HomeMy WebLinkAboutSTU.23-01 - Final ReportStewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 1 of 10
OFFICIAL USE ONLY:
PO No.
Vendor #
Rcv’d:
Approved for payment:
___________________
Dated: _____________
County of Hawai‘i
Department of Finance
Property Management Division
25 Aupuni Street, Suite 1101
Hilo, HI 96720
Telephone: (808) 961-8069
PLEASE CHECK TYPE OF PROGRESS REPORT: SEMI-ANNUAL ANNUAL
ENTER INFORMATION IN THE FIELDS PROVIDED.
1.NAME AND ADDRESS OF ORGANIZATION:
2.PERSON TO CONTACT:
3.CONTRACT NO.:
4.CONTRACT AWARD AMOUNT:
5.PROJECT NAME (same name used on contract):
6.PROJECT PERIOD:
7.PROGRESS REPORT PERIOD:
8.PROJECT LOCATION (list all TMKs from the contract):
9.CERTIFICATION:
The Applicant certifies that the information contained in this report is true and correct to the best of
his/her knowledge.
NAME OF AUTHORIZED OFFICIAL:
TITLE OF AUTHORIZED OFFICIAL:
SIGNED:___________________________ DATE:___________________________
STEWARDSHIP GRANT PROGRESS REPORT
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 2 of 10
A.PROJECT OVERVIEW:
B.PROJECT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
C.PROJECT CHALLENGES
D.FUTURE PLANS RELATING TO THE PROJECT
E.PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS, AND OTHER EXHIBITS (These must be attached at the
end of the report as a Word document. If you attach photos, be sure to caption each photo with
a date and subject. If it is a group picture, please identify the group and date photo was taken.
No need to name the individuals in the photo. There is no need for the same location maps that
were attached in the original application. Maps can be sketches and/or drone photos
illustrating before and after activities.)
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 3 of 10
(Use the table format below for details on your project’s activities. Use more than 1 page, if needed. See examples in
Instructions.)
Type of Activity Completion
Date and/or
% Complete
Contractors/Collaborators
F. PROJECT ACTIVITIES FOR CONTRACT NO.
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 4 of 10
Type of Activity Completion
Date and/or
% Complete
Contractors/Collaborators
F. PROJECT ACTIVITIES FOR CONTRACT NO. (Continued)
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 5 of 10
(Please be prepared to provide documentation upon request to the Dept. of Finance.)
HI County
Charter 10-
16(g)
Date(s) of
Payment Type of Expense Vendor Number of
Receipts
Total
Amount
TOTAL AMOUNT FOR THIS PAGE
G.PROJECT RECEIPTS (GRANT FUNDS ONLY) FOR CONTRACT NO.
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 6 of 10
HI County
Charter 10-
16(g)
Date(s) of
Payment Type of Expense Vendor Number of
Receipts
Total
Amount
TOTAL AMOUNT FOR THIS PAGE
G.PROJECT RECEIPTS (GRANT FUNDS ONLY) FOR CONTRACT NO.
(Continued)
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 7 of 10
HI County
Charter 10-
16(g)
Date(s) of
Payment Type of Expense Vendor Number of
Receipts
Total
Amount
TOTAL AMOUNT FOR THIS PAGE
TOTAL AMOUNT OF GRANT FUNDS ENCUMBERED/SPENT FOR REPORTING PERIOD
GRAND TOTAL OF GRANT FUNDS ENCUMBERED/SPENT (For Annual Report Only)
G.PROJECT RECEIPTS (GRANT FUNDS ONLY) FOR CONTRACT NO.
(Continued)
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 8 of 10
(Use additional pages, if needed. See Instructions.)
Date Activity Person/Organization # of
Participants
Calculation of In-
Kind Value Other Resources
TOTAL OF IN-KIND VALUES AND OTHER RESOURCES
FOR REPORTING PERIOD
H. IN-KIND SERVICES AND OTHER RESOURCES FOR CONTRACT NO.
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 9 of 10
Date Activity Person/Organization # of
Participants
Calculation of In-
Kind Value Other Resources
TOTAL OF IN-KIND VALUES AND OTHER RESOURCES
FOR REPORTING PERIOD
GRAND TOTAL OF IN-KIND VALUES AND OTHER
RESOURCES (For Annual Report Only)
H. IN-KIND SERVICES AND OTHER RESOURCES FOR CONTRACT NO. (Continued)
Stewardship Grant Progress Report, Page 10 of 10
(Attach copy of any warranty documents.)
Item Description Cost Purchase Date Model/Serial No. Location
TOTAL COST
I. EQUIPMENT INVENTORY ≥ $1,000.00 (GRANT FUNDS ONLY) FOR CONTRACT NO.
WAIʻELE Steering Committee
GUIDELINES ®ULATORY MEASURES
"Mālama i ka ʻāina,mālama ke ea."
"Care for the land,and the life will be sustained."
Kaona:This proverb emphasizes the importance of caring for the land (ʻāina)and all
that it sustains,including natural resources and cultural heritage.By protecting and
nurturing the land,we ensure the survival and well-being of both the environment and
the cultural identity of the people.It highlights the reciprocal relationship between
people and their natural surroundings,where the care we give to the land directly
influences the life and vitality of our communities.
Prepared By
Iopa Maunakea,Keone Kalawe &Leila Kealoha
Kanaka Maoli Cultural Practitioners
Puna,Hawaii
October 30,2024
Waiʻele Steering Committee
Guidelines &Regulatory Measures
Preface
The Waiʻele region of Puna,Hawaiʻi,is a place of immense cultural,environmental,and
community significance.It is a region where the land tells stories of generations past,
where the natural environment is both a resource and a treasure,where the community
is deeply connected to its surroundings.As such,the stewardship of Waiʻele’s lands is a
responsibility that demands careful consideration,guided by a deep respect for the
region's heritage and a commitment to its future.
The creation of the Waiʻele steering committee represents a pivotal moment in the
ongoing effort to preserve and protect this unique region.This document,which sets
forth the guidelines and regulatory measures for the Council,serves as the foundation
for its work.It is designed to ensure that all decisions regarding land stewardship are
made with the utmost integrity,transparency,and alignment with the values of the
Waiʻele community.
In the pages that follow,you will find a detailed framework that outlines the purpose,
scope,and authority of the Waiʻele steering committee.These guidelines are not merely
administrative;they are a reflection of the community’s collective commitment to
safeguarding Waiʻele’s natural and cultural resources.By clearly defining the roles and
responsibilities of the Council,this document ensures that its work is guided by
principles of sustainability,cultural preservation,and community engagement.
The development of this framework is a testament to the importance of collaborative
governance in land stewardship.It recognizes that the preservation of Waiʻele requires
the active involvement of all stakeholders,from local residents to governmental
agencies.The guidelines within this document provide the tools necessary for the
Waiʻele steering committee to fulfill its mission,ensuring that the region’s lands are
managed in a way that honors the past,serves the present,and protects the future.
Establishment and Authority of Malama O Puna
1.Establishment
Malama O Puna is a Hawai‘i non-profit corporation and 501(c)(3)established in 2000.It is
an organization dedicated to the protection and preservation of the natural environment
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in the Puna District of Hawaiʻi Island.Their mission is to foster environmental
stewardship,community resilience,and sustainable practices by engaging the local
community in efforts to care for and protect the unique ecosystems of the Puna region.
The organization's initiatives often include education and outreach,conservation
projects,promotion of sustainable land use,and restoration of native habitats.By
working closely with the community,Mālama O Puna aims to balance the needs of the
environment with the well-being and sustainability of the local population while
expanding community capacity.
2.PONC (land ownership)
a.Who are they and what they do
PONC refers to the Public Access,Open Space,and Natural Resources
Preservation Commission.This commission is part of the County of Hawaiʻi and is
responsible for advising on the acquisition and management of lands to preserve and
protect natural,cultural,and recreational resources.(source of the PONC)
The PONC program focuses on identifying lands that are important for public access,
conservation,and cultural preservation.These lands can include coastal areas,forests,
historic sites,and other natural spaces.The commission makes recommendations to
the county government on which properties should be acquired and preserved using
funds collected through property taxes.
PONC plays a crucial role in ensuring that valuable open spaces and natural resources
in Hawaiʻi are protected for future generations,while also providing public access to
these areas for recreation and cultural activities.
b.Waiʻele was nominated for the PONC acquisition in 2007-2008 by Malama
O Puna.This parcel of ʻaina was purchased by PONC in December 2021.
c.Stewardship agreement with Malama O Puna
i.See the attached link
2023 Grant Agreement - Fully Executed.pdf
d.Waiʻele Description
The project site is on the east side of Hawaii Island,in the ahupua’a (region)of
Halepua’a in the moku (district)of Puna.The boundary of the site corresponds to the
property line of Hawaii State TMK 3-1-4-3-003 and 3-1-4-3-037.The encompassed area
totals 66.9 hectares (165.3 acres)and extends from the existing roadway
(mauka-mountain side of the parcel)along the areas of Koaʻe and Keonepoko and
extends to the ocean (makai).Locally,the area is known as Wai‘ele.
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The surrounding area is a landscape matrix composed of private homes,ironwood
(Casuarina equisitifolia)forests,papaya plantations,and bare lava flows.Just inland of
Wai‘ele is the Halepua’a section of the Nanawale Forest Reserve,which contains
sections of hala (Pandanus tectorius)and ‛ohi‛a (Metrosideros polymorpha)native forest
studied by Clarke et al.(1979).
3.Management/Stewardship plan development
a.Malama O Puna is working on the creation of the
Management/Stewardship plan
4.Viability
a.The PONC Commission awarded Malama O Puna a Stewardship grant to
develop an advisory committee to engage lineal and cultural descendants
in the stewardship of Waiʻele.
b.The focus is about the protection and preservation of the natural and
cultural resources,promoting sustainable land management practices,
engaging the local community and enhancing ecological and cultural
resilience
c.Hawaii Environmental Restoration (HER)has been collaborating to assist
in the invasive species control,marine coastal clean-ups and application
of funds to sustain these projects
Establishment and Authority of Waiʻele steering committee
1.Establishment and Authority of the steering committee
a.The Wai’ele steering committee was established to address the needs and
challenges related to:
a.Cultural preservation:to raise awareness of the cultural significance
of Wai’ele and the surrounding region and promote activities that
preserve and celebrate our cultural heritage
b.Environmental stewardship:to advocate for and implement
sustainable land and resource management practices that protect
the environment and support our local economy
c.Community engagement:fostering collaborations to build
partnerships among various stakeholders including local residents,
government agencies and nonprofit organizations to achieve our
common goals
b.The council was formed to provide to strategic guidance,facilitate
collaboration and ensure that initiatives in the region align with the values
and goals of lineal and cultural descendants and our local community
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c.Malama O Puna wants to ensure that individuals with ancestral ties to
Wai‘ele direct the planning of long term maintenance and stewardship
activities.To that end we have been working with three individuals who will
help create a steering committee that is fully inclusive of the current
community as well as honoring those families and ohana with ancestral
connections to the Wai’ele.Keone Kalawe,anticipated to be recognized
by SHPD as the lineal descendent of the Wai’ele,is already recognized as
the foremost ancestral representative of the area.He is involved with the
maintenance and preservation of the KSBE’s Kahuwai adjacent to the
Wai’ele.In addition,he is recognized as a direct lineal descendant of the
area of Cape Kumukahi.Iopa MaunaKea also has ancestral ties to
Wai’ele.He has also taken as his kuleana the management and
preservation of many areas along this section of the Puna coast including
the adjacent areas to the Wai’ele.With the help of the former President of
Malama O Puna,Iopa founded the Men of Pa’a,an organization known for
its extensive community service.Leila Kealoha also maintains close
ancestral ties to the lands along this section of the Puna coastline.Leila is
the President/Chair of Pohaku Pelemaka,a nonprofit that works with
‘ohana representing the lands from Kalapana to Kumukahi.With the
involvement of these native Hawaiians with ancestral ties to this section of
Puna’s coastline,we will be guided in the development of a steering
committee that will direct the long-term maintenance planning and annual
stewardship activities.During the twelve-month grant period and in
addition to assisting in stewardship activities as noted above,these three
individuals will:1)Research the ancestral families who still maintain a
presence in the community surrounding Wai'ele and who may wish to
participate in the Steering Committee,2)Identify community members
other than the three consultants and Malama O Puna board members who
have an interest in serving on this committee,3)Set up a process that
ensures all persons appointed to the Steering committee agree to
respectful behavior as members of the Steering Committee,4)Set up a
protocol for deciding who will be members of the Steering Committee,5)
Identify how the Steering Committee will function with regard to holding
regular meetings,time and place for such meetings,and establish rules of
behavior for the meetings.6)Identify the scope of services to be provided
by the Steering Committee (e.g.review and approve annual stewardship
applications,assist in specific tasks related to stewardship,establish a
vision and mission for a comprehensive management plan.)The term
“Steering committee”will be referred to as the steering committee.
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2.Mission,Vision,and Executive Summary
Mission:
The mission of the Waiʻele steering committee is to honor and perpetuate the cultural
heritage of Wai'ele,Halepua'a,Puna Makai through sustainable stewardship practices
guided by the ʻike (wisdom)of our ancestors.
Vision:
Our vision is to create a thriving ecosystem in Wai'ele,Halepua'a,Puna Makai where
the land,water,and community flourish in lokahi,guided by the principles of Aloha 'Aina
and the expertise of cultural practitioners and educators.
Executive Summary:
The Waiʻele steering committee is a collaboration between Malama O Puna;Ke Aloha
'Aina Foundation,LLC;Kalawe 'Ohana;Kuamo'o Legacy Foundation;and Kauhale
Kanaka O Puna that aims to preserve and revitalize the cultural and ecological integrity
of Wai'ele,Halepua'a,Puna Makai.Our program is rooted in the principle of Aloha 'Aina
which emphasizes holistic approaches to land stewardship,and Kanaka Maoli and
community well-being.
The steering committee for stewarding Wai'ele,Halepua'a,Puna Makai plays a crucial
role in guiding and overseeing the sustainable management of the land.Overall,the
steering committee serves as a collaborative forum for stakeholders to come together,
share perspectives,and work towards the shared goal of preserving and perpetuating
the cultural and ecological integrity of Wai'ele,Halepua'a,Puna Makai for present and
future generations.
Through this initiative,we will engage cultural practitioners and educators to steward
best practices for Wai'ele,Halepua'a,Puna Makai.Our activities will include:
●Cultural Workshops and Education:Hosting workshops led by cultural
practitioners to share traditional knowledge and practices related to land
stewardship,agriculture,and resource management.
●Restoration Projects:Implementing restoration projects guided by cultural
protocols to rehabilitate degraded areas,restore native vegetation,and enhance
biodiversity.
●Community Engagement:Facilitating community events and kokua opportunities
to foster a sense of stewardship and collective responsibility for the Wai'ele,
Halepua'a,Puna Makai.
●Monitoring and Assessment:Conducting initial and regular assessments of the
ecological health of Wai'ele,Halepua'a,Puna Makai,utilizing traditional
ecological knowledge and modern scientific methods.
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●Capacity Building:Providing training and support for community members
interested in becoming stewards of the land,empowering them to take an active
role in conservation efforts.
By integrating the values and practices of the Waiʻele steering committee with the
expertise of Malama O Puna and local cultural practitioners,we aspire to create a
resilient and regenerative landscape that serves as a model for sustainable land
stewardship across Wai'ele,Halepua'a.Together,we will honor the legacy of our
ancestors while ensuring a vibrant future for generations to come.
Core Values
Kanaka Maoli practice the traditional core values of our kupuna and the customary
practices within Wai'ele.This includes 'ohana,which emphasizes the importance of
family,both immediate and extended.
Aloha/Malama:Embrace and practice the spirit of aloha in all interactions,fostering
love,compassion,and respect for oneself,others,and the environment.
Kuleana (Responsibility):Acknowledge and honor our responsibility to care for the
land,community,and future generations,recognizing that we are stewards of our
cultural and natural heritage.
Ho'okipa (Hospitality):Extend warmth,welcome,and hospitality to all,creating
inclusive spaces where everyone feels valued,supported,and empowered.
