HomeMy WebLinkAboutGeneral Plan 2045 Final Draft 2_June2025County of Hawaiʻi
GENERAL PLAN 2045
Planning for a Sustainable Future
Final Recommended Draft
July 2024
DRAFT 2
Acknowledgements | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Acknowledgements
County Agencies
Aging
CDP Action Committees
Civil Defense
Corporation Counsel
County Council
Environmental Mgmt. (Solid
Waste & Wastewater)
Finance
Fire
Housing & Community Devel.
Leeward Planning Commission
Mass Transit
Mayor & Managing Director
Parks & Recreation
Planning
Police
Prosecuting Attorney
Public Works
Research & Development
Water Supply
Windward Planning
Commission
State Agencies
Climate Change Mitigation &
Adaptation Commission
Dept. of Agriculture
Dept. of Health
Dept. of Hawaiian Home Lands
Dept. of Land & Natural
Resources Dept. of Transportation
Energy Office
Hawaiʻi Emergency
Management Agency
Hawaiʻi Housing Finance &
Development Corp.
Office of Planning &
Sustainable Development
Transit Oriented Development
Council
University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo
University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa
Federal Agencies
Dept. of Housing & Urban
Devel.
Environmental Protection
Agency
Federal Housing Assoc.
Forest Service
National Park Service & Ala
Kahakai
Consultants
(research & analysis)
City Explained
Clarion Associates
Dept. of Urban & Regional
Planning (UHM)
Focused Planning Solutions
Munekiyo Hiraga
Placeways
Planning Consultants Hawaiʻi
Smart Growth America
SMS Hawaiʻi Research &
Marketing
2
Table of Contents | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table of Contents
1.Introduction __________________________________________________________ 24
1.1 Purpose and Authority of the General Plan _____________________________ 27
1.2 History of the Plan ________________________________________________ 28
1.3 Planning Process __________________________________________________ 29
1.4 Sustainability Principles and Practices _________________________________ 31
1.5 County Planning System and General Plan Framework ____________________ 32
1.6 Grounded Vision and Goals _________________________________________ 34
2.Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship ______________________________________ 36
2.1 Introduction _____________________________________________________ 37
2.2 Biocultural Stewardship Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions _____________ 40
2.3 Natural Beauty Sites _______________________________________________ 49
3.Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health ___________________________ 55
3.1 Introduction _____________________________________________________ 56
3.2 Climate Change Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions ____________________ 68
4.Sustainable Development and Resilient Communities _________________________ 72
4.1 Land Use ________________________________________________________ 73
4.1.1 Introduction ________________________________________________ 74
4.1.2 Land Use Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions ____________________ 79
4.1.3 Overview of Land Use Designations and Maps _____________________ 83
4.1.4 Urban Growth Areas __________________________________________ 86
4.1.5 Rural ______________________________________________________ 97
4.1.6 Agriculture _________________________________________________ 100
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility ___________________________________ 103
4.2.1 Introduction ________________________________________________ 104
4.2.2 Transportation Goal, Objective, Policies, and Actions ________________ 108
4.2.3 Active Living Corridors and Public Access __________________________ 110
4.2.4 Mass Transit ________________________________________________ 113
4.2.5 Roadways __________________________________________________ 115
4.2.6 Transportation Terminals: Airports and Harbors ____________________ 122
4.3 Public Utilities ____________________________________________________ 124
4.3.1 Introduction ________________________________________________ 125
4.3.2 Public Utilities Goal, Objective, Policies, and Actions _________________ 130
3
Table of Contents | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.3 Drinking Water Conservation ___________________________________ 131
4.3.4 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse _______________________________ 135
4.3.5 Stormwater Infiltration and Green Infrastructure ___________________ 140
4.3.6 Electricity and Renewable Energy _______________________________ 144
4.3.7 Telecommunications and Broadband Connectivity __________________ 147
4.4 Public Facilities and Services ________________________________________ 151
4.4.1 Introduction ________________________________________________ 152
4.4.2 Public Facilities and Services Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions ____ 155
4.4.3 Protective Services ___________________________________________ 156
4.4.4 Solid Waste Management _____________________________________ 161
4.4.5 Education __________________________________________________ 164
4.4.6 Recreation __________________________________________________ 168
4.4.7 Community Health and Wellness ________________________________ 175
4.5 Housing for All ___________________________________________________ 178
4.5.1 Introduction ________________________________________________ 179
4.5.2 Housing Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions _____________________ 182
4.6 Integrated Systems ________________________________________________ 186
4.6.1 Introduction ________________________________________________ 187
4.6.2 Integrated Systems Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions ____________ 188
5.Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy ________________________________ 191
5.1 Introduction _____________________________________________________ 192
5.2 Economic Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions ________________________ 197
5.3 Agriculture and Food Systems _______________________________________ 201
5.4 Visitor Industry ___________________________________________________ 209
6.Implementation and Monitoring __________________________________________ 214
6.1 Introduction _____________________________________________________ 215
6.2 County Planning System ____________________________________________ 216
6.3 Capital Improvements Program ______________________________________ 220
6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation __________________________________________ 221
7.References ___________________________________________________________ 256
8.Policy Maps __________________________________________________________ 264
4
List of Tables, Figures, and Maps | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
List of Tables
Table 1: Biocultural Stewardship Challenges _________________________________________________ 38
Table 2: Biocultural Stewardship Opportunities ______________________________________________ 39
Table 3: Natural Beauty Sites – District of Puna ______________________________________________ 49
Table 4: Natural Beauty Sites – District of South Hilo __________________________________________ 49
Table 5: Natural Beauty Sites – District of North Hilo __________________________________________ 51
Table 6: Natural Beauty Sites – District of Hāmākua ___________________________________________ 51
Table 7: Natural Beauty Sites – District of North Kohala ________________________________________ 51
Table 8: Natural Beauty Sites – District of South Kohala ________________________________________ 52
Table 9: Natural Beauty Sites – District of North Kona _________________________________________ 53
Table 10: Natural Beauty Sites – District of South Kona _________________________________________ 53
Table 11: Natural Beauty Sites - District of Kaʻū _______________________________________________ 54
Table 12: Climate Mitigation Challenges _____________________________________________________ 64
Table 13: Climate Adaptation Challenges ____________________________________________________ 65
Table 14: Climate Mitigation Opportunities __________________________________________________ 66
Table 15: Climate Adaptation Opportunities __________________________________________________ 67
Table 16: Land Use Key Trends ____________________________________________________________ 76
Table 17: Land Use Challenges ____________________________________________________________ 77
Table 18: Land Use Opportunities __________________________________________________________ 78
Table 19: General Plan Land Use Designations and Maps________________________________________ 84
Table 20: Urban Standard Guidelines – TOD __________________________________________________ 91
Table 21: Urban Standard Guidelines – TND __________________________________________________ 92
Table 22: Urban Standard Guidelines – Urban Neighborhood Center ______________________________ 93
Table 23: Urban Standard Guidelines – Industrial Center ________________________________________ 94
Table 24: Urban Standard Guidelines – Criteria for Industrial Land Conversion to
Commercial/Mixed-Use __________________________________________________________ 95
Table 25: Urban Standard Guidelines – Resort Area ____________________________________________ 96
Table 26: Rural Neighborhood Standard Guidelines ____________________________________________ 99
Table 27: Transportation Key Trends _______________________________________________________ 105
Table 28: Transportation Challenges ________________________________________________________ 106
Table 29: Transportation Opportunities _____________________________________________________ 107
Table 30: Public Access Spacing Standards ___________________________________________________ 112
Table 31: Mass Transit Level of Service Standards _____________________________________________ 114
Table 32: County Street Typology Definitions _________________________________________________ 121
Table 33: Public Utilities Challenges ________________________________________________________ 126
Table 34: Public Utilities Opportunities ______________________________________________________ 128
Table 35: Water System Standards Domestic Consumption Guidelines _____________________________ 134
Table 36: Public Facilities and Services Challenges _____________________________________________ 153
Table 37: Public Facilities and Services Opportunities __________________________________________ 154
Table 38: Protective Services Level of Service Standards ________________________________________ 160
Table 39: Park Standards _________________________________________________________________ 173
Table 40: Affordable Housing Standard Guidelines _____________________________________________ 185
Table 41: Economic Key Trends ____________________________________________________________ 193
5
List of Tables, Figures, and Maps | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 42: Economic Challenges ____________________________________________________________ 195
Table 43: Economic Opportunities _________________________________________________________ 196
Table 44: Indicators – Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship _____________________________________ 224
Table 45: Indicators – Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health __________________________ 225
Table 46: Indicators – Land Use ____________________________________________________________ 225
Table 47: Indicators – Transportation Access and Mobility ______________________________________ 226
Table 48: Indicators – Public Utilities _______________________________________________________ 227
Table 49: Indicators – Public Facilities and Services ____________________________________________ 227
Table 50: Indicators – Housing for All _______________________________________________________ 228
