources Map in Chapter 5. Kauaʻi has several areas eligible to be listed as Historic Districts through the National Register of Historic Places, including the Wailuanuiahoano ahupua’a and portions of the southern Olohena and Hanamā‘ulu ahupua‘as. Continued research and inquiry is needed to establish if other historic assets might merit designation. In addition to formally listed sites, there are hundreds of other sites that have not been documented or inventoried by SHPD. Discoveries of new cultural sites are generally triggered through the archaeological site surveys required for certain development activities. Burial sites are also important resources. In Native Hawaiian culture, burial sites are sacred since within the iwi (skeletal remains) resides a person’s mana. Therefore, the proper treatment of Native Hawaiian skeletal remains and burial goods must be ensured. SHPD has jurisdiction over the management of burial sites over 50 years old, whether they are previously identified or inadvertently discovered. When new development uncovers burials, recommendations to relocate or preserve in place any iwi are made by the Kauaʻi Island Burial Council, with preference given to the wishes of the lineal descendants of the remains. 2.2 Perpetuating Cultural Practices through Restoration, Stewardship, and Education There is a strong and growing commitment to perpetuating and spreading awareness of Native Hawaiian culture, stories, and practices. Attention and stewardship is needed to educate the community, restore structures, and preserve the legacy of wahi pana. Unfortunately, the significance of certain cultural sites is not always widely known. As a result, some sites sit unrestored and vulnerable to further damage through neglect, vandalism, and land-altering activities such as unpermitted grading. One model that could be replicated is that of Kāneiolouma — an ancient cultural complex which was restored through a stewardship agreement with the County and a community organization. Other cultural sites still function as they did in historic times such as the salt making pans at Pū‘olo Point. Important lo’i kalo, dry land field systems, and fishponds are examples of Hawaiian engineering tailored to particular ecological conditions. Protecting and restoring them is vital to the restoration of culture, Hawaiian way of life, flourishing ecosystems, and local food production. For example, the community-stewarded loʻi of Waipā and Kēʻē connect residents to the places where many no longer can afford to reside. Other culturally significant sites, such as known burial locations, are stewarded by Native Hawaiian families without a formal agreement. Residents also celebrate the ethnic diversity and cultural practices associated with Kauaʻi’s modern history. Kauaʻi’s plantation era and the legacy of migrant workers is recognized through events such as the Kōloa Plantation Days Celebration. 2.3 Raising Awareness of Place Names and Land Divisions The ability of people to recognize the significance of wahi pana helps instill a sense of pride and curiosity about Native Hawaiian culture and history. Awareness of the original names and the stories behind them connect people to the island’s history and culture. The Kauaʻi Nui Kuapapa program is a joint effort between the County and community to raise public awareness of significant place names and historic land divisions. The names, history, and unique features of Kauaʻi’s six moku and 54 ahupua‘a are conveyed through signage and online information. The boundaries are shown in Figure 3-18. 2.4 Protecting Kuleana Lands Prior to 1850, kuleana were “plots of land given, by the governing aliʻi of an area, to an ʻohana or an individual as their responsibility without right of ownership.”47 When land was privatized in 1850, less than one percent of all lands in Hawaiʻi were awarded to Hawaiian makaʻāinana families who lived on and tended the land. Extensive information was recorded about these parcels including family and place names, and information on surroundings, hydrology, and cultivation. These lands are house sites, taro patches, and some fishponds or salt pans, and often contain ʻiwi. Lands where Hawaiian families continue to care for and live on lands in the same areas as their ancestors are increasingly rare. Tax and land use regimes impeding families from keeping their ancestral lands should be revisited and revised accordingly. 47 Pūkuʻi & Elbert 1975 ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VII. HERITAGE RESOURCES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 179 Hā‘enaHanaleiPrinceville Kīlauea Anahola KeāliaKapaʻa Wailuā Hanamāʻulu Līhuʻe Nāwiliwili KōloaPoʻipū Kalāheo ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē WaimeaKekaha Puʻuwai Kaua‘i Nui Kuapapa, Moku o Kaua‘i 0 10 205Miles N1 in = 8 miles Puna Ko‘olau Halele‘a Nāpali Ni‘ihau Kona Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Hā‘enaHanaleiPrinceville Kīlauea Anahola KeāliaKapaʻa Wailuā Hanamāʻulu Līhuʻe Nāwiliwili Kōloa Poʻipū Kalāheo ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē WaimeaKekaha Puʻuwai Kaua‘i Nui Kuapapa, Moku o Kaua‘i 0 10 205Miles N1 in = 8 miles Puna Ko‘olau Halele‘a Nāpali Ni‘ihau Kona Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Figure 3-18 Kaua’i Nui Kuapapa, Moku o Kaua’i Hā‘ena HanaleiPrinceville Kīlauea Anahola KeāliaKapaʻa Wailua Hanamāʻulu Līhuʻe Nāwiliwili Kōloa Poʻipū Kalāheo ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē WaimeaKekaha Puʻuwai Kaua‘i Nui Kuapapa, Moku o Kaua‘i 0 10 205Miles N1 in = 8 miles Puna Ko‘olau Halele‘a Nāpali Ni‘ihau Kona Ahupuaʻa Boundaries ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 180 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Preserve, restore, and maintain customary access to important archaeological and cultural sites. 2. Create natural, landscaped buffers between archaeological sites and adjacent uses. 3. In the case of development where burials are known to exist, ensure an Archaeological Inventory Study (AIS) is prepared and Kauaʻi Island Burial Council recommendations are adhered to before final approvals are given. 4. Require developers to provide archaeological and cultural assessments prior to clearing or development of land in areas of historical significance. 5. Promote, encourage, and require the correct use of traditional place names. 6. Establish archaeological districts where high concentrations of sites exist. 7. Encourage restoration, management, and practitioner access for significant cultural sites on private land, as allowed by law. 8. Encourage the restoration, management, and use of Kauaʻi’s fishponds and lo‘i kalo. 9. Preserve Māhā‘ulepū, a wahi pana, where scenic landmarks, natural resources, archaeological sites (including Waiopili Heiau), and burials are found along with subsistence fishing and gathering, agriculture, research and education, and recreation. 10. Movement of kuleana lands through the subdivision process is inconsistent with their intrinsic cultural and historic value and negatively impacts traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights and practices, which are protected by the Hawai‘i State Constitution. Prior to any decision, any movement requires proper due diligence to ensure any historic value relating to the kuleana’s past land use is identified and protected to the fullest extent possible consistent with Article XII, Section 7 of the Hawai‘i State Constitution, the Ka Pa‘akai test, and HRS Chapter 6E. In addition, proper notice must be afforded to the State Office of Hawaiian Affairs and beneficiaries and heirs of the kuleana at issue before any movement is approved. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Inventory and acknowledge the importance of archaeological sites and wahi pana during community planning processes. 2. Create an inventory of kuleana lands and describe their vulnerability to sale and development. 3. Create a county-level tax break for ancestral family lands that do not qualify for kuleana tax breaks Historic Hanapēpē Swinging Bridge, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele District ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VII. HERITAGE RESOURCES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 181 for situations such as hanai (adoption), families without birth and death certificates, and other circumstances. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Promote the diversity of stories and sites on Kauaʻi, including those related to Native Hawaiian history and mythology, migrant worker history, and modern history. 2. Establish historical trails, markers, and events that draw attention to the history of Kauaʻi. 3. Through stewardship agreements, ensure proper management and interpretation of significant cultural resources and sites. 4. Achieve permanent preservation of highly significant cultural landscapes where multiple heritage and ecological values are located. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Work with the State Historic Preservation Division and KHPRC to educate landowners about the historic preservation review process. 2. Promote County and community partnerships to preserve and raise awareness about traditional cultural places. 3. Increase community awareness and stewardship of Kauaʻi’s historic and cultural resources. 4. Enhance the Hawaiian sense of place by promoting understanding of moku and ahupua’a land divisions. Recognize and preserve the unique natural and cultural characteristics of each moku and ahupua‘a. 5. Seek to create community managed subsistence areas, also known as kīpuka, in every ahupua’a, in the tradition of kīpuka at Kē’ē and Waipā. 6. Commence a collaborative planning effort to explore options that would make it possible to preserve the irreplaceable natural and cultural resources of Māhā‘ulepū and to sustain the special experiences of this place. 7. During the “Section 106” and “HRS 6E” review processes, utilize cultural practitioners and community authorities on historic preservation to serve an advisory function and provide guidance on heritage and cultural issues. 8. Implement tax breaks and support programs to prevent foreclosures on kuleana lands caused by failure to pay taxes. Scenic view in Anahola, East Kaua’i District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 182 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 3. LANDMARKS AND SCENIC RESOURCES Certain views and landmarks define Kauaʻi’s sense of place for residents and visitors alike. The majestic peaks of Waiʻaleʻale and Kawaikini, the dramatic ruggedness of Waimea Canyon, and the lushness of the Alaka’i Swamp are examples of land formations that are inspiring and uplifting to experience. Preserving views of scenic landscapes is vital to sustaining Kauaʻi’s uniqueness and identity. Objective: To preserve important landmarks and protect scenic resources. 3.1 Preserving Scenic Views and Landforms Landforms and ocean views define our sense of space, particularly for the communities near them. For example, Nihokū (Crater Hill) is an important coastal landform near Kīlauea Town, while Hā’upu Ridge frames the Līhuʻe District and divides it from the South Kauaʻi District. Landforms such as Kālepa Ridge and Kilohana Crater have similar framing qualities and help define and characterize nearby communities as distinct settlement areas. Many landforms serve as landmarks and are prominent in Native Hawaiian history and ‘ōlelo. Awareness of them is fundamental to understanding and appreciating Kauaʻi’s history. Preserving mountain and ocean views does not simply entail preventing them from being totally obscured, but also means not disrupting their integrity and "intactness" with structures or other features that detract from their beauty and continuity. Preservation of landmarks, scenic resources, and heritage places is perhaps the most important aspect of maintaining the historic essence of Kauaʻi over time, regardless of population growth, development, and other changes that will occur. The County’s ability to preserve landmarks and scenic resources depends primarily on its zoning policies and abilities to acquire land for conservation. Since public funds to acquire land are limited, future preservation of landmarks, scenic resources, and heritage places must rely first and foremost on zoning and permitting regulations. 3.2 Maintaining the Integrity of Scenic Routes Scenic views along roadways are abundant on Kauaʻi. Kauaʻi already has one Federally recognized scenic byway, which runs through Kōloa in South Kauaʻi. Scenic byways do not just have scenic qualities, but are also recognized for their intrinsic archeological, cultural, historic, natural, and recreational features. Community Plans for each District provide an opportunity to identify specific roadways and features worthy of recognition and protection. 3.3 Protecting Exceptional Trees Exceptional trees and groves of trees are another resource important to preserving Kauaʻi’s rural character, intrinsic beauty, history, and culture. The County’s Arborist Committee has designated 23 trees as “exceptional trees” on Kauaʻi. The State’s Exceptional Tree Act (Act 105) protects designated trees from improper trimming and unnecessary removal. Private property owners are provided a tax credit to offset the costs associated with tree maintenance. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Prepare amendments to the CZO, Special Management Area Rules, and the Subdivision Ordinance to provide specific criteria and guidelines for evaluating and protecting scenic views, view planes, and landmarks in the siting of new development. 2. Consider regulatory tools such as zoning overlays or corridors to preserve views from roads or public places to the ocean, and to and from mauka to makai. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Identify key landmarks, exceptional trees, and scenic resources through Community Plans. 2. Develop an inventory of scenic resources/views, view planes, visual resources, and key landmarks through joint collaboration of the Kauaʻi Historic Preservation Review Commission and the Open Space Commission. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VII. HERITAGE RESOURCES | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 183 3. Support creation and implementation of corridor plans for historic and scenic roadways. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Support Kauaʻi Nui Kuapapa and other efforts to spread awareness of Kauaʻi’s original place names. 2. Support implementation of the corridor management plan for the Holo Holo Kōloa Scenic Byway. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Support the Hawai‘i Scenic Byways Program. 2. Support the Kauaʻi Open Space Commission in identifying and acquiring priority open space areas. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 184 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN sECTOR: VIII. ENERGY sUsTAINAbILITY & CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Energy is a critical part of progressing the goals of resilience and sustainability. So long as the majority of our energy sources are imported, Kauaʻi will contribute to fossil fuel-related emissions and remain vulnerable to global fluctuations in price and supply. Kauaʻi must continue to set an example of energy sustainability and global citizenship through emissions reduction and renewable energy targets. Progressing Toward Energy Independence and a Carbon-Neutral Future Kauaʻi has become a leader in energy conservation and renewable energy projects. In 2016, our ratepayer-owned electric utility, the Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC), generated approximately 40 percent of its energy from renewable sources. KIUC aims to increase this percentage to 70 percent by 2030 through a mix of new biomass, solar, and hydroelectric projects. In 2017, Tesla partnered with KIUC to construct a solar farm on Kaua‘i; outfitted with Tesla Powerpacks, this facility will reduce fossil fuel consumption by approximately 1.6 million gallons per year. This will bring Kauaʻi closer to the ambitious target of 100 percent local energy sustainability set by both the State and the Kauaʻi Energy Sustainability Plan (2010). The General Plan also sets a target for reduction of all greenhouse gas emissions so Kauaʻi can do its part to mitigate climate change. The objectives and actions for Energy Sustainability are intended to support the efforts of KIUC and renewable energy providers in reaching the goal of energy independence, and to provide enough flexibility so that strategies can adjust based on the Solar farm at Port Allen, Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VIII. ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 185 best available information. Climate change mitigation efforts to increase energy conservation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions are also supported. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Energy conservation and efficiency measures are equally as important as renewable generation in moving Kauaʻi toward a clean energy transformation. Innovations in several areas will help to reduce our energy load: 1. Building Efficiency: Buildings can become 40-70 percent more efficient with implementation of supportive codes and standards between now and 2050.48 This applies to existing and new buildings. The County can lead by example by investing in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings, helping the local building industry to catch up with the rest of the Country in making LEED a standard practice. 2. Energy Storage: Bulk storage of electricity is needed to allow the utility to shift energy from periods of high production to periods of high demand. At the time of this plan, two approaches to bulk storage are under development by KIUC. They are (a) utility scale chemical batteries, and (b) pumped storage hydro. The industry is rapidly evolving, and other approaches, such as distributed storage or integration of electric vehicles, may become commercially viable in the near future. 3. Responsive Electric Loads: Electric utilities have traditionally provided electricity to customers whenever there is demand. In a 100 percent clean energy grid, customer demand itself will become a tool to manage the integration of variable sources of clean energy. Both price signals (time of use pricing) and demand response control at the equipment/system level will aid utilities in managing the grid. The County has significant roles and opportunities to increase energy conservation and efficiency through code requirements, planning, incentives, and education to encourage behavioral changes by individuals and businesses. 48 Roadmap to Zero Emissions, Architecture 2030 1. ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY Objective: To increase energy sustainability and maintain a reliable, resilient, and cost-efficient energy system. 1.1 Conserving Energy and Becoming Sustainable Kauaʻi’s energy profile has evolved significantly in recent years. A combination of solar, hydro, and biomass generation projects accounted for only 13 percent of KIUC’s energy sales in 2014, but rose to over 36 percent in 2015. Renewable resources can meet an average of 77 percent of Kauaʻi’s energy demand during peak solar hours, spiking to as much as 90 percent.49 KIUC has adopted an ambitious goal for renewable resources to generate at least 70 percent of Kauaʻi’s energy by 2030, surpassing the State’s goal of 40 percent.50 Future progress on renewables will allow Kauaʻi to become more energy self-reliant in a manner that is more environmentally sound and economically sustainable than reliance upon fossil fuels. Renewable energy projects that integrate additional benefits besides power production are also valuable. Solar arrays that are integrated with agricultural production are one example, as are water management projects that incorporate hydropower production. Landfill sites present opportunities for methane gas production, which can be stored and used for buses on Kauaʻi. Increasing Kauaʻi’s renewable energy production capacity also represents a potentially significant contribution towards reducing the island’s greenhouse gas emissions to help mitigate climate change. While much of renewable energy production depends on KIUC and private sector initiatives, the County can assist with the transition to renewable energy through 49 Kaua‘i Utility Reaches 90% Renewable Energy Utilization, 201650 KIUC Strategic Plan 2017 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 186 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN various means including land use planning, economic development, transportation planning, and County government operations. Efforts to reduce energy consumption are just as important as power generation, particularly during nighttime hours when solar power generation is not available. Energy conservation begins at home, and technologies such as “smart meters” are available to KIUC customers to allow them to better manage their energy use. These and other measures have helped Kauaʻi residents reduce their electricity consumption by an average of ten percent from 2007 levels. Kauaʻi’s average household electricity use of 465 kilowatt-hours per month was the lowest of any County in the State in 2013. As more renewable sources come online from public and private sources, and as more residents use smart meters, greater energy conservation and lower monthly energy bills will benefit residents and businesses. 1.2 Green Buildings and Structures The energy efficiency of buildings has a great impact on total emissions. Green buildings are sited, designed, constructed, and operated to be environmentally responsible and resource efficient. The U.S. Green Building Council estimates that green buildings reduce per person emissions by over 50 percent, especially if that building is located in a walkable environment. The most widely used benchmark for sustainable buildings is the LEED rating system. Currently, LEED certification is voluntary and often encouraged for major projects through conditions imposed by the Planning Commission. There is an opportunity to encourage increasing the number of LEED buildings through requirements and/or incentives. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Promote increased energy conservation and renewable energy production. 2. Optimize the mix of energy crops that can provide fuel for power production on Kauaʻi. 3. Streamline and expedite planning and permitting processes involving renewable energy facilities. 4. Require new buildings to incorporate economically feasible design and equipment for energy sustainability, including but not limited to: solar hot water capacity and proper insulation. 5. Conduct an audit of the County’s development standards to identify regulations that are obstacles to, or could be altered to better encourage or require, green building practices. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Work with the University of Hawai‘i to conduct an islandwide study of energy crop production, and determine how much energy production comes from locally grown crops. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Install more solar energy systems on County facilities. 2. Pursue green energy conservation, including but not limited to: groundskeeping and farming equipment/machinery, and ground transportation, by: a. Installing more, and regularly maintaining and repairing, electric vehicle charging stations. b. Introducing residential and commercial incentives to transition to electric groundskeeping and farming equipment/machinery. c. County transition from fuel-powered to electric vehicles, machinery, and equipment, where feasible. 3. Conduct regular reviews of County operations to identify ways to conserve energy, particularly during nighttime hours. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Support the Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) and private initiatives for solar, biomass, hydro, and other clean energy production types. 2. Identify sites where new renewable energy facilities might be co-located with other land uses. 3. Continue regular monitoring of the amount of Kauaʻi’s energy production that is from fuel produced on the island. 4. Support State and Federal efforts to price carbon, such as a carbon tax or fee and dividend programs. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VIII. ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 187 2. REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS As a leader in renewable energy, Kauaʻi is transitioning from the use of fossil fuels for power generation. But we should not stop there. Doing our part to reduce carbon emissions from buildings, transportation, and other sources is our kuleana as global citizens. Objective: To expand strategies and mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on Kaua‘i. 2.1 Acknowledging the Paramount Challenge of Climate Change Since the 2000 General Plan, the impacts of climate change have become more apparent. They include coastal erosion, coral bleaching, higher temperatures, more frequent wildfires, reduced trade winds, increased frequency of tropical storms, and other impacts. The severity of these impacts over time will depend in large part upon the success of the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. On one extreme is business as usual, where global average temperatures could increase more than four degrees Celsius by the year 2100, bringing much greater severity of all the aforementioned impacts and an unstable climate for centuries into the future. On the other extreme, an aggressive global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions could prevent average temperatures from increasing more than two degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, and could help to stabilize the climate. Other sections of this document address the specific concerns that arise when planning for sea level rise and related impacts of climate change. This section outlines Kauaʻi’s commitment to be part of the solution to mitigating one of the factors that causes and exacerbates climate change; that is, reducing and ultimately eliminating our emissions, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels. 2.2 Setting an Example and Goal for Emissions Reductions Policy makers at local and State levels have identified the need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels for numerous reasons. In 1998, the State of Hawai‘i completed a climate change action plan, which states: “Hawai‘i can and should play a role in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.” In 2007, Act 234 was signed into law, and required the State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. This milestone has already been achieved well ahead of schedule. However, much greater levels of emissions reductions are now in order. In 2014, the State adopted the Hawai’i Climate Change Adaptation Initiative (Act 83) to address the impacts of climate change on the State’s economy, environment, and way of life. It established an Interagency Climate Adaptation Committee to develop a Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and Adaptation Report and Statewide Climate Adaptation Plan. In 2015, 195 countries signed on to the Paris Climate Agreement, which set a goal of limiting global temperature rise to within two degrees Celsius. To achieve this, the Agreement calls for rapid emissions reductions and full decarbonization by the second half of the century. Though the United States has signaled that they will pull out of the agreement, Hawai’i is a member of the United States Climate Alliance which is a coalition of states committed to upholding the Paris Climate Agreement by “achieving the U.S. goal of reducing emissions 26-28 percent from 2005 levels” by 2025. In support of achieving these goals, SB 559 was signed into law in 2017 which “requires the State to expand strategies and mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions statewide in alignment with the principles and goals adopted in the Paris Agreement.” As discussed in previous sections, Kauaʻi is already making progress in the renewable energy sector. In the ground transportation sector, Kauaʻi County has laid the foundation for similar gains. The County has retooled its roadway planning and is beginning to build and rebuild streets with increased attention to pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit. The local bus service has also continued to grow over the past decade and will be an essential component of a low-carbon ground transportation system. The behavior and actions of individuals are critical to making these shifts happen. Like most U.S. residents, ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 188 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN people on Kauaʻi emit more than double the per capita world average greenhouse gas emissions per year. It is everyone’s kuleana to look at ways they can reduce their personal carbon footprint, in keeping with the spirit of Kauaʻi Kākou. In alignment with SB 559 and Hawai’i’s pledge to the United States Climate Alliance, the General Plan’s policy is to reduce islandwide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 26-28 percent from 2005 levels by 2025, and 80 percent by 2050. Because those targets are lower than those deemed necessary by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Paris Climate Agreement to keep temperature change below 2 degrees Celsius, the County should aim for the higher benchmark of 40 percent reductions by 2030. Statewide emissions for the year 2007 are shown in Figure 3-19. Achieving an 80 percent reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will require a wholesale transformation of our electricity and transportation systems, and will have far-reaching implications for other sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and consumption of imported goods. These systems have evolved over a century of increasing access to and growth in the use of fossil fuels. By achieving this level of emissions reductions, we will do our part to prevent global average temperatures from increasing. 2.3 Addressing Air Travel and Transportation While we have progressed with renewable energy production for electricity, we must address and find ways to reduce or offset the fossil fuel consumption of the transportation sector. Due to the rapid adoption of renewable energy by KIUC, 2015 marked the first year on Kaua‘i where greenhouse gas emissions from ground transportation were higher than from electricity production. In order to support the General Plan’s greenhouse gas reduction policy, Kaua‘i must reduce ground transportation emissions by 100% by 2045, with county vehicles reaching that goal by 2035. Using 2045 as a goal aligns the transportation sector with the electricity sector, which is currently mandated by HRS Section 269-92 to reach 100% renewable energy by 2045. Technological breakthroughs in electric vehicles and alternative fuels support emissions reductions, but until those technologies take hold and become affordable, reductions to Figure 3-19 Composition of Hawai‘i GHG Emissions (Excluding Sinks, Including Aviation), 2007 (MMTCO2Eq) ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: VIII. ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 189 fossil fuel consumption for transportation will largely depend on individuals changing personal travel patterns and behaviors. The airlines and visitor industry can also promote alternative fuels and carbon offset programs. Emissions from air travel to support both resident and visitor travel accounted for an approximately equal share of petroleum use compared to ground transportation and electricity in 2013. The State’s 1998 climate change action plan noted: “...the difficulty Hawai‘i faces in making significant reductions in its emissions. Jet fuel is essential to Hawai‘i’s tourism-based economy and the wellbeing of its people.” Since that time, the airline industry has made considerable strides in improving per passenger efficiency through both aircraft technology and seat management. However, growth in tourism has offset much of these gains and aviation emissions remains a critical challenge. This is particularly true in Hawai‘i due to our much greater dependence on air travel than in less isolated communities. Although local government influence over airline emissions is very limited, the County, with help from the State, can regularly track these emissions and assure that the industry is meeting the commitments it has laid out to fit into a low-carbon society in the coming decades. 2.4 Inventorying Greenhouse Gases According to the State of Hawai‘i Greenhouse Gas Inventory of 1990 and 2007, Kaua’i contributed 1.2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent gases in 2007. These emissions were primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels for electricity, ground transportation, and air transportation. Maintaining an accurate greenhouse gas inventory will be critical to tracking progress as we move towards our goals. The State Department of Health is completing its third sector-based statewide greenhouse gas inventory. Future efforts should include building an inventory tool that automatically updates from various data sources, as opposed to the current practice of periodic, static reporting. Sector based emissions tracking is relatively straightforward, with data already available from multiple sources, and several well-established protocols existing for municipalities that are accepted on an international level. Notably, current inventories do not reflect the greenhouse gas emissions embodied in the significant volume of consumer goods imported to Kauaʻi every year. Portland, Oregon, and Oakland, California, two of the first jurisdictions to analyze consumption-based emissions in their community, found that emissions from consumer goods accounted for approximately twice the amount of greenhouse gas produced by other sectors. In order to effectively manage our emissions, tracking and managing the embodied emissions associated with the manufacture, production, and delivery of imported goods we use will be an important component of our efforts. 2.5 Planning for Climate Action A community-led climate action planning process is needed to maintain progress toward the long-term emissions reduction goal. Such a process will need to be maintained with an ongoing commitment both by the County and by community partners. Focus on key sectors and their interrelationships will be necessary to continue progress in emissions reductions. Key sectors include infrastructure, ground transportation, tourism, consumption and materials management, food and agriculture, and natural resource management. The process should seek to continually integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation goals to a greater and greater extent with existing planning processes including the General Plan, Community Plans, and individual sector plans as they are revisited. Finally, successful climate action planning will hinge on continuous engagement across the community. The majority of Kauaʻi’s greenhouse gas emissions are the result of individual choices over the short and long term by Kauaʻi residents and businesses. Engaging the people in our community and encouraging them to take ownership of the process will be key to gaining the support and collaboration needed for long-term success. 2.6 Transformation as Opportunity Kauaʻi’s extensive fossil fuel dependence means that there is a large task ahead to transform, and ultimately decarbonize, Kauaʻi’s economy. There will be many benefits to making this transformation. Clean energy in the electricity sector already provides local jobs, helps stabilize electricity costs, and reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels. Transforming the ground transportation sector will encourage healthier living, revitalize neighborhoods and downtown business areas, and allow those with limited mobility more options for getting where they need to go. Addressing tourism and air travel will be very challenging, but ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 190 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Kauaʻi’s commitment to sustainability will resonate with the values of modern travelers. We must analyze our island energy facilities and infrastructure to identify practices and system upgrades that work toward reducing fossil fuel consumption. This will involve researching and integrating new technologies, as well as finding ways to increase efficiency or use less fuel. For example, in ground transportation, Kauaʻi can make headway through broader adoption of electric vehicles. It will also be essential to reduce vehicle miles traveled through mode shift. We also need to work toward land use patterns that create higher density communities that are less auto-dependent over the long term. The General Plan actions for Climate Change Mitigation support these goals. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Promote higher density residential development near job centers and amenities, while strongly discouraging development that will require residents to commute via automobile to jobs in other areas of the island. 2. Reduce the carbon footprint of both new and existing buildings and infrastructure by maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing the use of fossil fuel resources on the grid. 3. Accelerate the transition to alternative, carbon-free fuels in the ground transportation sector with regulations and policies that support electric vehicle adoption and other alternative fuel infrastructure, and support electric groundskeeping and farming equipment/machinery. 4. Require large new developments and infrastructure projects to include a project carbon footprint analysis estimating the anticipated change in emissions resultant from the proposed project and documenting the emissions reduction strategies deployed by the project to minimize its emissions. 5. Support continued reductions in emissions from local energy production. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Develop a climate plan that focuses on key sectors and their interrelationships with respect to emissions reductions, to be updated every five years. Include intermediate year emissions reductions for all major sectors. 2. Accelerate “zero waste” strategies, including policies and actions that encourage island residents to move towards lower levels of consumption, and to reuse materials to the maximum extent possible. 3. Conduct a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for the County. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Establish capture and containment of methane at all landfills and County waste facilities. 2. Adopt a county-wide zero-waste strategy, including but not limited to: recycling pick-up at households and public locations and events, and building and maintaining a materials recovery facility with staff assigned to locate markets for recycled material. 3. Support the expansion of electric vehicle charging station infrastructure at County facilities. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Share best practices regarding climate planning, including support for system-wide carbon fees or taxes at the state or national level. 2. Meet emissions reductions goals through partnerships within the electricity, transportation, tourism, agriculture, waste, and small business sectors. Collaborate to establish short term, intermediate, and long term (2050) emissions reduction targets in ground transportation, electricity, air transportation/tourism, and consumption and materials management. 3. Increase the availability of information about buildings that are energy-efficient (e.g., with solar hot water, green building designs and materials, and KIUC’s household energy audit) around the island for both the residential and commercial sectors. 4. Support the expansion of electric vehicle charging station infrastructure at strategically accessible locations along the main highway and other major thoroughfares. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IX. PUBLIC SAFETY & HAZARDS RESILIENCY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 191 sECTOR: IX. PUbLIC sAFETY & HAZARDs REsILIENCY Educating our people and practicing public safety and preparedness for hazards is part of what it means to live on Kauaʻi. The better prepared each of us are to do our part, the safer and more resilient we will be as a whole. Planning for Hazards and Resilience As an island susceptible to a host of natural hazards, Kaua’i is committed to becoming a disaster-resilient community. In June of 2015, Mayor Bernard Carvalho signed an executive order “To Sustain Kaua‘i as a Disaster Resilient Community.” The General Plan broadens “resilience” to include economic resilience, community health, and the many other factors that influence how well a community can withstand and recover from disasters. This sector focuses on public safety and hazards resiliency. Maps showing hazard areas around the island and critical public facilities are included in Chapter 5. Hazard mitigation refers to actions and measures taken before an emergency occurs and includes any activity to reduce the impacts from a disaster. It reduces the damages and costs of response and recovery, allowing communities to more quickly bounce back. Assessing risks is a key component in identifying the actions that can be taken to mitigate negative impacts. Supporting and protecting the facilities and systems needed for recovery is a key part of the equation. Harbors and airports need to be maintained so that they can withstand severe events. Roads, power plants, and critical infrastructure located in high Hazard zone signage ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 192 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN hazard areas should be relocated to less vulnerable areas. If relocation is not possible, then they should be hardened. Buildings must follow the most recent codes and wind loading requirements. Emergency warning systems and communications systems need to be kept in good working order. Small businesses, as the backbone of Kauaʻi’s economy, should have continuity plans and assistance so they can bounce back quickly following disasters. 1. POLICE, FIRE, OCEAN SAFETY, AND EMERGENCY SERVICES Our first responders are critical to maintaining health and safety on our island. As the population grows, we need to do our part to ensure that police, fire, and emergency services are supported and that our resident and visitor populations are educated about ocean safety and fire prevention. Objective: To ensure adequate coverage of public safety and emergency services as Kaua‘i grows. 1.1 Ensuring the Safety of the Resident and Visitor Population Kauaʻi’s police, fire, and emergency services departments provide a wide range of security and emergency response duties for residents and visitors. Kauaʻi’s three police stations are located in Hanalei, Waimea, and Līhuʻe, with a force of 161 police positions. Kauaʻi had a ratio of 1.79 officers for every 1,000 persons in 2015 (including residents and visitors), but the size of the police force has not expanded in over 25 years. In order to achieve the national average for police presence, Kauaʻi would need to add 109 officers by 2035 to service the projected residential and visitor population.51 Kauaʻi’s Fire Department responds to multiple types of hazards, including structural and outdoor fires, 51 Adequacy of Future Infrastructure Analysis, 2016 ocean and backcountry rescues, aircraft accidents, and hazardous materials emergencies. The Department also conducts fire inspections and investigations, and handles fire code review and enforcement. There is at least one station in each planning district capable of addressing all basic fire and medical calls. Kauaʻi had 135 firefighters in 2015, which translates to two firefighters per 1,000 persons. This ratio is favorable compared to the national average of approximately 1.76 firefighters per 1,000 persons. This level of expansion would require adding two or three new fire stations, most likely in Kīlauea, Kōloa, and Līhuʻe. A related infrastructure issue is that certain bridges are undersized to handle larger emergency response vehicles. The Fire Department’s hazardous materials (hazmat) operations were previously focused on environmental accidents in industrial centers and on transportation corridors. With the increased national focus on terrorism since 2001, current hazmat responsibilities must also address chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and environmental hazards from foreign or domestic terrorism. The needed skills sets and testing equipment to address these responsibilities have required significant additional training. 1.2 Promoting Ocean Safety As a community with substantial marine recreational activity, the Fire Department’s role in ocean safety is extremely important for residents and visitors. Kauaʻi’s shorelines are popular and attractive for swimming, surfing, and other water sports. They are also notoriously dangerous, particularly for weaker and inexperienced swimmers. The Fire Department is responsible for the Ocean Safety Bureau, which includes ten lifeguard towers, three jet-ski operations around the island, and 45 Water Safety Officers. Education and community awareness programs also support improved water safety. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Maintain effective levels of public safety services to protect the growing population. 2. Upgrade and enhance facilities to address existing vulnerabilities and support necessary growth in emergency response personnel. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IX. PUBLIC SAFETY & HAZARDS RESILIENCY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 193 B. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Upgrade bridges in key areas to ensure emergency vehicles can service all residents and visitors. 2. Construct new fire stations to accommodate anticipated growth in the firefighting force. 3. Strive to attain a police force, firefighting force, and water safety officer force whose coverage meets or exceeds national standards. 4. Support continuous training for all emergency response officers. 5. Encrypt County radio communications systems. C. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Support the State and County’s coordinated response system to wildfires. 2. Implement and update the Kauaʻi Community Wildfire Protection Plan. 3. Strengthen hazard monitoring systems, such as stream flow and river gauges. 4. Participate in quarterly disaster response training and exercises. 2. HAZARDS RESILIENCY There is probably no greater challenge to a community’s resilience than a natural disaster, like Hurricane ‘Iniki which struck Kauaʻi in 1992. Hurricane ‘Iniki affected all community members, regardless of their age or economic status. Strengthening resilience to these types of events will require the community and County government to function as one ‘ohana. Hazards resiliency is built on coordination amongst the community, all levels of government, and the private sector to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other threats and hazards. Objective: To ensure that Kaua‘i is resilient to natural disasters and other emergencies. 2.1 Responding to Natural Disasters and Emergencies Kauaʻi’s most common natural hazards include flooding, wildfires, storm surges, tsunamis, and hurricanes. The Hazard Map identifies vulnerable areas including extreme tsunami and tsunami evacuation zones, wildfire risk areas, and flood zones. Dams, critical facilities, and emergency shelters are also shown. The Kauaʻi Emergency Management Agency (KEMA), Police Department, Fire Department, State DLNR, and Army National Guard have extensive responsibilities in the event of natural disasters. It is important that first responders have effective communications systems, high levels of training, and emergency supplies that are well protected. KEMA coordinates the County response to all hazardous weather events and operates a network of evacuation shelters in partnership with the Department of Education and the American Red Cross. KEMA works with Federal agencies such as Beach Rules Sign, East Kaua‘i. Photo by Travis Okimoto ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 194 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN the National Weather Service and the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center to ensure Kauaʻi residents and visitors receive life-saving information on potential hazards in a timely manner. In the event of a major disaster, KEMA directs Federal disaster relief efforts, as well as recovery dollars, to ensure disaster relief funds reach communities in need and restore essential services as quickly as possible. Currently, KEMA is staffed with only six employees. To keep pace with the projected growth of the resident and visitor population, KEMA will need to increase the number of permanent positions in the organization, and the equipment and software packages it uses to fulfill its coordination functions will require improvement, expansion, and modernization. 2.2 Creating Resilient Communities and Prepared Citizens Kauaʻi understands the importance of planning and preparation at the individual and neighborhood levels. Depending on the scale and duration of the event, it could be days or weeks before recovery efforts begin in isolated neighborhoods. Consequently, some communities have developed their own plans and procedures for emergency response. The Hanalei to Hā‘ena Community Disaster Resilience Plan (2014) provides a model that other communities can follow. The County provides information, programs, and resources to support community based preparedness efforts, such as Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training to individuals and groups. The ultimate goal is to have CERT teams in every neighborhood. The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment (2014) focused on the coastal hazards present on Kauaʻi (erosion, flooding, wave inundation, and wind) and how these hazards are affected by climate change and sea level rise. Kauaʻi’s Multi-Hazard Mitigation and Resilience Plan (MMRP) (2015) includes a definition of resilience that encompasses the need to strengthen and support community, economy, and environment alike: “The communities of Kauaʻi County actively build resilience through local planning and environmental initiatives. This resilience of the communities enhances their ability to withstand the impacts of disasters and longer term effects of climate change. Focus on agriculture and local livelihoods enhances sustainability, and will enable survival should catastrophic events occur that prevent imported products from reaching Kauaʻi. Environmental restoration efforts in the ahupua‘a of Kauaʻi have improved the ecological resilience of the environment.” Recommendations from both documents are incorporated into subsection actions. 2.3 Public Safety and the Tsunami Zone Many transient vacation rentals are located within tsunami evacuation areas. Unlike resorts, which have tsunami evacuation plans and procedures in place to protect guests, visitors staying in units without onsite managers may be less prepared and more vulnerable should a disaster occur. Vacation rentals may not be equipped with emergency supplies or adequate information about warning sirens, evacuation shelters, and other important safety information. Informing visitors about tsunamis and other natural hazards should begin before they arrive on island at the time of booking. Educational materials should be readily available and prominently displayed. Clear signage indicating the tsunami evacuation area and evacuation routes will help those unfamiliar with the island to reach safety. 2.4 Homeland Security, Threats, and Health-Related Hazards In addition to managing Kaua‘i’s susceptibility to natural hazards, KEMA and emergency response professionals (i.e., Police and Fire Departments) must also be prepared to mitigate and respond to potential threats that stem from society itself. Such security threats and health-related hazards include but are not limited to: acts of terrorism, acts of war, biological warfare/terrorism, nuclear attacks/threats, hazardous materials, and disease outbreaks and epidemics. As with natural hazards, communities and school campuses must be educated on the best practices and techniques for preparing for and responding to these unique types of threats and hazards. This includes the universal understanding for all residents of what to do when prompted by the outdoor siren warning systems. The Kaua‘i Police Department is the lead agency responsible for Active Shooter Training for the County.Additionally, KEMA will occasionally coordinate Department of Homeland Security trainings on this issue. The Hawai‘i Emergency Management Agency is the lead in public education and outreach for Nuclear/ ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IX. PUBLIC SAFETY & HAZARDS RESILIENCY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 195 Ballistic Missile Preparedness and Awareness; KEMA is the County lead, with support of on-island trained personnel from KPD, KFD, and the Department of Health, Kaua‘i District Office. The State Department of Health, Kaua‘i District Health Office is the on-island lead for all Public Health and Epidemiological emergencies; KEMA will assist with coordination amongst partners and relaying information to the public. Actions that encourage hazards resiliency and community preparedness are provided below. A. PERMITTING AND CODES CHANGES 1. Minimize coastal development in areas of high risk of erosion, flooding, tsunami inundation, and sea level rise. 2. Provide for adequate emergency shelters and communication systems in all planning districts. 3. Periodically review building codes and permitting standards for alignment with disaster risk reduction (DRR) efforts. 4. Designate areas to serve as public shelters when designing and constructing new public buildings. 5. Include conditions in transient vacation rental and homestay permits that require disclosure to visitors and occupants of hazard risks and instructions for evacuation in cases of natural hazards, such as tsunamis, hurricanes, or flooding. Require disclosure of hazards prior to reserving or booking. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Encourage community-based disaster resilience plans and incorporate components into future Community Plan updates. Plans should include an assessment of risks and vulnerabilities in the local economy to hazards. 2. Develop an inventory of Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources, according to the standards of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which can be used for mitigation and disaster recovery efforts. 3. Work with the State Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands (OCCL) to update the Coastal Erosion Mitigation Plan for Kauaʻi. 4. Identify and index communities that have existing disaster resilience plans. Provide support to current and ongoing community hazard risk reduction, mitigation, and planning efforts. 5. Periodically review and update the Multi-Hazard Mitigation and Resilience Plan. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Ensure that the County’s GIS database, including all maps, data, and hazard information, is consistently available to all agencies. Facilitate data sharing through participation in the Hawai‘i Geographic Information Coordination Council. 2. Update, maintain, and enhance the use of the County’s GIS and database to improve decision-making and ensure consistency in planning, permitting, and construction regulations to reduce disaster risk. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Designate evacuation routes, critical facility access routes, and public shelters in cooperation with local communities. Encourage storage of food and water in communities in order to encourage local recovery. 2. Encourage the integration of agricultural planning and coordination into disaster risk management to improve local food security, sustainability, and community resilience to hazards. 3. Plan for maintenance of critical facilities and infrastructure in the event of a hazard. Identify mitigation opportunities in utility service plans and implementation resources. 4. Improve public awareness materials distributed by the County through periodic updating with the best available data and maps. 5. Enhance channels to the community by distributing materials at outreach and community events, via online and printed media, discussion on radio and news media, and by incorporating into the process of community resilience planning. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 196 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 6. Improve data gathering and accounting for risk and vulnerability assessments for wind, droughts, and wildfires. 7. In assessing telecommunications vulnerabilities and planning pre-disaster preparedness measures, consult with the Utility Disaster Preparedness and Response Group for advice and recommendations. 8. Utilize local communications networks, community organizations, and local information sharing modes, both traditional and new (such as social media), to disseminate warning, response, and preparedness information. Include local communications strategies in resilience plans. 9. Ensure that existing designated shelter and critical services are built or retrofitted to withstand projected hazard scenarios. Incentivize and encourage residents and hotels to integrate hardened shelters into their structures. 10. Reduce “flash fuels” such as dry vegetation in high use areas and encourage vegetation clearing and clean-up programs. 11. Assess the need for specialized accommodations at shelter facilities to improve accessibility for special needs groups and pet owners. 12. Ensure the capacities of shelters, infrastructure, and critical facilities can accommodate the population exposed to catastrophic events Figure 3-20 Impacts of Climate Change on Kaua‘i Source: Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IX. PUBLIC SAFETY & HAZARDS RESILIENCY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 197 according to recent census numbers, projected growth models, and projected hazard scenarios. 13. Support the development of a Common Operational Picture, which incorporates real-time asset status tracking for Emergency Management. 3. GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION Climate change and its associated symptoms will have wide-ranging impacts on Kauaʻi’s environment, economy, and way of life. Understanding and incorporating the best available information on climate change is critical to planning effectively and taking proactive measures to adapt to climate-related changes. Objective: To prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change on the natural and built environments. 3.1 Anticipating Climate Change Impacts There is substantial documentation of global warming trends over previous decades, but predicting the exact rate and timing of future warming and associated sea level rise is difficult. Based on the best available science, we should plan for three (3) feet of sea level rise by the latter half of the century. It is important to note that this estimate may be conservative, as some studies project upwards of six (6) feet of sea level rise by 2100. The greatest uncertainty surrounding the projections is the rate and magnitude of ice sheet loss primarily from Greenland and West Antarctica. Further, the rate and magnitude of sea level rise is dependent on worldwide efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Given the range of uncertainty, a scenario-based planning approach that utilizes a range of SLR projections and uses a risk tolerance metric when choosing a SLR planning target for a project. For example, new infrastructure with a long anticipated life would represent very low risk tolerance while shorter-term, low-cost infrastructure that is adaptable and/or moveable could tolerate a greater risk. Coastal areas are expected to experience the greatest amount of change, which in turn will impact the roughly 20 percent of Kauaʻi residents who live near the shoreline. There are many pieces of critical infrastructure along the coast and in low-lying areas, including roads and bridges, harbors, wastewater and storm water systems, potable water systems, and energy facilities. Climate change could impact several other aspects of Kauaʻi’s environment, economy, and daily life, such as agricultural production, tourism and recreation, and wetlands or other important natural habitats. Climate change is also prompting the movement of people away from vulnerable coastal areas, and in some cases, whole islands. The State of Hawai‘i has already received some of the world’s first climate immigrants from low-lying Pacific nations such as the Marshall Islands and Micronesia.52 Climate change can also impact food security, as evidenced by the widespread and severe droughts in California over the past several years. With approximately 90 percent of our food being produced outside of Hawai‘i, this is an important issue for Kauaʻi. Kauaʻi residents will be facing these challenges for decades and even centuries into the future. Water supply may also be impacted by climate change, especially if Hawai‘i’s rainfall patterns are disrupted or if salt water intrudes into any low-lying water wells. Kauaʻi’s arid environments, such as the West Kauaʻi plateau, may become drier and may impact agriculture as well. Ocean acidification will also impact marine environments — such as coral reefs — thus having a great impact on Kauaʻi’s fisheries. Figure 3-20 depicts the various impacts that climate change could have on Kauaʻi’s natural and built environment. 3.2 Planning for Adaptation The Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment (2014) was prepared as a technical study for the General Plan. It discusses the likely coastal hazard impacts of climate change and suggests measures for adaptation, resiliency, and mitigation. The Kauaʻi Multi-Hazard Mitigation and Resilience Plan (2015) also examines natural hazards with an emphasis on an integrated and collaborative approach to risk reduction and building community resiliency. 52 As Pacific Islands Flood, A Climate-Driven Exodus Grows, Scientific American, 2013 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 198 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Initial mapping of sea level rise (SLR) inundation in selected areas of Kauaʻi was done utilizing data from the NOAA Digital Coast Sea Level Rise Viewer. The areas modeled include 1 foot, 3 foot, and 6 foot SLR scenarios for shorelines in Waimea, Hanapēpē, Poʻipū, Nāwiliwili, Wailua, Kapaʻa, Anahola, Hanalei, and Hā‘ena. Appendix D includes SLR maps of these areas. They illustrate the types of impacts that might occur, and act as a screening tool to identify vulnerable areas that may require further study, or where dense development should be avoided. The maps only depict still water flooding and do not show erosion or wave inundation impacts. They serve as an interim planning and assessment tool until new hazard maps are released by University of Hawai‘i researchers. This data, combined with FEMA flood maps, was used to evaluate and refine the General Plan Land Use Maps in Chapter 5. Responding to climate change will require a comprehensive approach with actions that cut across many sectors. Since the rate and extent of climate change is uncertain, an “adaptive management” approach is best suited to deal with the inherent uncertainties. Also needed is a framework to address the impacts of climate change. Adaptive management is dependent on the constant and thorough monitoring of climate change variables, building and revising different scenarios, and developing flexible response mechanisms and actions. One recent County action was to revise the shoreline setback ordinance by an additional 20 feet to account for sea level rise and associated impacts. The shoreline setback ordinance should be revisited over time as new sea level rise information and projections become available. Effectively dealing with climate change will require cooperation and participation by all Kauaʻi residents, businesses, institutions, and government. Because the General Plan influences the earliest stages of the development process, it provides an important opportunity to prevent and mitigate the impacts of potential future disasters associated with climate change. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Use the best available climate and hazard science to inform and guide decisions. Determine a range of locally relevant (context specific) sea level rise projections for all stages of planning, project design, and permitting reviews. At the time of this General Plan Update publication, the science suggests a planning target of three feet of sea level rise. 2. Regularly review and refine relevant policies, rules, and regulations based on the most currently available climate and hazard science and projections. 3. Identify lands/areas that may serve as buffers from coastal hazards and restrict development within them. 4. Periodically update the shoreline setback and coastal protection article of the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance to allow for adjustments in the setback calculations based upon best-available SLR data. 5. Update the Floodplain Management Program to incorporate sea level rise planning information, utilizing options detailed in the Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment or other relevant resources. 6. Within the Special Management Area (SMA) and Zoning Permit program: a. Require applicants to analyze coastal hazard impacts and include mitigation in permit applications. b. Impose development conditions upon permits that minimize the impacts of Flooding in Kapa‘a, East Kaua‘i District. Photo Courtesy Hawai‘i Emergency Management Agency ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: IX. PUBLIC SAFETY & HAZARDS RESILIENCY | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 199 exacerbated flooding, storm surge, and erosion due to sea level rise. c. Strengthen rebuilding restrictions for non-conforming structures such that these structures are relocated a safe distance from the shoreline in hazardous areas. d. Evaluate conditions that prohibit shoreline armoring. 7. Update the subdivision standards to: a. Restrict residential subdivisions in areas prone to current and future coastal hazards, including sea level rise. b. Outside of these natural hazards areas, provide for conservation subdivisions or cluster subdivisions in order to conserve environmental resources. 8. Periodically update the building codes to ensure that the standards for strengthening and elevating construction to withstand hazard forces in hazardous areas utilize the best available science and planning information. 9. When considering project alternatives during the environmental review process, evaluate relocation outside of hazardous areas, elevation of structures, and “soft” hazards such as beach nourishment. When considering environmental mitigation, incorporate climate resilience measures. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Conduct detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments for critical infrastructure and low-lying coastal communities when updated sea level rise, erosion rates, and wave inundation information is available. 2. Identify priority planning areas where resources and planning efforts need to be focused and identify how and where to use adaptation strategies such as accommodation, retreat, and protection. 3. Encourage strategic retreat and relocation to safer areas based on the results of the assessments above. 4. Use results of hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments to inform adaptation strategies to be incorporated into Community Plans or other planning processes. 5. Acknowledge, support, and/or take part in university, government, and private efforts to develop planning information and guidance to address how accelerated sea level rise will affect erosion rates and wave inundation. 6. Support implementation of the Hawai’i Climate Adaptation Initiative (Act 83) and development of the Sea Level Rise and Vulnerability Adaptation Report for Hawai’i and the Statewide Climate Adaptation Plan. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. In accordance with Hawai‘i State Planning Act Priority Guidelines, consider multiple scenarios of SLR and associated flooding, wave inundation, and erosion impacts when developing and approving capital improvement projects. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Work with the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) to ensure conservation lands have appropriate vegetative ground cover to prevent soil erosion, including native and non-native plant species appropriate for Pu‘u Ka Pele and Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve locations. 2. Ensure consistent public access to communications, warning systems, roads, and infrastructure in remote areas in the event of a hazard. 3. Consider incentive programs, such as a tax incentive program or a transfer of developments rights program, to relocate potential or existing development out of hazardous or sensitive areas. Consider creating a relocation fund through increased development fees, in lieu fees, or other funding mechanisms. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 200 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN sECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL The General Plan’s goals include Kauaʻi being a place with healthy and resilient people, and to be an equitable place with opportunity for all. These goals mutually reinforce and are essential to the overall 2035 Vision. Quality of life is impacted by the built environment. Environmental factors include the affordability of housing; the ability to walk or bicycle to key destinations; the safety of streets, parks, and schools; access to health care and public services; the availability of healthy foods and quality education; and access to recreational areas that support active lifestyles. When improving the built environment it is vital that the wellbeing and health of vulnerable populations, such as our keiki and kūpuna, are considered. This section addresses Social Equity, Access to Quality Education and Training, Community Health, and Access to Recreational and Subsistence Activities. These issues touch all of society across different communities, generations, and ethnicities. They are crosscutting by nature, and have far-reaching impacts on our lives. The proposed actions are focused on increasing community resilience and bettering health outcomes through improving the natural, built, and social environment. Bon Dance in Puhi, Līhu’e District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 201 ! !! !! ! ! South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North Shore East Kauaʻi Waimea Wailua Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Poʻipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamoʻoRd Kūh iō Hwy KūhiōHwy Kaumualiʻi Hwy Hale w i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Social Equity Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles !Priority Equity Area Roads Major Roads Minority Race % < 35% 35.1% - 50% 50.1% - 65% 65.1% - 80% 80.1% - 100% Impoverished Population % 2.6% - 5% 5.01% - 10% 10.01% - 15% 15.01% - 20% 20.01% - 23.8% Planning District Boundary !!! !! ! ! South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea Wailuā Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Po’ipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamooRd KūhiōHwy KūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Hale w i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Social Equity Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Planning District Boundary!Priority Equity AreaRoadsMajor Roads Minority Race % < 35% 35.1% - 50% 50.1% - 65% 65.1% - 80% 80.1% - 100% Impoverished Population %2.6% - 5%5.01% - 10%10.01% - 15%15.01% - 20%20.01% - 23.8% ! !! !! ! ! South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea Wailuā Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Po’ipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamooRd KūhiōHwy KūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Halew i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Waim e a C a nyo n R d Social Equity Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Planning District Boundary !Priority Equity Area Roads Major Roads Minority Race % < 35% 35.1% - 50% 50.1% - 65% 65.1% - 80% 80.1% - 100% Impoverished Population % 2.6% - 5% 5.01% - 10% 10.01% - 15% 15.01% - 20% 20.01% - 23.8% ! !! !! ! ! South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea Wailuā Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Po’ipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamooRd KūhiōHwy KūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Halew i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Waim e a C a nyo n R d Social Equity Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Planning District Boundary !Priority Equity Area Roads Major Roads Minority Race % < 35% 35.1% - 50% 50.1% - 65% 65.1% - 80% 80.1% - 100% Impoverished Population % 2.6% - 5% 5.01% - 10% 10.01% - 15% 15.01% - 20% 20.01% - 23.8%Figure 3-21 Social Equity Map ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 202 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1. SOCIAL EQUITY Social equity is critical in promoting healthy and diverse communities on Kauaʻi. We can achieve this by expanding access to economic opportunity, quality education, affordable housing, and health services, and ensuring that no racial or income group is unfairly disadvantaged. Objective: To recognize and address inequities in health and well-being among Kaua’i’s diverse ethnic, racial, and income groups. 1.1 Celebrating Kaua’i’s Diversity by Addressing Equity Issues Recognizing, celebrating, and serving all forms of diversity contributes to a sustainable society. Kauaʻi has an extremely diverse population by national standards with 67 percent of the population identified as a minority race.53 Demographic shifts are also occurring, with changes in household composition and increases in the percentage of the population aged 65 and older. As a multiracial community, Kauaʻi values its diversity and recognizes the need to embrace all cultures. However, there are still inequities in health, economic status, and access to housing, education, jobs, and services. Moreover, some of these inequities are concentrated in specific communities. Given these inequities, the County should ensure equitable access to housing, transportation, parks, and facilities. By increasing investment and focusing improvements in disadvantaged communities, overall community wellbeing and health will improve. This also means expanding choices and services to those with limited options. In addition to infrastructure investment and services, the County should look for ways to increase community engagement in disadvantaged communities and with groups not well represented in planning processes. 53 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 1.2 Caring for Our Most Vulnerable The General Plan prioritizes the needs of those that are the most vulnerable and marginalized through identifying priority equity areas around the island (Figure 3-21). The map shows the priority equity areas, and the Census Designated Places with high percentages of minority households and households experiencing poverty. • Līhuʻe-Puhi-Hanamā’ulu (Līhuʻe District) • Anahola (East Kauaʻi District) • Kōloa (South Kauaʻi District) • Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele (Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele District) • Kaumakani (Waimea-Kekaha District) 1.3 Strengthening Community Networks Strong community networks are essential for healthy and resilient communities. This means individuals, organizations, and businesses that know and take care of one another in the spirit of kākou. It means a healthy ecosystem of non-profit and community-based organizations that can strengthen and enhance government efforts to address social issues through partnerships. It also means healthy individuals and families that can meet their basic needs so that they can care for one another and their greater community. Conditions such as poverty, lack of education, crime, houselessness, discrimination, and violence erode our community relationships. Sprawling growth that moves people and businesses away from town centers weakens rural communities. Weaker social networks and less cohesive neighborhoods are associated with higher rates of violent crime and health issues including depression, smoking, and alcohol and drug abuse. Vibrant, cohesive neighborhoods provide people with opportunities to gather, meet, and converse in public places. This includes venues for art and culture, ample public spaces, pedestrian-oriented streets, and community events that bring people together and inspire civic pride. Strategies to support this are included in the sector actions for Housing, Shared Spaces, Transportation, and Heritage Resources. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 203 Keiki at a May Day celebration 1.4 Protecting Native Hawaiian Rights There is a statewide movement to restore Native Hawaiian rights and lands, to obtain reparations for past and ongoing use of trust lands, and to attain a sovereign Native Hawaiian government. It is important to set forth Native Hawaiian rights and to define the role of the County government in this movement. Under the State Constitution and the County Charter, the County of Kauaʻi is empowered to promote the health, safety, and welfare of all inhabitants without discrimination as to ethnic origin. As part of carrying out its responsibilities under the Constitution and the Charter, the County recognizes the rights of Native Hawaiians and laws concerning lands and waters that have been established through the State Constitution, State and Federal laws, and State and Federal court decisions. No County ordinance or rule shall modify or diminish these rights: • Native Hawaiian water rights provided under the State Water Code, Hawai’i Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 174C. • Kuleana lands, water rights, and access rights provided under the Kuleana Act of 1850, as recognized in current statutes, rules, and court decisions. For example, the County must allow construction of a house on kuleana land, regardless of County zoning. • Konohiki and hoa ‘āina fishing rights provided under the 1839 Law of Kamemeha, as modified by subsequent legislative acts and court decisions. • Traditional and customary rights of Native Hawaiians, such as for access and gathering, provided under the State Constitution and HRS, and as interpreted by the courts. • Burial rights provided under the Hawai’i Historic Preservation Act and the Federal Native American Graves Repatriation Act. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 204 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Keiki sporting event at Hanalei Bay, North Shore District A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Limit the proliferation of predatory lending establishments through licensing and zoning powers. 2. Expand and preserve affordability in neighborhood centers around the island through zoning, incentives, and development. 3. Provide affordable housing in proximity to community resources and services. 4. Mitigate impact to Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices and the resources they rely on through district boundary amendments and zoning amendments. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Complete a study to establish ratios for different categories of housing for workforce (less than 140 percent of median income), elderly, and disabled. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Develop funding sources to expand, improve, and maintain high-quality transportation, water, parks, broadband, and other infrastructure in underserved neighborhoods. 2. Leverage infrastructure investments to bring jobs and housing opportunties to underserved communities. 3. Increase access and affordability of public transit for youth and other transit-dependent populations. 4. Ensure all residents have an opportunity to have a voice in County initiatives by making special efforts to reach low-income people, youth, non-English speaking immigrants, people with criminal records, and other traditionally underserved groups. 5. Establish health and opportunity criteria for prioritizing County programs and policies. 6. Establish community standards for wages and ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 205 benefits, ensure fair scheduling, and support worker organizing. 7. Ensure fair hiring, equal pay, and equitable promotion opportunities within the County workforce. 8. Reduce barriers to employment and services, such as credit checks and criminal history questions on applications for jobs and housing, in both the private and public sector. 9. Target economic development efforts to encourage high-opportunity industries that have potential for growth and to create jobs for people with less than a four-year degree. 10. Leverage the County’s procurement and contracting to assist minority and female entrepreneurs and triple-bottom-line businesses such as social enterprises, cooperatives, and B Corps. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Ensure low-income students receive quality public education through strategies including comprehensive, place-based cradle-to-career initiatives. 2. Support reform to school disciplinary policies to keep youth in school and on track to graduate. 3. Partner with Kauaʻi Community College for workforce development and training programs and apprenticeships. 4. Foster racially and economically integrated neighborhoods. 5. Require applicants to demonstrate knowledge of Hawaiian land and water laws as a prerequisite for licensing or professional registration with State boards and commissions that license professions relating to transfer of land ownership or land development. These include the Real Estate Commission, Board of Registration for Professional Engineers, Architects, Surveyors, and Landscape Architects. 2. ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION AND TRAINING The policy to nurture our keiki demands a strong, comprehensive, and quality education system. A positive educational experience encourages children to become lifelong learners who contribute to their communities and the world. Ultimately, education must provide our children, teens, college students, and adults with the knowledge and skills needed to obtain a well-paying job on Kauaʻi. Objective: To support educational programs that foster cultural knowledge, employability, and civic participation of local residents. 2.1 Increasing Access to Early Education and Care Accessible daycare and preschool is a significant community need. In 2015, there were 27 licensed preschools and 36 licensed family child care homes on Kauaʻi. The combined capacity of these facilities is 1,100 children, which contrasts with Kauaʻi’s population of approximately 4,400 children under five years old. Most preschools and child care homes have a long waitlist. Exacerbating the demand for preschool is a change in State law that raised the age limit for Kindergarten. 2.2 Providing Quality Education and Facilities from K-12 The Kauaʻi District’s 14 public schools are administered by the State Department of Education (DOE), which controls budgeting, administration, standards, and curricula. The State DOE began a strategic planning process in 2012. The 2017-2020 Strategic Plan for the State DOE is focused on making students ready for college, career, and community life. School performance is measured through reports, which consider test results, attendance, safety, and many ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 206 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Table 3-4 Hawaiian Immersion Charter Schools Name Grades Type Description Location Ke Kula o Ni‘ihau K-12 Public Charter Emphasis on perpetuating the language and culture of Ni‘ihau.Kekaha Kula Aupuni Ni‘ihau a Kahelelani Aloha (KANAKA) K-12 Public Charter Emphasis on acquisition of English and functional skills while sustaining Ni‘ihau language for native speakers. Kekaha ‘Aha Pūnana Leo o Kaua’i Pre-K Private Immerses 3-4 year-olds in Hawaiian language and provides curriculum through a cultural- and ‘ohana-oriented context. Puhi Kawaikini New Century Public Charter School (NCPCS) K-12 Public Charter The school’s vision is “a thoughtful, knowledgeable, and healthy community where the language, beliefs, and practices of the indigenous people of Hawai‘i have become instinctive.” Puhi Kanuikapono K-12 Public Charter Provides programs designed to improve the educational achievements of youth and families through Hawaiian culture and nature-based programs. Anahola others. Between 2000 and 2015, Kauaʻi public school enrollment declined by 1,400 students — making current enrollment far below the projected increase in the previous General Plan. Despite this decrease, the State DOE estimates that enrollment will increase from approximately 9,300 in 2015 to 11,500 by 2035. School facilities also serve vital community functions, such as being venues for public meetings, religious services, and events. In many cases they function as public shelters in the event of hurricane and tsunami events. In addition to public schools, Kauaʻi has a number of small but active private and charter schools. Some of these schools are based on religious belief while others provide alternative educational experiences. Kauaʻi’s four Hawaiian immersion schools help sustain the Hawaiian language and culture. The County’s main role is to coordinate with the State DOE over siting of new schools and to help guide facility expansion in the case of new development. This includes ensuring there are proper and supportive land uses and safe transportation networks adjacent to schools. 2.3 Improving K-12 Education beyond the Classroom As supported in the State DOE Strategic Plan, schools should serve the community by graduating students who are ready to become positive and contributing community members. This includes reducing bullying and preparing youth for careers. The Keiki to Career Program is a network of 40 community organizations that collaborate to strengthen families, reduce bullying, and assist schools with real-world relevancy, financial literacy training, and career preparation. In addition, more lifelong learning and inter-generational education is needed, particularly for developing stronger and more supportive parenting. The County and Kaua‘i’s business community should work in concert with local K-12 schools to better prepare the next generation of the 21st century workforce. In an effort to produce high school graduates with fundamental workforce-ready skills, local businesses and employers will partner with educators to provide teachers and students with training opportunities outside of the classroom. Also, educators should coordinate with local businesses and entrepreneurs to incorporate Kaua‘i-specific learning opportunities ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 207 into their DOE-approved curricula. This would expose high school graduates to the local job market and help develop interest in working and remaining on island. By establishing these types of working relationships between K-12 programs and the economy, students can be encouraged to enter the local workforce and improve upon it. 2.4 Supporting the Kauaʻi Community College and Increasing Training Opportunities Kauaʻi Community College (KCC), part of the University of Hawai’i system, is Kauaʻi’s only post-secondary educational facility and offers several associate degree programs. In addition to academic training, the college provides technical, vocational, and cultural learning programs. Sustainability, agriculture, and science have become a focus of recent programs and initiatives at KCC. The college is undertaking a master planning effort to increase student enrollment and guide facility development. ‘A‘ohe o kāhi nānā o luna o ka pali; iho mai a lalo nei; ‘ike i ke au nui ke au iki, he alo a he alo. The top of the cliff isn’t the place to look at us; come down here and learn of the big and little current, face to face. Many community members were concerned that the lack of a university on Kauaʻi forces keiki to seek their bachelor’s and advanced degrees off-island, which results in a “brain drain” of local talent. On-campus housing would encourage neighbor island and out-of-state enrollment, and support the students and faculty who otherwise have long commutes. Although KCC has considered expanding its capacity with respect to on-campus housing and four-year university accreditation, there are no plans to pursue such changes in the near future. Nonetheless, the potential for expansion shall remain given the recent establishment of the University Zoning District in the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance and the SLUD boundary amendment from Agriculture to Urban. Given its location in Līhuʻe, a major growth area, there is room for the campus to develop and expand needed facilities. Additionally, as more infill development and missing middle housing occurs in Līhuʻe, this will increase the range of housing types available to students. To support this, the Future Land Use Map designates the campus area as “University,” a new designation in the General Plan intended to facilitate the growth and development of KCC. 2.5 Supporting the Language, Culture, and Knowledge of Kauaʻi The number of public charter schools in Hawai‘i is growing as parents look for alternatives to public school curriculums. Charter schools are smaller in size, provide for multiple-grade level integration, multiple-discipline projects, and place-based learning. Many are focused on the Hawaiian language and culture. It is said that understanding the language of a place allows one to see life through the eyes of its original people. In this context, schools that focus on the Hawaiian language and culture provide children with a way of understanding and interacting with the world and people around them in the same way ancestors of our island were able to. It is typical for Hawaiian language-based schools to include the learning of moon phases and agriculture as part of science and math education. Field trips take classroom lessons outdoors to learn about nature and caring for the land. Older children are made responsible for younger ones while younger children are in turn given responsibilities in keeping with their role in the ‘ohana or society. Learning English and “western concepts” are usually integrated at some level at all schools. For children who are native speakers, there are schools that specialize in improving English skills and the understanding of western concepts in order to increase their success in college and future careers. On Kauaʻi, there are several private and public charter schools (pre-K to 12) whose curriculum is rooted in Hawaiian language, culture, and values. Enrollment of Hawaiian language and culture-based schools has steadily grown across the State since the establishment of the very first Hawaiian language school, ‘Aha Pūnana Leo on Kauaʻi in 1982. Table 3-4 lists Hawaiian Immersion Charter Schools on Kaua’i. As the schools grow and graduate more speakers of Hawaiian language and students of Hawaiian culture, it will be important to continue support of integration of language and culture in all aspects of community, in order to perpetuate the identity of Kauaʻi and support communities and jobs stemming from this knowledge base. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 208 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. For large residential projects and in new communities, ensure the development of adequate school facilities, either at existing schools or at new school sites. 2. Have developers pay their share of all costs needed to provide adequate school facilities for the children anticipated to live in their development. 3. Support the use, expansion, and development of family childcare homes, preschools, parent/child kindergarten readiness programs, and charter schools. B. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Prioritize pedestrian, bicycle, and road safety improvements around and adjacent to schools. 2. Prioritize the development and improvement of play areas or tot lots for small children in areas with high concentrations of family care homes, such as Līhuʻe and Kapa‘a. C. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Treat schools as community resources for learning about specialized environmental, cultural, and historic subjects pertinent to Kauaʻi. 2. Support community use of schools during non-school hours, such as recreational centers, meeting facilities, and emergency shelters. 3. Design school facilities to facilitate community use during non-school hours. 4. Retrofit existing facilities and design and construct new schools to serve as hurricane shelters. 5. Support the Keiki to Career Kauaʻi programs and activities. 6. Continue and expand the Safe Routes to School program to encourage healthy, safe, and active living. 7. Support increased enrollment at Kauaʻi Community College and the development of supportive housing, transportation, and facilities for students, staff, and faculty at the Puhi campus. 8. Support both public and private educational programs that emphasize the Hawaiian language and Native Hawaiian culture, science, and practices. 3. COMMUNITY HEALTH Community health is improved when the built environment supports active lifestyles and when people have access to the resources and information they need to make healthy choices and manage their health. Objective: To improve community health through a “Health in all Policies” approach. 3.1 Improving Community Health through Planning and Collaboration A healthy and resilient people is one of the General Plan’s overarching goals. While Hawai‘i typically ranks high in national health surveys, Kauaʻi faces serious public health issues.54 For example, the rates of obesity, teen births, suicide, and motor vehicle crashes are either increasing or above the State average.55 Moreover, these impacts are inequitably distributed across Kauaʻi’s diverse racial and ethnic groups. On Kauaʻi, the lead public health agency is the Kauaʻi District Health Office of the State Department of Health. Its role includes chronic disease management and control, communicable disease control, developmental disabilities, environmental health, and family health services. However, on Kauaʻi and throughout the world, traditional concepts of public health have evolved to bring new partners to the table. Given the importance of the physical environment and social determinants on health, a new approach called “Health In All Policies” (HIAP) seeks to integrate health and equity considerations into policy and systems. For example, a growing body of scientific evidence has correlated the design of the built environment with public health outcomes.56 It is now a best practice in planning to support land use and community design strategies that encourage physical activity and reduce automobile dependency. On Kauaʻi, the State’s 54 Gallup-Healthways, 201755 Kaua‘i Community Health Needs Assessment, 201356 CDC Task Force on Community Preventative Services, 2004 ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 209 A Kaua’i Surfer Physical Activity and Nutrition Plan (2009) has brought planners, public health professionals, and community members together to develop active living strategies through Get Fit Kauaʻi — the Healthy Eating, Active Living (HEAL) Community Coalition of Kaua’i County. Ua ola loko i ke aloha Love gives life within. (Love is imperative to one’s mental and physical welfare.) The work of promoting active community design has been reinforced through the Kauaʻi Community Health Improvement Initiative (KCHII) (2013), which established a health improvement framework for Kauaʻi. The KCHII utilizes the ahupua‘a model to recognize that the “upstream” and “midstream” influences of health include socioeconomic conditions, health care, and the built environment. The five priority themes include community design and planning, housing, health and wellness, medical care, and education and lifelong learning. These themes informed the objectives and actions of the Housing, Shared Spaces, and Opportunity and Health for All sectors. 3.2 Improving Access to Health Care and Preventative Services Access to health care means ensuring all of Kauaʻi’s residents, even in rural areas, have convenient access to health clinics, acute care, and emergency services. Kauaʻi is currently served by three hospitals: Wilcox Medical Center in Līhuʻe, Samuel Mahelona Memorial Hospital in Kapa‘a, and the Kauaʻi Veterans Memorial Hospital in Waimea. All three facilities provide 24-hour emergency care. The facilities at Wilcox are privately run, while the Hawai‘i Health Systems Corporation manages the other facilities. The North Shore will be served by an urgent care clinic that is currently under construction. Preventative care is another facet of overall wellness. Many chronic diseases can be prevented through upstream interventions including screening, early detection, and management of diseases such as breast cancer, cervical cancer, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, hypertension, colorectal cancer, and HIV. Access to reproductive health services is another need given the higher than average teen pregnancy rate and a high unintended pregnancy rate among the general population. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 210 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 3.3 Advancing Native Hawaiian Health Equity Native Hawaiian health has been a long-standing equity issue in Hawai’i. Recorded health disparities led to the enactment of the Native Hawaiian Health Care Act of 1988 which established Papa Ola Lokahi in Hawai‘i, including Ho‘ola Lahui Hawai‘i, which is Kauaʻi’s Native Hawaiian Health System. One of their programs, Malama I Na Pua Program, raises health awareness among Native Hawaiian youth who attend a Hawaiian Language Charter School. In 2013, continued health equity concerns led the State Legislature to establish a Native Hawaiian Health Task Force to improve the health of Native Hawaiians. The work of the task force will also impact other Pacific Islanders and the community as a whole. 