Laulima (Collaboration):Embrace the power of working together harmoniously,
recognizing that collective effort and collaboration yield greater impact and success than
individual actions.
Pono (Righteousness):Uphold integrity,honesty,and ethical conduct in all endeavors,
striving to do what is right and just for the well-being of all.
3.Steering Committee Defined
a.The Waiʻele steering committee’s core function is to provide the land
stewardship and management decisions for Waiʻele.
b.The body of the steering committee will be made up of lineal/cultural
descendants to Waiʻele and/or the surrounding area,a community
member who does work within Waiʻele and/or surrounding area and a
member from the academic/scientific community.See “Membership.”
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4.What are Guidelines &Regulatory Measures
a.Guidelines &Regulatory Measures will act as the governing document of
the Waiʻele steering committee.Guidelines &Regulatory Measures
describe the objectives and roles of the steering committee including
procedural requirements regarding the appointment of council members,
requirements for the conduct of council members,meetings,and/or any
other requirements.All steering committee activities shall be conducted
pursuant to Guidelines &Regulatory Measures.
Scope and Powers of the Steering committee
1.Purpose
The purpose of the Wai’ele steering committee is to serve as the guiding voice
for making management decisions within Waiʻele.To provide strategic guidance
and
oversight for the conservation and sustainable management of the Waiʻele
ahupua’a and itsʻnatural and cultural resources.The council aims to ensure that
initiatives within the region align with community values and priorities while
promoting cultural preservation,environmental stewardship and community
engagement.
1.Cultural Preservation:
a.Definition:This initiative focuses on safeguarding and promoting
the region's cultural heritage,traditions,languages,and practices.It
involves efforts to protect historical sites,support cultural education,
and ensure that traditional knowledge and customs are passed
down to future generations.
b.Goals:To maintain the identity and heritage of the community,
encourage the continuation of cultural practices,and prevent the
erosion of cultural values in the face of modernization.
2.Environmental Stewardship:
a.Definition:This initiative aims to protect,manage,and restore the
natural environment in the region.It includes activities such as
conservation of natural resources,sustainable land use,pollution
prevention,and efforts to address climate change.
b.Goals:To ensure the long-term health and sustainability of the
region's ecosystems,preserve biodiversity,and promote practices
that minimize the environmental impact of human activities.
3.Community Engagement:
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a.Definition:This initiative is centered around actively involving
community members in decision-making processes,project
planning,and implementation.It emphasizes inclusivity,
collaboration,and transparency,ensuring that the voices of all
community members are heard and considered.
b.Goals:To foster a sense of ownership and responsibility within the
community,strengthen social ties,and ensure that initiatives are
aligned with the needs and desires of the people living in the
region.
Together,these initiatives guide the Waiʻele steering committee in shaping policies and
projects that reflect the values and priorities of the community while protecting its
cultural and natural heritage.
2.Scope of Manaʻo (thoughts)
The Waiʻele steering committee will share its ʻike (knowledge)on various
subjects and areas including:cultural,physical,biological,economic,
educational,and community issues impacting Waiʻele and the surrounding
region.The Waiʻele steering committee shall share its mana‘o within the
limitations of its powers found in Section 3 below.
3.Limitation of Powers
Malama O Puna recognizes the collective ʻike of the Wai’ele steering committee
and the thoughts and opinions of the lineal and/or cultural descendants will be
used as the final decision making process.As such,the Wai’ele steering
committee is authorized and empowered to perform operational and
management functions.In addition,the Waiʻele steering committee is authorized
and empowered to govern,enforce,dictate,or mandate the policies,plans,
decisions,or acts,as it relates to MOP and PONC.Lineal descendants and/or
cultural will ultimately have the final decision when it comes to “culturally
sensitive issues”,i.e.,Iwi kupuna,etc
Membership
1.Number of Members
The Waiʻele steering committee shall consist of a minimum of three (3)members
and a maximum of five (5)voting members.There needs to be an odd number of
members at any given time for voting purposes and there is no tie-vote.There
are no non-voting members.Malama O Puna may have a representative present
at meetings to share manaʻo.
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2.Selection process
The selection process will consist of each applicant filing out an application form.
The existing steering committee and the land management agency or
organization representative will review each applicant.It is important to have a
balanced membership on the council.The steering committee shall consist of no
less than three (3)lineal and/or cultural descendants to begin this process,then it
will include two members of the community.The community members shall have
one representative from the scientific community and one community member
who has been vested in the area of Waiʻele and who has been serving as a
kokua.
a.Lineal and/or descendants:shall include at least three (3)of the following:
i.Kupuna
ii.Makua
iii.ʻOpio
b.Two community members:academic/scientific community and members
vested within the community doing kokua work.The latter of the two will
be referred to as a “General member.”
c.Each member shall submit an application to become a member of the
steering committee.See the attached link-
Waiele Steering Committee Application.pdf
d.Members may be nominated for these seats on the steering committee
3.Voting
a.Each member will have a vote
b.Lineal and/or cultural descendants will comprise of at least 3-votes
c.Community members will comprise of 2-votes
d.See attached example of voting Voting Rights, W.S.C..pdf
4.Alaka’i
a.One member shall serve as the person who will lead the council meetings
as decided by consensus on an annual basis
b.The council will designate a secondary person to lead the meetings in the
event the alaka’i/kumu is not available
5.Member terms
a.Lineal descendants
i.Kupuna-4 years
ii.Makua-3 years
iii.ʻOpio-2 years
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b.Community members
i.Scientific-3 years
ii.General member-2 years
c.Designated beneficiaries
i.Each member of the council shall designate a secondary
beneficiary to attend or participate in meetings and decision making
in the event they are not able to attend meetings
d.In the event there is a vacant seat,the council is responsible for filling that
seat as soon as possible.In this circumstance,there shall be no meetings
or decision making until the vacant seat is filled
6.Additional terms
a.At the conclusion of a members term,such member may apply for an
additional term
b.Lineal descendants may serve two consecutive terms.Lineal descendants
may serve two terms,then have a break in a term,then apply for another
term after the break
c.If there are no new candidates available for the lineal descendant
members seat,then the existing member may serve an additional term on
a year-to-year basis
d.Community members may serve up to two consecutive terms
7.Termination
Steering committee members may be terminated if they exude the listed
conditions below amd may be grounds for dismissal at the discretion of other
advisory board members:
a.Does not abide by the core values guiding the Waiʻele steering committee
b.Conviction or judgment for violation of federal,state,or county,laws,
regulations,or administrative rules,relating to the protection of land,
environment and/or cultural resources
c.Is determined the have abused his/her position as a member of the
steering committee (including,but not limited to,use of the steering
committee information for person gain;use of the steering committee
position to advance personal agenda or to harm another member of the
steering committee or community;misrepresentation of,or spreading
misinformation about the steering committee or MOP,PONC;and refusal
to recuse himself/herself if so requested by other steering committee
members in a matter in which the member is perceived to have a conflict
of interest
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d.Has a change to the professional affiliation(s)and/or circumstances that
comprise a significant portion of that members qualifications for being a
member of the steering committee
e.Misses three consecutive meetings without reasonable justification
f.Disrupts meetings on one or more occasion,in a manner that significantly
interferes with the steering committee conducting its business
8.Resignation
Members who wish to resign from their position shall give the steering committee
and the MOP coordinator with 30-days written notice so that arrangements can
be made to fill the vacancy as soon as possible.If this position is not filled the
council will make all attempts to fill the position
9.Balanced membership
A steering committee that is balanced in terms of interest,geographic
representation,skills,knowledge,and expertise will provide the greatest benefit
towards the stewardship of Waiʻele.Accordingly,MOP and the initial steering
committee members will select applicants,to the extent feasible,that
demonstrate skills,knowledge and expertise in the following key areas,which
have been identified as critical to the viability of the stewardship of Waiʻele:
a.Cultural resources
b.Natural resources
c.Biological resources
d.Archaeological resources
e.Education resources
f.Community resources
10.Member Application
Each member shall submit an application to become a member of the steering
committee.See the attached link-Waiele Advisory Council Application.pdf
11.Member Designees
Members may designate a primary representative to attend meetings and vote for them
in the even they are unavailable to attend the meetings
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Administration
1.Kokua (Volunteer)
Members of the steering committee shall serve without compensation.
2.Designee
The Executive Director or designee from any nonprofit organization receiving
funding for stewardship purposes shall serve as the liaison to the Waiʻele
steering committee
Operation and Guidelines for steering committee members
Conduct of members
Steering committee members may not use or allow the use,for other than
purposes of the steering committee,any information obtained through or in
connection with his/her steering committee affiliation that has not been made
available to the general public.
When speaking to the public or writing about any matter regarding Wai’ele in a
document for distribution beyond the Wai’ele steering committee member
membership,such member shall clearly distinguish those recommendations,
opinions,or positions officially adopted by the Wa’iele steering committee
member as a body from those he or she may have as an individual.In no case
shall a member represent his/her individual opinions as those of the Waiʻele
steering committee member or Waiʻele steering committee member.
Any Wai’ele steering committee member who has a conflict of interest (financial,
personal,professional,etc.)in any matter before the Waiʻele steering committee
member or its Subcommittees or Working Groups,shall declare the conflict and
excuse himself or herself from any action on that matter,including discussion and
voting actions.The steering committee Alakaʻi/Kumu will bring it to the council to
determine if a conflict of interests exists or not.If the Alakaʻi/Kumu is not present
at the meeting,then the vice-Alakaʻi/Kumu will consult with the council.
Conduct of steering committee Body
a.The Wai’ele steering committee shall not provide advice or make
recommendations regarding Wai’ele to anyone other than MOP.The
Wai’ele steering committee shall not perform operational or management
functions,and has no authority to make decisions or express policy on
behalf of MOP.Any advice,correspondence or information that the Wai’ele
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steering committee wishes to share or express to others beyond MOP
must be submitted to and be approved by the MOP Coordinator prior to
any Wai’ele steering committee statement/action.
b.Any communications (oral or written),i.e.,correspondence,press
releases,informational releases,news articles,or other written
documents,that are intended to represent the Wai’ele steering committee
as a body must be submitted to and be approved by the MOP Coordinator,
in collaboration with MOP’s Executive Director or assignee.The following
disclaimer shall be placed in documents originating from the Wai’ele
steering committee.The opinions and findings of this body do not
necessarily reflect the position of the Malama O Puna and the County of
Hawaii,PONC.”
Committees
1.Subcommittees and Groups
a.The Wai’ele steering committee may have subcommittees and groups to
execute initiatives
Land Management Coordinator/Liaison
1.Malama O Puna Coordinator/Liaison-
a.The Executive Director or designee shall serve as the liaison to the
Waiʻele steering committee
b.The Waiʻele steering committee shall work with the Malama O Puna in the
stewardship of Wai’ele
Malama O Puna,as the grant and PONC awardees,will play a crucial role in the
stewardship and management of the awarded property and the implementation of
various conservation and community engagement initiatives.Here are the specific roles
and responsibilities they can assume
Roles and Responsibilities of Malama O Puna
1.Stewardship and Conservation
●Land Management:Overseeing the maintenance and restoration of the
awarded property,ensuring that it is managed sustainably and in
alignment with conservation goals.
14
●Native Species Restoration:Implementing projects to restore native
plant and animal species,removing invasive species,and enhancing the
biodiversity of the area.
●Environmental Monitoring:Conducting regular monitoring of the
ecosystem to track the health and progress of conservation efforts.
2.Community Engagement and Education
●Educational Programs:Developing and delivering educational programs
and workshops to raise awareness about environmental conservation,
cultural preservation,and sustainable practices among local residents and
visitors.
●Kokua Coordination:Establishing kokua programs to involve the
community in hands-on conservation activities,such as tree planting,
habitat restoration,and clean-up efforts.
●Community Events:Organizing community events,cultural celebrations,
and educational tours to foster a sense of stewardship and connection to
the land.
3.Cultural Preservation
●Integration of Traditional Knowledge:Collaborating with cultural
practitioners to integrate traditional ecological knowledge and practices
into stewardship activities.
●Cultural Heritage Projects:Supporting projects that document,preserve,
and celebrate the cultural history and significance of the area.
4.Resource Management
●Grant Management:Effectively managing the funds received through the
grant,ensuring that they are used efficiently and transparently to achieve
project goals.
●Partnership Development:Building partnerships with other
organizations,government agencies,and stakeholders to leverage
additional resources and expertise.
5.Advocacy and Policy
●Policy Advocacy:Advocating for policies and practices at the local and
state level that support environmental conservation and cultural
preservation.
●Community Representation:Serving as a representative for the
community’s interests in discussions and decisions related to land use and
environmental protection.
15
6.Reporting and Accountability
●Progress Reporting:Providing regular reports to the funding bodies,
stakeholders,and the community on the progress and outcomes of funded
projects.
●Transparency and Accountability:Ensuring transparency in the use of
funds and accountability in the implementation of projects.
Example Initiatives
●Revegetation Projects:Planting native species to restore degraded areas and
enhance habitat quality.
●Cultural Workshops:Hosting workshops on traditional land management
practices,Hawaiian language,and cultural history.
●Public Access Improvements:Enhancing public access to natural and cultural
sites in a way that is respectful and sustainable.
By taking on these roles,Malama O Puna can ensure that the awarded grant and
PONC funds are used effectively to create lasting positive impacts on the environment
and community in the Waiʻele region.Their efforts will help preserve the natural beauty
and cultural heritage of the area while fostering a strong sense of community
stewardship.
Meetings
1.Frequency
The Waiʻele steering committee shall meet on a quarterly basis unless more frequency
is identified.Special meetings may be called to order,if necessary.
2.Minutes
Minutes will be recorded by a designated member of the council.The minutes will
be stored in Google Drive.They can be made available upon written request.
3.Kanaka maoli rules
All steering committee members will abide by and adhere to core values of the
council.
Amendments
1.Amendment process
Amendments will be brought to the council by a member and shall be discussed
and voted on by the council members
16
Ratification
1.Ratification of the steering committee
The membership of the steering committee member will be consented and agreed upon
with execution of the signature below.
______________________________________________________________Date
Eileen O’Hara,
Executive Director
Malama O Puna
17
Appendix
18
WAIʻELE STEERING COMMITTEE APPLICATION
First Name:____________________Middle:______________
Last:_____________________Please include full first,middle and last names.
Area of Expertise (Please check all that apply):
_____Cultural Resources
_____Natural Resources
_____Biological Resources
_____Archaeological Resources
_____Economic Resources
_____Educational Resources
_____Community Resources
Home Address:________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Home Phone:________________________Cell Phone:_______________________________
Home Email:__________________________________________________________________
Work Address (Including name of company):________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Work Phone:___________________________Work Fax:_____________________________
Work Email:__________________________________________________________________
Please answer each of the following questions on a separate piece of paper and attach to
this application.
1.Why are you interested in being a member of the Waiʻele Steering
Committee member?
2.What are your community,professional,and employment,
affiliations?
3.What is your previous experience/attendance on councils and/or working groups?
19
4.What particular expertise,skills,and knowledge would you bring to the ‘Waiʻele Steering
Committee?
5.What do you think the role of the ‘Waiʻele Steering Committee member should be?
6.As a member of the Waiʻele Steering Committee member you will be expected to:attend
all committee meetings,participate in subcommittees and or working groups,review
documents,and attend other events as planned.Given the above,do you feel you have the
time to be a member of the Waiʻele Steering Committee?Please explain.
7.Do you have any other qualifications or experience that you would like to share with us?
Mahalo for your interest and taking the time to complete this application.The information
obtained through this application will help us determine your potential participation as a
Waiʻele Steering Committee member.You will be notified in writing as to the status of your
application.
Please return your application to:
Eileen OʻHara
15-2833 Pahoa Village Road
Pahoa,HI 96778
In you have any questions regarding this application,you may contact Eileen at
808-896-1902,or email at eohara58@gmail.com
20
1
Botanical Survey and Vegetation Analysis
Waiʻele, Hawaiʻi
Jon Rathbun & William Stein
Technical Report June 2024
Presented are the results of a botanical survey conducted on the east side of Hawaii Island, with a
comprehensive overview of the site’s floral diversity. Our study identified a total of 103 vascular plant taxa.