Table 51: Indicators – Integrated Systems ___________________________________________________ 229
Table 52: Indicators – Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy ______________________________ 229
Table 53: Implementation Table – Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship ___________________________ 232
Table 54: Implementation Table – Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health ________________ 235
Table 55: Implementation Table – Land Use __________________________________________________ 236
Table 56: Implementation Table – Transportation Access and Mobility ____________________________ 239
Table 57: Implementation Table – Public Utilities ______________________________________________ 241
Table 58: Implementation Table – Public Facilities and Services __________________________________ 244
Table 59: Implementation Table – Housing for All _____________________________________________ 249
Table 60: Implementation Table – Integrated Systems __________________________________________ 251
Table 61: Implementation Table – Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy _____________________ 251
List of Figures
Figure 1: Timeline of Hawaiʻi County Long-Range Plans _________________________________________ 29
Figure 2: Comprehensive Review Process ___________________________________________________ 30
Figure 3: County Planning System _________________________________________________________ 32
Figure 4: Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Hawaiʻi ________________________________ 57
Figure 5: Hawaiʻi County Sector Overview of MTCO2e for Years 2005, 2015, and 2017 ________________ 58
Figure 6: Layers of Land Use Planning ______________________________________________________ 75
Figure 7: Modal Hierarchy _______________________________________________________________ 120
Figure 8: Summary of Hawaiʻi Island Agricultural Footprint and Changes Between
2015 and 2020 _________________________________________________________________ 202
Figure 9: Hawaiʻi Island Agricultural Footprint ________________________________________________ 203
Figure 10: Integrated Destination Management System Pillars ____________________________________ 210
Figure 11: County Planning System _________________________________________________________ 216
Figure 12: Phases of Implementation ________________________________________________________ 222
List of Maps
Map 1: Districts and Town __________________________________________________________________ 265
Map 2: Draft General Plan Land Use: Overview Map _____________________________________________ 266
Map 3: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map A _____________________________________________ 267
6
List of Tables, Figures, and Maps | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Map 4: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map B ______________________________________________ 268
Map 5: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map C ______________________________________________ 269
Map 6: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map D _____________________________________________ 270
Map 7: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map E ______________________________________________ 271
Map 8: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map F ______________________________________________ 272
Map 9: Population Density ___________________________________________________________________ 273
Map 10: State Land Use ______________________________________________________________________ 274
Map 11: Draft General Plan Road Recommendations (Island Wide) ____________________________________ 275
Map 12: Draft General Plan Road Recommendations (Inset) _________________________________________ 276
Map 13: Federal-Aid Road Functional Classification (Island Wide) _____________________________________ 277
Map 14: Federal-Aid Road Functional Classification (Inset) ___________________________________________ 278
Map 15: County of Hawaiʻi Street Typology (Island Wide) ___________________________________________ 279
Map 16: County of Hawaiʻi Street Typology (Inset) _________________________________________________ 280
Map 17: Harbors, Airports and Transit Facilities (Island Wide) ________________________________________ 281
Map 18: Harbors, Airports and Transit Facilities (Inset) ______________________________________________ 282
Map 19: Natural Resources ___________________________________________________________________ 283
Map 20: Cultural Resources ___________________________________________________________________ 284
Map 21: Aquifers ___________________________________________________________________________ 285
Map 22: Wastewater Facilities (Island Wide) ______________________________________________________ 286
Map 23: Wastewater Facilities (Inset) ___________________________________________________________ 287
Map 24: Affordable Housing Projects (Island Wide) ________________________________________________ 288
Map 25: Affordable Housing Projects (Inset) ______________________________________________________ 289
Map 26: Public Facilities (Island Wide) ___________________________________________________________ 290
Map 27: Public Facilities (Inset West) ___________________________________________________________ 291
Map 28: Public Facilities (Inset East) ____________________________________________________________ 292
Map 29: Critical Facilities Map A (Island Wide) ____________________________________________________ 293
Map 30: Critical Facilities Map A (Inset) __________________________________________________________ 294
Map 31: Critical Facilities Map B (Island Wide) ____________________________________________________ 295
Map 32: Critical Facilities Map B (Inset) __________________________________________________________ 296
Map 33: Wildfire Risk Area ____________________________________________________________________ 297
Map 34: Lava Flow Hazard Zones _______________________________________________________________ 298
Map 35: Flood Hazard Areas (Island Wide) _______________________________________________________ 299
Map 36: Flood Hazard Areas (Inset East) _________________________________________________________ 300
Map 37: Flood Hazard Areas (Inset West) ________________________________________________________ 301
Map 38: Sea Level Rise, Costal Flood Zone (Island Wide) ____________________________________________ 302
Map 39: Sea Level Rise, Costal Flood Zone (Inset East) ______________________________________________ 303
Map 40: Sea Level Rise, Costal Flood Zone (Inset West) _____________________________________________ 304
Map 41: Dam Location, Streams _______________________________________________________________ 305
Map 42: Tsunami Evacuation Zone (Island Wide) __________________________________________________ 306
Map 43: Tsunami Evacuation Zone (Inset East) ____________________________________________________ 307
Map 44: Tsunami Evacuation Zone (Inset West) ___________________________________________________ 308
Map 45: DHHL Lands (Island Wide) _____________________________________________________________ 309
Map 46: DHHL Lands (Inset) ___________________________________________________________________ 310
7
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Glossary
The following list, arranged alphabetically,
provides definitions for planning terms used
throughout this document. The translations for
Hawaiian words are taken and adapted as
necessary from Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic
Library, available online at
https://wehewehe.org/.
Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) means a
structure or portion thereof designed and used for
single-family residential purposes and which can
be detached from or attached to an existing
residence, to be used for single-family occupancy
and containing one kitchen.
Action Committee (AC) is a citizen-composed
committee established for an adopted community
development plan and administered by the
Planning Department.
Actions specify how a planning policy will be
implemented. Actions are meant to be refined
during the process of implementation in
consideration of available resources, more
detailed analysis, feasibility, and other factors.
Thus, these actions are not legally binding but are
meant to provide specific directional guidance for
plan implementation and to be implemented in
good faith.
Active Living Corridor is a planned or existing
linear space within a community designed to
promote physical activity, active transportation,
and community interaction. These corridors often
integrate pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure,
such as sidewalks, bike lanes, and trails,
connecting residential areas with key destinations
like parks, schools, shopping centers, and public
transit stations. The design of active living
corridors prioritizes safety, accessibility, and
aesthetic appeal, encouraging residents to
engage in walking, jogging, cycling, and other
forms of active recreation as part of their daily
routines. These corridors contribute to public
health by facilitating active lifestyles and reducing
reliance on motor vehicles, thereby promoting
sustainable and vibrant urban environments.
Active Transportation (or non-motorized
transportation) refers to any way of getting from
place to place that is powered by human energy,
such as walking or cycling.
Adaptation is the process of observing changes
in social, environmental, and economic systems
and adjusting operations to meet present and
anticipated future needs.
Affordable Housing consists of dwelling units
that may be rented or purchased at cost levels
that can be afforded by persons or families who
are within the definition of “qualified households”
and whose total household income is within the
affordable housing income guidelines, as defined
in the Hawaiʻi County Code.
Agricultural Parks are areas set aside by the
State of Hawaiʻi, specifically for agricultural
activities to encourage the continuation or
initiation of such agricultural operations. The
State’s Agricultural Parks Program makes land
available to small farmers at a reasonable cost
with long-term tenure.
Agricultural-Based Commercial Operations are
allowed on lands within the State Land Use
Agricultural District and includes a roadside stand,
retail activities, retail food establishment,
farmers’ market, and food hub (in accordance
with HRS 205-2(d)(15)).
Agriculture Tourism (or agritourism) is tourism
related to experiencing and appreciating
agriculture products, settings, and lifestyles.
Agroforestry is the intentional integration of trees
and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems to
create environmental, economic, and social benefits.
Ahupuaʻa is a Native Hawaiian comprehensive and
holistic system of careship of biocultural and
sociopolitical systems and resources that are inclusive
of wao or horizontal bioregions.
ʻĀina is a Hawaiian term that means land or earth
that sustains and feeds the ecosystems and its
communities.
Alternative Energy refers to energy sources other
than fossil fuels. This includes all renewable sources.
8
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Anchialine Pools are unique and sensitive coastal
groundwater features found in Hawaiʻi and other
volcanic islands. These pools are landlocked
bodies of water that have varying levels of salinity
due to their connection with both freshwater from
precipitation and seawater from the ocean
through underground channels. Anchialine pools
are typically shallow and characterized by their
clear, calm waters, often hosting diverse
ecosystems that include endemic species
adapted to the fluctuating salinity levels. They are
culturally significant in Hawaiʻi and provide habitat
for unique flora and fauna, making their
conservation crucial for biodiversity and local
ecosystems.