3.4 Addressing Substance Abuse Life Choices Kaua’i was created in 2003 to deal with Kauaʻi’s substance abuse issues. Since then, headway has been made in certain areas. For example, the number of drug-related offenses by adults has dropped from 290 in 2010 to 58 in 2014.57 However, many community members feel the increasing use of meth and other serious drugs is a top community issue, especially for youth. The 2015-2020 Kauaʻi Drug Response Plan calls for a continuum of on-island treatment facilities and services. For example, the County has a need for a residential treatment facility. It is expensive to send those in need to O‘ahu, especially as treatment is often a lengthy process. An adolescent treatment and healing center is being planned for Kauaʻi that would provide residential substance abuse treatment and healing services. 3.5 Anticipating Future Threats to Community Health In 2015, a legislative report acknowledged that climate change will intensify existing and cause new health threats, including acute and chronic disease, stress and mental health issues, and dengue fever and other vector diseases.58 These impacts will more heavily fall on vulnerable populations, including the elderly and households experiencing poverty. The following actions are comprehensive in nature and address broad community health needs. 57 2015-2020 Kaua’i Drug Response Plan58 Climate Change and Health Working Group Report, 2015 A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Provide access to frequent and convenient public transit near major job centers and health care facilities. 2. Ensure community design supports healthy and active lifestyles. 3. Consider zoning options that limit new fast food restaurants close to schools, daycare centers, or parks. 4. Support the built environment and land use recommendations provided by the Native Hawaiian Health Task Force and similar community health initiatives. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Include community health concerns in community planning. 2. Implement and update the Kauaʻi Community Drug Response Plan. 3. Implement and update the Kauaʻi Plan on Aging. 4. Implement and update the Kauaʻi Community Health Improvement Initiative. C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Prioritize sidewalk and bus stop improvements for accessibility near major health care facilities and group homes. 2. Improve the connectivity of essential services, including emergency response. 3. Ensure that low-income neighborhoods have high-quality parks, playgrounds, and green spaces. 4. Leverage Federal resources such as community development block grants and neighborhood-focused programs to create opportunity-rich neighborhoods. 5. Adopt policies for smoke-free cars with keiki, beaches, parks, and condos. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 211 D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Implement and update the State Physical Activity and Nutrition Plan. 2. Support pilot programs for community gardens and nutrition education programs. 3. Provide anti-tobacco education in schools. 4. Increase access to programs that provide reproductive health and family planning education and services. 5. Support programs to increase participation in vaccination, disease screening, and early detection and management of chronic disease, such as the “Better Choices, Better Health” Program. 6. Support healthy food options in underserved communities by: a. Increasing the visibility of healthy food in stores, particularly those that accept Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) and electronic benefit transfer (EBT) purchases. b. Allowing the use of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits at farmers markets. c. Encouraging fast-food restaurants to offer healthy options and improve labeling. d. Increasing access to nutritional counseling. e. Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. f. Eliminating the General Excise Tax on purchases of fresh fruits and vegetables. 7. Support programs that improve Kauaʻi’s ability to respond to and recover from public health threats such as infectious disease and mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. 8. Anticipate and plan for the health impacts of climate change. 9. Increase access to mental health services and the availability of mental health providers. 10. Support the Malama I Na Pua health and wellness program for Native Hawaiian youth. 4. ACCESS TO RECREATION AND SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES Some of Kauaʻi’s most unique and treasured areas are either located on or accessed through privately owned property. Access to these areas for both recreational and cultural purposes, including subsistence activities, is important to the community. At the same time, access should be balanced with education and stewardship. The State and County regulatory system protects and creates public access through the subdivision, shoreline setback, and SMA laws. However, many feel access is greatly restricted and declining in certain areas through limited parking, lack of signage, no maintenance, and inconsistent enforcement — the effects of which are compounded by increased resident and visitor use. There is also concern regarding restricted vehicular and pedestrian access to the shoreline and other places locked by privately owned land, such as waterfalls. Objective: To actively protect, restore, and increase access to the places where recreational and subsistence activity occurs. 4.1 Improving Access to the Shoreline By law, the shoreline is accessible and held in trust for the benefit of the public. State law protects lateral shoreline access, which is also referred to as a public beach transit corridor that exists seaward of the shoreline. Shoreline vegetation, when unmaintained or manipulated by private landowners, can restrict lateral access. Access concerns are also compounded by beach narrowing from erosion, whose rates are anticipated to increase as sea level rise occurs. Additionally, another concern was the lack of signed public accessways to the shoreline (versus access along the shoreline) and inadequate parking at popular access points. In some cases, public access ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 212 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN is not allowed or desirable due to environmental, public safety, and other concerns. On the beach near and adjacent to PMRF, national and U.S. Department of Homeland Security laws preempt State laws and public access is restricted. However, the overall need is for increased and improved public access to the shoreline. 4.2 Protecting Native Hawaiian Access Rights Protecting access for Native Hawaiian traditional and customary gathering practices is guaranteed in the Hawai‘i State Constitution. In addition to protecting development and private property interests, agency decisions must make specific findings related to the identification of traditional and customary practices in existence on land proposed for development and potential impacts of any proposed development. Decisions should include actions to reasonably protect cultural rights to the extent feasible. Case law, including the Pele Defense Fund v. Paty case; Public Access Shoreline Hawai’i, also known as PASH; and the Ka Pa‘akai O Ka ‘Āina cases reaffirm the State’s duty to protect access to traditional and customary rights, such as gathering rights on the shoreline and upon land. 4.3 Increasing Access to Privately Owned Recreational Space There are many valued recreational, cultural, and scenic resources that are privately owned or accessed through private property. Privately held recreational space include waterfalls and undeveloped coastal areas including Kīpū Kai and Māhā‘ulepū. Such areas are used for hiking, hunting, gathering, swimming, and other reasons. These areas also include wahi pana, such as heiau and known burial sites. Unfortunately, the trend is toward lessening public access to these areas due to liability concerns, desire for privacy, and other reasons. For example, many waterfalls that were previously popular swimming holes are now closed, including Kīlauea, Kīpū, and Ho’opi’i Falls. When such resources become popular, especially with the rise of social media, they are vulnerable to overuse, vandalism, and littering, as well as increased risks of user injury and death. These concerns often spur private landowners to restrict access. Liability concerns can be addressed through a variety of legal and land use tools. However, the use of these tools requires specialized knowledge and a willingness on behalf of the landowner to protect and improve access. Public land trusts, such as the Hawaiian Islands Land Trust, exist to support partnerships and solutions to increasing access. 4.4 Improving Access through County Initiatives In 2002, the County’s Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Preservation Fund Commission was established to manage the “Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Preservation Fund.” This commission is commonly referred to as the Open Space Commission. The fund is intended for property or easement acquisition for access to beaches and mountains, preservation of cultural and historic sites, and other conservation purposes. In Fiscal Year 2017-2018, the fund earned 0.5 percent of the County’s real property tax revenue. Priority projects are updated and discussed in the Commission’s annual report. Given the limitations of the fund, there is also an opportunity for the Commission to work with the State and non-profit organizations, such as land trusts, and on collaborative projects that will increase public access to Kauaʻi’s special places. A. PERMITTING AND CODE CHANGES 1. Require a minimum accessway width of 10 feet and locate accessways at convenient intervals. 2. Protect and preserve mauka and makai access for traditional Hawaiian cultural practices. 3. Require identification and mitigation of potential impacts of subsistence activities and resources when reviewing development permits. B. PLANS AND STUDIES 1. Maintain, inventory, and provide information on legal public accessways to beaches and inland recreation areas. Conduct research on easement documents that have been executed or signed but not recorded. 2. Create regional networks of public trails. Partner with private landowners for missing connections via managed access. 3. Explore solutions for protecting access to recreational opportunities, including fishing, hunting, surfing, hiking, and other activities in community planning. ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 213 C. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS 1. Acquire priority projects identified by the Open Space Commission. 2. Pursue easements, acquisitions, and landowner agreements to expand trails, access, open space, protection of coastal lands, and wilderness areas. 3. Establish a task force including landowners, land trust experts and attorneys, the Open Space Commission, and others, to study and recommend legal and land use measures to address and ameliorate liability on lands dedicated to managed public uses. D. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS 1. Inventory and improve hunting access to Forest Reserves and government trails. 2. Seek funding for trail acquisition, development, and maintenance through the Nā Ala Hele Program and the Hawai‘i Tourism Authority. 3. Focus trail acquisition in areas with a low number of public trails compared to the population, including South Kauaʻi, Līhuʻe, Anahola, and Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele. 4. Improve public access to landlocked State land that is managed by DOFAW. Increase recreational opportunities in these areas. 5. Use surfing reserves to protect access to surf breaks, improve parking for surfers at key surf destinations, and provide appropriate signage. 6. Increase opportunities for access to subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering. 7. Manage lateral shoreline access concerns, including vegetation that encroaches on the beach transit corridor. 8. Develop more ATV, motorcycle, and mountain bicycling facilities so such activity is focused in areas not vulnerable to environmental damage. 9. Develop a public shooting range. 10. Promote access with kuleana through stewardship agreements, work days, jobs, and other means, to engage community members in caretaking. Miloli‘i Ridge Trail, Waimea-Kekaha District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 214 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION SECTOR: X. OPPORTUNITY & HEALTH FOR ALL | 3.0 ACTIONs bY sECTOR 215 The ten sectors represent important areas to be addressed when planning Kaua’i’s growth and development. Aerial view of Kaua‘i mountains ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 216 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 4.1 IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN | 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING 217 Throughout the public process, many raised comments concerning the island’s current state compared to the visions and goals set forth in the 2000 General Plan. Further, those intimately familiar with the last General Plan commented on its inability to allow for robust monitoring and feedback as a means of implementing recommendations. Many shortcomings raised by community members arose largely in the context of questioning why good elements laid out in the previous general plan were never fulfilled. In an attempt to compensate for the need to see progress, many suggested the adoption of specific numerical benchmarks to gauge whether an objective was attained. For example, in the area of agriculture, some raised whether the plan should require a fixed percentage of food be grown and consumed on-island. The difficulty with creating and adopting guideposts such as these is three-fold: (a) each statistical benchmark may not reflect the reality in its ability to be implemented given the twenty-year planning horizon in this plan, (b) agencies may neither have the resources nor the method to easily glean the information necessary to accurately monitor a prescribed benchmark, and (c) the benchmarks may distract from the overall big picture on what future state the community wishes to attain and instead create points of fixation lending to myopic and disjointed decision making. Beyond the difficulties of monitoring brightline benchmarks, attaining goals remains a function of political and economic realities locally and globally. For example, Kauaʻi, like other counties in Hawai’i, faces mounting fiscal constraints resulting from worldwide economic changes and the continued reduction in Federal funding for infrastructure and 4.1 IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN The General Plan is the foundation for planning in Kauaʻi County and functions within a system established by State and County law. While the Plan sets policy, actual implementation is a complex and lengthy process that occurs through a broad range of actions and decisions. For example, all future development and planning approvals must be consistent with the General Plan. Other planning instruments include ordinances, community plans, and capital programs. 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 218 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN other programs like earmarks. Kauaʻi’s small tax base compared to its land mass and long distances between communities make providing public services and infrastructure expensive. However, the expectations for quality public facilities and infrastructure remain high. Although suggested actions for implementation spanned all sectors, their aggregate costs well exceed the community’s ability to either directly pay for such implementation or receive external funds as adequate support. E kaupē aku no I ka hoe a kō mai Put forward the paddle and draw it back (Go on with the task that is started and finish it). Rather than lock in a rigid means of monitoring whether success remains apparent, a more dynamic means of building a sound set of results-based activities for the General Plan is necessary. A common model for evaluating future acts by the public and private sector would more easily allow for an overall turn in the directions the community desires through these incremental changes in our society. Given the stated vision and goals, policies, and actions by sector, this Plan’s ideal future state for the island achieves many of the community’s objectives by directing growth to existing centers. For example, implementation would gauge whether strong linkages are apparent between the General Plan and capital improvement investments either by project, or as a program. The evaluation model would allow decision-makers the ability to prioritize actions and direct resources toward those most integral in furthering the plan’s vision. Finally, shared responsibility and accountability for implementation are imperative to staying focused and to making measurable progress. This Chapter discusses approaches and methods available for monitoring and evaluating implementation of the Plan’s objectives while providing a framework for keeping all community members abreast of how their community is changing in real time. 4.1.1 TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTATION There are several major vehicles through which the plan will be implemented, following the General Plan’s adoption: 1. Code Changes 2. Permit Review and Approval Process 3. Community Plans 4. Functional Plans 5. Capital Improvements Program 6. Departmental Structure and Programs 7. Partner and Developer Contributions Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance, Zoning Maps, and Development Codes The County regulatory system is the most direct method toward attaining many objectives laid out in the plan. The Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance (CZO), Zoning Maps, and other development codes will require updating following this plan’s adoption for consistency and adjustment with the new vision for the island. Active development of these amendments is a necessary step toward goal attainment, and should be evaluated in the broader context of the ideal future state, while keeping in mind the details necessary to avoid conflicting regulations and loopholes. Permit Review and Approval Process The other direct approach toward attaining the Plan’s goals is the approval of permits. The General Plan policies and policy maps provide a basis for evaluating a development proposal for its conformance with the County’s vision and desired direction. Deference should be given to remaining consistent with the big picture envisioned by this document rather than making expedient or convenient decisions based on gray areas or conflicting action statements that will inevitably arise over time. Community Plans The Community Planning process for each planning district must be carried out in collaboration with community groups and committees on a regular basis. Home rule empowerment is necessary to galvanize community buy-in on this Plan and build upon each district’s role in the overall islandwide vision. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 4.1 IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN | 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING 219 Functional Plans Functional Plans for infrastructure systems and facilities, parks, and housing need updating to guide public investment in support of the General Plan vision and policies. Capital Improvements Program and Appropriations The County’s charter-mandated Six-Year Capital Improvements Program is a powerful tool for implementing the General Plan because infrastructure and projects have a substantial impact on patterns of growth and development. The Program should be conducted and evaluated on an annual basis. The projects listed in the Program should reflect priorities, such as those projects necessary to facilitate critical needs like housing. Regional priorities for capital projects can be determined through community planning. The “Projects and Programs” actions in Chapter 3 provide broad guidance for project selection and development. The annual report should not be considered a “wish list” for departments but reflect realistic constraints given budgetary availability. Departmental Structure and Programs Implementation and monitoring of the Plan must be supported by the structure and programs of County agencies. Parties responsible for implementing actions, as well as monitoring, reporting, and updating the plan are clearly identified. Partnerships & Developer Contributions Public-private partnerships and developer contributions contribute significantly to funding County facilities and infrastructure improvements. With the exception of standardized water and sewer facility charges, the contributions required of developers tend to be adopted ad hoc in association with specific zone change applications. The 2000 General Plan called for the County to standardize these transactions, make them more predictable, and explore other applications for public-private partnerships. That recommendation is carried forward in this General Plan. Vehicles for such partnerships could also include Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), improvement districts, community facility districts, and impact fees. 4.1.2 KEY IMPLEMENTATION AGENCIES Adoption of the General Plan is the first step in an implementation process involving multiple partners at both the government and community levels. Although the Planning Department facilitates implementation among agencies and departments, administrative decisions are vested with the Office of the Mayor and legislative authority lies with the County Council. The roles of key officials and government agencies in General Plan implementation are summarized below, while responsibility for specific actions are shown in the Action Matrix (Appendix G). Mayor The Mayor is the chief executive officer of the County and exercises direct supervision over all departments. The Mayor appoints the County’s managing director to oversee administrative functioning of the County. County Council The County Council is the legislative body of the County and is therefore responsible for adoption of the General Plan, including all plan amendments. The Council also adopts the zoning, subdivision, and development plan ordinances that comprise the County’s development code. The Council approves the annual Capital Improvement Program budget for each fiscal year. Planning Commission The Planning Commission reviews and makes recommendations to the County Council on amendments or updates to the General Plan. The Commission also provides recommendations on development and land use approvals, including amendments to the zoning and subdivision ordinances. Planning Department Specific duties related to Plan implementation include preparing zoning and subdivision ordinance amendments for Planning Commission and County Council approval, reviewing development applications, and making reports and studies on planning issues. The Department also prepares Community Plans to provide detailed direction and standards on land use, urban design, transportation, and other physical planning concerns. The Department will have primary responsibility for monitoring and reporting on General Plan progress. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 220 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN The Department provides administrative support to the Planning Commission, Historic Preservation Commission, and Open Space Commission. State Land Use Commission The Land Use Commission administers the State Land Use Law60 in which all lands in Hawai’i are classified into one of four land use districts: Rural, Agriculture, Urban, and Conservation. The Commission has the authority to establish district boundaries and ensures that areas of State concern are addressed and considered in the land use decision-making process. Other important County agencies whose work will be guided by the General Plan Update include: • Department of Public Works • Department of Parks and Recreation • Housing Agency • Transportation Agency • Office of Economic Development • Emergency Management Agency Key utility service providers include: • Department of Water • Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) Key partners on the State level include: • Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism • Office of Planning • Department of Land and Natural Resources • Department of Health • Department of Education • Department of Transportation • Department of Hawaiian Home Lands 60 Chapter 205, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes 4.2 MONITORING PROGRESS A comprehensive and transparent effort to monitor the implementation and effectiveness of the General Plan will occur every two years and will include (a) performance measure reporting, for both the vision and the 19 policies, and (b) tracking of action implementation (see Action Matrix, Appendix G and Figure 4-1). A “Kākou Committee” will be established to guide this process. More frequent reporting on performance measures and action implementation will be facilitated through an online dashboard that provides updated information as it becomes available. In order to administer an ongoing General Plan implementation and monitoring program, the capacity of the Planning Department will need to be increased. 4.2.1 PERFORMANCE MEASURES Performance measures can be used to track the progress toward achieving the 2035 Vision for Kauaʻi. The General Plan introduces performance measurement into the planning system. During the public process, participants desired greater accountability for the actions identified in the General Plan. Attempts to audit the 2000 General Plan were frustrated by the lack of regular reporting and evaluation in the past. To correct this situation, a reporting and evaluation framework is established based on performance measures and a biennial committee-based evaluation process. The performance measures, introduced in Table 4-1, are tied to the sector objectives. An important next step will be an effort to refine the performance measures and establish benchmarks. Strategic goals and targets set through partner initiatives, such as Aloha+ Challenge, can be integrated into the reporting system. Under the framework, formal reports will occur on an annual basis to the Planning Commission and County Council. The report may include recommendations for improvement in the framework, alternative measures, and/or new actions. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 4.2 MONITORING PROGRESS | 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING 221 Figure 4-1 Implementation and Feedback Loop 4.2.2 COMMUNITY EDUCATION & CAPACITY BUILDING Monitoring of action implementation is facilitated through the Action Matrix (Appendix G), which identifies lead agencies and partners. To ensure transparency and stakeholder participation, a Kākou Committee will be established to conduct a bi-annual review of the progress made. The Kākou Committee will include public and private partners with a stake in plan implementation, and will be appointed by the Mayor. In addition to implementation evaluation, the Committee will also review the performance measures. The final report will be presented to the Planning Commission and forwarded to the County Council. The release of the report will be accompanied by public outreach and open house events to keep the community informed and engaged in the General Plan. 4.2.3 UPDATING THE GENERAL PLAN The Kauaʻi County Code requires the County Planning Department to conduct a comprehensive review and update of the General Plan Update every ten years. In practice, that does not always happen, and even if it did, ten years is a long time when information and conditions are constantly changing. This plan aspires to be adaptable and responsive by building in a bi-annual review and reporting process that allows the County to take stock and keep a record of its progress, evaluate what is working and what is not, and consider how to change course or incorporate the best available information. The policies, actions, and Land Use Map may be updated in response to unexpected trends or new information. In this way, the General Plan can be a “living document.” ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 222 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Objective Draft Measures (* indicates the measure aligns with the Aloha+ Challenge Measures) 1. To accommodate and support Kauaʻi’s projected population growth and housing needs.Conformance with population allocations 2. To meet future housing needs through “missing middle” housing types that are affordable by design.Building type of new residential units 3. To protect rural character by ensuring new growth designed to be compact and focused around existing town cores.Consistency with the Future Land Use Map 4. To manage land use and development in a manner that respects the unique character of a place.Development under Special Planning Areas 5. To locate residential growth in and near jobs centers.Housing units within 1⁄2 mile of major jobs centers Reduction in average commute time 6. To increase overall community health through design that supports safe and accessible parks, streets, and other shared spaces.Non-commute mode share 7. To encourage the development of Līhu’e as Kaua’i’s primary urban center within an urban edge boundary.Development within Urban Edge Boundary 8. To increase resiliency by limiting new development in areas impacted by future sea level rise.Development in flood zone/sea level rise impacted areas 9. To conserve the upper watershed and restore native habitat and forested areas.Acres of Native Watershed under high level protection* 10. To protect, restore, and enhance freshwater resources to support aquatic, environmental, and cultural resources.Increase in fresh water capacity by 100 mgd* 11. To preserve and protect sandy beaches and public access to the shoreline.Health of reefs 12. To protect the flora and fauna unique to Kauaʻi and Hawai’i and to mitigate the impact of invasive species.Manage Federally listed threatened and endangered species* 13. To increase housing opportunities for low- to moderate-income households.New affordable housing units 14. To support mixed use, higher density, and walkable development in existing towns.New Housing Units in Neighborhood General and Neighborhood Center 15. To develop compact, walkable communities consistent with the Future Land Use Map.Entitled projects consistent with Future Land Use Map 16. To expand housing opportunities for workers on farms.New farm worker housing units 17. To support the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands in their mission to provide housing to their beneficiaries.New lots awarded in DHHL communities Table 4-1 General Plan Objectives and Draft Performance Measures ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 4.2 MONITORING PROGRESS | 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING 223 Objective Draft Measures (* indicates the measure aligns with the Aloha+ Challenge Measures) 18. To accommodate the needs of an aging population through age- friendly community design and assisted living facilities.New elderly housing units or assisted living facilities 19. To reduce Kauaʻi’s population of those who are houseless and at risk for houselessness.Houseless population 20. To reduce the impact of resort uses on communities outside the Visitor Destination Area.Attrition of nonconforming use 21. To safely and efficiently move people and goods with a choice of transportation options.Mode shift in overall trips 22. To provide a safe and accessible County road network that supports the Future Land Use Map.New roads or retrofits designed to be context sensitive Crashes with fatalities 23. To enhance the viability of transit as a transportation choice for residents and visitors.Transit ridership 24. To create connected and safe bicycle networks that accommodate all riders.Miles of bicycle facilities Bicycle crashes 25. To provide connected and safe pedestrian facilities in communities. Miles of pedestrian facilities Crashes involving pedestrians 26. To implement efficient parking strategies that support community needs.Parking audits or strategies implemented 27. To ensure water infrastructure is planned to accommodate domestic needs and protect the public trust.Water improvements in Urban Center, Neighborhood General, and Neighborhood Center designations 28. To mitigate the impact to Kauaʻi’s fresh and ocean waters from wastewater.Number of cesspools 29. To provide environmentally-sound waste disposal and collection services.Tons recycled* 30. To support the modernization and user-friendliness of Kauaʻi’s airports and harbors.Capital expenditures for Kauaʻi’s airports and harbors 31. To develop town centers as attractive places to work, live, and play. Zoning and use permit applications in the Neighborhood Center designation 32. To provide a variety of quality and accessible parks and recreational facilities.Percentage of households within walking distance of park with facilities 33. To expand and improve access to Kauaʻi’s shared-use paths and trails.Miles of shared use paths and trails ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 224 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Objective Draft Measures (* indicates the measure aligns with the Aloha+ Challenge Measures) 34. To improve the resident and visitor experience at Kauaʻi’s State Parks.Capital expenditures for State Parks 35. To focus new resort development in areas designated for visitor use. Visitor Unit Inventory 36. To ensure the long-term viability and productivity of agricultural lands. Agricultural employment 37. To promote opportunities for small business and emerging economic sectors to thrive.Number of small businesses CEDS programs implemented 38. To preserve and enhance historic buildings, structures, and places. Places recognized on Federal or national registry 39. To recognize and protect the resources and places important to Kauaʻi’s history and people.Stewardship agreements 40. To preserve important landmarks and protect scenic resources. Number of scenic resources identified through community plans 41. To increase energy self-sufficiency and maintain a reliable, resilient, and cost-efficient energy system.Increase in renewable energy* 42. To acknowledge the human contribution to global warming and reduce Kauaʻi’s greenhouse gas emissions. Decrease in emissions* 43. To ensure adequate coverage of public safety and emergency services as Kauaʻi grows.Deaths due to drowning and other hazards 44. To ensure that Kauaʻi is prepared for natural disasters and other emergencies.Number of residents trained under the Community Emergency Response Team Program 45. To prepare for the impacts of climate change on the natural and built environments.Percentage of areas impacted by sea level rise that is undeveloped 46. To recognize and address inequities in health and well-being among Kauaʻi’s diverse ethnic, racial, and income groups.Decrease in inequity between racial groups 47. To support educational programs that foster cultural knowledge, employability, and civic participation of local residents.Kauaʻi Community College enrollment 48. To encourage healthy lifestyles and accessible health care.Obesity rate 49. To actively protect and increase access to the places where recreational and subsistence activity occurs.Identified and signed accessways ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 4.2 MONITORING PROGRESS | 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING 225 Shared responsibility and accountability for implementation are imperative to staying focused and making measurable progress. Ke Ala Hele Makalae shared use path, East Kaua‘i District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 226 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.1 OVERVIEW | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 227 5.1 OVERVIEW The General Plan policy maps are spatial representations of existing and envisioned land uses, resources, and facilities across the island. The maps show the locations of existing resources, constraints, and development. They also identify areas that may be appropriate for future development. The maps were developed to be consistent with General Plan policies. They are intended to be utilized and cross-referenced against one another when considering future land use proposals or policies. The 2000 General Plan contained two sets of policy maps (Land Use and Heritage Resources). This General Plan includes six sets of policy maps: • Future Land Use (Section 5.2) • Heritage Resources (Section 5.3) • Hazards (Section 5.4) • Infrastructure (Section 5.5) • Public Facilities (Section 5.6) • Transportation (Section 5.7) Each set of policy maps includes a set of seven maps: An island-wide map and a large scale map for each of the six planning districts. Transportation is an exception with two maps: one showing transit and another showing roadways and paths. The role and function of each map is described at the beginning of the sections. 5.0 POLICY MAPS The spatial policy of the General Plan is depicted in a series of maps that show the general locations of constraints, resources, and areas appropriate for growth. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 228 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 5.2 FUTURE LAND UsE mAPs The General Plan Land Use Maps include an island map at 1 inch = 4 miles scale and six district maps at 1 inch = 1, 2, or 3 miles scale. These maps are intended to document desired land use patterns, to distinguish areas appropriate for future development, and to identify those areas which are to be preserved. Purpose of the Land Use Maps: • To identify existing developed areas and lands appropriate for future development. • To identify areas that should be retained in a natural or undeveloped state. • To identify areas designated as “Natural” and zoned in order to protect steep slopes and streams from erosion and from development. • To guide preparation of Community Plans to prepare or revise land use ordinances and rules, including but not limited to the following: revisions to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or the Zoning Maps, zone change ordinances, revisions to the Special Management Area (SMA) rules or boundaries, revisions to the Subdivision Ordinance, and the preparation of new ordinances or rules. • To be consulted when projects are undertaken with State or County lands or funds. • To serve as a guide in the review of subdivision and land use permit applications. General Plan Land Use Maps alone may not be used to prohibit a land use that is allowed by the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or by permit. Aerial view of Wailua, East Kaua’i District ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 229 Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē Kū h iō Hw y Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d Kaumu a l i ʻi H w y Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola south Kaua ʻi Hanap ēp ē-ʻEle ʻele Līhu ʻe North shore East Kaua ʻi Waimea Wai m e a C a nyon R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Ha n a l e i Riv e r Wailua River Hanapēp ēRiver Waim eaRiver Land Use Map - Kauaʻi 0 5 102.5 Miles N1 in = 4 miles Roads Military Large Town Homestead Golf Course Parks and Recreation Transportation Industrial Resort Small Town Plantation Camp Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Agricultural (IAL) Agricultural Provisional Agriculture Neighborhood General Neighborhood Center Urban Center Residential Community University Zone Natural Urban Edge Boundary Reservoirs Planning District BoundaryMajor Roads Streams USGS 40 ft. Contours Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Han alei R i v er WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Land Use Map - Kauaʻi 0 5 102.5 Miles N1 in = 4 miles Reservoirs Urban Edge Boundary Natural Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Streams Military Large Town Homestead Golf Course Parks and Recreation Transportation Industrial Resort Small Town Plantation Camp Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Agricultural (IAL) Agricultural University Zone Residential Community Urban Center Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Provisional Agriculture Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Halew i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea Waim e a C anyon Rd Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei River WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Land Use Map - Kauaʻi 0 5 102.5Miles N1 in = 4 miles Roads Military Large Town Homestead Golf Course Parks and Recreation Transportation Industrial Resort Small Town Plantation Camp Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Agricultural (IAL) Agricultural Provisional Agriculture Neighborhood General Neighborhood Center Urban Center Residential Community University Zone Natural Urban Edge Boundary Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Major Roads Streams USGS 40 ft. Contours Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei River WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Land Use Map - Kauaʻi 05 102.5Miles N1 in = 4 miles Roads Military Large Town Homestead Golf Course Parks and Recreation Transportation Industrial Resort Small Town Plantation Camp Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Agricultural (IAL) Agricultural Provisional Agriculture Neighborhood General Neighborhood Center Urban Center Residential Community University Zone Natural Urban Edge Boundary Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Major Roads Streams USGS 40 ft. Contours Figure 5-1 Kaua‘i Land Use Map Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyon Rd Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei River WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Land Use Map - Kauaʻi 0 5 102.5Miles N1 in = 4 miles Roads Military Large Town Homestead Golf Course Parks and Recreation Transportation Industrial Resort Small Town Plantation Camp Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Agricultural (IAL) Agricultural Provisional Agriculture Neighborhood General Neighborhood Center Urban Center Residential Community University Zone Natural Urban Edge Boundary Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Major Roads Streams USGS 40 ft. Contours ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 231 Figure 5-2 Waimea-Kekaha Land Use Map Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W aimea Can y onRd Pākal ā Elep a i o R d Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d Waimea River Makaweli Land Use Map - Waimea, Kekaha 0 1 20.5Miles N Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Roads Streams Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process)Plantation Camp 1 in = 1 miles Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Planning District Boundary Major Roads USGS 40 ft. Contours Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a i mea C a n y o nRd Pākalā Elep a i o R d Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d W aimeaRiver Makaweli Land Use Map - Waimea, Kekaha 0 1 20.5Miles N Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Plantation Camp 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a i mea C a n y o nRd Pākalā Ele p a i o R d Kek a h a R d M e n e h u n e R d W aim eaRiver Makaweli Land Use Map - Waimea, Kekaha 0 1 20.5 Miles N Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Plantation Camp 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a imea C a n y onRd Pākalā Ele p a i o R d Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d WaimeaRiver Makaweli Land Use Map - Waimea, Kekaha 0 1 20.5Miles N Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Plantation Camp 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a imea C a n y onRd Pākalā Ele p a i o R d Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d WaimeaRiver Makaweli Land Use Map - Waimea, Kekaha 01 20.5Miles N Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Plantation Camp 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General ) Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a imea Ca n y o nRd Pākalā Elep a i o R d Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d W aimeaRiver Makaweli Land Use Map - Waimea, Kekaha 0 1 20.5Miles N Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Provisional Resort(Pending Community Plan Process) Plantation Camp 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General (descriptive only) Agriculture Agriculture (IAL) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 233 Port Allen ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Olokele sugar mill salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili RdHanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapē p ē Heights Hanapēp ē Riv e rKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 0 1 20.5 Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Industrial Transportation Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Roads Plantation Camp Provisional Agriculture Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Planning District Boundary Major Roads Small Town Streams USGS 40 ft. Contours Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Olokele Sugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights HanapēpēRiverKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Industrial Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Plantation Camp Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Provisional Agriculture Figure 5-3 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Land Use Map Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Olokele Sugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights HanapēpēRiverKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Industrial Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Plantation Camp Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Provisional Agriculture Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Olokele Sugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights HanapēpēRiverKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 01 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Industrial Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Plantation Camp Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Provisional Agriculture Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Olokele Sugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights HanapēpēRiverKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Industrial Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Plantation Camp Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Provisional Agriculture Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Olokele Sugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights HanapēpēRiverKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Industrial Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Plantation Camp Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Provisional Agriculture Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Olokele Sugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights HanapēpēRiverKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 0 1 20.5 Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Industrial Transportation Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Roads Plantation Camp Provisional Agriculture Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Planning District Boundary Major Roads Small Town Streams USGS 40 ft. Contours Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Olokele Sugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights HanapēpēRiverKaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Makaweli Land Use Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele 01 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Industrial Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Plantation Camp Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Provisional Agriculture (descriptive only) Agriculture Agriculture (IAL) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 235 Figure 5-4 South Kaua‘i Land Use Map Kōloa Poʻipū K a u mualiʻiHwy Kalāheo ʻŌmaʻo Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ip ū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala Kin o i k i R d ʻ Ō m aʻoRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘i Rd Land Use Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 0 1 20.5 Miles N1 in = 1 miles Small Town Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Large Town Resort Industrial Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf CourseRoads Streams Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Residential Community Planning District Boundary Major Roads USGS 40 ft. Contours Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d A la K i n o i k i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Land Use Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 0 1 20.5 Miles N1 in = 1 miles Small Town Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Large Town Resort Industrial Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf CourseMajor Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Neighborhood General Residential Community Provisional Agriculture Military Neighborhood Center Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d A la K i n o i k i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Land Use Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 0 1 20.5 Miles N1 in = 1 miles Small Town Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Large Town Resort Industrial Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf CourseMajor Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Neighborhood General Residential Community Provisional Agriculture Military Neighborhood Center Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala Kin o ik i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Land Use Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Small Town Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Large Town Resort Industrial Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf CourseMajor Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Neighborhood General Residential Community Provisional Agriculture Military Neighborhood Center Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala K in o ik i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Land Use Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 0120.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Small Town Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Large Town Resort Industrial Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf CourseMajor Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Neighborhood General Residential Community Provisional Agriculture Military Neighborhood Center Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d A la Ki n o i k i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Land Use Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Small Town Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Large Town Resort Industrial Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf CourseMajor Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Neighborhood General Residential Community Provisional Agriculture Military Neighborhood Center Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala K i n o ik i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Land Use Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Small Town Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Large Town Resort Industrial Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf CourseMajor Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Neighborhood General Residential Community Provisional Agriculture Military Neighborhood Center Agriculture Agriculture (IAL) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 237 Figure 5-5 Līhu‘e Land Use Map Lţhu॒e Puhi HanamĈ॒ulu KƻhiƃHwy Kaumuali॒iHwy NĈwiliwili Kīpū Līhuʻe AirportKukui Grove shopping Center Wilcox memorial Hospital Ric e S t Ahuki ni R d NĈwili w i l i R d Ma॒alo R d Alekoko Fishpond Wa ilua Ri v e r Land Use Map - Līhuʻe 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Agricultural (IAL) Golf Course Roads Streams University Zone Residential Community Neighborhood General Neighborhood Center Urban Center Urban Edge Boundary Planning District Boundary Major Roads USGS 40 ft. Contours Līhu‘e Puhi HanamĈ‘ulu KūhiƃHwy Kaumuali‘iHwyNĈwiliwili Kīpƻ Līhu‘e AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd NĈwili w i l i R d M a’alo R d Alekoko Fishpond WailuĈRiver Land Use Map - Līhu‘e 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Urban Edge Boundary Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Agricultural (IAL) Golf Course Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams University Zone Urban Center Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Residential Community Līhu‘e Puhi HanamĈ‘ulu KūhiƃHwy Kaumuali‘iHwyNĈwiliwili Kīpƻ Līhu‘e AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd NĈwil i w i l i R d M a’alo R d Alekoko Fishpond WailuĈRiver Land Use Map - Līhu‘e 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Urban Edge Boundary Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Agricultural (IAL) Golf Course Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams University Zone Urban Center Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Residential Community Līhu‘e Puhi HanamĈ‘ulu KūhiƃHwy Kaumuali‘iHwyNĈwiliwili Kīpƻ Līhu‘e AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd NĈwili w i l i R d Ma’alo R d Alekoko Fishpond WailuĈRiver Land Use Map - Līhu‘e 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Urban Edge Boundary Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Agricultural (IAL) Golf Course Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams University Zone Urban Center Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Residential Community Līhu‘e Puhi HanamĈ‘ulu KūhiƃHwy Kaumuali‘iHwyNĈwiliwili Kīpƻ Līhu‘e AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd NĈwili w i l i R d M a’alo R d Alekoko Fishpond WailuĈRiver Land Use Map - Līhu‘e 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Urban Edge Boundary Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Agricultural (IAL) Golf Course Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams University Zone Urban Center Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Residential Community Līhu‘e Puhi HanamĈ‘ulu KūhiƃHwy Kaumuali‘iHwyNĈwiliwili Kīpƻ Līhu‘e AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd NĈwili w i l i R d Ma’alo R d Alekoko Fishpond WailuĈRiver Land Use Map - Līhu‘e 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Urban Edge Boundary Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Agricultural (IAL) Golf Course Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams University Zone Urban Center Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Residential Community Agriculture Agriculture (IAL) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 239 Figure 5-6 East Kaua‘i Land Use Map KūhiōHw y Wailua Moloaʻa Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd Coconutmarketplace Kapaʻamiddle school mahelonamedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. Baptistesports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd Al i o manuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Land Use Map - East Kauaʻi 0 1 20.5 Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Roads Industrial Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Streams Major Roads Planning District Boundary USGS 40 ft. Contours Kūhiō Hw y Wailuā Moloa’a Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd A l i o manuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Land Use Map - East Kauaʻi 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Transportation Industrial KūhiōHwy Wailuā Moloa’a Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd AliomanuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Land Use Map - East Kauaʻi 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Transportation Industrial KūhiōHwy Wailua Moloaʻa Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd AliomanuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Land Use Map - East Kauaʻi 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Roads Industrial Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Streams Major Roads Planning District Boundary USGS 40 ft. Contours KūhiōHwy Wailua Moloaʻa Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd AliomanuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Land Use Map - East Kauaʻi 0120.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Roads Industrial Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Streams Major Roads Planning District Boundary USGS 40 ft. Contours ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 5.2 FUTURE LAND USE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 241 Figure 5-7 North Shore Land Use Map Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena Kīlauea Kū h i ō Hwy Princeville Airport Waipā Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center Kīlauea CommunityAgricultural Center Hanalei R i v e r Wainiha Land Use Map - North Shore 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Resort Transportation Golf CourseAgricultural (IAL)RoadsStreams Neighborhood General Neighborhood CenterResidential CommunityPlanning District BoundaryMajor RoadsUSGS 40 ft. Contours Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville Airport Waipā Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center Kīlauea CommunityAgricultural Center Hanalei R i v e r Wainiha Land Use Map - North Shore 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Resort Transportation Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Roads Streams Neighborhood General Neighborhood Center Residential Community Planning District Boundary Major Roads USGS 40 ft. Contours Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville Airport Waipa Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center ‘ ina Ho‘okupuAgricultural Park Ha n a l e i R i v e r Wainiha Land Use Map - North Shore 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena Kīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville Airport Waipa Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center ‘Āina Ho‘okupuAgricultural Park Ha n a l e i R i v e r Wainiha Land Use Map - North Shore 0 2 41 Miles N1 in = 2 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads StreamsResidential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville AirportWaipa Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center ‘Āina Ho‘okupuAgricultural Park Ha n a l e i R i v e r Wainiha Land Use Map - North Shore 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville AirportWaipa Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center ‘Āina Ho‘okupuAgricultural Park Ha n a l e i R i v e r Wainiha Land Use Map - North Shore 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Reservoirs Natural Agricultural Parks and Recreation Homestead Resort Transportation Military Golf Course Agricultural (IAL) Major Roads Planning District Boundary Roads Streams Residential Community Neighborhood Center Neighborhood General Agriculture Agriculture (IAL) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 5.3 HERITAGE RESOURCE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 243 5.3 HERITAGE REsOURCE mAPs The General Plan’s set of Heritage Resources Maps includes an island map and six district maps at a larger scale. These maps document important natural, scenic, and historic features, particularly in relation to the urban and agricultural lands that are developed or may be developed in the future, including: • Registered Historic Sites (State/Federal) • Cultural Features • Priority Public Access Points • Fishponds • Streams & Waterbodies • Wetlands • Major Roads • Planning District Boundaries • Traditional Cultivation Areas • Ahupua‘a Boundaries • Coral Reefs • Scenic Corridors • State & County Parks • Preserves • Reservoirs • Regulated Fishing Areas • Open Space Acquisition Priorities • Sand Dunes • Threatened & Endangered Species • Critical Habitat Purposes of the Heritage Resource Maps The purposes of the Heritage Resource Maps are: • To depict natural, cultural, and scenic resources that are important to the County of Kauaʻi and that are intended to be conserved. The mapping of important landforms, streams, and other physical elements represents the general location of the resource. The mapping of historic and archaeological sites, other features, and Scenic Roadway Corridors is intended to be representational, not precise. • To classify important landforms that shall be designated as “Natural” on the General Plan Land Use Map and shall be zoned accordingly, in order to protect steep slopes and streams from erosion and to protect landforms from development that might affect scenic views. • To be a guide when preparing Community Plans and in preparing or revising land use ordinances and rules, including but not limited to the following: revisions to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or the Zoning Maps, zone change ordinances, revisions to the Special Management Area (SMA) rules or boundaries, revisions to the Subdivision Ordinance, and the preparation of new ordinances or rules, such as a Scenic Roadway Corridor ordinance. • To be a reference for projects undertaken with State or County lands or funds shall be designed to conserve heritage resources. • To guide in the review of subdivision and land use permit applications, but may not be used alone to prohibit a land use that is allowed by the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or by permit. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 244 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J "J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J"J"J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J "J"J "J "J #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* $$ $$$$$$ $$ $$ $$$$$$$$$$ Kona Nāpali Haleleʻa Koʻolau Puna Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē Kū hiō Hwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d Kaumu a liʻiH w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei Riv er WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiv e r Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Heritage Resources Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Kōloa Scenic Byway Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Trails Historic Belt Road Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Figure 5-8 Kaua‘i Island Heritage Resource Map "J"J"J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J "J"J"J "J #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* $$ $$$$$$ $$ $$ $$$$$$$$$$ Kona Nāpali Haleleʻa Koʻolau Puna Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola Waim e a C a nyon R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei River WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Heritage Resources Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Kōloa Scenic Byway Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Trails Historic Belt Road Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads "J"J"J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J"J"J"J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J "J"J"J "J #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* Kona Nāpali Haleleʻa Koʻolau Puna Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola Waim e a C a nyon Rd Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Han alei Ri ver WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Heritage Resources Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Kōloa Scenic Byway Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Trails Historic Belt Road Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads "J"J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J "J"J"J "J #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* Kona Nāpali Haleleʻa Koʻolau Puna Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola W aim e a C a nyon R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Han alei Ri ver WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Heritage Resources Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Kōloa Scenic Byway Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Trails Historic Belt Road Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Makaweli Waimea WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Heritage Resources Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.3 HERITAGE RESOURCE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 245 "J"J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J "J"J "J "J "J "J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J"J "J "J"J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J "J"J "J"J"J "J #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* #* $$ $$$$$$ $$ $$ $$$$$$$$$$ Kona Nāpali Haleleʻa Koʻolau Puna Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei Riv er WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Heritage Resources Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Kōloa Scenic Byway Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Trails Historic Belt Road Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Makaweli Waimea WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Heritage Resources Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Planning District Boundary Figure 5-9 Waimea-Kekaha Heritage Resource Map Makaweli Waimea WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Heritage Resources Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Makaweli Waimea WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Heritage Resources Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Makaweli Waimea WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Heritage Resources Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5 Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 246 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Makaweli ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē KaumualiʻiH wy Salt PondBeach Park Port Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d H anap ē pē Riv er OlokeleSugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Heritage Resources Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Streams & Waterbodies Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Figure 5-10 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Heritage Resource Map ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Makaweli ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē Kaum ualiʻiH wy Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver OlokeleSugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Heritage Resources Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Streams & Waterbodies Major Roads Roads ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Makaweli ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē Kaum ualiʻiH wy Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver OlokeleSugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Heritage Resources Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Streams & Waterbodies Major Roads Roads ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Makaweli ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē Kaum ualiʻiH wy Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver OlokeleSugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Heritage Resources Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Streams & Waterbodies Major Roads Roads Weliweli Māhāʻulepū Lāwaʻi Kalāheo Pāʻā Kōloa ʻEleʻele Hale w i l i R d K a umualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Heritage Resources Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Kōloa Scenic Byway Trails Traditional Cultivation Areas Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh Density Very High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.3 HERITAGE RESOURCE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 247 Weliweli Māhāʻulepū Lāwaʻi Kalāheo Pāʻā Kōloa ʻEleʻele Hale w i l i R d K a umualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Heritage Resources Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Kōloa Scenic Byway Trails Traditional Cultivation Areas Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh Density Very High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Figure 5-11 South Kaua‘i Heritage Resource Map WeliweliMāhāʻulepū Lāwaʻi Kalāheo Pāʻā KōloaHalew i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a Ki n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Heritage Resources Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Kōloa Scenic Byway Trails Traditional Cultivation Areas Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads WeliweliMāhāʻulepū Lāwaʻi Kalāheo Pāʻā KōloaHalew i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a Ki n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Heritage Resources Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Kōloa Scenic Byway Trails Traditional Cultivation Areas Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads WeliweliMāhāʻulepū Lāwaʻi Kalāheo Pāʻā KōloaHale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Heritage Resources Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Planning District Boundary Fish Ponds$ò Kōloa Scenic Byway Trails Traditional Cultivation Areas Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 248 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Niumalu Kīpū Kai Niumalu Kalapakī Kīpū Hanamāʻulu Haʻikū Wailua Nāwiliwili Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t W a iluaRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Kaumualiʻi Hw y Heritage Resources Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Figure 5-12 Līhu‘e Heritage Resource Map Niumalu Kīpū Kai Niumalu Kalapakī Kīpū Hanamāʻulu Haʻikū Wailuā NāwiliwiliLīhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t WailuāRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Heritage Resources Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Niumalu Kīpū Kai Niumalu Kalapakī Kīpū Hanamāʻulu Haʻikū Wailuā NāwiliwiliLīhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Rice S t WailuāRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Heritage Resources Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Niumalu Kīpū Kai Niumalu Kalapakī Kīpū Hanamāʻulu Haʻikū Wailuā NāwiliwiliLīhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwil i w i l i R d Ric e S t WailuāRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Heritage Resources Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Kaʻakaʻaniu North Olohena South Olohena Kamalomaloʻo ʻAliomanu Pāpaʻa Waipouli Moloaʻa Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School K ū h i ō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A l i o manu R d Heritage Resources Map - East Kauaʻi Registered Historic Sites State"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.3 HERITAGE RESOURCE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 249 Niumalu Kīpū Kai Niumalu Kalapakī Kīpū Hanamāʻulu Haʻikū Wailua NāwiliwiliLīhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t WailuaRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Heritage Resources Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Kaʻakaʻaniu North Olohena South Olohena Kamalomaloʻo ʻAliomanu Pāpaʻa Waipouli Moloaʻa Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School K ū h i ō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A l i o manu R d Heritage Resources Map - East Kauaʻi Registered Historic Sites State"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Planning District Boundary Figure 5-13 East Kaua‘i Heritage Resources Map Kaʻakaʻaniu North Olohena South Olohena Kamalomaloʻo ʻAliomanu Pāpaʻa Waipouli Moloaʻa Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Heritage Resources Map - East Kauaʻi Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Kaʻakaʻaniu North Olohena South Olohena Kamalomaloʻo ʻAliomanu Pāpaʻa Waipouli Moloaʻa Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Alio manu Rd Heritage Resources Map - East Kauaʻi Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Kaʻakaʻaniu North Olohena South Olohena Kamalomaloʻo ʻAliomanu Pāpaʻa Waipouli Moloaʻa Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Heritage Resources Map - East Kauaʻi Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Very High DensityHigh DensityThreatened & Endangered Species N 0 2 41 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Regulated Fishing Areas Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 250 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Wes t W a i a k a l u a Eas t W a i a k a l u a Nam a h a n a Waik o k o Pōhakuau Waip a k e Lep e u l i Waiakalua Hanakoa Hanakāpiʻai Kāhili Waipā Hāʻena Honopū Pīlaʻa Kalalau Kīlauea Waiʻoli Kalihiwai LumahaʻiWainiha Hanalei Kū h i ō Hwy Kalihikai Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena KīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r Kūh i ō Hwy Heritage Resources Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Trails Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Historic Belt Road Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Planning District Boundary Figure 5-14 North Shore Heritage Resource Map Wes t W a i a k a l u a Eas t W a i a k a l u a Nam a h a n a Waik o k o Pohakuau Waip a k e Lep e u l i Waiakalua Hanakoa Hanakāpiʻai Kāhili Waipā Hāʻena Honopū Pīlaʻa Kalalau Kīlauea WaiʻoliKalihiwai LumahaʻiWainihaHanalei KūhiōHwyKalihikai Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipa Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r KūhiōHwy Heritage Resources Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Historic Belt Road Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Wes t W a i a k a l u a Eas t W a i a k a l u a Nam a h a n a Waik o k o Pohakuau Waip a k e Lep e u l i Waiakalua Hanakoa Hanakāpiʻai Kāhili Waipā Hāʻena Honopū Pīlaʻa Kalalau Kīlauea WaiʻoliKalihiwai LumahaʻiWainihaHanalei KūhiōHwyKalihikai Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipa Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r KūhiōHwy Heritage Resources Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Historic Belt Road Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Wes t W a i a k a l u a Eas t W a i a k a l u a Nam a h a n a Waik o k o Pohakuau Waip a k e Lep e u l i Waiakalua Hanakoa Hanakāpiʻai Kāhili Waipā Hāʻena Honopū Pīlaʻa Kalalau Kīlauea WaiʻoliKalihiwai LumahaʻiWainihaHanalei KūhiōHwy Kalihikai Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipa Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r KūhiōHwy Heritage Resources Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic Sites State"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Planning District Boundary Trails Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Historic Belt Road Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.4 HAZARD MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 251 Wes t W a i a k a l u a Eas t W a i a k a l u a Nam a h a n a Waik o k o Pōhakuau Waip a k e Lep e u l i Waiakalua Hanakoa Hanakāpiʻai Kāhili Waipā Hāʻena Honopū Pīlaʻa Kalalau Kīlauea WaiʻoliKalihiwai LumahaʻiWainihaHanalei KūhiōHwy Kalihikai Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r KūhiōHwy Heritage Resources Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Registered Historic SitesState"J National"J State & National"J Cultural Features Priority Public Access Points#* Fish Ponds$ò Traditional Cultivation Areas Ahupuaʻa Boundaries Wetlands Coral Reefs State & County Parks Preserves Reservoirs Open Space Acquisition Priorities Critical Habitat Trails Threatened & Endangered SpeciesHigh DensityVery High Density Regulated Fishing Areas Historic Belt Road Sand Dunes Major Roads Streams & Waterbodies Roads Planning District Boundary 5.4 HAZARD mAPs Hazard Maps have been included in this General Plan to support the goals and policies relating to increasing resilience. The maps identify areas across the island that may be vulnerable to natural hazards including flooding, wildfires, and tsunamis. They also identify the locations of critical facilities. The Hazard Maps, like the Heritage Resource Maps, are intended to be used as a planning tool to guide responsible decision-making about future land use and capital investments. The Hazard Maps should be periodically reviewed and updated as additional data becomes available. The Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone was added to the maps to show how such an event might affect the island; however, its intended use is specifically for hazard evacuation planning. As such, it was not used to inform changes to the Land Use Maps. Maps depicting potential 1-foot, 3-foot, and 6-foot sea level rise scenarios for select locations on the island are included in Appendix D. The Hazard Maps show: • Dams • Emergency Shelters • Critical Facilities • Major Roads • Tsunami Evacuation Zones • Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone • Streams • Wildfire Risk Rating • Flood Zones Purposes of the Hazard Maps The purposes of the Hazard Maps are as follows: • The Hazard Maps depict areas known to be vulnerable to natural hazards including flooding, wildfires, and tsunamis. These risk areas have been mapped using existing data sources and depict general locations that are intended to be representational, not precise. • The Hazard Map shall be used as a planning tool to identify existing developed areas that may need further analysis or protection. They can also help guide land use decisions that situate future development and critical facilities in safer areas. • The Hazard Maps should be referenced in preparing Community Plans. • Preparing or revising land use ordinances and rules, including but not limited to the following: revisions to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or the Zoning Maps, zone change ordinances, revisions to the Special Management Area (SMA) rules or boundaries, revisions to the Subdivision Ordinance, and the preparation of new ordinances or rules. • Projects undertaken with State or County lands or funds should be planned outside of known hazard areas. • The Hazard Maps shall serve as a guide in the review of subdivision and land use permit applications, but may not be used to prohibit a land use that is allowed by the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or by permit. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 252 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN #* #* #* #*#* #* #* #* #* #* #* #*#* #* #* #*#* #* #*$+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+$+ $+ $+$+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē K ū hiō Hw y Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d Kaumu a liʻiH w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei River WailuaRive r HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiv e r Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Hazards Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Critical FacilitiesCritical Facilities DamsDams$+ Streams Tsunami Evacuation Zone High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Wildfire Risk Rating Medium Low High Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Figure 5-15 Kaua‘i Island Hazard Map#* #* #* #*#* #* #* #* #* #* #* #*#* #* #* #*#* #* #*$+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+$+ $+ $+$+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+$+ $+ $+$+ Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola W aim e a C a nyo n R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Han alei Ri ver WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Hazards Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Critical FacilitiesCritical Facilities DamsDams$+ Streams Tsunami Evacuation Zone High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Wildfire Risk Rating Medium Low High Major Roads Roads WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver Waim eaCanyonRd Hazards Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Hazards Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver Waim eaCanyonRd Hazards Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.4 HAZARD MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 253 #* #* #* #*#* #* #* #* #* #* #* #*#* #* #* #*#* #* #*$+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+$+ $+ $+$+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+$+ $+ $+ $+ $+ $+ Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Alekoko Fishpond Waita Reservoir Hanalei River WailuaRiver HanapēpēRiver WaimeaRiver Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Hazards Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Critical FacilitiesCritical Facilities DamsDams$+ Streams Tsunami Evacuation Zone High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Wildfire Risk Rating Medium Low High Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver Waim eaCanyonRd Hazards Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Figure 5-16 Waimea-Kekaha Hazard Map WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver Waim eaCanyonRd Hazards Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Hazards Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Pākalā WaimeaRiver WaimeaCanyonRd Hazards Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 3 61.5Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 254 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē KaumualiʻiH wy OlokeleSugar Mill Salt PondBeach Park Port Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d H anap ē p ē R iv e r Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Hazards Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Figure 5-17 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Hazard Map ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē KaumualiʻiH wy OlokeleSugar Mill Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Hazards Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē Kaum ualiʻiH wy OlokeleSugar Mill Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Hazards Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē Kaum ualiʻiH wy OlokeleSugar Mill Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Hazards Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone K a umualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Hazards Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.4 HAZARD MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 255 ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē KaumualiʻiH wy OlokeleSugar Mill Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Hazards Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone K a umualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Hazards Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Figure 5-18 South Kaua‘i Hazard Map KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a Kin o ik i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Hazards Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park Al a K in o ik i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Hazards Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Hazards Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 256 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwil i w i l i R d Ric e S t W ailuaRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Kaumualiʻi Hw y Hazards Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Figure 5-19 Līhu‘e Hazard Map Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t WailuaRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Hazards Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami ZoneLīhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Rice S t WailuāRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Hazards Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t WailuāRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Hazards Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School K ū h i ō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A l i o manu R d Hazards Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.4 HAZARD MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 257 Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwil i w i l i R d Ric e S t WailuaRiver Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Hazards Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School K ū h i ō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A l i o manu R d Hazards Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Figure 5-20 East Kaua‘i Hazard Map Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Hazards Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A li o manu Rd Hazards Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu R d Hazards Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 258 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena KīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r Kūh i ō Hwy Hazards Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75 Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium HarborsSchools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilitieskjkj kj kj kj kj kj AirportskjCivic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Figure 5-21 North Shore Hazard Map Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r KūhiōHwy Hazards Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r KūhiōHwy Hazards Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone ʻEleʻeleHanapēpē Kaum ualiʻiH wy OlokeleSugar Mill Salt PondBeach ParkPort Allen HalewiliRd Hanapēpē Heights Mo i R d HanapēpēRiver Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Hazards Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 1 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+ Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium Harbors Schools Correctional Centers Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilities kj kj kj kj kj kj kj Airportskj Civic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone ExtremeTsunami Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.5 INFRASTRUCTURE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 259 Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Ha n a l e i R i v e r KūhiōHwy Hazards Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75 Miles 1 in = 3 miles Wildfire Risk Rating High DamsDams$+Streams High Risk Flood Zone Moderate Risk Flood Zone Low Medium HarborsSchools Correctional Center Electric Facilities Hospitals Landfill Wastewater Treatment Plants Critical Facilitieskjkj kj kj kj kj kj AirportskjCivic Centerskj Emergency SheltersEmergency Shelters#* Tsunami Evacuation Zone Major Roads Roads Extreme Tsunami Zone 5.5 INFRAsTRUCTURE mAPs The Infrastructure Maps are a new addition to this General Plan. The maps identify the locations of existing infrastructure systems for water, wastewater, electrical power generation, and solid waste. These maps are intended to be used as a resource to guide responsible decision-making about future land use and infrastructure investments. The Infrastructure Maps should be periodically reviewed and updated as additional data becomes available. The Infrastructure Maps include the following information: • Solid Waste Management Facilities • Private Water System Service Areas • County Water System Service Areas • Wastewater Treatment Plant • Sewer Pump Stations • County Wastewater System Service Areas • Private Wastewater Service Areas • Power Plants • State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands • Planning District Boundary • Major Roads • Roads Purposes of the Infrastructure Maps The purposes of the Infrastructure Maps are as follows: • To depict existing systems for water, wastewater, electrical power generation, and solid waste. Facilities and service areas have been mapped using existing data sources and depict general locations that are intended to be representational, not precise. • To be used as a planning tool in conjunction with other policy maps to help identify and prioritize infrastructure needs in existing and future growth areas. • To be referenced in preparing Community Plans and in preparing or revising land use ordinances and rules, including but not limited to the following: revisions to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or the Zoning Maps, zone change ordinances, revisions to the Special Management Area (SMA) rules or boundaries, revisions to the Subdivision Ordinance, and the preparation of new ordinances or rules. • To serve as a guide in the review of subdivision and land use permit applications and to aid in determining infrastructure needs, but may not be used to prohibit a land use that is allowed by the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance or by permit. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 260 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN %, %, %, %,%, %, %, $+$+ $+ kj Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē Kū hiōHw y Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d Kaumu a liʻiH w y Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North Shore East Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyon R d Infrastructure Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Landfillkj Private Water System Service Area County Water System Service Area Private Wastewater Service Area County Wastewater System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Figure 5-22 Kaua‘i Island Infrastructure Map %, %, %, %,%, %, %, $+$+ $+ kjLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C anyon Rd Infrastructure Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Landfillkj Private Water System Service Area County Water System Service Area Private Wastewater Service Area County Wastewater System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary %, %, %, %,%, %, %, $+$+ $+ kjLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyo n R d Infrastructure Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Landfillkj Private Water System Service Area County Water System Service Area Private Wastewater Service Area County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Waim e a Ca n yo n R d Pākalā Infrastructure Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.5 INFRASTRUCTURE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 261 %, %, %, %,%, %, %, $+$+ $+ kjLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyon R d Infrastructure Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Landfillkj Private Water System Service Area County Water System Service Area Private Wastewater Service Area County Wastewater System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Waim e a Ca n yo n R d Pākalā Infrastructure Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Figure 5-23 Waimea-Kekaha Infrastructure Map Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Waime a Ca n yo n R d Pākalā Infrastructure Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Waime a Ca n yo n R d Pākalā Infrastructure Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Wai m e a Ca n yo n R d Pākalā Infrastructure Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 262 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd H a n a p ē pēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Infrastructure Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Figure 5-24 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Infrastructure Map Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Infrastructure Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Infrastructure Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Infrastructure Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Hale w i l i R d K a umualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Infrastructure Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.5 INFRASTRUCTURE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 263 Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Infrastructure Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Hale w i l i R d K a umualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Infrastructure Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Figure 5-25 South Kaua‘i Infrastructure Map Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ‘Ōma‘o Kōloa Po‘ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a Kin o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Infrastructure Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Halew i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a Ki n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Infrastructure Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Infrastructure Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 264 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Kaumualiʻi Hw y Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwil i w i l i R d Ric e S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Infrastructure Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Figure 5-26 Līhu‘e Infrastructure Map Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Infrastructure Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Rice S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Infrastructure Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Infrastructure Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School K ū h i ō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A l i o manu R d Infrastructure Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.5 INFRASTRUCTURE MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 265 Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwil i w i l i R d Ric e S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Infrastructure Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School K ū h i ō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A l i o manu R d Infrastructure Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Figure 5-27 East Kaua‘i Infrastructure Map Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Infrastructure Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service AreaDeposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Infrastructure Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Infrastructure Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 266 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena KīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Kū h i ō Hwy Infrastructure Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Figure 5-28 North Shore Infrastructure Map Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport KūhiōHwy Infrastructure Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service AreaDeposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipa Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport KūhiōHwy Infrastructure Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service AreaDeposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipa Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport KūhiōHwy Infrastructure Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.6 PUBLIC FACILITIES MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 267 Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport KūhiōHwy Infrastructure Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Wastewater Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW Power Plants$+ Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Wastewater Treatment Plant%, County Wastewater System Service Area Planning District Boundary 5.6 PUBLIC FACILITIEs mAPs The General Plan Public Facilities Maps are a new addition to this General Plan. The maps identify the locations of existing public facilities on Kauaʻi. These maps are intended to be used as a reference in planning public facilities and services to support future land uses and development. The Public Facilities Maps should be periodically reviewed and updated as additional data becomes available. The Public Facilities Maps are a general reference, and may not be used to determine whether adequate facilities or services exist to support or deny a proposed land use. The Public Facilities Maps include the following information: • Neighborhood Centers • Post Offices • Schools • Police Stations • Harbors • Hospitals • Civic Centers • Correctional Center • Airports • Fire Stations • Parks • Planning District Boundaries • Major Roads • Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zones Purposes of the Public Facilities Maps The purposes of the Public Facilities Maps are as follows: • To depict the locations of existing public facilities. These facilities have been mapped using existing data sources and depict general locations that are intended to be representational, not precise. • To be used as a planning tool in identifying existing areas that may need additional facilities, services, or mitigation plans for protection or relocation. They can also help ensure that future development is supported by adequate facilities. • To be referenced in preparing Community Plans and Functional Plans. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 268 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " """"" ¾; "lll "F "F"F "F "F "F "F Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē Kū hiōHw y Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d Kaumu a liʻiH w y Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North Shore East Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyon R d Public Facilities Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Figure 5-29 Kaua‘i Island Public Facilities ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " """"" ¾; "lll "F "F"F "F "F "F "F Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C anyon Rd Public Facilities Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " """"" ¾; "lll "F "F"F "F "F "F "F Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Halew i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W ai m e a C a nyo n R d Public Facilities Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone Parks and Recreation ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " """"" ¾; "lll "F "F"F "F "F "F "F Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyo n R d Public Facilities Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5 Miles 1 in = 4 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone Parks and Recreation Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a i mea C a n y o nRd Pākalā Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d Public Facilities Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.6 PUBLIC FACILITIES MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 269 ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " """"" ¾; "lll "F "F"F "F "F "F "F Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea Princeville HanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyon R d Public Facilities Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a i mea C a n y o nRd Pākalā Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d Public Facilities Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Figure 5-30 Waimea-Kekaha Public Facilities Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a imea C a n y onRd Pākalā Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d Public Facilities Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd W a imea C a n y onRd Pākalā Kek a h a R d Me n e h u n e R d Public Facilities Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone Parks and Recreation Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Infrastructure Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Solid Waste Management Facilities Water Facilities Drop-off Recycling Center!