The flora comprises 73 naturalized taxa, 19 native taxa and 11 Polynesian-introduced taxa. Among the
findings was the endemic endangered species Ischaemum byrone and the Polynesian introduced Piper
methysticum. The site’s vegetation abundance was measured using relevé plots, and analyzed for clustering.
We categorized the vegetation into three major types: Scaevola-Heliotropium Shrubland, Hibiscus-Paederia
Shrubland, and Mangifera-Thelypteris-Oplismenus Forest.
The island of Hawaiʻi, known for its rich and diverse ecosystems and also its rates of extinction, presents a
unique opportunity for botanical research. The east side of Hawaiʻi Island, in particular, boasts a range of
ecological zones that are home to a variety of plant taxa, some of which are found nowhere else on Earth.
2
Beyond Hawaiʻi’s wealth of endemic plant diversity, Indigenous communities possess a profound connection
with their ancestral lands, often encompassing centuries of accumulated knowledge and sustainable land
management practices. Just before contact, the Kanaka Maoli (Indigenous Hawaiians) had developed an
immense number of varieties of crops (Table 1), most of which have been lost, and many more are rare, or
threatened (Kagawa-Viviani et al. 2018).
This technical report documents the findings of a botanical survey aimed at cataloging the vegetation and
assessing the presence of rare and endangered taxa on two parcels recently acquired through the Public
Access,
Open Space, and Natural Resources Conservation Commission (PONC) for perpetual preservation by the
County of Hawaiʻi within this region. The survey's objectives were not only to enrich the scientific
understanding of the area's flora but also to inform future conservation and management efforts.
The significance of this survey extends beyond academic interest; it is a critical step towards preserving
Hawaiʻi’s natural heritage. The objectives are as follows:
1. to identify and map the major vegetation types
2. to determine the occurrence of threatened and/or endangered taxa
3. to determine the occurrence of Hawaiian cultivars
4. to provide data sufficient to facilitate future management
These goals were pursued with awareness of the delicate balance that exists within island ecosystems and
the threats posed by both invasive species and the interruption of Indigenous land management practices.
Our methodological approach was designed to be as thorough and minimally invasive as possible. It
included a review of existing literature, consultations with persons familiar with the area, and extensive
fieldwork conducted over several months.
Crop No. Hawaiian Varieties No. Remaining Remaining (%)
Kalo Colocasia esculenta 300-400 ~60 15-20%
ʻUala Ipomoea batatas ~250 unknown -
Maiʻa Musa spp. 40 - -
ʻAwa Piper methysticum 35 13 37%
Kō Saccharum officinarum 50 - -
ʻUhi Dioscorea spp. 9 - -
ʻUlu Artocarpus altilis 1 - -
Niu Cocos nucifera 2 - -
Table 1: Hawaiian crops with number of varieties documented and currently known. Numbers from
KagawaViviani et al. 2018.
The survey was conducted within the context of a changing global climate and increasing ecological
pressures. The findings presented in this report are intended to serve as a baseline for future studies and as a
guide for conservation strategies. By providing a snapshot of the current state of the site’s flora, we hope to
contribute to the ongoing efforts to protect and preserve the unique plant life and indigenous practices that
contribute to the identity and ecological integrity of the island.
3
MATERIALS & METHODS
STUDY AREA
This study was based on the east side of Hawaiʻi Island, in the ahupuaʻa (region) of Halepuaʻa in the moku
(district) of Puna. The boundary of the study corresponds to the property line of Hawaiʻi State TMK 3-1-4-3003
and 3-1-4-3-037. The encompassed area totals 66.9 hectares (165.3 acres) and extends from 53 m.a.s.l. to the
ocean. Locally, the area is known as Waiʻele.
The surrounding area is a landscape matrix composed of private homes, Casuarina forests, papaya
plantations, and bare lava flows. Just inland of Waiʻele is the Halepuaʻa section of the Nānāwale Forest
Reserve, which contains sections of hala (Pandanus tectorius) and ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) native
forest studied by Clarke et al. (1979).
The climate is moist mesic (Price et al. 2012) with a mean annual precipitation of 2500 mm (98 inches)
(Giambelluca et al. 2013). Summers tend to be dryer, though dry periods may occur at any time of year.
Eastnortheast trade winds predominate, and they blow onshore for much of the year. Occasionally, generally
4
during the winter, the area is subject to southerly to south-westerly Kona winds that are sometimes strong and
quite dry.
The lava substrate that underlies Waiʻele is a relatively smooth and flat pāhoehoe that has been dated AD
1200-1550 (Sherrod et al. 2021). We did not encounter any lava tube systems within the survey area. A layer of
black muck soil averaging more than 20 cm thick has accumulated on top of the pāhoehoe. This organic soil
has been supplemented by a considerable quantity of fine cinder sand probably deposited from the 1960
Kapoho eruption and/or earlier eruptions from the nearby east rift of the Kīlauea Volcano. The soil thins out
toward the rocky shore. Low cliffs line most of the shore, which are, in places, fronted by boulder beaches.
Rock walls and other stone structures are ubiquitous throughout Waiʻele, evidence that the area has been
used by humans in the past.
FLORA SAMPLING
We reviewed the available literature on the site and its adjoining areas. This was complemented by
discussions with local experts, community members and other individuals familiar with the terrain. Fieldwork
was conducted from November 2023 to June 2024.
Transects and plots were located in the QGIS desktop application (QGIS Development Team 2024), following
a period of ground familiarization. The field team utilized this GIS data in the QField phone app and GPS, for
real-time data collection and editing. Our survey efforts were intensified in regions reported to harbor rare
plants by the area’s community, selected via aerial photos, and/or identified in our preliminary site walk. Aerial
photography was also studied to delineate tentative vegetation types. Presence/absence data were developed
via transect sampling. Abundance data were collected via twenty-two 10 m x 10 m quadrats. Twelve initial
quadrats in groups of four were laid out along 40 m transects to evaluate species accumulation curves,
vegetation diversity indices and other preliminary data (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974). The first four
plots were the inland plots laid just north of the property line, and may be used as a control in analyzing the
effectiveness of management decisions. The subsequent plots were laid out at random using the “random
points in polygons” tool in QGIS and located in situ with a GPS smartphone app. Within each plot, each species
was assigned an ordinal cover value and height class according to a modified Braun-Blanquet coverscale
(MuellerDombois & Ellenberg 1974).
Taxa were identified to species, or subspecies, in situ, with unidentified specimens collected for subsequent
determination. When significant characters such as flowers or fruits were not available, plants were identified
to the lowest level possible, or given a cf. taxa designation. Names were validated against Plants of the World
Online (POWO 2024) and flora lists published for Hawaiʻi (Imada 2012, Imada 2019, Herbst & Staples 2005).
Notable taxa were mapped using GIS tools. As Ischaemum byrone is well documented from surrounding
areas, we refrained from collecting vouchers to minimize impact on the study area and its small population.
5
DATA ANALYSIS
In identifying and mapping the various vegetation communities, we aimed to quantify the difference
between plots. To accomplish this, we utilized a suite of analytical tools. Various dissimilarity indices for
samples were calculated and the results compared using the package vegan (Okansen et al. 2024) in R 4.1.2 (R
Core Team
2021). Clustering between samples was analyzed according to various clustering criterion. Optimal group
number was verified according to the Calinski-Harabasz (1974) criterion. Non-metric multidimensional scaling
ordination with Bray-Curtis distance was used to further evaluate clustering in the vegetation. The
ShannonWeiner diversity index (Hill 1973) was calculated for each plot for insights into how vegetation
diversity differed across the site.
6
RESULTS
VASCULAR PLANTS
The study identified a total of 103 vascular plant taxa across 48 families. The naturalized flora comprises 73
taxa or 70.8% of the total species richness, with 52 dicots, 11 monocots and 10 ferns. Native flora are
represented by 19 taxa or 18.4%, including 3 endemic taxa and one endemic hybrid taxon, Nephrolepis ×
medlerae, resulting from naturalized N. brownii crossed with indigenous N. exaltata. Polynesian introductions
are represented by 11 taxa or 10.6%, which constitute roughly half of the original canoe plants brought to
Hawaiʻi. Of the 48 families represented, more than half (58%) of the vascular plant diversity is represented by
only 13 (27%) families. The three most diverse families are Fabaceae and Polypodiaceae with 7 taxa, and
Aspleniaceae with 6 taxa.
Of the 18 native taxa recorded, only 4 are endemic, meaning they occur only in the Hawaiian Archipelago:
Pipturus albidus, Thelypteris hudsoniana, Ischaemum byrone, and the hybrid Nephrolepis × medlerae. The
remaining taxa are indigenous, i.e. occuring naturally in the Hawaiian Archipelago, but also elsewhere in the
world.
One-third of the native taxa are represented by epiphytic ferns. Almost another third (5 taxa) are lianas
or vines. That corresponds to 61% of the native vegetation richness that lives exclusively or mostly above
the forest floor.
Laukahi (Thelypteris hudsoniana), was the sole native terrestrial fern encountered, though at times it
formed a dominant aspect of the ground cover. Only two individuals of māmaki (Pipturus albidus), a shrub,
were encountered, surviving at the southeast Hibiscus-Paederia Shrubland to Mangifera-Thelypteris-
Oplismenus Forest boundary.
Hala (Pandanus tectorius) is a native tree, and constitutes a significant proportion of the biomass produced
at Waiʻele. Several moderately dense hala groves are scattered around the forest, these usually overtopped by
taller mango (Mangifera indica) and cecropia (Cecropia obtusifolia) trees.
The origin status of hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) is uncertain. Whether it arrived to the Hawaiian Islands via sea
or with Polynesian voyagers has not yet been conclusively proven (Wagner et al. 1999, Herbst & Staples 2005).
Nevertheless, it is currently considered indigenous to Hawaiʻi by The Manual of Flowering Plants to Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999), the Imada Checklists (2012, 2019), the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al.
2023), and Plants of the World Online (POWO 2024), and we follow that consensus in this report.
Among the taxa cataloged, Ischaemum byrone stands out as it is listed as Endangered under the
Endangered Species Act (ESA) (Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). It is the only rare native taxon cataloged. A few
individuals of this endangered species grow along the immediate shoreline within the Scaevola-Heliotropium
Shrubland.
In addition to the native taxa, the survey identified 11 taxa that are Polynesian introductions, reflecting
Kanaka Maoli land-use and cultivation. Plants brought to and/or developed in the Hawaiian Islands in ancient
times form a conspicuous part of the flora of Waiʻele today, including extensive stands of kukui
7
(Aleurites moluccana), ʻulu (breadfruit; Artocarpus altilis), ʻōhiʻa ʻai (Szygium malaccense), noni (Morinda
citrifolia), kī (ti; Cordyline fruticosa), and niu (coconut; coconut palm; Cocos nucifera). ʻUlu sap “was commonly
used throughout Polynesia and Fiji for caulking canoes and as an adhesive,” and several trees in Waiʻele bore
successive horizontal scarring indicative of sap harvesting (Whistler 2009). Several coconut palms were tall and
appeared quite old. Their provenance deserves further investigation. As well as these, a single, small patch of
ʻawa (Piper methysticum) was recorded.
Lebot et al. (1999) formalized 13 ‘awa varieties. According to Table 1 from Lebot et al., “Morphological
description of the germplasm collection,” the ʻawa found corresponds closest to cultivar (cv.) Waʻa Waʻa or cv.
Molokaʻi. An ʻawa expert (anon., pers. comm.) identified the ʻawa as cv. Nene, which Lebot et al. synonymize
with cv. Ava Lea, a Samoan genotype, and to which the plant’s morphology also closely agrees.
The extent of the Kanaka Maoli crops was not limited to the property boundaries. The forest extended
along the road north and to the west of the acquired parcels, and a large population lies to the south and east,
including more kukui-dominant vegetation, and large stands of ʻulu and ʻōhiʻa ʻai.
8
Cluster Analysis & Ordination
Our cluster analysis and ordination support the existence of three vegetative communities. For inland
Waiʻele, the canopy can be diverse, with some areas being largely mango, and others, largely cecropia, or
kukui. Our data do not support these canopy types as distinct communities when compared to the differences
between the three major communities. The three communities proposed by our analysis have obvious
structural differences on the ground, as well as their compositional differences examined by our analysis. We
will discuss them at length in their corresponding sections, below.
The Calinski-Harabasz criterion (CHC) was highest for 2 clusters within our plots, indicating 2 clusters as the
“optimal” grouping just slightly above 3, with decreasing values for 4, and 5 groups. However, a variety of
dissimilarity indices (Chao, Bray-Curtis & Horn–Morisita) all converged on the same 3 clusters. Further,
visualizing the Bray-Curtis distance with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination, showed the
three clusters were well-defined.
The first division splits coastal naupaka-dominant (Scaevola taccada) plots (5-12) with more inland plots
(13-22), and the second division splits the hau-dominant (Hibiscus tiliaceus) plots (18-19) from the rest of the
inland plots. The prevalence of these divisions were preserved across various dissimilarity indices. The
vegetation dissimilarity between naupaka (5-8) and hala (9-12) plots was lower than most other divisions.
9
Our NMDS ordination clarified the differences in clustering between the different dissimilarity indices. Both
the hoi-dominant plot (16) and the coconut palm plot (22) were fairly distant from the main group of inland
plots, but much closer to the group 1 centroid than the group 2 or group 3.
According to Gagné and Cuddhiy’s (1999) vegetation classification for the Hawaiian Islands, our groups most
closely follow: Naupaka Kahakai Shrubland/Hala Forest, Hau (Hibiscus) Shrubland. The forest zone lacks as
clear of a designation under their system, following closely Alien Wet Forest, but at times resembling their
mesic Kukui (Aleurites) Forest. Although Waiʻele falls within the 1200 to 3800 mm mesic range, Alien Wet
Forest follows closely the diversity of naturalized species present at our site. The being said, “Alien Wet Forest”
is ill-fitting for an area that has a large portion of Hawaiian crops, but accommodates the zone’s quantity of
naturalized species.
Our indicator species analysis (ISA), showed that group 1 is indicated by Mangifera indica, Oplismenus
hirtellus, Thelypteris parasitica (p < 0.01), Nephrolepis blanda and Aleurites moluccana (p <= 0.05), group 2 is
indicated by Scaevola taccada and Heliotropium foertherianum (p < 0.01), and group 3 is indicated by Hibiscus
tiliaceus, Paederia scandens and Morinda citrifolia (p <= 0.05).
Vegetation diversity, via the Shannon-Weiner diversity index, was lowest for naupaka-dominant (5-8) plots
with a hau (19) plot and the coconut palm (22) plot being about comparable. The second hau (18) plot scored
above the naupaka plots and below the hala (9-12) plots. Plots 17 & 14 were scored as the most diverse, but
the inland plots were characterized by a generally higher diversity than the other groups.
SCAEVOLA-HELIOTROPIUM SHRUBLAND
This narrow shoreline community is squeezed between the ocean and the hau thicket described below. The
vegetated portion occupies only about 0.6 hectares in area, or 0.8% of our study area, with about 8 hectares of
rock and intertidal zone seaward. Plants growing here tolerate salt spray and strong wind. This zone is
dominated by naupaka kahakai (Scaevola taccada, ~47% cover), which often forms large pure stands. It is
typified by this shrub, and in all places is generally low-statured (5 m, 15 ft tall, often less). In places hala
(~34%), coconut palm and tree heliotrope (Heliotropium foertherianum, ~21%) rise above the naupaka shrubs.
The vine Ipomoea violacea grows near the southeastern end of the coastal strip. Other plants forming a more
minor component of this zone include false kamani (Terminalia catappa), lauaʻe, holly fern (Cyrtomium
falcatum), crab grass (Digitaria ciliaris), the indigenous vine mohihi (Vigna marina), and the endangered
endemic grass Ischaemum byrone. In the extreme southeastern corner behind the cobble beach, the naupaka
is less, and the vegetation is dominated by coconut palm and false kamani.