Aquaculture is the production of aquatic plant or
animal life for food or fiber within ponds and
other bodies of water, as defined in the Hawaiʻi
County Code.
Biofuel is a fuel that is produced through
contemporary biological processes, such as
agriculture and anaerobic digestion. Biofuels can
be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from
agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or
industrial wastes.
Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zone (BRBZ) is
enacted either separately or as an overlay district
for the Volcano area, to guide development within
the region’s native forest through regulatory
measures and economic incentives.
Brownfield is an abandoned or underused site
where redevelopment or reuse is complicated by
the presence or perceived presence of
contamination.
Bulk Regulations are standards that govern
the provisions for lots based on housing
type and by zoning district. Bulk regulations
include:
•Height limit
•Minimum building site area
•Minimum building site average width
•Minimum yards
•Setbacks
•Floor area ratio
Capital Improvements comprise all forms of
physical structures intended for long-term use by
the public and include roads, water and sewer
systems, communication systems, flood control
structures, other forms of infrastructure, and
facilities such as active recreation areas and
buildings, meeting rooms, public safety operation
centers, government service centers and other
structures supporting public activities.
Capital Improvements Budget is adopted by
ordinance for the ensuing fiscal year.
Capital Improvements Program (CIP) is a six-
year program of planned capital improvements
that sets forth what improvements will be
funded, when each will be funded, and how
much each will cost. It is provided to Hawaiʻi
County Council for information purposes for the
ensuing six fiscal years.
Cesspool is any buried chamber including but
not limited to any metal tank, perforated concrete
vault, or covered hollow or excavation, which
receives or discharges sanitary sewage from a
building sewer to collect solids or discharge
liquids to the surrounding soil. Cesspools are not
an approved method of sewage disposal under
these regulations and all existing cesspools are
substandard.
Climate Adaption refers to actions that adjust to
actual or expected future climate with the goal of
reducing risks from the harmful effects of climate
change and maximizing any potential benefit
opportunities.
Climate Change refers to the long-term (usually at
least 30 years) regional or even global average of
temperature, humidity, and rainfall patterns over
seasons, years, or decades. Human-induced
climate change is resulting in global warming, the
long-term heating of Earth’s surface.
Climate Change Impacts refer to the effect on
social, economic, and environmental systems that
are caused by human-driven climate change
including, but not limited to, increases in natural
disaster severity, unstable and extreme weather
patterns, and loss of native ecosystems.
9
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Climate Mitigation means actions and
strategies aimed at reducing the risk of harm
and damage to human communities, natural
ecosystems, infrastructure, and the economy
due to the impacts of climate change. These
actions and strategies include but are not
limited to reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions and removal of greenhouse gases
from the atmosphere.
Climate Resilience is the ability to is the ability
to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to
hazardous events, trends, or disturbances
related to climate change. Improving climate
resilience involves assessing how climate
change will create new, or alter current,
climate-related risks, and taking steps to
better cope with these risks.
Cluster refers to a concentrated grouping of
buildings, activities, or land uses within a
defined area. The concept of clustering is
used to promote efficient land use, enhance
connectivity, and foster synergies among
different functions or uses. Clusters can
include residential, commercial, industrial, or
mixed-use developments that are strategically
located to optimize infrastructure and
resources while minimizing environmental
impacts. Planning for clusters often involves
zoning regulations, design guidelines, and
infrastructure investments to support
compact, walkable, and sustainable
development patterns.
Cluster Plan Development (CPD) refers to a
land use planning strategy where residential
or commercial development is concentrated
in specific areas while preserving larger
portions of the land as open space or natural
areas. In this approach, buildings are
grouped closely together, often in a
compact or clustered manner, rather than
being evenly dispersed across a site. Cluster
development aims to promote efficient land
use, preserve natural resources, and protect
sensitive environmental areas by reducing
overall land disturbance and infrastructure
costs. It can also foster a sense of community
by encouraging shared open spaces and
amenities among residents or businesses within the
development. (See Hawaiʻi County Code 25-6-20)
Clustered Rural Subdivision is a type of land
development where residential lots are grouped
together in compact clusters or nodes within a
larger rural area. This approach contrasts with
traditional rural subdivisions where lots are typically
larger and spread out across the landscape.
Coastal High Hazard Areas include tsunami
inundation, sea level, rise, and special flood
hazard areas.
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Area
encompasses all lands of the State of Hawaiʻi and
the area extending seaward from the shoreline to
the limit of the State’s police power and
management authority, including the United
States territorial sea.
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program was
created through passage of the Federal CZM Act
of 1972. The Hawaiʻi Coastal Zone Management
Program is a State program that was enacted to
focus on a common focus for state and county
actions dealing with land and water uses and
activities. As the State’s resource management
policy umbrella, it is the guiding perspective for
the design and implementation of allowable land
and water uses and activities throughout the
State. Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes Chapter 205A
requires the legal and operational compliance
with CZM objectives and policies.
Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship
represents an approach to sustainable
development that emphasizes collaboration and
partnership building among stakeholders and
refers to the integration of cultural and natural
resource management strategies to promote
conservation, sustainability, and resilience.
Community Conservation Areas are natural or
modified ecosystems, including significant
biodiversity, ecological services, and cultural
values, voluntarily conserved by local
communities through customary laws or other
effective means.
10
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Community Development Plan (CDP) is a
regional community plan for a specific planning
area, typically comprising, but not necessarily
bounded by, one or more of the County’s judicial
districts.
Community-Based Food System are networks
of farms and food businesses that do business
in order to build community health, wealth,
connection, and capacity, as well as to sustain
themselves financially.
Cottage Industry is a small-scale industry that
can be carried on at home generally by family
members using their own equipment.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design (CPTED) is a multidisciplinary approach
of crime prevention that uses urban and
architectural design and the management of
built and natural environments.
Critical Environmental Areas include but
are not limited to:
•Watershed and recharge areas
•Wildlife habitats (on land and in
the ocean)
•Areas with endangered species of
plants and wildlife
•Natural streams and water bodies
•Scenic and recreational shoreline
resources
•Open space and natural areas
•Historic and cultural sites
•Areas particularly sensitive to
reduction in water and air quality;
and scenic resources
•Lands designated for acquisition
by public agencies for
conservation and natural resource
protection
•Lands designated as Conservations
in the State Land Use (SLU), Future
Land Use maps, or Zoning maps
•Identified wetlands
Critical Facilities include public and private
facilities that need to be operational during and
after a hazardous event to meet public health and
safety needs, or to speed economic recovery.
Critical Habitat is a specific geographic area that
contains features essential for the conservation of
a threatened or endangered species and that may
require special management and protection.
Critical habitat may include an area that is not
currently occupied by the species but that will be
needed for its recovery.
Demand Management, or Transportation Demand
Management, is a defined set of strategies aimed
at maximizing traveler choices.
Development is the placement or erection of any
solid material, grading, grubbing, or extraction of
any materials, change in density or intensity of use
of land, or construction, reconstruction,
demolition, or alteration of any structure.
Development Rights are the rights to develop land
by a land owner who maintains fee simple
ownership over the land or by a party other than
the owner who has obtained the rights to develop.
Such rights usually are expressed in terms of
density allowed under existing zoning. (See
Transfer of Development Rights).
Director is the Planning Director unless otherwise
specified.
Eco-Industrial parks include a community of
firms that exchange and make use of each other’s
byproducts.
Ecosystem Services include any positive benefit
that wildlife or ecosystems provide to people. The
benefits can be direct or indirect, small or large.
Eco-Tourism in Hawaiʻi refers to sustainable travel
and recreation activities that prioritize the
conservation of Hawaiʻi’s unique natural
environment, cultural heritage, and local
communities. It involves exploring and appreciating
Hawaiʻi’s diverse ecosystems, such as rainforests,
coral reefs, and volcanic landscapes, while
supporting efforts to protect these environments.
Ecotourism in Hawaiʻi encourages responsible
behaviors among visitors, such as respecting wildlife,
minimizing waste, and supporting local businesses
that prioritize environmental stewardship and
cultural preservation. This approach aims to ensure
that tourism benefits Hawaiʻi’s natural and cultural
11
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
resources while fostering awareness and
appreciation of its unique island ecosystems.
Embodied Carbon in the building industry refers
to the greenhouse gas emissions arising from the
lifecycle of building materials, including
extraction, manufacturing, transportation,
installation, maintenance, and disposal.
Endemic Species are native species that are
unique to a defined geographical location. They
are of conservation concern because they are
not widespread and may be confined to only
one or two areas.
Energy Producer is any entity that produces
energy of any kind, including (without limitation)
gas or oil-fueled, coal, nuclear, hydro, chemical
reaction, electromagnetic, wave or tidal action,
biofuels-based, geothermal, and renewable
energy production.