( Waste Water Facilities Refuse Transfer Station") Green Waste Diversion Site#* Electric Facilities Private Water System Service Area County WaterSystem Service Area Deposit Beverage ContainerRedemption CenterXW County Waste Water System Service Area Power Plants$+ Waste Water Treatment Plant%, Sewer Pump Stations&- Sewerlines State Land Use District Urban Designated Lands Major Roads Roads Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 270 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd H a n a p ē pēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Public Facilities Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Figure 5-31 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Public Facilities Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Public Facilities Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē Kau mualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Public Facilities Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala Kin o i ki R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Public Facilities Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation Kōloa Po‘ipū K a u mualiʻiHwy Kalāheo ‘Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d A la K i n o i k i R d ‘ Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘i Rd Public Facilities Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.6 PUBLIC FACILITIES MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 271 Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Public Facilities Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Kōloa Po‘ipū K a u mualiʻiHwy Kalāheo ‘Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d A la K i n o i k i R d ‘ Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘i Rd Public Facilities Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Figure 5-32 South Kaua‘i Public Facilities Kōloa Po‘ipū KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo ‘Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala K in o ik i R d ‘ Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Public Facilities Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala K in o ik i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Public Facilities Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation Kōloa Po’ipū Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Ōma‘o Kukui‘ula Lāwa‘i Waita Reservoir Kalawai Park Po‘ipū Beach Park Ma l u h i a R d Ala K i n o i k i R d Ō m a‘oRdPapālina R d Lāwa‘iRd Public Facilities Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 272 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Nāwiliwili Kīpū Līhuʻe AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t Ahuk i n i Rd Nāwili w i l i R d M aʻalo R d Alekoko Fishpond KaumualiʻiHwy Public Facilities Map - Līhuʻe Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Figure 5-33 Līhu‘e Public Facilities Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Nāwiliwili Kīpū Līhuʻe AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd Nāwili w i l i R d Maʻalo R d Alekoko Fishpond KaumualiʻiHwy Public Facilities Map - Līhuʻe Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Nāwiliwili Kīpū Līhuʻe AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd Nāwili w i l i R d Ma’alo R d Alekoko Fishpond KaumualiʻiHwy Public Facilities Map - Līhuʻe Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Nāwiliwili Kīpū Līhuʻe AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd Nāwili w i l i R d M a’alo R d Alekoko Fishpond KaumualiʻiHwy Public Facilities Map - Līhuʻe Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation KūhiōHwy Wailua Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd A l i o manuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Public Facilities Map - East Kauaʻi Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.6 PUBLIC FACILITIES MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 273 Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Nāwiliwili Kīpū Līhuʻe AirportKukui Grove Shopping Center Wilcox Memorial Hospital Ric e S t AhukiniRd Nāwili w i l i R d M aʻalo R d Alekoko Fishpond KaumualiʻiHwy Public Facilities Map - Līhuʻe Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary KūhiōHwy Wailua Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd A l i o manuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Public Facilities Map - East Kauaʻi Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Figure 5-34 East Kaua‘i Public Facilities KūhiōHwy Wailua Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd AliomanuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Public Facilities Map - East Kauaʻi Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary KūhiōHwy Wailuā Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd AliomanuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Public Facilities Map - East Kauaʻi Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation KūhiōHwy Wailuā Kapaʻa Anahola KuamoʻoRd Kapaʻa Bypass Rd CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School MahelonaMedical Center AnaholaPost Office Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Kapa‘a Beach Park Coco Palms OlohenaRd AliomanuRd Kūhiō H w y Keālia Public Facilities Map - East Kauaʻi Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 1 20.5 Miles N1 in = 1 miles Parks and Recreation ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 274 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena Kīlauea Kū h i ō H wy Princeville Airport Waipā Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center Public Facilities Map - North Shore Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Figure 5-35 North Shore Public Facilities Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville Airport Waipā Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center Public Facilities Map - North Shore Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena Kīlauea Kūh i ō Hwy Princeville AirportWaipa Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center Public Facilities Map - North Shore Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Parks and Recreation Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville Airport Waipa Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center Public Facilities Map - North Shore Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers "lll Correctional Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Planning District Boundary Hospitals Major Roads Roads ExtremeTsunami Evacuation Zone 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Parks and Recreation ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.7 TRANSPORTATION MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 275 Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena Kīlauea KūhiōHwy Princeville Airport Waipā Hanalei River Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Center Public Facilities Map - North Shore Neighborhood Centersç Post Offices" Schools Police Stations Harbors ¾;Civic Centers Airports "F Fire Stations Hospitals Major Roads Roads 0 2 41Miles N1 in = 2 miles Parks and Recreation "lll Correctional Center Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone Planning District Boundary5.7 TRANsPORTATION mAPs There are two General Plan Transportation Maps. One shows existing and planned improvements for roadway capacity, the roadway network, and shared use paths. The second depicts proposed improvements to the transit system. Community-scale improvements such as sidewalks and bike lanes are intended to be refined in Community and Functional Plans. Keys to these maps are provided in Table 5-1 and Table 5-2, respectively. The Transportation Maps should be periodically reviewed and updated as additional data becomes available. The Transportation Maps are a general reference, and may not be used to determine whether adequate facilities or services exist to support or deny a proposed land use. The following source documents were consulted to identify anticipated transportation improvements to 2035: • Kauaʻi Transit Feasibility Study (2016): KTFS • Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions (2015): KTS • Bike Plan Hawai‘i (2003): BPH • South Kauaʻi Community Plan (2015): SKCP • Līhuʻe Community Plan (2015): LCP • Kīlauea Town Plan (2005): KTP • West Side Path Alternatives (2012): WSPA • North Shore Path Alternatives (2012): NSPA • Kauaʻi State Transportation Improvements Program (FY 2015-2018): KSTIP The map includes the following information, with associated sources indicated: • Existing Roads • Future Roads: KTS, SKCP, LCP, KTP, STIP • Shared Use Paths (Existing and Future): County of Kauaʻi (existing), SKCP, LCP, WSPA, • NSPA, STIP • Planning District Boundary: Hawai‘i DBEDT (1983) • Major Roads: Hawai‘i Department of Transportation (2009) Figure 5-37 is taken from the Kauaʻi Transit Feasibility Study (2017). Purpose of the Transportation Maps The purposes of the Transportation Maps are as follows: • To depict the locations of major anticipated improvements to Kauaʻi’s transportation network during the planning horizon of the General Plan. Anticipated improvements have been mapped based on available planning documents. Locations of anticipated improvements are intended to be representational, not precise. • To be used as a planning tool in identifying areas that may need additional facilities or services. They can also help ensure that future development is supported by adequate multimodal facilities. • To be referenced in preparing Community Plans and Functional Plans. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 276 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Table 5-1 Kaua‘i Island Transportation Roadway Map Key IMPROVEMENTS TO EXISTING ROADS 1. Kīlauea Road Multimodal Access Improvements to Kīlauea Lighthouse National Wildlife Refuge 2. Multimodal capacity improvements to Kawaihau Road 3. Widen the northern segment of Kapa‘a Bypass Road to two-lane and two-way from the northern end of the Bypass to the roundabout at Olohena Road 4. Operational improvements such as signalization and left turn restrictions on Kūhiō Highway from Kapa‘a Town to Kuamo‘o Road 5. Add one lane on Kūhiō Highway from southern end of Kapa‘a Bypass Road to Kuamo‘o Road 6. Extension of right turn lane on Haleilio Road at Kūhiō Highway 7. Add one lane on Kūhiō Highway from Kuamo‘o Road to Kapule Highway 8. Implementation of Līhuʻe TIGER Grant Project Improvements 9. Congestion Management project on Kaumuali‘i Highway from Anonui Street to Maluhia Road 10. Multimodal capacity improvements to Po’ipū Road NEW ROADS 11. (a) New Kīlauea Entry Road; and (b) Kīlauea Entry Road Expansion 12. Connections between Kapa‘a Bypass Road and Neighborhoods 13. Connection between Kūhiō Highway and Kapa‘a Bypass Road 14. Connection between Kuamo‘o Road and Ma‘alo Road 15. Līhuʻe Mauka Route 16. Northerly Leg of the Western Access Road SHARED USE PATHS 17. North Shore Path (alignment location and phases to be determined) 18. Completion of Ke Ala Hele Makalae from Ahihi Point to Anahola 19. Completion of Ke Ala Hele Makalae to Līhuʻe 20. South Shore Path (see South Kauaʻi Community Plan) 21. West Side Path (Phase 1 Hanapēpē Town to Salt Pond and Waimea to Kekaha. Future phases and alignments to be determined) Projects in this table are not listed in order of priority. Numbers refer to Figure 5-36, which maps these projects geographically. Other types of projects not listed include safety (such as Safe Routes to School and intersection improvements) and system preservation (such as resurfacing and bridge replacement/repair). Other bikeway projects are noted in community plans and the Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions Plan. South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North Shore East Kauaʻi Future North Shore Shared UsePath (alignment to be determined) Future West Side SharedUse Path (Under Design) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1212 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Waimea Wailua Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Poʻipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamoʻoRd Kūhi ō Hwy KūhiōHwy Kaumualiʻi Hwy Halew i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y W aim e a C a nyo n R d Transportation Roadway Map - KauaʻiRoadway Capacity, Network and Shared Use Paths N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Roads Existing Shared Use Path Future Roads Future Shared Use Path Improvements to Existing Roads Scenic CorridorsPlanning District Boundary ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.7 TRANSPORTATION MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 277 South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North Shore East Kauaʻi Future North Shore Shared UsePath (alignment to be determined) Future West Side SharedUse Path (Under Design) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1212 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Waimea Wailua Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Poʻipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamoʻoRd Kūhi ō Hwy KūhiōHwy Kaumualiʻi Hwy Halew i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y W aim e a C a nyo n R d Transportation Roadway Map - KauaʻiRoadway Capacity, Network and Shared Use Paths N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Roads Existing Shared Use Path Future Roads Future Shared Use Path Improvements to Existing Roads Scenic CorridorsPlanning District Boundary Figure 5-36 Kaua‘i Island-Wide Transportation Map Showing Roadway Capacity, Networks, Shared Use Paths, and Scenic Corridors South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Future North Shore Shared UsePath (alignment to be determined) Future West Side SharedUse Path (Under Design) 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1212 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Waimea Wailuā Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Po’ipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamooRd KūhiōHwy KūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Halew i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y W aim e a C anyon Rd Transportation Roadway Map - KauaʻiRoadway Capacity, Network and Shared Use Paths N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Roads Existing Shared Use Path Future Roads Future Shared Use Path Improvements to Existing Roads Planning District Boundary Scenic CorridorsSouth Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Future North Shore Shared UsePath (alignment to be determined) Future West Side SharedUse Path (Under Design) 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1212 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Waimea Wailuā Kapaʻa Keālia Anahola Hanalei KīlaueaPrincevilleHā‘ena Kekaha Waimea Hanapēpē ʻEleʻele Kalāheo Kōloa Po’ipū PuhiLīhuʻe Hanamāʻulu KuamooRd KūhiōHwy KūhiōHwy KaumualiʻiHwy Hale w i l i R d Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y W aim e a C a nyo n R d Transportation Roadway Map - KauaʻiRoadway Capacity, Network and Shared Use Paths N 0 5 102.5 Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Roads Existing Shared Use Path Future Roads Future Shared Use Path Improvements to Existing Roads Planning District Boundary Scenic Corridors ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 278 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Table 5-2 Priority Transit Capacity Projects Projects are not listed in order of priority. Figure 5-37 Kaua‘i Island Transit Map Source: Kaua’i Transit Feasibility Study, Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates, Inc., 2017 REGIONAL TRANSIT SHUTTLES 1. Implement Regional Transit Shuttles • North Shore Shuttle (Kīlauea Lighthouse to Kē’ē Beach) • East Side Shuttle (Lydgate Park to Keālia Beach) • Reconfigure Wailua and Kapahi Shuttles • Reconfigure Līhuʻe Shuttles • Po‘ipū-Kōloa Shuttle • Hanapēpē to Kōloa Shuttle TRANSIT MAINLINES 1. Reconfigure and expand service frequency for transit mainlines ONLINE VERsION ONLINE VERSION 5.7 TRANSPORTATION MAPS | 5.0 POLICY mAPs 279 The maps are intended to be utilized and cross-referenced against one another when considering future land use proposals or policies. ‘Anini Coastal Area and Reef, North Shore District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 280 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | 6.0 REFERENCES 281 1. 09/13/2016 and 09/20/2016 Minutes of the Kaua‘i County Council Affordable Housing Advisory Committee (authorized by Resolution No. 2013-57, Draft 1 on 06/12/2013, amended by Resolution No. 2014-34 on 05/28/2014). 1. Anderson, T. R., Fletcher, C. H., Barbee, M. M., Frazer, L. N., & Romine, B. M. (2015). Doubling of coastal erosion under rising sea level by mid-century in Hawaii. Natural Hazards, 78(1), 75–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1698-6. 2. American Planning Association. (2016). APA Website. https://www.planning.org/ Architecture 2030. (2014). Roadmap to Zero Emissions. http://architecture2030.org/initiatives/roadmap-to-zero/. 3. Booske, et al. (2010). County Health Rankings Weighting Methodology. 4. Cassiday, Ricky. (2014). Kauaʻi Rental Market: Affordable Rental Housing Study Update, 2014. 5. Charlier Associates, Inc. (2012). Kauaʻi Multimodal Land Transportation Plan: Planning for a Sustainable Transportation Plan in Kauaʻi County Through 2035. 6. Chinen, JJ. (1958). The Great Māhele. 7. CH2MHill. (2014). Federal-Aid Highways 2035 Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) for the District of Kauaʻi. Prepared for: State of Hawai‘i Department of Transportation Highways Division. 8. City of Portland. Four Types of Transportation Cyclists.https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/158497 9. Collaborative Economics. (September 2015). An In-Depth Look into Kauaʻi’s Economy – Summary Report. 10. Collaborative Economics. (November 2013). Developing A Shared Agenda: For the North Shore of O‘ahu’s Economic Vitality and Community Well-Being Draft Action Plan. 6.0 REFERENCES ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 282 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 11. County of Kaua‘i. (2017). Annual Income Limits. 12. County of Kaua‘i; Nelson Nygaard.(2017). Kaua‘i Short-Range Transit Plan. 13. County of Kauaʻi Housing Agency. (April 2015). Consolidated Plan 2015-2020. 14. County of Kauaʻi Office of Economic Development and Kauaʻi Economic Development Board. (2016). Draft Kauaʻi’s Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) Report 2005-2015. 15. County of Kauaʻi Department of Parks and Recreation. (2013). Kauaʻi Parks & Recreation Master Plan. 16. County of Kauaʻi Planning Department. (September 2014). South Kauaʻi Form-Based Code. 17. County of Kauaʻi Planning Department (July 2015). South Kauaʻi Community Plan. Prepared for County of Kauaʻi. http://www.Kauai.gov/Government/Departments-Agencies/Planning-Department/Long-Range-Division/South-Kauaʻi-Community-Plan. 18. County of Kauaʻi Planning Department. (2010). Līhuʻe Town Core Urban Design Plan. http://www.Kauai.gov/Portals/0/Planning/project_documents/LTCUDP_Intro_Ordinance.p df?ver=2015-04-22-152009-763. 19. County of Kauaʻi Planning Department. (November 2000). Kauaʻi General Plan. 20. County of Kauaʻi Planning Department & SSFM International, Inc. (June 2015). Līhuʻe Community Plan (LCP). 21. County of Kauaʻi Planning Department; PRB Hawai‘i & Associates, Inc. (2005). Līhuʻe Civic Center Site Improvements Master Plan. 22. County of Kauaʻi; University of Hawai‘i Social Science Research Institute’s Hazards, Climate & Environment Program. 2015 Update. County of Kauaʻi Multi-Hazard Mitigation and Resilience Plan.http://www.Kauai.gov/Portals/0/Civil_Defense/2015 Hazard Mitigation Plan/03 Hazard Identification.pdf?ver=2016-01-28-162800-187 23. County of Kauaʻi. (2014). County of Kauaʻi Multi-Hazard Mitigation & Resilience Plan, 2015 Update: Chapter 6 Appendix C: Hanalei to Hā‘ena Community Disaster Resilience Plan. http://hazards-climate-environment.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Chapter_6_Appendix_E- Best_Practice_of_Community_Resilience-Hanalei_Watershed_Hui.17610716.pdf 24. County of Kauaʻi. (December 2012). Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance (CZO), Amended. http://www.Kauaʻi.gov/Portals/0/Planning/CZO/Ord No 935 Updated CZO .pdf 25. County of Kauaʻi. (2010). Kauaʻi Energy Sustainability Plan. 26. County of Kauaʻi. (2001). Kauaʻi County Storm Water Runoff System Manual. 27. County of Kauaʻi. (1981). Agricultural Plan. http://files.Hawaii.gov/luc/cokauai/a80- 474dped.pdf. 28. Center for Island Climate Adaptation and Policy. (2010). Hawai’i’s Changing Climate Briefing Sheet.http://www.soest.Hawaii.edu/coasts/publications/ClimateBrief_low.pdf 29. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). About Smart Growth. 30. Experience Kauaʻi Tours & Transportation.(2015). North Shore Shuttle Feasibility Study. http://www.kauaishuttlestudy.com/ Prepared for the County of Kauaʻi. 31. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (November 2010). Kauaʻi County, Hawai‘i Flood Insurance Rate Map Update. http://www.Kauai.gov/portals/0/pw_bldg/flood_review/flood_zone_maps/2010/15000200 95F.pdf 32. Fletcher, et al. (2012). Kaua‘i Coastal Erosion Study.http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/kauaicounty/KCounty.html. 33. Fukunaga & Associates. (May 2015 and September 2015 updates - unpublished draft). Technical Memorandum: County of Kauaʻi Water Use & Development Plan Update. 34. Fukunaga & Associates. 2013. Technical Memo, 2015 draft Needs Assessment Study and Facility Reserve Charge Update. 35. Greenbelt Alliance. (2016). GreenBelt Alliance Website.http://www.greenbelt.org/land-use- planning-dictionary/zoning/. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | 6.0 REFERENCES 283 36. Hawai‘i Airports Modernization Program (2008). Accessed June 2016. http://www.hawaiiairportsmodernization.com/ 37. Hawai‘i Department of Education; Hawai‘i Health Initiative (HHI). 2007. Wellness Guidelines: Department of Education (DOE) Wellness Policy in Kauaʻi Schools. 38. Hawai‘i History. (2017). HawaiiHistory.org. 39. Hawai‘i State Commission on Water Resources Management. 2014. State Water Resource Protection Plan Draft Update. http://files.Hawaii.gov/dlnr/cwrm/planning/wrpp2014update/WRPP- 2014Ch8SummaryDroughtPlanning.pdf 40. Hawai‘i State Department of Health (DOH), Chronic Disease Management and Control Branch. (2011). Chronic Disease Disparities Report 2011: Social Determinants. http://health.Hawaii.gov/chronic-disease/files/2013/12/CD_BurdenReport_FINAL.pdf 41. Hawai‘i State Department of Health (DOH); Loretta J. Fuddy, A.C.S.W., M.P.H. Director of Health; Neil Abercrombie, Governor. (2013). Strategic Plan, FY 2011-2014. http://health.Hawaii.gov/opppd/files/2013/04/Five_Foundations.pdf. 42. Hawai‘i State Legislature. (2005). Act 183, Relating to Important Agricultural Lands. SLH 2008; HRS §205-41. 43. Hawai‘i Tourism Authority. (2000-2011). Annual Visitor Research Report. 44. Hazards, Climate, & Environment Program, University of Hawai‘i Social Science Research Institute and Disaster Resilience LLC with the Kauaʻi County Emergency Defense Agency and the County of Kauaʻi. (2015 Update). County of Kauaʻi Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. http://www.Kauai.gov/CivilDefense/MultiHazardMitigationPlan 45. Health & Education Communication Consultants; Design Associates Kauaʻi. (March 2012). West Side Path Alternatives Report. http://www.kauaipath.org/files/content/WS_Path_Alternatives.pdf. Prepared for Kauaʻi Path, Inc. 46. Hoakalei Cultural Foundation Website. (2014). http://www.hoakaleifoundation.org/. 47. International Association for Public Participation (IAP2);http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/effective- engagement/developing-an-engagement-plan/a-model-for-engagement 48. Island Press. (2012). Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts, Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment. http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA- PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf 49. Jung, Ian. (April 30, 2015). Presentation to the General Plan CAC: Growth Management Issues for this General Plan. 50. Kapa‘a Business Association website. (2015). http://www.kbaKauaʻi.org/ 51. Kauaʻi Community Health Initiative. (June 2014). Kauaʻi Community Health Improvement Plan. 52. Kauaʻi Community Health Initiative. (July 2013). Kauaʻi Community Health Needs Assessment. http://health.Hawaii.gov/Kauaʻi/files/2013/07/KAUAʻI-CHNA-July-2013.pdf 53. Kaua‘i General Plan Update: Visitor Updates, SMS Research, October 2017 54. Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC). (2014). Journey 2014: KIUC Annual Report. http://kiuc.coopwebbuilder2.com/sites/kiuc/files/PDF/annualreport/annualreport2014.pdf 55. Kauaʻi Planning & Action Alliance. (July 2015). Kauaʻi Tourism Strategic Plan Update FY 2016- 2018. Prepared for County of Kauaʻi, Office of Economic Development. http://www.Kauai.gov/Portals/0/OED/Kauaʻi TSPU Executive Summary- FINAL.pdf 56. Landmark Consulting. (January 2012). North Shore Path Alternatives Report: An Assessment of Opportunities & Constraints for the Development of a Multi-use Path Network to Connect the Communities of Kīlauea, Princeville, and Hanalei. 57. Mulkern, Anne C. Scientific American. (September 9, 2013). As Pacific Islands Flood, A Climate- Driven Exodus Grows. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-pacific-islands-flood-a-climate-driven-exodus/. 58. National Historic Preservation Act. (1966). 16 U.S.C. §§ 470a et seq. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 284 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 59. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office for Coastal Management.(2016). Coastal Zone Management Act. https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/. 60. National Park Service, Department of the Interior. (1983). Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. 61. Opinion of the Court by Nakayama, Acting C.J., Supreme Court of the State of Hawai’i, April 27, 2012); Hawai‘i Reporter April 2012. 62. Opticos Design, Inc. (2016). Summary of Community Place Types and Degree-of-Change Visioning Workshops for the Kauaʻi General Plan. 63. Pacific Business News. (Feb 3, 2016). Kauaʻi Utility Reaches 90% Renewable Energy Utilization. http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/02/03/Kauai-utility-reaches-90-renewable- energy.html. 64. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. (2010). (Publication No. 111-148, §2702, 124 Stat. 119, 318-319). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 65. PBR Hawai‘i & Associates, Inc. (2015). Kauaʻi 2035 General Plan Technical Study: Land Use Buildout Analysis. 66. PlanPacific, Inc. (September 2005 Draft). Kīlauea Town Plan. Prepared for Kauaʻi County Planning Department. 67. Policy Link. (2016). All-In Cities: Building an Equitable Economy from the Ground Up. 68. Policy Link. (2011). Why Place and Race Matters. http://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/WHY_PLACE_AND_RACE_MATTER_FULL%2 0REPORT_WEB.PDF 69. QMark Research (2015). Kauaʻi Visitor Survey. 70. R.M. Towill. (May 2015). 2035 General Plan Kauaʻi Infrastructure Analysis. 71. R.M. Towill Corporation; Commission on Water Resource Management Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘i. (1990). Kauaʻi Water Use and Development Plan. Prepared for the Department of Water, County of Kauaʻi. 72. RW Beck. (September 2009). Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan. Prepared for the County of Kauaʻi Department of Public Works-Solid Waste Division. 73. Shimogawa, Duane. Pacific Business News. (Feb 3, 2016). Kauaʻi utility reaches 90% renewable energy utilization. http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/02/03/Kauaʻi-utility-reaches-90-renewable-energy.html 74. SMS Research & Marketing Services, Inc. (February 2014). Kauaʻi 2035 General Plan: Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts. 75. SMS Research (prepared for the Hawai‘i Housing Finance and Development Corporation). (2016). Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study, 2016. https://dbedt.hawaii.gov/hhfdc/files/2016/12/State_HHPS2016_Report_111416-FINAL-122216.pdf 76. SMS Research (prepared for the Hawai‘i Housing Finance and Development Corporation). November 2011. Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study, 2011. https://dhhl.hawaii.gov/wp- content/uploads/2011/05/DHHL2008LesseeReportFinal.pdf 77. SMS Research (prepared for the State of Hawai‘i Department of Hawaiian Home Lands). March 2009. DHHL Lessee Survey, 2008. http://files.Hawaii.gov/dbedt/hhfdc/resources/HHPS2011 study.pdf 78. SSFM International, Inc. (February 2016). Adequacy of Future Infrastructure on Kauaʻi. 79. SSFM International, Inc. (July 2015). Updating the Vision for Kauaʻi. 80. SSFM International, Inc. (September 2015). Issues and Opportunities for the Kauaʻi 2035 General Plan. 81. Star Advertiser. (March 5, 2015). Home prices mostly up on Kauaʻi, Hawai‘i Island last month. http://www.staradvertiser.com/business/home-prices-mostly-up-on-Kauai-Hawaii-island-last-month/ 82. State of Hawai‘i. (2014). Aloha+ Challenge Report: Recommendations for Taking Action and Tracking Progress.http://dlnr.Hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/CO15-Aloha- Challenge-Rpt14.pdf 83. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (April 2015). ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | 6.0 REFERENCES 285 Measuring Housing Demand in Hawai‘i, 2015-2025. 84. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Accessed June 2013. State of Hawai‘i Data Book: 1992, 2000, 2010; Historical Database (for years before 2000). 85. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. (March 2012). Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawai‘i to 2040. 2040 Series. 86. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL). (February 2012). Anahola Town Center Plan. For presentation to the Hawaiian Homes Commission. 87. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL). (2014). Applicant Waiting List Up to December, 2014 – Kauaʻi. 88. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Kaulana H.R. Park Chairman. (June 2010). Kamalomalo’o, Anahola, Moloa’a Regional Plan.http://dhhl.Hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Anahola091907_small.pdf. 89. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Commission on Water Resource Management. (Draft Update 2014). Hawai’i Water Resource Protection Plan. 90. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Department of Health. (April 2014 draft). 2014 State of Hawai‘i Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report: Integrated Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Congress Pursuant to §303(d) and §305(b), Clean Water Act (P.L. 97-117). http://health.Hawai i.gov/cwb/files/2013/05/2014_Draft-Integrated-Report_public-comment.pdf 91. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Transportation. (2015). Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions. http://kbakauai.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/KapaaTransportationSolns82015_Cover- thru-Ch2.pdf 92. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Transportation, Harbors Division. (2017). Passenger and Cruise Schedules.https://hidot.hawaii.gov/harbors/files/2013/01/DOC001.pdf. 93. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Transportation, Harbors Division. (2017). Port of Call Handbook. http://hidot.hawaii.gov/harbors/files/2012/10/Nawiliwili-Harbor-Kauai.pdf. 94. State of Hawai‘i, Enterprise Zone Maps. http://invest.Hawai‘i.gov/business/ez/ 95. State of Hawai‘i, Executive Office on Aging. (October 2011-September 2015). Hawai‘i State Plan on Aging. http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/livable- communities/plan/planning/Hawai‘i-state-plan-on-aging-2011-2015-aarp.pdf 96. State of Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i 2050 Sustainability Task Force. (January 2008). Hawai‘i 2050 Sustainability Plan.http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/patrick/Envs368--Hawaii/Readings/1- SustainabilityHawaii/SustainabilityHawaii2050_Plan_FINAL.pdf 97. State of Hawai‘i, Hawai’i Tourism Authority. (2013). Visitor Plant Inventory. 98. State of Hawai‘i Office of Planning, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (DBEDT), (2011). Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study, 2011. http://files.Hawaii.gov/dbedt/hhfdc/resources/HHPS2011 study.pdf. 99. State of Hawai‘i Office of Planning, DBEDT. (December 2014). Hawai‘i Natural Disaster Economic Recovery Strategy. http://files.Hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/spb/2014_nders_final.pdf. 100. State of Hawai‘i, Office of Planning, DBEDT. (2010). Hawai‘i Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS). 101. State of Hawai‘i, Office of Planning. (2016). Technical Assistance Memorandum, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Order 5190. 6B. 102. State of Hawai‘i, Office of Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program. (2017). About Coastal Zone Management. http://planning.hawaii.gov/czm/about-czm/. 103. The University of Hawai‘i at Hilo Spatial Data Analysis and Visualization Laboratory in conjunction with the Hawai‘i State Department of Agriculture. (2015). 2015 Hawai‘i Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline. 104. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Urban and Regional Planning. (August 2015).County of Kauaʻi Important Agricultural Lands Study. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 286 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 105. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Center on the Family. (2014). Hawai‘i Homeless Service Utilization Report. http://uhfamily.Hawai‘i.edu/publications/brochures/60c33_HomelessServiceUtilizati on2014.pdf 106. University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program. (June 2014). Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment. 107. University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program, Center for Island Climate Adaptation and Policy (ICAP). (2010). Hawai‘i’s Changing Climate: Briefing Sheet, 2010. http://www.soest.Hawaii.edu/coasts/publications/ClimateBrief_low.pdf 108. United Nations. (1987). Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 109. U.S. Census. (2010). Kauaʻi County, Hawai‘i. 110. United States Congress. (1972). The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA). (16 U.S.C. 1451 et seq.) 111. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2016). USDA Website.https://www.ams.usda.gov/services/auditing/gap-ghp. 112. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Society; County of Kauaʻi Department of Water. (2006). Effects of Irrigation and Rainfall Reduction on Ground-Water Recharge in the Līhuʻe Basin, Kauaʻi, Hawai‘i. 113. Walker, Brian, and David Salt. (2006). Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Island Press. 114. Walls & Associates (2007). National Establishment Time-Series (NETS) Database. 115. Wilkinson R, Marmot M, editors. 2003. Social determinants of health: The solid facts, 2nd ed. Copenhagen: World Health Organization. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | 6.0 REFERENCES 287 INDEX OF TERMS Index A adaptation 67, 68, 72, 81, 85, 90, 91, 109, 189, 197, 199, 406, 411 ADU 7, 296 affordable housing 20, 35, 39, 52, 56, 60, 61, 70, 72, 83, 86, 89, 90, 96, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123, 132, 157, 202, 204, 222, 313, 316, 391, 392, 403, 407, 413, 428 aging 19, 26, 47, 48, 68, 92, 96, 122, 123, 152, 153, 166, 223, 285, 386, 394 agriculture , 10, 19, 32, 44, 53, 55, 60, 66, 68, 103, 106, 110, 111, 142, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 180, 188, 189, 190, 194, 197, 207, 217, 311, 398, 400, 409, 419, 432, 433, 435 ahupua‘a 6, 34, 52, 97, 98, 108, 139, 175, 178, 181, 194, 209, 386, 434 Anahola 60, 62, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 122, 136, 140, 155, 159, 167, 181, 198, 202, 206, 213, 276, 285, 310, 370, 373, 416, 418, 439 aquaculture 169, 170, 172, 398, 432, 433 aquifer 9, 101, 104, 142, 389 archaeological site 178 B beach 9, 59, 67, 68, 71, 76, 78, 85, 86, 90, 91, 106, 107, 108, 109, 142, 151, 153, 154, 163, 199, 211, 212, 213, 315, 390, 403, 406, 418, 425, 431, 439 bicycle 35, 66, 68, 71, 73, 76, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 118, 121, 126, 128, 132, 135, 136, 200, 208, 223, 297, 386, 392, 393, 395, 422, 430 bike 41, 82, 85, 88, 91, 96, 127, 129, 131, 132, 135, 275, 303, 312, 315, 407 bike-share 88, 127 building code 24, 120, 123, 176, 392, 394, 399 burial 177, 178, 212 Burns Field Airport 71 C Capital Improvements Program 24, 218, 219 cesspool 142, 144, 417 CIP 7, 24, 117 Citizen Advisory Committee 5, 7, 20, 30, 304, 305 Civic Center District 79 climate change 19, 32, 33, 35, 45, 46, 67, 68, 72, 78, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 96, 97, 98, 105, 108, 109, 110, 127, 158, 159, 184, 185, 187, 189, 194, 197, 198, 210, 211, 224, 297, 316, 387, 391, 406, 412, 439 coast 66, 70, 82, 88, 106, 109, 154, 197, 284, 391, 406 Coastal Erosion Mitigation Plan 195, 410 community managed subsistence 181, 434 community plan 24, 61 Community Plans 9, 40, 41, 61, 63, 105, 121, 129, 131, 135, 136, 139, 141, 151, 152, 182, 189, 199, 218, 219, 228, 243, 251, 259, 267, 275, 300, 301, 308, 313, 322, 393, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 411, 414, 415, 416, 427, 430 Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy 7, 158, 167, 173, 282, 285, 296, 300, 409 Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance 7, 9, 10, 136, 198, 207, 218, 228, 243, 251, 259, 282, 367, 395 cost of living 35, 36, 39, 52, 132, 135, 157, 313 Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources 195, 410 CZO 7, 9, 10, 24, 109, 173, 182, 218, 282, 296, 367, 391, 401 D Department of Transportation 5, 7, 42, 130, 148, 220, 275, 281, 285 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 288 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN DHHL 7, 60, 70, 72, 81, 83, 86, 116, 122, 167, 222, 284, 285, 370, 373, 375, 394, 407, 414, 428 diversified agriculture 167, 172, 433 DLNR 7, 99, 101, 103, 111, 112, 148, 176, 193, 199, 285, 388, 397, 410, 422, 424, 425, 426, 427, 434, 435, 437, 439, 440 drainage 24, 103, 104, 105, 144, 148, 388, 406, 417, 424 E ‘Ele‘ele 11, 12, 23, 28, 52, 56, 60, 62, 63, 70, 71, 72, 78, 117, 141, 142, 148, 157, 159, 177, 180, 184, 202, 213, 233, 246, 254, 262, 270, 301, 308, 310, 322, 324, 327, 328, 330, 362, 368, 370, 376, 431, 439 EPA 7, 142, 282 erosion 67, 68, 72, 78, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 98, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 111, 153, 154, 187, 194, 195, 198, 199, 211, 228, 243, 281, 388, 390, 402, 403, 410, 411, 422, 431, 437 F farm worker housing 170, 222 Floodplain Management Program 198, 402 flood zone 222 food security 110, 195, 197, 316, 436 forest 6, 99, 100, 110, 112, 406, 424, 426 Forest Reserve Management Plans 100, 412 G General Plan 2000 25 General Plan Infrastructure Study 63 GMO 7, 167, 313 golf course 80, 151 H Habitat Conservation Plan 111, 112, 307, 391, 425 Hā‘ena 43, 90, 91, 108, 156, 161, 194, 198, 282 Hanalei 19, 40, 43, 53, 60, 62, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 103, 105, 108, 125, 137, 145, 149, 159, 167, 171, 176, 192, 194, 198, 204, 282, 283, 302, 307, 310, 371, 383, 406, 407, 412, 424 Hanalei to Hā‘ena Community Disaster Resilience Plan 194, 282 Hanamā‘ulu 60, 79, 80, 114, 167, 178 Hanapēpē 11, 12, 23, 28, 52, 53, 56, 60, 62, 63, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 122, 136, 141, 145, 148, 150, 157, 159, 173, 180, 184, 198, 202, 213, 233, 246, 254, 262, 270, 276, 278, 301, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 322, 324, 327, 328, 330, 362, 368, 376, 416, 431, 439 Hawaiian language 206, 207, 208, 438 Hawai‘i State Planning Act Priority Guidelines 199, 422 Hawai‘i Tourism Authority 7, 160, 213, 283, 326, 328, 368, 439 hazard 63, 67, 68, 72, 78, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 96, 108, 109, 112, 119, 125, 174, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 251, 390, 395, 402, 403, 406, 410, 411, 421, 425, 434, 436, 437 Holo Holo 183, 420 houseless 9, 10, 36, 39, 124, 223, 367, 386, 394, 428 housing 9, 10, 19, 20, 26, 27, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 130, 132, 133, 139, 140, 150, 157, 158, 159, 163, 167, 170, 172, 200, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 219, 222, 223, 297, 300, 301, 311, 313, 315, 316, 319, 322, 324, 367, 368, 386, 387, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 398, 403, 404, 407, 411, 413, 414, 422, 427, 428, 430, 433, 438 hurricane 206, 208, 438 I Infrastructure Assessment for the General Plan Update 63 Interagency Climate Adaptation Committee 7, 187 invasive species 19, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 110, 111, 112, 113, 222, 386, 424, 426, 427 irrigation 101, 103, 140, 142, 144, 168, 170, 171, 396, 399, 419 K Kaha Wai 98 Kākou Committee 220, 221 Kapa‘a 8, 19, 35, 40, 49, 53, 55, 57, 60, 62, 63, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 105, 117, 129, 137, 145, 150, 154, 159, 161, 173, 198, 208, 209, 275, 276, 283, 285, 299, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 316, 317, 359, 368, 370, 406, 407, 415, 423 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | 6.0 REFERENCES 289 Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions Plan 85, 276 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment 300 Kauai Community College 159, 316 Kaua‘i Kākou 24, 36, 297, 303 Kaumakani 64, 202 Kaumuali‘i Highway 69, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77, 130, 276, 429 KCHII 8, 209 Keālia 82, 140, 278, 306 Kekaha 11, 12, 23, 28, 34, 52, 53, 58, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 103, 105, 136, 141, 145, 146, 154, 155, 156, 159, 164, 167, 202, 206, 213, 231, 245, 253, 261, 269, 276, 301, 302, 307, 308, 310, 312, 322, 324, 327, 328, 330, 361, 368, 370, 378, 406, 416, 418 Kekaha Landfill 68, 145, 146 Kikiaola Small Boat Harbor 67, 68 Kōke‘e State Park 156 Kōloa 40, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 74, 75, 76, 77, 117, 119, 150, 159, 166, 167, 168, 178, 182, 183, 192, 202, 278, 300, 306, 308, 322, 367, 370, 371, 381, 420 Kūhiō Highway 19, 79, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 129, 130, 276, 297, 415, 429 Kukui‘ula 74, 76, 77, 114, 159, 370, 371 L Land Use Buildout Analysis 26, 53, 63, 115, 120, 284, 300, 301, 319, 359, 367, 368, 369 land use map 79, 84 Lāwa‘i 60, 62, 74, 77, 78 Līhu‘e 11, 12, 28, 36, 52, 63, 79, 80, 93, 101, 114, 117, 126, 129, 138, 141, 152, 160, 165, 237, 248, 256, 264, 272, 296, 297, 300, 301, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 318, 322, 324, 325, 327, 328, 330, 364, 367, 368, 370, 371, 374, 408, 415 Līhu‘e airport 367 Līhu‘e Community Plan 79, 80, 296 Līhu‘e Town Core 296 Līhu‘e Town Core Urban Design Plan 296 Lucy Wright Park 65, 68 M missing middle housing 85, 207 mixed use 56, 61, 90, 119, 120, 158, 159, 222, 309, 367, 386, 392, 414 moku 6, 52, 89, 175, 178, 181, 434 Moloa‘a 84, 85, 87, 167 Multi-Hazard Mitigation and Resilience Plan 194, 195, 197, 282, 296, 410 Multimodal Land Transportation Plan 8, 11, 42, 126, 127, 281, 296, 300 N Nā Ala Hele 100, 154, 155, 213, 412, 431, 439 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 143 National Register of Historic Places 176, 177, 178, 420 Native Hawaiian 6, 30, 32, 46, 97, 104, 105, 122, 141, 163, 166, 175, 178, 180, 181, 182, 203, 204, 208, 210, 211, 212, 389, 400, 403, 404, 408, 420, 432, 438, 439 Nāwiliwili 52, 58, 79, 80, 81, 103, 105, 127, 143, 147, 148, 198, 406 neighborhood-serving commercial 92 Ni‘ihau 6, 23, 52, 62, 206, 359 NOAA 8, 63, 67, 72, 78, 81, 84, 90, 106, 198 NPDES 143 O Office of Economic Development 158, 171, 220, 282, 283, 419 Ōma‘o 62, 70, 72, 74, 77 open space 10, 33, 38, 40, 43, 53, 55, 71, 73, 78, 88, 92, 119, 150, 152, 154, 168, 183, 213, 316, 423, 435 Open Space Commission 85, 100, 182, 183, 212, 213, 220, 410, 412, 423, 435 P park 65, 68, 69, 73, 76, 77, 80, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 96, 99, 120, 133, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 223, 392, 397, 416, 418, 431 parking 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 82, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 108, 125, 132, 136, 137, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 163, 211, 213, 223, 309, 386, 390, 395, 396, 397, 407, 417, 430, 439 Parking Management Plan 137, 408 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 290 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Parks and Recreation Master Plan 152 path 2, 20, 27, 38, 66, 68, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, 136, 154, 155, 225, 303, 306, 397, 416 Planning Commission 5, 104, 186, 219, 220, 221, 389 plantation 35, 53, 63, 64, 74, 80, 82, 103, 134, 150, 159, 166, 167, 168, 173, 178 Po‘ipū 74, 76, 77, 78, 103, 105, 142, 163, 278, 300, 322, 398, 406 pollutant 103, 107 Port Allen 57, 58, 60, 62, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 147, 148, 159, 184, 431 Princeville 36, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 117, 139, 140, 142, 148, 163, 176, 283, 306, 307, 309, 310, 311, 359, 370, 383, 396, 398 public access 82, 88, 92, 100, 106, 108, 154, 155, 175, 199, 211, 212, 213, 222, 316, 386, 390, 397, 424, 437, 439 public art 149, 150, 151, 408, 418 public housing 118, 413 public trust 34, 45, 46, 99, 101, 104, 105, 122, 140, 141, 170, 223, 297, 389, 394, 399, 408 Puhi 56, 60, 79, 80, 81, 117, 142, 200, 202, 206, 208, 438 R rainwater catchment 89, 140, 141, 396, 408 Real Estate Commission 205, 438 recycling 100, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 163, 190, 315, 396, 408, 417, 419, 421, 424 reef 97 renewable energy 35, 45, 173, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 224, 284, 401, 435 resort 35, 43, 53, 57, 58, 60, 67, 76, 78, 81, 82, 86, 106, 125, 132, 137, 148, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 223, 224, 301, 319, 368, 386, 396, 398, 430 retail center 79 Rice Street 79, 80, 176 riparian buffer 104, 388 S safe routes 96, 134, 153, 408, 418 scenic byway 182 sea level rise 46, 51, 52, 67, 68, 72, 78, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 107, 109, 112, 153, 187, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 211, 222, 224, 251, 297, 387, 402, 403, 410, 411, 425, 426 Sea Level Rise and Vulnerability Adaptation Report 199, 411 sediment management plan 67, 68 sewer infrastructure 83 SHPD 8, 176, 177, 178, 434 shuttle 69, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 133, 163, 416 signage 47, 52, 68, 86, 88, 112, 131, 154, 161, 163, 178, 191, 194, 211, 213, 303, 395, 418, 419, 425, 439 signage and wayfinding 47 single occupancy 38, 166, 419 small business 96, 172, 173, 190, 224, 386, 435 small town 160, 308 Solid Waste Integrated Management Plan 147, 408 SPA 8 Special Management Area (SMA) Rules 24 speeding 131 sprawl 41, 53, 77, 80, 96, 119, 121, 166, 297, 393 State Land Use Commission 61, 220 State Land Use Law 55, 220 State Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands 195, 410 State Transportation Improvement Program 131, 429 Statewide Climate Adaptation Plan 187, 199, 411 streams 90, 91, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 123, 142, 146, 168, 175, 228, 243, 388, 406, 424 sustainability 33, 38, 41, 44, 98, 108, 120, 126, 128, 134, 135, 173, 174, 184, 185, 186, 190, 194, 195, 316, 317, 387, 401, 420, 436 sustainable yield 45, 101, 139, 141, 408 T traffic 19, 33, 36, 38, 39, 43, 53, 68, 69, 73, 76, 80, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 115, 117, 129, 130, 131, 147, 154, 155, 161, 173, 392, 395, 407 traffic calming 69, 91, 92, 131, 395 trail 70, 73, 89, 92, 152, 155, 156, 213, 431, 439 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION | 6.0 REFERENCES 291 transient vacation rental 195, 402 transit 38, 41, 42, 68, 69, 71, 73, 78, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 116, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 163, 187, 204, 210, 211, 213, 223, 227, 275, 278, 297, 309, 386 Transit Plan 132, 133, 282, 407 tsunami zone 122, 414 U University of Hawai‘i 5, 67, 72, 78, 81, 85, 90, 111, 186, 198, 282, 283, 285, 286, 300, 410 urban edge 51, 222, 387 urban edge boundary 51, 222, 387 urban growth 170, 398 Utility Disaster Preparedness and Response Group 196, 436 V village 62, 74, 76, 80, 82, 308 visitor destination 125, 160, 163, 312 visitor industry 27, 30, 35, 43, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 166, 189, 324, 432 W wahi pana 34, 96, 178, 180, 212, 296, 400, 409 Wailua 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 105, 113, 122, 142, 143, 151, 154, 155, 156, 161, 163, 198, 228, 278, 307, 310, 368, 370, 375, 389, 398, 406, 414, 431 Waimea 11, 12, 23, 28, 34, 40, 43, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 97, 105, 136, 141, 142, 150, 154, 155, 156, 159, 164, 167, 176, 182, 192, 198, 202, 209, 213, 231, 245, 253, 261, 269, 276, 301, 306, 308, 310, 311, 312, 316, 322, 324, 327, 328, 330, 361, 368, 370, 378, 389, 416, 418, 431 Waimea Canyon State Park 155, 156 Waimea River 67, 68, 69 Waimea Town 56, 62 walkable communities 32, 35, 77, 78, 116, 119, 120, 127, 134, 222, 386 walksheds 57, 81, 90 Wao Nahele 16, 97, 98, 99, 385 wastewater 41, 57, 89, 92, 107, 111, 114, 117, 119, 138, 142, 144, 197, 223, 259, 386, 392, 396, 408, 416, 417, 430 watershed 45, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 222, 316, 386, 389, 406, 412, 424 wayfinding 2, 47 workforce housing 36, 71, 80, 133, 395 Z zoning code 23 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 292 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION APPENDICES 2018 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION 294 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix A – progress report on the 2000 generAl plAn | APPENDICES 295 APPENDICES A. PROGRESS REPORT ON THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN B. THE APPROACH AND PUBLIC PROCESS TO DEVELOP THIS GENERAL PLAN C. GROWTH TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS D. SEA LEVEL RISE MAPS E. LAND OWNERSHIP AND AVAILABILITY FOR FUTURE GROWTH F. ENTITLED PROJECTS BY DISTRICT G. ACTION MATRIX H. ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES APPENDIX A – PROGRESS REPORT ON THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN What has happened since the last General Plan? An important part of this General Plan Update was taking stock of what has happened, and what has not, since the 2000 General Plan. the record on how the County has performed on implementing the 2000 general plan is mixed. Many actions identified in the 2000 Plan have been implemented, but others have not. Some actions are no longer relevant due to changes of circumstance. some of those attempted did not succeed due to alternative political priorities. Others have not been initiated, or are otherwise constrained by available County resources including staffing and funding. Below is a non-exhaustive list of planning actions identified in the last General Plan that have been attempted, completed, or are currently being implemented. The appendices are not controlling and are meant only as a courtesy guide. online Version ONLINE VERSION 296 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN County Planning Actions Since the 2000 General Plan The many activities taken by the County Planning staff to implement the 2000 general plan are listed below. Identifying Where We Fall Short The events and meetings that have occurred over the past two years to update the general plan indicate that in many areas we have fallen short of our Vision. participants wrestled with these tough questions throughout the process, with few, if any, easy answers. While Kaua‘i is still a very beautiful place to be, there continue to be threats to the environment requiring watchful diligence by its citizens and regulation by Federal, State, and County governments. There is continued degradation of water quality from urban uses, of the soil, and of sacred places (wahi pana) ZONING AMENDMENTS (Ordinance numbers are provided for those that passed. Those that were attempted but did not pass are italicized.) Agriculutural ClusterSubdivision Lateral Shoreline Access (777, 801)gated Community BanAg ADU Sunset (843)Subdivision Traffic CalmingSuperstore Ban (849)Shoreline Setback Bills (863)Open District Density Cap (895)Transient Vacation Rental Bills (864, 876, 904) Small Wind Energy ConversionFarm Worker Housing Bill (903)Increase in Zoning Violation Fine (919)Land Coverage Calculation for Shared Use Paths (924)Agriculural Solar Facilities (928)CZO Update (935)Reduce Block Length (946)Homestay (987) COMMUNITY PLANNING Kīlauea Town Plan (2005)Līhu‘e Civic Center Improvements Master Plan (2008)Līhu‘e Town Core Urban Design Plan (2009)East Kaua‘i Community Plan (draft, 2015)Līhu‘e Community Plan (adopted in 2015)South Kaua‘i Community Plan and Form-Based Code (adopted in 2015) FUNCTIONAL PLANS Multimodal Land Transportation Plan (2012) Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (2009) Water Plan 2020 (2001) Parks Master Plan (2013) Tourism Strategic Plan Update (2016) Important Agricultural Lands Study (2015) Affordable Rental Housing Study Update (2014) Multi-Hazard Mitigation and Resilience Plan Update (2015) Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Update (2016) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix A – progress report on the 2000 generAl plAn | APPENDICES 297 due to overexposure of humans. The effects of climate change, including sea level rise and extreme weather, among others, heightens the challenges and adds to uncertainty. Kaua‘i citizens are serious about the environment. They do not want to just give lip service, they want everyone from individuals to government to be accountable and take real action to protect the ‘āina and the ocean. They are willing to make more personal sacrifices and live with strictly enforced regulations in order to achieve the goal of protecting natural resources and upholding Kaua‘i’s natural beauty. For too many residents there are challenges with the affordability of housing. People are doubled- and tripled-up, with no hope of either purchasing their own home or finding an affordable rental. Does opening up more lands for development bring about the desired outcome of having adequate housing for people to live in? Does relaxing regulations to allow for more attached, semi-detached and other types of units make a measurable difference or does it just reinforce sprawl? These are some of the questions the general plan sought to address. related to this issue is the inadequacy of infrastructure. While there is plenty of water, the facilities to extract it, store it, and transfer it to where it is needed now and into the forseeable future is not there. recent court cases on the public trust doctrine indicate that a new thinking is required to properly allocate water against all uses. similarly, solid waste capacity is close to being reached and a new facility is required. Wastewater has challenges, especially for those now being served through septic tanks or cesspools, which are being phased out. Traffic congestion is at the top of everyone’s list of issues. It occurs in many places, but it is especially acute through the East Kaua‘i District due to having one main travel route, which is the same as the destination road, Kūhiō Highway. Peak period coning, a bypass road, and other measures have done little to relieve congestion. The State does not have sufficient resources at this time to build new roads or widen roads to provide congestion relief and add capacity. the County strategy to address this issue through mode shift has made few measurable impacts. Too few people ride the County bus, ride their bicycle, and/or walk to get around. While developments such as a tiger grant in Līhu‘e and the islandwide transit study are furthering this goal, it has been frustrating to measure little progress year after year. Finally, there are too many disaffected individuals on Kaua‘i. The benefits that come with living in a beautiful place are elusive to people struggling to get by. The presence of homeless, runaways and lost teenagers, and a criminal element is inconsistent with Kaua‘i’s social and cultural mores but all too pervasive. The lack of clear strategies, programs, and resources to attack such problems frustrates and confuses the population at large. These concerns collectively have led to disenchantment with the planning process and the General Plan itself. What is the point of having lofty goals if we make no progress on them from plan period to plan period? Which of them need to be tackled first? Which problems should get the majority of resources? it is the premise of the general plan that these issues, while very real, must not dissuade us from holding a forward thinking Vision, setting Goals and Policies, and identifying Actions toward realizing our goals. The work of a General Plan, therefore, requires a degree of optimism. We do so in full recognition of the challenges, and with a willingness to improve our accountability and enforce how we measure our progress, whether in small steps, or giant strides. the General Plan gives us the beacon for where to travel together. It provides us a way forward to plan Kaua‘i Kākou. online Version ONLINE VERSION 298 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 299 APPENDIX B – THE APPROACH & PUBLIC PROCESS TO DEVELOP THIS GENERAL PLAN The Approach to this General Plan Introduction Much has changed since the 2000 general plan was adopted. the process for updating the plan included looking at what has changed, what has remained the same, and what new issues have emerged since the 2000 General Plan. It required looking at the policies and implementing actions in the 2000 General Plan and working with the various County agencies to take stock of which have been implemented, which have not, and which are no longer relevant and why. It involved commissioning new studies and reviewing data and new information that has become available since the last General Plan. It also involved working closely with the community to take stock of what is most important to their future. Goals for the Planning Process The planning process was designed to be inclusive, collaborative, innovative, and action-driven. Inclusive means ensuring that those who are interested in participating in this general plan are aware of the process, have multiple means to participate, and can access information readily. it means making special efforts to reach traditionally underserved segments of the community and engage people of all ages. Collaborative means providing for all involved to contribute in a meaningful way toward shaping the vision, goals, policies, and actions contained within the General Plan. Community members should “see themselves” and their input reflected in the final product. Innovative means applying creativity and flexibility to the planning process. It involves using technology to make participation easier and more appealing. It means consulting current best practices and adapting them to the unique needs of Kaua‘i. Action-Driven means developing General plan policies and actions with an emphasis on implementation. It means establishing a shared kuleana for realizing the General Plan Vision, and including meaningful ways to measure progress. Project Team & Work Products this general plan process commenced in the fall of 2014. SSFM International, Inc. served as the lead consultant to the County of Kaua‘i planning Department. SSFM retained several subconsultants to assist with various components of the project. these included opticos design, inc., economic and Planning Systems, Collaborative Economics, Metroquest, pBr hawai‘i, Charlier and Associates, and Marine and Coastal solutions international (collectively, the Project Team). The Project Team prepared several technical papers during the course of this general plan to support development of the vision, policies, and actions. these included: general plan update Community Meeting in Kapa‘a, May 2015 online Version ONLINE VERSION 300 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN • updating the Vision for Kaua‘i (ssFM, July 2015) • Issues and Opportunities for the Kaua‘i 2035 General Plan (SSFM, September 2015) • Adequacy of Future infrastructure on Kaua‘i (SSFM, February 2016) • summary of Community place types and Degree-of-Change Visioning Workshops for the Kaua‘i general plan (opticos design, inc., 2016) Baseline Data & Assumptions for Growth General Plan Technical Studies & Key References six technical reports were prepared prior to beginning this General Plan and were reviewed by a technical advisory committee comprised of community members and agency staff. The purpose of the technical reports were: 1) to document current conditions and needs; 2) to establish projections and assumptions about future growth to be used as a basis for planning; and 3) to provide guidance for incorporating key policy topics into this General Plan. The technical reports are listed below. • Kaua‘i 2035 General Plan Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts (sMs research, February 2014) • County of Kaua‘i important Agricultural lands study (University of Hawai‘i Department of Urban and Regional Planning, August 2015) • Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment (University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program, June 2014) • Kaua‘i 2035 General Plan Technical Study: land use Buildout Analysis (pBr hawai‘i, May 2015) • Kaua‘i Community Health Improvement Plan (Kaua‘i Community Health Initiative, June 2014) • 2035 General Plan Kaua‘i Infrastructure Analysis (R.M. Towill, May 2015) Key references and plans further informed this general plan: • Community plans for the Līhu‘e District and South Kaua‘i District (both adopted in June 2015) • Kaua‘i Multimodal land transportation plan (2012) • Kaua‘i Tourism Strategic Plan Update (2015) • Kaua‘i Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (2016) Functional plans prepared by County and State agencies (Water, Parks and Recreation, etc.) were consulted, as were area-specific studies and master plans. A comprehensive listing of references is included in Chapter 6. Population & Socioeconomic Forecasts The General Plan process produced baseline data and assumptions on how the island is expected to grow over the next 20 years. The Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts (2014) technical report that was prepared for this General Plan provides the basis for growth projections in population, housing, employment, and other demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. A Technical Advisory Committee comprised of community members and agencies was assembled to review and provide input on this and other technical reports for the General Plan. Appendix C provides an overview of the findings. As shown in the Table below, a great majority of population growth is planned to occur in the Līhu‘e and south Kaua‘i districts (Kōloa-Po‘ipū-Kalāheo). the Līhu‘e district had 21.9 percent of Kaua‘i’s population in 2010 and is expected to house 26.6 percent in 2035. The Kōloa-Po‘ipū-Kalāheo area had 17.4 percent of the County population in 2010 and will have up to 18.5 percent on 2035. policies and actions to address this anticipated growth are reflected in this General Plan, as well as Project Team Meeting ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 301 the Community plans for the Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i Districts that were completed and adopted in 2015. the percentage of the County’s population in each of the remaining districts will decrease slightly by 2035. The Līhu‘e District is expected to absorb nearly half of the island’s population growth through 2035, in keeping with the County’s policy of designating Līhu‘e as the island’s main center of population and employment. Source: SMS Research Kaua‘i 2035 General Plan: Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts (2014) Land Use Forecasts Another key technical report prepared to inform the General Plan’s growth projections was the land use Buildout Analysis (2015). Using the population and housing projections contained in the socioeconomic study, the land use buildout study inventoried existing land use designations and determined whether additional designated lands would be needed to accommodate projected residential, commercial, industrial, resort, and other land uses. The findings of the Land Use Buildout Analysis (2015) are contained in Chapter 2. Approach to Policy Development Policies and actions are included in Chapters 1 and 3. The text box below describes the principles that were followed in developing policies for this General plan. Policy Principles • general plan policies are intentionally high level and general. They provide County agencies with both guidance and flexibility in preparing functional and community plans. • policies replace the policies in the 2020 general plan. • Policies provide a framework for actions that can then be prioritized, tracked, and measured. • Policies are flexible enough to allow for changing information, technology, and circumstances. The approach to developing policies and actions for this General Plan is explained in the diagram below. For each key policy, the Project Team: • Consulted existing policies and considered how they have worked to date • Reviewed current best practices • Interviewed agencies to identify policy opportunities • Drafted policies for review and input from the CAC and community • Revised policies based on agency and community input Kaua‘i County Population, Island-wide and By District (1990-2035) 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i 51,676 58,463 67,091 74,693 83,328 88,013 Līhu‘e 11,169 12,507 14,683 18,017 21,595 23,456 South Kaua‘i 9,600 10,545 11,696 13,623 15,737 16,855 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele 3,873 4,362 6,157 6,463 6,860 7,094 Waimea-Kekaha 4,698 5,660 5,561 5,901 6,323 6,566 North Shore 5,913 6,605 8,002 8,286 8,686 8,933 East Kaua‘i 16,192 18,784 20,992 22,403 24,128 25,110 Kaua‘i County Population, Island-wide and By District (1990-2035) online Version ONLINE VERSION 302 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Public Process for this General Plan Community input and participation are the foundation to this general plan update. Much of the vision, goals, policies, and actions of this update were developed as a result of over 32 months of island-wide public input that were collected throughout the entire General Plan Update process. A major goal of the public engagement process was to reach out to as much people as possible from hanalei to Kekaha and from keiki to kūpuna. There were also special efforts by the team to reach out to new participants and Kaua‘i’s youth. In order to make sure that all Kaua‘i voices were heard and given the opportunity to comment, a robust public engagement process was created that relied on more innovative and creative forms. In addition to holding traditional community meetings in all the planning districts, the team went out into the Gather Information Incorporate Input Develop Policies Guide Implementation - plans & policies - Best practices - Developments since 2000 gp - policy issues and opportunities - Agency interviews - CAC policy discussion - Community input - Developed draft policies - Tested and refined policies with input - Actions - policy maps - Prioritization - performance measures & indicators ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 303 community and held pop-up locations at schools, farm fair, bike path, parks, public libraries, and the farmers market. Further, the use of digital platforms such as our website, e-mail address, online survey, Facebook, and Instagram accounts helped to advertise events, provide a convenient forum to provide comments, and reach out to a younger audience. The public engagement process of this General Plan Update was broken down into three phases: (1) visioning, (2) policy and land use outreach, (3) Discussion Draft outreach. During each of the phases, public engagement efforts were conducted island-wide and at different locations to ensure a diverse range of people participated in the process. During the 32 months of public outreach, the team reached over 100,000 people. the infographic on the prior page shows the general reach of the public process (as of February 2018). It should also be noted that our public engagement process included numerous rounds of meetings with major stakeholders (landowners, agencies, neighborhood association groups, community organizations) at different phases of the public engagement process. the remaining section of this appendix goes into more description and detail about the different types of outreach that was conducted for this update. Who Participated This General Plan process enjoyed a high level of participation. Stakeholders included: Major landowners, government agencies (county, state, federal), community members, non-profit organizations, neighborhood associations, and the youth (elementary, middle school, high school, and college-aged students). Branding & Identity The first step in making the Update process visible and recognizable was to develop a strong brand identity, complete with a logo and messaging that clearly related the General Plan to people’s everyday lives. The theme is “Plan Kaua‘i Kākou,” and the logo includes a canoe that symbolizes people working together toward a common goal for the future. Several versions of the logo were developed for different applications. Materials were developed using the brand identity to build awareness and educate people on the GP Update process and how to get involved. this included a fact sheet, postcard, signage, and advertisements that were run in local newspapers and publications. In addition, t-shirts, pens, stickers, and water bottles were created with the Kaua‘i Kākou logo as giveaways and prizes for participation. Spreading the Word WebsiteThe General Plan Update process has had an active presence online since its inception. The website, www.plankauai.com, serves as the central hub for information and updates, which are shared across the County of Kaua‘i planning department’s social media platforms. As of February 2018, there has been nearly 25,000 website views. Social MediaSocial media was utilized as an engagement tool throughout the project. Platforms included the Kaua‘i The “Latest News” page of the project website, www.plankauai.com online Version ONLINE VERSION 304 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN County Planning Department’s Facebook page, and a dedicated instagram account for this general plan (@plankauai). An official hashtag was developed and promoted, #plankauai. As of February 2018, #plankauai received 181 Instagram followers and 670 Facebook fans. E-mail ListA list of e-mail contacts was compiled and maintained over the course of the project. These contacts received e-mail notices of community meetings and workshops, as well as important update announcements. This list was comprised of members of the public who either subscribed via the website or indicated their interest at meetings, and was key in the distribution of plan-related updates, meetings, and events. Mailing list signups were encouraged in print and online media, and at project meetings and events. There were 28 e-mail blasts and over 1,200 subscribers as of February 2016. VideoA three-minute informational video was produced to introduce the GP Update process, background and history, content topics, importance to policy, and opportunities for public participation. The video included footage of Kaua‘i and the public process, and was designed to raise awareness, promote the update process, and encourage public participation. It was posted on the project website, shared on social media, and screened at community meetings. Print Advertising: Newspaper and AdvertisementsThe GP Update process utilized both online and print media advertising to promote public engagement in the process, and to publicize upcoming meetings. These took the form of print media such as notices and ads in The Garden Island, Kaua‘i Magazine, Kaua‘i Family Magazine, Elder Resource Magazine, and Midweek Kaua‘i. Event flyers and notices were also distributed at commercial retail centers and public offices. Online notices included postings on the websites and online calendars of Mālama Kaua‘i, Kaua‘i Planning & Action Alliance, Heartbeat of Kaua‘i, and Kaua‘i Festivals, as well as regular event notices and updates on the Kaua‘i GP Update project website. As of February 2018, there has been 10 newspaper articles and ads on the general plan. Media CampaignSeveral news releases were distributed by the Kaua‘i Mayor’s Office to all major local news outlets. new releases announced the launch of the project, promoted community events, and invited participation and input. Employees of The garden island newspaper regularly attended and reported on community events and Citizen Advisory Committee meetings. As of February 2018 there has been 12 press releases. Print advertisement designed for the General Plan Update September 25, 2015 news article in The Garden Island publicizing the County’s call for landowner participation and input on future developments. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 305 Opportunities for Citizen Input and Participation This General Plan included a robust public engagement program that sought to engage the community through multiple formats over the course of the General Plan update. These included a variety of face-to-face meetings and workshops, digital engagement platforms, and youth arts and education outreach. These are illustrated in the graphic below and described in the following pages. FACE-TO-FACE ENGAGEMENT Citizen Advisory Committee the Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC) for this General Plan is an advisory group that represents various geographic areas and interest groups across the island. The members were selected by the Mayor and represented a diversity of viewpoints and stakeholders. CAC members are listed in the Acknowledgements at the beginning of this document. the role of the CAC was to: • identify useful information and sources • Participate in community events and advise on community and stakeholder engagement • Help to distribute information and get the word out about this General Plan process • Review the draft plan and policies and provide input in an advisory capacity CAC meetings convened in March 2015. The CAC had 17 meetings on General Plan Policy Topics over the course of the project. In addition, the CAC participated in three workshops to review the policies, land use maps, and actions of the draft general plan. online Version ONLINE VERSION 306 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN The Table below lists the topics and chronology for each CAC meeting. CAC meetings were open to the public, and time was allocated for public comment during each meeting. Public participation in CAC meetings increased throughout the process, typically drawing between 20 and 50 people from across the island. County and State agency representatives also attended and participated in CAC meetings. Small Group Meetings with Community Organizations and Groups the County of Kaua‘i planning department conducted small group meetings with 34 community organizations during this General Plan. These meetings were all one-on-one meetings. small group meetings were announced twice during the process, in May 2015 and August 2016. Requests for presentations or participation in board meetings were accepted throughout the planning process as well. the intent of the sessions was to apprise community groups of this general plan process and gather input on the major issues and concerns for each group’s constituents. groups consulted are listed on the next page. Pop-Up Events County of Kaua‘i Planners conducted a “Pop-Up Week” and deployed a traveling tent with interactive displays at various locations around the island from May 1-8, 2015. Planners talked with community members and collected input through discussion and comment boards where participants could place post-it notes with ideas and visions for Kaua‘i. The intent of Pop-Up Week was to reach people that may not have otherwise heard about or engaged in the planning process, by bringing the planning process to communities and neighborhoods. There were a total of 12 pop-up events at the following locations: Kaua‘i Museum, Kaua‘i Community Market at Kaua‘i Community College, Kōloa Sunshine Market, Keālia Market, Kalāheo Sunshine Market, Kapa‘a Sunshine Market, Truck Stop Thursday in Līhu‘e, Hanapēpē Art Night, Hofgaard Park in Waimea, Ke Ala Hele Makalae coastal path, Līhu‘e Civic Center, and Princeville Library. CAC Schedule Mtg # Month/Year Topics Covered 1 March 2015 CAC Kickoff and introduction to the 2 April 2015 demographic and socioeconomic data 3 July 2015 proposed Vision for Kaua‘i 2035 4 July 2015 place typing and Form- Based Code 5 September 2015 status of 2000 general plan implementation land use Buildout 6 October 2015 natural, historic, and Cultural resources 7 November 2015 Economic Development 8 January 2016 Mid-Project Re-cap, place type and land use 9 February 2016 infrastructure 10 February 2016 tourism 11 April 2016 Agriculture 12 May 2016 transportation 13 June 2016 housing and social equity 14 August 2016 draft plan policies and land use Maps 15-16 September 2016 Review of Draft Plan Actions 17 December 2016 Review CAC and Community input on the draft plan CAC Meeting #11, Līhu‘e, April 2016 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 307 Community Organizations Consulted • Apollo Kaua‘i • get Fit Kaua‘i • hale halawai • hanalei Watershed hui • Hanapēpē Community Association • hawaiian islands land trust • Kaua‘i Board of realtors ® • Kaua‘i Chamber of Commerce • Kaua‘i Community health Alliance • Kaua‘i County Sub-Area Health Planning Council • Kaua‘i Endangered Seabird Recovery Project • Kaua‘i Filipino Chamber of Commerce • Kaua‘i Filipino Council • Kaua‘i Forest Bird Recovery Project • Kaua‘i nene Habitat Conservation Plan • Kaua‘i path • Kaua‘i planning and Action Alliance • Kaua‘i Seabird Habitat Conservation Program • Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance • Kaua’i north shore Community Foundation • Kekaha Community Association • Līhu‘e Business Association • Mālama Kaua‘i • Mālama Māhā‘ulepū • na lei Wili • national tropical Botanical garden • People Attentive to Children (PATCH) • phi theta Kappa (Kaua‘i Community College) • Princeville at hanalei Community Association • Save Our Shearwaters • Sierra Club • surfrider Foundation • Wailua-Kapa‘a Neighborhood Association • Zonta Club Farm Fair The County set up a booth at the 2015 Kaua‘i Farm Fair to collect input on the draft Vision over a three-day period. A display included statements from the draft Vision and participants were asked to vote for their highest priorities. There was over 100 people that visited the booth. Community-Wide Meetings Project Kick-Off Meetings (May 2015)Community meetings were held at Neighborhood Centers in each of Kaua‘i’s six planning districts during the month of May 2015 (see table on the next page). These meetings were intended to familiarize the community with this General Plan process and invite input on key issues and policy elements of the plan. presentations included information on population projections and other data being used to inform this general plan. the meetings used discussion, polling, interactive display boards, and written comments as mechanisms for collecting input. Attendees were polled on top issues facing the island today. they also revisited the 2000 General Plan Vision statement Responses from residents during Pop-Up Week County of Kaua‘i Display at the 2014 Kaua‘i Farm Fair to seek input on the Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i Community Plan Updates. online Version ONLINE VERSION 308 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN and were asked to assess its relevance and how far the County had come in achieving it. Community Place-Typing and Visioning Workshops (November 2015 and April 2016) place types for the Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i Districts were taken from the recently completed Community Plans for both districts. The remaining four districts of Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele, east Kaua‘i, Waimea-Kekaha, and north shore determined place types for each main community through community place-typing and visioning workshops. Each workshop began with a presentation explaining place types and how they are utilized in developing General Plan visions, land use designations, and policies. It also presented baseline information on population projections for each district, planned and entitled developments, and the district vision contained in the 2000 General Plan. The Project Team started by suggesting a place type based on the size of the community and place type category descriptions contained in Chapter 2: rural crossroads, village, small town, or large town. Community members were asked at the beginning and end of the workshop to confirm whether or not this place type was accurate to describe the community today. They were also asked whether the community would remain as it is today, or undergo a transition. this future change was articulated as each community’s “degree of change.” determining degree of change helps to articulate how much change is appropriate in different places on Kauaʻi in order to achieve the visions for each community on the island. three degrees of change were identified in the Kauaʻi General Plan workshops to describe community visions: • Minimal Change, for a place that is maintained. • incremental Change, for a place that allows for change over time and evolves. • Transformative Change, for a place that encourages significant change to occur. to determine each community’s desired degree of change, Degree of Change was assessed by reviewing existing data and plans for each area and asking community members: How will your community change to reflect your vision for it? Will it be: • a place that experiences minimal change and is maintained? • a place that allows for incremental change over time and evolves? • a place that encourages significant changes to occur and transforms? in order to determine the desired degree of Community Meeting in Kapa‘a, May 2015 Date Community May 14, 2015 Waimea May 15, 2015 Kōloa May 16, 2015 Līhu‘e May 21, 2015 Kapa‘a May 22, 2015 Hanapēpē May 23, 2015 Kīlauea Community Meeting, Hanapēpē May 2015 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 309 change for each community, the workshops asked participants to respond with impressions and ideas about specific changes to the following character components of their community: • Site Frontages: how do structures address the street? • Parking: Where is parking primarily located? • Pedestrian Facilities: What is pedestrians’ comfort in using streets? Are community facilities well-connected by pedestrian routes? • Right-Sizing the Center: Is there a defined central gathering place for the community? • Building Intensity: Is the size of the center appropriate for its uses? • Infrastructure and Services: What is the typical building height (in stories)? What is a desirable scale and character? • Destinations and Amenities: does the center draw people because of its uses or character? The table below provides examples of strategies that illustrate minimal, incremental, and transformative degrees of change. this information was documented in presentations and maps that were shared with community members in a closing presentation. The findings formed the basis of Place Typing and Community Vision memos, and preliminary land use maps for each district that were further refined during this General Plan process. the dates and locations of the place-typing and visioning workshops are included in the table on the following page. Attendees of the north shore Bus tour in Princeville.Opticos Design marking-up preliminary land use maps based on input. Examples of Strategies for Minimal Change Examples of Strategies for Incremental Change Examples of Strategies for Transformative Change - Occasional infill of vacant lots - Occasional redevelopment of dilapidated properties - Minor improvements to the public realm - Encourage infill of vacant and under-utilized lots - encourage mixed-use and medium-density where appropriate - Improvements to public realm - upgrade infrastructure - Encourage infill of vacant and under-utilized lots - encourage mixed-use and medium-density where appropriate - Redevelop existing opportunity sites - Maximize mobility and links to transit - Transformative improvements to public realm - Major infrastructure upgrades online Version ONLINE VERSION 310 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Discussion Draft Open Houses (November and December 2016) There was six community open house events. The purpose of each event was to present the discussion draft plan and encourage input during the public review period, which was extended until December 2016. These meetings were held in an open house format and included agencies, stakeholders, and community members that were instrumental in developing the plan. There was a total of 239 attendees at the final six community open house events. The dates and locations of the open houses are described in the table on the following page. Agency Coordination there were three rounds of opportunities for agencies to provide comments on the General Plan. In addition, agencies were kept informed of updates on the general plan process through e-mails, press releases, and several presentations to the KCT cabinet team. Agencies were invited to CAC meetings and workshops, as well as public meetings. The table below describes the engagement included in each of the three rounds of agency engagement. Landowner Meetings From September 2015 to November 2016, 19 landowner meetings were held, including 15 landowner participants. landowner meetings were held in three rounds. In each round, invitations were sent via certified mail to large landowners likely to be affected by Future Land Use Map changes. The first two rounds, which included 17 meetings, allowed landowners to engage in the general plan process. The first round was held during September 2015, and the second round was held July 2016. the last round, which included two meetings during Date Activities Location 11/02/2015 group Visioning and Bus / Walking Tour Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele 11/03/2015 group Visioning and Bus / Walking Tour Waimea and Kekaha 11/04/2015 draft land use Concepts for Waimea and Kekaha Waimea 11/04/2015 draft land use Concepts for Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele Hanapēpē 11/05/2015 group Visioning and Bus / Walking Tour Kīlauea, Princeville, and hanalei 11/06/2015 draft land use Concepts for Kīlauea, Princeville, and hanalei Princeville 04/28/2016 group Visioning and Bus / Walking Tour Wailua, Kapa‘a, and Anahola 04/28/2016 Mapping exercise for Wailua, Kapa‘a, and Anahola Kapa‘a 04/28/2016 draft land use Concepts for Wailua, Kapa‘a, and Anahola Kapa‘a Coffee Hour Talk, Līhu‘e District ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 311 November 2016, allowed landowners to come to the planning department to discuss proposed changes and provide comments for the public review period. Coffee Hour Talks There was a total of six coffee hour talks held at Hā Coffee Bar in Līhu‘e, from January to June 2016. The purpose of Coffee Hour Talks were to continue the conversation on different topics from the General Plan CAC meetings. Coffee Hour Talks allowed CAC members and the public to talk story about planning issues on Kaua‘i. issues that were discussed included land use maps, infrastructure, tourism, agriculture, transportation, and housing. There were 3-4 people who attended each event, with a total of 18 attendees. DIGITAL ENGAGEMENT Instagram Conteststwo community-wide instagram contests were held for the gp update. one coincided with plan Kaua‘i Pop-Up Week, and the second was launched during the Community Meetings. The first contest challenged users to find the Plan Kaua‘i pop-up tent, talk with County planners, and post a photo with hashtags #findtheplanners and #planKauai. The second contest invited community members to post photos that represent their vision for Kaua‘i and to tag #myKauaivision. Date Open House #Location 11/09/2016 Open House #1 Līhu‘e 11/10/2016 open house #2 Kīlauea 11/14/2016 Open House #3 Hanapēpē 11/15/2016 Open House #4 Kapa‘a 12/05/2016 Open House #5 Waimea 12/06/2016 Open House #6 Princeville Agency Coordination Round 1 – Late 2015 The Project team met with individual agencies to gather input on the infrastructure report as well as the issues and opportunities paper. round 2 – July 14-15, 2016, Līhu‘e Civic Center Meetings were focused on Health and all policies, but were intended to encourage cross sector collaboration. Appx. 20 agencies participated in workshops on the following topics: 1. Active Living 2. Healthy Eating and Food Environment 3. Healthy and Safe Housing and Economic Development 4. Climate Change and Health Round 3 – November 2016 Appx. 30 agencies were notified to participate in open houses and agency meetings. The open house was held on November 23, and 4-5 agencies attended. Two agency meetings were held on November 28 and 30. Members from the following agencies attended these meetings: (1) Water, (2) Housing, (3) Civil Defense / KEMA, (4) DOH-Wastewater, and (5) OED. online Version ONLINE VERSION 312 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Survey on Draft Policies (September 2016)An online survey was developed and deployed during the month of September 2016. The purpose of the survey was to: (1) Share the draft policies. (2) determine whether the community at large agreed or disagreed with each policy. (3) Find out whether they felt that the policies as a whole captured their concerns for the future of Kaua‘i. (4) Identify any gaps or missing elements in the policy statements. More than 1,000 responses were received. Results indicated strong agreement with the policies shown. Nearly 80% of respondents indicated they believe the policies captured what they thought was important (6.4% said they did not, and 14.8% were undecided). Additional details on respondents by demographics and geographic location are shown below. Total responses: 1,018 Geographic Location (sorted from most to least respondents): • East Kauaʻi: 327 (33.4%) • South Kauaʻi: 192 (19.6%) • Līhuʻe: 169 (17.3%) • North Shore: 160 (16.4%) • Waimea-Kekaha 56 (5.7%) • Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele: 55 (5.6%) • 4 respondents do not live on Kauaʻi Demographics • Respondents had a 6:4 ratio of Women:Men • respondents were from all age groups. Largest number were from 50-65 (35.2%) and second highest from 35-49 (26%) • 85 keiki ages 8-10 completed the survey • Most respondents have lived on Kauaʻi for 10 years or more (47.4% more than 10 years; 28.1% born on Kauaʻi) The policy statement “Protect Kaua‘i’s scenic beauty” received the most support, with 93.8% of respondents indicating agreement or strong agreement. The policy statement “Uphold Kaua‘i as a unique visitor destination” received the least support, with 13.7% disagreeing. However, 78.2% of respondents agreed with the statement. the policies where respondents most indicated needing more information included: “Design healthy and complete neighborhoods”; “Build a balanced transportation system”; and “Help agricultural lands be productive.” When asked “What’s missing from the policies? Are there any you would add?”, some themes emerged from the input: • Carrying capacity: respondents indicated that the concept that the island has limited capacity for growth needed to come across more strongly. • Sustainability: Respondents expressed interest in supporting more bike paths and preserving nature. • Development: Many respondents asked for language that proposed different An entry in the #mykauaivision Instagram contest Winner of the #findtheplanners Instagram contest, @beaubasaur ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 313 ways of limiting development or stopping development completely. There was also a desire for more accountability to ensure that developments are consistent with Community Plans and provide benefit to the community. In contrast to this view, some respondents indicated that they wanted affordable housing-related development or wanted the County to embrace growth. • Agricultural uses: Some respondents asked that policies include stopping or limiting the use of agricultural land for genetically modified organism (gMo) crops or pesticide testing. • Small farmers: People asked for incentives to encourage small-scale farming, including allowing farm housing on agricultural lots. • Alternative visitor accommodations: There was a clear split between those seeing bed and breakfast (B&Bs) and transient vacation rentals (TVRs) as an income-generating activity that should be allowed versus those that feel they take needed housing out of the market and increases the cost of living. • education: respondents felt setting goals for education were important. • drugs and community safety: some indicated they would like to see policies address these topics. The input collected was valuable in confirming the policy statements and informed the development of the actions included in Chapter 3. Issues and Opportunities Paperthe issues and opportunities paper addressed the following policy areas: 1) Kauaʻi Kākou 2) growth Management and land use 3) Economic Development 4) Agricultural Lands 5) Tourism 6) Open Space 7) Affordable and Workforce Housing 8) Climate Change and Natural Hazards 9) Infrastructure and Public Services 10) Multimodal Land Transportation 11) Energy 12) Public Health 13) Cultural and Heritage Resources 14) Natural Resource Management and Conservation 15) Parks and Recreation 16) Government Operations and Fiscal Management For each policy area the paper addressed the primary issues, and the opportunities that exist for the General Plan to address. The final report was released in September 2015. The report was made available via the General Plan website, and was sent to CAC members. Community Voices from the Survey “Designate areas for future residential growth within each planning region. Provide the necessary infrastructure to support areas of future growth.” “Help small farmers. Assist in distribution of local produce/products so that retailers can order as easily and reliably as they do from off-island.” “Find some way to house every person living on the island who wants to be housed.” “We need to educate our children more about the drugs around Kaua‘i and the choices they can make to have a healthy and happy life.” “Complete streets needs to be retroactively applied to all main thoroughfares in Kaua‘i neighborhoods such as Kuamo‘o St and Kamalu Rd.” online Version ONLINE VERSION 314 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN YOUTH ENGAGEMENT THROUGH ARTS & EDUCATION A special emphasis was placed on ensuring the voice of Kaua’i’s youth is reflected in the plan. Input from youth, from elementary to college students, was obtained throughout the planning process, and is described below. Elementary School OutreachKeiki Art Contest More than 300 entries were received for an elementary school level Keiki Art Contest that ran from April 1-May 22, 2015. Twelve public and private schools across the island participated, and winners were announced in June 2015. The theme was “I Love My Community Because...” Entries demonstrated what keiki treasure about Kaua‘i today and what they would like to see in the future. Top 5 Themes1. Recreation2. nature3. Development4. Community/People5. Sustainability Poster for the “I Love My Community Because” Keiki Art Contest Mayor Bernard Carvalho with the winner of the Keiki Art Contest, a 4th Grader at Kapa‘a elementary school ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 315 More than 300 entries in the Keiki Art Contest depicted why the children of Kaua‘i love their community, and what they would like to see in the future. The key themes emerged as: Recreation - People enjoying nature at the beach, mountains, and oceanNature - Kauai’s beautyDevelopment - Zoos, housing, parks, commercial, fun activities, bike paths/sidewalks/crosswalksCommunity/People - Family and friends spending time togetherSustainability - gardens, recycling What Kaua‘i’s Keiki Value online Version ONLINE VERSION 316 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Middle & High School OutreachCareer Day County planning staff presented at a Career day event at Chiefess Kamakahelei Middle School in October of 2015. Middle School Planning Curriculum The County Planning Department began working with the learning Coalition (tlC) in honolulu and the State Department of Education in the fall of 2015 to develop a classroom curriculum about Community planning, including the general plan. As part of this effort, an instructor at Chiefess Kamakahelei Middle School formed a Junior Planner Club. County planning department staff made a presentations to the club and engaged them in an activity on this general plan process. High School Outreach During December 2016 the County Planning Department engaged with 135 highschool students at three highschools, Kaua‘i high school, Waimea high school, and Kapa‘a high school. the County planning department shared discussion draft general plan actions for housing, transportation, and climate change. At Waimea high school, the planning staff conducted a presentation specific to the watershed topic, and land use proposals for the West side. high school students shared their input and also provided written comments to be used as public record for the public comment period. Boys & Girls Club Over 100 elementary, middle, and high school students participate in the General Plan policy survey. While some students took the the survey online, the majority of students completed the paper survey. A summary of the policy survey can be found in section 1.3 of the General Plan. Kaua‘i Community College Outreach County planning staff engaged Kaua‘i Community College (KCC) throughout the general plan Process through several venues: a presentation to faculty, presentations and meetings with classes, and meetings with the student life and student government organizations. the primary issues of interest among students and faculty were affordable housing, sustainability and food security, preserving open space and rural character, and public access to recreational places. In December 2016, a pop-up event was held at the Student Life Lounge for students to provide input on the discussion draft. It is estimated that over 100 students and faculty participated in the general plan Process between September 2015-December 2016. The table on the next page lists the outreach events conducted at KCC. How Input Was Used Input from community members, local organizations, and government agencies provided grounded framing to this general plan process. it helped to determine what was relevant, what needed updating, and what new issues or opportunities are emerging. This General Plan Project Team developed a system for comment tracking and sorting early in the planning process so that comments could be saved, referenced, and cross-referenced to key policy topics. sources of community input were drawn from: • Written and verbal comments at CAC Meetings, community meetings, and community “pop-up” events • E-mails sent by community members to the plankauai@kauai.gov e-mail address • Comments received by mail • Submissions to the project website comment form • notes from small group meetings with community organizations high school students present their ideas on the general plan, de-cember 2016 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix B – the ApproACh & puBliC proCess to deVelop this generAl plAn | APPENDICES 317 • Comments, writing, and artwork from youth participants All comments received through the website, e-mail, and social media were transcribed and compiled in a public comment matrix that was made available on the project website and periodically updated. More than 120 comments were received and compiled in the public comment matrix as of September 2016. These are in addition to the many comments received and recorded at CAC meetings and community events. Comments received through all platforms were sorted into files by issue or policy topic to be referenced during the preparation of this general plan. Developing the General Plan Vision The Vision for Kaua‘i was developed and refined with extensive input from the community and CAC. The update of the General Plan Vision involved asking the community for their views on where Kaua‘i is today, whether the vision from 2000 remains relevant, and how Kaua‘i has been doing as a County and community in realizing the vision. Confirming the key issues and opportunities that should drive policies moving forward, and going out to communities to envision how they see themselves changing and which elements are most important to preserve. The Vision for Kaua‘i was a major focus of community outreach for this General Plan. Community members were asked to revisit the Vision Statement from the 2000 General Plan, provide input on its continued relevance, and suggested changes to adapt it to Kaua‘i today. Comments were received from a wide variety of sources, including polls, community meetings, CAC discussions, small group meetings, e-mail comments, and comments received during the Kaua‘i Farm Fair and Pop-Up Week. The great majority of participants polled formally and informally indicated that they felt the existing Vision for Kaua‘i 2020 was mostly or partially accurate, but needed some updating in order to reflect the community’s vision and values. Very few felt that the statement should either be accepted or rejected in its entirety. Approach to Updating the Vision• Key statements and ideas from the 2000 general plan that continue to resonate strongly have been preserved. • For those statements that the community felt needed updating, the revised language preserves some of the same thoughts and organizational structure, but updates it with words and concepts that better capture the community sentiment. • new ideas that were missing from the 2000 general plan were added to existing statements where possible, and crafted into to new statements where appropriate. People were also asked how successful Kaua‘i has been in implementing the Vision of the 2000 General Plan. Most gave low marks on where Kaua‘i is today with regards to achieving the vision, and asked that this General Plan strengthen accountability for implementation. A draft Vision was prepared based on this initial input, using the approach described above. It was presented to the CAC and the community and made available online. The draft Vision was also presented in small group meetings with County agencies and community groups, and at the 2015 Kaua‘i Farm Fair, where participants were asked to vote for their highest priority statement. Vision statement review Kaua‘i Community College Outreach Month/Year Event June 2015 small group presentation to phi theta Kappa August 2015 Presentation to student government September 2015 Presentation to a “changing world class” September 2015 Meeting with student activists November 2015 presentation to philosophy class May 2016 presentation to sustainability class October 2016 presentation to gis class October 2016, December 2016 general plan presentation to sustainability class November 2016 Presentation at KCC Biological Science Week December 2016 Pop-up event at KCC Student Life online Version ONLINE VERSION 318 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN at the Kaua‘i Farm Fair was done over a three-day process during August 2015 in Līhu‘e. The resulting input was used to refine the Vision that approves the draft plan. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix C – groWth trends And proJeCtions | APPENDICES 319 APPENDIX C – GROWTH TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS Introduction This Appendix summarizes the Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts (2014) technical report that was prepared for this General Plan and provides the basis for growth projections in population, housing, employment, and other demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. A Technical Advisory Committee comprised of community members and agencies was assembled to review and provide input on this and other technical reports for the General Plan. The following Sections provide an overview of the findings. Another key technical report prepared to inform the General Plan’s growth projections was the land use Buildout Analysis (2015). Using the population and housing projections contained in the socioeconomic study, the land use buildout study inventoried existing land use designations and determined whether additional designated lands would be needed to accommodate projected residential, commercial, industrial, resort, and other land uses. How the 2000 General Plan Handled Growth Projections Projections for growth contained in the 2000 Kaua‘i General Plan were derived from two technical studies: one that examined future trends based on projections of existing data from the State Department of Business, Economic Development, and tourism (dBedt), and a second that presented alternative, value-driven growth projections reflecting a significantly lower growth rate. The alternative projections used the visitor population as “the most important factor in estimating Kaua‘i’s future economy and population.” The projections in these two studies were presented in the 2000 General Plan as “high” and “low” growth projections for resident population, average daily visitor census, total population, and jobs. The projections were not intended to serve as targets or limits to growth, but as tools for forecasting land supply and infrastructure needs. Figure 1. Actual vs. Projected Population Growth (1998-2010) online Version ONLINE VERSION 320 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Population Trends and Projections Trends Since the 2000 General Plan As shown in the figure below, the actual rate of population growth since the last count in 2010 has closely followed the “high” growth projection rate in the 2000 General Plan. The “high” projection was based on a linear projection of population data from dBedt. Sources of Growth the graph in Figure 2 shows sources of population change on Kaua‘i between 2000 and 2012. Over the past 15 years, the population growth due to natural increase (rate of births to deaths) has greatly exceeded the contribution of migration. County-Wide Projections The County population forecast was developed as a linear projection from the last recorded population data released by the State Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (State of Hawai‘i Data Book, 2013). Historical data was taken from the State of Hawai‘i Data Book published annually by the Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (State of Hawai‘i Data Book, 2013). The total population for the County of Kaua‘i is projected to increase from 67,091 in 2013 to 88,013 in 2035. That represents a total growth of 31.2% between 2010 and 2035, or about 1.10% per year. SMS Research Kaua‘i 2035 General Plan: Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts (2014) Table 1 and Figure 3 show the population forecast for the County of Kaua‘i through 2035. The line in Figure 3 tracks the population, while the bars indicate the annual population growth rate. the model assumed a moderate growth rate of 1.10% per year between 2010 and 2035. Figure 2. Components of Population Change (2000-2012) *Bars for 2000-2010 and 2010-2012 show average change per year. Intl. means International. Dom. means Domestic. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix C – groWth trends And proJeCtions | APPENDICES 321 Table 1. Kaua‘i County Population (1990-2035) Figure 3. Kaua‘i County Population (1990-2035) Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i 51,676 58,463 67,091 74,693 83,328 88,013 Average Annual Growth Rate 1.24% 1.39% 1.08% 1.10% 1.10% online Version ONLINE VERSION 322 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Population Projections by Planning District As shown on Table 2 and Figure 4, a great majority of population growth is planned to occur in the Līhu‘e and south Kaua‘i districts (Kōloa-Po‘ipū-Kalāheo). the Līhu‘e district had 21.9 percent of Kaua‘i’s population in 2010 and is expected to house 26.6 percent in 2035. The Kōloa-Po‘ipū-Kalāheo area had 17.4 percent of the County population in 2010 and will have up to 18.5 percent on 2035. policies and actions to address this anticipated growth are reflected in the Community plans for the Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i Districts that were completed and adopted in 2015. The percentage of the County’s population in each of the remaining districts will decrease slightly by 2035. The Līhu‘e District is expected to absorb nearly half of the island’s population growth through 2035, in keeping with the County’s policy of designating Līhu‘e as the island’s main center of population and employment. Table 2. Kaua‘i County Population, Island-wide and By District (1990-2035) Jobs Trends Since the 2000 General Plan the 2000 general plan used a high and low estimate for jobs, as a factor of population growth. Figure 5 shows that number of actual jobs on Kaua‘i in 2010 was higher than the high estimate predicted in the last General Plan. However, the rate of job growth, indicated by the slope of the lines on the graph, is closer to the low estimate contained in the 2000 general plan. this slower rate of growth means that if the 2000 GP estimates are projected beyond 2020, the job numbers would likely to be closer to the low estimate provided in the 2000 General Plan. County-Wide Job Projections According to the 2014 Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts technical report prepared for the gp Update, average annual job growth for the County of Kaua‘i is expected to equal 0.79% between 2015 and 2020. Between 2020 and 2030, job growth is expected to occur at an average annual rate of 0.66%. The rate is expected to dip again to 0.53% during the period between 2030 and 2035, adding less than 1,000 jobs. Economic opportunity is a key issue for Kaua‘i moving forward, to ensure that Kaua‘i’s residents not only have access to jobs, but can earn a living wage that can support housing and transportation needs. Job Projections by Planning District the Līhu‘e Planning District has historically been the main job center on Kaua‘i. With the policy to direct the majority of future growth to Līhu‘e, that trend is expected to continue for the next 20 years, with more jobs and a higher growth rate. The South Kaua‘i and the East Kaua‘i Districts have the next highest volumes of jobs in the County. Between 2010 and 2035, average annual job growth for Kaua‘i’s six planning districts is expected to range from 1.23 percent for Līhu‘e to 0.37 percent for the Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i 51,676 58,463 67,091 74,693 83,328 88,013 Līhu‘e 11,169 12,507 14,683 18,017 21,595 23,456 South Kaua‘i 9,600 10,545 11,696 13,623 15,737 16,855 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele 3,873 4,362 6,157 6,463 6,860 7,094 Waimea-Kekaha 4,698 5,660 5,561 5,901 6,323 6,566 North Shore 5,913 6,605 8,002 8,286 8,686 8,933 East Kaua‘i 16,192 18,784 20,992 22,403 24,128 25,110 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix C – groWth trends And proJeCtions | APPENDICES 323 Figure 4. Population by Planning District (1990-2035) Figure 5. Actual vs. Projected Job Growth (1990-2011) online Version ONLINE VERSION 324 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN North Shore district. From approximately 2016-2020, Līhu‘e is expected to have an average annual job growth rate of 1.06 percent. In the following decade, this rate is projected to be slightly lower (0.90% per year) and between 2030 and 2035, Līhu‘e’s anticipated annual growth rate for jobs is 0.74 percent. Over the two decades preceding this General Plan, a substantial number of jobs were generated within the visitor industry (arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodations, and food services). While Līhu‘e has had fewer of these jobs than the rest of the County (20% vs. 22% in 2010), the difference is not large. on the other hand, Līhu‘e District has had larger shares of non-visitor industry jobs in several areas, including retail trade (18% vs. 12%); transportation, warehousing, and utilities (8% vs. 5%); finance insurance and real estate (7% vs. 5%); public administration (7% vs. 5%); wholesale trade (3% vs. 2%); and the information industry (3% vs. 1%). Most of the types of jobs projected by DBEDT to increase are included in the job types listed above. Thus, it is assumed that Līhu‘e will continue to hold its position as the center for employment in the County and to increase the percentage of new jobs compared to other districts. Households The number of households53 in the County is a function of the population in any given year and the average household size. The Census equates a household with an occupied housing unit. Historical data for the number of households on Kaua‘i was taken from the U.S. Decennial Census for Hawai‘i in 1990 and 2000, and from the American Community Surveys for 2008 through 2011. Data from the Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study, 1992, 1997, 2003, 2006, and 2011 were used to supplement this historical data. The same sources provide figures for household size and persons living in group quarters.54 Persons per household data were obtained from the Decennial Census for 1990 and 2000. American Community Survey data was included for 2008 through 2011. the forecast method for households employed three steps: 1. Determine the number of persons per household, defined as the ratio of total persons in the population to total households. 2. Forecast the persons per household. 3. Divide the persons living in households by the 53 The U.S. Census Bureau defines a household as those per-sons who reside in a residential housing unit. Residents are defined as persons who report that the residence is their usual place of residence, sleep there most of the time, and take their meals there. Persons who reside at the housing unit for less than five months of the year are not considered part of the household. Households may be family house-holds or non-family households, which can include some unrelated individuals. The household size is the number of individuals who reside in a given housing unit.54 Persons who do not live in households are classified as “In Group Quarters.” Their number includes persons in institutionalized set-tings (hospitals, prisons, dormitories, nursing homes, etc.) and groups of unrelated individuals occupying a housing unit. Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 County of Kaua‘i 30,350 28,150 31,900 34,000 34,900 Līhu‘e 12,473 12,554 14,519 15,820 16,403 South Kaua‘i 5,299 5,027 5,617 5,892 6,003 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele 999 695 779 821 838 Waimea-Kekaha 1,888 1,791 1,986 2,064 2,094 North Shore 4,143 3,513 3,801 3,839 3,839 East Kaua‘i 5,548 4,570 5,199 5,565 5,724 Table 3. Kaua‘i County Jobs By District (1990-2035) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix C – groWth trends And proJeCtions | APPENDICES 325 average household size to arrive at the number of households. County-Wide Projections Table 4 and Figure 7 show the household forecast for the County of Kaua‘i through the year 2035. The forecast is based on an assumption that the ratio of persons to households will modestly increase from 2.89 in 2010 to 2.90 in 2035. The line in Figure 7 tracks the household counts and the bars indicate the annual growth rate. The total number of households in the County of Kaua‘i is projected to increase from 23,984 in 2013 to 30,349 in 2035. That represents a total growth of 31.2 percent between 2010 and 2035, or about 1.07 percent per year. Projections by Planning District Table 5 and Figure 8 show the forecast number of households by planning district. As with population, the Līhu‘e Planning District is planned for the largest increase in total households. Līhu‘e is identified by the general plan policy as a growth center, and is expected to increase its number of households by 48 percent during the next 25 years. This equates to an average annual increase of 1.7 percent. South Figure 6. Jobs by Planning District (2006-2035) Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i Households 16,253 20,370 23,240 25,902 28,788 30,349 Average Annual Growth Rate 0.66% 0.18% 1.06% 1.10% 1.06% Table 4. Kaua‘i County Households (1990-2035) online Version ONLINE VERSION 326 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Kaua‘i (1.2 percent) is the only other district expected to exceed the County’s average annual growth rate of 0.8 percent for households between now and 2035. The remaining districts are anticipated to have average annual growth rates of 0.7 percent or less. Visitor Arrivals Visitor arrivals are defined as the total number of individuals arriving from domestic and international points of departure by air and sea during a calendar year. Their number includes men, women, and children visiting from all ten of Hawai‘i’s major market areas (MMAs). Total visitor arrivals include both day-trippers and overnight or longer visitors. By convention, visitors staying for more than 365 days are considered temporary residents. Historical data was taken from hawai‘i tourism Authority, Annual Visitor research reports, 2000 to 2011 and the DBEDT Data Book historical database for years before 2000. DBEDT also has a long-range forecast for visitor arrivals at the State and County levels55. 55 Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawai’i Trends Since the 2000 General Plan Historically, visitor arrivals have been volatile on Kaua‘i. Hurricane ‘Iniki devastated the tourism infrastructure on Kaua‘i, causing a deep rift in 1993 and a lengthy recovery period. At the next peak in 1999, Kaua‘i had regained less than 90 percent of its former visitor count. After another drop following September 11, 2001, the count grew to its second peak in 2007, then fell sharply again in 2008-2009 and has been climbing out at a slower pace than the post-Iniki recovery. the 2000 Kaua‘i general plan included low and high estimates for projected visitor growth, defined in Figure 9, actual ADVC growth has been variable, but as of 2010 was below the low General Plan estimate. Draft projections by the State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (State of Hawai‘i Data Book, 2013) predict that ADVC growth will closely track the 2000 General Plan’s low estimate at least until 2020. to 2040, DBEDT 2040 Series, Research and Economic Analysis Division, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (March 2012) Figure 7. Kaua‘i County Households (1990-2035) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix C – groWth trends And proJeCtions | APPENDICES 327 County-Wide Projections Table 6 and Figure 10 show total visitor arrivals by air for the County of Kaua‘i through the year 2035. The line in Figure 10 tracks visitor numbers and the bars indicate the average annual rates of change. Figure 11 represents visitors to Kaua‘i as the Average daily Visitor Census (AdVC). this is an alternate way to assess the volume of visitors to the County. The projections show an overall growth rate of about one percent per year between 2010 and 2035, with a very slight decrease across that period. Based upon historical data, some volatility can be expected year to year in the form of a disrupting event once every five to ten years.56 The average length of stay (LOS) for a visitor party in Kaua‘i was 7.51 days in 2011. Visitor LOS on Kaua‘i was at its lowest point in 1990 at 6.14. The LOS rose to 6.8 in 2004 and then fell to 6.24 in 2007. Length of stay has increased steadily for Kaua‘i visitors since 2007. 56 Kaua‘i general plan update: Visitor updates, sMs research, October 2017 Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i 16,253 20,370 23,240 25,902 28,788 30,349 Līhu‘e 3,542 4,187 4,983 6,051 7,281 7,923 South Kaua‘i 3,208 3,862 4,250 4,946 5,699 6,096 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele 1,035 1,491 1,987 2,084 2,207 2,279 Waimea-Kekaha 1,460 1,893 1,962 2,165 2,253 2,306 North Shore 2,070 2,552 2,881 2,998 3,123 3,201 East Kaua‘i 4,937 6,385 7,177 7,658 8,224 8,545 Table 5. Households by Planning District (1990-2035) Figure 8. Households by Planning District (1990-2035) online Version ONLINE VERSION 328 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Visitor Projections by Planning District Līhuʻe has both the airport and the harbor, so all visitor “arrivals” technically occur there. Visitor accommodation units as reported in the hawai‘i Tourism Authority’s (HTA) Visitor Plant Inventory were used to estimate each District’s share of visitors. Table 7 and Figure 12 show the results of that method. South Kaua‘i has the highest number of visitor units and thus the largest share of visitors. East Kaua‘i and the North Shore closely track one another in current and projected visitor volumes. Līhu‘e District’s visitor population is lower, with fewer visitor accommodations, and very few visitors stay in Waimea-Kekaha. None were assigned to the Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele district. Figure 9. Actual vs. Projected Visitor Growth (1990-2010) Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i Visitor Arrivals (x1,000)1,229 1,075 955 1,302 1,418 1,480 Average Annual Growth Rate -1.25% -1.11% 3.64% 0.89% 0.87% Table 6. Kaua‘i County Visitor Arrivals (1990-2035) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix C – groWth trends And proJeCtions | APPENDICES 329 Figure 10. Visitor Arrivals to Kaua‘i County (1990-2035) Figure 11. Average Daily Visitor Census in Kaua‘i County (1990-2035) online Version ONLINE VERSION 330 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Year 1998 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i 1,078 1,075 955 1,302 1,418 1,480 Līhu‘e 186 182 166 199 214 222 South Kaua‘i 353 355 349 487 527 548 Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele ------ Waimea-Kekaha 12 15 12 21 18 15 North Shore 204 236 221 332 348 357 East Kaua‘i 324 287 207 310 330 341 Table 7. Kaua‘i County Visitor Arrivals by District (1998- 2035) Figure 12. Visitor Arrivals by Planning District (1998-2035) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 331 APPENDIX D – SEA LEVEL RISE MAPS online Version ONLINE VERSION 332 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Ha ‘ e n a Ma k u a R e e f Ha l e h o m a h a Ha ‘ e n a Be a c h P a r k Wa i n i h a B a y Ke p u h i B e a c h La e o k a ‘ o n o h i Ke p u h i P o i n t Ha ‘ e n a P o i n t Tu n n e l s Be a c h μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Hāʻ en a , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 333 Ha ‘ e n a Ma k u a R e e f Ha l e h o m a h a Ha ‘ e n a Be a c h P a r k Wa i n i h a B a y Ke p u h i B e a c h La e o k a ‘ o n o h i Ke p u h i P o i n t Ha ‘ e n a P o i n t Tu n n e l s Be a c h μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Hāʻ en a , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 334 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Ha ‘ e n a Ma k u a R e e f Ha l e h o m a h a Ha ‘ e n a Be a c h P a r k Wa i n i h a B a y Ke p u h i B e a c h La e o k a ‘ o n o h i Ke p u h i P o i n t Ha ‘ e n a P o i n t Tu n n e l s Be a c h µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Hā ʻ e n a , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 335 Ha n a l e i Ma k a i h u w a a Pu u K a M a n u Ha n a l e i B a y Wa i k o k o R e e f Wa i p a S t r e a m Wa i k o k o B e a c h Wa i o l i V a l l e y Pu u P o a M a r s h Pu u P o a B e a c h Wa i o l i S t r e a m Ma k a h o a P o i n t Ha n a l e i R i v e r Ha n a l e i L a n d i n g Wa i o l i B e a c h P a r k Ha n a l e i B e a c h P a r k μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ha n a l e i , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 336 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Ha n a l e i Ma k a i h u w a a Pu u K a M a n u Ha n a l e i B a y Wa i k o k o R e e f Wa i p a S t r e a m Wa i k o k o B e a c h Wa i o l i V a l l e y Pu u P o a M a r s h Pu u P o a B e a c h Wa i o l i S t r e a m Ma k a h o a P o i n t Ha n a l e i R i v e r Ha n a l e i L a n d i n g Wa i o l i B e a c h P a r k Ha n a l e i B e a c h P a r k μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ha n a l e i , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 337 Ha n a l e i Ma k a i h u w a a Pu u K a M a n u Ha n a l e i B a y Wa i k o k o R e e f Wa i p a S t r e a m Wa i k o k o B e a c h Wa i o l i V a l l e y Pu u P o a M a r s h Pu u P o a B e a c h Wa i o l i S t r e a m Ma k a h o a P o i n t Ha n a l e i R i v e r Ha n a l e i L a n d i n g Wa i o l i B e a c h P a r k Ha n a l e i B e a c h P a r k µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ha n a l e i , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 338 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN e An a h o l a B a y La e o K a i l i u Ku a e h u P o i n t Ka h a l a P o i n t An a h o l a B e a c h ‘A l i o m a n u R e e f An a h o l a S t r e a m ‘A l i o m a n u B e a c h μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t An a h o l a , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 339 e An a h o l a B a y La e o K a i l i u Ku a e h u P o i n t Ka h a l a P o i n t An a h o l a B e a c h ‘A l i o m a n u R e e f An a h o l a S t r e a m ‘A l i o m a n u B e a c h μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t An a h o l a , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 340 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Ho k u a l e l e An a h o l a B a y La e o K a i l i u Ku a e h u P o i n t Ka h a l a P o i n t An a h o l a B e a c h ‘A l i o m a n u R e e f An a h o l a S t r e a m ‘A l i o m a n u B e a c h µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t An a h o l a , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 341 Ka p a ʻa Wa i p o l i P a r k Wa i k a e a Ca n a l Mo i k e h a Ca n a l Ko n o h i k i S t r e a m Wa i p o u l i Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ka p a ʻa, K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 342 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Ka p a ʻa Wa i p o l i P a r k Wa i k a e a Ca n a l Mo i k e h a Ca n a l Ko n o h i k i S t r e a m Wa i p o u l i Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ka p a ʻa, K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 343 Ka p a ʻ a Wa i p o l i P a r k Wa i k a e a Ca n a l Mo i k e h a Ca n a l Ko n o h i k i S t r e a m Wa i p o u l i Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ka p a ʻ a , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 344 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Pa p a l o a Wa i l u ā B a y Ma l a e H e i a u Wa i l u ā B e a c h Wa i l u ā R i v e r Po l i a h u P a r k Op a e k a a S t r e a m in Bir t h s t o n e H e i a u Wa i l u ā Ho u s e L o t s Ly d g a t e S t a t e P a r k Hi k i n a o k a l a H e i a u No n o u F o r e s t R e s e r v e μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Wa i l u ā, K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 345 Pa p a l o a Wa i l u ā B a y Ma l a e H e i a u Wa i l u ā B e a c h Wa i l u ā R i v e r Po l i a h u P a r k Op a e k a a S t r e a m in Bir t h s t o n e H e i a u Wa i l u ā Ho u s e L o t s Ly d g a t e S t a t e P a r k Hi k i n a o k a l a H e i a u No n o u F o r e s t R e s e r v e μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Wa i l u ā, K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 346 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Pa p a l o a Wa i l u ā B a y Ma l a e H e i a u Wa i l u ā B e a c h Wa i l u ā R i v e r Po l i a h u P a r k Op a e k a a S t r e a m No n o u M o u n t a i n Bi r t h s t o n e H e i a u Wa i l u ā Ho u s e L o t s Ly d g a t e S t a t e P a r k Hi k i n a o k a l a H e i a u No n o u F o r e s t R e s e r v e µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Wa i l u ā , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 347 Ulu K o Ku p o l o Niu m a l u Ka l a n i p u u So u t h R e e f Ku k i i P o i n t Ca r t e r P o i n t Hu l e i a Str e a m Na w i l i w i l i B a y Ka l a p a k i B e a c h Na w i l i w i l i Pa r k Na w i l i w i l i H a r b o r Na w i l i w i l i S t r e a m Me n e h u n e F i s h p o n d Ka u a i Hig h S c h o o l Niu m a l u Be a c h P a r k Ka u a i Te c h n i c a l S c h o o l Hu l e ‘ i a N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e R e f u g e μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Nāwi l i w i l i , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 348 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Ulu K o Ku p o l o Niu m a l u Ka l a n i p u u So u t h R e e f Ku k i i P o i n t Ca r t e r P o i n t Hu l e i a Str e a m Na w i l i w i l i B a y Ka l a p a k i B e a c h Na w i l i w i l i Pa r k Na w i l i w i l i H a r b o r Na w i l i w i l i S t r e a m Me n e h u n e F i s h p o n d Ka u a i Hig h S c h o o l Niu m a l u Be a c h P a r k Ka u a i Te c h n i c a l S c h o o l Hu l e ‘ i a N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e R e f u g e μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Nāwi l i w i l i , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 349 Ulu K o Ku p o l o Niu m a l u Ka l a n i p u u So u t h R e e f Ku k i i P o i n t Ca r t e r P o i n t Hu l e i a St r e a m Na w i l i w i l i B a y Ka l a p a k i B e a c h Na w i l i w i l i Pa r k Na w i l i w i l i H a r b o r Na w i l i w i l i S t r e a m Me n e h u n e F i s h p o n d Ka u a i Hig h S c h o o l Niu m a l u Be a c h P a r k Ka u a i Te c h n i c a l S c h o o l Hu l e ‘ i a N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e R e f u g e µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Nā w i l i w i l i , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 350 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Po ʻip ū Pu u H i Kih o u n a Pih a k e k u a Ka n e a u k a i Pu u A i n a k o Po ʻip ū B e a c h Pu u W a n a w a n a Pu u H u n i h u n i Ke o n i l o a B a y Nu K u m o i Po i n t Sh i p w r e c k B e a c h Bre n n e c k e Be a c h Ma k a h u e n a P o i n t Po ʻip ū Be a c h P a r k Ka u a i F i r e D e p a r t m e n t Ko l o a S t a t i o n Po ʻip ū Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Po ʻip ū, K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 351 Po ʻip ū Pu u H i Kih o u n a Pih a k e k u a Ka n e a u k a i Pu u A i n a k o Po ʻip ū B e a c h Pu u W a n a w a n a Pu u H u n i h u n i Ke o n i l o a B a y Nu K u m o i Po i n t Sh i p w r e c k B e a c h Bre n n e c k e Be a c h Ma k a h u e n a P o i n t Po ʻip ū Be a c h P a r k Ka u a i F i r e D e p a r t m e n t Ko l o a S t a t i o n Po ʻip ū Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Po ʻip ū, K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 352 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Po ʻ i p ū Pu u H i Kih o u n a Pih a k e k u a Ka n e a u k a i Pu u A i n a k o Po ʻ i p ū B e a c h Pu u W a n a w a n a Pu u H u n i h u n i Ke o n i l o a B a y Nu K u m o i Po i n t Sh i p w r e c k B e a c h Br e n n e c k e Be a c h Ma k a h u e n a P o i n t Po ʻ i p ū Be a c h P a r k Ka u a i F i r e D e p a r t m e n t Ko l o a S t a t i o n Po ʻ i p ū Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Po ʻ i p ū , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 353 Ele e l e Po r t A l l e n Gla s s B e a c h Pu o l o P o i n t Ku u n a k a i o l e Ha n a p e p e B a y Pa a k a h i P o i n t Ku k a m a h u Gu l c h Hanapepe River Ha n a p e p e L i g h t Ve t e r a n s Ce m e t e r y Ha n a p e p e Be a c h P a r k Sa l t P o n d Be a c h P a r k El e e l e Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r Ele e l e Ele m e n t a r y Sc h o o l Ha n a p e p e H a w a i i a n H o m e L a n d Po r t A l l e n Sm a l l B o a t H a r b o r Ha n a p e p e Po r t A l l e n M i l i t a r y R e s e r v a t i o n ( h i s t o r i c a l ) μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ha n a p e p e , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 354 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Ele e l e Po r t A l l e n Gla s s B e a c h Pu o l o P o i n t Ku u n a k a i o l e Ha n a p e p e B a y Pa a k a h i P o i n t Ku k a m a h u Gu l c h Hanapepe River Ha n a p e p e L i g h t Ve t e r a n s Ce m e t e r y Ha n a p e p e Be a c h P a r k Sa l t P o n d Be a c h P a r k El e e l e Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r Ele e l e Ele m e n t a r y Sc h o o l Ha n a p e p e H a w a i i a n H o m e L a n d Po r t A l l e n Sm a l l B o a t H a r b o r Ha n a p e p e Po r t A l l e n M i l i t a r y R e s e r v a t i o n ( h i s t o r i c a l ) μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ha n a p e p e , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 355 Ele e l e Po r t A l l e n Gl a s s B e a c h Pu o l o P o i n t Ku u n a k a i o l e Ha n a p e p e B a y Pa a k a h i P o i n t Ku k a m a h u Gu l c h Hanapepe River Ha n a p e p e L i g h t Ve t e r a n s Ce m e t e r y Ha n a p e p e Be a c h P a r k Sa l t P o n d Be a c h P a r k Ele e l e Sh o p p i n g Ce n t e r El e e l e Ele m e n t a r y Sc h o o l Ha n a p e p e H a w a i i a n H o m e L a n d Po r t A l l e n Sm a l l B o a t H a r b o r Ha n a p e p e Po r t A l l e n M i l i t a r y R e s e r v a t i o n ( h i s t o r i c a l ) µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Ha n a p e p e , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 356 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Wa i m e a Wa i m e a B a y Waimea River Ke k a h a D i t c h Wa i m e Riv e r P a r k Wa i m e a Hi g h S c h o o l Wa i m e a Ath l e t i c F i e l d Wa i m e a P i e r Sta t e P a r k μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 1 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Wa i m e a , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix d – seA leVel rise MAps | APPENDICES 357 Wa i m e a Wa i m e a B a y Waimea River Ke k a h a D i t c h Wa i m e Riv e r P a r k Wa i m e a Hi g h S c h o o l Wa i m e a Ath l e t i c F i e l d Wa i m e a P i e r Sta t e P a r k μ 1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 3 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a lev e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hyd r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a and m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oc e a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Wa i m e a , K a u a ʻi MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $SS H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V online Version ONLINE VERSION 358 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Wa i m e a Wa i m e a B a y Waimea River Ke k a h a D i t c h Wa i m e Riv e r P a r k Wa i m e a Hig h S c h o o l Wa i m e a Ath l e t i c F i e l d Wa i m e a P i e r St a t e P a r k µ1:1 0 , 0 0 0 KA U A ' I C L I M A T E C H A N G E AN D C O A S T A L H A Z A R D S A S S E S S M E N T 6 F o o t P o t e n t i a l S e a L e v e l R i s e S c e n a r i o Ma r c h 2 0 1 4 Wa t e r D e p t h De e p e r Sh a l l o w e r Lo w L y i n g A r e a s TM K B o u n d a r i e s Ro a d s Blu e a r e a s d e n o t e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n u n d a t i o n d u e t o f u t u r e s e a le v e l r i s e . L e v e l s r e p r e s e n t i n u n d a t i o n a t h i g h t i d e . A r e a s t h a t a r e hy d r o l o g i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d a r e s h o w n i n s h a d e s o f b l u e ( d a r k e r b l u e = gre a t e r d e p t h ) . L o w - l y i n g a r e a s , d i s p l a y e d i n g r e e n , a r e h y d r o l o g i c a l l y "u n c o n n e c t e d " a r e a s t h a t m a y f l o o d . T h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y h o w we l l t h e e l e v a t i o n d a t a c a p t u r e s t h e a r e a ' s h y d r a u l i c s . A m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f t h e s e a r e a s i s r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o flo o d i n g . Se a l e v e l a r o u n d t h e I s l a n d o f K a u a i i s c u r r e n t l y r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e r a t e o f 1.5 3 m m / y r a n d i s p r o j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r i s e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e b o t h glo b a l l y a n d l o c a l l y . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d a t a i s t o p r o v i d e a p r e l i m i n a r y lo o k a t s e a l e v e l r i s e a n d c o a s t a l f l o o d i n g i m p a c t s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o b e us e d a s a s c r e e n i n g l e v e l t o o l t o i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s a n d l o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g . T h e d a t a d e p i c t e d i n t h i s m a p c a n a s s i s t l o c a l p l a n n i n g au t h o r i t i e s i n b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f r i s i n g s e a le v e l s a n d d e v e l o p i n g a p p r o p r i a t e a d a p t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e d a t a d o e s no t c o n s i d e r f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n c o a s t a l g e o m o r p h o l o g y a n d n a t u r a l pro c e s s e s s u c h a s e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e d a t a do e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o f u t u r e c o a s t a l h a z a r d s s u c h a s hu r r i c a n e s a n d t s u n a m i s . T h e d a t a d o e s n o t s p e c i f y t i m i n g o f i n u n d a t i o n de p t h s a n d i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o n d u c t i n g d e t a i l e d s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s . Dis c l a i m e r : Th e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s m a p i l l u s t r a t e t h e s c a l e o f p o t e n t i a l f l o o d i n g , no t t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n , a n d d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r e r o s i o n , s u b s i d e n c e , o r fu t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . W a t e r l e v e l s a r e s h o w n a s t h e y w o u l d a p p e a r d u r i n g th e h i g h e s t h i g h t i d e s ( e x c l u d i n g w i n d d r i v e n t i d e s ) . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e us e d o n l y a s a s c r e e n i n g - l e v e l t o o l f o r m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s . T h e d a t a an d m a p s i n t h i s t o o l a r e p r o v i d e d “ a s i s , ” w i t h o u t w a r r a n t y t o t h e i r pe r f o r m a n c e , m e r c h a n t a b l e s t a t e , o r f i t n e s s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . Th e e n t i r e r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s e d a t a is a s s u m e d b y t h e u s e r . T h e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d s t r i c t l y a s a p l a n n i n g re f e r e n c e a n d n o t f o r n a v i g a t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g , o r o t h e r l e g a l p u r p o s e s . Da t a S o u r c e : Na t i o n a l O c e a n i c a n d A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N O A A ) , Oce a n S e r v i c e s , C o a s t a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r ( N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 3 ) htt p : / / c s c . n o a a . g o v / s l r / b e t a / v i e w e r / 0 5 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 0 0 2 , 0 0 0 25 0 Fe e t Wa i m e a , K a u a ʻ i MA P D E S C R I P T I O N MA P C O N T E N T S $S S H Q G L [ & 6 H D O H Y H O U L V H , Q X Q G D W L R Q $ V V H V V P H Q W V D Q G 1 H H G V I R U 6 H O H F W & R D V W D O $ U H D V ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix e – lAnd oWnership And AVAilABility For Future groWth | APPENDICES 359 APPENDIX E – LAND OWNERSHIP AND AVAILABILITY FOR FUTURE GROWTH Land Ownership Kaua‘i’s population is expected to grow by 31.2% between 2010 and 2035 (see Appendix C). An important part of this general plan process was to inventory lands that can accommodate future development and to gather information on planned and entitled projects. The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether land use designations needed to change to accommodate anticipated growth, and whether current land use designations support sustainable growth. A Land Use Buildout Analysis (2015) prepared for this general plan to examine land supply compared to County growth projections. Data on land ownership patterns and planned and entitled projects was compiled and mapped. the following sections summarize the findings of this study. Major Landowners land ownership on Kaua‘i is highly concentrated. A dozen or so large landowners own much of the island, as shown on the Figures that follow. the state of hawai‘i is the largest landowner, with management of most State lands split between the Departments of land and natural resources, Agriculture, and Hawaiian Homelands. Other major landowners include the Robinson Family (which also owns all of Ni‘ihau), Grove Farm Company, and Alexander & Baldwin. Within towns and villages, land ownership is more fragmented. The County included major landowners and developers in the General Plan update process. The purpose of this outreach was to obtain the status of known projects and to identify future plans that may be considered during this General Plan planning horizon. State & Federal Landownersdepartment of hawaiian home landsPacific Missile Range Facility Private Landowners & DevelopersAlexander & BaldwinAnaina hou land, llCCornerstone hawai’iDiscovery Land CompanyGrove Farm Companyhg Kaua‘i Joint Venture, llCKikiaola Land Companyleland r. BertschMy Kapa‘a, llCPrinceville Mauka Village, LLCRobinson Familythane, inc. online Version ONLINE VERSION 360 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē K ū hiō Hwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d Kaumu a liʻiH w y Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North Shore East Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyo n R d Large Landowners Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5 Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Alexander & Baldwin Bette Midler Canpartners Realty D.R. Campion E.A. Knudsen Trust Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm Halaulani Condominium Haupu Land Co. Hawaii Conf. Foundation Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Princeville Dev. LLC Queen Liliuokalani Trust Robinson B.B. Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Share No. 1 W.H. Rice Roads PlanningDistrict Boundary Cornerstone Hawaiʻi Govt. County of Kauaʻi HRT Realty, LLC Mahaulepu Farm, LLC Visionary, LLC Kaua‘i Island Major Landowner Map Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy KūhiōHwy Halew i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea Waim ea C anyon Rd Large Landowners Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Alexander & Baldwin Bette Midler Canpartners Realty D.R. Campion E.A. Knudsen Trust Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm Halaulani Condominium Haupu Land Co. Hawaii Conf. Foundation Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Princeville Dev. LLC Queen Liliuokalani Trust Robinson B.B. Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Share No. 1 W.H. Rice Roads PlanningDistrict Boundary Cornerstone Hawaiʻi Govt. County of Kauaʻi HRT Realty, LLC Mahaulepu Farm, LLC Visionary, LLC Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy KūhiōHwy Halew i l i R d KaumualiʻiHw y Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North Shore East Kauaʻi Waimea Waim e a Canyon Rd Large Landowners Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Alexander & Baldwin Bette Midler Canpartners Realty Cornerstone Hawaii D.R. Campion E.A. Knudsen Trust Govt. County of Kauai Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm HRT Realty LLC Halaulani Condominium Haupu Land Co. Hawaii Conf. Foundation Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Mahaulepu Farm LLC Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Princeville Dev. LLC Queen Liliuokalani Trust Robinson B.B. Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Share No. 1 Visionary LLC W.H. Rice Roads PlanningDistrict Boundary ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix e – lAnd oWnership And AVAilABility For Future groWth | APPENDICES 361 Līhuʻe Hanamāʻulu Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Kīlauea PrincevilleHanaleiHā‘ena Kalāheo ʻEleʻele Waimea Kekaha Hanapēpē KūhiōHwy Kūhiō Hwy Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y Kōloa Poʻipū Nāwiliwili Anahola South Kauaʻi Hanapēpē-ʻEleʻele Līhuʻe North ShoreEast Kauaʻi Waimea W aim e a C a nyo n R d Large Landowners Map - Kauaʻi N 0 5 102.5 Miles 1 in = 4 miles Major Roads Alexander & Baldwin Bette Midler Canpartners Realty D.R. Campion E.A. Knudsen Trust Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm Halaulani Condominium Haupu Land Co. Hawaii Conf. Foundation Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Princeville Dev. LLC Queen Liliuokalani Trust Robinson B.B. Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Share No. 1 W.H. Rice Roads PlanningDistrict Boundary Cornerstone Hawaiʻi Govt. County of Kauaʻi HRT Realty, LLC Mahaulepu Farm, LLC Visionary, LLC Waimea Kekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Wai me a Ca n yo n R d Pākalā Large Landowners Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation PlanningDistrict Boundary Waimea-Kekaha Major Landowner Map WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Waimea Canyo n R d Pākalā Large Landowners Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation PlanningDistrict Boundary WaimeaKekaha Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y KōkeʻeRd Waimea Canyo n Rd Pākalā Large Landowners Map - Waimea, Kekaha N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Hawaii Conf. Foundation Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Govt. County of Kauai PlanningDistrict Boundary Major Roads Roads online Version ONLINE VERSION 362 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd H a n a p ē pēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Large Landowners Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Alexander & Baldwin 0 0.95 1.90.475Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation PlanningDistrict Boundary Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele Major Landowner Map Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd HanapēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Large Landowners Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Alexander & Baldwin 0 0.95 1.90.475Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation PlanningDistrict Boundary Port Allen ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē KaumualiʻiHwy Salt PondBeach Park Mo i R d Halewili Rd Ha n a p ēpēRd Waia l o R d Hanapēpē Heights Olokele Sugar Mill Kaumakani Lima OlaWorkforce Housing Large Landowners Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Alexander & Baldwin Govt. County of Kauai Hawaii Conf. Foundation PlanningDistrict Boundary 0 1 20.5Miles N1 in = 1 miles Major Roads Roads ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix e – lAnd oWnership And AVAilABility For Future groWth | APPENDICES 363 Hale w i l i R d K a umualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ʻŌma‘o Kōloa Poʻipū Po‘ipū Beach Park A l a K i n o i k i R d Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Large Landowners Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Govt. Federal Govt. State Grove Farm Haupu Land Co. Alexander & Baldwin E.A. Knudsen Trust Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Mahaulepu Farm, LLC Visionary, LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary South Kaua‘i Major Landowner Map Hale w i l i R d KaumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i ʻŌma‘o Kōloa Poʻipū Po‘ipū Beach Park Ala Kin oiki Rd Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula Papālina R d Large Landowners Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Govt. Federal Govt. State Grove Farm Haupu Land Co. Alexander & Baldwin E.A. Knudsen Trust Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Mahaulepu Farm, LLC Visionary, LLCPlanningDistrict Boundary Halew i l i R d K aumualiʻiHwy Kalāheo Kalawai Park Lāwa‘i Ōma‘o Kōloa Po’ipū Po‘ipū Beach Park Ala Kin oiki Rd Waita Reservoir Ma l u h i a R d Kukui‘ula PapālinaR d Large Landowners Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Mahaulepu Farm LLC Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Govt. Federal Govt. State Grove Farm Haupu Land Co. Alexander & Baldwin E.A. Knudsen Trust Govt. County of Kauai Visionary LLCPlanningDistrict Boundary Major Roads Roads online Version ONLINE VERSION 364 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū Kaumualiʻi Hw y Large Landowners Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Roman Catholic Church W.H. Rice Kamehameha Schools Queen Liliuokalani Trust Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm D.R. Campion Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi HRT Realty, LLC Visionary, LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary Līhu‘e Major Landowner Map Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Rice S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Large Landowners Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Roman Catholic Church W.H. Rice Kamehameha Schools Queen Liliuokalani Trust Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm D.R. Campion Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi HRT Realty, LLC Visionary, LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary Līhuʻe Puhi Hanamāʻulu KūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Rice S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHw y Large Landowners Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Roman Catholic Church Visionary LLC W.H. Rice Kamehameha Schools Queen Liliuokalani Trust Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm HRT Realty LLC Govt. County of Kauai D.R. Campion PlanningDistrict Boundary Major Roads Roads ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix e – lAnd oWnership And AVAilABility For Future groWth | APPENDICES 365 Līhuʻe Puhi HanamāʻuluKūhiōHwy Wilcox Memorial Hospital Kukui Grove Shopping Center Nāwili w i l i R d Ric e S t Līhuʻe Airport Nāwiliwili Alekoko Fishpond Kīpū KaumualiʻiHwy Large Landowners Map - Līhuʻe N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Roman Catholic Church W.H. Rice Kamehameha Schools Queen Liliuokalani Trust Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Grove Farm D.R. Campion Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi HRT Realty, LLC Visionary, LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School K ū h i ō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd A l i o manu R d Large Landowners Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Source: Major Landowner - County of Kauai 2012, Planning District Boundary - Hawaii DBEDT 1983, Major Roads – Hawaii Department of Transportation 2009 Roman Catholic Church Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Bette Midler Canpartners Realty Major Roads Roads Cornerstone Hawaiʻi Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation Princeville Dev., LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary East Kaua‘i Major Landowner Map Wailua Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School KūhiōHwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Aliomanu Rd Large Landowners Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Source: Major Landowner - County of Kauai 2012, Planning District Boundary - HawaiiDBEDT 1983, Major Roads – Hawaii Department of Transportation 2009 Roman Catholic Church Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Bette Midler Canpartners Realty Major Roads Roads Cornerstone Hawaiʻi Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation Princeville Dev., LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary Wailuā Keālia Kapaʻa Anahola AnaholaPost Office MahelonaMedical Center KapaʻaBypass Rd Bryan J. BaptisteSports Complex Coco Palms CoconutMarketplace KapaʻaMiddle School Kū hiō Hwy KuamoʻoRd OlohenaRd Ali omanu Rd Large Landowners Map - East Kauaʻi N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Source: Major Landowner - County of Kauai 2012, Planning District Boundary - HawaiiDBEDT 1983, Major Roads – Hawaii Department of Transportation 2009 Roman Catholic Church Hawaii Conf. Foundation Princeville Dev. LLC Govt. Federal Govt. State Govt. State DHHL Bette Midler Canpartners Realty Cornerstone Hawaii Govt. County of Kauai PlanningDistrict Boundary Major Roads Roads online Version ONLINE VERSION 366 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena KīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Kū h i ō Hwy Large Landowners Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Govt. Federal Govt. State Halaulani Condominium Alexander & Baldwin Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation Princeville Dev., LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary North Shore Major Landowner Map Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport KūhiōHwy Large Landowners Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Govt. Federal Govt. State Halaulani Condominium Alexander & Baldwin Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation Princeville Dev., LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary Princeville Hanalei Hā‘ena KīlaueaHanalei River Waipa Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport Kūhiō Hwy Large Landowners Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Hawaii Conf. Foundation Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Princeville Dev. LLCGovt. Federal Govt. State Halaulani Condominium Alexander & Baldwin Govt. County of Kauai PlanningDistrict Boundary Major Roads Roads ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix e – lAnd oWnership And AVAilABility For Future groWth | APPENDICES 367 Princeville Hanalei Hā‘enaKīlaueaHanalei River Waipā Princeville Center Kīlauea Lighthouse Princeville Airport KūhiōHwy Large Landowners Map - North Shore N 0 3.5 71.75Miles 1 in = 3 miles Robinson Family Roman Catholic Church Jurassic Kahili Ranch Kamehameha Schools Nat'l Trop. Bot. Garden Govt. Federal Govt. State Halaulani Condominium Alexander & Baldwin Major Roads Roads Govt. County of Kauaʻi Hawaiʻi Conf. Foundation Princeville Dev., LLC PlanningDistrict Boundary Availability of Lands for Future Growth Residential Lands According to the Land Use Buildout Analysis (2015) Technical Report, if all existing and projected residential dwellings were located entirely on Residential-zoned parcels, the supply of existing Residential-zoned parcels cannot accommodate the entire 2035 projected population. As a reminder, the projected population is conservative, as it does not factor in allowable residential uses on existing Agriculture and Open zoned parcels. An analysis of vacant residential-zoned parcels indicates that these lands could come close to accommodating the 2035 population, with possible shortages in the Līhu‘e and East Kaua‘i Districts. The analysis notes that deficiencies could be made up through higher density mixed use areas in existing town centers, which is the policy adopted by this General Plan. A key consideration in residential land supply is how to provide residents with housing they can afford and build equity through. The 2015-2020 Consolidated Plan prepared by the Kaua‘i Housing Agency suggests that more residential lands that can support low-income housing could be needed. According to the Homeless Utilization Report (2014), Kauaʻi has a homeless population of nearly 400 people. the 2011 Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study (prepared by SMS for the Hawai‘i Housing Finance and Development Corporation) suggests that 36% of total households on Kauaʻi are at-risk for homelessness as a result of factors that include high housing costs and low wages. The “hidden demand” for housing to serve populations that are already houseless or threatened with homelessness needs to be factored into projections of future housing needs. Another key indicator of housing needs is overcrowding in existing dwellings. After the burden of cost, the most common housing problem is severely overcrowded conditions (>1.51 people per room), with overcrowding concentrated among extremely-low and very-low income households (based on annually updated HUD income categories). Overcrowding is a result of both housing supply and affordability. Increasing the supply of homes will result in lowering housing costs. At the same time, residents are concerned that new housing supply will simply increase housing options for those off-island and not serve existing in-need households. lands that are currently entitled or planned for development can contribute substantially to the island’s projected housing needs. According to County Planning Department records, projects that are partially or currently entitled for future development could add nearly 6,000 housing units to the island during the GP Update’s planning horizon. These projects are at various stages of approvals, land use re-designations, and construction, and are shown in tables and maps contained in Appendix F. Supply of Industrial Lands Most of the island’s industrial lands (81%) are within the Līhu‘e District. That district is the location of the planned Ahukini Makai development, which will provide an additional 146 acres (approximately 6.4 million square feet) of industrial lands near Līhu‘e airport. A new “Industrial” designation included in the South Kauaʻi Community Plan adds another 160 acres around the Old Kōloa Mill site. While this amount of floor space theoretically meets the per capita need for industrial space as outlined in the Land Use Buildout Analysis (2015), it is less clear whether the distribution of industrial lands island-wide and their associated zoning designations can accommodate the desired range of industrial uses. Supply of Commercial Lands the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance (CZo) defines “’Commercial Use’ as the purchase, sale or other transaction involving the handling or disposition of any article, substance or commodity for profit or a livelihood, including in addition, public garages, office buildings, offices of doctors and other professionals, public stables, recreational and amusement enterprises conducted for profit, shops for the sale of personal services, places where commodities or services are sold or are offered for sale, either by direct handling of merchandise or by agreements to furnish them but not including dumps and junk yards.” Commercial uses are permitted in the General and Neighborhood Commercial zoning districts (C-G, C-N). Between 2015 and 2035, there is a projected need for another 2,716,416 square feet of commercial space (Table 4-1). Currently planned and entitled projects will contribute, as shown in Appendix F. neither the 2000 general plan nor this general Plan have a Commercial land use designation. Commercial uses are to be mixed with other uses in the Neighborhood Center, General Edge Areas, Urban Center, or Resort designations. Based on online Version ONLINE VERSION 368 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN population-ratio methodology, existing commercial zoned lands are adequate to accommodate future population projection. Light industrial can also be accommodated within commercial districts. Table 8. Ratio of Commercial Floor Area to Resident Population (2013) Supply of Resort Lands the Land Use Buildout Analysis (PBR, 2015) used the Hawai‘i Tourism Authority’s 2012 Visitor Plant Inventory to analyze resort lands. Kauaʻi County had 8,289 transient accommodation units in 2012. This number includes 98 bed and breakfast units on 27 properties. All Planning Districts have Visitor destination Areas (VdA), except Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele. the planning district with the largest VdA in terms of acreage is South Kaua‘i, followed by North Shore, Līhu‘e, Kapa’a-Wailua, and Waimea-Kekaha. In terms of units, South Kaua‘i ranks first, however, the order changes with Kapa’a-Wailua second, followed by north shore, then Līhu‘e. The Buildout Analysis suggests that there is more than enough Resort zoned land to accommodate projected visitor growth. Factoring in planned resort development, which amounts to approximately 4,500 new units (Visitor Plant Inventory, 2013), all planning districts except the north shore and Līhu‘e are projected to have an excess visitor unit supply. Waimea-Kekaha will have the most excess followed by Kapa‘a-Wailua and south Kaua‘i. The North Shore has an extensive supply of potential single-family transient vacation rentals within the VDA that could respond to market demand. Conclusions The major conclusions regarding Kaua‘i’s land use inventory are: • More land is needed to accommodate residential growth and generate housing affordable for residents. • Some growth will be needed in every district. The majority of the growth will be directed to Līhu‘e and to existing town centers. • resort lands are more than adequate to meet demand. Commercial and Industrial lands may be adequate in acreage, but distribution may be an issue to explore further. Planning District Total Existing Square Feet % of the County 2010 Pop. Square Feet Needed by 2035 Increase Required to meet 2035 need County of Kaua‘i 3,203,654 49% 14,683 5,117,817 1,914,163 Līhu‘e 838,018 13% 11,696 1,207,660 369,642 south Kaua‘i 525,826 8%6,157 605,849 80,023 Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele 402,239 6%5,561 474,933 72,694 Waimea-Kekaha 307,751 5% 8,002 343,557 35,806 north shore 1,244,271 19% 20,992 1,488,360 244,089 east Kaua‘i 6,521,759 100% 67,091 9,238,175 2,716,416 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 369 APPENDIX F – ENTITLED PROJECTS BY DISTRICT Entitled Projects on Kaua‘i Kaua‘i has a number of projects that have been entitled or are at various stages of approval. These planned projects may accommodate projected future demand of certain land uses. Many have been “on the books” for years with little to no progress. Because many permits run with the land in perpetuity, the County must take its development potential into account when planning for future land use patterns. An analysis of existing entitled lands on Kaua‘i was undertaken as part of the General Plan process to identify and quantify these lands that may be subject to future development. This Appendix describes the methodology and results of that analysis. Methods Data on entitled projects was collected from the CoK planning department: • Major projects with an existing PDU or Class IV Zoning permit; and • Large zoned projects, with or without subdivision approvals, but with a master plan. • Projects at the Land Use Commission, requesting slud Boundary Amendment Entitled projects were mapped and tabulated by district and project type (Housing, Commercial, resort) Caveats • Many of these projects have been on the books for years and their current status is uncertain. • Build-out is subject to multiple factors not within County’s control: the market, construction costs, landowner willingness, state dot infrastructure requirements, etc. • there are no expirations on certain types of County permits, meaning that once projects are entitled, there are limited options for modifying or preventing them from proceeding. How the Analysis was Used • this analysis, along with the land use Buildout Analysis, represent key pieces of information that tell us how Kaua‘i will grow over the next twenty years and identify opportunities that exist for shaping that growth to meet the vision. • the understanding of where growth is planned and desired to occur informed the development of land use policy and maps. online Version ONLINE VERSION 370 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Entitled Residential Projects by District District Project Name Housing Units East Kaua‘i pi‘ilani Mai he Kai (dhhl Anahola)49% Kulana Kapa‘a highlands, phase 2 TOTAL 1,122 ‘Ele‘ele A&B ‘ele‘ele residential 201 Lima Ola (Affordable)450 TOTAL 651 Līhu‘e dhhl Wailua, Phase 1 188 Kohea loa - d.r. horton 444 Pikake Subdivision 146 Grove Farm Wailani Residential 1,450 Koamalu 220 Waiola phase i 47 Waiola phase ii 56 Waiola phase ii 93 TOTAL 2,644 North Shore Kolopua (Princeville Affordable)44 TOTAL South Kaua‘i Brydeswood ranch (A&B)24 Kōloa Creekside 72 Kukui‘ula Employee Housing 100 Kukui‘ula 750 the Village at Kōloa Town 34 Kōloa Camp - Waihononu 50 CIRI (CLDC) Subdivision 10 TOTAL 1,040 Waimea Kekaha lots 40 Kīkīaola Mauka 270 Kīkīaola - Field 14 56 TOTAL 366 TOTAL 5,867 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 371 Entitled Commercial Projects by District District Project Name Commercial Square Footage Kōloa Kōloa Rum Company Store and Café 9,000 TOTAL 9,000 Līhu‘e Hokulei Village 222,000 Grove Farm Wailani Commercial 1,132,299 Weinberg Foundation Renovation 24,250 Kukui Grove Commercial Buildout 96,000 Weinberg Foundation/Ahukini 20,000 TOTAL 1,494,549 North Shore Kīlauea Crossings 6,070 Kīlauea Town Center 46,800 Hanalei Halelea Office 2,000 TOTAL 54,870 South Kaua‘i Village at Kōloa Town 96,000 Kukui‘ula ABC Store 21,000 Kōloa Marketplace 76,000 old glass Warehouse 7,200 TOTAL 200,200 ISLAND TOTAL 1,758,619 online Version ONLINE VERSION 372 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Kuamoʻo R d Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailua Wailua Homesteads K ū hiō H w y 3 3 1 2 4 5 6 KapaʻaBypass Rd Entitled Lands Commercial Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Map - East Kauaʻi Planning District Boundary East Kaua‘i District Kuamoʻo Rd Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailua Wailua Homesteads K ū hiō H w y 3 3 1 2 456 KapaʻaBypass Rd Entitled Lands Commercial Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Map - East Kauaʻi Planning District Boundary Kuamoʻo Rd Anahola Keālia Kapaʻa Wailuā Wailuā Homesteads K ū hiō H w y 3 3 1 2 4 5 6 KapaʻaBypass Rd Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N 0 2 41Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Map - East Kauaʻi ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 373 Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 1 Kūlana 172 Agriculture permitted as Agricultural Development 2 Kapa’a highlands phase ii 769 Urban Center, Agriculture, open Seeking SLU Amendment 3 pi’ilani Mai he Kai (dhhl Anahola)181 Urban Center, Agriculture, open Phase II Began 2012 TOTAL 1,122 Residential Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 4 Coconut plantation 192 resort Submitted annual status report (2/8/11) 5 Coco palms 350 resort Approved March 2015 6 Coconut Beach resort 335 resort Construction to start 2015 TOTAL 1,122 Resort online Version ONLINE VERSION 374 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1 7 Kaumualiʻi Hwy Kūhiō H w y 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Hanamāʻulu Līhuʻe Puhi Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N1 in = 2 miles 0 1.5 30.75Miles Entitled Lands Map - Līhuʻe Līhu‘e District 1 7 KaumualiʻiHwy Kūhiō H w y 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Hanamāʻulu Līhuʻe Puhi Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N1 in = 2 miles 0 1.5 30.75Miles Entitled Lands Map - Līhuʻe 1 7 KaumualiʻiHwy Kūhiō H w y 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Hanamāʻulu Līhuʻe Puhi Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N1 in = 2 miles 0 1.5 30.75Miles Entitled Lands Map - Līhuʻe ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 375 1 7 KaumualiʻiHwy Kūhiō H w y 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Hanamāʻulu Līhuʻe Puhi Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N1 in = 2 miles 0 1.5 30.75Miles Entitled Lands Map - Līhuʻe Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 1 Waiola phases i-iii 196 Urban Center, Open, residential Final Approvals 2 Koamalu 220 Urban Center Submitted Annual Status report 3 Grove Farm Wailani Residential 1,450 Urban Center negotiating infrastructure and access issues 4 Kohea loa – d.r. horton 444 Urban Center Submitted 2013 Status report 5 dhhl Wailua, phase i 188 Agriculture No plan for development within gp timeframe TOTAL 2,498 Residential Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 9 Kaua’i lagoons 700 resort Submitted annual status report (2/8/11) TOTAL 700 Resort Map # Project Name Sq. ft.GP Land Use Designation Status 3 Grove Farm Wailani Commercial 1,132,299 Urban Center Unknown 6 Hokulei Village 220,000 Urban Center under Construction 7 Weinberg Foundation Renovation 24,350 Urban Center phase i complete 8 Weinberg Foundation/Ahukini 20,000 Urban Center Seeking building permits TOTAL 1,398,549 Commercial online Version ONLINE VERSION 376 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KaumualiʻiH wy HalewiliRd 1 2 HanapēpēKaumakani Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele KaumualiʻiHwy HalewiliRd 1 2 HanapēpēKaumakani Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele KaumualiʻiH wy HalewiliRd 1 2 HanapēpēKaumakani Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 377 KaumualiʻiH wy HalewiliRd 1 2 HanapēpēKaumakani Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Map - Hanapēpē, ʻEleʻele Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 1 Lima Ola (affordable)450 Agriculture, open Master plan Complete, requires gp/slu Amendment 2 A&B ‘ele’ele residential 201 Urban Center Unknown TOTAL 2,498 Residential online Version ONLINE VERSION 378 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1Kekaha 2 Kōkeʻe Rd K a u m u a l i ʻi H w y 3 Waimea N 0 2.5 51.25 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Waimea, Kekaha Waimea-Kekaha 1Kekaha2 KōkeʻeRd Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y 3 Waimea N 0 2.5 51.25Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Waimea, Kekaha 1Kekaha 2 KōkeʻeRd Ka u m u a l i ʻi H w y 3 Waimea N 0 2.5 51.25Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Waimea, Kekaha ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 379 1Kekaha2 KōkeʻeRd K a u m u a l i ʻi H w y 3 Waimea N 0 2.5 51.25 Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Waimea, Kekaha Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 1 Kīkīaola Mauka 270 residential Unknown 2 Kīkīaola Field 14 56 open, residential not Constructed TOTAL 326 Residential Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 3 Kapalawai resort, llC 250 resort Unknown TOTAL 1,122 Resort online Version ONLINE VERSION 380 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1 K a u m u aliʻi H wy 1166 5 2 12 4 13 19 15 16 14 7 Hale w i l i R d N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo South Kaua‘i 1 Kaumualiʻi H wy 1166 5 2 12 413 19 15 16 14 7 Halew i l i R d N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo 1 K au m ualiʻi H wy 1166 5 2 12 4 13 19 15 16 14 7 Halew i l i R d N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 381 1 Kaumualiʻi H wy 1166 5 2 12 413 19 15 16 14 7 Hale w i l i R d N 0 1.5 30.75Miles 1 in = 2 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - Kōloa, Poʻipū, Kalāheo Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 1 Brydeswood ranch (A&B)24 open, Agriculture Unknown 2 Kōloa Creekside 72 residential ongoing 3 Kukui’ula Employee Housing 100 residential, open land deeded to County 4 Kukui’ula 750 residential, resort Final subdivision map approval for parcels M1,M4,Y 5 the Village at Kōloa Town 34 residential Unknown 6 Kōloa Camp - Waihononu 50 residential underway 7 CIRI (CLDC) Subdivision 10 resort planning commision approved 8/26/14 TOTAL 1,040 Residential Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 12 Po’ipū Beach Estates 110 resort Several lots are built out 13 Village at Po’ipū 51 resort Moving forward 14 Pilimai at Po’ipū 191 resort under construction 15 Kiahuna Po’ipū Golf Resort 282 resort Unknown 4 Kukui’ula 750 residential, resort Final subdivision map approval for parcels M1,M4,Y 16 Palms at Po’ipū 56 resort Unknown 17 sheraton Kaua’i expansion 173 resort Unknown TOTAL 1,613 Resort Map # Project Name Sq. ft.GP Land Use Designation Status 5 Village at Kōloa Town 96,000 residential Unknown 8 Kōloa Rum Company Store and Cafe 9,000 residential, Agriculture, open Approved Planning Commision (Nov. 2014) 9 Kukui’ula ABC Store 21,000 residential, open Approved Planning Commision (Nov. 2014) 10 Kōloa Marketplace 76,000 residential Unknown 11 old glass Warehouse 7,200 residential Approved Planning Commision (Nov. 2014) TOTAL 209,200 Commercial online Version ONLINE VERSION 382 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1 Hanalei 2 3 4 Kūhiō Hwy Princeville Kīlauea N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - North Shore North Shore 1 Hanalei 2 3 4 KūhiōHwy Princeville Kīlauea N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - North Shore 1 Hanalei 2 3 4 Kūhiō Hwy Princeville Kīlauea N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - North Shore ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix F – entitled proJeCts By distriCt | APPENDICES 383 1 Hanalei 2 3 4 KūhiōHwy Princeville Kīlauea N 0 1 20.5Miles 1 in = 1 miles Entitled Lands Commercial Planning District Boundary Major Roads Roads Housing Mixed Use Resort Entitled Lands Map - North Shore Map # Project Name Housing Units GP Land Use Designation Status 1 Kolopua (Princeville Affordable) 44 resort under Construction TOTAL 44 Residential Map # Project Name Sq. ft.GP Land Use Designation Status 2 Kīlauea Crossings 6,070 residential Unknown 3 Kīlauea Town Center 46,800 residential Commercial shopping Center 4 Hanalei Halelea Office 2,000 residential Approved by Commission 2013 TOTAL 54,870 Commercial online Version ONLINE VERSION 384 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 385 APPENDIX G – ACTION MATRIX Label Key The following matrix lists actions included in Chapter 2.1 and Chapter 3. The first column of the matrix lists the action’s label, which corresponds to its section in the General Plan. The action matrix label key is listed below. LABEL FULL NAMEWA the WatershedWA A Wao nahele - the upper WatershedWA B Kahawai - Middle Watershed, drainage, and Freshwater resourcesWA C Kahakai - Coastal Areas and ShorelinesWA d threatened and endangered speciesHO housingHO A Affordable HousingHO B Infill Housingho C new CommunitiesHO D Agriculture Worker Housingho e hawaiian home landsHO F Elderly Housing and Assisted Living Facilitiesho g the houseless populationHO H Impact of Resort Uses on Housing InventoryLT land transportationlt A generallt B County roadslt C transit programlt d pedestrian programlt e Bicycle programLT F Parking ManagementCI Critical infrastructureCi A domestic WaterCi B Wastewater, septic systems, and CesspoolsCi C solid Waste disposal and recylcingCID Airports and Harbors SS shared spacesss A town CentersSS B ParksSS C Linear Parks and TrailsSS D State ParkseC economyeC A tourismeCB AgricultureeCC small Business & promising economic sectorsHR heritage resourceshr A historic Buildings, structure, and placeshr B Wahi pana, Cultural sites, and resourcesHR C Landmarks and Scenic ResourcesES Energy Sustainability & Climate Changes MitigationESA Energy SustainabilityesB reduction of greenhouse gas emissionsPS Public Safety & Hazards ResiliencypsA police, Fire, ocean safety, emergency ServicesPSB Hazard ResiliencyPSC Global Warming and Climate Change AdaptationOH opportunity & health for Alloh A social equityoh B Access to Quality education and trainingoh C Community healthOH D Access to Recreation and Subsistence ActivitiesLU Future land use online Version ONLINE VERSION 386 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN Action Objectives the last column of the matrix lists the action’s corresponding objective number. Objective numbers are listed below. The Watershed 1: To conserve the upper watershed and restore native habitat and forested areas. 2: 1) To protect, restore, and enhance freshwater resources to support aquatic, environmental, and cultural resources; and, 2) to recognize and mitigate impacts from the built environment to the mid-watershed area. 3: To protect and enhance coastal resources and public access to the shoreline. 4: To protect the flora and fauna unique to Kaua‘i and hawai‘i and to mitigate the impact of invasive species. Housing 5: To increase housing opportunities for low to moderate income households. 6: To support mixed use, higher density, and walkable development in existing towns. 7: To develop compact, walkable communities consistent with the Future land use Map. 8: To expand housing opportunities for workers on farms. 9: To support the Department of Hawaiian Homelands in their mission to provide housing to their beneficiaries. 10: To accommodate the needs of an aging population through age-friendly community design and assisted living facilities. 11: To reduce Kauaʻi’s population of those houseless and at risk for houselessness. 12: To reduce the impact of resort uses on communities outside the Visitor destination Area. Land Transportation 13: To safely and efficiently move people and goods about Kaua‘i by creating a more multimodal land transportation system. As a percentage of total trips, increase transit trips to 3.6%, walking trips to 11.5%, and bicycle trips to 7.6% by 2035 using 2010 data as a baseline. 14: To provide a safe and accessible County road network that supports the Future Land Use Map. 15: To enhance the viability of transit as a transportation choice for residents and visitors. 16: To provide connected and convenient pedestrian facilities in communities. 17: To create connected and safe bicycle networks that accommodate all riders. 18: To implement parking strategies that support community needs. Critical Infrastructure 19: To ensure water for Kaua‘i’s water needs under the Public Trust Doctrine and integrate traditional ahupua‘a methods of preserving water for future generations—not taking more than is needed and leaving enough for everyone. 20: To preserve and protect our fresh and ocean waters and other water resources from wastewater and other pollutants. 21: To provide environmentally-sound waste disposal and collection services with a goal to reduce the solid waste stream by 70 percent. 22: To support the modernization and user- friendliness of Kauaʻi’s airports and harbors. Shared Spaces 23: To develop town centers as attractive places to work, live, and play. 24: To provide a variety of quality and accessible parks and recreational facilities. 25: To expand and improve access to Kauaʻi’s shared-use paths and trails. 26: To improve the resident and visitor experience at Kaua‘i’s State Parks. Economy 27: To focus new resort development in areas designated for visitor use. 28: To ensure the long-term viability and productivity of agricultural lands. 29: To promote opportunities for small business and emerging economic sectors to thrive. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 387 Heritage Resources 30: To preserve and enhance historic buildings, structures and places. 31: To recognize and protect the resources and places important to Kauaʻi’s history and people. 32: To preserve important landmarks and protect scenic resources. Energy Sustainability & Climate Change Mitigation 33: To increase energy sustainability and maintain a reliable, resilient, and cost-efficient energy system. 34: To expand strategies and mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on Kaua‘i. Public Safety & Hazards Resiliency 35: To ensure adequate coverage of public safety and emergency services as Kaua‘i grows. 36: To ensure that Kaua‘i is prepared for natural disasters and other emergencies. 37: To prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change on the natural and built environments. Opportunity & Health for All 38: To recognize and address inequities in health and well-being among Kauaʻi’s diverse ethnic, racial, and income groups. 39: To support educational programs that foster cultural knowledge, employability, and civic participation of local residents. 40: To encourage healthy lifestyles and accessible health care. 41: To actively protect, restore, and increase access to the places where recreational and subsistence activity occurs. Future Land Use 42: 1) To accommodate Kauaʻi’s projected population growth and housing needs. 2) to meet future housing needs through “missing middle” housing types that are affordable by design and located near jobs centers. 3) To protect rural character by ensuring new growth is designed to be compact and focused around existing town cores. 4) To manage land use and development in a manner that respects the unique character of a place. 5) To locate residential growth in and near major jobs centers. 6) To increase overall community health through design that supports safe and accessible parks, streets, and other shared spaces. 7) To encourage the development of Līhuʻe as Kauaʻi’s primary urban center within an urban edge boundary. 8) To increase resiliency by limiting development in areas impacted by future sea level rise. online Version ONLINE VERSION 388 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 1. PERMITTING ACTIONS AND CODE CHANGES #Label Action lead Agency Objective 1 WA 1.A.1 Review State DLNR Forest Reserve Plans when development is adjacent to Forest Reserves.planning 1 2 WA 1.A.2 Require best management practices for resource management.planning 1 3 WA 2.A.1 Avoid impacts to natural hydrologic recharge areas, stream corridors, floodplains, and wetlands through standards that: a. Guide development to avoid disturbance of natural drainage features, preserve wetlands and streams, and provide riparian buffer areas to prevent land disturbance and filter runoff. b. Require best management practices designed to control stormwater and polluted runoff. c. ensure drainage systems are properly sized, built, and maintained. d. incorporate trees, rain gardens, swales, green roofs, and other features that mimic natural systems. Public Works / Planning 2 4 WA 2.A.2 reduce erosion and retain sediment onsite during and after construction. Planning / Public Works 2 5 WA 2.A.3 ensure that good Agricultural practices and other runoff reduction measures are addressed when reviewing agricultural grading permit exemptions. planning 2 6 WA 2.A.4 Review and update drainage regulations and the drainage constraint district to incorporate and encourage green infrastructure concepts. planning 2 7 WA 2.A.5 If large detention basins are required to control drainage, design them for multiple uses and treat them as an important tool. planning 2 8 WA 2.A.6 Utilize existing Water Management Plans as examples of best management practices.planning 2 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 389 9 WA 2.A.7 Expressly and consistently condition development and subdivision approvals, building permits, and other discretionary approvals for actions that may impact surface water resources, on at least one of the following: a. the prior implementation of updated instream flow standards and a monitoring plan for any surface water sources that are needed for any permitted project or development, when there is a reasonable possibility that public trust purposes are or may be harmed. b. Ground- or surface- water management area designation for any aquifer area where new or expanded water sources will need to be developed, when there is a reasonable possibility of harm to public trust purposes in either ground or surface waters. c. the explicit application and execution of the “framework” of analysis set forth by the Hawaiʻi supreme Court in the Kauaʻi Springs case, prior to the issuance of any permit or other discretionary approval by the County Planning Department, planning Commission, or County Council. planning 2 10 WA 2.A.8 Provide for the crossing of water courses by spanning rather than by culverts when possible, so that natural streambeds will not be altered. Public Works / Planning 2 11 WA 2.A.9 support the protection, restoration, and enhancement of surface and subsurface water resources, stream habitats, and watershed areas to support: groundwater aquifer recharge; aquatic and environmental processes; riparian, scenic, recreational, and Native Hawaiian cultural resources; and constitutionally-protected Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices. planning 2 12 WA 2.A.10 Support mauka to makai streamflow, which is essential to the survival of native stream life.planning 2 13 WA 2.A.11 support mediated agreements, such as that in Waimea, to restore streamflows to meet public trust purposes for Wailua River, Huleʻia River, and others, while avoiding costly litigation. planning 2 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 390 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 14 WA 3.A.1 Minimize coastal hazard risks through planning and development standards that: a. Ensure the safety of individuals, families, and communities within coastal hazard areas and communicate the dangers to residents and tourists. b. Discourage development or redevelopment (including tourist uses) within hazardous areas, while preserving adequate space for expected future growth in areas located outside these areas; c. if hazard risks are unavoidable, minimize hazard risks to new development over the life of authorized structures. d. Ensure property owners assume the risks associated with new development in hazardous areas; e. Limit development near vulnerable water supplies; and, f. Manage water supply issues resulting from saltwater intrusion, such as limits on groundwater withdrawal or diversification of water supplies. planning 3 15 WA 3.A.2 Avoid or minimize coastal resource impacts through development standards that: a. Protect public beach, rocky coasts, dune, wetland, river, and stream resources in all coastal planning and regulatory decisions. b. Protect the quality of coral reefs through standards that address, prevent, and minimize impacts from development. c. Minimize impacts to view corridors from roads or public places to the ocean and from mauka to makai. d. Preserve and protect Kauaʻi’s sandy beaches and shorelines from erosion and degradation while ensuring continued public access to them. e. ensure adequate parking and convenient public access to coastal lands in all zoning and subdivision permits. planning 3 16 WA 3.A.3 promote strategic beach nourishment in public use areas.planning 3 17 WA 3.A.4 Seek to preserve natural beach processes and avoid the construction of shoreline protection structures.planning 3 18 WA 3.A.5 do not allow permanent armoring of the shoreline.planning 3 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 391 19 WA 3.A.6 include the following guidelines for coastal development in the CZo: a. For resorts and other multi building complexes, transition from low building heights along the shoreline to taller buildings on the interior of the property. b. Provide an open, vegetated visual buffer between the shoreline and buildings. c. protect community accessways laterally along the coast in the buffer zone mauka of the shoreline. d. Maintain existing stands of trees or plant trees within the buffer zone to provide sun and wind protection and to moderate the appearance of large buildings. planning 3 20 WA 3.A.7 update the shore district in relation to the sMA regulations.planning 3 21 WA 3.A.8 Continually incorporate new information on climate change into shoreline policies and regulations.planning 3 22 WA 4.A.1 Avoid development or land use intensification on critical habitats and in areas that are essential to the health, safety, and life of vulnerable native species. planning 4 23 WA 4.A.2 Require the use of noninvasive plant species for landscaping of newly developed areas, public lands, and roadways. planning 4 24 WA 4.A.3 Require future development to address potential impacts on threatened or endangered flora and fauna: a. Evaluate potential loss of habitat. b. Identify all endangered and threatened species present. c. List minimization efforts. d. If mitigation is needed, join an established Habitat Conservation Plan or develop one. planning 4 25 WA 4.A.4 Encourage new development to implement voluntary actions to encourage a net gain in protection efforts of our threatened and endangered species. planning 4 26 WA 4.A.5 Minimize risks to threatened and endangered species in construction and development activity.planning 4 27 ho 1.A.1 update the County’s housing ordinance into a workable law requiring all developers to contribute a fair share of resources to build affordable housing in a “win-win” manner. housing 5 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 392 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 28 ho 1.A.2 design and locate affordable housing projects in or near job centers to minimize household transportation costs, community and household fossil fuel usage, and traffic congestion. housing 5 29 ho 1.A.3 Support economically integrated communities by requiring affordable housing mandates to be met on site. housing 5 30 ho 1.A.4 Amend Ordinance 860, Workforce Housing, to incentivize the creation of affordable housing development. Mayor’s Office / County Council 5 31 ho 1.A.5 Preserve the affordable housing stock by adopting a policy that any units built with taxpayer moneys or required under the housing ordinance for the general welfare shall be perpetually affordable to allow the inventory of affordable homes to grow rather than contract (which happens when such units are allowed to be sold on the open market). housing 5 32 ho 1.A.6 When possible, encourage the design of affordable, energy-efficient residential projects with civic spaces, shade trees, and pedestrian/bicycle amenities to enhance livability, equity, and safe transit options, especially for children. housing 5 33 ho 1.A.7 For county-sponsored housing subsidized with public money, the County shall require the units to be affordable for the life of the building and the land to remain in county ownership in perpetuity. housing 5 34 ho 2.A.1 Allow for multi-family structures and a variety of accessory dwellings such as ‘ohana units and additional rental units within the Neighborhood Center, Neighborhood General, and Residential Community designations. planning 6 35 ho 2.A.2 Facilitate the development of small-footprint homes or “tiny homes” on small lots.planning 6 36 ho 2.A.3 Update zoning in and around town centers to facilitate mixed use and infill development, such as units above commercial space. planning 6 37 ho 2.A.4 Streamline permit approvals for infill development and housing rehabilitation by removing barriers, such as administrative delays. planning 6 38 ho 2.A.5 Incentivize infill development by reducing or eliminating tipping fees, wastewater and water facility charges, permit review fees, and park and environmental assessment fees. planning 6 39 ho 2.A.6 update the building code to reduce construction costs and facilitate cost-saving materials and technology while maintaining health and safety. planning 6 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 393 40 ho 2.A.7 Reevaluate the definition of “kitchen” to provide flexibility for multi generational housing.planning 6 41 ho 2.A.8 Increase lot coverage allowances to provide for more Adus within the residential district.planning 6 42 ho 3.A.1 locate new communities only in areas designated for growth in the land use Map.planning 7 43 ho 3.A.2 Avoid sprawl development patterns and inefficient infrastructure and service delivery by maximizing density in new communities. planning 7 44 ho 3.A.3 Substantially increase the amount of market rate multi-family and “missing middle” housing on Kauaʻi by requiring housing type diversity in all new subdivisions. planning 7 45 ho 3.A.4 increase opportunities for moderate- and low-income households to become homeowners by providing a range of housing types. planning 7 46 ho 3.A.5 Build housing in proximity to jobs, parks, community resources, and services.housing / planning 7 47 ho 3.A.6 Ensure subdivisions are designed to support housing type diversity, maximize density, provide safe pedestrian/bicycle connections, and slow speed on roads. planning 7 48 ho 3.A.7 Take a proactive role in supporting zoning amendments and redistricting consistent with the general plan and updated Community plans. planning 7 49 ho 3.A.8 Allow higher density to increase profitability for developers, resulting in a cheaper housing per unit cost. planning 7 50 ho 3.A.9 new communities should incorporate green infrastructure into their design and be water and energy efficient. planning 7 51 ho 3.A.10 require non-entitled new communities in this general plan to attain full state and County district and zoning approvals by 2027. Require short-duration expiration dates should development not be constructed as permitted, unless stated otherwise. planning 7 52 ho 3.A.11 Prohibit future subdivision and development from restricting construction of Adus in their deed and covenants. planning 7 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 394 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 53 ho 4.A.1 Support the development of a limited amount of housing on agricultural land for farm workers and their families by: a. Improving the existing process to obtain Farm Worker Housing Permits and remove barriers to participation. b. Providing outreach on the Farm Worker Housing law to increase participation. housing / economic Development 8 54 ho 5.A.1 Prior to the issuance of development and subdivision approvals, building permits, and other discretionary approvals for actions that may impact water sources that could also serve or impact the water needs of dhhl, consult with DHHL regarding their projected water needs and other rights to water under the public trust, such as those described or referenced under Hawai‘i State Constitution Art. XII § 1; Hawai‘i Revised Statutes §§ 168-4, 171-58, and 174C-49; Hawaiian Homes Commission Act §§ 220 and 221; and interpretive case law. planning / housing 9 55 ho 6.A.1 Provide additional housing and assisted living facilities for Kauaʻi’s increasing elderly population by: a. increasing the supply of housing that is affordable, accessible to services, and promotes aging-in-place. b. Allow multi-generational housing that accommodates family home care situations. c. Revising development standards to facilitate approval of assisted living units and continuing care communities. planning 10 56 ho 6.A.2 Integrate universal design standards into Kauaʻi’s building code.planning 10 57 ho 7.A.1 Allow managed micro-housing developments or camp sites for the houseless.housing 11 58 ho 7.A.2 Allow development of Single Resident Occupancy unit projects.housing 11 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 395 59 ho 8.A.1 Reduce the impact and number of transient vacation rentals and similar uses, such as Bed & Breakfasts, in the communities outside the VDA by: a. Continuing aggressive enforcement against illegal tVrs. b. Supporting attrition and amortization of non-confirming TVRs, especially in high hazard areas. c. Monitoring and enforcing laws against new types of transient rentals facilitated by sharing economy websites, such as Airbnb and VRBO. d. Creatively exploring ways to use the tax code for enhanced compliance of non-conforming tVrs. planning 12 60 ho 8.A.2 Set fines and taxes on illegal and legal vacation rentals respectively that remove homes from the local residential market supply. The penalties should be high enough to deter illegal use. planning / County Council 12 61 LT 1.A.1 Coordinate land use planning with transportation to minimize the impact of growth on congestion, improve walkability in town centers, revitalize commercial areas, and enhance mobility in places where people live, work, learn, and play. planning / transportation 13 62 LT 1.A.2 require that transportation impact analysis reports and other traffic studies analyze a project’s potential to encourage mode shift. planning / transportation 13 63 LT 2.A.1 Complete new street design standards to address all users.Public Works 14 64 lt 2.A.2 Amend the zoning and subdivision codes to support multimodal transportation options and safety for all users. planning / County Council 14 65 LT 2.A.3 Develop a traffic calming toolkit and update the County Traffic Code to allow for traffic calming features. Public Works 14 66 LT 2.A.4 Designate, sign, and enforce truck routes.Public Works / Police 14 67 LT 2.A.5 Update the school zone ordinance and signage.planning 14 68 LT 3.A.1 Provide