Occasionally, barren areas are vegetated by mauʻu ʻakiʻaki (Fimbristylis cymosa) and little else, sometimes
with a thin layer of sand. This littoral zone is often scoured by heavy surf, but is dry for periods too long to
sustain marine vegetation. The upper tidal zone is dominated by the yellowish limu ʻakiʻaki (Ahnfeltiopsis
concinna). Coralline alga (Hydrolithon onkoides) at times forms a thin pink crust dominating the intertidal rocks
below the limu ʻakiʻaki.
HIBISCUS-PAEDERIA SHRUBLAND
The trunks of hau trees here interlock to form a dense thicket. At 12.5 hectares, this shrubland represents
approximately 18.6% of the study. It extends just behind the narrow naupaka zone along nearly the entire
shoreline. This community has an even height, being nearly everywhere about 5m (15 ft) tall. Some of the taxa
found within are maile pilau (Paederia scandens), moon flower (Ipomoea alba), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and
clock vine (Thunbergia fragrans). Moa (Psilotum nudum) is fairly frequent, terrestrially, and epiphytically.
Occasionally the ferns ʻekaha (Asplenium nidus) and lauaʻe grow among the tangled branches. Trees of kukui,
and niu may be feral progeny of remnant cultivation, or themselves planted by people.
In the previous section on Vascular Plants, we commented on the contention surrounding the distributional
origin of hau. The presence of limited strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) thickets within the shrubland,
but without any seedlings under the hau, indicated no/limited recruitment in hau thickets. In plot no. 19, there
were no strawberry guava seedlings found beneath the two mature and fruiting trees within the plot. The hau
may have been planted as a windbreak along the shore in ancient times or in early post-contact times. Such a
windbreak would have protected crops and villages alike. Regardless of distributional origin, the presence of
strawberry guava thickets within the hau might indicate the community as it is today formed after strawberry
guava’s introduction in 1825 (Herbst & Staples 2005).
MANGIFERA-THELYPTERIS-OPLISMENUS FOREST
At around 45.4 hectares, this zone represents 67.8% of the area studied. This forest has a nearly continuous
canopy mostly 15–25 m (50–75 ft) tall, and is the most diverse vegetation community. The canopy reflects this,
with the most abundant large tree being mango (~50%), followed by cecropia (~22%) and kukui (~17%). In a
few places Melochia umbellata and Trema orientalis join the canopy. In others, ʻulu (Artocarpus alitis) and
coconut palm predominate. The understory is relatively open in most places, making walking easy along the
numerous pig trails. In places there is an understory of shrubs or small trees, especially Myrtaceae like guava
honohono kukui (
ferns, especially wood fern (
kukui, cecropia, breadfruit, and many others. A single
comm.). We often encountered dying cecropia at Waiʻele with a number of bore holes and stringy frass around
their trunk. Although the only grub was found in a kukui tree, cecropia were dead nor dying more than any
other tree species at Waiʻele. QLB should be investigated as the cause of the cecropia dieback currently
advancing at the site.
LIMITATIONS
The results of our botanical survey are reflective of the specific season and environmental conditions
prevalent during the period of study. It is important to acknowledge that slight variations in these conditions
could potentially lead to different outcomes. While we have made every effort to ensure comprehensive
coverage, the dynamic nature of ecosystems means that our findings may not capture the full extent of taxa
diversity present at other times of the year or under different environmental scenarios.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The volumes of research in Hawaiian and other ecosystems have highlighted the significant impact of feral
pigs (Sus scrofa) on vegetation dynamics. Almost every plot in the Mangifera-Thelypteris-Oplismenus Forest
community had some degree of pig disturbance. At times nearly 50% of the forest floor was bare, and pigs
were seen often on field days. Implementing control measures typical for Hawaiʻi, such as fencing, hunting, or
trapping, could have profound implications for the ecosystem.
We have selected a few species as notable for removal (Macaranga sp., Passiflora laurifolia, Ficus
microcarpa, Schinus terebinthifolius, see supplemental maps). There is a notable stratification of dispersal
strategy by date of introduction. Pre-contact and early post-contact species represent more anthropochorus
(human-dispersed) turned barrochorus (weight-dispersed) taxa (i.e. Aleurites moluccana, Mangifera indica,
Syzygium malaccense, Cocos nucifera, &c). The later post-contact species within Waiʻele’s interior more often
tend to be zoochores/ornithochores (animal/bird-dispersed, i.e. Ficus microcarpa, Miconia crenata sp.) (Shiels
2010). Cardinalis cardinalis and Carpodacus mexicanus, encountered in our survey, are both known seed
predators, passing seeds below 2 mm (Carpenter et al. 2020).
As management and traffic increases in the area, there is the potential for this balance to shift in the favor
of introduced exoanthropochores (on-the-outside-of-people) like Desmodium spp., Bidens pilosa, &c. that are
common about the Puna district of Hawaiʻi Island today. Early implementation of sanitation procedures could
help control the spread of such weeds.
The wide dispersion of seedlings of certain invasive species implies constant monitoring would be required
for population control. Macaranga tanarius & M. mappa both are clearly increasing in abundance within
Waiʻele, even in remote areas.
In addition to a monitoring and control program, a strategic outplanting program could be implemented to
enhance native and Polynesian biodiversity as well as preserve the site’s unique genetic resources.
VASCULAR PLANTS OF WAIʻELE
FORMAT
Native Plants Scientific
name
Common name(s) Notes
Ferns & Fern Allies Asplenium
nidus L.
ʻEkaha, bird's nest fern
The largest, most common, and most
conspicuous epiphyte in the forest.
Haplopteris elongata (Sw.)
E.H.Crane ʻOheʻohe
Infrequent, usually epiphytic on ʻekaha,
sometimes epiphytic directly on upper tree
trunks.
Lepisorus thunbergianus
(Kaulf.) Ching Pākahakaha Occasional epiphyte.
Nephrolepis × medlerae
W.H.Wagner
Frequent. N. exaltata seems to have
disappeared from Waiʻele. This hybrid
between naturalized N. brownii and native
N.exaltata is sterile, though robust and can
persist indefinitely and spread by plantlets
that form on runners.
This list divides the vascular plants of our survey into 3 groups, according to their distributional origin stats:
Native (including indigenous and endemic taxa), Polynesian, and Naturalized, following their category in either:
the Hawaiian Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist (Imada 2012, hereafter referred to as the 2012
Checklist), the Hawaiian Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist (Imada 2019, the 2019 Checklist) or assigned to
the Naturalized section if the taxon appears in neither.
Scientific names and their author’s abbreviation follows either the 2012 Checklist, the 2019 Checklist, A
Tropical Garden Flora (Herbst & Staples 2005), or Plants of the World (citation).
ABBREVIATIONS
We use two common abbreviations throughout the following tables:
• ssp. = subspecies
• syn. = synonym. A scientific name that has been superseded by a newer name.
Ophioglossum pendulum L. Puapuamoa, syn. Ophioderma A single large specimen was seen growing
pendulum epiphytically on ʻekaha.
Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv. Occasional. Most plants seen here grow
Moa, whisk fern epiphytically.
Native Plants Scientific
name
Thelypteris hudsoniana (Brack.)
C.F.Reed
Laukahi, syn. Pneumatopteris
hudsoniana
Relatively common on the forest floor,
dominating the understory in a few places,
though much less common than its non-
native
relative Thelypteris parasitica
A common but tiny and inconspicuous
fern
Trichomanes minutum syn. Gonocormus minutus,
(Blume) K.Iwats. Crepidomanes minutum
Flowering Plants
growing among mosses and liverworts on tree
trunks and logs.
Cassytha filiformis L. Kaunaʻoa pehu These leafless orange hemiparasitic vines
climb trees here and there.
Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br. ssp.
Mauʻu ʻakiʻaki
spathacea (Roth) T.Koyama
Common along immediate shoreline. This
small sedge grows closer to the ocean than
any other non-marine plant, seaward of the
naupaka fringe, where storm waves
occasionally splash.
Kākalaioa, syn. Caesalpinia
Guilandina bonduc L. bonduc
High-climbing lianas. Shrubby young plants
numerous on the forest floor.
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Hau
A broad thicket fronts nearly the entire
Waiʻele coast. The hau may have been
planted long ago as a wind break.
Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. Koali Scattered thin vines; prefers a more open
environment than provided at Waiʻele.
Ischaemum byrone (Trin.) Hitchc.
Less than a dozen plants scattered along the
shoreline at the edge of the naupaka. See
photo above.
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.)
Kāʻeʻe
DC. ssp. gigantea
Common. Large lianas climb to tree tops.
Pandanus tectorius Parkinson
Hala
ex Z
Groves scattered along shore and within the
forest. Hala, the only native tree in Waiʻele, is
common, dominating several areas.
Pipturus albidus (Hook. &
Māmaki
Arn.) A.Gray
An area behind the hau near the boulder
beach supports several scattered shrubs;
scarce elsewhere.
Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.)
Naupaka
Roxb.
This shrub forms a dense fringe between the
hau thicket and the ocean.
Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr. Mohihi, nanea
A dried-up vine with viable seeds seen
among naupaka along the shore.
Polynesian
Introductions
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Aleurites moluccana (L.)
Willd. Kukui Abundant, forms dominant cover in many
areas.
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.)
G.Don ʻApe A few plants seen.
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson
ex Z) Fosberg ʻUlu, breadfruit Common, old and younger trees scattered
throughout the forest zone.
Cocos nucifera L. Niu, coconut palm
Several groves scattered along the shore and
in the forest zone. A circle of very old, very
tall trees grows within the hau thicket.
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. Kī, ti plant
Numerous, thinly scattered. Green-leaf form
presumably of old to ancient origin, red-leaf
cultivars recently planted.
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Hoi, bitter yam Three large patches, vines densely cover
ground and climb trees.
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Piʻa Seen but not conspicuous during survey in
the winter season.
Morinda citrifolia L. Noni Occasional, scattered.
Piper methysticum G.Forst. ʻAwa Scarce. A patch of three small plants, a
variety with black lenticels.
Syzygium malaccense (L.)
Merr. & L.M.Perry ʻŌhiʻa ʻai, mountain apple. Dense groves form an understory in several
places.
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. ʻAwapuhi
Scattered rhizomes visible above ground.
Dormant in winter season, but becomes
conspicuous and common as spring
progresses.
Naturalized Plants
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Ferns & Fern Allies
Adiantum hispidulum Sw. Rough maidenhair fern Infrequent on the ground.
Blechnum appendiculatum
Willd.
Forms a dense ground cover in patches.
Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.)
C.Presl Holly fern Several plants grow in a cluster on rocks near
the shore.
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.)
"Hōʻiʻo", paca Sw.
Along the road only, but will probably spread
into the forest..
Nephrolepis brownii (Desv.)
Asian sword fern Hovenkamp
& Miyam.
Common in the forest but not pervasive as it
can be in environments with more light.
Naturalized Plants
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Phymatosorus grossus
(Langsd. & Fisch.)
Brownlie
Lauaʻe, syn. Microsorum
grossum
Common, usually terrestrial near the shore
and epiphytic in the forest.
Phlebodium aureum (L.) J.Sm. Lauaʻe haole Occasional to fairly common epiphyte.
Tectaria incisa Cav. Fairly common on the forest floor.
Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.)
Brownsey & Jermy
Paʻiʻihā, syn. Christella dentata Fairly common but not as abundant as T.
parasitica, with which it may hybridize..
Thelypteris parasitica (L.)
H.Lév.
Monocots
Downy wood fern, syn.
Christella parasitica
The most abundant ground cover species,
common throughout the forest area.
Alpinia pupurata (Vieill.)
K.Schum. Red ginger A patch along road.
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Pineapple A few plants along southern border.
Areca cf. catechu L. betel A single plant without flowers along the
southeast border.
Chyrsalidocarpus lutescens
H.Wendl. Syn. Dypsis lutescens A single patch along the southeast boundary.
Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Honohono Relatively infrequently appearing in less shady
spots.
Costus guanaiensis Rusby A patch along the road seems to be spreading
by rhizomes into the forest.
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Crab grass A few small patches along shoreline.
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.)
Engl. Taro vine Along road and southeast boundary.
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.)
P.Beauv. Honohono kukui, basket grass
Abundant, along with Thelypteris spp. (syn.
Christella) ferns forms the dominant ground
cover throughout the forest.
Phaius tankarvilleae (Banks ex
L'Hér.) Blume
Nun's orchid, Chinese ground
orchid One plant seen near road.
Philodendron pinnatifidum
(Jacq.) Schott
This and the other three hemiepiphytic aroids
were introduced along the road and now tend
to spread vegetatively into the adjacent forest.
Philodendron scandens Spreading into the forest from roadside.
K.Koch & Sello
Naturalized Plants
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Rhynchospora radicans
(Schltdl. & Sham.) H.Pfeiff.
A single small, dense patch was spreading by
subsp. microcephala plantlets that form in the inflorescence. (Bertero ex Spreng.)
W.W.Thomas
Syngonium auritum (L.)
Spreading into the forest from roadside.
Schott
Dicots
Herbs
Arthrostemma ciliatum Pav. A rapidly spreading weed that forms dense ex D.Don patches,
encroaching in south area of forest.
Begonia hirtella Link. Common shade lover.
A plant seen growing on a rock wall near
Begonia sp. southeastern boundary. Stems about 120cm
tall. (see photo)
Chloranthus spicatus A small patch about 30 m in from the road. (Thunb.) Makino Apparently does
not set seed in Hawaiʻi.
Crassocephalum crepidioides
Infrequent.
(Benth.) S.Moore
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. A few plants along alanui kahakai trail.
Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau syn. Justicia betonica Large patch directly at the southern border.
Oxalis debilis Kunth var.
corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig
Infrequent.
Pseudelephantopus spicatus
(B.Juss. ex Aubl.)
C.F.Baker
A single patch and a few isolated plants
noticed.
Ruellia blechum L. Single small patch seen in forest.
Synedrella nodiflora (L.)
Gaertn.
Vines & Lianas
Infrequently scattered in forest.
Ipomoea alba L. Moon flower Scattered in forest and in hau thicket.
Naturalized Plants
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Ipomoea violacea L. Patches occurring along southeast end of
the shoreline zone.
Momordica charantia L. Scattered, common.
Paederia foetida L. Maile kukae Scattered.
Passiflora edulis Sims Lilikoi A few vines seen in forest.
A largish patch of vines high-climbing and on
Passiflora laurifolia L. Jamaican lilikoi ground seen near center of forest.
Passiflora quadrangularis L. Giant granadilla, giant lilikoi A single vine along the southeast border.
Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.)
Hallier f. Pilikai Scattered, occasional.
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Clock vine Common, scattered.
Vigna hosei (Craib) Backer
Shrubs
Plants seen covering a small area near
northwest border.
Cestrum nocturnum L. Night-blooming jasmine Fairly common understory shrub in the forest.
Lantana camara L. Relatively infrequent, not thriving in the shady
forest.
Miconia crenata (Vahl)
Michelang.
Trees
Clidemia, syn. Clidemia hirta Occasional mostly in northeast
Annona mucosa Jacq. Rollinia, syn. Rollinia mucosa Small trees directly along Govn’t Beach Rd
Annona muricata L. Soursop Seedlings along southeast border.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Jak tree Occasional, scattered, mature trees and
seedlings seen
Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.)
Standl. var. calothyrsa
(Meisn.)
Barneby
Several plants seen in east area of forest, with
spreading seedlings. This plant, a recent
invader of Puna forests, is capable of forming
koa haole-like thickets and has the potential to
become a serious pest.
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol.
Abundant, filling much of the space between
the larger mango and monkeypod trees. The
trees appeared unhealthy with sparse foliage
and dead trees common. They may be being
attacked by the Queensland long-horned
beetle (Acalolepta aesthetica).
Naturalized Plants
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Citrus sp. 2 saplings seen in separate parts of south area,
one with the leaf-pattern of C. maxima.
Coffea arabica L. Coffee tree 2 dense patches seen in the forest understory.
Falcataria moluccana (Miq.)
Albizia
Barneby & J.W.Grimes
A tree with 20cm trunk diameter reported in
west corner. Will be eradicated.
Ficus microcarpa L.f. Chinese banyan
Occasional young trees scattered in forest.
This species, with its gigantic mature size and
aggressively invasive nature, is likely to
dominate the forest in the future if left
unchecked.
Heliotropium foertherianum
Diane & Hilger Tree heliotrope Common along the shore.