Energy Sustainability Standards or certificates
are voluntary guidelines used by producers,
manufacturers, traders, retailers, and service
providers to demonstrate their commitment to
good environmental, social, ethical, and safety
practices. (E.g., LEED)
Environmental Justice means the fair treatment
and meaningful involvement of all people in the
development, implementation, and enforcement
of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
Environmental Stewardship involves the
responsible use and protection of the natural
environment through conservation and
sustainable practices to enhance ecosystem
resilience and human wellbeing.
Equity means the consideration of cumulative
impacts on lower- and middle-income individuals
and historically marginalized groups during
decision-making.
Firm Generation is energy available on demand,
which can be adjusted as needed.
Food Insecurity is defined as the "limited or
uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate
and safe foods or uncertain ability to acquire
acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways."
Functional Classification describes the process
by which streets and highways are grouped into
classes or systems according to the character of
service they are intended to provide.
Functional Plan is typically a public agency plan
that addresses a specific need, program, or issue
usually prepared by the agency responsible for
implementation that may but is not required to
be adopted by resolution.
General Plan is the County’s policy document for
the long-range comprehensive development and
preservation of the Island of Hawaiʻi pursuant to
provisions for its purposes and contents, as set
forth in Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes and the County
Charter.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a spatial
system that creates, manages, analyzes, and
maps all types of data.
Gig Economy is a labor market that relies heavily
on temporary and part-time positions filled by
independent contractors and freelancers rather
than full-time permanent employees. This
segment of the service economy often involves
connecting clients and customers through an
online platform.
Green Infrastructure uses vegetation, soils,
and other elements and practices to restore
some of the natural processes required to
manage water and create healthier urban
environments. Green infrastructure detains
stormwater or directs it to engineered
systems for infiltration or remediation at a
slower rate before it enters groundwater,
sewer systems, or aquatic or marine
environments.
Greenfield Development is any kind of real estate
development in previously undeveloped areas.
Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are gases in the Earth’s
atmosphere that trap heat, contributing to the
greenhouse effect and influencing Earth’s climate.
These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), fluorinated gases, and
water vapor. They absorb and emit radiation within
the thermal infrared range, which warms the
planet’s surface and lower atmosphere. Human
12
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
activities, such as burning fossil fuels,
deforestation, and industrial processes, have
significantly increased the concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since
the Industrial Revolution, leading to global
warming and climate change.
Greenhouse Gas Effect refers to the process by
which greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere
trap heat from the sun, preventing it from
escaping back into space. These gases, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O), and water vapor, absorb and re-
emit infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s
surface. This absorption and re-emission of
energy create a warming effect, similar to how a
greenhouse traps heat, hence the term
“greenhouse effect”.
Harden (or hardening) refers to physically
changing infrastructure or structures to make
them less susceptible to damage from extreme
wind, flooding, or flying debris. Hardening
improves the durability and stability of facilities,
making them better able to withstand the impacts
of hurricanes and other natural events without
sustaining major damage or losing functionality.
High-Risk Hazard Areas are areas within the
Coastal High Hazard Area or Lava Flow Hazard
Zones 1 or 2.
Historic District is a geographically definable
area, urban or rural, possessing a significant
concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites,
buildings, structures, or objects united by past
events or aesthetically by plan or physical
development. In addition, historic districts consist
of contributing and non-contributing properties.
Historic districts possess a concentration, linkage,
or continuity of the other four types of properties.
Objects, structures, buildings, and sites within a
historic district are usually thematically linked by
architectural style or designer, date of
development, distinctive urban plan, and/or
historic associations. Under Hawaiʻi Revised
Statutes, Chapter 6E, a historic property is an
object, district, structure, site, or building that is
50 years or older. Historic properties that meet
the significance criteria and retain historic
integrity may be eligible for, or listed to, the
Hawaiʻi or National Register of Historic Places.
Hub and Spoke are a centralized location within a
specific service area. The hub generally has various
passenger amenities including information, shelter,
benches, bicycle storage, restrooms, security, and
lighting. The hubs are served by transit routes or
“spokes”, which are those localized routes providing
neighborhood connections to the hubs.
Impact Fee is a fee levied on the developer or
builder of a project by the County or other public
agency as compensation for otherwise unmitigated
impacts the project will probably produce.
Impervious Surface (or Impervious Area) is any
hard-surfaced, man-made area that does not
readily absorb or retain water.
Important Agricultural Lands (IAL) State
Designation, enacted as Article XI, Section 3, of
the Constitution of the State of Hawaiʻi, the State
is required to conserve and protect agricultural
lands, promote diversified agriculture, increase
agricultural self-sufficiency and assure the
availability of agriculturally suitable lands.
Important Agricultural Lands (IAL) means those
lands that: (1) are capable of producing sustained
high agricultural yields when treated and
managed according to accepted farming
methods and technology; (2) contribute to the
State’s economic base and produce agricultural
commodities for export or local consumption; or
(3) are needed to promote the expansion of
agricultural activities and income for the future,
even if currently not in production.
Incompatible Development, or (Incompatible
Land Use), is the transfer over a property line of
negative economic or environmental effects.
Indigenous Data Science applies data science
principles to issues relevant to Indigenous
communities while respecting their knowledge
systems and cultural practices. It emphasizes
data sovereignty, ensuring Indigenous control
over data, and cultural relevance, aligning
methodologies with Indigenous worldviews. The
field prioritizes community engagement, ethical
considerations, and capacity building within
Indigenous communities. By integrating
interdisciplinary approaches and advocating for
13
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Indigenous rights, Indigenous data science
aims to empower communities and
support their self- determination and
governance.
Infill Development is the development of
vacant land or rehabilitation of existing
structures in already urbanized areas where
infrastructure and services are in place.
Innovative Housing includes the efficient and
creative use of spaces, features, and amenities
both within the overall development and
individual homes. Examples of innovative
housing include factory-built homes and
manufactured housing, modular and
volumetric builds, panelized wall systems,
accessory dwelling units (ADU), and
alternatives to lumber and wood framing.
Integrated Resource Plans is the identification
of the resources or the mix of resources for
meeting near and long-term consumer energy
needs in an efficient and reliable manner at
the lowest reasonable cost including the need
and timing of any new generation and new
cross-island transmission lines.
Intergenerational Equity refers to the
principle of fairness and justice between
different generations. It emphasizes the
responsibility of current generations to manage
resources and make decisions in ways that do
not compromise the ability of future
generations to meet their needs. This concept is
central to sustainable development, ensuring
that economic, social, and environmental
policies consider long-term impacts.
Intergenerational equity seeks to balance the
needs and rights of present and future
populations, promoting sustainability and
continuity over time.
Invasive Species are alien species that have
been introduced to an area, arriving through
human intervention, and cause or could cause
harm in at least one of three areas: the
environment, the economy, or human health.
Kākou is the Hawaiian pronoun for we
(inclusive, three or more).
Kuleana is a Hawaiian word that means right,
privilege, concern, responsibility.
Kūpuna is a Hawaiian word that means elders.
Land Study Bureau (LSB) Detailed Land
Classification is based on the Land Study Bureau
of the University of Hawaiʻi’s inventory and
evaluation of the State’s land resources. The
Bureau grouped all lands in the State, except
those in the urban district, into homogeneous
units of land types; described their condition and
environment; rated the land on its overall quality
in terms of agricultural productivity; appraised its
performance for selected alternative crops; and
delineated the various land types and groupings
based on soil properties and productive
capabilities.
Large Development is the creation of 25 or more
residential units, or commercial, industrial, or
resort space of 30,000 square feet of gross floor
area or any combination greater than 35,000
square feet of gross floor area. (See Development)
Leachate is formed when rain water filters
through wastes placed in a landfill. When this
liquid comes in contact with buried wastes, it
leaches, or draws out, chemicals or constituents
from those wastes.
Level of Service (LOS) Standard is a measure of
the relationship between service capacity and
service demand for public facilities.
Loʻi is a traditional Hawaiian taro patch, designed
specifically for cultivating taro (kalo) in wetland
environments. These patches are often found in
valleys or along streambanks, where they can be
irrigated and flooded to create optimal growing
conditions.
Loko Iʻa is an ancestral Hawaiian fishpond that is
a unique aquaculture system that optimizes
natural patterns of watersheds, nutrient cycles,
and fish biology. Loko Iʻa feed and connect
communities.
Low- and Moderate-Income families earn less
than 80 percent of the area median income (AMI)
for the County of Hawaiʻi, based on 2010 or 2020
Census data.
14
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Low-Impact Development (LID) is a general
term for a wide array of site planning principles
and engineered treatment practices used to
manage both water runoff volume and water
quality. (See green infrastructure)
Low-Impact Development (LID) Best Practices
include undisturbed pervious areas, vegetated
filter strips, grass channels, rain gardens, edible
landscapes, stormwater planters, dry wells,
rainwater harvesting, bioretention areas, and dry
swales.
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) was
created by the United States Tax Reform Act of
1986 and gives state and local agencies the
authority to issue tax credits for the acquisition,
rehabilitation, or new construction of rental
housing targeted to lower-income households.