density bonuses for workforce housing near transit.planning 15 69 LT 4.A.1 Identify high-priority pedestrian safety projects based on crash data.Planning / Public Works 16 70 LT 5.A.1 incorporate bicycle parking requirements into the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance.planning 17 71 CI 1.A.1 Prioritize increasing domestic water supply, storage, and distribution systems to meet projected needs while encouraging conservation. Water 19 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 396 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 72 CI 1.A.2 Prioritize water infrastructure improvements in infill development areas.Water 19 73 CI 1.A.3 Encourage alternatives for non-potable water usage, such as rainwater catchment and greywater recycling. Water 19 74 CI 1.A.4 Support water savings through land use practices like low impact development (LID), Ahwahnee Water Principles for Resource Efficient Land Use, new green building programs, and onsite and offsite conservation land use practices. Water 19 75 CI 1.A.5 Conduct an audit of the County’s dependency on surface water regarding future development, based on legal availability and water regulations. planning 19 76 CI 2.A.1 Require large-scale developers to contribute funds toward improved recycled water production and distribution, or to construct their own wastewater reclamation facility. planning / County Council 20 77 Ci 2.A.2 Manage wastewater treatment and disposal in a manner that safeguards human and environmental health, accommodates future growth, is efficient and cost effective, and uses recycled water from treatment where possible. Public Works 20 78 CI 2.A.3 Improve the quality of effluent discharged into injection wells, especially those in the Special Management Areas. Public Works 20 79 CI 2.A.4 Support innovative treatment systems that produce effluent at appropriate water quality levels to encourage reuse such as irrigation, industrial uses and other non-potable use. Public Works 20 80 CI 3.A.1 Reduce construction and demolition debris disposal in landfills by requiring recycling, particularly for large contractors and construction projects. Public Works 21 81 CI 4.A.1 At airports, accommodate shuttles that transport visitors to resort destinations.state dot 22 82 CI 4.A.2 do not expand the Princeville Airport, except for use as a parking hub and gateway for visitors to the north shore. planning 22 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 397 83 SS 1.A.1 Encourage vibrant shared space and destinations in town centers by: a. implementing design standards to ensure the aesthetic character of buildings blends in and matches the desired scale and character of the town. b. Allowing historic buildings on small lots to redevelop without the imposition of new setbacks or off-street parking requirements. c. Siting new commercial development contiguous to towns, within walking distance of residential development. d. Supporting the creation of and improvement of venues for art and culture. e. Providing comfortable and safe walking environments, including context-sensitive sidewalks along main roads. f. enhancing shade resources, including trees on streets and in public parks, and improving criteria for species selection and programs for tree maintenance. g. Providing more on-street parking. planning 23 84 SS 2.A.1 Provide comprehensive, well-designed, and highly functional parks and recreational facilities that meet public needs, provide attractive places to exercise, accommodate diverse groups and activities, make suitable use of resources, and are compatible with surrounding uses. Parks & Recreation 24 85 ss 2.A.2 Provide a range of civic space and functional parks in large residential projects and in new communities.planning 24 86 SS 2.A.3 Streamline permitting of public facilities to efficiently coordinate the development and expansion of parks.planning 24 87 SS 2.A.4 Allow in-lieu funding expenditure on facility capital improvements through the Park Dedication ordinance. Parks & Recreation / County Council 24 88 SS 3.A.1 Provide safe and convenient access to beaches and inland resources through the park system.Parks & Recreation 25 89 SS 3.A.2 Identify and design new shared use paths to provide safe corridors for pedestrians and cyclists.Public Works 25 90 SS 3.A.3 Encourage the development of access ways to the path, when development is adjacent to or near a shared use path. planning 25 91 SS 3.A.4 increase opportunities for public access to mountainous and forested areas in a way that is ecologically sustainable. dlnr 25 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 398 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 92 eC 1.A.1 Revitalize—rather than expand—the existing Visitor destination Areas in Po‘ipū, Līhuʻe, Wailua, and Princeville. planning 27 93 eC 1.A.2 Focus visitor uses, services, facilities, and accommodation in the Visitor destination Area.planning / economic Development 27 94 eC 1.A.3 do not expand existing Visitor destination Area boundaries beyond resort-designated areas.planning 27 95 eC 1.A.4 Allow existing resort entitlements to build out and require any non-entitled resort-designated areas in this general plan to attain full state and County zoning resort-related approvals by the year 2027, or within ten years of Community Plan approval if an area is conditionally designated. planning 27 96 eC 1.A.5 require short-duration expiration dates should development not be constructed as permitted.planning 27 97 eC 1.A.6 Where appropriate, negotiate with entitled resort projects to reduce unit count if discretionary permits are sought again. planning 27 98 eC 1.A.7 Create a regulatory system that ensures resort developers pay their own way by paying their fair share of system expansion for all public systems, including but not limited to land transportation improvements, housing, water, sewer, cables, and parks. planning 27 99 eC 2.A.1 ensure agriculture-designated lands are used for agriculture and related activities, including aquaculture, commercial forestry, and animal husbandry. planning 28 100 eC 2.A.2 use urban growth boundaries or other land preservation easements to limit conversion of agriculture-designated lands to non-agricultural uses. planning 28 101 eC 2.A.3 Control the subdivision and alteration of agriculturally-zoned land to prevent the dissipation of agricultural potential, the loss of rural character, and the conversion of land use to urban land use designations. planning 28 102 eC 2.A.4 Provide criteria to allow clustering of allowable density for landowners of important Agricultural land (iAl). planning 28 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 399 103 eC 2.A.5 to the extent that public trust purposes would not be impacted or continue to be impacted, or where serviced agricultural operations constitute a reasonable and beneficial use that furthers the interests of the public, require preservation of viable irrigation systems — both government owned and privately owned — to support the supply of irrigation water to farms, provided that mitigation measures are taken to minimize any impacts to public trust purposes. planning 28 104 eC 2.A.6 support landowner and farmer-initiated designations of important agricultural lands that at least meet criterion number five of Act 183 (SLH 2005), “land with sufficient quantities of water to support viable agricultural production.” planning 28 105 eC 2.A.7 Use IAL maps and tools when reviewing landowner/farmer-initiated petitions for the designation of iAl or for evaluating priority lands for IAL designation proposed by the State or County. planning 28 106 eC 2.A.8 Revise the agricultural property tax regime, including but not limited to the Agricultural Dedication program, to increase incentives to lease land for productive farms. economic Development / Finance 28 107 eC 2.A.9 Clarify rules and authority related to permitting of agricultural structures and uses on iAl.planning 28 108 eC 2.A.10 include community gardens as a permitted use in residential areas.planning 28 109 eC 2.A.11 Require that prospective buyers of property adjacent to agricultural land be notified through title report that they could be subject to inconvenience or discomfort resulting from accepted farming activities, pursuant to HRS Chapter 205-4.5. planning 28 110 eC 3.A.1 Lessen zoning restrictions for home-based businesses.planning 29 111 eC 3.A.2 reduce the costs and regulatory hurdles associated with starting a business.economic Development 29 112 eC 3.A.3 Increase inventory of industrial zoned lands. planning 29 113 hr 1.A.1 Broaden the types of uses allowed in historic structures.planning 30 114 hr 1.A.2 Support the reuse and renovation of historic structures through building code amendments.planning 30 115 hr 1.A.3 update and create special planning Areas in towns to ensure new development and redevelopment of existing sites or structures is done in a “historically sensitive” manner. planning 30 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 400 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 116 hr 2.A.1 Preserve, restore, and maintain customary access to important archaeological and cultural sites.planning 31 117 hr 2.A.2 Create natural, landscaped buffers between archaeological sites and adjacent uses.planning 31 118 hr 2.A.3 In the case of development where burials are known to exist, ensure an Archaeological Inventory Study (AIS) is prepared and Kauaʻi Island Burial Council recommendations are adhered to before final approvals are given. planning 31 119 hr 2.A.4 Require developers to provide archaeological and cultural assessments prior to clearing or development of land in areas of historical significance. planning 31 120 hr 2.A.5 promote, encourage, and require the correct use of traditional place names.planning 31 121 hr 2.A.6 Establish archaeological districts where high concentrations of sites exist.planning 31 122 hr 2.A.7 encourage restoration, management, and practitioner access for significant cultural sites on private land, as allowed by law. planning 31 123 hr 2.A.8 encourage the restoration, management, and use of Kauaʻi’s fishponds and lo‘i kalo.planning 31 124 hr 2.A.9 Preserve Māhā‘ulepū, a wahi pana, where scenic landmarks, natural resources, archaeological sites (including Waiopili Heiau), and burials are found along with subsistence fishing and gathering, agriculture, research and education, and recreation. planning 31 125 hr 2.A.10 Movement of kuleana lands through the subdivision process is inconsistent with their intrinsic cultural and historic value and negatively impacts traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights and practices, which are protected by the Hawai‘i State Constitution. Prior to any decision, any movement requires proper due diligence to ensure any historic value relating to the kuleana’s past land use is identified and protected to the fullest extent possible consistent with Article XII, Section 7 of the hawai‘i state Constitution, the Ka Pa‘akai test, and HRS Chapter 6E. In addition, proper notice must be afforded to the State Office of Hawaiian Affairs and beneficiaries and heirs of the kuleana at issue before any movement is approved. planning 31 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 401 126 hr 3.A.1 prepare amendments to the CZo, special Management Area Rules, and the Subdivision Ordinance to provide specific criteria and guidelines for evaluating and protecting scenic views, view planes, and landmarks in the siting of new development. planning 32 127 hr 3.A.2 Consider regulatory tools such as zoning overlays or corridors to preserve views from roads or public places to the ocean, and to and from mauka to makai. planning 32 128 ES 1.A.1 Promote increased energy conservation and renewable energy production. Mayor’s Office 33 129 ES 1.A.2 Optimize the mix of energy crops that can provide fuel for power production on Kauaʻi.Mayor’s Office 33 130 ES 1.A.3 streamline and expedite planning and permitting processes involving renewable energy facilities.planning 33 131 ES 1.A.4 Require new buildings to incorporate economically feasible design and equipment for energy sustainability, including but not limited to: solar hot water capacity and proper insulation. Public Works 33 132 ES 1.A.5 Conduct an audit of the County’s development standards to identify regulations that are obstacles to or could be altered to better encourage or require green building practices. planning 33 133 ES 2.A.1 Promote higher density residential development near job centers and amenities, while strongly discouraging development that will require residents to commute via automobile to jobs in other areas of the island. planning 34 134 es 2.A.2 Reduce the carbon footprint of both new and existing buildings and infrastructure by maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing the use of fossil fuel resources on the grid. planning 34 135 ES 2.A.3 Accelerate the transition to alternative, carbonfree fuels in the ground transportation sector with regulations and policies that support electric vehicle adoption and other alternative fuel infrastructure, and support electric groundskeeping and farming equipment/machinery. transportation / economic Development 34 136 ES 2.A.4 Require large new developments and infrastructure projects to include a project carbon footprint analysis estimating the anticipated change in emissions resultant from the proposed project and documenting the emissions reduction strategies deployed by the project to minimize its emissions. planning 34 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 402 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 137 ES 2.A.5 support continued reductions in emissions from local energy production.Mayor’s Office 34 138 PS 1.A.1 Maintain effective levels of public safety services to protect the growing population.Mayor’s Office / County Council 35 139 PS 1.A.2 upgrade and enhance facilities to address existing vulnerabilities and support necessary growth in emergency response personnel. emergency Management 35 140 PS 2.A.1 Minimize coastal development in areas of high risk of erosion, flooding, tsunami inundation, and sea level rise. planning 36 141 ps 2.A.2 Provide for adequate emergency shelters and communication systems in all planning districts.emergency Management 36 142 PS 2.A.3 Periodically review building codes and permitting standards for alignment with disaster risk reduction (drr) efforts. emergency Management 36 143 PS 2.A.4 Designate areas to serve as public shelters when designing and constructing new public buildings.planning 36 144 PS 2.A.5 include conditions in transient vacation rental and homestay permits that require disclosure to visitors and occupants of hazard risks and instructions for evacuation in cases of natural hazards, such as tsunamis, hurricanes, or flooding. Require disclosure of hazards prior to reserving or booking. planning 36 145 PS 3.A.1 Use the best available climate and hazard science to inform and guide decisions. determine a range of locally relevant (context specific) sea level rise (SLR) projections for all stages of planning, project design, and permitting reviews. At the time of this General Plan Update publication, the science suggests a planning target of three feet of sea level rise. planning 37 146 PS 3.A.2 Regularly review and refine relevant policies, rules, and regulations based on the most currently available climate and hazard science and projections. planning 37 147 PS 3.A.3 Identify lands/areas that may serve as buffers from coastal hazards and restrict development within them. planning 37 148 PS 3.A.4 Periodically update the shoreline setback and coastal protection article of the comprehensive zoning ordinance to allow for adjustments in the setback calculations based upon best-available SLR data. planning 37 149 PS 3.A.5 update the Floodplain Management program to incorporate sea level rise planning information, utilizing options detailed in the Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment or other relevant resources. planning 37 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 403 150 PS 3.A.6 Within the special Management Area (sMA) and Zoning permit program: a. Require applicants to analyze coastal hazard impacts and include mitigation in permit applications. b. Impose development conditions upon permits that minimize the impacts of exacerbated flooding, storm surge, and erosion due to sea level rise. c. Strengthen rebuilding restrictions for non-conforming structures such that these structures are relocated a safe distance from the shoreline in hazardous areas. d. Evaluate conditions that prohibit shoreline armoring. planning 37 151 PS 3.A.7 Update the subdivision standards to: a. Restrict residential subdivisions in areas prone to current and future coastal hazards, including sea level rise. b. outside of these natural hazards areas, provide for conservation subdivisions or cluster subdivisions in order to conserve environmental resources. planning 37 152 PS 3.A.8 Periodically update the building codes to ensure that the standards for strengthening and elevating construction to withstand hazard forces in hazardous areas utilize the best available science and planning information. Planning / Public Works 37 153 PS 3.A.9 When considering project alternatives during the environmental review process, evaluate relocation outside of hazardous areas, elevation of structures, and “soft” hazards such as beach nourishment. When considering environmental mitigation, incorporate climate resilience measures. All 37 154 oh 1.A.1 limit the proliferation of predatory lending establishments through licensing and zoning powers. planning 38 155 oh 1.A.2 Expand and preserve affordability in neighborhood centers around the island through zoning, incentives, and development. planning 38 156 oh 1.A.3 Provide affordable housing in proximity to community resources and services.planning 38 157 oh 1.A.4 Mitigate impact to Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices and the resources they rely upon through district boundary amendments and zoning amendments. planning 38 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 404 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 158 oh 2.A.1 For large residential projects and in new communities, ensure the development of adequate school facilities, either at existing schools or at new school sites. planning 39 159 oh 2.A.2 Have developers pay their share of all costs needed to provide adequate school facilities for the children anticipated to live in their development. planning 39 160 oh 2.A.3 Support the use, expansion, and development of family childcare homes, preschools, parent/child kindergarten readiness programs, and charter schools. planning 39 161 oh 3.A.1 Provide access to frequent and convenient public transit near major job centers and health care facilities. transportation 40 162 oh 3.A.2 ensure community design supports healthy and active lifestyles.planning 40 163 oh 3.A.3 Consider zoning options that limit new fast-food restaurants close to schools, daycare centers, or parks. planning 40 164 oh 3.A.4 Support the built environment and land use recommendations provided by the Native Hawaiian Health Task Force and similar community health initiatives. planning 40 165 oh 4.A.1 Require a minimum accessway width of 10 feet and locate accessways at convenient intervals.planning 41 166 oh 4.A.2 Protect and preserve mauka and makai access for traditional hawaiian cultural practices.planning 41 167 oh 4.A.3 Require identification and mitigation of potential impacts of subsistence activities and resources when reviewing development permits. planning 41 168 LU A.1 Implement a zoning program to comprehensively redistrict and rezone lands consistent with the Future land use Map and updated Community plan and map designations. planning 42 169 lu A.2 Build upon place types in future Community plans and update zoning and development standards to be place-based. planning 42 170 LU A.3 support state land use Boundary Amendment Petitions for new Urban District consistent with the Future land use Map. planning 42 171 LU A.4 Given that the Future Land Use Map is conceptual, the size of future amendments to the State Land Use District Urban District should consider the General plan’s population allocations, housing projections, and the objectives for New Communities. planning 42 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 405 This page intentionally left blank. online Version ONLINE VERSION 406 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 2. PLANS AND STUDIES #Label Action lead Agency Objective 1 WA 1.B.1 Utilize the Forest Reserve and Natural Area Reserve plans in community planning processes and share information regarding forest management activities with the public. planning 1 2 WA 1.B.2 through appropriate county departments, support KWA members in the development of future watershed management plans and appropriate studies as needed for the health of the upper native forests. planning 1 3 WA 2.B.1 in Community plans, include protection actions for streams and inland water bodies to prevent degradation of water quality and address non-point source pollution. planning 2 4 WA 2.B.2 Establish a drainage system database to better understand the drainage network on Kauaʻi and to assist with water quantity and quality impacts. Public Works 2 5 WA 2.B.3 Periodically review the County’s flood control measures and plans using updated information and forecasts on climate change. Planning / Public Works 2 6 WA 2.B.4 Develop drainage master plans for flood-prone areas such as hanalei, Nāwiliwili, Kapa‘a, Wailua, Po‘ipū, and Kekaha. Planning / Public Works 2 7 WA 3.B.1 restore lost and unrecorded beach accesses by identifying, recording, and demarcating accessways for public use. planning 3 8 WA 3.B.2 Develop detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments in low-lying coastal areas based on future data and forecasts regarding climate change. use this assessment to identify where resources and planning efforts should be focused and to develop adaptation strategies and inform stakeholders including tourists of these dangers. planning 3 9 WA 3.B.3 Recognize scientific uncertainty by using scenario planning and adaptive management techniques that adjust policies and rules based on monitoring efforts. planning 3 10 WA 3.B.4 Analyze options and criteria for relocation of development outside of hazardous areas along the coast and incorporate findings into a long- term relocation plan. planning 3 11 WA 3.B.5 support studies to assess impacts to coastal and cultural resources at Salt Pond Beach and Pū‘olo Point in collaboration with community members, including but not limited to the salt making practitioners. planning 3 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 407 12 ho 1.B.1 Find ways to insulate affordable housing units from the market, whether rentals or for ownership, to preserve the affordability of units. housing 5 13 ho 1.B.2 Review existing affordable housing requirements in plans and zoning amendments to assess impediments to affordable housing creation. planning 5 14 ho 1.B.3 Assess the County’s affordable housing needs and priorities through the five-year Consolidated Plan and one-year Action plans. housing 5 15 ho 1.B.4 Establish a ratio for the housing needs for workforce, elderly, and disabled households, and amend existing laws and plans as needed. housing 5 16 ho 2.B.1 Prevent displacement of vulnerable renters through rent stabilization policies and tax incentives for long-term rentals. housing/Finance 6 17 ho 5.A.1 integrate the recommendations of dhhl plans into community planning.planning 9 18 ho 7.B.1 support the implementation and update of the Kauaʻi Houseless Solutions Summit Plan.Mayor’s Office 11 19 LT 1.B.1 in all Community plans, incorporate planning of roadway, transit, bike and pedestrian facilities, and transportation needs to support economic revitalization. planning 13 20 LT 1.B.2 include analysis of the planned transportation system’s ability to accommodate proposed growth, manage congestion, and achieve the County’s mode shift targets in all Community plans. planning 13 21 LT 1.B.3 in all Community Plans, develop a regional traffic circulation plan that includes all modes of transportation. planning 13 22 LT 3.B.1 implement the Short-Range Transit Plan.transportation 15 23 LT 3.B.2 Complete a Mid-Range (4-7 year) transit plan for longer-term transit planning.transportation 15 24 LT 3.B.3 Address the feasibility and practicality of accommodating luggage, surfboards, and other large objects on County and private buses. transportation 15 25 LT 4.A.1 Identify high-priority pedestrian safety projects based on crash data.transportation 16 26 LT 5.B.1 Establish an islandwide bikeways plan with priorities for implementation through the community planning process. Planning / Public Works 17 27 LT 6.A.1 implement parking audits in areas where parking resources are perceived to be limited and where additional parking resources or parking management may be needed such as Kapa‘a town, hanalei, and Po’ipū. planning 18 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 408 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 28 LT 6.A.2 In partnership with the State, develop and implement a Parking Management Plan for the Līhu‘e Civic Center. planning 18 29 CI 1.B.1 implement and update the County Water plan to guide system expansion, improvement, rehabilitation, and rate structures to support growth consistent with the general plan and Community plans. Water 19 30 CI 1.B.2 Reduce potable water usage through recycled water and alternative individual water systems such as rainwater catchment and greywater recycling, and incorporate these into the County Water plan update. Water 19 31 CI 1.B.3 update sustainable yield of aquifers, incorporating most recent United States Geological Survey (USGS) low-flow studies and surface water data into the County Department of Water budget, with appropriate reservations for public trust purposes including environmental protection, traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights, appurtenant rights, domestic water uses, and the needs of the department of hawaiian home lands. Water 19 32 CI 1.B.4 Reconcile water service areas with County planning districts to integrate facilities with Community plans.Water 19 33 CI 2.B.1 Develop and update wastewater facility plans to guide decisions regarding the allocation of treatment capacity, the expansion of wastewater systems, and system improvement priorities. Public Works 20 34 Ci 2.B.2 Coordinate public and private planning, development, operation, and management of wastewater treatment and disposal systems. Public Works 20 35 CI 3.B.1 update and implement the Solid Waste Integrated Management Plan to set policies for solid waste programs, facility planning, capital improvements, operations, user fees, and financing facilities and operations. Public Works 21 36 CI 3.B.2 Plan and prepare for emergency debris management and disposal due to future major storms and tsunamis.Public Works 21 37 SS 1.B.1 Acknowledge the important role of town squares and other civic space in town centers and seek to improve usability of such venues. planning 23 38 SS 1.B.2 Establish or update urban design standards through Community plans.planning 23 39 SS 1.B.3 identify public art opportunities and funding in community and facility planning.planning 23 40 SS 2.B.1 plan for safe routes to parks, especially in areas with high concentration of youth.Parks & Recreation 24 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 409 41 ss 2.B.2 Utilize vacant or underused County-owned land for community purposes.Mayor’s Office 24 42 SS 2.B.3 update and implement the Kaua‘i Parks & Recreation Master Plan (2013).planning 24 43 eC 1.B.1 implement and update the Kauaʻi Tourism Strategic Plan.economic Development 27 44 eC 1.B.2 Explore the development of the carrying capacity for various sites around the island and a monitoring system that tracks visitor impacts within the context of “limits of acceptable change” or other metric. economic Development 27 45 eC 1.B.3 Create a comprehensive incentive and disincentive plan to address visitor numbers and impacts in specific areas. economic Development 27 46 eC 2.B.1 Consider the relationship and proximity of other land uses to agricultural land in planning efforts. Define “rural” and include its relationship to agriculture. planning 28 47 eC 2.B.2 update and implement the Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan.Water 28 48 eC 2.B.3 Improve upon or develop a system for local and export marketing of food and primary resources.economic Development 28 49 eC 2.B.4 Create an agriculture database of key information and indicators that would enable the monitoring of agricultural progress and growth. economic Development 28 50 eC 2.B.5 Increase access to healthy food in underserved neighborhoods and build more equitable food systems, from cultivation to disposal. economic Development 28 51 eC 2.B.6 update and implement the Kaua‘i Agriculture Strategic Plan.economic Development 28 52 eC 3.B.1 implement and update the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS).economic Development 29 53 eC 3.B.2 Develop business improvement districts and Main Street programs to fund revitalization efforts.economic Development 29 54 hr 1.B.1 Update and maintain the inventory and management plan for historic resources.planning 30 55 hr 2.B.1 Inventory and acknowledge the importance of archaeological sites and wahi pana during community planning processes. planning 31 56 hr 2.B.2 Create an inventory of kuleana lands and describe their vulnerability to sale and development.planning 31 57 hr 2.B.3 Create a county-level tax break for ancestral family lands that do not qualify for kuleana tax breaks for situations such as hanai (adoption), families without birth and death certificates, and other circumstances. planning 31 58 hr 3.B.1 Identify key landmarks, exceptional trees, and scenic resources through Community plans.planning 32 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 410 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 59 hr 3.B.2 Develop an inventory of scenic resources/views, view planes, visual resources, and key landmarks through joint collaboration of the Kauaʻi Historic Preservation Review Commission and the open space Commission. planning 32 60 hr 3.B.3 support creation and implementation of corridor plans for historic and scenic roadways.planning 32 61 ES 1.B.1 Work with the University of Hawai‘i to do an island-wide study of energy crop production, and determine how much energy production comes from locally grown crops. University of hawai‘i / economic Development 33 62 ES 2.B.1 Develop a climate plan that focuses on key sectors and their interrelationships with respect to emissions reductions, to be updated every five years. Include intermediate year emissions reductions for all major sectors. Mayor’s Office 34 63 es 2.B.2 Accelerate “zero waste” strategies, including policies and actions that encourage island residents to move towards lower levels of consumption, and to reuse materials to the maximum extent possible. Public Works 34 64 ES 2.B.3 Conduct a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for the County.economic Development 34 65 PS 2.B.1 Encourage community-based disaster resilience plans and incorporate components into future Community plan updates. plans should include an assessment of risks and vulnerabilities in the local economy to hazards. emergency Management 36 66 ps 2.B.2 Develop an inventory of Critical infrastructure and Key resources, according to the standards of the national Incident Management System (NIMS), which can be used for mitigation and disaster recovery efforts. emergency Management 36 67 PS 2.B.3 Work with the State Office of Conservation and Coastal lands (oCCl) to update the Coastal Erosion Mitigation Plan for Kauaʻi. state dlnr 36 68 PS 2.B.4 Identify and index communities that have existing disaster resilience plans. Provide support to current and ongoing community hazard risk reduction, mitigation, and planning efforts. emergency Management 36 69 PS 2.B.5 Periodically review and update the Multi-Hazard Mitigation and Resilience Plan.emergency Management 36 70 PS 3.B.1 Conduct detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments for critical infrastructure and low-lying coastal communities when updated sea level rise, erosion rates, and wave inundation information is available. planning/ emergency Management 37 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 411 71 PS 3.B.2 identify priority planning areas where resources and planning efforts need to be focused and identify how and where to use adaptation strategies such as accommodation, retreat, and protection. planning 37 72 PS 3.B.3 encourage strategic retreat and relocation to safer areas based on the results of the assessments above.planning 37 73 PS 3.B.4 use results of hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments to inform adaptation strategies to be incorporated into Community plans or other planning processes. planning 37 74 PS 3.B.5 Acknowledge, support, and/or take part in university, government, and private efforts to develop planning information and guidance to address how accelerated sea level rise will effect erosion rates and wave inundation. planning 37 75 PS 3.B.6 support implementation of the hawai’i Climate Adaptation Initiative (Act 83) and development of the Sea Level Rise and Vulnerability Adaptation Report for Hawai’i and the Statewide Climate Adaptation Plan. planning 37 76 oh 1.B.1 Complete a study to establish ratios for different categories of housing for workforce (less than 140 percent of median income), elderly, and disabled. housing 38 77 oh 3.B.1 include community health concerns in community planning.planning 40 78 oh 3.B.2 implement and update the Kauaʻi Community Drug Response Plan.Mayor’s Office 40 79 oh 3.B.3 implement and update the Kauaʻi Plan on Aging.elderly Affairs 40 80 oh 3.B.4 implement and update the Kauaʻi Community Health Improvement Initiative.planning 40 81 oh 4.B.1 Maintain, inventory, and provide information on legal public accessways to beaches and inland recreation areas. Conduct research on easement documents that have been executed or signed but not recorded. planning 41 82 oh 4.B.2 Create regional networks of public trails. Partner with private landowners for missing connections via managed access. planning 41 83 oh 4.B.3 explore solutions for protecting access to recreational opportunities, including fishing, hunting, surfing, hiking, and other activities in community planning. planning 41 84 LU B.1 use the community planning process to update and refine the Future Land Use Maps as needed.planning 42 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 412 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 3. PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS #Label Action lead Agency Objective # 1 WA 1.C.1 Support projects that conserve and protect our remaining endemic forests and landscapes in the upper watershed. planning 1 2 WA 1.C.2 Develop collaborative projects that support goals shared by the Forest Reserve Management Plans, County’s open space Commission, Nā Ala Hele Commission, the Kauaʻi Watershed Alliance, and others. planning 1 3 WA 1.C.3 Establish a watershed task force or watershed liaison within the County whose mission is to facilitate better communication and coordination between agencies and organizations that work in the watershed (County, state, and non-governmental organizations), mauka to makai. Mayor’s Office 1 4 WA 1.C.4 Utilize best practice watershed management plans, such as the hanalei Watershed Management plan, as examples for other communities to employ. planning 1 5 WA 2.C.1 Utilize green infrastructure concepts and best management practices in County projects.Public Works 2 6 WA 2.C.2 Mark stormwater drains as “going to the ocean.” Public Works 2 7 WA 2.C.3 Complete the update of the Kaua‘i County Water Use and Development Plan.planning 2 8 WA 3.C.1 Adequately fund and utilize the Public Access, open space, and natural resources Fund to actively acquire shoreline lands and accessways for public use and consider development of an “Offer To Dedicate” (OTD) Coastal Easement or Land Banking Program. Mayor’s Office / County Council 3 9 WA 3.C.2 Acknowledge, support, and participate in government, university, and private efforts to better understand and predict climate change impacts on coastal areas. planning 3 10 WA 4.B.1 Increase wildlife and habitat protection knowledge and expertise within the County government.planning 4 11 WA 4.B.2 Develop a protocol that will help minimize the current feral cat population to lessen the impact of direct endangered species fatalities, as well as the spread of diseases, such as toxoplasmosis. Public Words 4 12 WA 4.B.3 Adopt a comprehensive animal control ordinance to reduce or eliminate populations of feral, abandoned, and stray cats. County Council 4 13 WA 4.B.4 Develop a list of native plant species suitable for landscaping.Public Works 4 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 413 14 ho 1.C.1 Complete the lima ola affordable housing project.housing 5 15 ho 1.C.2 Seek and acquire land in or near town centers with access to transit, public water, and sewers for future affordable housing development. housing 5 16 ho 1.C.3 Create dedicated sources of funding and continue to use the Housing Revolving Fund to finance affordable housing projects. housing / County Council 5 17 ho 1.C.4 Develop and rehabilitate affordable housing low-interest loan programs and awards, such as the Rental Housing Revolving Fund through the Hawai’i Housing Financing and Development Corporation. housing 5 18 ho 1.C.5 support the housing needs of low income households through the Federal housing Assistance Payments Program (Section 8). housing 5 19 ho 1.C.6 Support a flexible planning process and robust monitoring system to allow timely changes in strategy and resource allocation for the housing program. housing 5 20 ho 1.C.7 Develop a quasi-public housing development or redevelopment agency to support affordable housing projects, particularly infill housing development projects within town centers. housing 5 21 ho 1.C.8 Pursue and establish a source of capital for the development and maintenance of affordable housing. Possible sources include: earmarking a percentage of real property taxes for affordable housing development; a conveyance tax surcharge on high-priced real estate transactions and earmarked for affordable housing development; an expanded low income housing tax Credit (LIHTC) that increases availability of the tax credit; and setting eligibility higher than the current 60 percent of median income. Mayor’s Office 5 22 ho 1.C.9 Continue and expand the County’s efforts to provide and require homeownership classes, including financial literacy, for families potentially eligible for county affordable housing projects. housing 5 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 414 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 23 ho 1.C.10 Review best practices from elsewhere and test in pilot programs the methods that significantly reduce the cost of building a home, including infrastructure and system costs. the Mayor and the County Council should work with community to use Hawai‘i Revised Statutes Section 46-15 to “designate areas of land for experimental and demonstration projects, the purposes of which are to research and develop ideas that would reduce the cost of housing in the State.” housing 5 24 ho 2.C.1 Improve infrastructure and facility improvements in town centers to support a mixed use environment and increased density. planning 6 25 ho 2.C.2 hold educational sessions for landowners in special planning Areas to inform them of new development standards and potential infill development opportunities. planning 6 26 ho 5.B.1 partner with DHHL on infrastructure projects that will support development of both County and dhhl priority growth areas. Water/Public Works 9 27 ho 5.B.2 partner with dhhl to relocate the Wailua Wastewater treatment plant out of the tsunami zone and to support future residential development on dhhl land. Public Works 9 28 ho 7.C.1 Regularly convene a Kaua‘i Houseless Solutions Summit to develop collaborative short-term homeless solutions involving Kaua‘i’s faith-based community with support from health and human service organizations and County and State agencies. housing 11 29 ho 7.C.2 in addressing homelessness, adopt and implement the housing First approach to reduce and ultimately eliminate homelessness. housing 11 30 LT 1.C.1 Establish transportation priorities using a performance-based evaluation process, which considers the following criteria: a. safety; b. System preservation; c. Economic development/community access; d. support of growth areas as designated in the general plan and Community plans; e. Congestion management; and f. Environmental and cultural impacts. Planning/Public Works 13 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 415 31 LT 1.C.2 Support completion of the priority projects in the Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions Report to include the following: a. Add one lane on the Kūhiō Highway from the southern end of the Kapa‘a Bypass road to Kuamo’o road. b. Widen the northern segment of the Kapa‘a Bypass road to two-lane and two-way from the northern end of the Bypass to the roundabout at olohena road. c. Operational improvements, such as signalization and left turn restrictions on Kūhiō Highway. d. extension of right turn lane on haleilio road at Kūhiō Highway. e. Congestion management on Kūhiō Highway, from Kuamo‘o road to Kapule highway. transportation 13 32 LT 1.C.3 incorporate and integrate transit strategies in the Kapa‘a Transportation Solutions framework.transportation 13 33 LT 1.C.4 Following a priority evaluation process, complete priority circulation and multimodal capacity projects identified in the General Plan transportation Maps. Planning/Public Works 13 34 LT 1.C.5 Consider implementing transportation demand Management strategies with County of Kaua‘i employees who work in Līhu‘e as a pilot program that can be replicated by other employers. strategies may include the following: a. Staggered work hours; b. Bulk rate bus passes; and c. Incentives to encourage commuting by other than single-occupancy vehicles. transportation 13 35 LT 2.B.1 Complete priority resurfacing, reconstruction, retrofit, and repair of existing roads and bridges based on available funding. Public Works 14 36 lt 2.B.2 Retrofit existing roads to incorporate facilities for all users where feasible and appropriate, and as indicated in Community Plans or other network plans, as a part of resurfacing and reconstruction projects. Public Works 14 37 LT 2.B.3 Implement maintenance of roadside vegetation and roadway surfaces to increase safety.Public Works 14 38 LT 3.C.1 Increase mainline service frequency to every 30 minutes, with 15 minute frequency at peak times on peak routes. transportation 15 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 416 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 39 LT 3.C.2 Identify and implement service modernization features, including GPS location of buses and integration with transit apps; electronic fare recovery; on-board wifi; and other amenities to streamline service and attract riders. transportation 15 40 LT 3.C.3 Focus initial phases of service expansion in areas of highest ridership potential.transportation 15 41 LT 3.C.4 Improve bus route and schedule information.transportation 15 42 LT 3.C.5 Complete bus shelters and amenities at 50 priority bus stops.transportation 15 43 LT 3.C.6 identify priorities for AdA-compliant pedestrian access to bus stops. Develop a construction schedule and funding plan for priority projects. transportation 15 44 LT 3.C.7 Provide adequate and efficient bus storage and maintenance facilities.transportation 15 45 LT 3.C.8 identify locations for park and rides, especially in coordination with a north shore shuttle.transportation 15 46 LT 3.C.9 Convert bus fleet to sustainable fuels.transportation 15 47 lt 3.C.11 update maintenance facilities to continue maintainence of the bus fleet.transportation 15 48 LT 5.C.1 Complete planning, engineering, and construction for the West side path from Waimea to Kekaha and from Hanapēpē to Salt Pond. Public Works 17 49 LT 5.C.2 Complete the Ke Ala Hele Makalae path from Anahola to Līhuʻe.Public Works 17 50 LT 5.C.3 Complete planning and first phase construction of a North Shore Path in areas supported by the community. Public Works 17 51 LT 5.C.4 Complete at least one segment of a shared use path identified in the South Kauaʻi Community Plan and the Līhuʻe Community Plan. Public Works 17 52 LT 5.C.5 Complete priority bikeway projects as identified in Community plans.Public Works 17 53 CI 2.C.1 locate and relocate wastewater facilities in appropriate geographic areas, based on traditional, cultural, and biological natural filtration systems for the optimization and expansion of wastewater systems and system improvement, considering alternative reclamation technology or tertiary treatment. planning 20 54 Ci 2.C.2 Provide adequate trunk sewer and collection main capacities to serve existing and future urban development. Public Works 20 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 417 55 CI 2.C.3 plan for and implement regional wastewater treatment solutions for South Kauaʻi and Kīlauea.Public Works 20 56 CI 2.C.4 Monitor the disposition and potential effect of cesspool seepage and injection wells on the groundwater and nearshore water quality. state doh 20 57 CI 2.C.5 Support water reuse projects and increase the use of recycled water.Public Works 20 58 CI 2.C.6 Explore opportunities to utilize the Clean Water State Revolving Fund Program for financing water quality infrastructure projects, including energy savings at plants, capacity increases including new pump stations, and drainage improvements. Public Works/Parks & recreation 20 59 CI 2.C.7 Improve wastewater infrastructure through grant and loan programs, such as the usdA rural Development Program. Water 20 60 CI 3.C.1 Site and construct a new landfill.Public Works 21 61 CI 3.C.2 Establish an automated weekly, curbside collection system for residentially generated green waste and recyclables. Public Works 21 62 CI 3.C.3 Reduce solid waste volume through source-reduction programs that reuse building materials, minimize packing materials, and other measures. Focus attention on large volume purchasers and developers. Public Works 21 63 CI 3.C.4 Divert at least 70 percent of solid waste through increased source reduction, recycling, biodiversion, and landfill diversion methods. Public Works 21 64 CI 3.C.5 Maximize effective life of existing and future landfill capacity.Public Works 21 65 CI 3.C.6 Increase the convenience of recycling centers for users.Public Works 21 66 CI 3.C.7 Provide commercial volume-based collection with enhanced recycling programs, including incentives for businesses to adopt zero-waste collection programs. Public Works 21 67 SS 1.C.1 Implement economic revitalization projects in town centers, such as the Līhuʻe Town Core TIGER grant project. Public Works 23 68 SS 1.C.2 Construct centralized parking lots in towns with parking management issues.Public Works 23 69 SS 1.C.3 Improve criteria for species selection and maintenance of street trees and landscaping.planning 23 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 418 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 70 SS 1.C.4 identify opportunities for public art installation in projects, such as roundabouts, parks, and streetscape improvements. planning 23 71 SS 2.C.1 Support priority projects in the Kauaʻi Parks & Recreation Master Plan.Parks & Recreation 24 72 ss 2.C.2 Prioritize park improvements and provide safe routes to parks, especially in low-income neighborhoods with high concentrations of youth. Parks & Recreation 24 73 SS 2.C.3 Implement a playground development and rehabilitation program to provide high quality play environments, especially in underserved communities. Parks & Recreation 24 74 SS 2.C.4 Enhance parks by making them more conducive to physical activity through shared use paths, play equipment for more than one age group, skate parks, disc golf, tennis facilities, and other improvements. Parks & Recreation 24 75 SS 2.C.5 promote social interaction through facility improvements, such as pavilions, shade trees, and seating. Parks & Recreation 24 76 SS 2.C.6 Expand indoor recreation spaces at selected parks. Parks & Recreation 24 77 SS 2.C.7 Ensure safety and cleanliness at Kauaʻi’s beach parks. Use Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) when planning improvements. Parks & Recreation 24 78 SS 2.C.8 Address illegal camping in parks.Parks & Recreation 24 79 SS 2.C.9 Provide accessibility features at popular facilities such as beach parks.Parks & Recreation 24 80 ss 2.C.10 Develop and install uniform signage, including interpretive signage that promotes a sense of place and educates the public at County beach parks regarding sensitive coastal and marine ecosystems and wildlife. Parks & Recreation 24 81 ss 2.C.11 Provide canopy trees and shading at regional parks, such as over unshaded bleachers, to guard against heatstroke and other heat hazards especially during football, baseball, and soccer seasons. Parks & Recreation 24 82 SS 3.B.1 Complete Ka Ala Hele Makalae from Anahola to Līhuʻe.Public Works 25 83 SS 3.B.2 Construct the Waimea-Kekaha Shared Use Path. Public Works 25 84 SS 3.B.3 Construct the north shore share use path.Public Works 25 85 SS 3.B.4 Construct a South Kauaʻi Shared Use Path. Public Works 25 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 419 86 eC 1.C.1 Improve route and destination signage to alleviate congestion associated with difficulties in finding desired locations. Public Works 27 87 eC 1.C.2 Improve waste disposal, collection, and management at popular destinations and provide more recycling options. Public Works 27 88 eC 1.C.3 Support projects to encourage visitor transportation mode shift from single occupancy vehicles to other modes. transportation/ economic Development 27 89 eC 2.C.1 Provide economic development programs to promote and support agriculture.economic Development 28 90 eC 2.C.2 Reestablish an Agricultural Specialist position with the Office of Economic Development.economic Development 28 91 eC 2.C.3 Support the Sunshine Markets and other means of marketing Kauaʻi agricultural and food products to residents, businesses, and visitors. economic Development 28 92 eC 2.C.4 Establish a minimum goal for designation of IAL. Improve the IAL program to effectively preserve high-quality agricultural land. Develop related County-level incentives, specifically to encourage food production to increase self-reliance. planning 28 93 eC 2.C.5 Increase incentives to lease land to small farmers through revisions to the agricultural property tax regime. Finance 28 94 eC 2.C.6 Improve water infrastructure for irrigation in priority areas, such as iAl.Water 28 95 eC 2.C.7 Develop community food hubs, commercial kitchens, and other initiatives that provide places for community members to grow and prepare their own food. planning 28 96 eC 2.C.8 Allow the use of SNAP benefits at farmers markets.economic Development 28 97 eC 2.C.9 reduce water rates for landowners of agricultural lands in active production.Water 28 98 eC 2.C.10 Establish a County-wide composting program. Public Works 28 99 eC 3.C.1 Invest in shared facilities and resources that can be utilized by multiple opportunity clusters, such as creative industries and technical services. economic Development 29 100 eC 3.C.2 Provide infrastructure that increases the competitiveness of businesses on Kauaʻi and allows them to thrive in all parts of the island. planning 29 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 420 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 101 eC 3.C.3 Utilize County facilities and funds to support shared workspaces, makerspaces, and equipment for small businesses to utilize. economic Development 29 102 eC 3.C.4 Support programs and infrastructure that enables employees to telecommute or work in satellite locations. economic Development 29 103 eC 3.C.5 Attract technology and energy businesses that complement Kauaʻi’s economic and sustainability goals. economic Development 29 104 eC 3.C.6 Build capacity for economic development in the target industry clusters identified by CEDS.economic Development 29 105 hr 1.C.1 Maintain the character of historic structures and bridges by implementing best management practices that adhere to the secretary of the interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation when rehabilitating and/or renovating historically significant buildings and structures. Public Works 30 106 hr 1.C.2 educate and encourage property owners to nominate structures and sites to the state and national register of historic places. planning 30 107 hr 1.C.3 Provide a real property tax exemption for historic properties, including commercial properties.Finance/County Council 30 108 hr 1.C.4 Explore utilizing the Open Space Fund for historic preservation purposes.Finance 30 109 hr 2.C.1 Promote the diversity of stories and sites on Kauaʻi, including those related to Native Hawaiian history and mythology, migrant worker history, and modern history. planning 31 110 hr 2.C.2 Establish historical trails, markers, and events that draw attention to the history of Kauaʻi.Parks and Recreation/State Parks 31 111 hr 2.C.3 through stewardship agreements, ensure proper management and interpretation of significant cultural resources and sites. Parks and Recreation/State Parks 31 112 hr 2.C.4 Achieve permanent preservation of highly significant cultural landscapes where multiple heritage and ecological values are located. planning 31 113 hr 3.C.1 Support Kauaʻi Nui Kuapapa and other efforts to spread awareness of Kauaʻi’s original place names.Mayor’s Office 32 114 hr 3.C.2 support implementation of the corridor management plan for the holo holo Kōloa Scenic Byway. Public Works 32 115 ES 1.C.1 install more solar energy systems on County facilities.economic Development 33 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 421 116 ES 1.C.2 Pursue green energy conservation, including but not limited to: groundskeeping and farming equipment/machinery, and ground transportation, by: a. installing more, and regularly maintaining and repairing, electric vehicle charging stations. b. Introducing residential and commercial incentives to transition to electric groundskeeping and farming equipment/ machinery. c. County transition from fuel-powered to electric vehicles, machinery, and equipment, where feasible. economic Development 33 117 ES 1.C.3 Conduct regular reviews of County operations to identify ways to conserve energy, particularly during nighttime hours. KuiC 33 118 ES 2.C.1 Establish capture and containment of methane at all landfills and County waste facilities.Public Works 34 119 es 2.C.2 Adopt a county-wide zero-waste strategy, including but not limited to: recycling pick-up at households and public locations and events, and building and maintaining a materials recovery facility with staff assigned to locate markets for recycled material. Public Works 34 120 ES 2.C.3 Support the expansion of electric vehicle charging station infrastructure at County facilities.economic Development 34 121 PS 1.B.1 Upgrade bridges in key areas to ensure emergency vehicles can service all residents and visitors. Public Works 35 122 PS 1.B.2 Construct new fire stations to accommodate anticipated growth in the firefighting force.Fire 35 123 PS 1.B.3 Strive to attain a police force, firefighting force, and water safety officer force whose coverage meets or exceeds national standards. police/Fire 35 124 PS 1.B.4 support continuous training for all emergency response officers.emergency Management 35 125 PS 1.B.5 encrypt County radio communications systems.police/Fire 35 126 PS 2.C.1 Ensure that the County’s GIS database, including all maps, data, and hazard information, is consistently available to all agencies. Facilitate data sharing thorugh participation in the hawai‘i geographic information Coordination Council. planning 36 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 422 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 127 ps 2.C.2 update, maintain, and enhance the use of the County’s GIS databse to improve decision-making and ensure consistency in planning, permitting, and construction regulations to reduce disaster risk. planning 36 128 PS 3.C.1 in accordance with hawai‘i state planning Act priority guidelines, consider multiple scenarios of SLR and associated flooding, wave inundation, and erosion impacts when developing and approving capital improvement projects. state dlnr 37 129 oh 1.C.1 Develop funding sources to expand, improve, and maintain high-quality transportation, water, parks, broadband, and other infrastructure in underserved neighborhoods. planning 38 130 oh 1.C.2 Leverage infrastructure investments to bring jobs and housing opportunties to underserved communities. economic Development 38 131 oh 1.C.3 Increase access and affordability of public transit for youth and other transit-dependent populations.transportation 38 132 oh 1.C.4 Ensure all residents have an opportunity to have a voice in County initiatives by making special efforts to reach low-income people, youth, non-english speaking immigrants, people with criminal records, and other traditionally underserved groups. planning 38 133 oh 1.C.5 Establish health and opportunity criteria for prioritizing County programs and policies.Mayor’s Office 38 134 oh 1.C.6 Establish community standards for wages and benefits, ensure fair scheduling, and support worker organizing. human resources 38 135 oh 1.C.7 Ensure fair hiring, equal pay, and equitable promotion opportunities within the County workforce. human resources 38 136 oh 1.C.8 Reduce barriers to employment and services, such as credit checks and criminal history questions on applications for jobs and housing, in both the private and public sector. human resources 38 137 oh 1.C.9 Target economic development efforts to grow high-opportunity industries that have potential for growth and to create jobs for people with less than a four-year degree. economic Development 38 138 oh 1.C.10 Leverage the County’s procurement and contracting to assist minority and female entrepreneurs and triple-bottom-line businesses such as social enterprises, cooperatives, and B Corps. Finance 38 139 oh 2.B.1 Prioritize pedestrian, bicycle, and road safety improvements around and adjacent to schools.Public Works/ transportation 39 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 423 140 oh 2.B.2 Prioritize the development and improvement of play areas or tot lots for small children in areas with high concentrations of family care homes, such as Līhuʻe and Kapa‘a. Parks and Recreation 39 141 oh 3.C.1 Prioritize sidewalk and bus stop improvements for accessibility near major health care facilities and group homes. transportation 40 142 oh 3.C.2 Improve the connectivity of essential services, including emergency response.emergency Mangement 40 143 oh 3.C.3 Ensure that low-income neighborhoods have high-quality parks, playgrounds, and green spaces.Parks & Recreation 40 144 oh 3.C.4 Leverage Federal resources such as community development block grants and neighborhood-focused programs to create opportunity-rich neighborhoods. housing/planning 40 145 oh 3.C.5 Adopt policies for smoke-free cars with keiki, beaches, parks, and condos.County Council 40 146 oh 4.C.1 Acquire priority projects identified by the open space Commission.planning 41 147 oh 4.C.2 pursue easements, acquisitions, and landowner agreements to expand trails, access, open space, protection of coastal lands, and wilderness areas. planning 41 148 oh 4.C.3 Establish a task force including landowners, land trust experts and attorneys, the open space Commission, and others, to study and recommend legal and land use measures to address and ameliorate liability on lands dedicated to managed public uses. Mayor’s Office 41 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 424 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 4. PARTNERSHIP NEEDS #Label Action lead Agency Objective 1 WA 1.D.1 Support the management and protection of Kauaʻi’s forest resources and upper watershed areas in the Conservation District. state dlnr 1 2 WA 1.D.2 Support the State’s “World Conservation Congress Legacy Commitment: 30 by 30 Watershed Forests Target” to protect 30% (253,000 acres) of Hawai‘i’s highest priority watershed forests by 2030. planning 1 3 WA 1.D.3 Educate the public and visitors about native species protection, wildfire prevention, the spread of invasive species, and water quality protection. state dlnr 1 4 WA 1.D.4 increase opportunities for public access to forests in a way that is ecologically sustainable.state dlnr 1 5 WA 1.D.5 promote education and enforcement campaigns to curb littering and dumping in forest areas. Provide trash and recycling receptacles near popular trailheads and picnic areas. state dlnr 1 6 WA 1.D.6 Support and educate about State and Federal landowner-assistance programs that support private forest-restoration efforts, such as the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program and Forest stewardship program. state dlnr 1 7 WA 2.D.1 Collaborate with community groups and stakeholders to better manage water resources in a cooperative fashion, avoiding adversarial fights that can divide the community. state CWrM 2 8 WA 2.d.2 Encourage collaborative watershed and stream protection through the efforts of non-profit and volunteer environmental groups, such as the hanalei Watershed Hui and Kauaʻi Watershed Alliance. state dlnr 2 9 WA 2.D.3 Develop instream flow standards for Kauaʻi’s perennial streams, with a focus on the existing project to develop standards for Southeast Kauaʻi. state CWrM 2 10 WA 2.D.4 Maintain stream flows by periodically removing excessive debris and vegetation from stream channels and beds that can impede drainage. state dlnr 2 11 WA 2.D.5 Monitor the quality of coastal and inland waterbodies, using an operational groundwater-level monitoring network and a stream monitoring network, to ensure compliance with instream flow standards. state dlnr / state doh 2 12 WA 2.D.6 Support the establishment of community-based councils to assist with watershed management issues.state CWrM 2 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 425 13 WA 2.D.7 Seek to prevent stream overflow in low-lying communities by maintaining natural drainageways and preventing the buildup of debris. state dlnr 2 14 WA 2.D.8 support the update of the Hawai‘i State Water Plan components as they relate to Kaua‘i, including the Water Resource Protection Plan, Water Quality Plan, State Water Projects Plan, and Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan. state dlnr 2 15 WA 3.D.1 Manage local marine resources through community-based strategies, such as the Hā’ena Community-Based Subsistence Fishing Area. state dlnr 3 16 WA 3.D.2 Address loss of beach areas due to sea level rise through a comprehensive beach management strategy, including local financing plans for beach and dune restoration. Planning / Parks & recreation 3 17 WA 3.D.3 Encourage citizen groups to take responsibility for water resource monitoring and protection, such as through the expansion of the Makai Watch Program. state dlnr 3 18 WA 3.D.4 Adopt tax policies favorable to public shoreline access.Finance 3 19 WA 3.D.5 dissuade beach driving through enforcement and by educating drivers about the laws, safety, and environmental and cultural impacts of driving on beaches. state DLNR / State Parks / Parks and Recreation 3 20 WA 3.D.6 Provide preferred tax status and other incentives to help community groups, non-governmental organizations, and government agencies restore native lowland forests. Finance / County Council 3 21 WA 4.C.1 Provide enforcement and education regarding endangered species regulations.state dlnr 4 22 WA 4.C.2 Provide interpretive signage within protected areas to educate people about native flora and fauna.state dlnr 4 23 WA 4.C.3 design and install signage informing motorists and pedestrians about the presence of threatened or endangered species in wildlife hazard zones and during yearly times of increased danger. Public Works / State dot 4 24 WA 4.C.4 Utilize predator-proof fencing and new technology to protect endangered species, such as seabirds, from lights and powerlines. state dlnr 4 25 WA 4.C.5 Complete and implement native species Habitat Conservation Plans, such as the Kauaʻi Seabird Habitat Conservation Plan and the Kauaʻi Nēnē Habitat Conservation Plan, which address legal issues regarding human-wildlife interaction while allowing for economic development. state dlnr 4 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 426 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 26 WA 4.C.6 protect and restore forest bird corridors, seabird flyways, waterbird habitat, and areas of monk seal loafing. state dlnr 4 27 WA 4.C.7 Promote greater protection of Kauaʻi’s native flora and fauna biodiversity by reducing the threats of invasive species: a. rapidly identify and address invasive species on County lands and coordinate with other public and private landowners to control sources of invasive species. b. Track invasive species and focus attention on the most damaging, persistent, and emerging invasive species from other islands in Hawai‘i that have not yet become established on Kauaʻi. c. Collaborate with State and local partners, such as the Kaua’i Invasive Species Committee, on comprehensive biosecurity strategies at ports of entry to prevent invasive species, such as the mongoose, from spreading to Kaua’i. d. Support State, County, and non-profit organization efforts to control invasive species, identify and address invasive species on County lands, and coordinate with other public and private landowners to control sources of invasive species through the work of DLNR, the Hawai‘i Invasive Species Council (HISC), the Kauaʻi Invasive Species Committee (KISC), the Kauaʻi Watershed Alliance (KWA), and others. e. Increase public awareness of specific invasive species threats through both targeted and wide-scale campaigns, as appropriate to the nature and geographic extent of individual threats. Focus attention on what is at stake and whom to contact for invasive species detection. state dlnr 4 28 WA 4.C.8 Acquire shoreline areas that could serve as refugia for species impacted by sea level rise or areas that could be appropriate sites for coastal habitat creation or restoration. state dlnr 4 29 WA 4.C.9 Utilize conservation easements and partnerships with land trusts to acquire natural areas and promote mitigation banking. state dlnr 4 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 427 30 WA 4.C.10 Promote protection, restoration, and identification of critical habitats for our native, threatened, and endangered flora and fauna through the following actions: a. Regularly evaluate and update a database listing environmental resource sites. b. Identify specific areas of habitat across the island that are in need of more heightened protection and/ or restoration. c. Protect and restore existing wetlands that serve as critical habitats for existing species. d. Require developers and land-users to provide a protection buffer around existing habitats and wetlands. e. Encourage more reforestation and native flora outplantings across the island to help increase and enhance habitats. f. Preserve and establish connectivity between existing habitats and critical areas of interest. state dlnr 4 31 WA 4.C.11 Ensure adequate inspection and review of shipments that may contain invasive species.state doA 4 32 WA 4.C.12 In schools, develop programs that improve education and awareness of: a. The role of native species and the importance of biodiversity in Hawai‘i. b. Projects that support the prevention and eradication of invasive species, and the protection and conservation of threatened and endangered species and habitats. state doe 4 33 WA 4.C.13 protect endangered species through programs, including but not limited to the Mānā Plain Wetland Restoration Project, Kīlauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, Kauaʻi Endangered Seabird Recovery Project, and Kauaʻi Forest Bird Recovery Project. state dlnr 4 34 ho 1.D.1 Provide the highest level of housing and community development assistance through partnerships and non-profit organizations such as a Community Land trust. housing 5 35 ho 2.D.1 Support programs that facilitate infill development and economic revitalization of town cores.planning 6 36 ho 2.d.2 Collaborate with the State to review and streamline infill development projects.housing 6 37 ho 3.B.1 Work with the State Office of Planning to explore large-scale state land use redistricting consistent with the general plan and updated Community plans. planning 7 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 428 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 38 ho 3.B.2 Enter into public/private partnerships to move forward development in new communities, especially in Līhuʻe, South Kauaʻi, and Kīlauea. Mayor’s Office / planning 7 39 ho 3.B.3 Leverage market-rate development to support long-term affordable housing through inclusionary zoning and other tools. housing 7 40 ho 5.D.1 respect and support the mission of dhhl to prioritize planning for their beneficiaries.state dhhl 9 41 ho 6.C.1 Provide and anticipate increasing services to the elderly and their caregivers, including access to transit, nutrition services, fitness programs, and personal care. housing 10 42 ho 7.D.1 Support the development and expansion of shelters to increase temporary housing for the houseless and other at-risk populations. housing 11 43 ho 7.D.2 the Mayor and the County housing Agency shall work with the State of Hawai‘i Department of Human Services and nonprofit community to implement a robust Housing First program that provides 24/7 wraparound services and makes available transitional and permanent housing for all houseless persons who desire such housing. housing 11 44 ho 7.D.3 identify partnership opportunities with landowners and community organizations to accommodate sheltering and transitional housing needs for houseless populations and people with disabilities. housing 11 45 ho 7.D.4 Develop a coordinated, integrated system of services that facilitates entry, offers wraparound services, and supports system exit when appropriate. housing 11 46 ho 7.D.5 Provide transportation to enable the houseless to access services (offer rides, bus vouchers, pay as you go card, or other options). transportation 11 47 ho 7.D.6 Support rehabilitation programs for the houseless.housing 11 48 ho 7.D.7 Prioritize resources for houseless families with children, youth, women, veterans, and people with disabilities. housing 11 49 LT 1.D.1 Improve the process of collaboration with HDOT to involve both the County and State in planning, scoping, design, and funding of transportation plans and projects. Planning/Public Works 13 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 429 50 LT 1.D.2 In collaboration with HDOT, develop a process to apply “least cost planning” and “practical design” into transportation planning and projects with a focus on congestion management for Kūhiō Highway and Kaumuali‘i Highway. Select a pilot project to test the process and outcomes. Planning/Public Works 13 51 LT 1.D.3 restructure the transportation Coordinating Committee as a working group with representatives from Kauaʻi County Long Range Planning, the County’s Transportation Planner, Public Works Engineering, Capital Improvement Program Manager, transportation Agency, and hdot. Planning/Public Works 13 52 LT 1.D.4 Identify and actively seek non-County revenue sources (Federal, State, and private) to supplement County funding of the transportation network). Planning/Public Works/transportation 13 53 LT 1.D.5 enhance community partnerships for roadway maintenance (including landscaping) and education of all roadway users. Public Works 13 54 LT 1.D.6 Continue to support the Built Environment Task Force of Get Fit Kauaʻi as a primary venue for public discussion of funding and implementing our land transportation system. transportation 13 55 LT 1.D.7 Regularly evaluate and update Council-determined land transportation user fees, such as bus fares, registration, and fuel and vehicle weight tax rates. transportation / County Council 13 56 LT 2.C.1 Improve systems, communcations, and resources so that County projects funded by the state Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) are completed on schedule. transportation 14 57 lt 2.C.2 secure resources and partnerships for maintenance of County roadways.Mayor’s Office 14 58 LT 3.D.1 Expand the bulk bus pass program to generate transit revenue and encourage ridership.transportation 15 59 LT 3.D.2 Coordinate with hdot to incorporate transit stops and pullouts on State Highway projects where needed. transportation 15 60 LT 3.D.3 Work with State and Federal agencies and local employers to establish a dedicated funding source for transit. transportation 15 61 LT 3.D.4 Partner with HDOT to design bus stops on rural highways.transportation 15 62 LT 3.D.5 Develop a transit-ready development pilot project on state lands pursuant to the State Transit Oriented Development Strategic Plan. transportation 15 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 430 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 63 LT 3.D.6 Provide housing adjacent to transit stops, with a special focus on transit hubs.planning 15 64 LT 4.B.1 Continue a robust Safe Routes to School Program with engineering, encouragement, education, Enforcement, and Evaluation. Public Works 16 65 LT 4.B.2 Complete priority pedestrian projects as identified in Community plans and other studies.Public Works 16 66 LT 4.B.3 Work with HDOT to identify and implement appropriate pedestrian crossings on state highways.Public Works 16 67 LT 4.B.4 Develop a Safe Routes to Parks program to identify priority pedestrian improvements within neighborhoods to parks. Public Works 16 68 LT 5.D.1 Work with HDOT to have adequate and safe bicycle facilities on all State Highways, including bridges.Public Works 17 69 LT 5.D.2 Leverage Federal funding to complete bicycle and pedestrian access improvements on Kīlauea Road to Kīlauea Point National Wildlife Refuge. Public Works 17 70 LT 5.D.3 Prepare a bikeshare feasibility study and implement a bikeshare program.Public Works 17 71 LT 5.D.4 Continue to support bicycle safety and education programs in collaboration with community partners.Public Works 17 72 LT 6.B.1 Establish staff resources and funding for Countywide parking enforcement.police 18 73 LT 6.B.2 Work with State agencies to address the parking impact at beaches and other State-owned parks and scenic areas such as Kē’ē Beach. planning/ economic Development 18 74 LT 6.B.3 Work with employers and resort areas to establish parking management strategies that incentivize mode shift. transportation 18 75 LT 6.B.4 Consider the establishment of parking districts in town centers.transportation 18 76 CI 1.C.1 Encourage water conservation at the individual, business, and municipal levels.Water 19 77 CI 1.C.2 Collaborate with community groups on cooperative approaches to water management.Water 19 78 CI 2.D.1 Reduce the number of cesspools through septic conversion or through connection to a new or existing regional wastewater system. Water 20 79 Ci 2.d.2 Institute best practices for diverting and reusing wastewater.Water 20 80 CI 4.B.1 support doBor with master planning and acquiring funding for expansion and maintenance of all small boat harbors. Parks & Recreation 22 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 431 81 CI 4.B.2 Update the Līhuʻe Airport Master Plan and address capacity issues.state dot 22 82 CI 4.B.3 Collaborate with HDOT Airports Division in the implementation of the tAM.state dot 22 83 CI 4.B.4 Collaborate with HDOT Airports Division and other agencies in future planning of land uses at Burns Field in port Allen as a part of the Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele Community plan. planning 22 84 Cl 4.B.5 Support HDOT – Harbors Division to implement and update the Kaua‘i Commercial Harbors 2025 Master Plan. planning 22 85 SS 1.D.1 Foster civic engagement in town centers through placemaking activities.planning 23 86 SS 1.D.2 Conduct community events that bring people together.All 23 87 SS 1.D.3 Activate and revitalize public spaces with artwork, programs, and performances.economic Development 23 88 SS 1.D.4 Use underutilized public space as venues for creative expression.Public Works 23 89 SS 2.D.1 expand the County’s park stewardship agreement program.Parks & Recreation 24 90 ss 2.d.2 Explore alternative sources of funding for priority park improvements, such as crowdfunding and community initiatives or collaborations. Parks & Recreation 24 91 SS 2.D.3 implement programs for beach and dune restoration, especially at beach parks experiencing erosion such as Po’ipū Beach Park. Parks & Recreation 24 92 SS 2.D.4 encourage expansion of programs and legislation supporting septic systems in place of cesspools located within 200 feet of a shoreline, perennial stream, or wetland. Public Works 24 93 SS 3.C.1 explore expansion of the Nā Ala Hele trail system, especially in planning districts without formal trails.Parks & Recreation 25 94 SS 4.A.1 implement the Waimea Canyon, Kōke’e, and Hā’ena State Park Master Plans.State Parks 26 95 SS 4.A.2 Complete master planning for russian Fort, polihale, and Wailua River State Parks.State Parks 26 96 SS 4.A.3 Support adequate funding and staffing for capital improvements, including maintenance and enforcement for public parks, trails, and recreation areas. State Parks 26 97 SS 4.A.4 Improve and coordinate infrastructure and transportation to reduce visitor impacts.State Parks 26 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 432 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 98 eC 1.D.1 Provide visitors with a unique, positive, culturally-rich, and safe experience on Kauaʻi. Encourage cultural sensitivity and cultural exchange. economic Development 27 99 eC 1.D.2 Develop alternative transportation options for visitors, including shuttles and car sharing, to reduce visitor impact on our roads, highways, and scenic places. transportation/ economic Development 27 100 eC 1.D.3 Establish a County tax on rental cars to fund alternative transportation options for visitors.Mayor’s Office / County Council 27 101 eC 1.D.4 lift the cap on existing transient Accommodation tax (TAT) funds distributed by the State to Counties, thus increasing the allocation to Kauaʻi for services and infrastructure. Mayor’s Office/ County Council 27 102 eC 1.D.5 Develop and promote community programs that reinforce the unique sense of place of communities, such as those with historical and cultural significance. economic Development 27 103 eC 1.D.6 encourage more use of Native Hawaiian place names and increase understanding of the meanings.planning 27 104 eC 1.D.7 Encourage tourism that provides eco-friendly and educational experiences, products, and services; leverages and supports local business and agriculture; relies less on cars; and embraces the rich historic and cultural foundation upon which Kaua‘i’s communities were built. economic Development 27 105 eC 1.D.8 Attract new employees, especially local residents, to the visitor industry to ensure an available, well-qualified workforce. economic Development 27 106 eC 1.D.9 Train the visitor workforce in understanding Kauaʻi’s local culture.economic Development 27 107 eC 1.D.10 encourage the visitor industry, airlines, and the growing cruise line industry, to buy and promote Kauaʻi products and support businesses on Kauaʻi. economic Development 27 108 eC 1.D.11 Increase use of renewable fuel sources and support carbon offset programs and incentives for passengers traveling to and from Kauaʻi. economic Development 27 109 eC 2.D.1 expand commercial agriculture, attract new agricultural support- and value-added industries, and promote locally-grown commodity sales. economic Development 28 110 eC 2.d.2 Increase small-scale diversified farming, including, but not limited to, fruits and vegetables, building materials, medicinal plants, aquaculture, apiaries, flowers, and livestock. economic Development 28 111 eC 2.D.3 expand aquaculture and livestock farming.economic Development 28 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 433 112 eC 2.D.4 Improve water access and infrastructure for agricultural purposes.Water 28 113 eC 2.D.5 Support regional agricultural parks and centers.planning 28 114 eC 2.D.6 support commercial agricultural producers with agricultural cooperative extension services, marketing, and business development. Market agriculture and food products within Kauaʻi and to out-of-state markets. economic Development 28 115 eC 2.D.7 prepare youth for future careers in diversified agriculture and aquaculture, with additional emphasis on business skills. economic Development 28 116 eC 2.D.8 Provide incentives and opportunities for agricultural housing, jobs, training, processing/transport of goods, and other needs. Expand direct financial and tax assistance to agricultural enterprises. economic Development 28 117 eC 2.D.9 Review legislation impacting agriculture on Kauaʻi. Coordinate position statements with the Kauaʻi Community College, the Farm Bureau, and other agricultural interest groups. economic Development 28 118 eC 2.D.10 Clarify the reclassification incentive provided through designation of important Agricultural lands (iAl).planning 28 119 eC 2.D.11 support education and cooperation relating to protection of native birds and protecting the right to farm. planning 28 120 eC 3.D.1 Build the capacity of all businesses and increase the skills and readiness of Kauaʻi’s students and workforce. economic Development 29 121 eC 3.D.2 Invest in opportunity industries that can diversify Kauaʻi’s economy and provide living wages.economic Development 29 122 eC 3.D.3 Promote cross-sector linkages between Kauaʻi’s anchor and opportunity industries to grow the market for local products and services. economic Development 29 123 eC 3.D.4 Support initiatives and programs to revitalize town centers and increase demand for local-serving businesses. economic Development 29 124 eC 3.D.5 Provide business planning assistance, career planning, entrepreneurial training, incubation, and assistance with permitting, licensing, and regulatory issues. economic Development 29 125 eC 3.D.6 Expand offerings for mentorship, networking, and affordable workspaces.economic Development 29 126 eC 3.D.7 Support programs and initiatives that encourage manufacturing and support Kauaʻi’s small-scale independent manufacturers. economic Development 29 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 434 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 127 eC 3.D.8 Strengthen market linkages between the tourism industry and Kauaʻi made products such as fashion, food, and music. economic Development 29 128 eC 3.D.9 Expand opportunities for innovation and tech-based businesses.economic Development 29 129 eC 3.D.10 Increase access to capital for small businesses and start-ups.economic Development 29 130 eC 3.D.11 Educate businesses on financial planning and funding sources for hazard preparedness and recovery, including insurance options for business interruption, natural disasters, and other unexpected occurrences. economic Development 29 131 hr 1.D.1 Support partnerships between the County of Kaua‘i, KHPRC, the public, and various historical and archaeological organizations to preserve important historic buildings and structures that illuminate Kauaʻi’s history. planning 30 132 hr 1.D.2 Establish a low-interest revolving loan fund for rehabilitation of historic properties.planning/County Council 30 133 hr 1.D.3 Develop a County of Kaua‘i standard operating procedure (sop) for engaging with shpd and the “Section 106” and/or “HRS 6E” processes. Implement the SOP to improve interagency coordination and communication between SHPD and the applicable County, state, and Federal agencies. planning 30 134 hr 2.D.1 Work with the State Historic Preservation Division and KHPRC to educate landowners about the historic preservation review process. shpd 31 135 hr 2.d.2 promote County and community partnerships to preserve and raise awareness about traditional cultural places. economic Development 31 136 hr 2.D.3 increase community awareness and stewardship of Kauaʻi’s historic and cultural resources.planning 31 137 hr 2.D.4 Enhance the Hawaiian sense of place by promoting understanding of moku and ahuapua’a land divisions. Recognize and preserve the unique natural and cultural characteristics of each moku and ahupua‘a. planning 31 138 hr 2.D.5 Seek to create community managed subsistence areas, also known as kīpuka, in every ahupua’a, in the tradition of kīpuka at Kē’ē and Waipā. state dlnr 31 139 hr 2.D.6 Commence a collaborative planning effort to explore options that would make it possible to preserve the irreplaceable natural and cultural resources of Māhā‘ulepū and to sustain the special experiences of this place. planning 31 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 435 140 hr 2.D.7 During the “Section 106” and “HRS 6E” review processes, utilize cultural practitioners and community authorities on historic preservation to serve an advisory function and provide guidance on heritage and cultural issues. planning 31 141 hr 2.D.8 Implement tax breaks and support programs to prevent foreclosures on kuleana lands caused by failure to pay taxes. Finance / County Council 31 142 hr 3.D.1 support the hawai‘i scenic Byways program.Public Works 32 143 hr 3.D.1 Support the Kauaʻi open space Commission in identifying and acquiring priority open space areas.planning 32 144 ES 1.D.1 Support the Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) and private initiatives for solar, biomass, hydro, and other clean energy production types. KiuC 33 145 ES 1.D.2 identify sites where new renewable energy facilities might be co-located with other land uses.KiuC 33 146 ES 1.D.3 Continue regular monitoring of the amount of Kauaʻi’s energy production that is from fuel produced on the island. KiuC 33 147 ES 1.D.4 Support State and Federal efforts to price carbon, such as a carbon tax or fee and dividend programs.KiuC 33 148 ES 2.D.1 Share best practices regarding climate planning, including support for system-wide carbon fees or taxes at the state or national level. Mayor’s Office 34 149 es 2.d.2 Meet emissions reductions goals through partnerships within the electricity, transportation, tourism, agriculture, waste, and small business sectors. Collaborate to establish short term, intermediate, and long term (2050) emissions reduction targets in ground transportation, electricity, air transportation/tourism, and consumption and materials management. Mayor’s Office 34 150 ES 2.D.3 Increase the availability of information about buildings that are energy-efficient (e.g., with solar hot water, green building designs and materials, and KiuC’s household energy audit) around the island for both the residential and commercial sectors. Mayor’s Office 34 151 ES 2.D.4 Support the expansion of electric vehicle charging station infrastructure at strategically accessible locations along the main highway and other major thoroughfares. Public Works 34 152 PS 1.C.1 support the state and County’s coordinated response system to wildfires.Fire / state dlnr 35 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 436 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 153 PS 1.C.2 Implement and update the Kauaʻi Community Wildfire Protection Plan.Fire 35 154 PS 1.C.3 Strengthen hazard monitoring systems, such as stream flow and river gauges.Emergency Management 35 155 PS 1.C.4 Participate in quarterly disaster response training and exercises.Emergency Management 35 156 PS 2.D.1 Designate evacuation routes, critical facility access routes, and public shelters in cooperation with local communities. Encourage storage of food and water in communities in order to encourage local recovery. Emergency Management 36 157 PS 2.D.2 Encourage the integration of agricultural planning and coordination into disaster risk management to improve local food security, sustainability, and community resilience to hazards. Emergency Management 36 158 PS 2.D.3 Plan for maintenance of critical facilities and infrastructure in the event of a hazard. Identify mitigation opportunities in utility service plans and implementation resources. Public Works 36 159 PS 2.D.4 Improve public awareness materials distributed by the County through periodic updating with the best available data and maps. Planning/ Emergency Management 36 160 PS 2.D.5 Enhance channels to the community by distributing materials at outreach and community events, via online and printed media, discussion on radio and news media, and by incorporating into the process of community resilience planning. Emergency Management 36 161 PS 2.D.6 Improve data gathering and accounting for risk and vulnerability assessments for wind, droughts, and wildfires. Emergency Management 36 162 PS 2.D.7 In assessing telecommunications vulnerabilities and planning pre-disaster preparedness measures, consult with the Utility Disaster Preparedness and Response Group for advice and recommendations. Emergency Management 36 163 PS 2.D.8 Utilize local communications networks, community organizations, and local information sharing modes, both traditional and new (such as social media), to disseminate warning, response, and preparedness information. Include local communications strategies in resilience plans. Emergency Management 36 164 PS 2.D.9 Ensure that existing designated shelter and critical services are built or retrofitted to withstand projected hazard scenarios. Incentivize and encourage residents and hotels to integrate hardened shelters into their structures. Emergency Management 36 # Label Action Lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 437 165 ps 2.D.10 Reduce “flash fuels” such as dry vegetation in high use areas and encourage vegetation clearing and clean-up programs. state dlnr doFAW 36 166 ps 2.D.11 Assess the need for specialized accommodations at shelter facilities to improve accessibility for special needs groups and pet owners. emergency Management 36 167 ps 2.D.12 ensure the capacities of shelters, infrastructure, and critical facilities can accommodate the population exposed to catastrophic events according to recent census numbers, projected growth models, and projected hazard scenarios. emergency Management 36 168 ps 2.D.13 Support the development of a Common Operational picture, which incorporates real-time asset status tracking for Emergency Management. emergency Management 36 169 PS 3.D.1 Work with the State Department of Land and Natural resources (DLNR) to ensure conservation lands have appropriate vegetative ground cover to prevent soil erosion, including native and non-native plant species appropriate for Pu‘u Ka Pele and Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve locations. state dlnr 37 170 PS 3.D.2 ensure consistent public access to communications, warning systems, roads, and infrastructure in remote areas in the event of a hazard. emergency Management 37 171 PS 3.D.3 Consider incentive programs, such as a tax incentive program or a transfer of developments rights program, to relocate potential or existing development out of hazardous or sensitive areas. Consider creating a relocation fund through increased development fees, in lieu fees, or other funding mechanisms. planning/Finance 37 172 oh 1.D.1 Ensure low-income students receive quality public education through strategies including comprehensive, place-based cradle-to-career initiatives. state doe 38 173 oh 1.D.2 support reform to school disciplinary policies to keep youth in school and on track to graduate.state doe 38 174 oh 1.D.3 Partner with Kauaʻi Community College for workforce development and training programs and apprenticeships. Kauaʻi Community College 38 175 oh 1.D.4 Foster racially and economically integrated neighborhoods.planning 38 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 438 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 176 oh 1.D.5 Require applicants to demonstrate knowledge of hawaiian land and water laws as a prerequisite for licensing or professional registration with state boards and commissions that license professions relating to transfer of land ownership or land development. These include the real estate Commission, Board of registration for professional Engineers, Architects, Surveyors, and Landscape Architects. state CWrM 38 177 oh 2.C.1 treat schools as community resources for learning about specialized environmental, cultural, and historic subjects pertinent to Kauaʻi. state doe 39 178 oh 2.C.2 support community use of schools during non-school hours, such as recreational centers, meeting facilities, and emergency shelters. state doe 39 179 oh 2.C.3 design school facilities to facilitate community use during non-school hours.state doe 39 180 oh 2.C.4 Retrofit existing facilities and design and construct new schools to serve as hurricane shelters.state doe 39 181 oh 2.C.5 Support the Keiki to Career Kauaʻi programs and activities.state doe 39 182 oh 2.C.6 Continue and expand the safe routes to school program to encourage healthy, safe, and active living.Public Works 39 183 oh 2.C.7 Support increased enrollment at Kauaʻi Community College and the development of supportive housing, transportation, and facilities for students, staff, and faculty at the puhi campus. Kauaʻi Community College 39 184 oh 2.C.8 Support both public and private educational programs that emphasize the hawaiian language and Native Hawaiian culture, science, and practices. state doe 39 185 oh 3.D.1 implement and update the State Physical Activity and Nutrition Plan.state doh 40 186 oh 3.D.2 support pilot programs for community gardens and nutrition education programs.economic Development 40 187 oh 3.D.3 Provide anti-tobacco education in schools.state doe 40 188 oh 3.D.4 Increase access to programs that provide reproductive health and family planning education and services. state doh 40 189 oh 3.D.5 support programs to increase participation in vaccination, disease screening, and early detection and management of chronic disease, such as the “Better Choices, Better Health” Program. state doh 40 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix g – ACtion MAtrix | APPENDICES 439 190 oh 3.D.6 Support healthy food options in underserved communities by: a. Increasing the visibility of healthy food in stores, particularly those that accept supplemental nutritional Assistance program (snAp) and electronic benefit transfer (EBT) purchases. b. Allowing the use of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits at farmers markets. c. encouraging fast-food restaurants to offer healthy options and improve labeling. d. increasing access to nutritional counseling. e. Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. f. eliminating the general excise tax on purchases of fresh fruits and vegetables. state doh 40 191 oh 3.D.7 Support programs that improve Kauaʻi’s ability to respond to and recover from public health threats such as infectious disease and mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. state doh 40 192 oh 3.D.8 Anticipate and plan for the health impacts of climate change.state doh 40 193 oh 3.D.9 Increase access to mental health services and the availability of mental health providers.state doh 40 194 oh 3.D.10 support the Malama i na pua health and wellness program for Native Hawaiian youth.state doh 40 195 oh 4.D.1 Inventory and improve hunting access to Forest Reserves and government trails.state dlnr 41 196 oh 4.D.2 Seek funding for trail acquisition, development, and maintenance through the Nā Ala Hele Program and the hawai‘i tourism Authority. Parks & Recreation / State Parks 41 197 oh 4.D.3 Focus trail acquisition in areas with a low number of public trails compared to the population, including South Kauaʻi, Līhuʻe, Anahola, and Hanapēpē-‘ele‘ele. state dlnr 41 198 oh 4.D.4 Improve public access to landlocked State land that is managed by DOFAW. Increase recreational opportunities in these areas. state dlnr 41 199 oh 4.D.5 Use surfing reserves to protect access to surf breaks, improve parking for surfers at key surf destinations, and provide appropriate signage. state dlnr 41 200 oh 4.D.6 Increase opportunities for access to subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering.state dlnr 41 201 oh 4.D.7 Manage lateral shoreline access concerns, including vegetation that encroaches on the beach transit corridor. state dlnr 41 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #online Version ONLINE VERSION 440 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 202 oh 4.D.8 Develop more ATV, motorcycle, and mountain bicycling facilities so such activity is focused in areas not vulnerable to environmental damage. state dlnr 41 203 oh 4.D.9 Develop a public shooting range.state dlnr 41 204 oh 4.D.10 Promote access with kuleana through stewardship agreements, work days, jobs, and other means, to engage community members in caretaking. state dlnr 41 #Label Action lead Agency Objective #ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 441 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES KAUA‘I GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PREPARED BY: SSFM INTERNATIONAL, INC. 501 SUMNER STREET, SUITE 620 | HONOLULU, HI 96817 FINAL SEPTEMBER 2015 APPENDIX H – ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES online Version ONLINE VERSION 442 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 443 TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE AND HOW TO USE THIS PAPER GLOSSARY OF HAWAIIAN WORDS AND PHRASES ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 KAUA‘I KĀKOU: SUSTAINABILITY, STEWARDSHIP, AND RESILIENCE ....................................................... 3 3.0 GROWTH MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE .......................................................................................... 9 4.0 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................. 19 5.0 AGRICULTURAL LANDS ..................................................................................................................... 25 6.0 TOURISM ......................................................................................................................................... 31 7.0 OPEN SPACE ..................................................................................................................................... 