Macaranga mappa (L.)
Müll.Arg.
Some young plants seen in east area of forest.
Macaranga tanarius (L.)
Müll.Arg.
This tree has recently appeared in the area
and is rapidly spreading. It has gained a
foothold in the forest among the cecropia and
melochia.
Mangifera indica L. Mango
Numerous large, old mango trees grow
throughout the forest, forming a major
component of the canopy. The larger
individuals commonly exceed 100cm diameter
at breast height, dbh
Melochia umbellata (Houtt.)
Stapf
Common but not dominating.
Persea americana Mill. Avocado Clusters of old and young trees in several
places.
Pouteria caimito (Ruiz &
Pavón) Radlkofer Abiu A young tree seen along the road where it
presumably has been planted.
Psidium cattleianum Sabine Waiawī, strawberry guava
In dense stands of large, old trees that often
seemed to be enclosed within rock walls that
may have been used as cattle paddocks in
early post-contact times. A few of the plants
seen may represent the common round
redfruited type, but no fruit was seen to
confirm this.
Psidium guajava L. Guava Occasional.
Naturalized Plants
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Monkeypod Several large trees scattered around the
forest.
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Christmas berry Some shrubby plants seen near northwestern
corner of forest.
Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.)
Harms Octopus tree Not yet common.
Spathodea campanulata
P.Beav. African tulip tree Not yet common.
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Java plum A few trees along southwestern boundary.
Seedlings and young trees scattered, fairly
Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Rose apple common; mature trees seem
to be absent.
Grove behind boulder beach at southeast
Terminalia catappa L. False kamani, Indian almond corner and
scattered somewhat inland from there.
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Gunpowder tree Fairly common. Some large, old trees.
ANIMALS
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Heteroscelus incanus ʻŪlili Few seen on shoreline rocks.
Cardinalis cardinalis Cardinal Seen along edge of hau thicket.
Carpodacus mexicanus House finch Flocks heard singing in treetops.
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove Heard in trees, small flock seen descending to
ground in forest.
Eleutherodactylus coqui Coqui frog Heard during rain.
Sus scrofa Pig
Common in the forest, seen on most Waiʻele
expeditions. Trails, rooted-up ground, and
wallows abundant.
Herpestes javanicus Mongoose Occasional.
Naturalized Plants
Scientific name Common name(s) Notes
Animals were not a focus of this study, but we did incidentally notice a few species. Undoubtedly more
species occur. The Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), the black rat (Rattus rattus L.) and the mouse (Mus
musculus L.) are presumably present, but not encountered in our survey.
Acalolepta aesthetica Queensland longhorn beetle
Adults not seen but a large grub that we
believe to be of this species was heard
clicking and was dug out of a kukui tree. Exit
holes and large frass were observed on trunks
of several tree species.
Aedes albopictus Forest day mosquito Present but not overwhelming.
Wasmannia auropunctata Little fire ant
These ants were noticed in a small area along
the northwest boundary. Efforts are
underway to eradicate them from this area.
Unidentified black ants were widespread in
the forest.
MOSSES
Waiʻele provides a variety of micro-habitats ideal for mosses to thrive. A few are shown here. Moist plants
are pictured. Most look quite different when dry.
A. Octoblepharum albidum Forms cushions on tree trunks.
B. Racopilum cuspidigerum Abundant on tree trunks, rocks, and debris on the ground.
The most common moss in the forest.
C. Pyrrhobryam spiniforme Common on fallen debris on the ground or on lower tree
trunks.
D. Calymperes tenerum On rocks and trees near the shore.
Unidentified mosses Additional moss species found on tree trunks and logs in the Waiʻele forest.
Scale in millimeters.
LIVERWORTS
Liverworts are abundant in the shady, moist forest zone. They grow among mosses and lichens on tree
trunks, branches, rotting logs, and rocks. A few of the common species growing on tree trunks and logs are
shown here.
A. Riccardia sp. Scale in millimeters.
B. Frullania sp.
C. Liverwort sp. a
D. Liverwort sp. b
A, B. Liverwort sp. c Differs from sp. a in having sprigs assurgent in tiers rather than appressed to
substrate.
C. Liverwort sp. d Scale in millimeters.
D. Liverwort sp. e Scale in millimeters.
A, B. Chlorophyta sp. This terrestrial green alga grows on shaded shoreline rocks and wood in
reach of salt spray. Magnified view shows strands consisting of single ± round cells joined end to end in
chainlike filaments.
C. Nostoc sp. This cyanobacterium is overgrowing a mat of mosses and liverworts on a kukui trunk.
Almost black wet, it acquires a dark blue-greenish color when dry.
MARINE ALGAE
Numerous species of algae grow in the intertidal zone along Waiʻele's shoreline, despite being frequently
scoured by high surf. These are a few of the more conspicuous species.
A. Ahnfeltiopsis concinna Limu ʻakiʻaki This yellowish limu dominates the upper intertidal zone
and is abundant all along the coast.
B. Chaetomorpha antennina A limu of intertidal rocks exposed to strong surf.
C. Pterocladiella capillacea A common limu of the lower intertidal zone along exposed rocky
shorelines.
LICHENS
Many kinds of lichens grow on trunks, branches, and rocks in the forest and along the shore. See supplement
for more lichens.
A. Chrysothrix candelaris Occasional on bark or wood.
B. Coenogonium sp. a On tree trunks along the shore.
C. Coenogonium sp. b On tree trunks along the shore and within the forest. This cottony lichen
can occur as isolated minute tufts or even single filaments, or may cover nearly the entire trunk of a
tree.
D. Thelotrema lepadinum Recognized by the double-lipped, volcano-like perithecia. On trees,
especially hala.
MUSHROOMS
Mushrooms were fruiting during the survey. See supplement for more mushrooms.
A. Earliella scabrosa Very common on kukui and mango logs, here seen on a cecropia log.
(Waiʻele 12-23).
B. Microporus flabelliformis Another common polypore on logs in the forest. (Waiʻele 12-23).
C. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus This species can be abundant, but this small specimen was the only
individual seen during the survey, (Waiʻele 12-23).
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Species Year of Introduction Credited to Citation
Psidium guavaja 1795 Don Franscisco de Paula Herbst & Staples 2005
Marin
Coffea arabica 18151 & 1825 Don Franscisco de Paula Herbst &
Staples 2005 Marin & HMS Blonde
Syzygium jambos 1825 HMS Blonde Herbst & Staples 2005
Psidium cattleianum 1825 HMS Blonde Herbst & Staples 2005
Persea americana 1825 HMS Blonde Herbst & Staples 2005
Mangifera indica 1825 HMS Blonde Herbst & Staples 2005
Samanea saman 1847 Peter A. Brinsmade Herbst & Staples 2005
Heliotropium 1851 Herbst & Staples 2005 foerthianum
Terminalia catappa 18611 Hillebrand Herbst & Staples 2005
Trema orientalis 1870 Wagner et al. 1999
Syzygium cumini 1870 Herbst & Staples 2005
Melochia umbellata 1871 Hillebrand Wagner et al. 1999
Schefflera actinophylla 1900 Wagner et al. 1999
Schinus terebinthifolius 1911 Wagner et al. 1999
Falcataria moluccana 1917 J. F. Rock Herbst & Staples 2005
Cecropia obtusifolia 1926 Wagner et al. 1999
Macaranga mappa 1927 Wagner et al. 1999
Macaranga tanarius 1930 Wagner et al. 1999
Ficus microcarpa 19351 Sugar Planters Herbst & Staples 2005
Association
Calliandra houstoniana2 2008 Imada 2019
Artocarpus 2012 Imada 2019 heterophyllus2
Mean Year of Intro. 1883
Table 2: Selected naturalized tree taxa and their dates of import/naturalization to the Hawaiian Islands. The
HMS Blonde was sent as a diplomatic mission sent from Britain to return Kamehameha II’s body to the
Hawaiian Islands. Aboard, James Macrae, ship botanist, imported a variety of plants on behalf of the
Horticultural Society of London. The mean year of introduction shows the relative antiquity of Waiʻele’s
naturalized species.
1These entries represent the mean of the conjectured dates.
2These dates reflect only the publishing of confirmation of naturalization status. These taxa may have been
reproducing on their own in the wild for some years prior.
1
Natural Resource Assessment
Waiʻele, Halepuaʻa, Puna, Hawaiʻi
Ke Aloha ʻAina Foundation, LLC
October 2024
Hala (Pandanus sp.)
2
1. Introduction
● Purpose and Scope:
The Natural Resource Assessment is being provided for Malama o Puna a 501(c)3
nonprofit who has applied for the stewardship of Waiʻele through the Public Access,
Open Space and Natural Resources Preservation Commission (PONC) Program. This
commission is part of the County of Hawaiʻi and is responsible for advising on the
acquisition and management of lands to preserve and protect natural, cultural, and
recreational resources.
Waiʻele is an ancient Hawaiian fishing village. The ʻili (land division within an ahupuaʻa)
Waiʻele is located in the ahupuaʻa (land division in a district) of Halepuaʻa within the
moku (district) of Puna on the mokupuni (island) of Hawaiʻi. The region of Halepuaʻa
extends up to the Nanawale Forest reserve which is the watershed that feeds Waiʻele.
Uli i ka uli is a concept that shares about the conditions from mauka (mountain) to
makai (sea). It is said that if the water in the mountains is healthy, then the water at the
sea will be healthy and everything in between. Kanaka maoli (Indigenous people)
believe the health of an ecosystem is directly related to the health of the people. If the
environment is healthy, so are the people.
A Natural Resource Assessment (NRA) at Waiʻele was conducted to identify significant
cultural and natural resources at Waiʻele. This report highlights the resources that were
observed. It also shares ʻIke Hawaii (traditional knowledge) and the reader shall take
into account the understanding that these cultural and natural resources are directly
related to traditional protocols, biocultural practices and stewardship management.
● Biocultural Practices refer to the methods and techniques employed to
maintain and use these resources in ways that reflect cultural values and
traditions.
Biocultural practices in stewardship involve the integration of cultural traditions,
knowledge, and values with the sustainable management and care of natural resources.
These practices are rooted in the understanding that the well-being of the environment
is closely tied to the cultural identity and practices of the people who interact with it.
Waʻiele, a wahi pana (storied and sacred place), would have likely been a site for
various biocultural practices deeply intertwined with Kanaka maoli lifeways, honoring
3
both the land’s ecological vitality and its cultural significance. Here are some practices
that might have occurred in Waiʻele:
A. Traditional Plant Gathering (La‘au Lapa‘au)
● Waiʻele’s native and Polynesian-introduced plants would have been used in
traditional Hawaiian medicine, known as la‘au lapa‘au. Plants like kukui (Aleurites
moluccanus), ‘Ōlena or turmeric (Curcuma longa), and other native flora might
have been gathered and prepared by kahuna la‘au lapa‘au (traditional healers)
for various ailments. These practices not only provided medicine but also
preserved the knowledge and sustainable gathering methods for healing. There
is an abundance of kukui at Waiʻele.
B. Cultivation and Propagation of Polynesian-Introduced Crops
● Waiʻele was a place for cultivating key plants brought by Hawaiians, such as Niu
(Coconut), ‘Uala (sweet potato), and Ulu (breadfruit). These crops were
cultivated using sustainable techniques that preserved soil health and prevented
erosion. Terracing, mulching, and water management techniques maintained the
landscape’s health and fertility, embodying the practice of mālama ‘āina (caring
for the land). Traditional sites used for planting are likely found throughout the
property.
C. Forest Management and Resource Conservation
● Native birds and plants would have been protected through traditional forest
management practices. Kanaka maoli would selectively gather, prune, and
control growth to ensure the vitality of the native forest). Only certain species
might have been harvested, ensuring that the forest ecosystem remained
balanced and resilient.
D. Spiritual Ceremonies and Cultural Protocols
● As a wahi pana, Waʻiele may have been a place for ceremonies honoring the
akua (deities) and ancestral spirits associated with the land. Ceremonial
practices might include offering food, chants (mele), and dances (hula) to
acknowledge the area and the ancestors. This biocultural connection deepens
the relationship between people and place, reinforcing the idea that the health of
the land is directly tied to the well-being of the people.
E. Invasive Species Control and Habitat Restoration
4
● In Waʻiele, invasive plant species should be managed by removing non-native
growth to protect native and culturally-significant species, such as Hala
(Pandanus tectorius), ʻEkaha (Asplenium nidus), Niu (Cocos nucifera) and Ulu
(Artocarpus altilis). Native Hawaiians managed forest resources sustainably,
often planting or encouraging the growth of native and Polynesian-introduced
species to keep invasive species at bay. Hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) is not
considered an invasive species, yet when not managed it becomes very
aggressive. Hau is overgrown and has taken over acres of land that have made
the area inaccessible.
F. Use of Wauke (Paper Mulberry) and Other Plants for Crafting and Weaving
● Plants like Wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera), used to make kapa (bark cloth), and
Hala, used in weaving mats, baskets, and hats, would have been gathered and
cultivated. Niu is one of the most commonly used plants in Hawaiian culture,
every part of the tree is used. This practice required a close understanding of
seasonal cycles and an intimate knowledge of harvesting techniques that
ensured the plants’ regeneration. Although Wauke was not identified in Waiʻele, it
could be a plant of consideration for restoration efforts.
G. Educational Stewardship and Knowledge Sharing (Kuleana)
● Waiʻele would have been a place for teaching younger generations about
traditional ecological knowledge, biocultural practices, and the spiritual
connections to the land. This passing down of knowledge, known as kuleana,
ensured that each generation learned to mālama (care for) Waiʻele and
understood its sacred history, sustaining the continuity of both ecological and
cultural integrity.
Waiʻele’s role as a wahi pana and of biocultural practice exemplifies the deep
connection Kanaka maoli maintained with the land. Such practices reflect a commitment
to both ecological stewardship and cultural responsibility, ensuring the vitality of
Waiʻele’s unique landscape for generations.
Objectives:
1. Conduct an overview of the natural and cultural resources at Waiʻele
2. Define how these resources are integrated into Kanaka maoli and bio-cultural
practices
3. Provide recommendations for the management of the cultural and natural
resources of Waiʻele
5
This report outlines the inventory of findings of natural and cultural resources found at
Waiʻele and identifies how these resources may have been used. The inventory will
share about uses of the resources, how they may have been used traditionally and
provide recommendations of land use through a Hawaiian cultural context.
Geographic Overview: Description of Waiʻele’s location, climate, topography, and any
unique environmental features that influence its ecosystems.
Waiʻele consists of two parcels of land, TMK # 3-1-4-3: 003 and 3-1-4-3: 037 with a total
area of 157.8 acres. This lowland moist mesic forest encompasses many groves of
Polynesian introduced species that were used by the Kanaka maoli who lived here.
Waiʻele is located on the shoreline of Puna in between Kumukahi and Keonepoko. The
area receives approximately 100 inches of rainfall annually with predominant Northeast
trade winds. The topography consists mainly of pahoehoe lava and is laden with rich
dark soil intermixed with cinder likely from the 1960 Kapoho eruption.
The area is host to many archaeological sites and it is highly recommended to conduct
an archaeological inventory of the area. The inventory will share what sites are found in
Waiʻele and types of practices that would have occurred there. This will provide
invaluable recommendations about how to properly manage the site. At the base of the
shoreline, there is an intact Kūʻula (fishing shrine). These types of intact sites are not
very common anymore and they should be preserved and protected.
This intact ancient Hawaiian fishing village was once occupied by Kanaka maoli. The
natural resources found in Waiʻele provide a rich history as to what types of land uses
occurred there. Recent introductions of alien species has altered the landscape and is a
detriment to the overall use of the area. Large alien tree species such as Cecropia
(Cecropia obtusifolia) are found throughout the area that detract from the natural beauty
of the area and have encroached on archaeological sites. The management of the
introduced species hau near the shoreline has been unmanaged for decades and it has
become a species that needs special attention.
2. Ecological Inventory
Introduction
The ecological and site inventory of Waiʻele was conducted with a focus on
preserving the integrity of its natural and cultural resources. Given the
archaeological and ecological significance of the area, the methodology was
6
designed to minimize disturbance while ensuring thorough documentation of
species and features.