Makai is a Hawaiian word that means toward the
ocean.
Master Plan is a private land-use plan focused on
one or more sites within an area that identifies
site access and general improvements and is
intended to guide growth and development over
a number of years, or in several phases.
Mauka is a Hawaiian word that means inland
or toward the upland.
Microgrid is a local energy grid with control
capability, which means it can disconnect from
the traditional grid and operate autonomously.
Micromobility is any small, low-speed, human-
or electric-powered transportation device,
including bicycles, scooters, electric-assist
bicycles, electric scooters (e-scooters), and
other small, lightweight, wheeled
conveyances.
Missing Middle Housing is a range of house-
scale buildings with multiple units, compatible
in scale and form with detached single-family
homes, located in a walkable neighborhood.
Missing Middle Housing refers to housing types
that fall somewhere between a single-family
home and mid-rise apartment buildings, such as
townhomes, duplexes, triplexes, and courtyard
clusters.
Mixed-Use is a land use pattern that integrates
compatible residential, commercial, industrial,
office, institutional, or other uses.
Mixed-Use Development is a structure with
multiple functions, such as residential and
commercial
Multimodal Transportation describes the
practice of integrating multiple forms of
transportation into the planning process.
Examples include pedestrian, cycling, automobile,
and mass transit.
Native Species include plant and animal species
that arrived in Hawaiʻi without the assistance of
humans.
Natural Hazards are dangerous natural events that
can threaten life and property. Examples include
wildfires, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods,
landslides, and tsunamis.
Natural Systems Planning refers to the land use
planning process of working toward the goal of
protecting, conserving, and improving the
biodiversity and sustainability of a region’s
natural systems.
Net Zero refers to achieving a balance between
the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the
atmosphere and the amount removed from it.
This balance is typically achieved by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible
and offsetting any remaining emissions through
measures such as carbon removal or carbon
offsetting projects. The ultimate goal of net zero
is to limit global warming to a level considered
safe and sustainable, aiming to stabilize the
Earth’s climate by reducing the overall impact of
human activities on the environment. Achieving
net zero emissions is a critical component of
global efforts to combat climate change and
transition towards a sustainable, low-carbon
future.
Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) describes
opposition by residents to proposed
developments in their local area, often due to
concerns about potential negative impacts on the
environment, property values, and quality of life.
15
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
One Water is an integrated and holistic
approach to managing all aspects of the water
cycle— drinking water, wastewater,
stormwater, and other water resources—as a
single, interconnected system. This framework
emphasizes the interdependence of different
water sources and seeks to maximize the
sustainable use of water resources through
coordinated management and policy-making.
Open Space is largely undeveloped land or
water body which is free of structures and
equipment, except for those incidental to
the permitted uses. Open space may include
the following: flood protection, creating a
sense of special separation from
incompatible land uses, areas for agricultural
operations, passive recreation, active
recreation, conservation uses, forests, or
historical site preservation. Lands with a
general slope of 20 per cent or more that
provide open space amenities or possess
unusual scenic qualities. Lands necessary for
the preservation of forests, park lands,
wilderness and beach/shoreline areas.
Operating Budget is a complete financial
plan for the current operations of the county
and its agencies and executive agencies in
the ensuing fiscal year, showing all funds and
reserves.
Optimal is most desirable or satisfactory.
Overlay is an area where certain additional
requirements are superimposed upon a base
zoning district or underlying district and
where the requirements of the base or
underlying district may or may not be
altered.
Overlay Zone is a zoning designation
applied to a specific geographic area that
imposes additional standards on top of the
underlying zoning regulations and are used
to address particular issues or goals that may
not be adequately addressed by the base
zoning district alone. Common purposes of
overlay zones include special management
area, promoting environmental conservation,
managing floodplains, encouraging mixed-
use development, or enhancing design standards.
Paratransit is special transportation services for
people with disabilities and the elderly, often
provided as a supplement to fixed-route bus
systems by public transit agencies.
Performance Conditions are requirements or
obligations that an applicant must complete
before certain rights or obligations can take
effect.
Permeable refers to a pavement system with
traditional strength characteristics, but which
allows rainfall to percolate through it rather than
running off.
Placemaking is a multifaceted approach to
planning, design, and management of public
spaces that capitalizes on a local community’s
assets, inspiration, and potential to promote the
health, happiness, and well-being of residents.
Planned Unit Development (PUD) refers to a
zoning and development strategy that allows for
flexibility in land use and design within a defined
area. It typically involves a comprehensive plan
for mixed-use development, including residential,
commercial, and recreational spaces, with an
emphasis on preserving natural resources and
promoting sustainable practices. PUDs are
intended to encourage innovative land use
planning while ensuring compatibility with
surrounding areas and meeting community
needs.
Planning Areas are the geographical regions that
define the community development plan
boundaries.
Planning Commission refers to either the
Leeward Planning Commission or the Windward
Planning Commission. The two Planning
Commissions consist of members appointed from
within each judicial district, advise the Mayor,
County Council, and Planning Director on land use
matters pursuant to law and the Hawaiʻi County
Charter.
Pono is a Hawaiian word that means goodness,
uprightness, morality, moral qualities, correct or
proper procedure, excellence, well-being,
16
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
prosperity, welfare, benefit, behalf, equity,
sake, true condition or nature, duty; moral,
fitting, proper, righteous, right, upright, just,
virtuous, fair, beneficial, successful, in
perfect order, used in this plan to describe
an aspirational course of action.
Principle is a professionally accepted practice
or guiding rule used by planning agencies and
professional planners in formulating policies
and standards for community development.
Project District is a comprehensive planning
method which provides for a flexible
planning approach and incorporates a variety
of uses as well as open space, parks, and
other project uses, as further defined in the
Hawaiʻi County Code.
Puʻu is a Hawaiian word that means any
protuberance including a hill, mountain, cone,
peak, or elevation.
Rangeland refers to large, natural landscapes
such as grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, and
deserts that are primarily used for grazing
livestock and wildlife. These areas are
characterized by native vegetation, open
spaces, and minimal human modification.
Rangelands provide essential ecosystem
services, including habitat for wildlife, soil
stabilization, water filtration, and carbon
sequestration. They are managed to balance
the needs of livestock production, conservation,
and recreation while maintaining ecological
health and sustainability.
Regenerative Agriculture is a farming
approach that focuses on restoring and
enhancing soil health, biodiversity, and
ecosystem functions. It employs practices such
as cover cropping, crop rotation, reduced
tillage, and holistic grazing to improve soil
structure, increase organic matter, and
promote beneficial soil microorganisms. This
method aims to sequester carbon, improve
water retention, and reduce reliance on
synthetic inputs, contributing to more resilient
and sustainable agricultural systems.
Regenerative agriculture not only enhances
farm productivity and profitability but also
supports environmental health and climate change
mitigation.
Regenerative Tourism is a movement that seeks
to balance the economics of tourism with the
well- being of communities, natural resources,
and culture. This includes attracting and
educating positive-impact travelers and group
attendees who are mindful of how they respect
and interact with residents, or how their
movement through Hawaiʻi impacts the
environment positively, and of how they value
and respect the Hawaiian culture and other
cultures of Hawaiʻi.
Regional Centers are intended for mixed-use
and higher-density residential, retail, commercial,
employment, and/or regional one-of-a-kind
facilities, such as major civic, medical,
educational, and entertainment facilities.
Renewable Energy refers to energy derived from
natural resources that are continually replenished
on a human timescale. These resources include
sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal
heat. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and
contribute to environmental degradation through
greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, renewable
energy sources are considered sustainable and
environmentally friendly. Technologies used to
harness renewable energy, such as solar panels,
wind turbines, hydropower plants, and geothermal
systems, generate electricity and heat without
depleting natural resources or significantly
contributing to climate change. Embracing
renewable energy plays a crucial role in reducing
dependence on fossil fuels, mitigating climate
change impacts, and promoting energy security and
economic resilience.
Resilience is the ability to withstand social,
environmental, and economic shocks and
stressors with minimal human, environmental, and
economic costs, risks, and damages.
Resort Area is an area with facilities to
accommodate the needs and desires primarily of
visitors, tourists, and transient guests.
Roads in Limbo (RIL) were built or, planned by the
State or the Territorial government. They are
classified into either existing or paper roads. For
17
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
decades, the State and County government
argued over maintenance responsibility
because of limited resources. Typically,
existing roads are referred to as
“government roads” or “homestead roads”.
Shelter-Burdened, also known as cost-
burdened, are those who pay more than 30
percent of their income for housing and may
have difficulty affording necessities such as
food, clothing, transportation, and medical
care. Severe rent burden is defined as paying
more than 50 percent of one’s income on rent.
Shoreline is the upper reaches of the wash of
the waves, other than storm and seismic
waves, at high tide during the season of the
year in which the highest wash of the waves
occurs, usually evidenced by the edge of
vegetation growth, or the upper limit of debris
left by the wash of the waves.