35 8.0 AFFORDABLE AND WORKFORCE HOUSING ....................................................................................... 39 9.0 NATURAL HAZARDS AND CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................... 45 10.0 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC SERVICES ....................................................................................... 55 11.0 MULTIMODAL LAND TRANSPORTATION .......................................................................................... 67 12.0 ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................... 73 13.0 COMMUNITY HEALTH .................................................................................................................... 79 14.0 CULTURAL AND HERITAGE RESOURCES ........................................................................................... 85 15.0 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION ............................................................ 89 16.0 PARKS AND RECREATION ................................................................................................................ 99 17.0 GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS AND FISCAL MANAGEMENT ............................................................ 103 18.0 OVERARCHING THEMES ............................................................................................................... 107 online Version ONLINE VERSION 444 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 445 PURPOSE AND HOW TO USE THIS PAPER This Issues and OpportuniƟes Paper is prepared under Phase 2 of the contract to update the Kaua‘i General Plan (GP). This issue paper was prepared by SSFM InternaƟonal, Inc. under the guidance of the County of Kaua‘i Planning Department. This paper incorporates data and informaƟon contained in the following technical reports prepared for the GP update: •PBR Hawai‘i & Associates, Inc. May 2015. Final Land Use Buildout Analysis. •County of Kaua‘i Important Agriculture Land Study. December 2014. •University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program. June 2014. Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment. •County of Kaua‘i Built Environment Task Force. February 2015. EvaluaƟon of Public Health Policies in the General Plan 2000. •SMS Research & MarkeƟng Services, Inc. February 2014. Kaua‘i General Plan Update: Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts. •R.M. Towill, 2015. General Plan Update Kaua‘i Infrastructure Analysis. •Kaua‘i Community Health Needs Assessment. July 2013. •Kaua‘i Community Health Improvement Plan. June 2014. •County of Kaua‘i, Infrastructure & Public FaciliƟes Needs Assessment Study (DraŌ). Group 70 InternaƟonal. August 2014. Many other plans and documents were analyzed for the purpose of this paper. Such plans are listed in the “Resources” secƟon within each topic area. The Issues and OpportuniƟes Paper addresses the key policy areas that fall within the scope of the Kaua‘i General Plan. Its purpose is to idenƟfy overarching themes, issues, and opportuniƟes under each policy topic to inform the planning and public engagement process. The “Document Change Control Chart” below will track changes from draŌ to nal versions. The issues and opportuniƟes will be carried forth into the community engagement process for further veƫng and discussion. DOCUMENT CHANGE CONTROL CHART Date Version # Author(s) Revision DescripƟon May 12, 2015 1.0 SSFM InternaƟonal First DraŌ July 14, 2015 2.0 SSFM InternaƟonal Incorporated comments provided by the County Planning Department on June 22, 2015 August 27, 2015 3.0 SSFM InternaƟonal Incorporated comments provided by the County Planning Department on August 17, 2015 September 10, 2015 FINAL SSFM InternaƟonal Incorporated nal revisions provided by the County Planning Department on September 7, 2015 online Version ONLINE VERSION 446 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 447 GLOSSARY OF HAWAIIAN WORDS AND PHRASES The following list provides Hawaiian words and phrases, and their corresponding deni�ons, used throughout this document. The transla�ons are borrowed, and adapted as necessary, from Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, available online at h�p://wehewehe.org/. Ahupua‘a – Land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea, so called because the boundary was marked by a heap (ahu) of stones surmounted by an image of a pig (Puaʻa), or because a pig or other tribute was laid on the altar as tax to the Chief Aloha – affec�on, compassion for others Kākou – we (inclusive, three or more), ours, promotes synergy when developing solu�ons and alterna�ves Keiki – child/children Kuleana – right, privilege, concern, responsibility Kūpuna – elders Lōkahi – collabora�on or teamwork, unity, agreement Mālama ʻāina – to care for the land, stewardship of the land Mālama pono – taking care Pali - cliff online Version ONLINE VERSION 448 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 449 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS The following list provides the acronyms, abbreviaƟons, and their corresponding deniƟons used throughout this document and is formaƩed in alphabeƟcal order. ADA Americans with DisabiliƟes Act ADC Agribusiness Development CorporaƟon AMI Area Median Income B&B’s Bed & Breakfast CEDS Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy CAC Community Advisory CommiƩee CHII Community Health Improvement IniƟaƟve CHNA Community Health Needs Assessment CIP Capital Improvement Program CNG Compressed Natural Gas CWRM Commission on Water Resource Management CZM Coastal Zone Management CZO Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance DBEDT Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism DHHL Department of Hawaiian Home Lands DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources DOFAW Division of Forestry and Wildlife DOH Department of Health DOW Department of Water EA Environmental Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement ENSO El Nino Southern OscillaƟon EPA Environmental ProtecƟon Agency EPAC Energy Plan Advisory CommiƩee GIS Geographic InformaƟon System GMO GeneƟcally Modied Organisms GET General Excise Tax GP General Plan gpd Gallons Per Day gwh GigawaƩ Hour online Version ONLINE VERSION 450 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN THE Housing, TransportaƟon, Electricity IAL Important Agricultural Lands ICAC Interagency Climate AdaptaƟon CommiƩee ICAP Island Climate AdaptaƟon Policy IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISWMP Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan ITS Intelligent TransportaƟon System IWS Individual Wastewater Systems KEDB Kaua‘i Economic Development Board KESRP Kaua‘i Endangered Seabird Recovery Project KESP Kaua‘i Energy Sustainability Plan KISC Kaua‘i Invasive Species CommiƩee KIUC Kaua‘i Island UƟlity CooperaƟve KPAA Kaua‘i Planning and AcƟon Alliance KWA Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance LRTP Long Range TransportaƟon Plan MGD Million Gallons per Day MLTP Kaua‘i MulƟmodal Land TransportaƟon Plan NAICS North American Industry ClassicaƟon System NOAA NaƟonal Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministraƟon NETS NaƟonal Establishment Time Series PDR Purchase of Development Rights PHEV Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle SHPD State Historic PreservaƟon Division SLR Sea Level Rise SMA Special Management Area SPA Special Planning Areas SVO Straight Vegetable Oil TDR Transfer of Development Rights USDA United States Department of Agriculture VDA Visitor DesƟnaƟon Areas VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 451 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION This Issues and Opportuni�es Paper addresses the following policy areas outlined in the contract for the Update of the Kaua‘i General Plan, which is the guiding policy document for the County that describes the vision and policy guidance for Kaua‘i over the next 20 years. Each of these topics will be addressed in the public engagement process and in the resul�ng General Plan: 1)Kauaʻi Kākou 2)Growth Management and Land Use 3)Economic Development 4)Agricultural Lands 5)Tourism 6)Open Space 7)Affordable and Workforce Housing 8)Climate Change and Natural Hazards 9)Infrastructure and Public Services 10)Mul�modal Land Transporta�on 11)Energy 12)Public Health 13)Cultural and Heritage Resources 14)Natural Resource Management and Conserva�on 15)Parks and Recrea�on 16)Government Opera�ons and Fiscal Management For each policy area, this paper addresses the following ques�ons: •What are the primary issues? •What opportuni�es exist for the General Plan to address these issues? •How was this topic addressed in the 2000 General Plan? •What are the implica�ons for the General Plan planning process? •What exis�ng plans and policy documents address this topic? “Issues” may take the form of gaps in exis�ng policies or plans, condi�ons that pose a challenge to the General Plan vision, or ma�ers that impact a variety of topics in complex ways. “Opportuni�es” are the strengths that Kaua‘i has to build upon, and that may help in resolving “Issues.” These may include physical assets; community capital; or poten�al access to new technologies, design, or resources. “How this Topic was Addressed in the 2000 General Plan” describes how the topic was included and organized; whether the topic requires upda�ng or is mostly intact; whether there is sufficient data available to dra� the Chapter, and if not, where or how that informa�on will be generated. “Implica�ons for the Planning Process” are those areas that the General Plan may seek to address within its scope. It includes an iden�ca�on of gaps in available informa�on and needs in order to address the topic in the GP update. “Resources” reference exis�ng plans and policy documents consulted on each topic. Key overarching themes that were iden�ed based on the literature review of the technical papers are described in Chapter 18, and related back to the sixteen topics in the GP contract. online Version ONLINE VERSION 452 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 453 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 3 2.0 KAUA‘I KĀKOU: SUSTAINABILITY, STEWARDSHIP, AND RESILIENCE 2.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Sustainability, stewardship of the environment, food self-sufficiency, and community resilience were the most prominent themes that emerged from the early stages of the community engagement process for the General Plan Update. For the purposes of this discussion, sustainability, food self-sufficiency, stewardship, and resilience are corollaries that t together under the unifying theme of the General Plan Update: Kaua‘i Kākou. Each is discussed in turn below. Sustainability The most important issue that Kaua‘i residents iden�ed during the GP Update process can be encapsulated in the term “sustainability.” Some models of sustainability posit that environmental, economic, and social well-being represent three equal legs of a stool, and that without one, the others cannot stand on their own. It was found during the community mee�ngs for the GP Update that this model does not adequately capture Kaua’i’s vision of sustainability. Rather, what was repeatedly men�oned was that the natural environment forms the all-important basis for social and economic well-being, to create a nested rela�onship (see diagram at right). Care for and access to public trust resources (water, beaches, coastal areas, special places) is a par�cular theme. Residents recognize that a sustainable economy requires increased self-reliance for food and energy and other basic resources. This means each individual taking the responsibility to reduce their ecological footprint in their own lifestyle and land use. It means making water use sustainable, and environmental protec�on effec�ve. It means dealing with wastewater and solid waste issues and seeking to reduce, recycle and reuse. Hawaiian concepts of kuleana (responsibility by all), malama pono (taking care), and aloha (affec�on, compassion for others) add further meaning to the “triple bo�om line” of environmental, societal, and economic well-being. Sustainable development requires a commitment to social equity. This includes the fair distribu�on of, and access to, resources. Economic well-being begins with the individuals in a society being able to thrive, that is, it depends on safe and secure housing, and access to educa�on and healthcare as well as to employment. As discussed in the Housing, Transporta�on, and Economic Development sec�ons that follow later in this document, Kaua‘i faces signicant challenges in realizing these goals. These include: The environment provides the foundaƟon for sustainable community, which supports a sustainable economy. Nature Society Economy online Version ONLINE VERSION 454 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 4 •Lack of sufficient funding for infrastructure, community development and affordable housing •Popula�on growth and development sprawl •Communi�es designed for car travel •Inadequate bike and pedestrian facili�es to make these realis�c alterna�ves to driving •High cost of living, especially the combined costs of housing, transportation and electricity •Inated land values Environmental Stewardship Kaua‘i’s natural environment is broadly recognized as its greatest asset, the source of the scenic beauty, fer�le land, and rainfall that has earned Kaua‘i its moniker as “The Garden Island.” The concepts of malama ‘āina and ahupua‘a management are invoked as principles of proper environmental stewardship for the island. Yet, natural and biological resources are challenged by various forces including climate change, private interests, pollu�on, runoff, habitat altera�on, and introduced and invasive species, overuse, among many others. Many organiza�ons on Kaua‘i are working toward preserving and restoring na�ve habitats, protec�ng and stewarding water resources, and maintaining coastal areas. There are opportuni�es for the GP Update to include recommenda�ons that harness and build upon these efforts. Food Self-Sufficiency Food self-sufficiency is a priority that has been iden�ed in State and County level plans and policies, including the Kaua‘i Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (2010), and the Aloha+ Challenge (2014). Hawaii used to be an exporter of agricultural products, but now over 85 - 90% of food consumed locally is imported (Hollier, 2015; Leunga and Lokeb, 2008). Based on a current popula�on of approximately 70,000 people, about 21,158 acres of land in food produc�on would be required to a�ain food self-sufficiency (Dra� Important Agricultural Lands Study, 2014). Thirty-nine percent or 53,547 acres of Kaua‘i’s lands meet all the criteria of Act 183 (SLH 2008; HRS §205-41) Important Agricultural Lands. Suitable agricultural lands include those that: •are capable of producing sustained high yields when treated and managed according to accepted farming methods and technology; •contribute to the State’s economic base and produce agricultural commodi�es for export or local consump�on; and •are needed to promote the expansion of agricultural ac�vi�es and income for the future, even if currently not in produc�on. Kaua‘i has enough suitable agricultural lands to meet its needs. How to incen�vize farmers to u�lize these lands to serve the local market is a considera�on in reaching the ambi�ous goals for local food produc�on set forth in the Aloha+ Challenge. Community Resilience Kaua‘i’s residents value independence and self-sufficiency, and have many community-oriented interests that bind them together. Regardless of where they came from or when they arrived, they come to appreciate Kaua‘i’s history and understand how it remains relevant in the 21st century. Hurricanes ‘Iwa and ‘Iniki loom large in the collec�ve consciousness of the island, and there is an acute awareness that island residents need to con�nue to band together to protect what is most important and plan for future changes, whether environmental, social, or economic. This collec�ve spirit is reected in the words of ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 455 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 5 ‘Ōlelo No‘eau 327: E lauhoe mai na wa‘a, i ke kā, i ka hoe; i ka hoe, i ke kā; pae aku i ka ‘āina… Everybody paddle the canoes together; bail and paddle, paddle and bail, and the shore is reached. This sen�ment con�nues to reveal itself today in both individual and collec�ve decisions that emanate from Kaua‘i and the overall commitment toward living in a more sustainable and self-sufficient manner. On Kaua‘i, people take personal responsibility for the well-being of themselves and their extended family. Neighbors work together to ensure the safety of the streets they live on and collec�vely watch over neighborhood children. Food is grown in backyards and the ahupua‘a con�nue to be harvested for the meat, sh, and fruits that keep families well-fed and healthy. Ci�zens join local organiza�ons which, in turn, work with the public and private sectors to collec�vely make decisions for the well-being of all. And yet, the people of Kaua‘i have the humility to know, rst, that they can’t do everything themselves – there are �mes when outside assistance is desirable and necessary – and second, that their lifestyles impact resources both on the island and elsewhere. Thus, reconciling self-sufficiency with necessary outside connec�ons remains a regular topic of discussion. Summary of Key Issues To summarize, the major issues in Sustainability, Stewardship, and Resilience include: •How independence, self-sufficiency, and personal responsibility guide collec�ve well-being. This means each individual taking the responsibility to reduce their ecological footprint in their own lifestyle and land use, and contribu�ng to ones’ community. •How to foster a shared kuleana (responsibility by all) for planning for the future, preparing for future changes, and providing for the needs of people from keiki (children) to kupuna (elders) •How Kaua‘i can implement a model of environmental protec�on using principles of ahupua‘a and malama ‘āina as the basis for sustainable society, and in turn, sustainable economy. •Ensuring Kaua‘i’s communi�es, infrastructure, businesses, and towns are resilient in the face of natural, economic and social challenges are a vital component for sustainability. Kaua‘i’s independence and pride can be traced back in history … During the reign of King Kamehameha, the islands of Kaua‘i and Niʻihau were the last Hawaiian Islands to join his Kingdom of Hawai’i. Their ruler, Kaumuali’i, resisted Kamehameha for years. King Kamehameha twice prepared a huge armada of ships and canoes to take the islands by force, and twice failed- once due to a storm, and once due to an epidemic. online Version ONLINE VERSION 456 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 6 2.2 OPPORTUNITIES The 2050 Hawai‘i Sustainability Plan denes sustainability for Hawai‘i as follows: 1. Respects the culture, character, beauty and history of our state’s island communi�es; 2. Strikes a balance between economic, social and community, and environmental priori�es; and, 3. Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future genera�ons to meet their own needs. While some suggest that there is compe��ve tension between the environment, economy and social equity, an alterna�ve perspec�ve has them suppor�ng and strengthening one another. For example, improving the environment will strengthen the economy, and more equitable social programs will result a stronger workforce. Finding the balance between the factors, or so-called “triple bo�om line”, can be achieved through shared governance, or having the public sector, private sector and ci�zen-led groups and organiza�ons ac�vely par�cipate in decisions that impact everybody. Luckily, this collabora�ve spirit already exists in Kaua‘i and is a strength to build upon for the purposes of the GP. Another recurring theme involves the island’s exis�ng limits to growth and what growth can be accommodated. Exis�ng condi�ons that serve to limit growth on Kaua‘i include: limited availability of Urban designated lands; high construc�on costs; State and County en�tlement processes; as well as macroeconomic forces that affect supply and demand. The General Plan Update will need to iden�fy growth policies, and the implemen�ng ac�ons that will encourage sustainable growth that is in keeping with given the values of environmental protec�on, social equity, infrastructure, and a sustainable economy. In 2014, the Mayors of each County in Hawai‘i and community partners signed the Aloha+ Challenge (subsequently endorsed by the State Legislature with resolu�on SCR69 SD1), which outlines six targets for sustainability to be achieved by 2030. These are listed in the text box at right. The legisla�on calls for expanded partnerships between government agencies, non-prot organiza�ons, the private sector and local communi�es to promote coordinated and integrated ac�on. Coun�es are required to review and report progress annually. The commitments and recommenda�ons in the Aloha+ Challenge can provide a valuable framework for iden�fying priori�es and tracking progress on sustainability, stewardship, and resilience. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Kauaʻi Kākou include: Aloha+ Challenge 2030 Targets for Sustainability 1. Clean Energy: 70 percent clean energy – 40 percent from renewables and 30 percent from efficiency. 2. Local Food: At least double local food produc�on – 20 to 30 percent of food consumed is grown locally. 3. Natural Resource Management: Reverse the trend of natural resource loss mauka to makai by increasing freshwater security, watershed protec�on, community---based marine management, invasive species control and na�ve species restora�on. 4. Waste Reduc�on: Reduce the solid waste stream prior to disposal by 70 percent through source reduc�on, recycling, bioconversion, and landll diversion methods. 5. Smart Sustainable Communi�es: Increase livability and resilience in the built environment through planning and implementa�on at state and county levels. 6. Green Workforce & Educa�on: Increase local green jobs and educa�on to implement these targets. The Aloha+ Challenge: A Culture of Sustainability, July 7, 2014 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 457 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 7 •There are opportuni�es to work together with the many non-governmental organiza�ons on Kaua‘i that are dedicated to environmental protec�on, social equity, and economic well-being toward innova�ve and balanced solu�ons to community concerns. •The 2050 Hawaii Sustainability Plan and Aloha+ Challenge serve as a framework for policy and ac�on. 2.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED KAUA‘I KĀKOU •The theme of Kaua‘i’s residents working together to achieve greater sustainability and stewardship are implicit, but not explicit, in the 2000 GP. •Implementa�on of responsibili�es were primarily with the public sector. The private sector’s responsibility in implementa�on is not discussed in detail. •The 2000 GP addresses environmental well-being and economic well-being in more detail than it does social equity. Discussion regarding trade-offs is limited. 2.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on Kaua’i Kākou to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)U�lize the Aloha+ Challenge targets as a framework for how Kaua‘i’s environmental resources are sustained, for example: the upper watershed areas which face degrada�on, oral and faunal biodiversity, riparian and aqua�c resources, as well as broader topics such as greenhouse gas emissions reduc�on and the Kauaʻi Energy Sustainability Plan goals. 2)Address economic well-being, in part, by sustaining tourism while crea�ng opportuni�es to diversify the economy. 3)The concept of food sustainability needs to be ar�culated. 4)The GP chapters on health and housing will iden�fy the disadvantaged sec�ons of the popula�on, but more informa�on will needed to assess social equity. 5)Iden�fy poten�al public-private partnerships, and opportuni�es for interdepartmental collabora�on in implemen�ng GP ac�ons. 2.5 RESOURCES Aloha+ Challenge Declara�on. Signed by all County Mayors & Governor Neil Abercrombie on July 7, 2014. Hollier, Dennis, Hawai’i Business Magazine. November 2014. Can Hawai’i Feed Itself? Retrieved on February, 2015. From h�p://www.Hawaiibusiness.com/can-Hawaii-feed-itself/ Leunga, PingSun and M. Lokeb. December 2008. Economic Impacts of Increasing Hawai‘i’s Food Self- Sufficiency. CTAHR Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering and Hawai’i Department of Agriculture. State of Hawai’i. December 2014. Aloha+ Challenge: Recommenda�ons for Taking Ac�on and Tracking Progress. State of Hawai’i Sustainable Task Force. January 2008. Hawai’i 2050 Sustainability Plan: Char�ng a Course for Hawai’i’s Sustainable Future. Social Sciences Public Policy Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. January 2010. Hawai’i 2050 Update: Report in Response to Act 225, 2008 Session Laws of Hawai‘i Rela�ng to Sustainability. online Version ONLINE VERSION 458 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 8 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 459 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 9 3.0 GROWTH MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE 3.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES The total popula�on for the County of Kaua‘i is projected to increase from 67,091 in 2013 to 88,013 in 2035, according to the SMS Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts (2014) study prepared for the GP Update. That represents a total growth of 31.2% between 2010 and 2035, or about 1.10% per year. Over the past 15 years, natural increase and migra�on have equally contributed to popula�on growth. The great majority of popula�on growth is planned to occur in the Līhu‘e and Kōloa-Po‘ipū-Kalāheo regions. Ac�on to address this are reected in the recently updated Community Plans for both Districts. POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY DISTRICT (1990-2035) PLANNING DISTRICT 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 County of Kaua‘i 51,67 6 58,463 67,091 74,693 83,328 88,013 Līhu‘e 11,16 9 12,507 14,683 18,017 21,595 23,456 Kōloa-Po‘ipū -Kalāheo 9,600 10,545 11,696 13,623 15,737 16,855 Hanapēpē - ‘Ele‘ele 3,873 4,362 6,157 6,463 6,860 7,094 Waimea 4,698 5,660 5,561 5,901 6,323 6,566 Hanalei (North Shore) 5,913 6,605 8,002 8,286 8,686 8,933 Kawaihau - Kapa‘a (East Kaua‘i) 16,19 2 18,784 20,992 22,403 24,128 25,110 Source: SMS Research Kaua‘i General Plan Update: Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts (February 2014) Exis�ng County General Plan land use designa�ons consist of Open, Agriculture, Park, Residen�al, Resort, Urban Center, and special designa�ons for Transporta�on and Military. The Open District comprises over 70% of the island, followed by nearly 20% in the Agricultural District. The propor�on of the other designa�ons are Residen�al (3%), Urban Center (1%), Resort (1%), Military (1%), Park (<1%), and Transporta�on (<1%). Residen�al Lands According to the 2015 Land Use Buildout Analysis Technical Report, if all exis�ng and projected residen�al dwellings were located en�rely on Residen�al-zoned parcels, the supply of exis�ng Residen�al-zoned parcels cannot accommodate the en�re 2035 projected popula�on. This is conserva�ve, as it does not factor in allowable residen�al uses on exis�ng Agriculture and Open zoned parcels. An analysis of vacant residen�al-zoned parcels indicates that these lands come close to accommoda�ng the 2035 popula�on, with possible shortages in the Līhu‘e and East Kaua‘i Districts. The online Version ONLINE VERSION 460 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 10 analysis notes that deciencies could be made up through higher density mixed use areas in exis�ng town centers. The 2015-2020 Consolidated Plan prepared by the Kaua‘i Housing Agency suggests that more residen�al lands that can support low-income housing could be needed. According to the 2014 Homeless UƟlizaƟon Report, Kaua‘i’s homeless popula�ons are as follows: 39% or 248 individuals are newly homeless, and of the 248 total, 200 individuals are recently homeless. Also, Kauaʻi has another 125 individuals who are chronically homeless. Perhaps even more disturbing is the data from the 2011 Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study (prepared by SMS for the Hawai‘i Housing Finance and Development Corpora�on) that suggests that 36% of total households on Kauaʻi are at-risk for homelessness as a result of factors that include high housing costs and low wages. Another key indicator of housing needs involves overcrowding. A�er the burden of cost, the most common housing problem is severely overcrowded condi�ons (>1.51 people per room), with overcrowding concentrated among extremely-low and very-low income households (based on annually updated HUD income categories). Overcrowding is a result of both housing supply and affordability. Increasing the supply of homes can result in lowering housing costs. At the same �me, residents are concerned that new housing supply will simply increase housing op�ons for the off-island market and not serve exis�ng at-need households. The 2015 Land Use Buildout Analysis conducted for the GP planning process examined two growth scenarios for the island - directed growth and status quo - and then factored in the SMS socioeconomic projec�ons, by Planning Districts. The “status quo” scenario assumes that growth will follow where residents presently live or the most affordable lands. Based on building permit data over 15 years (1995-2009), most new residen�al ac�vity occurred in the North Shore, East Kaua‘i, and South Kaua‘i. The ac�vity seemed to sprawl into the Agriculture and Open districts (combined 39%) and lower density residen�al districts of R-4 and R-2 (combined 29%). Only 17% occurred in the R-6 medium density zoning district, and less than 1% in mul�- family zoning districts (e.g., R-15, R-20). If future growth occurs in the vicinity of exis�ng development and on the most affordable lands (lowest assessed values), the status quo scenario is that 25% of the 2035 dwelling units would be in the Agriculture zoning district, 8% in the Open district, and the balance of 67% in the Residen�al districts. The “Directed Growth” scenario assumes that future growth beyond the exis�ng popula�on will be encouraged in the Urban Centers, Town Centers, Residen�al-zoned land, and Ag Homestead areas, thereby leaving undeveloped as much agriculture and open zoned lands as possible. The districts most impacted by the differing growth policies would be Līhu'e and the North Shore. Līhu'e, as the major Urban Center, would receive a signicant propor�on of the future growth under the Directed Growth Scenario, that is: focusing development on exis�ng urban district lands and redevelopment at higher densi�es in Town Centers. Conversely, the agriculture and open zoning districts of the North Shore would receive more growth than projected by the SMS Study under the Status Quo Scenario, and signicantly less growth under the Directed Growth Scenario. Kapa’a-Wailuā would receive growth comparable to the SMS projec�on under the Status Quo Scenario and less growth under the Directed Growth Scenario. The South Shore would receive growth comparable to the SMS projec�on under the Directed Growth Scenario and more growth under the Status Quo Scenario. The differences between the scenarios were negligible for both Hanapēpē-Ele’ele and Waimea-Kekaha. The County has already begun to implement the elements of the Directed Growth scenario to accomplish specic land use goals by way of the Līhu'e and South Kauaʻi Community Plans. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 461 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 11 ALTERNATE GROWTH SCENARIOS BY PLANNING DISTRICT Source: Kauaʻi County General Plan Technical Study: Land Use Buildout Analysis, PBR Hawai‘i 2015 ContribuƟons to projected housing needs will also come from lands that are currently enƟtled or planned for development. According to County Planning Department records, projects that are parƟally or currently enƟtled for future development could add nearly 6,000 housing units to the Island during the GP Update’s planning horizon. These projects are at various stages of approvals, land use re-designaƟons, and construcƟon, and are shown in the table on the following page. online Version ONLINE VERSION 462 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 12 ENTITLED RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS BY DISTRICT District Project Name Housing Units East Kaua’i Piilani Mai He Kai (DHHL Anahola)181 Kulana 172 Kapaa Highlands, Phase 2 769 TOTAL 1,122 Eleele A&B Eleele Residential 201 Lima Ola (Affordable)450 TOTAL 651 Lihue DHHL Wailua, Phase 1 188 Kohea Loa - D.R. Horton 444 Pikake Subdivision 146 Grove Farm Wailani Residential 1,450 Koamalu 220 Waiola Phase I 47 Waiola Phase II 56 Waiola Phase II 93 TOTAL 2,644 North Shore Kolopua (Princeville Affordable)44 TOTAL 44 South Kaua’i Brydeswood Ranch (A&B)24 Koloa Creekside 72 Kukuiula Employee Housing 100 Kukuiula 750 The Village at Koloa Town 34 Koloa Camp - Waihononu 50 CIRI (CLDC) Subdivision 10 TOTAL 1,040 Waimea Kekaha lots 40 Kikiaola Mauka 270 Kikialoa - Field 14 56 TOTAL 366 ISLAND TOTAL 5,867 Source: Kauaʻi County Planning Department. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 463 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 13 Industrial Lands Most (81%) of the island’s industrial lands are within the Līhu‘e District. That district is also home to the planned Ahukini Māka‘i development, which will provide an addi�onal 146 acres (approximately 6.4 million square feet) of industrial lands near Līhu‘e airport. The new Industrial Designa�on included in the South Kauaʻi Community Plan added another 160 acres around the Old Kōloa Mill site. While this amount of oor space theore�cally meets the per capita need for industrial space as outlined in the 2015 Land Use Buildout, it is worth discussing whether the distribu�on of industrial lands island-wide and their associated zoning designa�ons can accommodate the range of desired industrial uses. Commercial Lands According to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance (CZO), "’Commercial Use’ means the purchase, sale or other transac�on involving the handling or disposi�on of any ar�cle, substance or commodity for prot or a livelihood, including in addi�on, public garages, office buildings, offices of doctors and other professionals, public stables, recrea�onal and amusement enterprises conducted for prot, shops for the sale of personal services, places where commodi�es or services are sold or are offered for sale, either by direct handling of merchandise or by agreements to furnish them but not including dumps and junk yards.” Commercial uses are permi�ed in the General and Neighborhood Commercial zoning districts (C-G, C-N). Between 2015 and 2035, PBR projects a need for another 2,716,416 square feet of commercial space. Currently planned and en�tled projects will contribute, as shown in the table below. ENTITLED COMMERCIAL PROJECTS BY DISTRICT District Project Name Commercial Square Footage Koloa Koloa Rum Company Store and Café 9,000 TOTAL 9,000 Lihue Hokulei Village 222,000 Grove Farm Wailani Commercial 1,132,299 Weinberg Foundation Renovation 24,250 Kukui Grove Commercial Buildout 96,000 Weinberg Foundation/Ahukini 20,000 TOTAL 1,494,549 North Shore Kilauea Crossings 6,070 Kilauea Town Center 46,800 Hanalei Halelea Office 2,000 TOTAL 54,870 South Kaua’i Village at Koloa Town 96,000 Kukuiula ABC Store 21,000 Koloa Marketplace 76,000 Old Glass Warehouse 7,200 TOTAL 200,200 ISLAND TOTAL 1,758,619 online Version ONLINE VERSION 464 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 14 Resort Lands The Land Use Buildout Analysis used the Hawaii Tourism Authority’s latest Visitor Plant Inventory (2012) to analyze resort lands. Kauaʻi County had 8,289 transient accommoda�on units in 2012. This number includes 98 bed and breakfast units on 27 proper�es. All Planning Districts have Visitor Des�na�on Areas (VDA), except Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele. The Planning District with the largest VDA in terms of acreage is South Kaua‘i, followed by North Shore, Līhu‘e, Kapa’a-Wailuā, and Waimea-Kekaha. In terms of units, South Kaua‘i ranks rst, however, the order changes with Kapa’a-Wailuā second, followed by North Shore, then Līhu‘e. The needs of visitors are discussed in greater detail in the Tourism sec�on of this Paper. The Buildout Analysis suggests that there is more than enough Resort zoned land to accommodate projected visitor growth. Factoring in planned resort development, which amounts to approximately 4,500 new units (Source: Hawai’i Tourism Authority, 2013 (Planned AddiƟons and New Development, Table 10)), all Planning Districts except the North Shore and Līhu‘e are projected to have an excess visitor unit supply. Waimea- Kekaha will have the most excess followed by Kapa‘a-Wailua and South Kaua‘i. The North Shore has an extensive supply of poten�al single-family transient vaca�on rentals within the VDA that could respond to market demand. The Land Use Buildout Analysis notes that “even if projec�ons indicate a current excess of Resort-zoned land, there may be other reasons on a case by case basis to rezone to Resort such as aging of the resort infrastructure, vagaries in the occupancy rate, unpredictable global economy, or shi�s in visitor accommoda�on preferences.” To summarize, the major issues in Growth Management and Land Use include: •The popula�on is expected to grow by 31.2% between 2010 and 2035. •More land may be needed to accommodate residen�al growth; and generate affordable housing. •Some growth will be needed in every district. The majority of the growth can be directed to exis�ng town centers. •Resort lands are adequate to meet demand. •Commercial and Industrial lands may be adequate in acreage, but distribu�on may be an issue to explore further. 3.2 OPPORTUNITIES Kauaʻi currently uses a tradi�onal model of zoning, i.e., one that segregates uses (commercial in one area, residen�al in another, etc.). Given the desire to preserve open spaces and agricultural lands and maintain the sense of place afforded by communi�es with dis�nct town centers or main streets, other models have been reviewed. The County has both historic and exis�ng experience implemen�ng other types of zoning– from the Kapa‘a Special Planning Areas (SPAs) in the 1970s, to the Līhu'e Town Core Special Planning Areas, mixed use Special Planning Areas in the Līhu‘e Community Plan, and form-based code areas established in the South Kauaʻi Community Plan. An island-wide form-based zoning code that focuses on building size, type, and loca�on, as opposed to uses, may serve Kaua‘i’s needs. “Smart Growth” concepts recognize that mixing uses (within buildings, and along streets) and dense living and working environments centered on func�onal and a�rac�ve public spaces makes for be�er living and a�achment to place. A form-based code model is a natural extension of the exis�ng mixed use districts and historic main street design. Form-based code, or a hybrid thereof, can include building and public space design components that preserve or improve community character and facilitates placemaking. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 465 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 15 Other growth management tools include: •Planned unit development – gives developers incen�ves to meet pre-determined land use goals (similar to CZO Ar�cle 10 Project Development); •Floa�ng zones – permits special uses within a jurisdic�on in accordance with development criteria; •Overlay zoning – iden�es an area that requires more stringent regula�ons (e.g., an aquifer, watershed, or scenic viewshed) in addi�on to those regula�ons governing underlying uses (similar to SPAs and Special Treatment Districts in the CZO); •Bonus or incen�ve zoning – provides developers with bonuses and incen�ves to achieve increased development density; •Mixed-use zoning – allows a wide array of types of development aimed at reducing distances between homes and jobs; •Land banking – allows the outright purchase of land by the public sector well in advance of any development to ensure appropriate land uses; •Transfer or Purchase of Development Rights (TDR or PDR) – allows landowners to get development value on other areas if current holdings are placed in conserva�on or trust that limits development (TDR is also recommended in the 2014 Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment); and •Zoning or Building permit alloca�on – limits the number of zoning or building permits that are issued on an annual basis. The Līhu‘e Community Plan (2015) is the rst Planning District on Kaua‘i to recommend an Urban Edge Boundary to limit the extent of urban sprawl and delineate town edges. While the Plan drew such a boundary, it will require an ordinance to become implemented. The crea�on of an Urban Edge Boundary can help limit urban sprawl. It denes where higher density urban development should be contained. Areas outside the Urban Edge Boundary are intended for lower density land uses such as open space, conserva�on, and agriculture. Other planning areas may also benet from an Urban Edge Boundary. The GP planning process can set the groundwork for Community Plans to explore poten�al “areas of change”, similar to those contained in the South Kaua‘i and Līhu‘e Community Plans. That is, areas that lend themselves to development or redevelopment. Some areas may require rezoning or changes to the State Land Use Classica�on, others may not because they are already zoned correctly. Inll development offers efficiencies in terms of proximity to exis�ng infrastructure and can require fewer regulatory changes to zoning and land use designa�ons. Iden�fying place types that can provide opportuni�es for inll development may be one of the GP’s top priori�es. The PBR’s 2015 Land Use Buildout Analysis suggests that if the island were allowed to build out to the full capacity allowed by zoning, signicant growth would occur on lands in the agriculture and open zoning districts. In contrast, if redevelopment of the Urban and Town Centers were encouraged at higher densi�es, as much as 40% of the dwelling units could be accommodated within those exis�ng areas, with negligible residen�al use of the agriculture and open zoning districts. As such, the General Plan might consider recommending more mixed use zoning or higher densi�es in the “Urban Center” designa�on in the General Plan and in town centers. The growth projec�ons are modest, and aimed at the need to provide adequate workforce housing and sa�sfy affordable housing needs. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Growth Management and Land Use include: •The two recently completed Community Plans for Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i set a direc�on for how the directed growth policy can inform future growth on Kaua‘i. online Version ONLINE VERSION 466 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 16 •Place typing can iden�fy loca�ons where growth should occur and with what regulatory mechanisms. •Mixed-use zoning can respond to the need for residen�al capacity and result in more vibrant and walkable town centers and be used to ensure new greeneld development creates walkable communi�es with a diversity of housing types. •Form-based codes can help guide the form of growth. •Growth recommenda�ons in the GP should be based on the best available data and consider tools such as Smart Growth and policies to balance growth with infrastructure needs. 3.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED GROWTH MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE •“Growth Management and Land Use” is discussed in mul�ple sec�ons of the 2000 GP. Grouped under “Preserving Kaua‘i’s Rural Character” are discussions pertaining to agricultural lands, open lands, urban lands, and scenic roadway corridors. Individual communi�es and opportuni�es for “Enhancing Towns and Commercial Areas” are discussed in Chapter 6 “Enhancing Towns and Communi�es and Providing for Growth”. •The 2000 GP includes several policies that support more compact development; however, Implemen�ng Ac�on 4.6.3 pertaining to land supply exemplies the pressure the County faces when trying to support both compact development and business entrepreneurs that have loca�ons outside of town centers in mind, i.e., “The County shall strive for a balance between mee�ng community shopping needs with new commercial development and suppor�ng local small businesses in older business areas.” In accordance with Smart Growth principles (see also the goal of “compactness” in the Mul�modal Plan), inll development can maintain the community character, makes use of exis�ng infrastructure, and has a smaller impact on natural resources and the environment. •The majority of policies that promote compact centers surrounded by open and green spaces have not changed, but the terminology has changed to emphasize smart growth, walkability and mul�modal transporta�on. •Place-typing and form-based codes as a means to understand and preserve the best of Kaua‘i’s urban form are not men�oned in the 2000 GP. The GP does recognize the need to preserve the historic fabric of exis�ng communi�es. •Changes to the Open District were implemented, as a result of recommenda�ons within the GP, to help protect natural resources and open spaces. •The 2000 GP recommended revitalizing central Līhu'e and Kaua‘i's small town commercial areas by upgrading sewer and water facili�es, increasing the amount of public parking, and improving streets and sidewalks. Completed improvements in commercial core areas include the Kūhi‘ō Highway Widening and Hardy Street (ongoing). Planning is underway for Rice Street; Po‘ipū Road in Kōloa and Po‘ipū; and, Hanapēpē Road. A parking audit was completed for the Līhu‘e Town Core. •The 2000 GP recommended a collabora�ve planning partnership among County agencies, community and business organiza�ons, private en��es, the State Highways Division to design highway and road improvements in a manner that supports commercial ac�vity in Kaua‘i's business areas. This is an on-going task that is being implemented, for example with the County’s par�cipa�on in the Kaua'i Federal-Aid Highways Plan and DOT Kapa‘a Sub-Area Transporta�on Solu�ons Plan. Both these planning efforts had ci�zen advisory commi�ees. Design charre�es and community design workshops were held for Poipu Road, Hanapēpē Road, Rice Street, and roadway sec�ons for Kalaheo and Koloa as a part of the South Kaua‘i Community Plan. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 467 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 17 •As a means of protec�ng Town centers, the 2000 GP recommended placing a high priority on deterring strip development and urban sprawl when making strategic decisions on new commercial zoning or recommenda�ons to the State Highways Division on highway development. The Planning Department is responding to this task with a “Street Frontage” bill. •The 2000 GP includes a series of policies associated enhancing towns and commercial areas. They involve tasks associated with improving town centers through sidewalks or unpaved pedestrian pathways along main roads, passive parks, redevelopment of historic structures without new setbacks/parking requirements, parking in rear of store, town center parking lots, town design standards. Mechanisms for implementa�on include preparing amendments to the CZO providing design standards for commercial development in exis�ng towns and new commercial projects. These efforts are underway. •The 2000 GP recommended centralizing zoning regula�ons in a single chapter, and directed the Planning Department to prepare an ordinance transferring to Chapter 8, the CZO, those provisions of Chapter 10, the Special Development Plans, that modify or affect the CZO, and to make other revisions to Chapter 8 as may be necessary. Although not completed, the South Kaua'i Community Plan's Form Based Code (Appendix C) sets up the framework for inser�on as a sub- chapter of Chapter 8. 3.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on growth management and land use to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)A growth policy can explain how the County’s projected growth is allocated to the planning districts and serve as the basis for managing growth through the remaining community plans (for Waimea-Kekaha, Hanapēpē-Eleele, East Kaua'i and North Shore). Growth scenarios and popula�on projec�ons should be based on the Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Report. Table 1-1: Alterna�ve Projec�ons of Resident and Visitor Popula�on on Kauaʻi 2020 from the 2000 GP can be updated with the discussion on pages 6 and 19-21 in the Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Report. Table 1-2: Kaua’i 2020 Projec�ons in the 2000 GP can be updated with Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Report Tables 1 and 9. 2)Place typing will be integrated into the Kaua‘i General Plan Update, including the Land Use Map. Charre�es will be held to: •Iden�fy a�tudes toward change & intensity of desired change •Assign Place Types with boundaries •Conrm and evolve district visions •Iden�fy features of value and desired elements of form and character to preserve/encourage •Educate about the GP process, place typing and how it informs GP 3)The land use maps from South Kaua‘i and Līhu‘e will be incorporated into the General Plan largely as is. Any modica�ons will be geared toward achieving consistency in land use categories and terminology. Changes will not be substan�ve. The GP has an opportunity to set guidelines for the use of consistent Land Use categoriza�ons and to outline a process that can be followed for the remaining four Community Plan areas. 4)To account for planned or en�tled developments that may result in addi�onal place types or affect exis�ng places, the County will conduct outreach to major landowners and request mee�ngs with them to iden�fy development plans over the GP horizon. This informa�on may be factored into the charre�e materials and discussion where appropriate. The County will also encourage landowners to a�end the place typing charre�es. online Version ONLINE VERSION 468 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 18 5)The Land Use Buildout Analysis does not explicitly address planned or en�tled development, except for resort areas. Mapping out en�tled development will occur during the GP process to further the understanding of future residen�al and commercial land use needs. 6)The GP Update will require an update to the General Plan Land Use Maps, with explana�ons of which lands have been re-designated and a ra�onale for the change. 7)Areas targeted for rezoning will need to be iden�ed and discussed with the Planning Department, CAC and community. The 2015 Land Use Buildout Analysis Technical Report provides data with which to facilitate some of these discussions. 3.5 RESOURCES PBR Hawai‘i & Associates, Inc. 2015. Land Use Buildout Analysis. Industrial Lands Inventory [in process]. County of Kaua‘i. September, 2014. South Kaua‘i Form-Based Code. County of Kaua‘i Planning Department. July 2015. South Kaua‘i Community Plan. State of Hawai’i, Department of Land and Natural Resources. Commission on Water Resource Management. February 1990. Kaua‘i Water Use and Development Plan. State of Hawai’i, 2011. Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study 2011. SMS Research & Marke�ng Services, Inc. February 2014. Kaua‘i General Plan Update: Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts. County of Kaua‘i Planning Department. June 2015. Līhuʻe Community Plan. Jung, Ian. April 30, 2015. Growth Management Issues for the General Plan Update. County of Kauaʻi, Kauaʻi County Housing Agency. April 2015. Consolidated Plan 2015-2020. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 469 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 19 4.0 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Anchor Industries The visitor industry and agricultural industry are the primary economic drivers on Kaua‘i. Approximately 30% of Kaua‘i’s jobs are in tourism and 4% are in agriculture. While this provides a backbone for the local economy, both agriculture and tourism can also be vulnerable to events and factors that cannot be controlled, including global economic forces, natural disasters, and climate change. Consequently, a main focus of economic development on Kaua‘i is diversica�on of industries (see vision at right). This has been approached through iden�ca�on of promising economic clusters, as described in the following sec�on. Promising Economic Clusters In the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) for Kaua‘i (last updated in 2010), the Kauaʻi Economic Development Board and County of Kaua‘i Office of Economic Development iden�ed six industry clusters in Kaua‘i that are “good investments” and that could strengthen tourism industry niche markets. An “industry cluster” is a group of related industries that share infrastructure, labor, customers, suppliers, or services. These industries o�en face common opportuni�es, challenges and threats. The clusters include: health and wellness; food and agriculture; culture and arts; sports and recrea�on; science and technology; and, sustainable technologies and prac�ces. The idea behind inves�ng in specic cluster is to create jobs, replace imports, and generate more products for both export and local consump�on. Kaua‘i Economic Development Vision from the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (2010) Economy is strong, stable, and diversied. While the visitor industry s�ll provides the largest number of jobs, new businesses in agriculture, health and wellness, sustainable technologies & prac�ces, art & culture, science & technology, and sports & recrea�on provide an increasing propor�on of total jobs. There are many job opportuni�es with higher wages. Wages allow people to comfortably support their families. Unemployment is low (3-5%). Kaua‘i Island U�lity Coopera�ve (KIUC) is robust and is a leader in promo�ng energy conserva�on and renewable energy. We have decreased energy consump�on and increased our use of renewable energy. We have preserved Kaua‘i’s special environment and culture. Locally-grown products are consumed locally and exported. We have become more food self-sufficient. online Version ONLINE VERSION 470 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 20 The Office of Economic Development is implemen�ng several projects from the CEDS aimed at suppor�ng the industry clusters. More projects have been added over �me, notably as part of the County’s Holo Holo 2020 Ini�a�ve. The 2010 CEDS is currently being updated, and its projec�ons for popula�on growth and employment, as well as the priority projects list, will reect current trends and thinking. For the GP Update, Collabora�ve Economics, Inc. conducted a preliminary regional business using 2011 data from the Na�onal Establishment Time Series (NETS) database.1 The analysis iden�ed growth opportunity clusters. These include industries in which Kaua‘i’s economy has a specializa�on in rela�on to the rest of the state and those which are export-oriented. Opportunity clusters help bring resources into the region from elsewhere and focus efforts on the sectors could help drive growth in the region. Opportunity clusters iden�ed for Kaua‘i include: •Sub-categories of tourism including: amusement and recrea�on, visitor transporta�on, personal care and beauty; •Food processing and distribu�on; •Defense; •Fashion and retail; •Makers (small-scale manufacturers); •Technical services (lm and digital media, music, architecture, engineering and design); and, •Manufacturing (commercial prin�ng, metal fabrica�on, soap and detergent, po�ery, hardware). Iden�fying opportunity clusters helps the County by informing investment and policy decisions. Employment Trends The chart and table on the following page show 2011 employment in Kaua‘i’s anchor industries and opportunity cluster areas. The tourism cluster employed 30%, or 11,026, of Kaua‘i’s workforce in 2011 (Collabora�ve Economics, 2015). The “rest of the economy” as labeled in the chart below employs 20% of the workforce and includes community services (e.g. supermarkets, stores, religious organiza�ons, health care, educa�on, family services, auto shops, etc.), other support services (which are unclassied companies), logis�cs, u�li�es, and non-tourism related real estate. In 2011, the agriculture industry employed 1,613 people in Kaua‘i (Collabora�ve Economics, 2015). Apart from jobs in distribu�on, the other sub-industries of agriculture – support, research and development, food processing, farming – declined between 2001 and 2011. 1 National Establishment Time-Series (NETS) data provides information on every business establishment in the region. Clusters are identified based on NAICS code classifications and refined through further analysis and review of individual companies. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 471 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 21 The Role of CoƩage Industries Employment sta�s�cs may not reect the many informal jobs that Kaua‘i’s residents use to supplement their incomes and support their households. Co�age establishments can result from informal jobs or ac�vi�es that become more formal over �me. Co�age establishments are dened as business in residences with fewer than 3 employees. Thirteen percent of total Kaua‘i’s establishments were co�age industries in 2011, and those establishments lled 3% of Kaua‘i’s jobs. Co�age industries and entrepreneurial development can be further nurtured on Kaua‘i through resources such as incubators, co-working spaces with affordable workspace and shared equipment, mentoring and professional development, and policies that enable people to operate certain kinds of businesses out of their homes. The regulatory structure governing businesses and co�age industries warrants discussion during the GP planning process to ensure that innova�on is nurtured and not inadvertently penalized. The Kapa‘a Business Associa�on reports that the one of the biggest issues facing businesses on Kaua‘i is the lack of affordable housing for their employees. Strong, vibrant town centers that include affordable housing above stores on bus routes or in walkable / bike-able distances from jobs can help keep costs down and help small businesses grow. To summarize, the major Economic Development issues include: •Kaua‘i remains heavily dependent on tourism as the main anchor indusry. •Industry and anchor clusters reveal sectors that can be nurtured. Anchor industries are growing. •Kaua‘i has areas of specializa�on, or industries that are highly concentrated (e.g. certain sub- categories of Tourism, Defense and Agriculture & Food Products). •Crea�ve Industries are small but emerging (e.g. Makers, Fashion & Retail, Film/Music/Media, Architecture/Design) and can help to create a diversied economy. Sector 2011 Employment Tourism 11,026 Rest of the Economy 7,308 Tourism 11,538 Healthcare 4.385 EducaƟon 3,102 ConstrucƟon 2,335 Government 2,436 Technical Services 1,861 Defense 1,666 Agriculture & Food Products 1,592 Fashion & Retail 979 Finance 982 Manufacturing 298 Makers Industry 121 online Version ONLINE VERSION 472 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 22 4.2 OPPORTUNITIES The Kaua‘i Economic Development Board (KEDB) and County of Kaua‘i Office of Economic Development suggest that Kaua‘i’s economy can be guided by the following principles: •Economic Diversica�on: strengthen selected industry clusters to minimize dependence on a single industry •Economic Self-Sufficiency: minimize imports and promote import subs�tu�on •Economic Opportunity for all: offer an appropriate K-20 educa�on and adequate training opportuni�es to give workers choices and to promote living wages These principles led to the development of ve goals: 1.To assist new and exis�ng businesses create new jobs. 2.To facilitate career planning for students. 3.To expand and train the workforce to meet the needs of employers. 4.To promote affordable housing. 5.To improve the skill level and work readiness of students to achieve career and college success. There are several organiza�ons and en��es on Kaua‘i that provide access to business planning assistance, career planning, entrepreneurial training, incuba�on, and assistance with permi�ng, licensing, and regulatory issues. Some facilitate access to start-up, micro-enterprise, and expansion capital funds. The County Office of Economic Development is spearheading a Kaua‘i Crea�ve Technology Center in Līhu‘e that will provide provide 30,000 square feet of mul�purpose crea�ve technology facili�es. The mission is shown at right. Once completed, the Center is intended to operate as a community hub for arts, innova�on, and crea�ve technology. Kaua‘i CreaƟve Technology Center Mission The mission of the Kaua‘i Crea�ve Technology Center is to promote crea�vity and innova�on through the use of technology. It will manage a state-of-the-art facility that offers industry-grade equipment and technology-based programs that cul�vate local talent and catalyze economic growth on Kaua’i. The Center will serve students from elementary to middle and high school as well as the community college. It will be a venue for the performing arts community as well as for the professional media and lm industry. It will provide educa�on, job training, and business development opportuni�es. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 473 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 23 Educa�on is a cri�cal component of suppor�ng future economic opportunity. KEDB’s Aloha ‘Ike program partners with the Department of Educa�on to enhance opportuni�es for Kaua‘i’s keiki in grades K-12, proving grants to projects that supplement academic programs in public, private, and charter school across the island. Its principles are shown in the text box. Convergences between economic growth sectors can guide investment to facilitate overall growth. Inves�ng in growth sectors with converging needs and interests, or “clusters of opportunity” may help diversify Kaua‘i’s economy. “Opportunity Industries” for Kaua‘i as described in the preceding sec�on include sub-categories of tourism, food processing and distribu�on, technical services, defense, manufacturing, fashion & retail, and makers. There are examples of cluster industry coali�ons that have organized to iden�fy and address common areas of need to support collec�ve growth. This has occurred on the North Shore of O‘ahu, as described in Developing A Shared Agenda: For the North Shore of Oahu’s Economic Vitality and Community Well-Being DraŌ AcƟon Plan (2013). All industries can benet from improved infrastructure and ac�ons that protect infrastructure from the repercussions of climate change and sea-level rise. All businesses are threatened by roads that regularly ood or storms that shut down the harbor. Transporta�on networks and facili�es for agricultural products and workers are cri�cal from an economic perspec�ve. Storage, processing and transfer sites in proximity to elds, airports and harbors could be improved to support not only greater export opportuni�es, but also local food independence and self-sufficiency. To summarize, the major Economic Development opportuni�es include: •The Economic Development Board has iden�ed the principles of diversica�on, self-sufficiency, and economic opportunity to help guide new investment. •Clusters of economic opportunity can help target investment and focus ini�a�ves to support small businesses. There are models from other areas that may be emulated. •Several organiza�ons already provide some of the business assistance that Kaua‘i needs and can build upon the ndings of the soon-to-be-updated CEDS and the Primary Regional Business Analysis by Collabora�ve Economics. 4.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT •Economic Development is addressed in “Suppor�ng Businesses and Jobs for Kaua‘i Residents”, “High Technology”, and “Land Supply for Commercial and Industrial Uses” in the 2000 GP. •The text and data in the 2000 GP is limited on the topic of economic development. Many policies remain sound, but data is required to support recommenda�ons. •The 2000 GP recommends requiring that resorts and businesses seeking zoning and permits use the local labor force as a mechanism for crea�ng jobs for the local workforce. This task is being implemented by the Planning Department, and has become a common condi�on in zoning and permit approvals. Kaua‘i Economic Development Board Aloha ‘Ike Program Principles Encourages teachers and administrators to expand the educa�on enrichment opportuni�es for their students; Facilitates the applica�on of academic concepts through innova�ve project-based learning; and Develops partnerships with par�cipa�ng companies, ins�tu�ons of higher learning, and other members of the community. online Version ONLINE VERSION 474 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 24 4.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on economic development to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Incorporate data from 2015 Land Use Buildout Technical Report in regards to land zoned or needed for commercial and industrial ac�vi�es based on popula�on projec�ons. 2)Incorporate data about the workforce and clusters of opportunity generated by Collabora�ve Economics. 3)Update real estate-specic data will available informa�on. 4)Review the updated CEDS for Kaua‘i and incorporate relevant policy materials into the GP Update. 5)Update Table 4-5: Kaua’i Shopping Centers in the 2000 GP using research. 6)Use Table 15 in the Land Use Buildout Technical Report to address Commercial Floor Area by Planning District. 7)Update Table 4-6: Capacity of Vacant Commercial Zoned Lands in the 2000 GP using data from Table 16 in the Land Use Buildout Technical Report. 8)Update Table 4-7: Capacity of Vacant Industrial Zoned Lands in the 2000 GP with data from Table 17 in the Land Use Buildout Technical Report. 9)Consider how policies promoted in the updated CEDS relate to land use and infrastructure policies. 10)Include available data that addresses the impact of small businesses on the economy and the challenges they face. 11)Document the efforts of the Chamber of Commerce and other business associa�ons, and their understanding of the business climate up to 2035. 12)Other thoughts for discussion may include economic incubators in each district, satellite educa�ons/tech centers and resource guides to improve community-business connec�ons. 4.5 RESOURCES Collabora�ve Economics. June 30, 2015. Preliminary Regional Business Analysis: Kaua‘i’s Economy. Collabora�ve Economics. November 2013. Developing A Shared Agenda: For the North Shore of Oahu’s Economic Vitality and Community Well-Being DraŌ AcƟon Plan. Kapa‘a Business Associa�on website. 2015. h�p://www.kbaKaua‘i.org/ County of Kauaʻi Office of Economic Development and Kauaʻi Economic Development Board. Kaua‘i’s Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) Report 2005-2015. State of Hawai’i Enterprise Zone Maps. h�p://invest.hawaii.gov/business/ez/ U.S. Census. 2010. Kauaʻi County, Hawai’i. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 475 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 25 5.0 AGRICULTURAL LANDS 5.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES QuanƟty and Quality of Agricultural Lands A Dra� Important Agriculture Land Study was prepared for the GP Update in 2014. According to the study, 144,000 acres of Kaua‘i’s lands are located in the State Land Use Agricultural District. Only 80,000 acres, or 41%, are located in the 2000 General Plan Agricultural District. Approximately 14% of the land in the North Shore Planning District is designated by the 2000 GP for agricultural purposes; 19% of Kapa‘a- Wailuā is designated for agricultural purposes; 24% of Līhu‘e; 19% of South Kauaʻi; 8% of Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele; and, approximately 16% of Waimea-Kekaha is designated for agricultural purposes. Community feedback received to date reects a strong desire for a diversity of farm sizes and food crops to serve the local market, with limited exports. The economics of farming at a small scale for local consump�on versus a larger scale for export needs to be explored in light of this priority. There are also concerns about the compa�bility of certain agricultural uses with sensi�ve environments (such as the proposed dairy near Māhā’ulepū) and in proximity to schools and residen�al areas (evidenced by the concerns over pes�cide use by seed corn companies in Waimea). An advantage to encouraging diversied agriculture that is compa�ble with surrounding uses is the con�nued existence of planta�on infrastructure. It will need to be preserved, and in many cases, improved or upgraded to perform to today’s standards. A larger concern is whether or not there is adequate water available to support the desired diversity of agricultural uses. Water for Agricultural Purposes Although Hawaii’s sugar industry started during the 1860s, most of the planta�on irriga�on systems were developed around the turn of the twen�eth century. Large quan��es of surface water from perennial streams were diverted by intake structures into miles-long transmission ditches and tunnels, moving water from the windward side of the islands to the leeward plains, where abundant dry, fer�le lands required irriga�on to grow sugar cane. Generally, intake structures include a dam across the streambed, an inlet channel, control gates, trash screen, and a connec�ng tunnel or ditch into the main transmission structure—usually another tunnel or ditch. The physical characteris�cs of these irriga�on systems were designed and constructed prior to the enactment of environmental and zoning statutes. It is now nearly impossible to plan, design, and construct similar irriga�on systems without enormous effort and cost. The collapse of the sugar industry resulted in the abandonment of many planta�on irriga�on systems. With the lack of maintenance, ditches have been overgrown by vegeta�on, intake structures have been damaged or clogged, and siphons and umes have deteriorated. Beyond adequate infrastructure to channel it, the availability of water has emerged as an uncertainty that has hampered agricultural projects. An example is the Kīlauea Agricultural Park, which completed its environmental compliance in 2009 only to discover that there was no available water. The solu�on online Version ONLINE VERSION 476 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 26 nearly tripled the cost of the project (“Kīlauea Farming Project Gets Legs”, The Garden Island, August 7, 2015). The County’s Water Department is currently working with the Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Development to develop agricultural water use projec�ons. Their technical approach includes the selec�on of crops that can be irrigated with rainfall, whenever possible, rehabilita�ng and repairing exis�ng and former irriga�on systems, and maximizing use of lower quality water (reuse water, surface water, brackish water) whenever possible. Crops for Fuel, Fiber, and Research There is a movement to explore local produc�on of crops for fuel and ber, and to take a hard look at the poten�al impacts of cul�va�ng gene�cally modied organisms (GMO), and gene�cally engineered (GE) crops. Kaua‘i’s Chamber of Commerce es�mated that the seed crop companies have a $220 million annual economic impact on Kaua‘i (LaVentura, 2013). The Chamber of Commerce and College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, credits the seed corn and coffee companies with diversifying the agriculture industry and keeping land in agriculture since the decline of sugar and pineapple. Kaua‘i’s Office of Economic Development es�mates that the seed companies have contributed more than $1 million to maintain the irriga�on systems on the west side. Because GMO and GE prac�ces can impact the soils of neighboring lands and air quality, the County Council has considered new regulatory requirements pertaining to the availability of documenta�on of such prac�ces and no�ca�ons. Ini�al legisla�ve acts were rejected by the Hawai‘i Courts as lacking jurisdic�on. Land use regula�ons involving GMOs may not violate the U.S. Cons�tu�on’s Fi�h Amendment “takings clause”; i.e., private property may not be taken for public uses without a public purpose and without just compensa�on. In other words, regula�ons may not be so stringent that a property owner is denied their en�re ability to use their property. DesignaƟon of Important Agricultural Lands The dra� Important Agricultural Lands Study includes ve major recommenda�ons. Recommenda�ons #1 to #3 focus on establishing a County process for incen�vizing and encouraging IAL designa�ons. Recommenda�on #4 directs the County and encourages the State to use maps and tools developed during this study process when reviewing pe��ons for designa�on and when considering candidate lands for County or State-led pe��ons. Recommenda�on #5 acknowledges opportuni�es for reviewing, expanding, and integra�ng recommenda�ons made in this study in the forthcoming General Plan update. Landowners of important agricultural lands and farmers are keenly interested in maintaining their property rights and ability to maximize the use of their land now and in the future. Designa�ng land as Important Agricultural Lands in perpetuity provides tax relief and certain protec�ons, but it may limit their ability to develop their property. So far, 16,263 acres of agricultural land have been designated by private landowners on Kaua‘i. County-ini�ated IAL designa�ons have been considered, but not submi�ed to the State Land Use Commission. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 477 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 27 Agricultural Infrastructure Agricultural produc�on is supported by essen�al infrastructure for irriga�on, storage, and distribu�on. This includes roads and transporta�on networks that are shared with non-commercial users. Maintenance of infrastructure in safe and working condi�on is crucial to support food produc�on goals and manage the costs of producing and transpor�ng crops on Kaua‘i. The County’s 2012 Mul�modal Land Transporta�on Plan provides recommenda�ons to support agricultural transporta�on needs, as listed in the text box at right. People who par�cipated in the mee�ngs associated with the prepara�on of the 2014 Important Agriculture Land Study were par�cularly concerned about the maintenance of reservoirs and new dam safety rules. The Ka Loko dam disaster and deaths caused by the dam breach remains top of mind. Par�cipants also cited the need for a comprehensive update to the water inventory and management plan and raised concerns about the high cost of producing and transpor�ng food on island. To summarize, the major issues in Agriculture and Food Sustainability include: •Agricultural land is well-distributed among all of the island’s Planning Districts. •The IAL concluded that Kaua‘i has sufficient land with which to a�ain food self-sufficiency. Economic and other incen�ves are needed to encourage actualiza�on of this goal. •Crops for fuel and ber can be explored to add to the diversity of products for Kaua‘i. •While many are wary of GMO’s possible impact on the environment, others recognize that seed and coffee growers contribute to crop diversica�on and maintain agricultural land uses. •Infrastructure needs include dam and reservoir maintenance, water for irriga�on purposes, and efficient transporta�on networks for producing and transpor�ng food. 5.2 OPPORTUNITIES The County’s farming industry is transi�oning away from the single crop, large scale planta�on model. Gay and Robinson harvested its last sugar crop in 2009. The Līhu‘e Mill came down in 2012. New crops, new land uses, and technological advances are all presen�ng themselves as opportuni�es to be layered over historic and cultural rela�onships to the land. The seed industry, for example, has doubled its acreage, and the Kaua‘i Coffee Company has one of the highest acreages of coffee grown in the na�on. Small, organic family farms are prolifera�ng on the North Shore. Addi�onal interest in farming and healthy ea�ng can be found in the emergence and/or increase in community gardens, food forests, farm- to-table restaurants, and sunshine markets. The 2014 Important Agriculture Land Study states, “Agriculture is the history and lifeline of these Hawaiian Islands.” This is especially true for Kaua‘i where produc�ve agricultural lands are cri�cal to the economy and the produc�on of healthy foods consumed locally. Agricultural ac�vi�es also touch upon jobs, housing, transporta�on, and growing/processing of materials. Understanding the history associated with food produc�on in Kaua‘i is useful for very prac�cal reasons, like the need to maintain The County’s 2012 “Mul�modal Land Transporta�on Plan” recommends that the County focus its agricultural transporta�on efforts in the following areas: •Reducing the cost of transpor�ng and processing locally-grown farm products; •Protec�ng against disrup�on of on-island transporta�on networks during storms and other emergencies; •Improving access by residents and visitors to healthy foods, including locally-grown and raised fruits, vegetables, grass-fed beef, sea foods, and dairy products; and •Ensuring agriculture workers have affordable and reliable access to their jobs. online Version ONLINE VERSION 478 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 28 exis�ng irriga�on systems. Given the resurgence of interest in Hawaiian culture (as documented in the Kaua‘i Planning and Ac�on Alliance’s 2012 Measuring What MaƩers for Kaua‘i report), it is likely that more people will turn to farming to sa�sfy household and ‘ohana needs, but also as an occupa�on. New niches are forming thanks to the “Kaua‘i Made” brand. The schools and Kaua‘i Community College are nurturing this interest and providing training. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Agricultural Lands include: •New crops, new land uses, and new technologies are presen�ng themselves as the agricultural industry transi�ons from the single crop, planta�on model. •Small, organic enterprises – ranging from farms to retail to restaurants – are crea�ng a need for agricultural lands. •The resurgence in Hawaiian culture, healthy ea�ng and a more self-sufficient lifestyle is genera�ng more interest in agriculture. •Schools and the community college are well-posi�oned to nurture this interest in agriculture and provide training. 5.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED AGRICULTURE •The Agriculture sec�on in the 2000 GP reects older thinking. It will need to be rewri�en to reect recent changes to the industry and new regula�ons regarding the designa�on of Important Agricultural Lands. The IAL and 2015 Land Use Buildout Technical Report contain the majority of data needed to update this Chapter. •The 2000 GP addresses aquaculture within the agriculture chapter. •The 2000 GP included an Implemen�ng Ac�on (4-26) reques�ng the Planning Department to submit an amendment to the CZO that would eliminate the requirement to subdivide in order to grant a long-term lease for agricultural use only (no dwelling use). This revision was intended to encourage land owners to make land available to small farmers, and has not yet been ini�ated. Alterna�vely, an amendment may not be needed, if the exis�ng “Agricultural Parks” process can be u�lized more extensively. •The 2000 GP included an Implemen�ng Ac�on (4-26) reques�ng the Planning Department to submit an amendment to the Subdivision Ordinance that would require preserva�on of viable irriga�on systems. This revision was intended to maintain viable irriga�on systems – both government- and privately-owned – and to support the supply of irriga�on water to farmers at reasonable prices. This has not been ini�ated. •The 2000 GP included an Implemen�ng Ac�on (5-6) reques�ng the Planning Department to amend the CZO to implement the policies for Agricultural lands in the GP. These included amendments to site planning standards and criteria for approving and Agricultural Community. The Planning Department a�empted to amend the CZO accordingly and was unsuccessful. Controls on the subdivision of lands to prevent loss of agricultural poten�al and rural character are s�ll needed. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 479 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 29 5.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on agriculture and food sustainability to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)A signicant amount of current research and collaboraƟve thinking has gone into the 2014 Important Agriculture Land Study. The Study’s ndings and recommendaƟons were veƩed by a diversity of community leaders and outside experts, and should be introduced to the CAC for consideraƟon. RecommendaƟons arƟculated in the study should be evaluated for its incorporaƟon in the General Plan policies. 2)In accordance with the recommendaƟons contained in the IAL Study, the updated GP will need to help reconcile: a.Increasing access to water and water infrastructure improvement for agricultural irrigaƟon. b.Increasing access to land (to lease or own) for farmers growing food and primary resources (Ɵmber, holisƟc medicines, etc.). c.Improving upon or redeveloping a system for local and export markeƟng of food and (primary) resources. 3)Table 4-4: Kaua’i’s Agricultural Lands (acres) in the 2000 GP can be updated with the Land Use Buildout Technical Report and Table 2 and informaƟon on page 9, as well as the IAL Technical Report Table 4. 4)The GP Team will need to decide where to locate references to aquaculture in the GP – either in “Agriculture” or “Economic Development”. 5)The zoning of agricultural lands needs closer aƩenƟon in order to conrm that the Important Agricultural Lands are, in fact, zoned for agricultural uses, that residenƟal uses on agricultural lands are appropriately scaled and clustered, and that these lands are physically accessible and have access to necessary water supplies. 6)Research conducted during the GP planning process may reveal that there are more land use conicts between the Agriculture and Urban Districts than currently assumed or documented. 7)Given how the industry is changing, the GP Planning process may also consider rethinking how agriculture is regulated and incenƟvized. Agricultural zoning typically species the density of development and permiƩed uses. In many agricultural zoning ordinances, the density is controlled by seƫng a large minimum lot size for a residenƟal structure, but densiƟes may also vary depending upon the type of agricultural operaƟon and proximity between other properƟes or uses. 8)Land use regulaƟons are not the only way to impact agricultural acƟviƟes. The County could consider nancial incenƟves or programs to support maintaining and growing agricultural acƟviƟes, such as purchase of development rights and conservaƟon easements. a.Purchase of development rights (PDR). A program that allows property owners to voluntarily sell the development rights to their land at fair market value in return for deeding a permanent conservaƟon easement held by a land trust or local government. b.Agricultural conservaƟon easement. A voluntary (legally recorded) agreement between a landowner and a qualied conservaƟon organizaƟon, oŌen a land trust, which restricts land to agricultural and open space uses. c.Farmland miƟgaƟon programs. Can help preserve agricultural lands. They involve protecƟng farmland by providing equivalent farm acreage elsewhere when agricultural land is converted to other uses, or paying a fee when farmland is converted to other uses. online Version ONLINE VERSION 480 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 30 5.5 RESOURCES County of Kaua‘i Important Agriculture Land Study. December 2014. State of Hawai’i, Department of Agriculture. December 2004. Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan. LaVenture, Tom. The Garden Island. September 15, 2013. GMO, by the numbers. Lyte, BriƩany. The Garden Island. August 7, 2015. Kīlauea Faming Project Gets Legs. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 481 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 31 6.0 TOURISM 6.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Kaua‘i’s tourism industry is the largest sector of the Island’s economy. It regularly accounts for about 33% of the County’s real income, generates more than a quarter of the jobs on Kaua‘i, and contributes substan�ally to the county tax revenues (Kaua‘i Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy, 2010). The tourism industry employed 11,029 of Kaua‘i’s residents in 2011 (Collabora�ve Economics, 2015). In 2014, Kaua‘i received 1,113,605 visitors, who stayed an average of 7.71 days and spent $171 per day. Of these, 70% were returning visitors while 30% were new. Three out of four were independent travelers. The average visitor count per day is 23,536. Visitors increase Kaua‘i’s popula�on by as much as 22% on any given day. Direct visitor spending for an average year in the rst decade of this century was about $1,087 million. DBEDT’s visitor industry Input- Output model shows that the indirect and induced effects of visitor expenditures prac�cally double the amount of direct expenditures. Because tourism is sensi�ve to disrup�ons including economic downturns, climate events, and world geopoli�cal events, it has been the County’s objec�ve to diversify the local economy and thereby reduce its dominant effect on total economic output. Tourism can have nega�ve side effects. The Island’s million-plus annual visitors place stress on local infrastructure and increase the demand for public services. Visitor impacts on natural resources and parks were iden�ed as a concern in the 2000 GP, and remains a concern today. Major visitor des�na�ons on Kaua'i – par�cularly Kē'ē Beach (Hā'ena State Park), Kalalau (Na Pali Coast State Wilderness Park), and the Waimea and Kōke’e State Parks - are underfunded and in need of improved maintenance. Kaua‘i Tourism Strategic Plan (2015) notes that a key issue is the signicant uctua�on throughout the year in the number of visitors. When the daily visitor count is over approximately 25,000, the island’s roads, beaches and other infrastructure are taxed, and the visitor experience and resident quality of life diminish. There is interest in managing the “peaks and valleys” in the visitor count. The peaks typically occur in the mid-June to August and during the winter holidays. In December 2014, the daily visitor count reached 26,170. Un�l there is improvement in the island’s infrastructure, the desirable range of visitors per day is within the range of 23,000 to 25,000, thus ensuring valleys and peaks are evened out. The parking situa�on at Kē'ē Beach is an example of the challenges. Hāʻena State Park lies at the “end of the road” on Kaua‘i’s north shore. Both visitors and locals appreciate the ancient sea caves, beach, opportuni�es for shore shing, and viewing of the Nāpali Coast. The trailhead for the 11-mile Kalalau Trail begins in this park. The limited parking quickly lls up and results in a combina�on of illegal parking online Version ONLINE VERSION 482 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 32 and /or frustra�on for those who have driven far to enjoy the park or trail. There are high instances of the� and vandalism at this parking area, as well as many others around the island. Several important visitor des�na�ons have recently updated plans, or plans that are well underway. State Parks and the Ha’ena community are working together to rene and adopt a park master plan for Ha’ena State Park. Another issue associated with tourism is the prolifera�on of alterna�ve visitor accommoda�on units such as Transient Vaca�on Rentals (TVRS) and Bed & Breakfast (B&B) opera�ons, specically outside of the designated visitor des�na�on areas (VDA). The 2000 General Plan called for the County to recognize “alterna�ve visitor accommoda�ons,” as well as enact clear standards and permit processes for regula�ng alterna�ve visitor accommoda�ons structures and opera�ons in Residen�al, Agriculture, Open and Resort zoning districts. Although the TVR and Homestay ordinances have begun to implement the 2000 General Plan policy regarding the regula�on of alterna�ve visitor accommoda�ons, there is s�ll concern that such uses may have nega�ve and adverse impacts on certain residen�al neighborhoods zoned outside of the visitor des�na�on areas. In addi�on to altering the character of the community because of the constant turnover of different people, neighborhoods with TVRS decrease the affordable housing inventory for local residents. Illegal alterna�ve accommoda�ons outside of the visitor des�na�on areas puts a strain on enforcement efforts with limited staff and resources. To summarize, the major issues in Tourism include: •Tourism is the largest sector in Kaua‘i’s economy, and one of Kaua‘i’s only basic industries. •Tourism is sensi�ve to economic disrup�ons, major weather events, and geo-poli�cal issues. •Tourism places high demands on infrastructure, services, and natural resources. •A balance is needed to accommodate visitors and residents harmoniously. 6.2 OPPORTUNITIES A strong tourism industry can honor the people, culture, and heritage of Kaua‘i. It can support and enhance the quality of life for residents; add value and perpetuate the natural and cultural resources of Kaua‘i. It can support a vibrant and sustainable economy, and provide a unique, memorable, and enriching visitor experience. According to the 2005-2015 Kauaʻi Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS), leaders in the visitor industry on Kauaʻi iden�ed the needs that require immediate a�en�on and ac�on. These areas include: •Improving the condi�on of State and County parks •Addressing the issues of safety and security •Improving direc�onal signage •Providing improved interpre�ve signage •Crea�ng more regional visitor/cultural centers around the Island •Conduct a study of cruise ship social, economic, and physical impacts, infrastructure improvements required, and costs •Create an educa�onal program, beginning in middle school, on the importance of the visitor industry to Kaua`i’s economy and the State as a whole ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 483 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 33 While the general areas for improvement included in the 2005- 2015 remain important, the 2010 CEDS included a more specic list of infrastructure improvements (iden�ed by industry leaders): •Wailuā emergency bypass road (between Hanamā’ulu and Wailuā River) •Līhu‘e Airport runway expansion •Puhi-Līhu‘e-Hanamā‘ulu water system •Kūhiō Highway relief route (between Hanamā’ulu and Kealia) Kaua‘i’s Tourism Strategic Plan Update was released in July 2015. It includes strategies and measures that work toward ve key objec�ves, shown in the text box at right. Visitor housing op�ons con�nue to expand. Hotels and resorts are no longer the only op�on. The diversity of op�ons can appeal to more people, and help grow the industryThe Buildout Analysis suggests that there is basically enough land Resort zoned land to accommodate visitor growth. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Tourism include: •A strong tourism industry can honor Kaua‘i’s heritage, create jobs, generate revenue that can improve local services and facili�es, and spread aloha beyond the Island. •There is sufficient land zoned for resort facili�es to accommodate visitor growth. •Alterna�ve visitor des�na�ons can generate new revenue for property owners and offer visitors an op�on to staying in a resort. •Alterna�ve transporta�on such as airport shu�les, shu�les to popular des�na�ons, and visitor use of bicycles and walking paths. 6.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED TOURISM •The “Visitor Industry” chapter is one of the longer ones in the 2000 GP. Beginning with visitor projec�ons, it includes data and discussion pertaining to the number, types, and loca�ons of units needed to accommodate visitors. •The 2000 GP addresses the impact of visitors on parks and natural resource areas, but does not discuss the impact of visitors on other infrastructure or transporta�on systems. •The 2000 GP recommended amending the CZO to set development standards and permit process for alterna�ve visitor accommoda�on structures. This has been implemented through Ordinances 987, 904, 876, and 864. Development standards now exist for B&Bs, vaca�on rentals, retreat centers and inns. 6.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on tourism to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Update the analysis from the 2000 GP with data from the 2015 Land Use Buildout and Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Reports, Tourism Strategic Plan, and CEDS. Kaua‘i DraŌ Tourism Strategic Plan ObjecƟves (2015) 1.To make posi�ve contribu�ons to the quality of life for residents. 2.To increase the economic contribu�on of the visitor industry to Kaua‘i. 3.To increase communica�ons, interac�ons and understanding between stakeholder groups, especially between residents and the visitor industry. 4.To maintain and improve visitor sa�sfac�on with their experience on Kaua‘i. 5.To reinforce authen�c Na�ve Hawaiian culture and local Kaua‘i culture, the founda�ons of our unique sense of place. online Version ONLINE VERSION 484 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 34 2)Update the area-specic discussion of trends in the 2000 GP with input from updated plans and agency representa�ves. 3)Update Table 4-1: Es�mate of Overall Demand for Visitor Units in 2020 in the 2000 GP with Table 11 in the Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Report. 4)Update Table 4-2: Visitor Units by Area and Type, 1999 in the 2000 GP with the Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Report Table 12 (by area) and with the Hawai‘i Tourism Authority “2014 Visitor Plant Inventory” (by area, property and unit type). 5)Update Table 4-3: Summary of Poten�al Visitor Units, by Status and Area in the 2000 GP with the Land Use Buildout Technical Report Table 20 Hawai‘i Tourism Authority “2014 Visitor Plant Inventory” (planned addi�ons and new developments). 6)Discuss means for the County and State to manage visitor-driven conges�on, such as by integra�ng work conducted for the North Shore/South Shore Shu�le Study into the GP Tourism and Transporta�on sec�ons. 7)The GP planning process could examine the list of tourism projects based on their impact on other policy areas in the GP. According to the 2015 Land Use Buildout Technical Report, in all Planning Districts except for the North Shore, the exis�ng inventory - plus proposed new developments - exceed the projected need for tourist accommoda�ons. Līhu‘e had the most excess followed by Waimea-Kekaha, Kapa’a-Wailuā, and South Kaua‘i. The Technical Report suggests that the projected decit for the North Shore can be accommodated by the extensive supply of poten�al single-family transient vaca�on rentals within the Visitor Des�na�on Areas. However, the GP planning process might generate alterna�ve solu�ons. 6.5 RESOURCES State of Hawai‘i, Division of State Parks Department of Land and Natural Resources. June 2014. Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks Master Plan. Hawai‘i Tourism Authority. 2014. Visitor Plant Inventory. h�p://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/default/assets/File/2014%20Visitor%20Plant%20Inventory%2 0Report%20(FINAL).pdf County of Kauaʻi Office of Economic Development and Kauaʻi Economic Development Board. Kaua‘i’s Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) Report 2005-2015. The Kauaʻi County Tourism Strategic Plan: 2006-2015- partnership with the County, Industry, and the Kaua‘i Visitor’s Bureau. County of Kaua‘I Office of Economic Development, July 2015. Kaua‘I Tourism Strategic Plan Update 2016- 2018. SMS Research & Marke�ng Services, Inc. February 2014 Kaua‘i General Plan Update: Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts. Azambuja, Léo. June 6, 2013. Dahilig Outlines Plan for TVRs. The Garden Island. h�p://thegardenisland.com/news/local/govt-and-poli�cs/dahilig-outlines-plan-for- tvrs/ar�cle_170c980c-ce76-11e2-9c99-0019bb2963f4.html PBR. Ha’ena State Park Master Plan. h�p://pbrhawaii.com/?project=Hā‘ena-state-park-master-plan ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 485 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 35 7.0 OPEN SPACE 7.