Methodology
The ecological inventory was conducted during three site visits by a team of five
individuals. Observations were recorded systematically, and care was taken to
account for archaeological sites and ecological features. Key methods included:
● Species Documentation:
○ Species were recorded at each plot along transect lines. If specific
vegetation was dominant in a particular area, it was noted
● Archaeological Sites:
○ Significant archaeological features were documented if observed
during the survey
● Mapping and Data Collection:
○ Avenza maps were utilized to log transect lines, significant features,
and species presence
Transect Design
Transects were established with a focus on achieving comprehensive coverage
of the property.
● Orientation:
○ Transect lines were aligned at 320 degrees and 140 degrees, running
parallel to the northern and southern boundaries of the property
● Spacing:
○ Transects were spaced 100 meters apart, except for transects seven
and eight, which had a 200-meter gap due to dense hau vegetation
● Plot Design:
○ Plots extended 10 meters off each transect line
Transect and Plot Details
1. Transect Lines 1–4:
○ Transects 1 and 2: Each measured 100–125 meters in length with
five plots spaced every 25 meters
○ Transects 3 and 4: Each measured 250 meters in length with 11
plots spaced every 25 meters
7
2. Transect Lines 5–8:
○ Transect 5: Plots spaced 50 meters apart, totaling eight plots
○ Transects 6 and 7: Plots spaced 100 meters apart, totaling eight
plots each
○ Transect 8: Conducted along the shoreline with plots spaced 25
meters apart, totaling four plots
3. Hau Thicket:
○ The area between transects seven and eight consisted of dense
hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) vegetation, rendering it inaccessible for
surveying
Summary of Effort
● Transects Completed: Eight transect lines established
● Plots Recorded: A total of 60 plots were surveyed
● Survey Adjustments: Transect methodology was modified for transects
five through eight to account for ecological and logistical constraints,
ensuring accurate data collection
The ecological inventory of Waiʻele was conducted with precision and respect for
the natural and cultural significance of the area. The inventory's systematic
approach provided a record of species distribution and archaeological features,
forming a foundation for future management and conservation efforts.
8
Map of Transect lines
Flora and Fauna Overview
The ecological survey conducted at Waiʻele provided a comprehensive inventory
of the plant and animal species present in the forested area, while also
identifying significant archaeological sites and culturally important flora. The
forest composition reflects a blend of Polynesian introduced, native, and alien
species, with notable biocultural and ecological features observed across the
property.
Species Inventory
● Total Species Recorded: 46
○ Native Species: 5 (10.9%)
○ Polynesian Introduced Species: 7 (15.2%)
○ Alien Species: 34 (73.9%)
9
○ See appendix for detailed information
Fauna Observations
Io (Hawaiian Hawk, Buteo solitarius): One individual was observed multiple times
during site visits, emphasizing the area’s ecological significance
Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa): While no pigs were directly observed, evidence of
ground disturbance indicated their presence in the area
Significant Observations by Transect Lines
Transect Line 1
● Key Features:
○ Large groves of Kukui (Aleurites moluccanus) and Hala (Pandanus
tectorius) at 50 meters
○ Stone wall along the edge of the roadway
Transect Line 2
● Key Features:
○ Dominance of alien species such as Cecropia (Cecropia obtusifolia)
and guava (Psidium guajava)
○ Presence of hala groves throughout the transect
Transect Line 3
● Key Features:
○ Large groves of Ulu (Artocarpus altilis), Kukui, Hala, and Mango
(Mangifera indica) between 50–125 meters
○ Numerous stone walls and structures, particularly along the
boundary
○ Ground heavily covered in cinder between Transect Lines 2 and 3
Transect Line 4
● Key Features:
○ Old-growth Mango trees and a large Awapuhi (Zingiber zerumbet)
patch at the start
○ Extensive Hala and Kukui groves between 50–125 meters
○ First recording of Kakalaioa (Caesalpinia major)
10
○ Possible burial sites and other archaeological structures between
Plots 1 and 2
Transect Line 5
● Key Features:
○ Alien species such as Cecropia, Macaranga (Macaranga sp.),
Melochia (Melochia umbellata), Gunpowder (Trema orientalis), and
Waiawi (Psidium cattleianum)
○ Multiple sites and walls observed between 50–150
meters
○ Large Uluniu (coconut) grove at 300 meters
○ First sighting of the Io (Hawaiian hawk).
Transect Line 6
● Key Features:
○ Significant archaeological sites and walls observed at 300–400,
600–700, and 800 meters
○ Large Ulu grove present between 400–800 meters, with extensive
Hala groves between 600–800 meters, suggesting a core area of
habitation and cultivation
○ Large Bamboo patch along transect line, yet didnʻt fall into a plot
(between transect lines 6 & 7)
Transect Line 7
● Key Features:
○ Sites and walls observed between 100–200 meters, with a large
Uluniu (Coconut) grove present
○ Significant Rose apple grove at 300 meters
○ Substantial Kukui grove between 500–700 meters
○ Beginning of Hau establishment.
Between Transect Lines 7 and 8
● Key Features:
○ The Waterstone pathway to the beach is lined with Niu and Mango
trees, measuring approximately 200 meters
11
○ Numerous walls and other structures along the path
○ Hau shrubland rendered certain areas inaccessible
Transect Line 8
● Key Features:
○ Coastal front featuring a large Uluniu grove, False kamani
(Terminalia catappa), Naupaka (Scaevola taccada), Hala,
Heliotrope (Heliotropium foertherianum), and Blechnum ferns
(Blechnum appendiculatum)
○ Significant archaeological features, including a large Kūʻula (fishing
shrine) and walls
○ Beach laden with water-worn stones consistent with Hānau pōhaku
(birthing stones) and tidepools at the shoreline
○ Theses sites were not recorded with the mapping software
12
Significant features & sites along transect lines
Cultural and Ecological Significance
The flora observed highlights a mix of culturally significant species, including Ulu,
hala, kukui, and niu, all integral to the biocultural practices of the area. The
archaeological sites, stone walls, and fishing shrine underscore the importance
of Waiʻele as a historical and spiritual landscape.
While the inventory focused on identifying significant species and sites, the
Vegetation Analysis and Botanical Survey, Waiʻele (Rothburn and Stein, 2024)
should be consulted for a more detailed account of the area's flora.
Recommendations
● Preservation and restoration of significant sites and old-growth groves
● Management of alien species to protect native and Polynesian-introduced
flora
● Continued monitoring of fauna, particularly the Io and feral pigs
● Enhanced protection of archaeological features, particularly the Kūʻula
and stone pathways
Ecosystems and Habitats
Waiʻele, a lowland mesic forest located along the Puna coastline, encompasses
a diverse ecological and cultural landscape. The property extends to a bay and
marine tide pools at the oceanfront, characterized by waterworn stones typical of
the Puna shoreline.
Floral Composition
Waiʻele hosts significant groves of Hala, Kukui, and Ulu, all of which hold cultural
importance. Other culturally significant species such as Niu, Noni, Kaʻeʻe, and
Green ti are prevalent across the property.
● The ʻEkaha fern was observed consistently across almost all transects,
indicating its widespread presence
● Mango trees, though not native or canoe plants, dominate large areas of
the canopy and are valued for their wood
● The lower section of the property, about 200–300 meters from the
shoreline, features an extensive thicket of Hau
13
Invasive Species
Invasive trees pose a significant threat to the forest's health:
● Large invasive trees: Cecropia, Gunpowder, Melochia and
Macaranga
● Other invasives: Rose apple (Syzygium jambos), Banyan (Ficus sp.),
and Kosterʻs curse (Clidemia hirta) in the lower sections of the forest.
These require urgent removal to prevent further spread
Overall, Waiʻele is predominantly an alien species forest interspersed with
Polynesian introduced and native species.
Water Resources
● Known Freshwater Sources:
A lineal descendant shared knowledge of a freshwater well near the lower
section of the property. While the well was not located during this inventory, it
may be identified in future archaeological surveys
● Other Water Features:
No rivers, streams, or ponds were observed on the property
Soil and Land Use
Soil Characteristics
● Lava Substrate:
The underlying substrate is smooth pāhoehoe lava, dated to AD
1200–1550 (Sherrod et al., 2021)
● Surface Layer:
Fertile loamy and muck soil intermixed with cinder covers the area,
supporting diverse vegetation
● Erosion Risks:
The beachfront shows potential for erosion due to seasonal wave action
and swells. Soil erosion is affected by large alien species growing in the
forest. Feral pigs also play a factor in the degradation of the soil. It is likely
that flooding from heavy rains contributes to soil erosion.
Land Use Patterns
● Past and Present Uses:
14
While past land use patterns require further research, the
archaeological inventory will provide guidance for appropriate future
activities
● Conservation and Agriculture:
○ Coastal areas and significant archaeological sites should be
prioritized for conservation efforts
○ The upper sections of Waiʻele are suitable for agricultural use,
particularly for cultivating culturally significant species such as
Kukui, Ulu, Hala, and Niu
Recommendations
1. Conservation and Restoration:
○ Preserve and restore groves of Hala, Kukui, Ulu, and other
culturally significant species
○ Remove invasive species such as Cecropia, Gunpowder,
Macaranga, Melochia, and Kosterʻs curse to protect native habitats
2. Archaeological Mapping:
○ Conduct a comprehensive survey to identify and map significant
sites, ensuring land use plans align with cultural preservation goals
3. Agricultural Development:
○ Encourage the cultivation of culturally valuable crops in upper
sections to support sustainable and culturally respectful land use
4. Water Resource Exploration:
○ Investigate and document potential freshwater sources, such as the
descendant-reported well, to support future conservation and
habitation efforts
3. Cultural and Historical Resources
● Cultural Significance
Waiele, as a culturally and ecologically significant site, hosted a variety of
biocultural practices that reflect the deep connection between Kanaka maoli and
their environment. These practices blend cultural traditions with sustainable
resource management, supporting both the spiritual and physical needs of the
community. Below are some examples of biocultural practices likely to have
occurred at Waiele:
15
1. Agriculture and Food Cultivation
● ‘Ulu Orchards: Breadfruit trees were likely cultivated as a staple
food source. These trees were traditionally grown in agroforestry
systems alongside other culturally significant plants like Kalo or taro
(Calocasia esculenta) and Niu
● Polyculture Farming: Hawaiian agricultural systems often utilized
Kalo patches (wet or dry lo‘i) and diversified upland plantings with
Mai‘a or banana (Musa pudica), ‘Uala, and Kukui in integrated
systems
● Shifting Cultivation Practices: In some forested areas, ka‘a ‘āina
(shifting cultivation) may have occurred, where small patches were
cleared for planting and later left to regenerate
2. Gathering and Crafting
● Hala (Pandanus) Weaving: Leaves from Hala trees were gathered
and processed for weaving moena (mats), ‘ie (sails), baskets and
other cultural items. Gathering practices would have been guided
by protocols that respected the tree’s health
● Kukui Nut Harvesting: Kukui nuts were collected for oil, which was
used for light, medicine, and food preparation. The tree’s bark and
leaves were also used for dyes and traditional remedies
● Niu (Coconut) Harvesting: Niu provided materials for food, drink,
fibers, and tools, such as cups and ropes, contributing to the daily
life and ceremonies of the community
3. Forest Stewardship
● Maintaining Native and Polynesian-Introduced Plants: Kanaka
maoli likely tended to areas with culturally important plants like
Ka‘e‘e (a vine with ceremonial uses) and ‘ēkaha (bird’s nest fern) to
ensure their abundance for rituals and practical uses
● Selective Forest Clearing: Clearing forested areas for habitation
or agriculture was done with care, using traditional tools like ko‘i
(adzes) while preserving trees and plants that were ecologically or
spiritually important
● Planting Practices for Biodiversity: Kanaka maoli would likely
outplant significant species, including native trees (Alaheʻe, Lama,
16
and ‘Ōhi‘a) to maintain biodiversity and reinforce the land’s
resilience
4. Coastal and Marine Practices
● Tide Pool Harvesting: Tide pools along Waʻiele’s coastline would
have been a source of limu (seaweed), small fish, and crustaceans.
Harvesting practices were likely guided by the kaulana mahina
(lunar calendar), which dictated the best times for gathering to
ensure resource sustainability
● Fishing Practices with Cultural Protocols: Surrounding coastal
areas might have supported ko‘a (fishing shrines) and specific rules
about when and how fish could be caught. These practices ensured
healthy fish stocks and maintained balance in the ecosystem
5. Cultural and Spiritual Practices
● Ceremonial Use of Plants and Stones: Many plants in Waiʻele,
such as Hala, Kukui, and Ka‘e‘e, have ceremonial significance,
being used in blessings, lei-making, and offerings at heiau
(temples). Stones along the coastline may have been incorporated
into ko‘a or used in tool-making
● Sacred Protocols at Wahi Pana (Storied Places): Waʻiele’s
designation as a wahi pana suggests that rituals, storytelling, and
mele (chants) were likely practiced here to honor its sacred nature
and maintain the spiritual health of the land
6. Invasive Species Management and Ecological Maintenance
● Traditional Land Clearing Techniques: Fire and stone-wall
building was employed to manage the land and create boundaries
for cultivated areas, limiting the spread of invasive plants
● Targeted Gathering of Problematic Species: Plants, such as hau
a fast-growing species, would have been harvested for materials or
removed to maintain the health of native ecosystems
7. Water Resource Management
● Mālama Wai (Caring for Water): Springs, streams, and wetland
areas would have been carefully managed to ensure clean water
for agricultural and domestic use. Features like terraced walls may
17
have been present, with channels to divert water sources. Uli i ka
uli, healthy water in the mountains, means healthy water in
between and at the ocean
● Tide Pool Protection: The coastline’s tide pools likely required
ongoing stewardship to protect their integrity from overuse or
natural erosion
8. Community-Based Stewardship
● Transfer of Intergenerational Knowledge: Kūpuna (elders) teach
younger generations about the significance of plants, gathering and
planting practices and traditions, lunar cycles and harvesting and
ceremonial protocols which fosters a strong sense of kuleana
(responsibility) for the land
● Ahupua‘a-Based Management: Waiele is part of a larger
ahupua‘a system, the resources were shared and managed
collaboratively from the mountains (mauka) to the sea (makai).
Such systems balanced resource use and conservation.
9. Seasonal and Lunar-Based Practices
● Lunar Calendar Alignment: Many practices, such as planting,
fishing, and harvesting, were tied to the Hawaiian lunar calendar,
ensuring activities aligned with natural cycles for maximum
abundance and sustainability
● Seasonal Resource Management: Seasonal protocols may have
limited access to certain resources, allowing ecosystems to
replenish and recover during specific times of the year
By reviving and adapting these traditional biocultural practices, Waiʻele can
become a living classroom and an example of how cultural heritage and
ecological stewardship work together. Through thoughtful, community-led efforts,
Waʻiele can continue to thrive as both a wahi pana and a resource-rich
ecosystem.
● Historical significance
Waiʻele, a wahi pana (sacred and storied place), holds deep historical
significance rooted in the cultural, spiritual, and ecological practices of the
Kanaka maoli. Its location, natural resources, and archaeological features
18
provide insights into traditional Hawaiian lifeways and the adaptive strategies of
its people in Puna’s unique environment.