Shoreline Setback Area is the land area
between the shoreline and the shoreline
setback line established by the Planning
Department running inland from and parallel
to the certified shoreline at a horizontal plane.
Silviculture is the development or
maintenance of a forest or wooded preserve.
Silvopasture is the deliberate integration of
trees and grazing livestock operations on the
same land.
Smart Growth is the overall approach to
development that encourages a mix of building
types and uses, diverse housing and
transportation options, development within
existing neighborhoods, and robust community
engagement.
Special Area Plans are plans prepared by a
county department or agency for a specific
area for the purpose of master planning,
redevelopment planning, or other purpose
that may but is not required to be adopted by
resolution or ordinance.
Special Management Area (SMA) is the area
that extends inland from the shoreline and is
designated for special protections. The State
of Hawaiʻi Office of Planning administers
Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 205A, the
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) law, and the
purpose of HRS Chapter 205A is to “provide for the
effective management, beneficial use, protection,
and development of the Coastal Zone.” The SMA
permitting system is part of the CZM Program
approved by Federal and State agencies.
Sprawl is low-density land-use patterns that are
automobile-dependent, energy and land
consumptive, and may lead to an inefficient and
undesirable distance between residences and
their needed infrastructure and services.
Stakeholder is any individual, group, or
organization that has an interest or concern in a
particular project, decision, or activity and can be
affected by its outcomes. Stakeholders can include
a wide range of entities, such as employees,
customers, suppliers, investors, government
agencies, community members, and non-
governmental organizations. They can influence or
be influenced by the objectives, policies, and
performance of an organization or project.
Effective stakeholder engagement and
management are crucial for the success and
sustainability of any initiative, as it helps ensure
that diverse perspectives and interests are
considered.
Sustainability is defined as meeting the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainability requires a balanced approach of
managing present-day environmental, social, and
economic needs to ensure harmony between
economic growth, environmental systems, and
social well-being.
Sustainable Yield, according to Hawaiʻi Revised
Statutes Chapter 174C, is the maximum rate at
which water may be withdrawn from a water
source without impairing the utility or quality of the
water source as determined by the commission.
Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is a public funding
method that uses future property tax increases to
pay for community improvements.
Time Share Unit is any multiple-family dwelling
unit or hotel, which is owned, occupied or
possessed, under an ownership and/or use
18
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
agreement among various persons for less
than a sixty-day period in any year for any
occupant, and is regulated under the
provisions of chapter 514E, Hawaiʻi
Revised Statutes, as amended.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is
a cumulative body of knowledge, belief, and
practice handed down through generations
and focused on the relationship of plants,
animals, and humans with place-specific
traditional practices and with their
environment.
Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND)
involves compact, mixed-use neighborhood
where residential, commercial, and civic
buildings are within proximity to each other.
Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a
process by which development rights may be
transferred from one parcel of land to another.
(See Development Rights)
Transient Accommodation means the
furnishing of a room, apartment, suite, single
family dwelling, or the like to a transient for a
designated period of time that provides living,
sleeping, or housekeeping accommodations.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a
development of high-density mixed land use
that uses a transit facility as a focal point and
thereby seeks to encourage the use of public
transit.
Underserved Subdivisions are characterized
by having:
•Lot sizes that do not conform to
State or County standards or other
zoning criteria;
•At least 10 lots; and
•Limited access to public
infrastructure and services; and
•High lot vacancy rates or a pattern
of “leapfrog” development; and
•Lot sizes too small for agricultural
development (1/2 to 3 acres); and
•A location outside County
designated preferred development
areas
Universal Design Principles aim to create
environments, products, and services that are
accessible and usable by all people, regardless of
their age, ability, or disability. These principles
emphasize inclusivity, ensuring that designs
accommodate a wide range of users with varying
needs and preferences. Key aspects include
simplicity, flexibility, intuitive use, and equitable
access, which together promote usability and
accessibility for everyone. By integrating universal
design principles, designers and planners create
more inclusive, functional, and user-friendly
solutions that benefit all members of society.
Urban Development Plan is a plan having a local
scale primarily comprising one or more existing or
proposed urban areas including towns, villages,
resort-residential nodes and/or suburban residential
neighborhoods where more intensive uses are
contemplated. These may include redevelopment
plans for all or part of such urban areas.
Urban Forestry is the planting, maintenance,
care, and protection of tree populations in urban
settings. Urban forests come in many different
shapes and sizes. They include urban parks, street
trees, landscaped boulevards, gardens, river and
coastal promenades, greenways, river corridors,
wetlands, nature preserves, shelter belts of trees,
and working trees at former industrial sites.
Urban forests, through planned connections of
green spaces, form the green infrastructure on
which communities depend. Green infrastructure
works at multiple scales from the neighborhood
to the metro area to the regional landscape.
Urban Growth Areas (UGA) are established as
land that is envisioned for future areas of urban
use and should include only those lands that
meet the following criteria:
•Are characterized by urban development
that can be efficiently and cost-effectively
served by roads, water, sanitary sewer and
storm drainage, schools, and other urban
governmental services within the next 20-
40 years
•Respect topographical features that form
a natural edge, such as watercourses and
ridgelines
•Are sufficiently free of environmental
19
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
constraints to be able to support
urban growth without major
environmental impacts
•Do not unnecessarily overlap with
State Land Use Agricultural
•Shall not overlap with State Land Use
Conservation District
Urban Heat Island Effect is a phenomenon
where the metropolitan areas are generally hotter
than the surrounding countryside. Without as
many trees and green cover, the impervious
surfaces of man-made structures absorb sunlight
and convert it into heat energy.
Urban Service Area defines the geographical
limits of government-supplied public facilities
and services.
Variable Generation is energy that may
not always be available or controllable.
Variance, in the context of planning
permits, is a legal authorization that allows
a property owner to deviate from the
requirements of local zoning ordinances or
land use regulations. It grants permission to
use the land in a way that does not strictly
comply with the existing zoning rules,
typically due to unique circumstances or
hardships specific to the property.
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) is defined by
the United States Department of
Transportation as the total annual miles of
vehicle travel divided by the total population
in a state or in an urbanized area. This metric,
along with travel times and costs, to measure
vehicle travel demand and make policy
decisions regarding roadways and other
transportation infrastructure.
Viewshed is the area within view from a
defined observation point typically used to
define a view scenic quality such as a puʻu
(hill) or the coastline.
Village Plan is a strategic document that
guides the development and management
of a specific community or village. It
outlines goals and policies related to land
use, infrastructure, environmental
conservation, community services,
transportation, economic development, and
community character. Developed through
collaboration with stakeholders, village plans
serve as blueprints to ensure orderly growth,
preserve natural resources, enhance community
services, and maintain or enhance the unique
identity of the village over time. Regular updates
ensure alignment with evolving community needs
and priorities.
Wahi Pana means living space and place of
ecological, cultural and/or historical significance.
Wahi Pana may also mean legendary place.
Waste-to-Energy (WtE) is a process in solid
waste management that involves converting non-
recyclable waste materials into usable forms of
energy, such as electricity, heat, or fuel, and
reduces the volume of waste sent to landfills,
minimizes greenhouse gas emissions, and
provides a sustainable energy source,
contributing to environmental protection and
energy sustainability. This is achieved through
various technologies, including:
•Incineration: Burning waste at high
temperatures to produce steam, which can
then be used to drive turbines and generate
electricity. The heat generated can also be
used for district heating.
•Gasification: Converting organic or fossil-
based materials into carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, and carbon dioxide by reacting
the material at high temperatures with a
controlled amount of oxygen or steam. The
resulting syngas can be used to generate
electricity or produce fuels.
•Pyrolysis: Decomposing organic materials at
high temperatures in the absence of oxygen,
producing a mixture of solids (char), liquids
(tar and pyrolysis oil), and gases (syngas).
These by-products can be utilized as fuels or
raw materials for chemical processes.
•Anaerobic Digestion: Breaking down organic
waste in the absence of oxygen to produce
biogas (primarily methane and carbon
dioxide), which can be used for electricity
and heat generation, or upgraded to
biomethane for use as a renewable natural
gas.
20
Glossary | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Watershed is an area of land that collects
rainwater and directs it to a common outlet,
such as a stream, lake, or ocean.
Water Systems is any water system, whether
publicly or privately owned and managed,
that provides water for human consumption
to at least 15 connections or regularly serves
at least 25 individuals.
Yes In My Backyard (YIMBY) refers to a
movement that describes advocates who
support housing development as a response
to the outcomes of restrictive zoning and
planning policies.
Zone of Influence in the context of
drinking water refers to the area surrounding
a water source, such as a well or a reservoir,
where the extraction of water affects the
local groundwater levels or flow patterns.
This zone is crucial for managing and
protecting drinking water supplies, as it
delineates the region where human
activities, such as pumping, can impact the
quality and quantity of water available.