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES What people perceive as “open space” in Kaua‘i is either undeveloped land, agricultural land, or land that is regulated to limit development. Kaua‘i limits development with the General Plan “Open” designa�on and the CZO’s “Open District”. According to the 2015 Land Use Buildout Technical Report, the General Plan “Open” designa�on comprises over 70% of the island. The Open designa�on includes the State Conserva�on District and other open areas such as golf courses. Land designated as Open is distributed across the island as follows: Waimea-Kekaha (39%); North Shore (27%); Līhu‘e (12%); Kapa’a-Wailuā (10%); Hanapēpē-Ele’ele (7%); and South Kaua‘i (4%). According to Sec�on 5.3.1 of the 2000 GP, lands designated Open shall: “…remain predominantly free of development involving buildings, paving and other construc�on.” With the excep�on of kuleanas and other small lots of record, any construc�on that is permi�ed shall be clearly incidental to the use and open character of the surrounding lands. General Plan designated open spaces include important land forms such as mountains; coastal bluffs; cinder cones; stream valleys; na�ve plant and wildlife habitat; areas of predominantly steep slopes; beaches and coastal areas suscep�ble to coastal erosion or hurricane, tsunami, or storm-wave inunda�on; wetlands and ood plains; important scenic resources; known natural, historic and archaeological resources; and, areas commi�ed to outdoor recrea�on. During the GP Update community mee�ngs, feedback indicated that emphasis should be added on preserving scenic quali�es of open space, and specifying a preference for sustainable land uses and landscapes. Lands designated as “Open” in the 2000 General Plan are typically designated as “Agricultural” or “Open” in the CZO. Kaua‘i limits development in its Open and Agricultural Districts, which comprise much of the open space between towns. Under the CZO, single-family residences are allowed within the Open District. As a result of a stronger emphasis on preserving open lands, the County passed Ordinance 896 in 2010 to close a density “bonus” loophole in the CZO and further limit development in this District. Open spaces between communi�es help reinforce community iden�ty. A compact community can form a strong sense of place when it is surrounded by open space. A person knows when they are entering a community when the large expanses of open space ends. Kaua‘i residents like this rela�onship between the built areas and open land, and want to keep it that way. online Version ONLINE VERSION 486 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 36 Open Space Acquisi�on The County has established a framework for funding land acquisi�ons, with a focus on park expansion areas and shoreline access ways. The Public Access, Open Space, Natural Resources Preserva�on Fund was established by County Charter and receives a minimum of 1.5% of the County’s annual cer�ed real property taxes. The callout at right explains the intended applica�on of the funds. Grants from the State’s Land Conserva�on Fund are also available through the Legacy Land Conserva�on Program to State agencies, coun�es, and non-prot land conserva�on organiza�ons seeking funding to acquire property that has value as a resource to Hawai‘i. County agency or nonprot land conserva�on organiza�on grant recipients must provide matching funds of at least 25% of the total project costs. The Legacy Land Conserva�on Program provides grants to local organiza�ons and agencies seeking to purchase and protect lands having cultural, natural, agricultural, historical, and recrea�onal resources. There is a big difference between open spaces that are protected (in perpetuity) and those that are perceived as open, but are simply not yet developed. Community dissent arises when vacant lands people had cherished – and perceived as protected – are developed. Access to many tradi�onal gathering places is now obstructed. There is compe��on for both access and use of areas that once were accessible for hun�ng, gathering, shing, and recrea�on. The County may never have enough money to acquire all the land that needs protec�ng. Preven�ng the development of land has implica�ons for the tax base and popula�on growth that are worth exploring. To summarize, the major issues in Open Space include: •Open spaces contribute greatly to the public’s percep�on that Kaua‘i is “the Garden Island”. •Open spaces between towns help maintain and reinforce a community’s iden�ty. •Open spaces protect natural resources. •Dening the important quali�es of open space will be informa�ve in developing policy for the GP Update. •The GP Update process may involve iden�fying open spaces that are in need of protec�on through re-zoning or addi�on to the Heritage Resources Maps. 7.2 OPPORTUNITIES Much of the open space between towns (along the roadways) is zoned for agriculture or open space purposes. While tradi�onal zoning districts can maintain uses to a certain extent, both agricultural and open space zoning districts allow for residen�al ac�vity. A scenic view plane ordinance was proposed in the 2000 GP to further protect open spaces. It called for prepara�on of a Scenic Roadways Report, which is not yet complete. Protec�ng scenic views should be revisited, in addi�on to exploring new tools to protect open spaces. An Urban Edge Boundary, as The County Charter species that the Public Access, Open Space, Natural Resources Preserva�on Fund will be used to ”acquire lands or property en�tlements for the following purposes: outdoor recrea�on and educa�on, including access to beaches and mountains; preserva�on of historic or culturally important land areas and sites; protec�on of signicant habitats or ecosystems, including buffer zones; preserving forests, beaches, coastal areas, and agricultural lands; protec�ng watershed lands to preserve water quality and water supply; conserving land in order to reduce erosion, oods, landslides, and runoff; improving disabled and public access to, and enjoyment of, public land and open space; and acquiring disabled and public access to public land and open space.” ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 487 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 37 discussed in the Land Uses and Growth Management sec�on of this Paper, can help limit the extent of urban sprawl and delineate town edges and open spaces. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Open Space include: •A scenic view plane ordinance can help protect open spaces with view planes. •An urban edge boundary can limit the extent of sprawl, and protect open spaces. 7.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED OPEN SPACE •The 2000 GP includes an “Open Lands” sec�on. The delinea�on of “Open Lands” was revised in the 2000 GP to address the incorpora�on of Open-zoned lands in subdivisions of Agriculture land. Prior to revisions recommended by the 2000 GP, the number of lots that could be created under Open zoning were added to the number that could be created under Agriculture zoning, even though the actual lands designated as open may be undevelopable because they were located, as in the example of the Waipake subdivision, in a stream gulch. The 2000 GP suggested that the “density bonus” for Open lands contradicts the intent of the Open district and of the Agriculture district development standards. To correct this situa�on, the 2000 GP recommended that the CZO be amended. Open-zoned lands within Agriculture- zoned proper�es should be treated as “Agriculture” for purposes of determining the allowable number of residen�al lots. Coun�ng all acreage as Agriculture gives the benet of the addi�onal land to the owner while observing the intent of the Agriculture district’s density limita�ons. •The 2000 GP recommended protec�ng scenic views with a new ordinance. This has not yet been done. •The 2000 GP recommends reviewing of the zoning maps and the CZO provisions rela�ng to the Open District and the Constraint Districts. This is an ongoing effort. 7.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on open space to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Consider the impact of changes to the Open District. 2)Consider policies for a transfer of development rights (TDR) and/or Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) program on Kaua'i. 3)Update the descrip�on of the General Plan Open Designa�on to prevent confusion with the Open District and the concept of “Open Space”. Consider calling the Open District the “Natural Infrastructure” or “Natural” District. 4)Examine how Līhu‘e’s recommended Urban Edge Boundary (from the adopted Līhu‘e Community Plan) can, or should, be applied elsewhere. Explore other alterna�ves for protec�ng open spaces surrounding communi�es. 5)The CAC and County Planning Department may wish to include text that reects upon the efficacy of the zone change in the 2000 General Plan. The sec�on will need to include new text that describes the current Open zone. 6)In order to enact an ordinance protec�ng scenic views as recommended by the 2000 GP, a Scenic Roadways Report will need to be prepared that iden�es important views. This is outside the scope of the GP Update and will need to be undertaken as a separate project. 7)County review of the zoning maps and the CZO provisions rela�ng to the Open District and the Constraint Districts is ongoing, and may be helpful to inform the GP Update. The Constraint Districts, in par�cular, can be reviewed by the County to eliminate regula�ons that are no longer online Version ONLINE VERSION 488 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 38 relevant, to improve the effec�veness of relevant regula�ons, and to simplify zoning administra�on. 7.5 RESOURCES County of Kaua‘i Public Access, Open Space & Natural Resources Reserva�on Fund Commission. 2013. 2013 Report to the Kaua‘i County Council and Mayor Bernard Carvalho, Jr. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 489 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 39 8.0 AFFORDABLE AND WORKFORCE HOUSING 8.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Housing on Kaua‘i is expensive and homeownership is beyond the reach of many households. This is true for newly- formed families, for the elderly, for just about everyone. Sixty percent of the housing inventory is affordable to less than 25% of residents. According to HUD income limits, the majority of the exis�ng housing supply can only be afforded by households earning over 180% of the average median income. An analysis of housing needs conducted by the Kaua‘i Housing Agency for the 2015- 2020 Consolidated Plan iden�ed the following trends: •Housing affordability is a problem. Renter and owner households below 30% of median, and between 30%-50% of median have the highest housing cost burden among households below 100% of AMI paying greater than 50% of their income on housing costs. •Overcrowded housing is a problem. Renters experience a dispropor�onately higher incidence of severe overcrowding than owners. •Substandard housing is a problem. Signicantly more renters experience substandard housing (lacking complete plumbing or kitchen facili�es) than owners with similar household incomes. According to the 2014 Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts technical report prepared for the GP Update, average annual job growth for the County of Kaua‘i is expected to equal 0.79% over the next few years. Between 2020 and 2030, job growth is expected to occur at an average annual rate of 0.66%. The rate is expected to dip again to 0.53% during the period between 2030 and 2035, adding less than 1,000 jobs. The idea behind inves�ng in specic cluster industries (as discussed in the Economic Development sec�on of this Paper) is to create jobs to pay for housing and other living costs. In the mean�me, the cost of living con�nues to increase, with housing and transporta�on costs consuming a large por�on of a household’s income. Some housing is built far from commercial areas and community services, so residents must rely heavily on private vehicles to get around. Such reliance is bad for the environment, physical health, and contributes to traffic conges�on. Many exis�ng homes could benet from renova�on or expansion. As Kaua‘i’s popula�on ages, homes may need to be retro�ed for greater accessibility, or expand to accommodate mul�-genera�onal households. According to the Hawai‘i Housing Planning Study (2011) and Consolidated Plan (2015-2020), of the 1,312 housing units needed by year 2016, 376 units are for ownership and 936 units are for rental. Approximately 86% of rental units needed are for families below 80% of median income. Unit type needed by low-income families is mostly mul�-family. Units that are needed to serve elderly households account for approximately 19 percent of total needed units by year 2016. online Version ONLINE VERSION 490 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 40 There is an insufficient amount of affordable housing for the disabled, elderly, homeless individuals and families, and young families. The lack of affordable housing, results in overcrowding, which in turn fuels the demand for illegal or substandard housing units. Due to the high cost of living, many families cannot save enough money for the requisite down payment and closing costs (which are the highest in the na�on) needed to purchase a home. The cost of living is exacerbated by high transporta�on costs and energy costs, and leaves many families with li�le discre�onary income.. As such, it is becoming more difficult for young couples to afford their rst home, for the elderly to keep their homes, and for children to return to, or remain on, Kaua‘i a�er gradua�ng from college. Kaua‘i’s 2015-2020 Consolidated Plan recommends strategies to remove or ameliorate the barriers to affordable housing, as shown in the text box below. 2015-2020 Consolidated Plan Strategies for Affordable Housing Land Use Controls - The Housing Agency will support efforts that streamline the planning, zoning and permi�ng process through the administra�on of the county’s 201-H policy and processing of development exemp�ons for eligible applicants that develop at least 51% of the total project units as affordable housing. Affordable Housing Task Force - The Housing Agency will con�nue to assist private developers through the Affordable Housing Task Force. The Task Force consists of representa�ve from county line review agencies and provides a private developer the opportunity to dialogue and receive feedback to help streamline project review �me. Expedited Permi�ng - The Housing Agency will con�nue to recommend expedited permi�ng for affordable housing projects. Projects so designated will be given preferen�al permi�ng by review agencies. Fee and Charges - The Housing Agency will con�nue to administer requests for waivers of fees and charges allowed for affordable housing pursuant to Kauaʻi County Code for building permits, sewer connec�on fees, environmental impact assessment fees, etc. Growth Limits - Con�nue to support the development of comprehensive planning for the island’s communi�es consistent with the General Plan update. Endorse planning principles that integrate reasonable growth principles. Policies that Affect the Return on Residen�al Investment - The County will impose deed restric�ons on the transfer of dwelling units according to the minimum requirements of Ordinance No. 860. This deed restric�on requires owner occupancy of the units. If the owner wishes to sell their unit within a buyback period, the unit must be rst offered to the County at a price determined by a prescribed formula. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 491 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 41 It should be noted that the “buyback provision” included in the last strategy may require further analysis, given that the prescribed formula results in a price that is o�en beyond the County’s ability to pay; thus, allowing the affordable unit to become a market-rate unit. To summarize, the major issues in Affordable and Workforce Housing include: •Much of Kaua‘i’s housing is not affordable – especially to the elderly, homeless, young families, and disabled - and households are spending too much of their incomes on housing costs. •In response to the lack of affordability, people are living in crowded and sub-standard condi�ons. •New homes are o�en built far from town centers, which means people need to rely on cars to get around. A heavy reliance on personal vehicles is expensive, bad for one’s health and the environment. •Kaua‘i lacks a diversity of housing op�ons. Mul�family housing stock is very limited. Large lot, single-family housing is not affordable for most of the resident popula�on, yet most of Kaua‘i’s vacant residen�al land is zoned for large lot housing. Housing for residents will be an increasing challenge, par�cularly for aging households, whose numbers are rapidly increasing. 8.2 OPPORTUNITIES Housing is expensive due to high land and materials costs and out-of-state demand. These factors are not easily controlled. The regulatory process and design standards are more easily adjusted to achieve policy objec�ves. For example, Kaua‘i’s Affordable Workforce Housing Ordinance recognizes that affordable housing is not produced at sufficient rates, and therefore requires developers to build affordable housing as a condi�on of market-rate housing approval. In response to concerns that the mandatory produc�on of affordable housing was preven�ng development altogether, the percentage of required produc�on was recently reduced. Changes to the Ordinance will hopefully result in the actual produc�on of more affordable housing by the private sector. While the Workforce Housing Ordinance targets specic households and addresses well-dened, cri�cal needs, alone the Ordinance will not sa�sfy all outstanding housing issues. It is an important op�on along a con�nuum of poten�al solu�ons. Kaua‘i’s Housing Agency already implements a variety of programs designed to provide emergency shelter, promote homeownership, expedite the permi�ng of affordable housing produc�on, offer loans to purchase or rehabilitate housing, among others. Sources of funds that are poten�ally available to address housing needs include: Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, Sec�on 8 Housing Choice Vouchers, Economic Development Ini�a�ve, U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development programs, private founda�ons, State CIP funds, and County funds. Federal funds are very prescrip�ve in terms of households income categories served. In contrast, locally-established and funded programs can be customized to serve those who fall between the federal programs and market- rate units. Land Use Policies for Housing Diversity and a Mix of Uses The land use and building code regula�ons can be revised to facilitate the construc�on of a broad mix of housing. For example, the County could: •Allow for more mixed-use zoning, so that more people may live close to town, near bus stops, and above shops, and thereby save on transporta�on costs. •Allow for the construc�on of smaller dwelling units. •Create a system similar to 201H that priori�zes, expedites review, and reduces fees for a greater variety of affordable housing projects. online Version ONLINE VERSION 492 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 42 •Reduce lot sizes and allow for more mul�-family units in certain districts. •Allow for increased heights in certain districts. •Revise building codes to allow for the construc�on of a greater diversity of housing unit types, at lower costs. Inll and/or redevelopment can produce more affordable housing without sprawl, and may be less expensive than “greeneld” development because it is closer to exis�ng infrastructure. Both the Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i Community Plans, adopted in 2015, call for housing, including affordable housing, in compact walkable communi�es. There is also an opportunity to look at incorpora�ng “Missing Middle” housing as inll or development in walkable town centers. Coined by Dan Parolek of Op�cos Design Inc., the “Missing Middle” is characterized by small-scale, mul�-unit housing types such as duplexes, fourplexes, bungalow courts, and mansion apartments that are not bigger than a large house, that are integrated throughout most walkable Pre-1940s neighborhoods, o�en integrated into blocks with primarily single-family homes, and provide diverse housing choices and generate enough density to support transit and locally-serving commercial ameni�es. Suppor�ng the construc�on of the “Missing Middle” could result in the produc�on of more diverse and affordable housing op�ons. Hawaiian Homelands Housing The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) works to ensure that na�ve Hawaiian families have homes and land to call their own. The 2004 DHHL Kaua‘i Island Plan designates three priority tracts for development. These are the residen�al areas of Wailuā, Hanapēpē, and Anahola/ Kamalomalo‘o. These priority areas reect the Department’s emphasis on developing large master-planned communi�es to provide as many houses as possible to beneciaries, in the shortest amount of �me and at the least cost. The DHHL has also longer-term plans to develop agricultural and pastoral homesteads; lands for community uses that include schools and park sites; a small amount of commercial and industrial sites; and, to encourage large scale agriculture or ranching on the 13,000 acres of land island-wide that are designated for General Agriculture. AllocaƟon of ResidenƟal Zoned Lands If the GP includes recommenda�ons to allow for more residen�al land uses (increasing the supply of housing) and more affordable housing types, the CZO could subsequently be revised to reect such inten�ons. According to the 2015 Land Use Buildout Analysis, When considering alterna�ves to ensure that there is adequate zoning to accommodate the projected popula�on, thought should be given to increase the supply of higher-density residen�al op�ons especially within walkable town centers … Only Līhu‘e [currently] has R-8 zoning that could provide exible higher density op�ons in-between a typical single-family experience and a higher-density development. All districts have mul�-family zoning, but could perhaps use more or integrate into mixed-use zoning categories that may emerge in the future, par�cularly Līhu‘e and East Kauaʻi. The 2015-2020 Consolidated Plan contains a current assessment of housing needs. The 2014 Kaua‘i Community Health Improvement Plan, corroborates housing was a cri�cal theme. Its ndings are supported by the data contained in the 2011 Hawai`i Housing Planning Study and the 2015 Land Use Buildout Technical Report. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Affordable and Workforce Housing include: ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 493 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 43 •Regulatory means - like the Workforce Housing Ordinance, 201H, more mixed use zoning at higher densi�es, and the like - can expedite or force the produc�on of housing, and create an environment that lowers the cost of construc�on. •The Housing Agency can be further supported in its efforts to seek funds that supplement the County’s budget in order to build affordable housing, and offer homeownership programs and rehabilita�on loan programs. •DHHL owns signicant amounts of land on which affordable housing for na�ve Hawaiian families can be built. A TDR Ordinance could facilitate the construc�on of DHHL homes closer to exis�ng infrastructure and town centers. •A more holis�c approach to reducing the cost of living includes not only the produc�on of affordable housing, but also reducing transporta�on and energy costs. 8.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED HOUSING •The “Housing” sec�on within the 2000 GP was based on informa�on that is now outdated. It will require extensive upda�ng. Informa�on is largely available to accomplish that. •Based on popula�on projec�ons of an annual growth rate of 3.8 % (between 1980 and 1990), the 2000 GP emphasized the need to produce housing, and integrated support services, for the elderly. •The 2000 GP recommended revising the CZO, as necessary, to facilitate the development of assisted living units and con�nuing care communi�es serving the elderly. While the CZO has not yet been revised, the County has par�cipated on State-Wide Assisted Living Facili�es Task Force. 8.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on housing to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Much of the needed data is readily available in the 2015-2020 Consolidated Plan, 2014 Rental Study, and 2014 Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Report. 2)Update the policies and ac�ons contained in the 2000 General Plan from current sources. 3)The GP planning process can vet variety of regulatory, nancial and programma�c recommenda�ons that might be ini�ated by the Housing Agency or others. 4)Describe housing needs (including those of the elderly, special needs, young families, etc.) / goals / poten�al ac�ons from 2016 to 2035. 5)Iden�fy the regula�ons that can support affordable housing construc�on. 6)Obtain data indica�ng to what degree accessory dwelling units are sa�sfying affordable rental needs, if such data exists. 7)Determine how to expedite the leveraging of Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, Sec 8 Vouchers, Economic Development Ini�a�ves, USDA Rural Dev, private founda�ons, State CIP, and County funds. 8)Iden�fy affordable housing projects that will expire before 2035. Determine how the buy-back program can be improved. 9)Iden�fy how the private sector can play a larger role in producing affordable housing. 10)Consider improvements to the Affordable Workforce Housing Ordinance. 11)Consider crea�ng an index for Kaua‘i called the HTE index (“Housing, Transporta�on, Electricity” that builds on the CNT’s H+T Index) to illustrate how severe the cost of living problem is in Kaua‘i. 12)Update Table 8-1: Household Composi�on using data from Table 7 pertaining to Housing Units in the Socioeconomic Technical Report. 13)Update Table 8-2: Kaua’i Income Distribu�on, using US Census data. online Version ONLINE VERSION 494 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 44 14)Update Table 8-3: Shelter-to-Income Ra�os, using Hawaii Housing Policy Study, 2003, Table IV-A-7. Shelter-to-Income Ra�os, August 23, 2003 and the 2011 Hawaii Housing Planning Study, Table 5: Shelter-to-Income Ra�o. 8.5 RESOURCES PBR Hawai’i & Associates, Inc. 2014. Dra� Land Use Buildout Analysis. County of Kaua‘i Built Environment Task Force. February 2015. Evalua�on of Public Health Policies in the General Plan 2000. County of Kauaʻi, Kauaʻi County Housing Agency. April 2015. Consolidated Plan 2015-2020. County of Kaua‘i. in progress. Affordable Housing Inventory. SMS Research & Marke�ng Services, Inc. November 2011. Hawai`i Housing Planning Study, 2011 Prepared for the County of Kaua‘i. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 495 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 45 9.0 NATURAL HAZARDS AND CLIMATE CHANGE 9.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Kaua’i is suscep�ble to a variety of natural hazards, including coastal storms, hurricanes, high wave events, ooding, coastal erosion, tsunamis, drought, wildre, landslides and vog. All of these hazards threaten lives, property, the natural environment, and the economy. While li�le can be done to prevent hazard events, their adverse impacts can be reduced through proper planning. Climate change is an important public health and safety factor that needs to be considered when developing policies for the loca�on and pa�ern of development. Exis�ng hazards will be exacerbated by climate change and sea-level rise. Based on the best available science, a range of sea-level rise of 1 foot by 2050 and 3 feet by 2100 is a reasonable, and possibly even conserva�ve, planning target for Kaua‘i and other Hawaiian Islands. This is consistent with recommenda�ons from the University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program Center for Island Climate Adapta�on and Policy (ICAP) report �tled Sea- Level Rise and Coastal Land Use in Hawai‘i: A Policy Tool Kit for State and Local Governments and the State of Hawai‘i Ocean Resources Management Plan. It is important to note that scien�c studies also suggest high end sea level rise scenarios upwards of 6 feet by 2100. The Na�onal Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra�on’s high end scenario of 6.6 feet is based on projec�ons that use a calcula�on of the maximum possible glacier and ice sheet loss by the end of the century. At this stage the greatest uncertainty surrounding projec�ons of future global SLR is the rate and magnitude of ice sheet loss, primarily from Greenland and West Antarc�ca. Given the range of uncertainty, NOAA and UH Sea Grant (through the Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment) recommend a scenario-based planning approach, whereby planning decisions consider mul�ple future scenarios and response op�ons, where the highest scenario should be considered in situa�ons where there is li�le tolerance for risk (e.g. new infrastructure with a long an�cipated life cycle such as a power plant), and the lowest scenario should be considered when there is a great tolerance for risk. Climate change, and in par�cular sea-level rise, has the poten�al to adversely impact coastal communi�es, cri�cal infrastructure, agricultural produc�vity, recrea�on and access to natural and human-made recrea�onal facili�es, cultural resources, natural habitats, tourism, and other economic sectors. It can poten�ally threaten the health and safety of residents and tourists. Twenty percent of Kaua‘i’s residents live near the shoreline. Low-lying roads, wastewater systems, energy facili�es, stormwater systems, and docking facili�es in harbors will be at risk of impaired func�on due to the collec�ve hazards of climate change and sea-level rise. Climate change and sea level rise will affect important natural habitats, many of which provide essen�al natural hazard buffers for communi�es, including beaches, dunes, wetlands, and rivers. Inunda�on and online Version ONLINE VERSION 496 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 46 erosion from SLR will reduce habitats and/or convert habitats from one type to another, including sandy beaches and rocky inter�dal areas. While new wetlands may be created due to the rise in the groundwater table (if adequate land area is available), saltwater intrusion could occur in exis�ng aqua�c ecosystems, including wetlands, streams, and estuarine systems, changing their character and vastly affec�ng the species that depend on them. This calls for the need to iden�fy and map environmental systems that protect development from natural hazards and examine exis�ng habitat protec�on policies and strengthen them, if needed. See Chapter 15 of the Kaua'i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment for more informa�on. Kaua‘i’s landmark beaches are of great importance to residents and the visitor industry. Beaches are cri�cal cultural and social gathering places. Beach erosion will increase as sea levels rise. Beach nourishment can be used to restore beaches and reduce property loss from erosion, but the high cost of these projects generally limits them to beaches of high economic importance. Sea-level rise could also lead to an increase of ooding and inunda�on of low lying agricultural land, salt water intrusion into agricultural and potable drinking water supplies, and a decrease in the amount of freshwater available. In addi�on to the coastal hazards, agriculture will be affected by drought, possible increases in storm intensity, and changes in rainfall pa�erns. Coastal Hazards The Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment was prepared in 2014 to support the GP Update. It iden�es exis�ng coastal hazards and climate change effects that are expected to increase on Kaua‘i into the future, and suggests measures for adapta�on, resiliency, and mi�ga�on. The key coastal hazard impacts to consider for Kaua‘i are: (1) coastal ooding and wave inunda�on; (2) erosion; (3) inland (stream) ooding, and (4) wind. These impacts may be the result of one or more hazard events including storms, high surf, sea level rise, sediment (sand) budget decits, etc. Proper planning and mi�ga�on programs, however, should be designed around these key impacts and not just the event that causes them, Coastal Flooding and Wave Inunda�on Coastal ooding is the ooding of normally dry, low lying coastal land. It can be caused by elevated sea surfaces or large �dal uctua�ons, seasonal high waves that push water inland, and surge from low pressure systems, tropical cyclones, and tsunamis. The Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone and the County of Kaua‘i Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan iden�es notable high wave events, not including tsunamis, from the early 1900s through the late 1990s, many of which caused beach erosion and overwash, and damaged structures. The largest wave events typically occur on the north shore due to strong storms in the North Pacic, but the south, east, and west shores also have signicant wave events. Hurricanes with large wave heights and storm surge have historically caused extensive erosion and property damage, including Hurricanes Nina (1957), Iwa (1982), and Iniki (1992). Surge from Iniki caused severe damage to the Po‘ipū coast where the greatest inunda�on occurred. The recorded history of Hawaiian tsunamis shows that 26 large tsunamis have made landfall within the islands and eight have had signicant damaging effects on Kaua‘i. There are many examples of tsunami inunda�on on Kaua‘i that demonstrate the magnitude and variability of tsunami impact on the shoreline. During the 1946 tsunami on the north shore, Hā‘ena had a runup height of 45 feet, while only a few miles away in Hanalei Bay, runup was 19 feet. Tsunami Evacua�on Zone Maps that are based on historical ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 497 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 47 tsunami runup and hypothe�cal models of near and far source tsunami runup are available from the Kaua‘i Civil Defense Agency. Understanding how climate related changes will affect coastal ooding and wave inunda�on is an area of ac�ve research. In general, extreme water levels will occur when sea level rise combines with seasonal high �des, interannual and interdecadal sea level varia�ons, and surge and/or high runup associated with storms and tsunamis. To visualize future inunda�on from sea-level rise, data from the NOAA Digital Coast sea level rise viewer provides a “bathtub” model of sea level rise inunda�on for Kaua‘i. There are mapped inunda�on scenarios for 0 to 6 feet of sea level rise. Some notable limita�ons of these maps are that increases in water levels from wave runup is not evaluated and they do not predict the poten�al for increased coastal erosion. These maps may be used in the general planning process as a preliminary screening tool for SLR inunda�on hazards to iden�fy areas where future adapta�on planning efforts should be focused, such as conduc�ng detailed hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments. Coastal Erosion Historical erosion studies using shoreline posi�ons mapped from aerial photographs and survey charts show that beach erosion is a troubling trend leading to shoreline change on Kaua‘i, overall. The NaƟonal Assessment of Shoreline Change: Historical Shoreline Change in the Hawaiian Islands reports that 71% of beaches on Kaua‘i are eroding, with nearly 4 miles of beach completely lost to erosion over the past century. On average, shorelines on Kaua‘i retreated over 36 feet over the past century. Beaches on the north and east coasts of Kaua‘i are experiencing the most erosion (76% and 78% of beaches, respec�vely). The majority of beaches are also eroding on the south and west coasts (63% and 64% of beaches, respec�vely). In addi�on to long-term or chronic erosion, Hawai‘i beaches are also highly prone to erosion from seasonal high waves and storms. The observed erosion trends can generally be explained by a combina�on of causes, including: 1. Human impacts to sand supply: In Hawai‘i, human impacts that have notably contributed to erosion and/or beach loss include the prac�ce of shoreline hardening (seawalls and revetments) to protect development built too close to the shoreline and sand mining. 2. Seasonal and storm waves and wave-driven currents that move sand, and 3. Sea-level rise forcing shoreline retreat. Sea level has been rising globally and around the Hawaiian Islands over the last century or longer. Sea level has risen about 6 inches around Kaua‘i over the past century. Rates of sea-level rise (SLR), globally and locally around Hawai‘i, are expected to accelerate over this century. SLR leads to shoreline retreat through two processes: 1) by simply moving the water line up the coastal slope and 2) by increasing erosional effects of waves on the upper beach, dune, or cliff. Expected future increases in sea level will result in increases to historical erosion rates and will add pressure to already eroding beaches and beaches that were previously stable. Some predic�ons show that average erosion rates at Hawai‘i beaches will double by the year 2050. Mapping of future shoreline posi�on on Kaua‘i under accelerated sea level rise scenarios is currently underway by researchers from the University of Hawai‘i Coastal Geology Group. Inland (Stream) Flooding There are instances on Kaua‘i of intense ooding associated with runoff, mudslides, bank failures, dam breaches, and erosion. Some have caused deaths and millions of dollars in property damages. The 2014 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment suggests that the primary challenge to mi�ga�ng online Version ONLINE VERSION 498 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 48 the hazard due to stream ooding is one of obtaining adequate warning in the case of ash oods and in improved planning of developments in areas of known ood history. The County of Kaua‘i Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan lists stream ooding events from the late 1800s through 2009. Some future projec�ons suggest that more frequent extreme rain events could lead to impacts from inland ooding including landslides and slope failure, coastal erosion, and runoff. In the future, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that climate changes in the Equatorial (Tropical) Pacic are expected to cause an increase in precipita�on. However, Hawai‘i falls at the northern edge of the tropic zone and may not experience the described trends. Historically, annual rainfall has decreased in Hawai‘i and this is reected in decreased groundwater discharge to streams. Also, all four major Hawaiian Islands have experienced more severe droughts since the 1950s. However, rainfall pa�erns in Hawai‘i vary drama�cally both temporally and spa�ally based on trade winds, topography, mid-la�tude weather systems, storms and cyclones, the El Niño Southern Oscilla�on (ENSO) phases, and more. This natural variability along with future climate changes presents a challenge to predict future rainfall and runoff pa�erns. Water supply faces threats both from rising groundwater and saltwater intrusion in wells, as well as decline in quality and quan�ty due to drought and downward trends in groundwater base ows. The water table rises as sea level rises, and it will eventually break the land surface crea�ng and expanding wetlands, changing drainage pa�erns, satura�ng the soil, and causing increased ooding. This could cause problems with water supply infrastructure, including aquifer saliniza�on and ooding of facili�es. These will be costly to mi�gate on an ongoing basis. Wind Strong winds throughout the Hawaiian Islands are associated with strong trade wind events, Kona storms, and tropical storms and hurricanes. Kaua‘i in par�cular has a history of wind events associated hurricanes that have been excep�onally damaging, including Hurricanes Dot in August 1959, Iwa in November 1982, and Iniki in 199228. Hurricane Dot packed sustained winds of 75 mph with gusts of 165 mph as it passed directly over Kaua‘i. While the storm-generated surf was not par�cularly damaging, the 2014 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment reports that winds and ooding led to $5.5-6 million in agricultural losses and hundreds of houses and trees were damaged. Hurricanes Iwa and Iniki both produced high waves ranging 20-30 �. in addi�on to winds over 125 mph. Redevelopment in the same areas that were impacted by those events raises the risk of damage from future storms. The County of Kaua‘i Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan provides a table (Chapter 3, Table 3-2) of hurricane and strong wind events from the early 1900s through 2009. 9.2 Opportuni�es The Hawaii State Planning Act (HRS Chapter 226) sets priority guidelines and requires that coun�es consider sea level rise in planning processes. In 2014, Hawaii adopted the Hawaii Climate Adapta�on Ini�a�ve Act 83 (HRS §225P-3) to address the effects of climate change to protect the State’s economy, health, environment, and way of life. The Act established an Interagency Climate Adapta�on Commi�ee (ICAC) comprised of key agency directors, legislators, and subject ma�er experts, of which Kaua‘i County Planning Department is a part. Addressing coastal hazards associated with climate change does not always require the adop�on of brand new programs, ordinances, or statutes. Kaua‘i County already has a broad regulatory and planning framework that can cover the four major hazard categories: (1) erosion; (2) wave inunda�on; (3) ooding; and (4) wind. The degree to which those hazards are addressed or factor in new scien�c informa�on such as SLR can be analyzed and adjusted. Opportuni�es for program adjustment include the Capital Improvement Program (CIP), CZO, Subdivision Ordinance, Special Management Area (SMA) Rules and ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 499 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 49 Regula�ons, Floodplain Management Ordinance, the building codes, and the Kaua‘i Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Preserva�on Fund. Kauaʻi has already begun working on planning for climate change. The Special Management Area permit process is a useful tool for coastal policies and design standards, but there are other ways by which vulnerable physical assets can be protected. The County’s revised shoreline setback ordinance is an example of poten�al regulatory improvements. Ordinance 979 increased shoreline setbacks by 20 feet to account for episodic events, sea level rise, and other hazards. The 2014 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment report includes six major recommenda�ons, several of which speak to gathering more informa�on and incorpora�ng hazard planning into County policies and regula�ons. It offers recommenda�ons for strengthening exis�ng programs – including oodplain management, shoreline setback ordinance, the SMA process, environmental reviews, subdivision regula�ons, building codes, the Public Access Funds, and CIP. It recommends new programs such as tax incen�ves and transfer of development rights to help locate or relocate development outside of hazardous or sensi�ve areas. It recommends a comprehensive beach management strategy and nancing plan for beach and dune maintenance. Sec�on III of the Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment iden�es the gaps in planning informa�on and guidance to adequately address climate change related hazards, protect health and safety of Hawai‘i’s communi�es, and protect coastal resources. This includes how accelerated SLR will affect erosion rates, how SLR and associated erosion will effect wave inunda�on, and how to address an Aleu�an Island earthquake event and tsunami impacts. Therefore, the rst recommenda�on of the Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment is for the GP to acknowledge and support the genera�on of this informa�on. Fortunately, some of the above-men�oned research is underway at the University of Hawai‘i and other research ins�tu�ons. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Climate Change and Natural Hazards include: •The State’s Planning Act, HRS Chapter 226, and County’s MulƟ-Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan (2010) provide the framework for ac�on; and, Kaua‘i has already begun revising regula�ons, like the shoreline setback ordinance, to be�er protect its people, and natural and built environment. The Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment recommenda�ons fall into six broad categories: 1. Support the development of improved climate related hazard planning informa�on. 2. Conduct detailed coastal hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessments based on best available climate change science. 3. Include relevant background informa�on and maps for climate change related coastal hazards in the General Plan. 4. Incorporate addi�onal General Plan overarching goals/principles pertaining to planning for climate change related coastal hazards. 5. Use exis�ng planning and regulatory programs to address climate change related coastal hazards. 6. Develop new programma�c strategies to address climate change related coastal hazards. online Version ONLINE VERSION 500 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 50 •Kaua‘i has the authority to implement change through its zoning code, subdivision regula�ons, SMA process, oodplain management, and building codes. •Kaua‘i can con�nue to use its CIP, Public Trust Funds, and other sources of money and nancial incen�ves to prevent new construc�on near the shoreline or encourage construc�on elsewhere. •The energies and poli�cal will of community watchdog groups can help further ac�on to make Kaua‘i more resilient. •The con�nued genera�on of important planning informa�on from research ins�tu�ons, which can inform future Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Assessments. The County is undertaking signicant efforts to build Kaua‘i’s resilience against natural hazards. The MulƟ-Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan for Kaua‘i is currently being updated. The County of Kaua‘i’s Mul�-Hazard Mi�ga�on Plan was formally approved in December 2003 as one of the rst county plans in the United States to receive approval in accordance with the Federal Disaster Mi�ga�on Act of 2000, 44 CFR Part 201, Hazard Mi�ga�on Planning, and was updated in 2010. The 2010 Mul�-Hazard Mi�ga�on Plan goals are to: •Implement, rene, and revise the Mul�-Hazard Mi�ga�on Plan based on updates of the risk and vulnerability assessments. •Engage in disaster public awareness ac�vi�es that improve implementa�on of the plan, building on the network of the hazard mi�ga�on community at local levels and throughout the State. •Improve communica�ons systems. •Ensure that adequate shelter is available to all residents and visitors. •Secure and maintain lifelines and access for medical assistance and transport of materials and fuel. •Enhance and use the County’s geographic informa�on system (GIS) and data to improve planning, permi�ng, and building such that disaster risks are reduced. •Harden essen�al and governmental facili�es to maintain opera�ons during a disaster and recovery opera�ons. The Mul�-Hazard Mi�ga�on Plan is being updated as this Issues and Opportuni�es Paper is being wri�en. The 2015 dra� update can be found at: h�p://www.hazards-climate-environment.org/Kaua’i To summarize, the major issues in Hazard Preparedness and Climate Change Effects include: •Natural hazards and their more frequent occurrences can be expected as a result of climate change and sea-level rise. •Twenty percent of Kaua‘i’s residents live near the shoreline. Located on, or near, the shoreline are many of Kaua‘i’s cri�cal heritage sites, natural resources, tourist facili�es, and infrastructure. •Climate change is an important public health and safety factor that needs to be considered when developing policies for the loca�on and pa�ern of development. In June of 2015, Mayor Bernard Carvalho signed an ExecuƟve Order to Sustain the County of Kaua‘i as a Disaster Resilient Community through a comprehensive mi�ga�on program against natural hazards. It calls for mi�ga�on measures to be implemented that signicantly reduce the vulnerabili�es and risks associated with inland and coastal ooding, high winds and surf, drought, wildres, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Fourteen measures are outlined to support hazard mi�ga�on and resilience. These are summarized in the text box below. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 501 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 51 The dra� County of Kaua‘i MulƟ-Hazard MiƟgaƟon and Resilience Plan, 2015 Update aims to focus efforts on longer term goals of resiliency that ensure that the County will be able to withstand hazards and recover quickly when they occur. The Plan seeks to align with exis�ng County-level plans and ini�a�ves to further its goals, including the Mayor’s Holo Holo 2020 ini�a�ve and the General Plan Update. One of its objec�ves, with two associated measures, specically reference the General Plan Update: Objec�ve 2.5: Align the General Plan update process with disaster risk reduc�on measures. Measure: General Plan acknowledges hazard risks and iden�es growth and development in areas of least harm or poten�al disaster impact. Measure: Review of General Plan for risk reduc�on relevant plans, policies and measures and incorpora�on of ac�ons and recommenda�ons. Measures IdenƟed in “An ExecuƟve Order to Sustain Kaua‘i County as Disaster Resilient Community”, Mayor Bernard Carvalho, June 19, 2015 1. Support and implementa�on of the Kauai County Hazard Mi�ga�on and Resiliency Plan. 2. Countywide risk and vulnerability assessment, and assist communi�es to develop and implement community resiliency plans. 3. Partnerships with businesses to provide a public-private link for coordinated disaster mi�ga�on, preparedness, response and recovery. 4. Support adop�on of the latest version of the Interna�onal Building Code (IBC) and relevant wind load and seismic provisions. 5. Address hazards and the risks they pose in county-level land-use decisions, including county-owned property development. 6. Maintain a county emergency response plan and develop a county post-disaster recovery and mi�ga�on plan. 7. Compliance, par�cipa�on, and improvement of current ra�ngs in the Na�onal Flood Insurance Program, the Fire Suppression Ra�ng System, the Building Code Effec�veness Grading Schedule (BCEGS), and any other natural hazard-related ra�ng or regulatory system. 8. Incorporate disaster protec�on into public and private lifelines, infrastructure and cri�cal facili�es. 9. Develop and support programs to increase the public's awareness of natural hazards and ways to reduce or prevent damage through a coordinated effort with mul�ple stakeholders. 10. Support incorpora�on of natural hazard awareness and reduc�on programs in school curricula. 11. Support mi�ga�on training for planners, developers, architects, engineers and surveyors, and County personnel. Encourage par�cipa�on of government, industry and professional organiza�ons. 12. Iden�fy exis�ng incen�ves and disincen�ves for hazard loss reduc�on ac�ons, and develop and implement new incen�ves and disincen�ves. 13. Support the requirement of con�nuing educa�on of building officials and contractors. 14. Support consistency among projects, programs, and plans in the County that build resilience to the impacts of disasters and climate change, follow "no-regrets" approaches to risk reduc�on, and reduce risk for everyone, including the visitor popula�ons, in the County. online Version ONLINE VERSION 502 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 52 Given the interest in aligning County-level plans and policies to support resilience, there is an opportunity for the General Plan Update to benet from this recent work and incorporate relevant informa�on and recommenda�ons into its policies. 9.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL HAZARDS The topic of Climate Change and Natural Hazards was not raised in the 2000 GP. The primary source of data for the GP update will come from the County of Kaua‘i’s MulƟ-Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan and 2014 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment. The 2014 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment report includes specic recommenda�ons and policies that will require CAC and community input. 9.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on climate change and hazard preparedness to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Discuss the 2014 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment report with the CAC, and determine how best to incorporate the ndings and recommenda�ons into the GP Update. Iden�fy the 2014 Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment implica�ons on land use, housing, economic development, infrastructure, and natural resources. Discuss with the County Agencies and others. 2)Certain hazards, including tsunami evacua�on and inunda�on areas, will be mapped and included in the GP. 3)The General Plan will incorporate informa�on from the 2015 update of the County of Kaua‘i MulƟ- Hazard MiƟgaƟon and Resilience Plan in its discussions and policies related to natural hazards. 4)Once the planning informa�on is available, the Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazards Assessment recommends the County conduct detailed Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Assessments incorpora�ng sea level rise impacts, as an adapta�on planning step for vulnerable planning areas. Such assessment(s) are outside the scope of the GP Update. It is recommended to include: a)A hazard assessment that iden�es the extent, magnitude, and frequency of the hazard. Hazards to consider include: erosion (and accelerated erosion due to SLR as the models become available), wave inunda�on, ooding (including SLR inunda�on and groundwater penetra�on), tsunami inunda�on and wind; b)A risk and vulnerability assessment that iden�es priority community assets’ exposure to the hazard, sensi�vity to exposure, and ability to cope/adap�ve capacity. Such assets should include at a minimum: cri�cal infrastructure, transporta�on systems, u�li�es, exis�ng popula�on centers, water supplies and future growth areas. Other community assets to consider include important agricultural lands, sensi�ve ecosystems, public access/ recrea�on areas, and cultural resources. This assessment could also iden�fy poten�al pollutant sources at risk of inunda�on due to SLR, including waste disposal sites, ocean ou�alls and wastewater treatment facili�es, as well as aquifers and wells at risk of saltwater intrusion; c)Iden�fying priority planning areas where resources and planning efforts need to be focused and iden�fy how and where to use adapta�on strategies such as accommoda�on, retreat, and protec�on; d)Encouraging strategic retreat and reloca�on to safer areas based on the results of the assessments above; e)Iden�fying lands/areas that may serve as buffer from coastal hazards; “growth boundaries” may be used to restrict development from hazard-prone areas. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 503 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 53 9.5 RESOURCES Anderson, Tiffany R., Fletcher, Charles H., Barbee, Ma�hew M., Frazer, Neil, Romine, Bradley M. 2015. Doubling of coastal erosion under rising sea level by mid-century in Hawai‘i. In: Natural Hazards volume 76. ISSN 0921-030X. County of Kaua‘i. 2010. MulƟ-Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan, 2010 Update. County of Kaua‘i. 2015. County of Kaua‘i MulƟ-Hazard MiƟgaƟon and Resilience Plan – DRAFT Review and Comment. h�p://www.hazards-climate-environment.org/Kaua’i University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program. June 2014. Kaua‘i Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment. State of Hawai’i Department of Defense. August 2013. State of Hawai’i MulƟ- Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan 2013 Update. Hawai'i Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and AdaptaƟon Report (2017) [in process] Fletcher, C.H., Grossman, E.E., Richmond, B.M., Gibbs, A.E., 2002. Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic InvesƟgaƟons Series I-2761. Codiga, D. and Wager, K. 2011. Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Land Use in Hawai‘i: A Policy Tool Kit for State and Local Governments. Center for Island Climate AdaptaƟon and Policy. Honolulu, HI. Available at h�p://icap.seagrant.soest.hawaii.edu/icap-publica�ons. Hawai‘i Coastal Zone Management Program. 2013. Hawai‘i Ocean Resources Management Plan. h�p://les.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/czm/ormp/ormp_update_reports/nal_ormp_2013.pdf Romine, Bradley M., Fletcher, Charles H., Barbee, Ma�hew M., Anderson, Tiffany R., Frazer, L. Neil. 2013. Are Beach Erosion Rates and Sea-Level Rise Related in Hawai‘i? In: Global and Planetary Change 108 (2013) 149-157. online Version ONLINE VERSION 504 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 54 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 505 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 55 10.0 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC SERVICES This Chapter discusses four types of Infrastructure needed for development: Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste and Drainage. Transporta�on and Energy are typically included under Infrastructure, but they have their own Chapters in this Issues and Opportuni�es paper. The 2000 GP was well organized in its discussion of infrastructure and easy to follow. Where available, it provides a descrip�on of the exis�ng system, new facili�es needed (by 2020), status of long range plans, policies, and implemen�ng ac�ons. This is an excellent format to con�nue in the update of the GP. This Chapter of the Issues and OpportuniƟes Paper is organized differently than the others in this paper. It looks at the four categories of infrastructure and discusses what was in the 2000 General Plan, what was addi�onal or updated informa�on from the 2015 technical study on General Plan Update Kaua‘i Infrastructure Analysis (2015) prepared by R.M. Towill. All subject areas are treated together for Implica�ons for the General Plan Update. This includes discussion on funding sources, including user fees as presented in another technical study, Infrastructure & Public FaciliƟes Needs Assessment Study by Group 70 Interna�onal (August 2014) The biggest piece of informa�on that is missing is disaggrega�on of infrastructure data on demand and capacity according to the six planning districts. Poten�al growth areas need to be jus�ed by the ability of current systems to support buildout together with opportuni�es for the system to expand to allow for addi�onal growth. The General Plan will need to provide informa�on on the following ques�ons: •What is the exis�ng capacity in each Planning District? •What is the demand forecast by Planning District based on popula�on growth scenarios? •What are the gaps in infrastructure and how might they be lled? •What are the approaches to priori�zing infrastructure dollars and/or raising new revenues? 10.1 DESCRIPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE ON KAUA‘I Water The 2000 General Plan describes that water is supplied by both public and private en��es. There are thirteen service areas, each served by a single system or linked sub-systems. The Department of Water, a semi-autonomous agency, supplies water for domes�c use and sells water to 300 agriculture users (who independently own and operate their water systems). Private water systems include one in Princeville and one at the Pacic Missile Firing Range. As of 1999, the Department of Water maintained 52 separate groundwater sources (wells, sha�s, and tunnels). It had 46 storage tanks with a capacity of 18.5 million gallons. There were 16 booster pump sta�ons. Average demand was 10.6 MGD with maximum or peak demand of 15.9 MGD. Even at that �me (2000) many systems operated at or near capacity and most needed to be expanded. Therefore DOW online Version ONLINE VERSION 506 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 56 placed operaƟonal restricƟons on requests for new service. Payment of a “Facility Reserve Charge” by a developer would obligate DOW to reserve capacity. One meter is the equivalent of 500 GPD supply, the amount of water needed for a single family dwelling. The amount of recharge to Kaua’i aquifers was 652 MGD. There was liƩle threat of exceeding sustainable yields. No area was declared a Ground Water Management Area by the State Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM). The Table below from the 2000 General Plan shows municipal water systems as of 1998. STATUS OF KAUA‘I MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS AS OF 1998 Water System or Sub- System Water Source Availability1 Water Storage Availability1 Current Restric�ons2 Kekaha Near Capacity Adequate Large Projects Waimea AT CAPACITY Adequate 1 Meter per Lot Hanapēpē AT CAPACITY Adequate Large Projects ‘Ele‘ele Adequate Adequate Large Projects Kalāheo Adequate Adequate ---- Lāwai-‘Ōma‘o Adequate AT CAPACITY 2 Meters per Lot Kōloa Adequate Adequate ---- Pō‘ipū Adequate AT CAPACITY 2 Meters per Lot Puhi AT CAPACITY Adequate 1 Meter per Lot Līhu‘e-Hanamā‘ulu AT CAPACITY Adequate 3 Meters per Lot Wailuā Homesteads Near Capacity Adequate ---- Upper Wailuā Near Capacity Near Capacity 2 Meters per Lot Wailuā-Kapa‘a Hmstds. Adequate Adequate ---- Anahola AT CAPACITY AT CAPACITY No Meters Available Moloaa AT CAPACITY AT CAPACITY No Meters Available Kīlauea, East Near Capacity AT CAPACITY 1 Meter per Lot Kīlauea-Kalihiwai Near Capacity AT CAPACITY 5 Meters per Lot ‘Anini AT CAPACITY AT CAPACITY 1 Meter per Lot Hanalei Near Capacity Adequate --- Wainiha-Hā‘ena Near Capacity AT CAPACITY 3 Meters per Lot ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 507 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 57 Līhu‘e is the sole area constrained by lack of new groundwater sources. Developers such as Grove Farm have been required to provide water source, transmission and storage as a condi�on of zoning. Use of surface water would require treatment plants. Expansion in the North Shore requires development of new sources, and improvements to transmission and storage. Princeville Corpora�on was planning such improvements as of 2000. Water Use and Development Plans are prepared by Coun�es as part of the Hawaii Water Plan (required under HRS Chapter 174c). The DOW prepared their Use and Development Plan and it was adopted by CWRM. Water planning mandate is broad and it was speculated in the 2000 General Plan that the County would need funding from the State to complete all required plans. In 1999, a 20-year Master Plan was underway addressing exis�ng and future needs, CIP, capital rehabilita�on and a rate study. Policies and ac�ons for water in the 2000 General Plan focus on comple�ng a long range plan and coordina�ng it with the GP policies. Compact development was to be given priority along with established agriculture communi�es. The latest Water Plan is the Water Plan 2020 (2001) completed shortly a�er the 2000 GP. It projects to 2050. Currently the DOW has 20,500 customers, 13 service areas. The two private systems at Princeville and the Pacic Missile Range s�ll exist. Waiahi Water Company, a division of Grove Farms along with DOW developed the Kapaia Reservoir as a water source. In 2005 they opened a water purica�on plant that draws water through Hanamā’ulu Ditch into a treatment system. The capacity is 3.0 MGD and it serves 15,000 customers. DOW purchases some of this water. Poten�al upgrades to expand capacity by 60% would cost $8.13 Million, or $31.7 Million if they double capacity. Princeville system provides 1.18 MGD for nearly 1700 residents. This system includes three wells, ver�cal turbine pumps bringing water to mul�ple concrete reinforced tanks. It is a gravity-fed distribu�on system. An addi�onal well and 1.2 MGD will accommodate future demands. Pacic Missile Range Facility is owned and operated by the US Navy. That system has 0.42 MGD and 185 service connec�ons, all located on base. It serves 1200 people as well as re protec�on. Overall source and storage deciencies (as of 2006) are provided in the Infrastructure study (see table on the following page). online Version ONLINE VERSION 508 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 58 OVERALL SOURCE AND STORAGE DEFICIENCIES (AS OF 2006) Water System Exis�ng Source Exis�ng Storage Deciency Kekaha-Waimea Yes (143 gpm)Yes Hanapēpē-‘Ele‘ele No No Kalāheo No Yes Lāwa‘i-‘Ōma‘o No Yes Koloa-Po‘ipū No Yes Puhi-Līhu‘e-Hanamā’ulu No No Wailuā-Kapa’a No Yes Anahola Yes (111 gpm)No Moloa‘a N/A (no DOW-owned Yes Kilauea-Waipake- Kalihiwai Yes (93 gpm)Yes ‘Anini N/A (no DOW-owned N/A (no DOW-owned storage) Hanalei Yes Yes Wainiha-Hā‘ena Yes (67 gpm)Yes Source: General Plan Update Kaua‘i Infrastructure Analysis (2015). RM Towill. Other issues include the transmission lines. Of the nearly 400 miles, 237 miles were installed between 1921 and 1980. They need replacement due to age, deterioraƟon, or inadequate size. The DOW CIP lists 46 projects totaling $148 Million; these are broken down by service area. The CIP is 21% for source development, 23% for storage, and 20% for transmission deciencies. Capacity increases are assumed to be addressed as deciencies are replaced. Part of the gap in informaƟon is in regard to the CIP Phases 1 and 2 are already in the past, but what happened? The DOW states it will prepare the 2040 Water Plan aŌer the Kaua‘i General Plan is updated, so it is unlikely that updated informaƟon will be available for this GP update. Wastewater Kaua‘i has two types of wastewater service: County sewer and Individual Wastewater Systems (IWS) such as cesspools and sepƟc tank systems. Both are regulated by the State Department of Health. The 2000 General Plan noted there were no environmental threats due to waste disposal. Those systems that fail or experience problems use commercial pumping. The municipal system has exisƟng capacity, but it is already reserved. See the table on the next page. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 509 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 59 STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ON KAUA‘I Waimea Waimea Was .3 MGD/ Now .7 MGD R-1 At full capacity Does not serve Kekaha ‘Ele‘ele Hanapēpē, ‘Ele‘ele, Port Allen .8 MGD R-2 At half capacity Needs to expand to Hanapepe Līhu‘e Proper�es along Kapule Highway, Kūhiō Highway, Ahukini Rd and Rice St. 2.5 MGD R-1 At half capacity Funding needed for collec�on and transmission systems Wailuā Kapa’a, Palaloa, Waipouli, Wailua 1.5 MGD R-2 At half capacity Needs collec�on system There were over 300 private sewer treatment plants, many at hotels and for master planned communi�es. Some complexes operate package treatment plants. All other areas have IWSs. Department of Health regula�ons now require sep�c tank systems and treatment for any project over �y units. The trend has been for developers to solve their wastewater needs, and not rely on the municipal systems. The 1993 Water Quality Management Plan discusses the need for regional systems in Koloa Town and in Poipu to avoid ocean pollu�on. The DPW had no plans for future plant expansion. The 2000 GP provided an assessment of wastewater needs, area by area. Pursuit of strategic opportuni�es and priori�es is recommended un�l a more comprehensive plan is prepared Policies focus on collec�on to safeguard the public health; re-use of effluent for irriga�on, and using graywater. The plan calls for addressing use of unused capacity by preparing a long range wastewater policy plan which is to be updated every ve years. Much has changed from the 2000 General Plan. The details of those changes are well described in the 2015 Kaua‘i Infrastructure Analysis. The major caveat to that statement is that, the facility service plans only go to either year 2020 or 2025, not 2035, which is the forecast year for the update General Plan. The four municipal wastewater systems were all constructed in the 1970s. They consist of gravity ow pipelines, manholes, pump sta�ons, force mains and the treatment plant. •The Waimea WWTP was recently upgraded to R-1 Moving Bed Biolm Reactor facility with a design capacity of .7 MGD. Due to the upgrade, there are no major equipment deciencies. The next phase of improvements will upgrade the distribu�on system and expand the Kekaha sewer system. •Eleele WWTP u�lizes an ac�vated sludge process for the .6 MGD daily ow (capacity is .8 MGD). Plans are to modify and expand the facility by year 2025. The expansion would allow daily treatment ow to 1.2 MGD. Deciencies include lack of a backup power generator, lack of explosion proof conduits, and other power needs. online Version ONLINE VERSION 510 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 60 •Lihue WWTP near the airport is opera�ng at half capacity. Deciencies include the need to replace the gas chlorina�on system, bio-lter re-circula�on pump, and the aera�on system. In addi�on, the Haleko Pump Sta�on should be replaced and sewer lines added for Ulu Mahi/Pua Loke, for Nāwiliwili/Kupolo, and for Kapaia. •Wailua WWTP has a design ow of 1.5 MGD but actual capacity is 1.0 MGD. The head works facility does not work properly and needs replacement. The Rapid Bloc Ac�vated Sludge system does not work and needs replacement. A new pump sta�on is needed and the collec�on system should be extended. The four municipal WWTP each have service plans to the year 2020 or 2025. These will need to be updated following the General Plan comple�on and taken to 2035. The Planning District aggrega�on needs to be matched with development assump�ons for growth. Upgrade and renova�on costs have been es�mated for short term, mid term, and long term. They include: Waimea: $36.8 Million for long term ‘Ele‘ele: $15.2 Million to expand to 1.2 MGD; or $26.2 Million to expand to 5.37 MGD and include Hawaiian Homelands areas Wailuā: Mid Term $15.2 Million to expand to 1.5 MGD; $14.5 Million to expand to 2.0 OR $26 Million to add a second plant. Līhu‘e: Short term $$22.3 Million to upgrade to R-1; Mid Term $7.6 Million to replace Haleko pump sta�on; Long Term $35.6 Million There are ve privately owned WWTP plants. The WWTP in large master planned communi�es are opera�ng properly with a combined total capacity of over 4 MGD, nearly equaling the municipal capacity. They use a variety of treatment methods and o�en use the effluent for golf course irriga�on. •The Puhi Sewer and Water Company is owned by Grove Farm and provides wastewater treatment to Kukui Grove, Puakea, and Puhi, It has a single treatment plant of 1.0 MGD. •Pacic Missile Range Facility has two wastewater treatment plants. •Kaua’i Beach Resorts has one wastewater treatment plant •Princeville has one to service the hotel, shopping, golf course, and residences •Po’ipū has one, built in 1981 and expanded in 2004. Its effluent is used to irrigate Kiahuna Golf Course and Koloa Landing Resort. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS ON KAUA‘I Treatment Plant Ownership Design Capacity Effluent Quality Puhi Grove Farm 1.0 mgd R-1 Pacic Missile Range Facility (PMRF) U.S. Navy North end: 7,500 gpd South end: 10,000 gpd Secondary Kaua‘i Beach Resort Assoc. (KBRA) KBRA 0.1 mgd Secondary Princeville Princeville 1.5 mgd R-2 Po‘ipū HOH U�li�es, LLC 0.8 mgd R-1 ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 511 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 61 There are over 5,000 IWS/cesspools on Kaua’i and it is es�mated that 12% are failing. The ul�mate goal is to eliminate IWS and create connec�ons to treatment plants. Wailuā-Kapa’a is an area of serious concern: approximately 4300 residences have cesspools which are no longer allowed by DOH. The recommenda�on is to expand the Wailua WWTP to 2.0 MGD. Beyond that, a second WWTP will be needed. Drainage The 2000 General Plan lacks a discussion of the drainage system and does not evaluate what facili�es will be needed by the 2020 projec�on year. Drainage policies are included, and these are related to policies on watershed protec�on and water quality. The County managed urban stormwater runoff through Drainage Standards applied to new developments by DPW. They also must deal with upland runoff from conserva�on and agriculture lands. Flood hazards are managed by the Flood Control Ordinance based on FEMA maps. While the 1984 General Plan and the CZO both require a Drainage Master Plan, none existed by 2000. Unwri�en policy is to avoid concrete-lined channels. Drainage problems were described in Wailua-Kapa’a, Nāwiliwili, and Po‘ipū. DPW planned to focus on specic areas rather than prepare a Master Plan. Polices call for limi�ng development on steep slopes or shoreline land in ood hazard areas, to focus on most heavily impacted urban watersheds, to use BMP to control nonpoint source pollu�on, and to follow certain principles for drainage improvement. Implemen�ng ac�ons called for the Planning Department to revise the Subdivision Ordinance and CZO and for DPW to iden�fy cri�cal watersheds for Drainage Plans. The R.M. Towill General Plan Update Kaua‘i Infrastructure Analysis (2015) provides updated informa�on on drainage since the 2000 General Plan. FEMA has revised the Kaua’i County Flood Insurance Study (FIS) to update base ood eleva�ons, oodways, special ood hazard areas, and zone designa�ons. Tsunami inunda�on was re-studied for the en�re coastline. FEMA studies ooding sources in eight watersheds Flooding problems were of three types: stream overow, tsunami, and hurricanes. Stream overow is generally caused by debris, ash ooding, stream pa�erns, or inadequate or altered drainage facili�es. Specic problem areas include: Hanalei River: overow onto Kūhiō Highway Anahola Stream: which becomes restricted by a natural sandbar Kapa’a Stream: tsunami and ooding (none documented since Moikeha and Waikea Canals were built) Wailua: channel capacity exceeded Lihue: Flooding on Pū‘ali and Nāwiliwili Streams due in part to sand buildup and debris accumula�on Koloa: low lying topography, debris and overgrowth of Waikomo Stream Hanapēpē: Low lying areas behind the levees are prone to ooding West Kaua’i: Flooding aggravated by sand plugs Wainiha: low lying areas, high surf and ash oods IWS AREAS Kupolo (Lihue) Ulu Mahi (Lihue) Pockets of Lihue Hanapēpē Heights Por�ons of Kekaha Por�ons of Kapa‘a near Wailuā Ag and rural mauka of ‘Ele’ele Wailuā to Kapa’a online Version ONLINE VERSION 512 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 62 Waimea: levee system improved the town area, but the low lying areas experiences more damage when the ood gates caused over-ow to the interior areas. Kaua‘i has few ood control structures. Those that exist are mostly levees built by the Corps of Engineers in Hanapēpē, Waimea and Kapa’a. Reservoirs are used for irriga�on. These provide storage capacity, but do li�le to protect against ooding downstream. There is s�ll no Drainage Master Plan for the island. Solid Waste The County provides direct service island-wide by collec�ng solid waste and opera�ng reuse and disposal facili�es. This is administered by the Road Construc�on and Maintenance Division of DPW. Kekaha Landll Phase II opened in 1993 a�er Phase I reached capacity and closed. It handles 67,000 tons of solid waste. There are refuse transfer sta�ons in Hanalei, Kapa’a, Līhu‘e, and Hanapēpē. There are six drop-off recycling centers and three green waste diversion sites, plus several Neighborhood recycling programs. Waste genera�on was expected to grow 50% by 2020. Kekaha Phase II extended its lifespan by increasing to sixty feet and again in 2005 to 85 feet. A new landll site needed to be located and developed. New transfer sta�on was needed in Kapa’a. The 1994 Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (ISWMP) fullls state requirements. Updates are required every ve years. The focus is upon source reduc�on and reuse through recycling, educa�on and public informa�on. There was an iden�ed need for a proac�ve process for si�ng and designing sanitary landlls and facili�es. The ISWMP was updated in 2004 and its principle features are described below. It is the policy document for program, ac�vi�es and facili�es for waste disposal. It is supported by complementary plans for a Central Compos�ng Facility, Subside Recycling report, and the Kaua’i Resource Recovery Park Feasibility Study. The County is conduc�ng site studies for the Resource Recovery Park. They have iden�ed the Resource Recovery Park as cri�cal to waste management strategies, a one-stop service center. This could be co-located with a new landll. Overall objec�ves are to maximize recovery and minimize waste going into landlls. The current diversion rate is approximately 31%. County resolu�on has a diversion goal of 70% by 2013. The County has a mul�pronged approach: •Recycling and waste disposal for residents (who represent 45% of waste genera�on) •Non-residen�al waste is handled using private contractors. •Kaua’i Resource Center and eight decentralized recycling bins are operated and maintained by private contractors under contract to the County •Kekaha Municipal Solid Waste Landll is operated by Waste Management, Inc. under contract to the County •Curbside collec�on to 31, 297 accounts. Waste from residents goes to the transfer sta�ons where it is compacted and then sent to the landll. Collec�on transi�oned to automated in 2010. The 2006 County Code denes standards and requirements for new development storm drainage infrastructure. Guidelines are to: Protect and preserve exis�ng natural channels Protect from ood hazards Remove water without causing harm to the environment, property, or persons Reduce Pollutants and sediments Maintain peak runoff rates and volume at no more than current rates Protect wetlands ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 513 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 63 •Green waste at four transfer sta�ons (in 2011, came to 18,740 tons) •Special wastes (�res and ba�eries, asbestos, white goods, medical waste, cooking oils, dead animals, construc�on materials, in general these are collected and shipped to Oahu or the mainland for disposal. •Hazardous waste (paints, solvents) annual collec�on day done by contract •Electronics preference is manufacturer take back programs; but will collect. A�er two ver�cal expansions, in 2010 Kaua’i Landll constructed a lateral expansion (Cell #1). Cell 2 is in the permi�ng process. The current peak waste is 75,000 tons of solid waste per year. Both lateral and ver�cal expansion of the three cells is needed. Once capacity is reached, the landll will start to be close and capped, es�mated to be within 7-10 years. Consequently, the County is in site selec�on and environmental review for a new Kaua’i Landll and Resource Recovery Park, ideally in Lihue due to its central loca�on. Site loca�on has been challenging and the EA/EIS is underway. Currently, the highest ranked site is along Maalo Road. Alternate disposal technologies are being studied, including bio-renery, landll gas to energy, waste to energy, and waste to fuel. As a ma�er of policy, reduc�on and re-use are encouraged in all aspects of local life. Home compos�ng, re-use programs, educa�on, recyclable bags and packaging are all employed. As of FY 2011, the Kaua’i Recyclable drop-in bin gathered 1.640 tons and the private collector an addi�on 1,080 tons. Since 2005 the HI-5 bo�ling redemp�on centers have been in opera�on, in FY 2011 they collected 2730 tons. Based on results of a 2011 pilot program, the County intends to move to island-wide recycling collec�on once a Resource Recovery Facility is available. The ISWMP uses higher popula�on projec�ons than the SMS projec�ons for the 2035 General Plan. This should not create any problem. Waste genera�on is fairly constant at 6.7 pounds per day per person. When applied to the 2035 de facto popula�on this comes to 58,049 tons per year residents and an addi�onal 131,953 tons for commercial, a 17% increase over 2020. The R.M. Towill General Plan Update Kaua‘i Infrastructure Analysis (2015) recommends three policies and ve implemen�ng ac�ons for the General Plan. These will all be considered. 10.2 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES There is ample data in the technical studies for the General Plan to work with for Solid Waste and for Wastewater, although the forecast years for both fall short of what is needed. Infrastructure has the full a�en�on of the administra�on and Council which is helpful but also generates disagreements about philosophy and approach. The data needed for Water is insufficient to do what is needed in the General Plan. Same for Drainage which has li�le data to use for General Plan purposes. Financing es�mates for improvements is inconsistent and difficult to aggregate as a result. A methodology to help inform priori�es in implemen�ng ac�ons needs to be devised. A separate technical paper was prepared by Group 70 Interna�onal to iden�fy exis�ng sources of revenue for infrastructure and to explore the opportuni�es for new sources to provide upgrades, new facili�es, and improvements. online Version ONLINE VERSION 514 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 64 Federal sources: Coastal Zone Management Cer�ed Local Government Discre�onary grants USDA: Community Facili�es Development Grant for rural communi�es USDA Rural Development EPA Clean Water Revolving Fund (for sep�c wastewater projects EPA Nonpoint source Sec�on 319 US Economic Development Administra�on State sources: Grants County sources: County General Funds and Bond Finance Real Property Tax User Fees Impact Fees The County has retained EPS to assist in iden�fying strategies to incen�vize inll development. Rather than conver�ng agricultural lands and open spaces to suburban housing developments, inll can address affordability issues and preserve the natural character of the island. Strategies include infrastructure nancing programs, incen�ve zoning, use of public proper�es, and other methods. EPS will evaluate the “Return on Investment” for various ini�a�ves, and will provide a training session for County staff and officials regarding best prac�ces and recommenda�ons for applying those in Kaua’i’s unique circumstances. 10.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS For now, there are many ques�ons about infrastructure that go beyond the ability of the GP to ll the gaps. SSFM will prepare for the County considera�on a proposal for how to ll the most pressing gaps so as to provide the best informed policy debate and means for se�ng priori�es of scarce funding. The basic block for this will be to disaggregate it by Planning District and match it up with the demographic forecasts. DisaggregaƟon by Planning District How do the service areas line up with the district service boundaries? For water, Are rural areas to be served by wells only? For wastewater, Are sep�c systems the only system to be expected in rural areas? Deciencies in the major systems. How this compares to forecasted growth by district. Can the Facility Reserve Charge adequately support needs of the water system? Is it realis�c to assume all developers can provide source, storage, and transmission of water, and if not, does this give unfair advantage to the large landowners? What are the issues related to si�ng a new landll now that Kekaha II is at capacity? In addi�on, there is inconsistent informa�on about the costs of various upgrades, replacements and new facili�es among the four infrastructure areas. This will make it difficult to have a complete assessment of the cost of growth or adherence to environmental goals. A process for reconciling this will have to be developed. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 515 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 65 Policies Dene a process for se�ng priori�es in public infrastructure investments. Should there be growth alloca�on policies according to how infrastructure can support it, or vice versa. Should infrastructure priori�es be given if a project provides housing or jobs? Dene the requirements for privately provided infrastructure. Do concurrency policies discourage inll? Do they unwi�ngly incen�vize greenelds over in-ll? Funding for Infrastructure The Infrastructure and Public FaciliƟes Needs Assessment Report provides informa�on per�nent to an impact fee approach. But that does not cover all the needs, nor does it cover all users. Funding needs to be discussed in parallel with the above issues on disaggrega�on, deciencies, and policies. 10.4 RESOURCES R.M. Towill. 2015. General Plan Update Kaua‘i Infrastructure AnalysisCounty of Kaua‘i Department of Water. March 2001. Water Plan 2020. Bernard P. Carvalho, Jr. August 2012. Holo 2020: Growing Kaua‘i Responsibly. Presenta�on at Waimea, Kalāheo, Līhu‘e and Kīlauea Neighborhood Centers. Hawai’i Ins�tute for Public Affairs. June 2014. Report on the State of Physical Infrastructure in Hawai’i Phase II: Final Report to the Economic Development AdministraƟon, U.S. Department of Commerce. Kaua‘i County Planning Department, Kaua‘i County CIP Manager. 2013. County of Kaua‘i Six-Year Capital Improvements Program FY 2014/15 – 2019/20 Final Report. State of Hawai’i Department of Health, Office of Solid Waste Management. July 2000. Integrated Solid Waste Management. State of Hawai’i, Department of Land and Natural Resources. Commission on Water Resource Management. February 1990. Kaua‘i Water Use and Development Plan. State of Hawai’i, Office of Planning. 2010. Hawai’i Statewide Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS). \\Sanlehnl02\proj\2014\2014_042.000 COK Kaua‘i General Plan Update\H Reports\00 REFERENCES\Water\Water Use & Dev Plan Update AUG2014-FINAL.pdf online Version ONLINE VERSION 516 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 66 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 517 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 67 11.0 MULTIMODAL LAND TRANSPORTATION 11.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Kaua‘i is at a crossroads for its future transporta�on. Traffic conges�on is one of the community’s most frequently expressed concerns, and it impacts nearly everyone on the island. The County has undertaken planning efforts and iden�ed projects to reduce the demand pressure on the island’s roadways, however, the reality is that the list of poten�al projects far exceeds the poten�al sources of funding. The island has had to make tough choices that some�mes result in a scaling back of projects that support mul�modal transporta�on. These planning efforts and challenges are further elaborated upon in this sec�on. Building on the vision found in the 2000 GP and with the adop�on of the Kaua‘i MulƟmodal Land TransportaƟon Plan (MLTP) in 2012, all land modes are in considera�on – motor vehicle travel, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian. The mul�modal plan reviews exis�ng condi�ons and trends and examines forecasts and future scenarios. It also discusses how land use relates to transporta�on. Quo�ng from the 2000 General Plan, the concept even then was for: “Mul� Modal Op�ons. Safe bicycle and pedestrian routes have been provided. State and county agencies have adopted ‘exible highway design,’ in order to enhance scenic and historic quali�es and to strike a balance ow of automobile traffic and safe facili�es for buses, bicycles and pedestrians. Increased public parking and pedestrian friendly improvements to sidewalks and streets have been implemented in Līhu‘e and Kaua‘i’s other historic small towns.” This simple but profound concept (having walkable and bike-able compact communi�es; helping historic towns retain their small friendly character) remains valid and was incorporated into the work of both the Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i Community Plans which were updated and adopted in 2015. The MLTP has eight goals for 2020 and 2035, along with over forty objec�ves. They address balance, exibility, choice in the system along with good design, improvements to public health, less dependence on imported petroleum for fuel, and keeping the system in good repair. But the most ambi�ous are embedded in the “preferred scenario assump�ons”: •Total island-wide VMT will remain at 2010 levels •Fatality rates from vehicle collision reduced by 10% by 2020 and 15% by 2035 •Increase physical ac�vity levels by 14% by 2020 and 31% by 2035. Preferred Scenario Mode Shares (from MLTP) 2010 2020 2030 Single occupant 54.4% 49.2% 39.4% Mul�ple occupant 38.7% 38.3% 37.9% Transit 0.4% 1.3% 3.6% Walk 4.5% 7.6% 11.5% Bicycle 2.0% 3.6% 7.6% online Version ONLINE VERSION 518 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 68 This translates to VMT at 771.5 thousand vehicle miles travelled through 2035, despite popula�on increases. This is proposed to be accomplished through “mode shi�”, or shi�ing some trips from single occupancy vehicle to transit, bicycle and pedestrian trips. Sta�s�cs for the last several years show that county-wide VMT increasing between 2011 and 2013, but then decreasing substan�ally from 2013 to 2014. This trend is mirrored at the State level. Several factors that may contribute to con�nued decrease or stabiliza�on of VMT include several bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure projects in design and construc�on, recent approval of the South Kaua‘i and Līhu‘e Community Plans, both of which encourage compact walkable neighborhoods). Nonetheless, it is clear that realizing the long-term goals of the plan will require signicant infrastructure investment and changes to growth pa�erns supported by land use policies. The Federal-Aid Highways 2035 TransportaƟon Plan for the District of Kaua‘i (LRTP) was completed by the State Department of Transporta�on Highways Division in July 2014. The LRTP takes a different approach than the MLTP. Rather than considering mode shi�, the plan assumes that current mode split will remain constant through 2035, so that VMT will grow propor�onally with popula�on. The results of this approach are numerous capacity projects to address exis�ng and projected future conges�on. One problem with this approach is that demand for addi�onal lane miles far exceeds an�cipated nancial resources to pay for construc�on and long-term maintenance of an expanded roadway system. Based on historical funding and projected cost es�mates, the LRTP proposes $3.1 billion in projects but an�cipates only $630 million in funding over the life of the plan. Given that the list of poten�al transporta�on projects far exceeds poten�al funding, it is cri�cal that Kaua‘i establish priori�es and make smart transporta�on investments. The LRTP makes it clear that while new roadway projects may be part of the future, it will not be feasible to build our way out of future growth and conges�on. Based on similar ndings and limited funding na�onwide, it is both a na�onal and state trend to shi� the focus of transporta�on projects to conges�on reduc�on and system preserva�on instead of major capacity projects. The MLTP is a policy-level document. While there are specic implementa�on steps, it does not iden�fy specic infrastructure projects. At this �me, it is not known what specic set of investments would create what amount of mode shi� over what period of �me. The Transporta�on Agency has been tasked with iden�fying a program for advancing its opera�ons in a logical and cost effec�ve manner. Kaua‘i adopted a Complete Streets ordinance in 2010. Since then, the rst complete streets project was constructed on Hardy Street. It adds sidewalks, bike lanes, landscaping, and an urban roundabout in the heart of Līhu‘e. Addi�onal complete streets projects and Safe Routes to School projects are advancing. Kaua‘i Bus is operated by the County Transporta�on Agency. It is funded in part by the Federal Transit Agency (for capital expenditures such as vehicles and maintenance facility), from $2.00 fares (14% fare box recovery), and from County subsidy (64% of total cost). There are eight xed-route lines plus paratransit service. Mainline routes provide regional trips while shu�les provide localized trips. In 2012, there were 2,500 daily riders (75,000 monthly). The eet was 43 buses, all wheelchair accessible and with bicycle racks. The total budget in 2012 was $7.4 million. Cost EsƟmates by Funding Program for Kaua‘i Projects (from LRTP) System Preserva�on $315 Million Safety $595 Million Capacity (non-constrained) $2.1 Billion Conges�on $57 Million Other $10 Million TOTAL $3.1 Billion ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 519 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 69 The county has been regularly installing passenger ameni�es such as bus shelters at stops, adding wi-, transit tracker and informa�on, increased frequencies and hours of service, park and ride lots and purchasing larger buses. Separate from the Kaua‘i Bus, the Office of Economic Development ini�ated a pilot North Shore shu�le project connec�ng from Princeville to Kē‘ē Beach, with the intent of reducing traffic and parking demand, especially in the vicinity of Hā‘ena State Park. The pilot began in 2014 and ended in 2015. While the pilot was focused on visitors, nearly half of the riders were local residents. The Po‘ipū Beach Resort Associa�on also ini�ated a pilot shu�le in Po‘ipū, funded en�rely by resort associa�on members. Both pilots were ended due to a lack of long-term funding streams. The County has ini�ated a study of north shore/south shore/east side shu�le and transit services to determine a long-term, sustainable approach to expand transit service with local circulators. The traffic along the highway throughout Kapa‘a is one of the community’s biggest concerns. The 2000 GP included assump�ons regarding the permanent relief route that are no longer valid. The Kapa‘a Transporta�on Solu�ons study is intended to provide relief to the traffic conges�on. The sources of funding and opera�ons system are not yet known. 11.2 OPPORTUNITIES Set prioriƟes. The County of Kaua‘i has a clearer focus than other municipali�es for what it wants to accomplish, for example for bike facility projects and certain roadway improvements that support land use goals and smart growth principles such as complete streets. When discre�onary Federal funds come available (such as Tiger Grants) or Federal funds released from other projects, then Kaua‘i can act quickly to put together their applica�ons with suppor�ng materials. The County is also well-posi�oned to incorporate mul�-modal facili�es into tradi�onal roadway resurfacing and reconstruc�on projects funded with both County and Federal funds. Transit studies in progress (The North Shore/South Shore Transit Feasibility Study and a Short-Range Transit Plan) provide ongoing analysis, review and poten�al jus�ca�on for se�ng priori�es, and for preparing requisite transporta�on and environmental impact documents that are part of project delivery. Both the Līhu‘e and South Kaua‘i Community Plans include lists of bicycle, pedestrian, and transit improvements that meet the aims of each Planning District and support walkable towns and neighborhoods. These can be implemented individually or in groups. New funding sources. The County has a window of opportunity to raise funds from the general excise tax for funding transporta�on projects. This rela�vely unrestricted source was made possible by the 2015 State Legislature when it extended the GET surtax for Honolulu’s rail system with a provision that re- opened the opportunity for other coun�es to also use the GET surtax. The window is short, and must be enacted by ordinance before June 2016. The LRTP also lists a dozen other new sources of revenue for the County (or State) to consider for transporta�on projects. Any tax is a ba�le, but if the County is to realize any of its ambi�ous goals for mode shi�, then it is likely that one or more must be seriously considered. The 2014 (DraŌ) Infrastructure & Public FaciliƟes Needs Assessment Study prepared as a technical study for the General Plan calculates daily trip genera�on using ITS Land Use deni�ons and trip factors. The bo�om line conclusion from that study is that there will con�nue to be increases in volumes with resul�ng increases in conges�on. The study suggests that impact fees could be collected for mul�modal facili�es as shown in the table on the next page. online Version ONLINE VERSION 520 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 70 Project Total Es�mated Construc�on Cost Impact Fee Eligible Līhu‘e Civic Center Site Improvements* $20,150,000 Yes Lima Ola Workforce Housing Development – Offsite Infrastructure* $3,766,000 Yes Puhi Road Resurfacing $1,217,000 Maybe Kawaihau Road Safety Improvements $5,000,000 Yes Pu’u Road Safety Improvements $400,000 Maybe Kanaele Road Repairs $2,500,000 Maybe ‘Ōpaeka‘a Bridge $6,000,000 Maybe Pu‘u‘opae Bridge $5,000,000 Maybe Hanapēpē Road Resurfacing* $2,500,000 Yes Kōloa Guard Rails $1,070,000 Maybe Kapahi Bridge $5,600,000 Maybe Līhu‘e-Hanamā‘ulu Mauka Bypass Road $40,000,000 Yes ‘Anini Bridge Replacement $1,500,000 Maybe Northerly Leg Western Bypass Road $19,550,000 Yes Bus Stop Improvements* $1,200,000 Yes Pouli Road* $6,000,000 Yes Kīlauea Town Bypass Road* $6,000,000 Yes Total $131,953,000 $104,166,000** Source: Kaua‘i County Six-Year Capital Improvements Program (CIP), FY 2013/14 – 2018/19 *The County indicated these projects are not yet in the CIP, but will be added in the future. **Total does not include projects listed as “Maybe” 11.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED MULTIMODAL LAND TRANSPORTATION Transporta�on discussions in the 2000 GP were based on the high end projec�ons; that is, they assumed a 74,300 resident popula�on (by 2020) and a daily visitor census of 28,000. These numbers are not that far off from the numbers now being projected for 2035 in the GP update underway. Thus, whether one is speaking of vehicle trips or person trips, the demand is in a range of about 10-15% of what it was �een years ago. What has changed is how one considers those trips. In par�cular, what is needed for longer trips to be taken in buses, and for shorter trips to be taken on foot or by bicycle. Highways and Roads, Bus Transit, and Bikeways were handled under “Building Public Facili�es and Services.” There was no discussion of the Walk Mode. This, in itself is a signicant change to current ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 521 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 71 thinking which focuses on compact, walkable communi�es and a conscious shi� in mode to non- vehicular alterna�ves. Highways were described as two-lane roads connec�ng major developed areas. Kaumuali’i Highway (Route 50) runs south and west, while Kūhiō Highway runs north to east; Līhu‘e is the hub where these connect. Kūhiō, Kaumuali’i, and Kapule Highways (built as a Līhu‘e Bypass) were congested especially at peak �mes, and the State Department of Transporta�on was trending towards 4 lane divided highways or three lane sec�ons. A temporary bypass mauka of Kūhiō Highway was built in 1995 using private cane haul roads. Road condi�ons were described as level D, E, or F for average daily traffic. Poor condi�ons in Kapa’a Town and in parts of Līhu‘e were noted. Calls for curing deciencies included widening Kaumuali’i from Līhu‘e to Maluhia and a permanent Kapa’a Bypass. The twenty year list of capacity improvements exceeded $300 Million. Bus transit at the �me included six routes (there are now eight) and a paratransit system from Hanalei to Kekaha. This involved 30 buses (versus current 43) averaging 18,120 riders per month (there has been a four-fold increase). The transit policy was to increase ridership and expand service subject to the availability of funds (emphasis added). The Bike sec�on describes having 3.8 miles consis�ng of bikeways along Kapule Highway in Līhu‘e and a bike path along the coast fron�ng Kapa’a Beach Park. The State Bike Plan (1994) proposed another 173 miles of bikeways island-wide, about two-thirds to be completed by the State and the balance by the County. Total costs were projected at $40 million. The bicycle policy was to support development of a bikeway system to provide an alterna�ve means of transporta�on, recrea�on, and visitor ac�vi�es. A check of the current system shows li�le has changed (unfortunately). 11.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROECESS Work on transporta�on to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Update current use data on bicycles and vehicles. 2)Incorporate the policies from the MLTP into the appropriate sec�on(s) of the updated General Plan. 3)Incorporate data from studies currently in progress that calculate the amount of tax that would be derived from a GET surcharge and provide policy guidance for types of projects to receive priority for this new source of revenue for transporta�on. 4)Review tracking results for the goals of the MLTP. Iden�fy and add discussions for what would it take to achieve them. Determine how these goals support (or not) other goals in the General Plan. For example, how do the walk and bicycle goals t with the land use and compact community goals; and also, how do mobility goals t with tourism goals. 