1. Cultural and Spiritual Importance
● Wahi Pana: Waiʻele is not just a physical space; it served as a
place where Kanaka maoli honored their connection to the land and
the deities associated with natural elements, particularly Kū (god of
war and fishing) and Lono (god of agriculture and peace)
● Ceremonial Practices: The presence of a kū‘ula (fishing shrine)
along the coastline highlights Waiʻele’s role in spiritual practices,
particularly in invoking success in fishing. Offerings and rituals
would have been conducted here to maintain harmony between
people and the ocean
● Seasonal and Lunar Observances: Waiʻele would have been a
site where people observed the changing seasons and moon
cycles to guide planting, harvesting, and ceremonial activities
2. Subsistence and Resource Use
Waiʻele’s landscape was integral to traditional subsistence practices:
● Agriculture: The rocky terrain of Puna made it ideal for cultivating
staple crops like ‘Uala and Ulu. Agricultural mounds and groves of
Ulu reflect a history of careful land stewardship
● Fishing and Coastal Activities: Waiʻele’s proximity to the ocean
supported fishing, gathering of marine resources, and the
construction of paths like the beachfront stone pathway to access
the shoreline
● Gathering, Crafting, Medicine: The abundance of culturally
significant plants, such as Hala, Kukui, Noni, and Niu, supported a
range of activities, including medicine, weaving, lei-making, and
crafting tools
3. Archaeological Legacy
Waiʻele is rich in archaeological sites that provide a window into the lives of its
early inhabitants:
● Kū‘ula Shrine: A fishing shrine dedicated to Kū underscores the
site’s role in ensuring abundance from the sea
19
● Stone Pathways: The large beach stone path suggests organized
access to the ocean for fishing and/or trade
● Other Sites: Additional archaeological features, such as agricultural
terraces and habitation sites, share that this was a once-thriving
community connected to both land and sea. The beach hosts
significant rocks that are found in sizes from small to large along
the shore. It is likely that there are hānau (birthing) rocks or rocks
that give birth to others.
4. Connection to Broader Hawaiian History
Waiʻele is part of the larger narrative of Puna’s historical significance:
● Adaptation to Environment: The region’s volcanic soil and rugged
coastline required ingenuity and adaptability, reflected in the
traditional agricultural practices and resource use at Waiʻele
● Trade and Exchange: While Kalo (taro) was more commonly
grown in upland areas, evidence suggests trade relationships
between Waiʻele and mauka (upland) regions, highlighting its role in
a broader network of resource exchange
● Impact of Colonization: Over time, changes in land use, the
introduction of invasive species, and disruptions to traditional
practices have impacted Waiʻele, making its preservation a critical
effort to honor and restore Hawaiian heritage
5. Ecological and Historical Resilience
The abundance of native and Polynesian-introduced plants at Waiʻele speaks to
the ecological harmony maintained by its early stewards. This resilience
underscores the importance of Waiʻele as a model of sustainable living, rooted in
a reciprocal relationship between people and the land.
Waiʻele stands as a testament to the ingenuity, spirituality, and resilience of the
Kanaka maoli. Its rich history, marked by traditional practices, sacred sites, and
ecological stewardship, offers invaluable lessons for contemporary conservation
and cultural revitalization. Preserving Waiʻele ensures that future generations can
continue to honor and learn from its profound historical and cultural legacy.
20
● Traditional Practices
Sustainable Resource Use
Kanaka maoli engaged in diverse practices that integrated their daily lives with
the environment, ensuring a harmonious relationship between people and the
land (‘āina). Waiʻele’s resources were used for:
● Farming: Staple crops such as Ulu and ʻUala were cultivated.
Agricultural mounds in the rocky terrain were likely utilized for
planting ‘Uala, a crop well-suited to Puna’s rugged landscape. Ulu
21
was also a common source of poi, a staple food in the area, and
the groves of Ulu at Waiʻele suggest its prominence
● Fishing and Gathering: The beachfront area was central to fishing
activities, supported by the presence of the kū‘ula dedicated to Kū,
the fishing god. Gathering of marine resources and harvesting of
limu would have complemented the diet
● Crafting and Medicine: Trees such as Kukui, Hala, Noni, and Hau
provided materials for crafting tools, lei-making, and medicine.
Kukui was particularly versatile, used for lighting, food, dyeing
fishnets, and making lei. Ti leaves were used in rituals, wrapping
food, and as coverings for structures
● Spiritual Practices: Ceremonial offerings (ho‘okupu) to deities, as
well as rituals connected to fishing, farming, and seasonal cycles,
would have taken place in Waiʻele. The presence of sacred sites
underscores the spiritual importance of this area
Plant and Resource Diversity
Waiʻele’s landscape features groves of culturally significant plants, including
Hala, Ulu, Niu, Kukui, Noni, and Hau. The overabundance of Hau indicates its
widespread use in crafting, such as for cordage and structures. Although Mai‘a
was not observed during the survey, it likely grew in the area, serving as a
significant food source and contributing to imu (underground oven) preparation
and mulching.
Archaeological Features
Waiʻele is home to many archaeological sites, including:
● Kū‘ula Shrine: A beachfront structure dedicated to Kū, used to
honor and ensure successful fishing endeavors
● Beach Stone Path: A large stone path located along the
southeastern boundary, used to access the ocean
● Many other sites include: walls, house sites, enclosures,
agricultural mounds and more
A comprehensive archaeological survey will identify these sites in depth. These
features are culturally significant and should be preserved. Restoration efforts
must ensure these sites are undisturbed and retain their historical and spiritual
integrity.
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Seasonal and Lunar Cycles
Traditional practices at Waiʻele followed the Hawaiian lunar calendar and
its two distinct seasons:
● Kau (Dry Season):
○ Timeframe: May to October.
○ Associated Deity: Kū, the god of war, farming, and fishing.
○ Activities: Planting and preparing the land for cultivation
occurred during Kau. The dry conditions allowed for
intensive farming and resource gathering.
● Ho‘oilo (Wet Season):
○ Timeframe: November to April.
○ Associated Deity: Lono, the god of agriculture, peace, and
harvest.
○ Activities: Makahiki ceremonies celebrate abundance and
gratitude. This was a time of peace, during which war was
forbidden, and the best harvests were offered to Lono.
The changing of seasons was marked by the rising of the constellation
Makali‘i (Pleiades) in November, signaling the start of the Makahiki
season.
Waiʻele represents a vital connection to the traditional knowledge and practices
of Kanaka maoli. By honoring the cultural and spiritual importance of the land
and its resources, restoration efforts can ensure Waiʻele remains a thriving
ecosystem and a testament to Hawaiian heritage. Preservation of its sacred sites
and integration of traditional practices will serve as a model for sustainable and
culturally aware natural resource management.
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Tidepool at the shoreline of Waiʻele
4. Environmental Pressures and Threats
Waiʻele faces numerous environmental pressures and threats. These pressures stem
from invasive species and human activities, both of which have negatively impacted the
area’s natural resources, ecosystems, and cultural integrity. This report provides an
analysis of these threats and recommendations for their management and mitigation.
Invasive Species
● Identification and Impact Assessment
Invasive species pose one of the greatest threats to Waiʻele's ecological health.
Key species of concern include:
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1. Invasive Plant Species
○ Large-Scale Invasives:
■ Cecropia, Macaranga, Melochia, and Gunpowder dominate
large areas of the forest, reducing native biodiversity and
these species need immediate attention
○ Other Detrimental Plants:
■ Banyan, Rose apple, and Koster's curse were observed and
are contributing to ecosystem degradation. Focusing on the
removal of these species is advised to prevent further
spread
2. Invasive Animal Species
○ Queensland Longhorn Beetle (Acalolepta aesthetica)
■ Documented in the forest (Rathbun & Stein, 2024), this
beetle is particularly harmful to culturally significant plants
such as Ulu and Kukui, which serve as host plants.
Controlling this beetle is crucial to preserve these species
○ Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa)
■ Though no pigs were directly encountered during the survey,
evidence of their presence was observed. Feral pigs disrupt
native ecosystems by:
■ Consuming native plants and spreading invasive
seeds
■ Digging and uprooting culturally significant flora,
causing soil erosion and compaction
○ Little Fire Ants (LFA) (Wasmannia auropunctata)
■ Present at Waiʻele (Rathbun & Stein, 2024), these ants
disrupt ecosystems by altering habitats and threatening flora
and fauna. LFA also poses a threat to humans that will be
conducting work in Waiʻele. Current control efforts are being
conducted on Waiʻele, but the extensive 158-acre property
makes comprehensive management challenging
Management Recommendations
An invasive species management plan should:
● Address the control of species like Macaranga, Cecropia, and Gunpowder
while protecting native vegetation and groundwater
● Implement biocontrol and chemical treatments cautiously to avoid harming
the ecosystem
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Assessment of Human Activities and the Impacts
Human activities have significantly altered Waiʻele’s landscape and ecosystems.
These activities include:
1. Agricultural Practices
○ Historic agriculture likely contributed to habitat fragmentation. The
introduction of invasive crops and techniques incompatible with
traditional stewardship has altered soil health and plant
communities
2. Tourism and Recreation
○ Ocean Access and Forest Use
■ Activities such as fishing, gathering, and spiritual practices
are culturally significant but must be balanced with
conservation needs
■ Recreation of Waiʻele is not monitored and a plan for
regulated access should be developed
○ Negative Impacts:
■ Evidence of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) trails, rubbish left
behind, and forest access for unsustainable Kukui gathering
indicate human-induced degradation
3. Community and Conservation Efforts
○ Activities such as beach clean-ups and cultural ceremonies help
preserve Waiʻele’s cultural and environmental integrity. However,
without clear guidelines and education, these efforts can
inadvertently contribute to habitat disruption
Recommendations
● Education and Outreach:
○ Develop community programs to teach visitors and residents
about Waiʻele’s cultural and ecological significance
● Regulated Access:
○ Establish designated access points and trails for ocean and
forest activities to minimize ecological disruption
● Cultural Integration:
○ Partner with local communities to incorporate traditional
ecological knowledge (TEK) into land management
practices.
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Waiʻele faces substantial pressures from invasive species and human activities
that threaten its natural resources and cultural heritage. Through targeted
invasive species management and regulated human activity, Waiʻele can be
restored and protected. Balancing ecological restoration with cultural practices
will ensure Waiʻele remains a thriving ecosystem and a site of spiritual and
cultural significance for future generations.
This report underscores the urgency of addressing these challenges and calls for
collaborative efforts between conservationists, cultural practitioners, and the local
community to ensure the sustainability of Waiʻele.
● Analysis of land-use changes and their effects on natural habitats
Waiʻele has undergone considerable land-use changes over time. These
transformations, shaped by shifts in cultural practices, colonization, urbanization,
and invasive species proliferation, have had significant impacts on its natural
habitats.
Historical Land-Use Changes
1. Traditional Hawaiian Practices (Pre-Contact Era)
○ Sustainable Stewardship: Early Kanaka maoli (Native Hawaiians)
managed Waiʻele using techniques that maintained ecological
balance. Agriculture, fishing, and gathering were conducted in
harmony with the seasons, lunar calendar, and local ecosystems.
Crops like ‘uala and Ulu were cultivated, while coastal resources
were harvested sustainably
○ Habitat Preservation: Native and Hawaiian-culturally significant
forests of Hala, Kukui, and Niu were maintained, and native
undergrowth provided habitat for endemic species. This careful
land stewardship ensured Waiʻele’s ecological integrity
2. Post-Contact Era (Colonial and Plantation Influence)
○ Introduction of Invasive Species: The arrival of Europeans and
Americans brought invasive plants (Macaranga sp., Schinus
terebinthifolia, Cecropia obtusifolia) and animals (feral pigs, rats,
and cattle), disrupting native habitats
○ Land Conversion: Portions of Waiʻele and surrounding areas were
likely altered for plantation agriculture or grazing, leading to soil
erosion, deforestation, and displacement of native species
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○ Decline in Traditional Practices: The suppression of Hawaiian
culture and resource management systems led to the abandonment
of sustainable practices that had protected the land
3. Modern Developments (20th–21st Century)
○ Urbanization and Fragmentation: Increased development in
Puna, including roads, housing, and tourism infrastructure, has
fragmented ecosystems, reducing habitat connectivity for native
species
○ Overgrowth of Invasives: Without active management, invasive
plants like Macaranga tanarius, Melochia umbellata, and Passiflora
laurifolia have outcompeted native vegetation, altering the
composition and structure of Waiʻele’s ecosystems
Effects on Natural Habitats
1. Loss of Native Forests
○ Deforestation: Conversion of land for agriculture, grazing, and
development has resulted in the loss of native trees such as Kukui
and Hala, reducing critical habitats for endemic species
○ Altered Forest Composition: Invasive plant species now
dominate many areas, reducing biodiversity and the availability of
traditional resources
2. Soil Erosion and Degradation
○ Clearing of vegetation and the overuse of land have led to soil
erosion, particularly on Waiʻele’s rocky coastal areas, impacting
plant regrowth
○ Feral pigs are known to have negative impacts on soil erosion and
degrade the forests understory
3. Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems
○ Disturbance of Tide Pools: Increased human activity and runoff
have altered coastal habitats, affecting marine life that depends on
tide pools
○ Increased Vulnerability to Climate Change: Habitat degradation
has reduced the coastline’s resilience to sea level rise and storm
surges
4. Displacement of Native Fauna
○ Loss of Habitat for Native Birds and Insects: Native forests once
provided food and shelter for species like ‘apapane and ‘ōpe‘ape‘a
(Hawaiian hoary bat). Habitat loss has contributed to population
declines
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○ Spread of Predators and Competitors: The introduction of feral
pigs, rats, and mongoose has placed additional pressure on native
fauna, particularly ground-nesting birds and endemic invertebrates
Recommendations for Mitigating Effects
1. Restoration of Native Habitats
○ Replant native and Polynesian-introduced species, such as Ulu,
Hala, and Kukui, Niu, Noni to restore Waiʻele’s ecological and
cultural balance
2. Control of Invasive Species
○ Implement management strategies such as targeted removal of
invasive plants like Macaranga sp. and Cecropia
3. Soil and Coastal Protection
○ Use traditional Hawaiian techniques, such as planting ti and other
stabilizing plants, to prevent erosion and protect coastal areas.
○ Monitor and maintain tide pools to preserve their ecological function
4. Community Engagement
○ Foster partnerships with local Hawaiian communities to incorporate
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) into land management
○ Encourage cultural practices, such as forest gathering, hula and
fishing rituals, that promote stewardship and connection to the land
5. Long-Term Monitoring
○ Establish regular assessments of invasive species, habitat health,
and resource use to guide adaptive management efforts
The land-use changes at Waiʻele reflect a shift from sustainable, culturally integrated
practices to extractive and invasive processes. Restoring Waiʻele requires a balance of
ecological science and traditional Hawaiian knowledge to heal the land, honor its
cultural significance, and ensure its resilience for future generations. Through proactive
management, Waiʻele can once again thrive as a living landscape that supports both
natural ecosystems and cultural heritage.
5. Conservation and Management Recommendations
Recommendations for Preservation and Restoration
1. Preservation of Archaeological Sites
○ Conduct an archaeological survey to identify the sites at Waiʻele.
Protect and maintain the kū‘ula shrine, stone paths, walls, house
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sites, and other significant structures. Avoid activities that may alter
or detract from their cultural significance.
2. Restoration of Native Plants
○ Promote the outplanting of native and Polynesian-introduced
species such as Ulu, Kukui, Ohiaʻai and Mai‘a while managing the
overgrowth of Hau and invasive plants
○ Identify methods of protection in areas where rare and endangered
species are present
○ Remove invasive species such as Cecropia, Gunpowder,
Macaranga, Banyan, Kosterʻs curse
3. Cultural Revitalization
○ Incorporate traditional farming and fishing practices into
management strategies to reconnect the community with cultural
heritage
○ Encourage educational programs and ceremonies that honor
traditional Hawaiian knowledge and practices
4. Priority Areas for Conservation
○ Identification of key areas that require immediate conservation
efforts, such as habitats of endangered species or culturally
significant sites
5. Sustainable Practices
○ Recommendations for sustainable land and resource management
practices that align with both environmental preservation and
community needs
1. Manage agricultural crops such as Ulu, Kukui, Niu, and
Mango
2. Plant Native and Hawaiian culturally-significant plant species
that are consistent with the archaeological landscape
6. Restoration Efforts
○ Suggested strategies for ecological restoration of degraded areas,
such as reforestation, invasive species removal, or wetland
restoration
○ Inventory archaeological sites and preserve or restore areas per
the decisions of the lineal descendants of the area
7. Community Involvement
○ Develop plans for engaging the local community in conservation
efforts, including education, volunteer programs, and traditional
knowledge integration
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● Baseline Data Establishment:
○ Creation of a baseline for ongoing monitoring of natural resources,
including indicators for ecosystem health, species populations, and water
quality. Use the botanical survey and natural resources assessment as a
basis to identify priority areas and methods of management
● Monitoring Programs:
○ Design of long-term monitoring programs to track changes in the
environment, the effectiveness of conservation efforts, and emerging
threats
6. Adaptive Management Approach
● Recommendations for an adaptive management approach that allows for flexible
responses to new information or changing conditions. Use the Waiʻele Steering
committee to guide this process
Outline of Adaptive Management for Waiʻele
1. Introduction to Adaptive Management
● Define adaptive management as a structured, iterative process of robust
decision-making in the face of uncertainty
● Emphasize its relevance for addressing the dynamic ecological and
cultural challenges at Waiʻele
2. Core Principles of Adaptive Management
● Learning by Doing: Treating management actions as experiments to
refine future strategies
● Flexibility: Adjusting actions based on new data, ecological feedback,
and cultural input
● Stakeholder Involvement: Engaging community members, cultural
practitioners, scientists, and policymakers in all stages of planning and
implementation.