Properly understanding and managing the
zone of influence helps ensure sustainable
water extraction, prevents contamination,
and protects the integrity of the drinking
water source.
21
Acronyms and Abbreviations | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Acronyms and
Abbreviations
The following list, arranged alphabetically,
provides acronyms, abbreviations, and their
corresponding definitions used throughout this
document.
A Agricultural District
AC Action Committee
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
ADU Accessory Dwelling Unit
AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land
Use
ALICE Asset Limited, Income Constrained,
Employed (ALICE) households earn
above the Federal Poverty Level but
cannot afford the basic cost of living.
Despite struggling to make ends
meet, ALICE households often do not
quality for public assistance.
AMI Area Median Income
APD Agricultural Project District
BRBZ Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zone
CD Civil Defense Agency
CDH Downtown Hilo Commercial District
CDP Community Development Plan
CERT Community Emergency Response
Team
CFD Community Facilities District
CG General Commercial District
CIP Capital Improvement Program
CN Neighborhood Commercial District
COH County of Hawaiʻi
CPD Cluster Plan Development
CPTED Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
CRS Community Rating System
CV Village Commercial District
CZM Coastal Zone Management Area
DBEDT Department of Business, Economic
Development, and Tourism
DEM Department of Environmental
Management
DF Department of Finance
DHHL Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
DHR Department of Human Resources
DIT Department of Information
Technology
DLNR Department of Land and Natural
Resources
DOA Department of Agriculture
DOE Department of Education
DOH Department of Health
DPR Department of Parks and Recreation
DPW Department of Public Works
DRD Department of Research and
Development
DU Dwelling Unit
DWS Department of Water Supply
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FA Family Agricultural District
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographic Information System
H+T Housing and Transportation
Affordability Index
HELCO Hawaiʻi Electric Light Company, Inc.
HFD Hawaiʻi Fire Department
HIDEC Hawaiʻi Island Digital Equity Coalition
HPD Hawaiʻi Police Department
HRS Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes
22
Acronyms and Abbreviations | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
HUD Department of Housing and Urban
Development
IAL Important Agriculture Land
ICT Information and Communication
Technologies
IWS Individual Wastewater System
LID Low-Impact Development
LIHTC Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
LMI Low- and Moderate-Income
LOS Level of Service
LSB Land Study Bureau
LSB Land Study Bureau Detailed Land
Classification
MCX Industrial-Commercial Mixed District
MG General Industrial District
ML Limited Industrial
MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer
System
MTA Mass Transit Agency
MTCO2e Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide
Equivalent
NELHA Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaiʻi
Authority
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NIMBY Not In My Backyard
O Open District
OA Office of Aging
OHCD Office of Housing and Community
Development
OPA Office of Prosecuting Attorney
OPSD Office of Planning and Sustainable
Development
OSCER Office of Sustainability, Climate,
Equity, and Resilience
OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
PC Planning Commission
PCS Public Charter School
PD Project District
PONC Public Access, Open Space, & Natural
Resource Preservation Commission
PUD Planned Unit Development
RA Residential and Agricultural District
RCX Residential-Commercial Mixed-Use
District
RD Double-Family Residential District
RM Multiple-Family Residential District
RS Single-Family Residential District
SHPD State Historic Preservation Division
SLU State Land Use
SMA Special Management Area
TDR Transfer of Development Rights
TIF Tax Increment Financing
TMK Tax Map Key
TND Traditional Neighborhood
Development
TOD Transit Oriented Development
UGA Urban Growth Areas
UGB Urban Growth Boundary
UH University of Hawaiʻi
UHH University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo
UNV University District
USDA United States Department of
Agriculture
USGS United States Geological Survey
V Resort-Hotel District
VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled
23
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
1. INTRODUCTION
24
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
The County of Hawaiʻi encompasses the Island of
Hawaiʻi, which is the southeastern-most and
youngest island of the Hawaiian archipelago.
Hawaiʻi Island is nearly twice the combined land
area of the remainder of the State and has a diverse
climate and topography.
Navigating Growth on Hawaiʻi Island
Hawaiʻi Island is unique in the world. Hawaiʻi Island
is a community of rooted heritage, constant
change, and unique beauty. As our community
navigates our future, integrating a sustainable
balance between environmental stewardship,
social and community equity, and economic
sufficiency is paramount. We should be confident
in our ability to meet our current needs and the
needs of our future generations to come, ensuring
that our keiki are able to stay here and raise their
keiki. We must be ready, willing, and able to
consistently pursue bold actions that address our
challenges and help us arrive at a better future.
Navigating our island’s future growth requires
hearing the voices of our diverse population and
balancing their needs. Effective growth plans
evaluate the past, incorporate current realities,
assess future challenges, and craft meaningful
solutions.
Careful consideration of these factors are intended
to result in successful long-range planning and the
application of Native Hawaiian ahupuaʻa
framework in all planning and development
analyses. This section should articulate the critical
importance of the Native Hawaiian ahupuaʻa
framework in all planning and development
analyses.
Advancing Hawaiʻi Island Together
In an increasingly polarized world, the importance
of collaborating to navigate through a variety of
situations should be of utmost importance.
Recognizing and embracing our diversity, as well
as our individual and communal sense of kuleana
is where we find our strengths. Steering our island
in the right direction takes all of us. Setting the best
path for our future relies on ensuring buy-in for
solutions and accurately and collectively
representing community sentiments. Hawaiʻi Island
is an exemplary leader with healthy and resilient
communities that are built by sustainable
development, a thriving and diversified local
economy, and collaborative environmental
stewardship. The General Plan serves as a 25-year
blueprint for the long-term growth and sustainable
development of Hawaiʻi County. It envisions a
future that balances growth with the preservation
of the County’s unique natural and cultural
resources. A sustainable future is not a distant
dream but an attainable reality. A reality that can
only be achieved through the powerful
combination of government and community
collaboration. The task ahead of us is substantial,
and it calls for unity, vision, and unwavering
dedication.
25
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Key Themes and Goals
Implementation Strategies
26
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
1.1 Purpose and Authority of the
General Plan
The County of Hawaiʻi’s General Plan is the policy
document for the long-range comprehensive
development of the island of Hawaiʻi. The
purposes of the General Plan are to:
• Guide the pattern of future development
in this County based on long-term goals;
• Identify the visions, values, and priorities
important to the people of this County;
• Provide the framework for regulatory
decisions, capital improvement priorities,
acquisition strategies, and other pertinent
government programs within the County
organization and coordinated with State
and Federal programs.
• Improve the physical environment of the
County as a setting for human activities; to
make it more functional, beautiful,
healthful, interesting, and efficient.
• Promote and safeguard the public interest
and the interest of the County as a whole.
• Facilitate the democratic determination of
community policies concerning the
utilization of its natural, man-made, and
human resources.
• Effect political and technical coordination
in community improvement and
development.
• Inject long-range considerations into the
determination of short-range actions and
implementation.
The 2045 General Plan is the primary policy
document for county agencies, planning
commissions, elected officials, landowners,
developers, and citizens to guide land use policy
decisions for the Island of Hawaiʻi. Section 3-15 of
the Hawaiʻi County Charter states:
“The county council shall adopt by ordinance a
general plan which shall set forth the council’s
long-range policy for the comprehensive
physical, economic, environmental, and
sociocultural well- being of the county.
(a) The general plan shall contain a
statement of development objectives,
standards and principles with respect to
the most desirable use of land within
the county for residential, recreational,
agricultural, commercial, industrial and
other purposes which shall be
consistent with proper conservation of
natural resources and the preservation
of our natural beauty and historical
sites; the most desirable density of
population in the several parts of the
county; a system of principal
thoroughfares, highways, streets, public
access to the shorelines, and other
open spaces; the general locations,
relocations and improvement of public
buildings, the general location and
extent of public utilities and terminals,
whether publicly or privately owned, for
water, sewers, light, power, transit, and
other purposes; the extent and location
of public housing projects; adequate
drainage facilities and control; air
pollution; and such other matter as may,
in the council’s judgement, promote the
general welfare, health, and prosperity
of its people.
(b) The council shall enact zoning,
subdivision, and such other ordinances
which shall contain the necessary
provisions to carry out the purpose of
the general plan.
(c) No public improvement or project, or
subdivision or zoning ordinance, shall
be initiated or adopted unless the same
conforms to and implements the
general plan.
(d) Amendments to the general plan may
be initiated by the council or the
planning director.”
27
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Pursuant to the Section 226-52 and 58 of the
Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes (HRS), as well as
Section 3- 15 of the County Charter, the General
Plan includes overall themes, goals, principles,
objectives, and policies, as well as
implementation priorities and actions to carry out
policies including, but not limited to, land use
maps, programs, projects, regulatory measures,
standards and principles, and interagency
coordination. Neither the HRS nor the County
Charter clearly define all the terms above, so for
the purposes of the 2045 General Plan, they are
defined in this section using references from
professional planning practice. The authority of
the General Plan includes three fundamental
types: directional, regulatory, and programmatic.