5)Meet with the Kaua‘i Transporta�on Agency to determine what was completed from the immediate (1-3 years) implementa�on phase of the MLTP as well as the likelihood for those in the mid-Range (through 2020), or any re-direc�on iden�ed. 6)Update the latest measures for VMT and mode share. Engage Jim Charlier, transporta�on subconsultant and author of the MLTP, in a discussion on recommenda�ons for how to handle policy coordina�on and elimina�ng discrepancies in the General Plan transporta�on policies. 7)Review the Land Use Program recommenda�ons in the MLTP to iden�fy how the General Plan policies can support and complement them and therefore help to guide future Community Plans, including transporta�on components that should be included in future Community Plans. online Version ONLINE VERSION 522 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 72 8)Iden�fy future plans/studies that should be completed, such as an islandwide bicycle/pedestrian plan. 9)With limited funding for transporta�on projects, iden�fy the need to establish transporta�on priori�es based on goals. 11.5 RESOURCES County of Kauaʻi. September 2012. Kaua‘i Mul�modal Land Transporta�on Plan. Get Fit Kaua‘i Built Environment Task Force and County of Kaua‘i. 2014. Complete Streets Indicators. Smart Growth America, Na�onal Complete Streets Coali�on. February 2015. The Best Complete Streets Policies of 2014. State of Hawai’i Department of Transporta�on. 2003. Bike Plan Hawai’i. State of Hawai’i Department of Transporta�on Harbors Division. September 2001. Kaua‘i Commercial Harbors 2025 Master Plan. State of Hawai’i Department of Transporta�on Highways Division. May 2013. Statewide Pedestrian Master Plan. County of Kaua‘i. 2015. Līhuʻe Community Plan. Group 70 Interna�onal. 2014. (Dra�) Infrastructure & Public Facili�es Needs Assessment Study ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 523 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 73 12.0 ENERGY 12.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES In 2013, Kaua‘i’s residents and businesses spent $92 million on imported oil, accoun�ng for 85% of Kaua‘i’s electricity use. The high cost of energy nega�vely impacts average household budgets, and contributes to the high cost of living on Kaua‘i. Use of imported fossil fuels for energy results in an ou�low of money from the local economy. Furthermore, the burning of fossil fuels degrades air quality and contributes to environmental and social problems on a global scale. The majority of Kaua‘i’s electricity is generated at the diesel-red power plant located at Port Allen. As reported in 2013, 15% of Kaua‘i’s electricity comes from renewable resources (primarily hydropower and solar resources). Renewables con�nue to demonstrate increasingly be�er nancial and environmental returns, and their use is growing rapidly. Kaua‘i Island U�lity Coopera�ve Board of Directors adopted an ambi�ous goal to use renewable resources to generate at least 50% of Kaua‘i’s energy by 2023. This goal exceeds the requirements established by Act 234, the 2007 law establishing the framework to reduce greenhouse gas emissions emi�ed in 2020 to the 1990 emission level. It also surpasses the requirements set by Act 73 in 2010, the Hawai’i Clean Energy Ini�a�ve, which calls for 70% clean energy by 2030, with 40% of that amount coming from renewable sources and the remaining 30 percent from energy efficiency improvements. KIUC is making rapid progress toward its goal, with renewables accoun�ng for 15% of sales today, up from 5% in 2008. By 2015, renewable genera�on is projected to be at 42%, with a mix that includes solar, biomass and hydropower (KIUC 2013-2015 Strategic Plan). Kauaʻi has several projects that have been iden�ed as “Hawaii’s Clean Energy Leaders” by the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism’s State Energy Office (last updated in 2012). These projects include: •Green Energy Agricultural Biomass-to-Energy Facility / Green Energy Team, LLC (Biomass) Locally grown eucalyptus, albizia, and other agricultural waste will be used as biomass fuel to generate enough renewable electricity to power 8,500 Kaua‘i households. 6.7 MW •Port Allen Solar Facility / A&B, McBryde, KIUC (Photovoltaic) This PV array is built on 20 acres of industrial land adjacent to KIUC’s Port Allen Sta�on Power Plant. The facility is integrated into a planned ba�ery storage system installed by KIUC. Partners include Hoku Solar and Helix Electric. 6 MW •Po’ipū Solar / AES, KIUC, Knudsen Trust (Photovoltaic) This PV array to be built on Knudsen Trust Land will power 800 homes on Kaua‘i. The facility will be connected to a ba�ery storage system at the point of interconnec�on to the KIUC grid. 3 MW •Anahola Solar / Homestead Community Development Corpora�on, REC Solar, KIUC (Photovoltaic) Developed by REC Solar, the project was undertaken by the Homestead online Version ONLINE VERSION 524 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 74 Community Development Corpora�on in partnership with KIUC on 53 acres of land owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. 12 MW •Kālepa Water Project / KIUC (Hydroelectric) A dual purpose irriga�on and hydroelectric project with a capacity of 4.0 MW and an es�mated annual produc�on of 15.2 GWh. The proposed project would u�lize water from the exis�ng Wailuā Reservoir and the South Fork Wailuā River. 4 MW •Puu Opae Water Project / KIUC (Hydroelectric) A dual purpose irriga�on and hydroelectric project with a capacity of 8.3 MW and an es�mated annual produc�on of 40 GWh. The proposed project would u�lize water from the exis�ng Kokee Ditch Irriga�on System, provide irriga�on water for DHHL lands and ADC lands, and integrate with exis�ng irriga�on users. 8.3 MW •Hanalei River Hydroelectric Project / KIUC (Hydroelectric) A small run-of-river hydroelectric project with a capacity of 3.0 MW and an es�mated annual produc�on of 14.5 GWh. The proposed project would involve diver�ng water from the Hanalei River to a new powerhouse located about 3.5 miles upstream of the Hanalei Bridge. 3 MW •Puu Lua Hydropower Project /Pacic Light & Power, Konohiki Hydro Power (Hydroelectric) The Kokee Ditch will serve as the source for a modern, efficient pressurized irriga�on system that will service over 6,000 acres of agricultural lands. Power generated at the Upper and Lower Puu Lua hydro plants will be sold to the Kekaha Agricultural Associa�on and its members, with excess made available to the island of Kaua‘i. 5.3 MW •Kekaha Menehune Water Project /KIUC (Hydroelectric) A dual purpose irriga�on and hydroelectric project with a capacity of 1.5 MW and an es�mated annual produc�on of 6.5 GWh. The proposed project would u�lize water from the exis�ng Kekaha Ditch Irriga�on System for genera�on and to provide water and repairs for the Menehune Ditch. 1.5 MW •Anahola Water Project / KIUC (Hydroelectric) A dual purpose irriga�on and hydro project with a capacity of 300 kWh and an es�mated annual produc�on of 1.25 GWh. The proposed project would u�lize the exis�ng Upper Anahola Diversion and a rehabilitated reservoir, and provide irriga�on water for DHHL lands in Anahola. 300 kW •Olokele River Hydroelectric Project /Gay & Robinson, KIUC (Hydroelectric) The proposed Olokele River Hydropower Project will have a 6 MW capacity. 6 MW Energy use and supply are linked to strategies and policies for land uses, development, building sizes, architectural design, transporta�on planning, environmental protec�on, air quality and economic development. Land use and permi�ng implica�ons for par�cular renewables are as follows: •Solar-electric: Building code regula�ons govern the loca�on of panels on buildings and on the ground; ability to connect into the electrical grid and compensa�on for electricity generated. Smart grid technologies, including new meters that can be read and adjusted remotely, help KIUC manage and monitor its grid more efficiently. The intelligent grid and improved connec�ons between energy generators and users. •Wind: Land use codes govern the installa�on of wind turbines. While wind resources are plen�ful and wind developers have explored opportuni�es on the island, their development is limited due to the risk of impacts to endangered and threatened species. The risk of viola�ons under the Endangered Species Act have outweighed wind energy’s poten�al returns on Kaua‘i. Kaua‘i has a high number of protected seabirds that are sensi�ve to lights and collisions with above ground structures. There has also been community opposi�on to noise and visual impacts associated with wind. Consequently, KIUC’s and the Kaua‘i Energy Sustainability Plan’s stated posi�on is that wind energy is not viable for Kaua‘i at this �me. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 525 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 75 •Hydropower: On the west side are the two projects that are most viable for future KIUC hydro development. Both are on state land, with one using water from the Kōke’e Ditch and Puʻu Opae Reservoir, and the second using water from the Kekaha Ditch. A 4-megawa� project on the Wailuā River is also feasible technically and nancially. While hydro energy is capital intensive, it is the lowest cost of power – 25 percent cheaper than solar/PV and about 30 percent cheaper all in than the cost of fossil fuel genera�on. Hydro energy requires Federal approvals to minimize and mi�gate poten�al aesthe�c impacts, cultural impacts and interests pertaining to maintaining waterways for agricultural, shing, hun�ng, recrea�onal, and tourism purposes. •Pumped storage: Pumped storage is essen�ally a huge ba�ery that stores water instead of electrons. It can use solar power to inexpensively pump water uphill to a storage pond during the day, then reuse the same water at night to turn a turbine and create electricity. KIUC is in discussions with the state Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), the state Agribusiness Development Corpora�on (ADC) and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, which manage the two areas under considera�on for pumped storage projects on the west side. •Ocean energy: Ocean energy projects would be ini�ated by the State, and would require NEPA and SMA permits, at minimum. •Biomass: Plants require sufficient quan��es of land which are zoned or used for agricultural purposes and have water. The biomass-to-energy facility near Kōloa is fueled by biomass from several sources, including short-rota�on trees grown on about 2,000 acres and cleared invasive tree species. •Landll Biogas: The County has allocated funds in its FY 2016 budget for construc�on of a biogas collec�on system at the Kekaha Landll. Assuming the captured methane meets quality and quan�ty benchmarks, the next phase will be to construct a system to rene the methane into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) that can be used to power Kaua‘i County’s public bus eet. Previously completed studies have indicated that selling the gas to the Pacic Missile Range Facility for cogenera�on could be economically viable for both the County and the Navy. Another possibility is power genera�on from the methane and selling the power to KIUC. As Kaua‘i’s popula�on expands to 82,000 people by 2035, so will its energy needs and the infrastructure to meet those needs. According to the Kaua‘i Energy Sustainability Plan, KIUC is projec�ng a 2.3% annual increase in energy requirements, rising from 515 GWh of genera�on in 2009 to 789 GWh in 2028. These increases respond to projected increased demand. They also take into account technological and efficiency advantages gained from installing new equipment and systems. The Kaua‘i Energy Sustainability Plan recognizes the need to develop energy infrastructure while protec�ng natural scenery, wildlife, and habitats of endangered species. There is a need to in turn balance these divergent needs with scal constraints. The KESP recommended a 2% tax levy on gasoline and diesel from imported oil to build the proposed “Alterna�ve Ground Transporta�on Modes & Fuels Fund”. The KESP suggested that such a levy could fund: •An improved public bus system. •Incen�ves for efficient Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) that could cost Kaua`i ci�zens 40% less to operate than conven�onal internal combus�on vehicles. •A rental vehicle program for the visitor industry which would take rented vehicles off the road while improving the Aloha Spirit shared with visitors. •Inexpensive conversion kits that would turn conven�onal gasoline engines into Flex Fuel engines capable of using either gasoline or ethanol to support local ethanol produc�on. •Purchase of vegetable oil presses that would allow local small farmers to produce Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) for off-road vehicles, and poten�ally public buses. online Version ONLINE VERSION 526 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 76 •Incen�ves for efficient Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), residen�al chargers, and KIUC Smart Grid enhancements to enable night-�me charging of the vehicles with a 220-Volt charger at people’s homes. •A 5% fee for the administra�on of the “Alterna�ve Ground Transporta�on Modes & Fuels Fund”, community outreach and educa�on ac�vi�es. Technology advancements have been lowering the cost of renewables and increasing their viability. Individual households and businesses can now afford and u�lize certain systems that were previously out of reach, such as photovoltaics. Larger energy producers and distributers are already adap�ng their business models to accommodate changes. Changes to land uses and zoning can reduce energy consump�on. The 2010 KESP suggested reducing the miles traveled between work and home with smart growth policies. A survey conducted for the 2010 KESP reveals that 76.5% of people surveyed support “smart growth or sustainable communi�es policies” as a means toward reducing energy consump�on. The Hawai’i Clean Energy Ini�a�ve 2011 Roadmap, led by the State Energy Office and U.S. Department of Energy (with input from Coun�es, u�li�es, and private sector stakeholders), calls for Kaua‘i to: •Introduce mul�ple biomass facili�es for electricity and biofuels produc�on; •Develop 15 MW of new hydroelectric genera�on; •Develop a 10 to 15 MW solar thermal facility; •Generate 1.5-3 MW from the Kaua‘i County landll gas system; and, generate approximately 350 KW of solar power. The Kaua‘i Island U�lity Coopera�ve reported that in 2013 renewable energy projects combined generated a total of 13.3 MW. Households and businesses have a role by conserving energy. To summarize, the major issues in Energy include: •Kauaʻi remains overly dependent on fossil fuels that are expensive and pollute the environment. •Viable renewable energy is available in many forms, and there are plans and targets in place to support its expansion. Con�nued investment in a diverse renewable energy por�olio and energy efficiency measures will be necessary to switch over from fossil fuels. •The need for expanded energy infrastructure will need to be balanced with protec�ng natural scenery, wildlife, and habitats of endangered species, as well as scal constraints. •Diverse, integrated alternate solu�ons are preferable to single purpose projects or ac�vi�es. 12.2 OPPORTUNITIES The Energy Plan Advisory Commi�ee, or EPAC, is a group of government and community members convened by the County Office of Economic Development who have guided the development of the 2010-2030 Kaua‘i Energy Sustainability Plan (KESP). The EPAC consists of par�cipants from Kaua‘i County, Kaua‘i Island U�lity Coopera�ve, representa�ves of several community organiza�ons as well as individual community members. The purpose of the KESP is to ensure maximum energy efficiency and conserva�on The isola�on of Kauaʻi and its dependence on imported oil was never more apparent as the global economic recession took hold in late 2007. This dependence exposed Kaua‘i Island U�lity Coopera�ve and its members to a record surge in the price of oil at the same �me the economic free-fall ba�ered the budgets of island businesses and families. (Source: Kaua‘i Island U�lity Coopera�ve. 2013-2015 Strategic Plan.) ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 527 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 77 while facilita�ng Kaua‘i’s produc�on and use of local, sustainable energy resources in place of imported oil by the year 2030. The document includes specic goals, ac�ons and �melines for implementa�on. The focus of County energy policy moving forward would be to encourage and support projects that offer integrated solu�ons and ancillary benets. The KIUC west side water projects exemplify an integrated project development approach that both returns water the natural environment and generates water for energy and agriculture produc�on. KIUC is in a posi�on to add value to the exis�ng water system by integra�ng a pumped storage hydro project. This project could help provide revenues needed to more efficiently manage water resources; and manage compe�ng needs by elimina�ng waste. At the same �me, the project would provide major benets to all Island residents in the form of more affordable clean energy. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Clean Energy Transforma�on include: The Energy Plan Advisory Commi�ee in collabora�on with KIUC has set ambi�ous goals and is making headway toward achieving these goals. 12.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED ENERGY •The Energy sec�on of the GP will require signicant upda�ng from what it was in the 2000 GP. KIUC and the State Energy Office have readily available data that will allow the GP to be updated. •The 2000 GP primarily documented the status of Kaua‘i’s electrical system and the degree to which the system sa�ses the Planning Districts. The 2000 GP recognized that renewables and a new “Service Center” could decentralize the exis�ng system. The 2000 GP text did not discuss the variety of renewable energy sources or how wind, solar, ocean, hydro, etc. might be used to supplement or replace fossil fuels. •The 2000 GP recommended that the County work with the electric power public u�lity companies to (a) site and design power genera�on plants and transmission facili�es to blend with the natural landscape and to avoid impacts to important historic sites and viewplanes. Solu�ons, include construc�ng underground facili�es when economically feasible, and (b) develop a proac�ve process for si�ng and designing power genera�on plants and transmission lines that incorporates early and detailed consulta�on and nego�a�on among the u�lity, the County government, community stakeholders, and the general public. •Policies are recommended to promote renewable energies, but targets for energy produc�on are not specied. 12.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROECESS Work on energy to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Update the Energy sec�on of the General Plan to reect current energy alterna�ves (renewables) and advanced technologies (power grid). 2)The GP planning process can support KIUC’s energy goals by examining land use policies and their impacts on energy produc�on. 3)The GP planning process could consider policies to encourage and support renewable energy projects that add value to other ac�vi�es and are compa�ble with or benecial to underlying land uses. 4)Conrm that KIUC projec�ons reect popula�on projec�ons within the Socioeconomic Analysis and Forecasts Technical Report. 5)Conrm that KIUC projec�ons support land use, infrastructure and economic development policies in the updated GP. online Version ONLINE VERSION 528 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 78 6)Energy policy will be reviewed by the CAC and presented at the next round of Community Mee�ngs. 12.5 RESOURCES Energy Plan Advisory Commi�ee. February 2013. Kaua‘i Energy Sustainability Plan EPAC Recommenda�ons 2012. Hawai’i Clean Energy Ini�a�ve. 2011. HCEI Road Map 2011 Edi�on. Hawai’i Natural Energy Ins�tute. January 2014. Characterizing Commercial Sites Selected for Energy Efficiency Monitoring. Kaua‘i Island U�lity Coopera�ve. 2013. 2013-2015 Strategic Plan. Na�onal Renewable Energy Laboratory. March 2012. Hawai’i Clean Energy Ini�a�ve Scenario Analysis: Quan�ta�ve Es�mates Used to Facilitate Working Group Discussions (2008-2010). Sentech Hawai’i, LLC. April 2010. The Kaua‘i Energy Sustainability Plan Final Report. State of Hawai‘i, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Hawaii State Energy Office. 2012. Renewable Energy Projects in Hawaii – October 2012 h�p://energy.hawaii.gov/renewable- energy-projects-in-hawaii ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 529 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 79 13.0 COMMUNITY HEALTH 14.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES A coali�on of health care providers and related agencies was formed in 2013 under the auspices of the Kaua‘i Community Health Improvement Ini�a�ve (CHII). The CHII built on the work of Get Fit Kaua‘i, a local organiza�on whose mission is to improve the quality of life of the residents and visitors of Kaua`i County by working to promote opportuni�es for physical ac�vity and access to healthy foods. The CHII expands the concept of health. Tradi�onally, “health” has been perceived as going to the doctor and reducing or curing disease. But in the context of the CHII and the GP, the rela�onships of the built environment, including affordable housing, walkable communi�es, ac�ve transporta�on choices, and access to healthy foods, all contribute to both community and individual health. This much broader concept of “health” can be incorporated into the GP. The CHII partners include the Wilcox Memorial Hospital; Kaua‘i District Health Office, County of Kaua‘i; Department of Educa�on – Kaua‘i Complex; University of Hawaii – Kaua‘i Community College; and, the Governor’s Office (Kaua‘i). They, in turn, reached out to stakeholders and formed a Leadership and Oversight Commi�ee represen�ng 30 different state and local organiza�ons from the public, private and non-prot sectors. While the bonds between many of these organiza�ons already existed, the planning process nurtured rela�onships. The CHII’s priority issues are listed in the text box below. An individual’s health is inherently Ɵed to the health of the community in which he or she lives. According to the World Health OrganizaƟon, a healthy city is one that is conƟnually creaƟng and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the funcƟons of life and developing to their maximum potenƟal. (Source: Community Health Improvement IniƟaƟve.) online Version ONLINE VERSION 530 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 80 The CHII conducted a Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) for the County in 2014. This Assessment evaluated health outcomes (mortality and morbidity), and the physical environment, social and economic factors, clinical care, and behaviors that impact health outcomes. The “community building” process proposed by the CHII parallels the efforts of the GP planning process. The ve priority themes of the CHNA -Health and Wellness, Medical Care, Educa�on and Lifelong Learning, Housing, and Community Design and Planning - can be supported with GP implemen�ng ac�ons. The CHIP included 2-5 year strategies to achieve the vision, including recommenda�ons for policies, systems and environment. Five working groups were created to address Built Environment, Housing, Educa�on and Lifelong Learning, Medical Care, and Health and Wellness. The table below illustrates health outcomes, the indicators used for each and whether Kaua‘i residents are doing be�er or worse than the statewide average, 2020 Hawai’i Physical AcƟvity and NutriƟon Plan, or na�on. Other indicators are used to evaluate physical environment, social and economic factors, clinical care, and behaviors. A related issue is health equity, or ensuring that all people have access to the resources and infrastructure to support a healthy lifestyle. As recommended by the 2013 CHNA, equity of opportunity can be measured by “comprehensive non-discriminant policies, progressive tax structure, dispari�es in educa�on, assistance in naviga�ng through the healthcare system.” Health Outcomes (Mortality) Kaua‘i County Better (B) or Worse (W) than the State or HP 2020 Kaua‘i County Better (B) or Worse (W) than the Nation Premature Death W B Cancer Mortality** B B Heart Disease Mortality**B B Stroke Mortality** W W Suicide Rate** W W Infant Mortality** B B Kaua‘i’s Community Health Improvement IniƟaƟve Priority Issues: Health and Wellness (Upstream preven�on): Easy, convenient access to affordable healthy food for busy families (concern about unhealthy fast food). Screening, early detec�on and management for breast cancer, cervical cancer, diabetes, cholesterol, hypertension, colorectal cancer, HIV, etc. Medical Care: Available, accessible, affordable and integrated mental healthcare/substance abuse/developmentally disabled services and facili�es. Available, accessible, affordable and integrated medical care – rst to last breath. Educa�on and Lifelong Learning: Health educa�on for keiki, kupuna, ohana, and school/work/church sites (health literacy and workplace wellness). Housing: Transi�onal/homeless/affordable housing/senior housing. Community Design and Planning: Walkable, bikeable, and safe communi�es to encourage and promote physical ac�vi�es and social connec�vity. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 531 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 81 Kaua‘i’s popula�on is con�nuing to grow older, the median age is shi�ing upward, and life expectancy is increasing. While these trends point to improved health and longevity, Kaua‘i’s built environment will need to be modied to serve an older popula�on. Such an environment is o�en called “age-friendly”, meaning that it can accommodate the abili�es of the very young, very old, and everyone in between. The prevalence of chronic disease, like diabetes, is increasing, even though many chronic diseases can be prevented or controlled through lifestyle changes. The CHNA reports that Kauaʻi County’s residents have be�er access to recrea�on and tness facili�es and healthy foods than others in the State. However, 46% of restaurants on Kaua‘i are fast food restaurants, and the establishment rate of fast food restaurants on Kaua‘i (107.32 establishments per 100,000) people is much higher than that of the na�on as a whole (69.26 establishments per 100,000 people). The GP planning process, to date, has revealed resident dissa�sfac�on with a lack of pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure. Speeding vehicles makes people feel unsafe. Poor intersec�on design, an incomplete network of sidewalks, crosswalks, bicycle facili�es, and other important features are lacking from the public realm. The CHNA suggests that busy lifestyles and/or a lack of health educa�on nega�vely impact families in Kaua‘i. Tobacco use is s�ll allowed in many venues. Not all residents par�cipate in vaccina�on and cancer screening, and many people with chronic diseases are not managing them well. The lack of affordable housing creates stress for families that, in turn, affects health. Prevalence of teen pregnancy, STDs, suicide, domes�c violence, bullying, and injuries is too high. To summarize, the major issues in Community Health include: •Individual and community health are mutually dependent and require planning that accounts for improving health and wellness, medical care, educa�on and lifelong learning, housing, and community design and planning in order to succeed. •The popula�on is living longer and requires an age-friendly, safe physical environment. •Community design and infrastructure should support healthy living. Health Outcomes (Morbidity) Poor General Health W Comparable (Not statistically significant) Poor Physical Health Days* Poor Mental Health Days*W W Low Birth Weight B B Breast Cancer Incidence B B Cervical Cancer Incidence**W W Colon and Rectum Cancer Incidence W W Diabetes Prevalence B B Heart Disease Prevalence W B HIV Prevalence W B Poor Dental Health B B Population with Any Disability WW Source: Kaua‘i’s Community Health Needs Assessment (2013) * Not a CHNA.ORG dashboard comparison ** Compared to HP 2020 Target, not the State online Version ONLINE VERSION 532 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 82 13.2 OPPORTUNITIES There are good founda�ons for improving the health of Kaua‘i’s residents. Get Fit Kaua‘i’s Built Environment Task Force has become a policy leader in community health issues. The Task Force “recognizes that Kaua'i’s land use system should support ac�ve, healthy lifestyles through human-scaled, rather than automobile-centered, development.” The task force is helping the County make the necessary changes to its planning system in order to support healthy community design. Milestones include the Kaua’i County Complete Streets Indicators Report and updates, Rice Street Week and work on planning for healthy communi�es. Complete streets projects in mixed-use, vibrant town centers can sa�sfy many recommenda�ons offered by the CHII. Other State and County health policies include: •A New Day in Hawai‘i (State) •Hawai‘i Healthcare IniƟaƟve (State) •DOH Strategic Plan: Healthy People, Healthy Community, Healthy Islands (State) •Holo Holo 2020 (County) To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Community Health include: •U�lizing the Community Health Improvement Ini�a�ve’s work products to: o Provide a framework for public health as a component of the General Plan. o Iden�fy land use and planning issues that affect health o Provide baseline data and measurable indicators o Provide health-related goals, policies and strategies that can be considered in the General Plan •Harnessing the energy and exper�se of the CHII’s working groups for future ini�a�ves and to implement the recommenda�ons of the GP. •Compact, walkable communi�es whose built environment and mix of uses support healthy lifestyles and enhance social interac�on. •Complete streets and mul�modal transporta�on op�ons can contribute to healthier communi�es. “Ac�ve transporta�on” is a means of ge�ng around that is powered by human energy, primarily walking and bicycling. Ac�ve transporta�on becomes easier and safer when streets are designed to accommodate pedestrians and people on bicycles. •A dedicated coali�on of volunteers and industry leaders commi�ed to improving public health. 13.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED PUBLIC HEALTH •The 2000 GP did not include a chapter on Community Health, and so this will be a new chapter. The CHII and CHNA have data and policy recommenda�ons that can be used to dra� this new chapter. •The current, broader deni�on of community health speaks to the environment in which people live, making linkages between health housing, transporta�on, and other elements of the built environment. The 2000 GP did not acknowledge these links. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 533 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 83 13.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on Community Health to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)The 2014 Kaua‘i Community Health Improvement Plan and the Built Environment Task Force EvaluaƟon of Public Health Policies in the General Plan 2000 present goals and recommenda�ons that can be used to support public health policy adjustments in the General Plan. The connec�ons between community health and other policy areas, including alterna�ve transporta�on modes, recrea�onal facili�es, housing, public services, and characteris�cs of the built environment, can be emphasized in the GP planning process. 2)In order to sustain and improve community health, programs and policies can be assessed from an equity perspec�ve. 3)The indicators used in the CHNA to assess community health can be considered as indicators to assess progress in implemen�ng the GP. 4)Public Health policy will be reviewed by the CAC and may be presented at future Community Mee�ngs. 13.5 RESOURCES County of Kaua‘i. June 2014. Kaua‘i Community Health Improvement Plan. County of Kauaʻi. July 2013. Kaua‘i’s Community Health Needs Assessment County of Kauaʻi Built Environment Task Force. February 2015. EvaluaƟon of Public Health Policies in the General Plan 2000. Hawai’i State Department of Health. Hawai’i Physical AcƟvity and NutriƟon Plan 2013-2020. Jeanne Anthony. January 8, 2015. CreaƟng Livable CommuniƟes for all Ages. Ricklin, A., et al. 2012. Healthy Planning: An EvaluaƟon of Comprehensive and Sustainability Plans Addressing Public Health. Chicago: American Planning Associa�on. Kaua‘i Planning and Ac�on Alliance. Kaua'i Planning and Ac�on Alliance. 2014. Measuring What MaƩers for Kaua‘i: Community Indicators Report 2014. online Version ONLINE VERSION 534 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 84 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 535 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 85 14.0 CULTURAL AND HERITAGE RESOURCES 14.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Kaua‘i has thousands of archaeological sites and hundreds of historic buildings. Of these, approximately 60 historic buildings and complexes and 30 archaeological sites are listed on the Na�onal Register of Historic Places, the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places, or both. There are also lis�ngs for historic objects and historic structures, such as the Hanalei Pier. Na�ve Hawaiian coastal burials, ar�facts, and structures are par�cularly vulnerable to inunda�on and erosion. The Hawaiian and Pacic Island cultures, however, are not simply of interest for historic purposes. These cultures, and those brought more recently by newcomers to Kaua‘i, are alive and contribu�ng to the shared values and aloha spirit that unites the Island. The physical environment is closely linked to Kaua‘i’s cultural and heritage resources. There is great concern that development and the adverse impacts of sea-level rise will reduce access to tradi�onal food sources and subsistence shing. These ac�vi�es, and others, help people sustain connec�ons with a dened place and keep unique customs and prac�ces alive. Reten�on of Kaua‘i’s one lane bridges, especially on the North shore, helps preserve the character of the community. Similar bridges exist in Kōloa, Kekaha, and Waimea Districts. From �me to �me decisions balancing preserva�on and economic revitaliza�on need to be made. It is cri�cal that community desires drive such decisions. To summarize, the major issues in Cultural and Heritage Resources include: •Kaua‘i’s cultural and heritage resources contribute to maintaining a sense of place and belonging and provide a basis for properly caring for the land. •Historic buildings and infrastructure may be more expensive to keep in good condi�on, but some are worth the investment. •Heritage Resource maps have not been consistently or regularly updated. Kahua O Kāneiolouma (pictured above) is a cultural site containing the remnants of an ancient Hawaiian village at Po‘ipū. The 13- acre complex is under the jurisdic�on of the County of Kauaʻi and contains numerous habita�on, cul�va�on, spor�ng or assembly, and religious structures da�ng to at least the mid-1400’s. The complex is largely intact but in need of rehabilita�on. Under a Stewardship Agreement signed in August 2010, the County of Kauaʻi granted formal custodianship of the Kāneiolouma complex to Hui Mālama O Kāneiolouma. The rehabilita�on project was also included in Mayor Bernard P. Carvalho’s Holo Holo 2020 plan. Following an outline developed by Na�ve Hawaiian archaeological expert Henry E.P. Kekahuna, the Master Plan addresses a seven year horizon, with work in four overlapping phases. Work began in 2012. online Version ONLINE VERSION 536 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 86 •Important decisions need to be made as aging infrastructure reaches its life cycle age. These decisions must balance community character and wishes. 14.2 OPPORTUNITIES Registra�on, or designa�on, on the State and Na�onal Registers of Historic Places may protect historic sites from demoli�on or inappropriate renova�on; registered sites may also be eligible for restora�on grants, tax incen�ves or assistance that leads to their upkeep. Kaua‘i’s Historic Preserva�on Review Commission is a valuable organiza�on of local experts. Given addi�onal resources, this Commission can probably assist with promo�ng awareness of exis�ng resources and implemen�ng programs to expand and maintain Kaua‘i’s inventory of cultural and heritage resources. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Cultural and Heritage Resources include: •Addi�onal sites may be eligible for historic designa�on; lis�ng them can prevent their demoli�on or inappropriate renova�on. •Mapped resources can be further protected with the County’s Open District, or acquired with Public Access funds. •The preserva�on of the Kaneiolouma site can serve as a model for County resource protec�on efforts. 14.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED CULTURAL AND HERITAGE RESOURCES •The 2000 GP contains an extensive sec�on �tled “Caring for Land, Water and Culture”. Several sub-sec�ons, including “Overview”, “Historic and Archeological Resources”, and Na�ve Hawaiian Rights” remain largely current and relevant today. •The 2000 GP recommended providing a buffer area and pedestrian access for historic/archaeological sites, to incen�vize rehabilita�on of historic structures, and to establish an "historic district" overlay with design guidelines where needed. This task has not yet been ini�ated. •To further protect historic proper�es, the 2000 GP recommended studying the market, costs, sources of funding, and opera�onal feasibility of crea�ng an island wide low-cost rehabilita�on loan program for historic structures. This task has not yet been ini�ated. •The GP recommended that the State Historic Preserva�on Division (SHPD) prepare "Archaeological Resource Poten�al Maps" for Kaua‘i, with assistance and input from the Kaua‘i Historic Preserva�on Review Commission, the Planning Department, and the Kaua‘i Burials Council. However, SHPD did not concur, and it has not yet been ini�ated. •The Heritage Resource Maps need upda�ng; not all of the data is not readily available. 14.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on cultural and heritage resources to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)The 2000 GP called for the development of maps that iden�ed the poten�al loca�ons of archeological resources as a means of genera�ng greater awareness of cultural resources and the need for their protec�on. This was not done. 2)The last local inventory of resources was conducted in 1990 (County of Kaua‘i Historic Resources Inventory and Management Plan). This type of inventory can help determine what resources need maintenance or protec�on. However, upda�ng this inventory is not within the scope of the GP Update. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 537 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 87 3)The County’s efforts to support the preserva�on/restora�on of Kaneiolouma is a model for the preserva�on of other important cultural sites. The effort can be documented for inclusion in the GP during the mee�ngs with agencies. 4)Heritage resources were mapped, as part of the South Kauaʻi Community Plan. This can be repeated for the other Community Plan areas. The heritage maps included in the 2000 GP will serve as the basis for the maps included in the GP Update. Layers will be updated using exis�ng data sources. 5)Kaua‘i’s rich cultural and heritage resources are a major a�rac�on for both residents and tourists. A renewed interest in Hawaiian values and culture reveals itself in place names, art, fashion, and the increased number of Hawaiian schools for music, language, and dance, all of which contribute to the aloha spirit. 14.5 RESOURCES State of Hawai’i Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. May 2004. Kaua‘i Island Plan. County of Kaua‘i. 1990. County of Kaua‘i Historic Resources Inventory and Management Plan. online Version ONLINE VERSION 538 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 88 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 539 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 89 15.0 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION 15.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES Kaua’i residents rmly believe that the natural environment provides the founda�on for sustainability, which is the top priority in their communi�es. During the GP Update community mee�ngs, the theme of “nature rst” was reiterated over and over. The island’s “natural capital” is seen as its greatest asset, and preserving it for current and future genera�ons is of utmost importance. Care for and access to public trust resources (water, beaches, coastal areas, special places) was a par�cular theme. Kaua‘i’s natural resources are boun�ful, and include its public lands; above and underground inland waters; ocean waters; coastal areas; non- renewable resources such as fossil fuels and minerals; mountains and valleys; forests and elds; and the ora and fauna that depend on these areas. Natural resources have a cri�cal role in the func�oning ecosystem. They are equally important for their natural beauty and contribu�on to community health and well-being, including recrea�on and the economy. Increases in popula�on and visitors create demands and pressures on natural resources. Opinions vary on the degree to which Kaua‘i’s resources are currently managed and how will they be managed in the future. There is overall agreement that Kaua‘i’s natural resources are threatened, and that proper stewardship is an urgent ma�er that requires a holis�c approach. This is everyone’s kuleana, and includes individuals, businesses, and government taking measures to reduce their ecological footprint and increase efficiencies rather than use more limited resources. It includes devo�ng more resources to ensure that na�ve ecosystems and organisms are not irreparably harmed, and nding a balance between human use and enjoyment of nature and its preserva�on for future genera�ons. The concept of malama ‘āina is an appropriate one to capture this intent. Many in the community have also invoked ahupua‘a management as a model that is instruc�ve for current and future environmental management. Watershed councils and environmental organiza�ons exist throughout the island and are prominent voices in the stewardship and management of water and other resources. Invasive species pose a huge threat to the environment, threaten our environment, economy, agriculture, human health, and/or quality of life. Invasive species generally reproduce quickly and are able to spread from their ini�al intended area. online Version ONLINE VERSION 540 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 90 Much of Kaua‘i’s natural resources are owned and managed by mul�ple Federal, State, and local en��es. Kaua'i has twenty-four managed reserve, preserve or park areas, shown below: Kaua'i Reserves Management Alakai Wilderness Preserve DOFAW Halelea Forest Reserve DOFAW Hono O Na Pali Natural Area Reserve DOFAW Kalepa Mountain Forest Reserve DOFAW Keālia Forest Reserve DOFAW Kuia Natural Area Reserve DOFAW Līhu'e-Kōloa Forest Reserve DOFAW Mānā Plains DOFAW Moloa'a Forest Reserve DOFAW Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve DOFAW Nonou Forest Reserve DOFAW Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve DOFAW Wailua Game Management Area DOFAW Hā'ena State Park DOSP Kokee State Park DOSP Na Pali Coast State Wilderness Park DOSP Polihale State Park DOSP Wailua River State Park DOSP Waimea Canyon State Park DOSP Kanaele Preserve TNC Wainiha Preserve TNC Hanalei Na�onal Wildlife Refuge USFWS Huleia Na�onal Wildlife Refuge USFWS Kīlauea Point Na�onal Wildlife Refuge USFWS All lands - even those that are inaccessible and designated as preserva�on lands by the State – need protec�on. Erosion, invasive species, air and water pollu�on have wide-reaching impacts. Government regula�ons include the Special Management Areas (SMA), State Conserva�on District, and County Open District. Regula�ons under the County’s control can be modied to further protect natural resources. Some proper�es that contain natural resources are privately-owned and subject to be developed. These privately-owned resources are the most vulnerable, especially when owned by people who are land rich and cash poor. There may be a mechanism for inventorying such lands and developing a long-term protec�on and stewardship strategy beyond targeted acquisi�on. Community members have expressed concern that property owners (par�cularly high-prole or wealthy buyers concerned with privacy) try to limit access to public areas such as beaches, trails, and coastal lands. Maintaining adequate access to these areas is a recurring theme of community feedback. The State of Hawaii plays a major role in managing natural resources on Kaua‘i. The Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) controls and manages the forest reserves, natural area reserves, and state parks. The forested watersheds harbor rare and endangered plant and animal species, and in some areas, the na�ve ecosystem remains rela�vely intact. The DLNR exercises regulatory authority over land use in ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 541 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 91 the State Conserva�on District, which covers 55 percent of the island’s land area. Anyone wishing to build in the Conserva�on District receive approval. DLNR has responsibility of the Public Land Trust, including ceded lands and submerged lands. Endangered Species Terrestrial ecosystems have changed signicantly since the arrival of Europeans in 1778. Although Kaua‘i’s rst se�lers cleared much of the low-lying forests for agriculture and dwelling sites, the higher eleva�ons were le� rela�vely undisturbed. Forests con�nue to be depleted of sandalwood trees. The introduc�on of ca�le and goats requires grazing land. The need for fuel, ranching ac�vi�es, and crop produc�on results in deforesta�on. Fires ignited by humans destroy na�ve forests, especially during dry periods. Coupled with these disturbances are threats to na�ve birds, plants, and invertebrates. About 90% of the na�ve Hawaiian plant species can only be found in the Hawaiian archipelago. Kaua’i has the highest number – 495 – of endemic plant species in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Over 140 of them are listed as federally endangered, and of these, 70 are on the verge of ex�nc�on (U.S. Forest Service, 2011). Kauaʻi is home to more tropical bird species than any of the other islands. There are over 80 different species which nest on the island and 21 of them are exclusively na�ve to Kauaʻi. Several species, in par�cular, are endangered and need protec�on from predators, invasive species, and habitat destruc�on. Examples include the Hawaiian Petrel, Newell’s Shearwater, and Nene. Recent addi�ons to endangered species lists suggests that the management of the Alaka‘i Wilderness Preserve is cri�cal to protec�ng wildlife (DraŌ Hawai‘i's State Wildlife AcƟon Plan, 2015). Several endangered species of animals nd refuge on, or just off of, Kauaʻi’s shores. The Hawaiian Monk Seal and the Hawaiian Hoary Bat are just two of the na�ve species on the endangered species list. These animals, as well as three of the seven endangered species of Sea Turtles in the world, make Kauaʻi’s vast stretch of shoreline their home. Endangered Humpback Whales are also found in the waters around Kauaʻi. CriƟcal Habitats There is approximately 188,500 acres of forest on Kauaʻi, occupying 55% of the island. The na�ve 'ohi'a is the predominant forest type with over 109,000 acres or 58% of the forest acreage. Of this forest area, less than half, or approximately 88,000 acres is in forest reserve land. The majority of these reserves, or 64%, are na�ve 'ohi'a and koa forests. The great majority occur inland at high eleva�ons or on steep topography unsuited to development. In developable, low-lying areas, only sca�ered remnants remain. The Alaka‘i Swamp has the largest block of undisturbed na�ve forest on the island. The Kōke’e area, on the western side of the island, has wet, na�ve 'ohi'a forests at higher eleva�ons and dry, scrub koa forests Puaiohi or Small Kaua‘i thrush – State and Federally Listed Endangered Species online Version ONLINE VERSION 542 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 92 at lower eleva�ons. Na�ve forests are also found along the pali (cliff) walls in the backs of many valleys. Kauaʻi has over 134,000 acres (39% of the island) of cliffside or pali lands. Over 36,000 acres of shrubs occur on the island; the dominant species is haole koa with over 13,000 acres. Over 122,000 acres are classied as non-forest with cul�vated land and grassland comprising over 64,000 and 34,000 acres, respec�vely. Watersheds and Streams Watersheds collect rain and condensa�on that is funneled into stream beds that either join other stream beds or terminate at the edge of the sea. The presence and severity of erosion can be used as a measure of the quality of a watershed. An islandwide photographic sample (The Mul�resource Forest Inventory for Kauaʻi) indicated that 13% (45,100 acres) of the island had slight to moderate erosion and 6% (20,825 acres) had severe erosion. Eighty-four percent of the severely eroded land is in the pali land class. Most of the severely eroded area is in Waimea Canyon and along lower ridges on Kauaʻi's west side. Although many of the steep pali lands are naturally erosive, other areas in the lower Kōke’e area could benet from watershed rehabilita�on efforts. The 2008 Atlas of Hawaiian Watersheds and Their Aqua�c Resources divides Kauaʻi into ve regions. The Hanalei region has 32 watersheds. The Līhu‘e region has 12 watersheds. The Kōloa region has 8 watersheds. The Waimea region has 4 watersheds The Kekaha region has 10 watersheds. Priority watersheds for restora�on in Kauaʻi include: 1) Nāwiliwili Bay and coastal waters, including the three tributary watersheds of Nāwiliwili, Pū’ali, and Hulē’ia; 2) Waimea Bay and coastal waters, including the tributary watersheds of Waimea, Kapilimao, Waipao, A'akukui, and Mahinauli; and 3) Hanapēpē Bay and coastal waters, including the Hanapēpē River and watershed (State of Hawaii Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report, 2014). Nonpoint source pollu�on, commonly called polluted runoff (Hawaii’s Implementa�on Plan for Polluted Runoff Control, 2000), occurs when rainwater moves on the surface of the earth or through the ground and carrying the pollutants it encounters along the way. This polluted runoff ows to drainage systems and ends up impairing streams and nearshore coastal waters. Signicant pollutant types include sediments, nutrients, toxins, oatables, and pathogens. In the simplest terms, nonpoint source pollu�on is any pollu�on that is not from a par�cular, or point, source. The consequences of nonpoint source pollu�on include: increased risk of disease from water recrea�on, algae blooms, sh kills, destroyed aqua�c habitats, and turbid waters. Some polluted runoff is from natural sources, like soil eroding on steep slopes during heavy rain. Most, however, results from people’s ac�vi�es on the land. There are 17 impaired inland freshwater bodies and 23 impaired marine/coastal water bodies in Kaua’i (State of Hawaii Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report, 2014). These numbers have increased signicantly from the 1997 data included in the 2000 General Plan. In 1997, there were only four impaired bays and ve perennial streams that were targeted for water pollu�on controls and management. Several streams are newly listed because the sampling data of conven�onal pollutants has increased, but others are included because their quality has decreased. A key concern is the long-term organiza�onal structure for watershed and stream management. Each restora�on project must develop and draw upon a network of government and community- based organiza�ons. Agencies or organiza�ons must step forward to accept responsibility and be funded to coordinate restora�on and management over the long term. Ocean Resources ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 543 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 93 The most vulnerable resources are those threatened by climate change and sea-level rise. Recommenda�ons for improved protec�on of these resources are summarized in the 2014 Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment. The impact of climate change on the land, beaches and oceans could be severe and is a concern (see the Climate Change and Coastal Hazards sec�on of this paper for more discussion). The 2014 Kauaʻi Climate Change and Coastal Hazard Assessment reports that nearshore reefs and coastal ecosystems are already under great pressure from overshing, land-based runoff, and other human impacts. Increasing temperatures, ocean acidica�on, and runoff with changing precipita�on pa�erns will further destabilize nearshore ecosystems. On Kaua‘i, approximately 70% of beaches are experiencing erosional trends. Sea-level rise and related impacts such as increasing storm surge heights threaten to alter the physical se�ng and impacts for nearshore environments. Fish species that depend on shallow water or inter-�dal and sub-�dal plant communi�es will be at risk of habitat loss. Changing water depths could nega�vely affect species types and quan��es. Future inunda�on of coastal lands with sea-level rise and changing precipita�on and runoff pa�erns could further degrade coastal water quality, in addi�on to the exis�ng threats to water quality from nonpoint source pollu�on, such as sediment, nutrients, pathogens, oil, toxins, and polluted runoff. Impacts of certain farming prac�ces have been hotly debated on Kaua‘i. To summarize, the major issues in Natural Resource Management and Conserva�on include: •Healthy natural resources are a key to sustainability and resilience. •Na�ve ora and fauna are threatened by a myriad of drivers, including habitat loss, invasive species, and climate change. Development contributes to these drivers, including the development of natural resources. •Privately owned proper�es may have resources that are not protected, or whose resources are difficult to monitor. •County and State parks are challenged to maintain facili�es. •Resource protec�on is a shared responsibility and duty. •Sedimenta�on from rivers, streams, and other runoff is nega�vely impac�ng coastal areas. •Beaches are being lost due to coastal erosion and human impacts to sand supply. 15.2 OPPORTUNITIES Encouraging the forma�on of ci�zens groups to take responsibility for local natural resources and partnering with the State and non-prots for research purposes can lead to an improved environment, generate locate capacity and awareness, and poten�ally lead to funding for more environmental protec�on and conserva�on ac�vi�es. Environmental leaders on Kaua’i include: •The Nature Conservancy manages two cri�cal habitat areas on Kaua'i via management agreements with the landowner: the Kanaele Bog and Wainiha Preserve. •Na�onal Tropical Botanical Garden is dedicated to preserving tropical plant diversity and stemming this �de of ex�nc�on - through plant explora�on, propaga�on, habitat restora�on, scien�c research, and educa�on. NTBG's gardens and preserves are safe havens for at-risk species that otherwise might disappear forever. •The Kauaʻi Invasive Species Commi�ee (KISC) is a voluntary partnership of government, private and non-prot organiza�ons, and concerned individuals working to prevent, control, or eliminate the most threatening invasive plant and animal species in order to preserve Kauaʻi’s na�ve biodiversity and minimize adverse ecological, economic and social impacts. online Version ONLINE VERSION 544 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 94 •The Kauaʻi Endangered Seabird Recovery Project (KESRP) is a Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) project, administered through the Pacic Studies Co-opera�ve Unit of the University of Hawaiʻi. Formed in 2006, the project focuses on the Newell’s Shearwater, Hawaiian Petrel and Band-rumped Storm-Petrel. KESRP iden�es the breeding distribu�on of these rare seabirds, monitors their breeding colonies, undertakes research projects to understand their life histories and the various threats which they face, and works with partner projects and organiza�ons to ensure their long-term conserva�on. •Mālama Hulē‘ia is a voluntary non-prot organiza�on dedicated to improving key parts of the Nāwiliwili Bay Watershed on Kaua‘i by elimina�ng the red mangrove - an alien and highly invasive plant species. Over the last 50 years, the red mangrove has been changing na�ve wildlife habitats in and along the Hulē‘ia River and destroying the ‘Alekoko Fish Pond. •The Surfrider Founda�on, Kaua‘i Chapter, is a non-prot environmental organiza�on dedicated to the protec�on and enjoyment of the world’s oceans, waves and beaches for all people, through conserva�on, ac�vism, research and educa�on. •The Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance partners (KWA) focus on protec�ng the uppermost watershed areas on Kaua’i from invasive alien plants, animals, and other threats. The Nature Conservancy is coordina�ng the implementa�on of an overall management strategy for the KWA to protect the 144,004 acres of partnership lands. •Hanalei Watershed Hui is a non-prot environmental organiza�on that strives to care for the Ahupua’a of Hanalei, Wai‘oli, Waipā, and Waikoko. They are guided by Hawaiian and other principles of sustainability and stewardship, integrity and balance, coopera�on and aloha, cultural equity and mutual respect. •The Kauaʻi Invasive Species Commi�ee (KISC) is a voluntary partnership of government, private and non-prot organiza�ons, and concerned individuals working to prevent, control, or eliminate the most threatening invasive plant and animal species in order to preserve Kauaʻi’s na�ve biodiversity and minimize adverse ecological, economic and social impacts. •Malama Mahaulepu is working to preserve, for future genera�ons, the irreplaceable natural and cultural resources of Maha`ulepu. •Sierra Club’s mission is to explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth; prac�ce and promote the responsible use of the earth’s ecosystems and resources; educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; and to use all lawful means to carry out these objec�ves. •Kaua‘i Forest Bird Recovery Project aims to promote knowledge, apprecia�on, and conserva�on of Kaua‘i’s na�ve forest birds. Its efforts focus primarily on three federally endangered species: the Puaiohi, ‘Akikiki, and ‘Akeke‘e, with the goal of facilita�ng recovery of their popula�ons in the wild. The Department of Land and Natural Resources supports the forma�on of local groups to monitor environmental health and build community awareness. Makai Watch Groups are now ac�ve in Hanalei and Hā‘ena. The State, working with the University and other non-prots, like the Nature Conservancy of Hawai‘i, uses Kaua‘i as a tes�ng ground for environmental ac�on. For example, the Aqua�c Invasive Species Response Team is working on a method to eliminate snowake coral from the pier at Kaua‘i’s Port Allen. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 545 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 95 Regula�ons already exist to help manage and conserve natural resources. They include the Special Management Areas (SMA), State Conserva�on District, and County Open District. The SMA program helps ensure that permi�ed uses and ac�vi�es are designed and carried out in compliance with the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program objec�ves and policies as set forth in Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes. The SMA Permit system administered by the County regulates development within a geographically dened boundary that extends from the shoreline inland. Within each county, SMA boundaries may range from about 100 yards to several miles inland from the shoreline. The County’s Open District was established to ensure an adequate amount of open lands is provided for the recrea�onal and aesthe�c needs of the community and to provide for the effec�ve func�oning of land, air, water, plant and animal systems or communi�es. It is intended to preserve, maintain or improve the essen�al characteris�cs of land and water areas that are: (1) of signicant value to the public as scenic or recrea�onal resources; (2) important to the overall structure and organiza�on of urban areas and which provide accessible and usable open areas for recrea�onal and aesthe�c purposes; (3) necessary to insulate or buffer the public and places of residence from undesirable environmental factors caused by, or related to, par�cular uses such as noise, dust, and visually offensive elements. The State Conserva�on District is comprised primarily of lands in exis�ng forest and water reserve zones and includes areas necessary for protec�ng watersheds and water sources, scenic and historic areas, parks, wilderness, open space, recrea�onal areas, habitats of endemic plants, sh and wildlife, and all submerged lands seaward of the shoreline. The Conserva�on District is administrated by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources and uses are governed by rules promulgated by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. While these regulatory programs provide a signicant measure of protec�on, they can be complemented and strengthened by adop�ng smart growth policies that seek to contain urban development within compact, walkable town cores. Urban edge boundaries and zoning requirements can also be implemented to direct the extent and character of development. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Natural Resource Management and Conserva�on include: •Several regulatory mechanisms are in place to protect or conserve natural resources. •Many local groups are working as environmental stewards. online Version ONLINE VERSION 546 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 96 15.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION •The 2000 GP contains an extensive secƟon Ɵtled “Caring for Land, Water and Culture”. Several sub-secƟons, including “Watersheds, Streams and Water Quality”, “Coastal Lands”, and “Scenic Views” remain largely current and relevant today. •The 2000 GP recommended revising the CZO to beƩer protect natural resources by revising the Drainage Way Constraint District and/or creaƟng an overlay zone for streams, wetlands, and ood plains. The policies governing Natural Resource Management and ConservaƟon are mostly intact. 15.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on natural resource management to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Meet with SMA regulators to determine whether addiƟonal direcƟon or recommendaƟons in the GP would support resource protecƟon. 2)Introduce data and informaƟon from the climate change study conducted for the GP Update. 3)Extract appropriate policy material from recent master planning for the County parks. 4)Update Table 3-1: Water Bodies with Impaired Water Quality, Island of Kaua’i, 1997 (in the 2000 GP) with currently available data from the Hawaii Department of Health 2014 State of Hawaii Water Quality Monitoring And Assessment Report: Integrated Report to the U.S. Environmental ProtecƟon Agency and the U.S. Congress Pursuant to §303(d) and §305(b), Clean Water Act (P.L. 97-117). 5)Develop current data and maps on drainage issues. However, this is outside the scope of the GP Update. 6)During community workshops, seek input on non-prot organizaƟons on natural resource protecƟon, and determine how and whether these organizaƟons can play a larger role in implemenƟng resource protecƟon acƟons in the updated GP. 7)Add descripƟons of the role of the County, State and Federal Government in resource protecƟon. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 547 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 97 15.5 RESOURCES Buck, Michael G., Bream Jeanine M., Stormont, William T. United State Department of Agriculture, Forest Services. August 1988. The Mul�resource Forest Inventory for Kaua‘i. Resource Bulle�n PNW-RB-156. Cannarella, R.J. 2010. Statewide Assessment of Forest Condi�ons and Resource Strategy. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 271 p. h�p://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/ info/fap/. (17 March 2014). Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance. April 2005. Kaua‘i Watershed Alliance Management Plan. State of Hawai‘i Department of Health. 2014. Dra� State of Hawaii Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report: Integrated Report to the U.S. Environmental Protec�on Agency and the U.S. Congress Pursuant to §303(d) and §305(b), Clean Water Act (P.L. 97-117). State of Hawai‘i, Department of Health. July 2000. Hawaii’s Implementa�on Plan for Polluted Runoff Control. State of Hawai‘I Department of Land and Natural Resources. October 1, 2015. Hawai‘i’s State Wildlife Ac�on Plan. Dra� for Public Review. State of Hawai’i, Department of Land and Natural Resources. The Rain Follows the Forest (DLNR State Watershed Ini�a�ve) h�p://dlnr.hawaii.gov/rain/ State of Hawaii Division of Aqua�c Resources and Bishop Museum. 2008. Atlas of Hawaiian Watersheds & Their Aqua�c Resources. State of Hawai’i Office of Planning. July 2013. Hawai‘i Ocean Resources Management Plan. Stein Susan M., Carr, Mary A., Liknes, Greg C., and Comas, Sara J. USDA Forest Service. August 2014. Islands on the Edge: Housing Development and Other Threats to America’s Pacic and Caribbean Island Forests. General Technical Report NRS-137 U.S. Forest Service. 2011. FHP [Forest Health Program] in Hawaii. Hilo, HI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacic Southwest Research Sta�on, State and Private Forestry. h�p://www.fs.fed.us/r5/spf/�p/hawaii/index.shtml. (6 June 2011). online Version ONLINE VERSION 548 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 98 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 549 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 99 16.0 PARKS AND RECREATION 16.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES The County of Kaua‘i has an extensive park system that includes 85 park proper�es. They range in size from the small 0.2-acre Horner Park to the an�cipated 138-acre Ahukini Coastal Park and are spread all over the island. In addi�on to the park lands, the County maintains Kaua‘i’s public 18-hole Wailuā Golf Course and two cultural preserves – Ka Ulu A Paoa and Ke Aku A Laka in Hā‘ena and Kaneiolouma in Po‘ipū. Kauaʻi is also fortunate to have State parks, the Na Ala Hele Trails, and federally protected areas, such as the Kīlauea Point Na�onal Refuge. The Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks are adjoining parks located on the west side of Kauaʻi. Officially established in 1952, the parks occupy 6,182.4 acres of land. Their combined acreage is approximately 1.75 percent of the total land area on the island, and 40 percent of the State Parks acreage on Kauaʻi. The two parks have signicant cultural, historic, natural and scenic resources, and thus, are very popular. These Parks are called out because the challenges they face are recently documented (the Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks Master Plan was completed in 2014) and are representa�ve of maintenance and capacity issues other parks on Kaua‘i elsewhere. Given that people are living longer, the recrea�on needs of seniors will increase over �me; and yet, planning to meet the needs of youth remains important because youth have more limited leisure- �me choices. The County’s Department of Parks and Recrea�on con�nues to work on providing the programming and facili�es to meet the diversity of recrea�onal needs. A survey conducted as part of the 2013 parks and recrea�on planning process revealed community priori�es, which are illustrated in the graph at right. The pace of park improvements may not be keeping up with demand. The Department of Parks and Recrea�on survey also found that residents already perceive that the biggest challenges facing County parks are maintenance, lack of ameni�es, and lack of facili�es desired by users. The diversity of facili�es and programs offered, coupled with the distance between proper�es and their varied sizes Source: 2013 Parks and RecreaƟon Master Plan SURVEY QUESTION 13: THE COUNTY IS ESTABLISHING A SERIES OF PRIORITIES TO DIRECT FUTURE DEPARTMENT ACTIONS. HOW IMPORTANT OR UNIMPORTANT ARE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING? online Version ONLINE VERSION 550 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 100 means that staff spend a lot of �me driving from facility to facility and a great variety of equipment is needed to maintain the proper�es. From a maintenance and resource perspec�ve, it is more efficient to manage large parks, or “super parks”, as opposed to smaller parks or gathering places. However, smaller neighborhood parks play an important role in fostering healthy communi�es. Neighborhood parks can o�en be reached by foot or bicycle and, thus, contribute to a healthy lifestyle and cleaner environment. Such parks or local gathering places also contribute to healthy communi�es – they facilitate neighbor interac�on and par�cipa�on in community decision-making. Such places, also called “civic spaces,” are where people can get to know one another and discuss neighborhood ma�ers. A�rac�ve communi�es generally have a diversity of parks – large and small – that meet the needs of its people. The desire for addi�onal park facili�es will need to be balanced with preserving the intent of the Open district. As an example of how this balance can be met, the CZO was amended in 2012 to exclude public shared use paths greater than 10 feet in width from the lot coverage provision. In the case of shared use paths wider than 10 feet, the Planning Director’s approval is required to exceed the standard. Accessibility to parks is a key priority that relates to community health and social equity. Parks should be accessible for people of all ages and abili�es, including persons with disabili�es. A pedestrian and bicycle network that connects parks with town centers and complies with ADA requirements is key to accomplishing this. When private lands are involved, it can be difficult to nego�ate adequate access to shoreline and inland recrea�onal areas. Adequate access means (at minimum) providing parking and means for the general public to access the area on foot. To summarize, the major issues in Parks and Recrea�on include: •The State and County Parks are heavily used and require more maintenance and facility upgrades than they are currently receiving. Many exis�ng park facili�es require improvement. •Improving and maintaining exis�ng park facili�es is more important than building new facili�es. •Facili�es and programs need to accommodate a popula�on that is aging and living longer. •The County needs both small and large parks to accommodate the diversity of user needs. •Certain zoning regula�ons dene how future parks produc�on or improvement can be accomplished. 16.2 OPPORTUNITIES In 2006, Kaua‘i voters approved a Charter amendment that created the Department of Parks and Recrea�on. As a result there is now greater capacity to manage and improve the parks system and facili�es. The County’s Department of Parks and Recrea�on developed and adopted its Master Plan in 2013. The Plan is aligned with the 1978 Parks and RecreaƟon Master Plan, 2000 General Plan, and 2009 Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor RecreaƟon Plan. It contains four primary goals that build on previous planning work and address the needs of current and future park and open space users. These are listed on the following page. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 551 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 101 There are programs that encourage the community to par�cipate in crea�ng and helping maintain parks. These include: the County’s community-based program for park improvements called Ho‘olokahi, “Adopt-a- Park”, and partnerships with other local departments or schools and non-prots. Other mechanisms for collabora�ng can be explored. Some�mes the Department may collect a fee for a facility’s use. Adjus�ng fees and improving the deposit program to be�er match public demand and expenses would help to recapture a por�on of the costs for facility maintenance and upkeep. While the preserva�on and public access to natural and cultural resources has always been cri�cal, Kauaʻi has a new tool with which to implement its goals. The Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Preserva�on Fund (Fund), was established in 2002. The Fund receives a minimum of 0.5% of Kaua‘i’s annual cer�ed real property taxes. Ordinance No. 936, enacted in 2012, increased the set aside to 1.5% of real property taxes. The Fund may be used to acquire land or property en�tlements for: public outdoor recrea�on and educa�on; preserva�on of historic or culturally important land areas or sites; protec�on of signicant habitats or ecosystems; preserving forests, beaches, coastal areas and agricultural lands; conserving land to reduce erosion, oods, landslides and runoff; improving or acquiring public access for all people to public land and open space; and, conserving land for scenic views. Shared use paths – one of the top priori�es iden�ed in the Parks and Recrea�on master planning process – could be targeted for acquisi�on (or extension / improvement) using the Public Access Fund. The Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Preserva�on Fund Commission (aka “Open Space Commission”) was formed in 2004 to solicit public input and work with the Planning Department to develop an annual list of priority projects to be considered for funding. Other funding opportuni�es include Hawai‘i’s Legacy Land Conserva�on Program and the Land and Water Conserva�on Fund administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The 2014 DraŌ Infrastructure & Public FaciliƟes Needs Assessment Study suggests that the park dedica�on fee assessed at the �me of subdivision approval is too low and does not capture the true costs of facili�es and land needed to meet the requirements of a growing popula�on. The Needs Assessment Study recommends that the park dedica�on fee be replaced with a Park Land and Facili�es Impact Fee. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Parks and Recrea�on include: •The Public Access Fund and Parks Trust provide funds for acquisi�on, access and improvements of land beyond the annual County budget. •User fees can be adjusted to be�er reect costs of maintenance, or be ins�tuted to generate funds for improvements. •Research on impact fees reveals that the park dedica�on fee could be revised and updated. Goals of the 2013 Parks and RecreaƟon Master Plan 1. Parks and RecreaƟon FaciliƟes – to provide outstanding support and services for a variety of park and recreaƟon experiences; 2. Physical and Cultural Resources – to ensure stewardship of the natural, historic, and cultural environments for long-term recreaƟonal use and enjoyment; 3. RecreaƟon Programs – to provide recreaƟon programs that reect the interests on Kaua‘i ciƟzens and improve their quality of life and well-being; and, 4. Planning, CoordinaƟon, and ImplementaƟon - to promote implementaƟon of the Master Plan. online Version ONLINE VERSION 552 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 102 •Partnerships with other en��es can expand the Department of Parks and Recrea�on’s ability to keep facili�es clean and func�oning properly, as well as ins�ll a sense of ownership in the contribu�ng public. 16.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED PARKS AND RECREATION •The Parks and Recrea�on sec�on in Chapter 8 of the 2000 GP addresses County parks. State parks are addressed in greater detail in Chapter 3 �tled “Caring for Land, Water and Culture” and Chapter 4 “Developing Jobs and Businesses” (primarily within the “Visitor Impacts on Parks and Natural Resources” sub-heading). •The 2000 GP recognized the regulatory constraints that parks face in certain zoning districts. The 2000 GP recommended simplifying the zoning and permi�ng procedures for the opera�on of outdoor recrea�on ac�vi�es on private lands. It also suggested clarifying the deni�on of outdoor recrea�on to include, but not be limited to, bicycle and horseback riding, hiking, off- road sightseeing, shing, tent-camping, and other such uses, which are dependent on open lands. These recommenda�ons remain valid, but have not yet been ini�ated. •The 2000 GP recommended amending the State Land Use District boundaries to remove Wailuā Golf Course and Kukuiolono Park from the Conserva�on District and place them in either the Urban or the Agriculture District. The Conserva�on District is inappropriate zoning for ac�vely- used recrea�on facili�es that serve urban communi�es. In addi�on, the Conserva�on District Rules prohibit golf courses, which makes it extremely difficult and costly to carry out planned improvements. It is recommended that a strip of land along the Wailuā beach be retained in the Conserva�on District, consistent with other coastal areas through the Island. This task has not yet been ini�ated. 16.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on parks and recrea�on to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)The data within the 2000 GP pertaining to exis�ng park sizes, categories and loca�ons can be updated with the recently completed Parks Master Plan. 2)The GP could consider social equity issues. Do all communi�es have access to parks with a range of ac�vi�es for children and the elderly? 3)Community centers may be considered for mul�ple purposes. For example, more centers with cer�ed kitchens can serve as incubators. Community centers could also be used as satellite educa�onal centers. 4)Update Table 8-9: County Parks, by District and Type from the 2000 GP with data from the 2013 Parks and RecreaƟon Master Plan. 5)Discuss the goals and objec�ves in the Parks and RecreaƟon Master Plan with the CAC, Planning Department and community. 6)The Master Plan includes district-specic priori�es and implementa�on �me frames that can serve as the basis for addi�onal discussion regarding public health and mul�modal land transporta�on ini�a�ves. 7)Be�er understand the regulatory constraints that face park produc�on and improvement. 8)The GP planning process can promote a discussion that goes beyond “how to maintain” parks, to “what kinds of places help create vibrant, healthy communi�es?” 16.5 RESOURCES County of Kaua‘i Department of Parks & Recrea�on. 2013. Kaua‘i Parks & RecreaƟon Master Plan. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 553 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 103 17.0 GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS AND FISCAL MANAGEMENT 17.1 DEFINING THE ISSUES The County’s tax base is small compared to its land mass. The limited road network and distances between communi�es means that providing public services is expensive. Visitors need almost all the same services that residents receive. The government staff is already stretched thin, and yet the Island’s popula�on grows and their needs and expecta�ons con�nue to increase. As a world-class tourist des�na�on, Kaua‘i is expected to have not only beau�ful scenery, but the cleanest public facili�es and most modern and a�rac�ve ameni�es. To do this requires working with the State, Federal en��es and other coun�es. While Kaua‘i is managing its responsibili�es, and con�nues to introduce new mechanisms that promote accountability and transparency, new regula�ons and repor�ng requirements are adding to the workload. Certain plans, as documented in this Paper, are outdated. Informa�on and data gaps make decision- making difficult. Un�l 2002, Kaua‘i County did not have a GIS database to assist in planning and relied on paper maps, but such systems, albeit useful, require regular upda�ng. The collec�ve proposed ac�ons contained within the recently prepared technical reports and planning documents are likely more than the County (and its tax base) can afford or manage within the next 20 years. To summarize, the major issues in Government Opera�ons and Fiscal Management include: •The GP planning process will need to priori�ze ac�ons because the government staff and resources are limited. Several recommended ac�ons included in the 2000 GP have not yet been implemented. •The technical reports prepared to date, already contain more recommenda�ons than the government may be able to reasonably implement. •Residents seek transparency in government, including but not limited to accessible performance measures. 17.2 OPPORTUNITIES Systems that facilitate opera�ons and scal management are in place. These include a streamlined government structure, management policies, and processes that assist with developing opera�ng funds and capital improvement planning. Kaua‘i has embraced a transparent repor�ng system and performance measures with the assistance of the Kauaʻi Planning and Ac�on Alliance. Measuring What Ma�ers for Kauaʻi includes cri�cal community indicators that, in turn, facilitate decisions about the economy and the `aina. It includes qualita�ve and quan�ta�ve informa�on Holo Holo 2020: A plan that focuses on engaging organiza�ons, businesses, residents and visitors to be part of crea�ng an island that is sustainable, values our na�ve culture, has a thriving and healthy economy, cares for all keiki to kupuna, and has a responsibility and user- friendly local government. online Version ONLINE VERSION 554 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 104 on signicant aspects of Kauaʻi to assess the current status and to iden�fy trends over �me. For the GP Update, they can be helpful in determining if the island is moving in desired direc�ons. And if not, the indicators help to suggest where changes in policies, programs or resource alloca�ons are needed to correct the course. In 2012, KPAA examined 49 indicators to assess the status of: 1.Economic and Business Climate 2.Public Educa�on 3.Community Health and Well-Being 4.Civic Engagement 5.Natural Environment 6.Land Use and Rural Character 7.Culture and Arts These progress reports are a step in the right direc�on, and more can be done to improve how the County government communicates with the public and uses data in its decision-making processes. The Planning Department has developed a systema�c method to work with other departments to organize capital improvement and service priori�es by providing guidance on se�ng priori�es. This has helped establish the basis for the six-year Capital Improvement Program and County appropria�ons. The Planning Department’s efforts to evaluate departmental proposals and align them with the GP prior to submission to County Council has contributed to a more orderly and comprehensive decision-making. A more robust grant and founda�on seeking effort, plus more partnerships with other governmental agencies will supplement the County’s budget. Hawaii’s impact fee legisla�on (Chapter 46, Part VIII of Hawaii Revised Statues Sec�on 46-141 through 148 adopted in 1992) authorizes coun�es to adopt impact fees for any “types of public facility capital improvements specically iden�ed in a county comprehensive plan or a facility needs assessment study”. Impact fees can be ins�tuted to cover some of the costs of increasing public infrastructure and facility capacity in an�cipa�on of popula�on growth. According to the DraŌ Infrastructure & Public FaciliƟes Needs Assessment Study, “Essen�ally, impact fees require that each developer of a new residen�al or commercial project pay its pro-rata share of the cost of new infrastructure facili�es required to serve that development.” The study recommends assessing uniform county-wide fees for transporta�on, parks (park and facili�es or just facili�es), re, police and solid waste. Depending on the type of land use – single family, mul�-family, hotel/motel, commercial, industrial – the one-�me fees range from approximately $8,000 to $20,500 per unit (i.e., dwelling, room, or 1,000 square feet) and could be collected at the building permit (or cer�cate of occupancy) stage. If such fees are adopted, the County would need to develop the administra�ve capacity to collect, account for, expend in a �mely manner, and update regularly the fees. In addi�on to deciding whether to recommend the adop�on of impact fees in the GP, other considera�ons will be necessary. For example, impact fees may be perceived as increasing the cost of living on Kaua‘i. To summarize, the major opportuni�es in Government Opera�ons and Fiscal Management include: •Under the theme of Kauaʻi Kākou, the public sector, private sector and non-prots can assist with implementa�on of the GP ac�ons. •Methods to be�er document GP implementa�on progress can be included in the GP. Develop indicators of progress where they do not exist. •Impact fees may be called for to assist with infrastructure capacity in an�cipa�on of popula�on growth. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 555 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 105 17.3 HOW THE 2000 GENERAL PLAN TREATED GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS AND FISCAL MANAGEMENT •The Government Opera�ons and Fiscal Management topic will require signicant a�en�on because the 2000 GP text is quite limited. It was limited because of “Implementa�on”, public facility plans, and nancing, the produc�on of development plans for communi�es, and what the Planning Department’s role is in GP implementa�on, necessary zone changes, and GP monitoring and review. •A role that the private sector or non-prots can play in helping implement par�cular components of the GP was not addressed in 2000 GP. As directed by the 2000 GP, the Planning Department has begun collabora�ng with community organiza�ons to develop indicators and benchmarks to measure progress rela�ve to the GP and to other community goals, as evidenced by KPAA Annual Community Indicators Report, Complete Streets Indicators Report, and collabora�ve work with the CHII. •The Mayor’s various ini�a�ves toward more transparency and improved governance are readily available and can be incorporated into the updated GP. 17.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PROCESS Work on government opera�ons and scal management to be conducted by the GP Team includes: 1)Specify ac�ons the government can take to implement the recommenda�ons contained in the GP. 2)Iden�fy how the government can work more effec�vely with the State to accomplish ac�ons recommended in the GP. 3)Consider technological advancements and best design prac�ces that offer cost-effec�ve opportuni�es for implementa�on of GP ac�ons. 4)Discuss public / private/ non-prot partnerships to implement ac�ons in the General Plan and to increase par�cipatory governance and Kaua‘i’s self-sufficiency. 5)Consider a policy on impact fees and gather community feedback on it. 17.5 RESOURCES County of Kauaʻi. July 2013. Kaua‘i’s Community Health Needs Assessment Holo Holo 2020. Annual Report 2013-2014, County of Kaua‘i. Kaua‘i Planning and Ac�on Alliance. January 2014. Measuring What MaƩers for Kaua‘i: Community Indicators Report 2014. Group 70 Interna�onal. August 1, 2014. County of Kaua‘i, Infrastructure & Public FaciliƟes Needs Assessment Study (DraŌ). online Version ONLINE VERSION 556 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 106 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK This page intentionally left blank. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 557 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 107 18.0 OVERARCHING THEMES The policy areas listed in this paper do not exist in isola�on. They are inherently linked to one another. The General Plan includes all of these policy areas precisely because they are related. Ac�ons in one policy area impact other policy areas. This paper a�empts to capture the complexity of these links. The GP planning process will bring greater clarity to these issues, acknowledge the tension that some�mes exists among policy areas, and iden�fy ac�ons that can lead to the realiza�on of the Vision for Kaua‘i. Below is a summary of the overarching themes that emerged from the review of policy areas. These themes reect what has been heard from the public, County staff, and CAC to date, as well as the informa�on contained in the technical reports and other planning documents. KAUA‘I KĀKOU: SUSTAINABILITY AND STEWARDSHIP Kaua‘i has a nite ecological and nancial carrying capacity. That is, its environmental systems (resources used and waste generated) and tax base (ability of the tax base to nance improvements) are not unlimited. Thus, they may limit or set direc�ons for future growth. The General Plan will be governed by the overarching theme of Kauaʻi Kākou: We’re moving forward together to collec�vely plan for a more sustainable Kauaʻi, in the spirit of malama ‘āina (stewardship of the land). Coupled with the value of “Lōkahi”, or collabora�on and teamwork, “Kākou” promotes synergy when developing solu�ons and alterna�ves. A corollary to this is transparency and accountability star�ng with a honest look of where Kaua‘i is in achieving the Vision laid out in the 2000 GP. The GP Update can provide a vision and tools for allowing for growth, posi�ve change, and vibrancy within the context of preserving the rural and historic character and natural resources for today’s popula�on and future genera�ons. Achieving a more healthy and resilient way of living involves the collec�ve stewardship of resources. INFRASTRUCTURE AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT Infrastructure systems - water, sewer, solid waste, roads- are close to or exceeding exis�ng capacity. Unless expanded or improved, these infrastructure systems will limit development, job opportuni�es, and housing growth. Given Kaua‘i’s commitment to sustainable development, alterna�ves such as green infrastructure (systems and prac�ces that use or mimic natural processes to manage wastewater and stormwater), complete streets design, and decentralized/distributed systems for electricity, water, wastewater treatment, and other services may be viable compared to tradi�onal methods of providing such services. The extension of water and sewer lines o�en results in new development in a linear manner along the line; whereas, decentralized systems and green infrastructure can provide service in very specic areas. Regardless of how services are provided, decisions regarding growth and where growth occurs, including the infrastructure required by growth, must be directed by the GP, and not the availability or unavailability of infrastructure. DISASTER-RESILIENT ASSETS Kaua‘i’s physical assets include components of the built and natural environment without which the en�re island would suffer. Physical assets can be assessed in terms of their vulnerability to climate change and the like. Kaua‘i has approximately 90 miles of coastline and 60 beaches, with more beach shoreline than any other Hawaiian island. Flooding and related hazards will be exacerbated by climate change and sea-level rise. Without ac�ons that result in greater resiliency and the ability to adapt to exis�ng and future hazards, the natural and built online Version ONLINE VERSION 558 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 108 environment are and will both be threatened. Roads and infrastructure close to the shore, including Kaua‘i’s landmark beaches, will be affected. Climate change and sea-level rise will nega�vely impact Kaua‘i’s major industries - agriculture and tourism. Land uses and design along the coast and some mauka areas will need policies for protec�on. FUTURE USES OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS A large amount of land is zoned for agricultural purposes at a �me when the industry is in transi�on. This includes 144,000 acres in the State Land Use Agricultural District, within which 80,000 acres, or 41%, are located in the 2000 General Plan Agricultural District. Concern regarding GMO-type crops and availability of water for irriga�on purposes have opened discussions on what kinds of agricultural uses are needed and where. “What to do with agricultural lands” is a food security and resilience issue. Pressure to open lands for housing, as well as the desire to maintain open spaces, a workforce familiar with farming prac�ces, and interest in locally produced food for both local consump�on and export, may support growth boundaries and the maintenance of agricultural lands. COST OF LIVING The cost of living con�nues to increase. Housing costs are extremely high, and the pace of produc�on of affordable housing is inadequate to serve the need. In February 2015 the Honolulu Star-AdverƟser reported that the median sale price for single-family houses on Kaua‘i was $730,000. Sixty percent of the housing inventory is affordable to less than 25% of residents, contribu�ng to the concern that parts of Kaua‘i are becoming places for only the wealthy. According to HUD income limits, the majority of the exis�ng housing supply can only be afforded by households earning over 180% of the average median income. Kaua‘i households spend an average of 62% of their income on housing and transporta�on. Kaua‘i’s u�lity rates, especially electricity, are some of the highest in the United States. Kaua‘i residents are crea�vely managing the high cost of living by supplemen�ng groceries with backyard food produc�on, recycling, bartering, second and third jobs, bicycling/car-pooling to work, and turning living rooms into bedrooms for long-term guests and extended family. However, there is evidence that these solu�ons aren’t enough. The number of homeless individuals and families is increasing. Youth are leaving rural communi�es or the Island to nd be�er opportuni�es, leading to a deteriora�on in the community fabric. There are certain contribu�ng factors, like shipping costs, that Kaua‘i cannot control; but opportuni�es for the public/private/non-prot sector produc�on and maintenance of affordable housing and reduc�on of transporta�on costs (the other large household cost) are available. NEED FOR A MORE DIVERSE AND VIBRANT ECONOMY Both the exis�ng 2000 General Plan and in the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (2010) for Kaua‘i iden�fy the need to encourage diverse economic growth opportuni�es that will provide living-wage employment to Kaua‘i residents. This includes iden�fying convergences between smaller economic clusters with high growth poten�al, suppor�ng entrepreneurs, small businesses, and increasing economic opportunity for all ages. By implemen�ng policies and programs that meet shared needs with growth clusters, the GP has an opportunity to strengthen the island’s economic base, and therefore also strengthen the County’s ability to implement the GP vision. ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION Appendix h – issues And opportunities | APPENDICES 559 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 109 PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND NON-PROFIT SECTORS PULLING TOGETHER IN THE SAME DIRECTION Many non-prot organiza�ons and ci�zen groups are commi�ed to Kaua‘i’s improvement over �me. The 2000 General Plan focused predominantly on government services and ac�ons paid for with tax revenue. Given the independent nature of Kaua‘i’s residents and desire for greater self-sufficiency, the energy of exis�ng non-governmental en��es can be harnessed to implement ac�ons proposed in the General Plan. An op�on worth examining, given the limita�ons of the exis�ng tax base and the GP Update’s over-arching theme of Kaua‘i Kākou, involves more County partnerships with non- prots and the private sector, as well as fee for service programs and priva�za�on of services for more inclusive stewardship. VIBRANT, WALKABLE TOWNS AND HEALTHY COMMUNITIES Kaua‘i’s historic, walkable towns surrounded by open spaces are the backbone of future development. They not only draw visitors, but serve as gathering places for residents. The idea is to preserve and improve the exis�ng urban fabric with appropriate inll and age-friendly public spaces to promote safe and pleasant mul�-genera�onal communi�es. Complete streets are needed such that people can walk and bike to and within town centers. Mixed-use, dense communi�es where people shop, live affordably, work and play contribute to healthy communi�es. online Version ONLINE VERSION 560 KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN KAUA‘I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES JULY 2015 110 SUMMARY The table below shows how the overarching themes capture the various policy areas in the GP contract. Overarching Themes Policy Areas 1.SUSTAINABILITY AND STEWARDSHIP: How to protect the environment and quality of life for today’s popula�on and future genera�ons? •Sustainable Kaua‘i •Land Uses & Growth Management •Tourism •Economic Development •all the rest! 2.INFRASTRUCTURE AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT: Infrastructure systems are close to or exceeding exis�ng capacity, thus limi�ng development and, in turn, job growth. •Infrastructure & Services •Land Uses & Growth Management •Public Health •Renewable Energy •Economic Development 3.DISASTER-RESILIENT ASSETS: The impact of sea-level rise and climate change on agriculture, tourism, and infrastructure. •Economic Development •Climate Change & Hazards •Natural Resource Management •Cultural & Heritage Resources •Parks & Recrea�on 4.AGRICULTURAL LANDS: How much, whether to designate, how to protect? •Agricultural Lands •Open Space & Access •Affordable Housing •Cultural & Heritage Resources •Public Health •Economic Development 5.COST OF LIVING: Maintain / produce affordable housing and reduce transporta�on costs. •Affordable Housing •Mul�modal Transporta�on •Government Opera�ons & Financing •Coordina�on with the State •Coordina�on with DHHL 6.NEED FOR MORE JOBS AND A DIVERSE ECONOMY: How to diversify? •Economic Development •Infrastructure •Mul�modal Transporta�on 7.KAUA‘I KĀKOU: PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND NON-PROFIT SECTORS PULLING TOGETHER IN THE SAME DIRECTION: How to harness the energy of exis�ng non- governmental en��es as a means of implemen�ng GP ac�ons. •Government Opera�ons & Financing •Coordina�on with the State 8.VIBRANT, WALKABLE TOWNS AND HEALTHY COMMUNITIES How to maintain and improve the compact urban fabric? •Sustainable Kauaʻi •Land Uses & Growth Management •Public Health ONLINE VERSION ONLINE VERSION