3. Key Components of the Adaptive Management Plan
A. Assessment and Baseline Data Collection
● Conduct comprehensive inventories of flora, fauna, archaeological
sites, and land use patterns.
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● Monitor invasive species and environmental conditions (e.g.,
rainfall, erosion, soil health).
● Document cultural practices and historical narratives tied to Waiʻele.
B. Goal Setting
● Define clear, measurable objectives for ecological restoration and
cultural preservation.
○ Examples: Reduce invasive plant cover by 50% within 5
years; replant 10 acres with native and culturally significant
species.
C. Implementation of Initial Management Actions
● Launch initial projects based on baseline data and input from
stakeholders:
○ Invasive species control (mechanical removal, biocontrol,
fencing).
○ Restoration planting with culturally significant species like
hala, ulu, and kukui.
○ Preservation efforts for archaeological sites and coastal
erosion mitigation.
D. Monitoring and Evaluation
● Establish a robust monitoring framework to assess the
effectiveness of actions:
○ Track changes in species composition, water quality, and
soil stability.
○ Use GPS mapping to track invasive species removal and
restoration planting progress.
● Regularly collect and analyze ecological and cultural data.
E. Adjustments and Revisions
● Use monitoring data to identify successes, challenges, and
unforeseen impacts.
● Adapt strategies to address new threats, opportunities, or
knowledge:
○ Example: If invasive species control methods harm native
plants, modify techniques.
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○ Example: Expand cultural engagement efforts if feedback
suggests greater community involvement is needed.
F. Stakeholder Engagement and Feedback Loop
● Host regular meetings with lineal descendants, cultural
practitioners, scientists, and local stakeholders.
● Encourage feedback on management actions and incorporate
cultural insights into decision-making.
4. Recommendations for Adaptive Management at Waiʻele
● Integrate Cultural Practices: Align ecological restoration with traditional
knowledge and known biocultural practices
● Foster Research Partnerships: Collaborate with universities and
conservation organizations to refine management practices
● Ensure Flexibility in Funding and Resources: Develop grant proposals
and partnerships to allow adjustments as priorities shift
● Implement Education Programs: Train volunteers and stakeholders on
adaptive management principles
7. Conclusion
● Summary of Key Findings:
○ Overview of the most critical natural resources, threats, and
conservation priorities identified in the assessment.
Critical Natural Resources
● Culturally Significant Plant Species:
Waiʻele hosts groves of hala (Pandanus tectorius), kukui (Aleurites
moluccanus), ulu (Artocarpus altilis), and niu (coconut), as well as other
significant species like noni (Morinda citrifolia), green ti (Cordyline
fruticosa), and the ʻekaha fern (Asplenium nidus). These plants are vital to
traditional Hawaiian biocultural practices and provide essential resources
for food, medicine, and crafts
● Marine and Coastal Features:
The property includes a bay with tide pools, a shoreline of waterworn
stones, and significant archaeological features, such as habitation sites,
walls, structures and a Kūʻula fishing shrine. These elements are critical to
cultural heritage and ecological balance ● Freshwater and Soil
Resources:
33
Fertile loamy and cinder-rich soils across the property offer potential for
agricultural use. While no freshwater sources were observed during the
survey, a well reported by descendants may exist
Threats to Natural Resources
● Invasive Species:
○ Flora: Cecropia, gunpowder, melochia, macaranga, rose apple, and
Kosterʻs curse dominate parts of the forest, threatening native and
culturally significant plants
○ Fauna: Feral pigs and invasive insects, such as the
Queensland longhorn beetle and Little Fire Ant (LFA), pose risks to forest
integrity and ecosystem health ● Human Activities:
○ Evidence of resource gathering, trail use, and rubbish left behind by
visitors has disrupted the forest's balance
○ Unmanaged access to the beach and archaeological sites risks
damaging these culturally and ecologically significant areas ● Coastal
Erosion:
The beachfront is at risk of erosion due to wave action and seasonal
swells, potentially impacting the shoreline ecosystem and archaeological
features
Conservation Priorities
1. Restoration and Preservation:
○ Protect and restore groves of Hala,Kukui, Niu, and Ulu while
addressing invasive species management
○ Preserve significant archaeological sites, including stone walls,
fishing shrines, and burial structures
2. Invasive Species Management:
○ Implement strategies to control and remove invasive trees
(cecropia, gunpowder, etc.) and shrubs (Kosterʻs curse)
○ Monitor and manage threats posed by the Queensland longhorn
beetle, Little Fire Ant, and feral pigs
3. Sustainable Land Use:
○ Dedicate coastal areas and significant archaeological zones to
conservation efforts
○ Develop sustainable agricultural practices in upper sections,
focusing on native and Polynesian-introduced species
4. Community and Cultural Engagement
34
○ Collaborate with lineal descendants and cultural practitioners to
ensure management plans align with traditional practices
○ Promote community education and stewardship to reduce human
impact on natural and cultural resources
This summary highlights Waiʻele's ecological and cultural importance while addressing
key threats and outlining actionable priorities for conservation and sustainable
management.
● Call to Action
Waiʻele is a place of immense ecological, cultural, and historical significance that
requires our collective effort to protect, restore, and honor its natural and cultural
heritage. The findings of this assessment highlight the urgent need for coordinated
action to address threats, preserve native ecosystems, and uphold the traditional
biocultural practices that have defined Waiʻele for generations.
We call upon stakeholders, including community members, cultural practitioners,
conservation organizations, and government agencies, to take part in safeguarding
Waiʻele’s unique resources. Together, we can ensure that this land continues to provide
for future generations while maintaining its integrity as a place of cultural and ecological
harmony.
Immediate Actions Needed
1. Invasive Species Management:
Develop and implement a targeted plan to remove invasive plants and animals,
protecting Waiʻele’s native and culturally significant species.
2. Preservation of Archaeological Sites:
Map, document, and restore archaeological sites while ensuring their protection
from human and environmental impacts.
3. Restoration of Ecosystems:
Focus on replanting and fostering the growth of hala, kukui, ulu, and other
culturally significant plants, supporting traditional practices and ecological health.
4. Community Engagement:
Build partnerships with lineal descendants and cultural practitioners to guide
management decisions and foster a sense of shared responsibility.
How You Can Contribute
● Volunteer: Join restoration efforts, invasive species removal initiatives, and
cultural site preservation projects.
35
● Advocate: Support policies and programs that prioritize conservation and
cultural preservation at Waiʻele.
● Educate: Share knowledge about Waiʻele’s importance with others to inspire
collective stewardship.
● Collaborate: Work with local organizations, schools, and cultural groups to
create a sustainable future for Waiʻele.
A Commitment to the Future
The preservation of Waiʻele is not just a task—it is a kuleana (responsibility) that we all
share. By acting now, we honor the legacy of the land, its people, and its traditions,
ensuring that Waiʻele thrives as a symbol of balance and harmony for generations to
come.
Let us come together to mālama ʻāina (care for the land) and uphold the spirit of Waiʻele
as a place of resilience, abundance, and deep cultural connection.
Role of the Waiʻele Steering Committee in Implementing the Natural
Resources Assessment
1. Oversight and Governance
● Provide leadership and guidance in aligning the natural resource assessment
with Waiʻele's broader conservation and cultural goals.
● Act as a decision-making body to ensure priorities are set based on community
values, ecological needs, and historical significance.
● Establish clear objectives and timelines for implementing recommendations from
the assessment.
2. Stakeholder Coordination
● Serve as a liaison between key stakeholders, including:
○ Lineal descendants and cultural practitioners.
○ Environmental scientists and ecologists.
○ Local government and conservation organizations.
○ Volunteers and community members.
● Facilitate ongoing communication to integrate diverse perspectives into
management actions.
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3. Implementation of Recommendations
● Oversee the execution of the recommendations outlined in the natural resource
assessment, including:
○ Invasive Species Control: Approve and monitor removal strategies for
invasive plants and animals.
○ Habitat Restoration: Guide efforts to reintroduce and nurture native and
culturally significant species.
○ Cultural Site Preservation: Ensure culturally significant sites are
protected and restored in alignment with traditional values.
4. Adaptive Management Leadership
● Use an adaptive management framework to guide decision-making:
○ Evaluate the effectiveness of implemented actions through regular
progress reports.
○ Adjust strategies based on ecological monitoring, community feedback,
and emerging challenges.
● Develop and refine long-term conservation goals as new data or opportunities
arise.
5. Community Engagement and Education
● Organize outreach efforts to educate the public about Waiʻele's natural and
cultural significance.
● Encourage active participation in conservation efforts through volunteer
programs and community events.
● Create opportunities for knowledge-sharing sessions that integrate traditional
Hawaiian practices with modern ecological science.
6. Funding and Resource Mobilization
● Identify and pursue funding opportunities to support conservation and restoration
activities.
● Ensure resources are allocated efficiently and transparently to address key
priorities.
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7. Reporting and Accountability
● Regularly report progress to stakeholders and the community through updates,
public meetings, and published materials.
● Uphold transparency and accountability in decision-making and resource
management.
The Waiʻele Steering Committee will act as the backbone of this effort, ensuring that
conservation practices honor the cultural and ecological integrity of Waiʻele while
fostering community involvement and sustainable stewardship.
Special Mahalo
Ke Aloha ʻAina Foundation, LLC would like to thank Fred Aiona, Makani Gregg and
Michael Kyser Jr. for their work they contributed to this project. The area of Waiʻele is
special to many ʻohana of this region. The ecology and archaeology of Waiʻele that our
group encountered is significant and these natural and cultural resources need to be
protected, enhanced and managed for the generations to come. We hope that the
information provided will help to guide the management decisions for Waiʻele that will
allow for the biocultural practices that were once thriving in this village to be revived
once again.
7. Appendices
Rathburn, John, William Stein (2024). Vegetation Analysis and Botanical Survey,
Waiʻele, Hawaiʻi, Technical report.
Sherrod, David R., John M. Sinton, Sarah E. Watkins, and Kelly M. Brunt (2021).
Geologic map of the State of Hawaii. USGS Numbered Series Scientific Investigations
Map 3143. USGS Publications Warehouse and Volcano Science Center, doi:
10.3133/sim3143.
38
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Additional Information
1. Description of Proposed Development: This stewardship work will not involve construction of
any structures or creation of new paths or trails on the property. The work being done is to
maintain and preserve these parcels and protect the cultural sites and native species from
invasive non-native plants and animal species. The only human-built features on the properties
are remnants of rock walls, historic access trail crossing the properties mauka to makai, and
additional cultural sites such as burials and food storage rock structures. More will be
determined once the archaeological study is completed.
2. The objective of this project is to preserve these historic properties which were part of the
island’s first settlements by Polynesians arriving from the S. Pacific. In doing so, we have formed
an initial Steering Committee composed of lineal descendants to guide the preservation and
maintenance of the property. The Steering Committee is tasked with developing a replicable
model to integrate native Hawaiian practices into the stewardship management plans for coastal
properties of significance.
3. a. As mentioned only remains of rock walls and an historic trail are present on the properties. All
of the acreage is being maintained by removing invasive plant species and in-planting with
natives, keeping the border treated to prevent a LFA incursion, and an ungulate barrier fence on
the borders of the property with the exception of the border along the ocean.
b. The parcel to the north of the Wai’ele known as the Kahu’wai owned by Bishop
Estates/Kamehameha Schools (KSBE) and is the site of one of the oldest village complexes in
Hawaii. KSBE has stewards hired to protect, maintain and preserve the property. On the south
border of the Waiele are privately held parcels without substantial development.
c. This parcel is under the PONC program and subject to its goals and objectives. All Stewardship
activities are approved in compliance with the allowed actions under the Stewardship program.
d. The project will have little impact on the surrounding properties and community as for years
the surrounding community has assisted in marine debris clean-ups and has quietly worked to
preserve the integrity of the native vegetation on these parcels.
e. The biggest impact on the property of late has been damage by feral pigs. While constructing
ungulate fencing along the southern border will be challenging, due to the fact that the historic
trail meanders on to the adjacent 10-acre undeveloped parcel owned by Coleman Ohia, it is
needed. Thus, a land survey and the archaeological study will need to be done before
constructing fencing on or inside the borders to prevent obstructing the historic trail.
f. Given the lack of truck access, alternatives to feral pig incursions are limited. Giving
permission to hunters to shoot or otherwise kill pigs would invite unwanted damage to plant
species; some of which are rare and/or threatened. It could compromise cultural sites. Thus, for
the long term protection of the properties, construction of fencing is the best option.
g. The proposed stewardship actions do not constitute irreversible or irretrievable commitment
of resources but are intended to protect and nurture the existing resources.
4. a. Given the objectives of stewardship on the PONC properties, the proposed activities are
aligned with preserving the cultural, historic and natural resources on the land. The Kahuwai
managed by KSBE has established a permission system such that native Hawaiian cultural
practitioners can access that gated property. A similar system will be established at the Wai’ele.
b. These stewardship activities, along with the model for cultural management being
developed by the Steering Committee will improve access for those exercising
c. Conducting the botanical and archaeological studies will assist in the preservation of
valued cultural, historical and natural resources on the properties.
5. a. Under the stewardship program, access to the property for recreational activities that respect
and honor the cultural and historic legacy of the properties will be provided.
b. Historic resources will be identified by the archaeological study and through the assistance of
Steering Committee members who are also lineal descendants of the properties.
c. This properly was purchased by the County under the PONC program to allow preservation
and maintenance of scenic and open space resources.
d. The Stewardship work will maintain access from the nearest roadway (Government Beach
Road) to the ocean along a historic trail. Keeping this trail maintained allows community
members to access the coastal areas for fishing and collection of marine species, while also
allowing for marine debris clean-ups to occur on a regular basis.
e. The native species growing on the properties may provide seed/cuttings for preservation of
area specific species such as breadfruit and other food bearing plants that have been bred to
thrive in the coastal Puna climate. As such there could possibly be an economic opportunity to
grow on these special species to provide to other coastal properties that are being restored to
original native species.
f. The beach area of the Wai’ele is prone to storm surges and coastal erosion due to sea level
rise, but there is no built environment on the properties and no human inhabitants so the
coastal hazards associated with storms and hurricanes may damage the natural resources only.
Application attachments:
1. Is the filing fee of $50 required when the property is owned by the County of Hawaii? Malama O
Puna will provide a check for that amount if so.
2. A certified Shoreline Survey for this property is not available. Given this property as owned by
the County of Hawaii and acquired as open space, it will not be developed as a residential or
commercial property. Malama O Puna is requesting that the Planning Director waive this
requirement.
3. As there is no planned development for the properties, maps of the two parcels provide an
adequate view of the parcels. Online aerial views are available through the Planning
Department’s webpage and show a densely forested property. As explained earlier, the historic
access trail from the Government Beach Road to the ocean along the southern border may not
be fully aligned with the property borders, but that will be determined by a land survey as
applied for in the FY 2024-25 Stewardship grant once the application is approved by County
Council and a contract let to Malama O Puna.
4. There is historic access along the coastline that connects the Wai’ele to the properties to the
north along the coast. The coastal access to the south exists across a few private parcels until
you reach the 1960 lava flow where those portions of the coastal trail were covered by lava. One
can still access the properties along there coastal accesses, although that trail is not maintained
and not easy to traverse. In most cases, individuals wishing to access the Wai’ele beach area do
so by negotiating the historic trail from the Government Beach Road to the ocean.
5. N/A