Authority Limits of the General Plan
The 2045 General Plan often relies on further
implementation actions, such as zoning and
budget ordinances, to move Hawaiʻi Island in the
direction of our goals. Further, it contains no
authority to change previously existing
subdivisions or zoning, and no authority over lands
governed by the Department of Hawaiian Home
Lands (DHHL). The Hawaiian Homes Commission
has the ultimate control over uses of the Hawaiian
home lands leased to Native Hawaiians.
The 2002 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)
between the County and DHHL is formally
referenced in the General Plan and included as an
appendix to ensure institutional knowledge of
DHHL’s land use authority over its lands.
Achieving our island’s vision will require collective
long-term commitments that build on this plan.
1.2 History of the Plan
General Plan studies in the County of Hawaiʻi
were initiated in the late 1950s and were limited
to particular regions of the island such as the
Hilo, Kona, Kohala, Hāmākua, and Puna Districts.
As such, these initial plans lacked a
comprehensive, coordinated, and integrated
overview of the entire County. The first of these
studies, “A Plan for Kona”, was completed in
1960 and encompassed the districts of North
and South Kona. “A Plan for the Metropolitan
Area of Hilo” was completed in 1961 for the
districts of South Hilo and Puna. “The Kohala-
Hāmākua Region General Plan” was completed
in 1963 and covered part of the district of North
Kona and the districts of North and South
Kohala, Hāmākua, and North Hilo. These
regional plans were adopted by Ordinance No.
317 in July 1965, as the General Plan for the
County. The district of Kaʻū was the only area in
the County not covered by this plan.
The first General Plan document to be completed
after the ratification of the County Charter in 1968
was adopted by ordinance on December 15, 1971
by the County Council. Upon adoption of the
General Plan in 1971, the Council laid the
foundation for establishing a comprehensive
planning program for the County of Hawaiʻi. This
program consists of a hierarchical set of plans and
activities. The initial development of the General
Plan program, undertaken between 1968 and
1970, was funded through an agreement between
the County of Hawaiʻi and the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development through the
former State of Hawaiʻi Department of Planning
•
•
•
•
•
•
28
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
and Economic Development (currently the
State Department of Business, Economic
Development and Tourism). The initial General
Plan study program was conducted over a 36-
month period and completed by the Planning
Department with the technical assistance of
professional consultants in the fields of drainage
and flood control, historic sites, sewerage,
economics, and water.
The General Plan program is structured to
investigate, analyze, and evaluate concurrently
all aspects of the County under a common or
standard methodology. The preparation of the
General Plan involves the process of planning
and provides the opportunity to broaden the
base of citizen participation, review, and
understanding. The 1971 General Plan required
five- and ten-year comprehensive reviews and
updates. The reviews and updates are intended
to maintain the dynamism and flexibility of the
General Plan and to accommodate major
changes and trends that may occur within the
County.
The County initiated a review of the Land Use Pattern
Allocation Guide Map in 1978 that led to several
changes to the map. Other changes included the
addition of an Energy element and amendments to
procedures for the comprehensive reviews and
proposals for specific amendments to the General
Plan.
Figure 1 provides a glimpse into the County’s historical
long-range planning initiatives. Since 1971, there have
been two subsequent comprehensive reviews of the
General Plan. The first was adopted in 1989 and the
second was in 2005. The adoption of the 2005 General
Plan identified the preparation of Community
Development Plans to further guide implementation
efforts. Significant public input helped guide the
development and 2008 adoption of the Kona
Community Development Plan, Puna Community
Development Plan, North Kohala Community
Development Plan, and South Kohala Community
Development Plan. The Kaʻū Community Development
Plan followed in 2017, and the Hāmākua Community
Development Plan in 2018.
Figure 1 Timeline of Hawaiʻi County Long-Range Plans
1.3 Planning Process
Since the adoption of the 2005 General Plan,
Hawaiʻi Island has seen a lot of change, including
population growth, natural disasters, technological
advancements, and sustainability efforts. These
topics have been considered in the General Plan
2045. On February 6, 2015, the Planning Director
initiated the comprehensive review of the 2005
General Plan. The comprehensive review process
involves many different stages, including
collecting community feedback, examining the
effectiveness of the previous plan, and research
and analysis of existing conditions and trends. The
comprehensive planning process requires a
systems approach in order to effectively integrate
key elements and develop a path for
implementation. Throughout the review process,
an overarching intention was to create an open
29
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
forum for discussion, reflect community input and
values, encourage interagency coordination and
participation, and direct growth patterns in ways
that benefit our population and protect our unique
island environment.
Community engagement event in 2019.
Cataloguing and reviewing community input.
Public workshop event in 2023.
Public workshop event in 2024.
Figure 2 Comprehensive Review Process
*The Planning Commissions are responsible for reviewing and providing recommendations on the General Plan.
Final approval and adoption of the General Plan rests solely with the Hawaiʻi County Council.
30
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
1.4 Sustainability Principles and
Practices
Integrating sustainability into the General Plan is
crucial for fostering long-term resilience and
prosperity. There is a common need to improve
the planning process across the State of Hawaiʻi.
This includes increasing the effectiveness of
government and private actions, improving
coordination among various agencies and levels of
government, and providing guidance for the use of
our precious natural and cultural resources. for
sustainable development that balances
environmental, social, and economic goals. The
General Plan recognizes this need and aligns with
the Hawaiʻi 2050 Sustainability Plan1, which sets a
strategic framework for achieving a sustainable
future. By embedding sustainability principles into
its core, this Plan sets forth a cohesive and forward-
thinking strategy that addresses key challenges
and anticipates future needs.
1 OPSD, Hawaiʻi 2050 Sustainability Plan Ten Year Measurement Update (2018) https://planning.hawaii.gov/sustainability/hawaii2050/
31
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
1.5 County Planning System and
General Plan Framework
County Planning System
The planning system, as illustrated in Figure 3,
consists of a comprehensive County-wide General
Plan, and includes Community Development
Plans, Special Area Plans and Urban Development
Plans, and Agency Functional or Strategic Plans as
implementation mechanisms that carry out the
goals, objectives, policies or standards, and
actions of the General Plan. The General Plan
represents the first level of the County planning
system and encompasses long-range goals,
objectives, policies, and courses of action for the
entire County. The General Plan also provides the
legal basis for all the other elements of the
County’s planning structure. As such, the Plan is the
highest order, or “umbrella” plan. It establishes the
boundaries within which the County must operate.
The second level consists of short and middle
range plans that further define the long-range
goals and policies of the General Plan. These plans
are related to specific regions or districts (Hilo,
Kona, Kohala, Kaʻū, etc.), functions (recreation,
agriculture, drainage, highways, etc.), and specific
areas within a region (Kailua-Kona, Downtown Hilo,
etc.).
The third level consists of specific mechanisms to
implement the two higher levels of the planning
hierarchy. These include regulatory measures such as
the Zoning and Subdivision Codes, and the operating
and Capital Improvements Program (CIP) budgets.
Figure 3 County Planning System
Directional Vision, Goals, Objectives,
and Standard Guidelines
The General Plan vision statement, goals, and
objectives provide a high-level integrated
direction for the community and a holistic
perspective. The Plan also incorporates standard
guidelines to serve as strategic directions and
standards to inform decisions regarding topics
such as land use, infrastructure, housing, and
resource management. These standard guidelines
help to ensure consistency in planning and
implementation, promoting sustainable growth,
environmental stewardship, and community well-
being.
• Vision: The ability to plan for the future with
creativity and wisdom in alignment with
community values.
• Goal: A desired state of affairs to which
planned effort is directed.
• Objective: Measurable, achievable, and
time-bound milestones toward achieving a
goal.
• Standard Guideline: A stated course of
action that shall take precedence when
addressing areas of concern and should be
32
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
followed, unless a determination is made
that it is not the most desirable in a
particular case; thus, a guideline may be
deviated from without penalty or sanction.2
Regulatory Implementing Actions
Regulatory implementing actions are one of two
types of approaches used in the General Plan to
pursue the vision, goals, and objectives.
Regulatory actions are controlling in that they
define boundaries, development parameters, and
measures intended to implement goals or
objectives. The three regulatory implementing
actions in the Plan include:
• General Plan Land Use Map: A map that
graphically delineates the areas of
intended future land use types.
• Policy: A general rule for action focused on
a specific issue, derived from more general
goals.3
• Standard: A regulatory measure that
defines the meaning, quality, or quantity of
a policy by providing a way to measure its
attainment.
In the General Plan, future land use maps, policies,
and standards are specific to the actions through
which zoning ordinances, subdivisions, and public
improvements or projects are initiated or adopted
because, as they must conform to and implement
the general plan in accordance with the County
Charter, Section 3-15.
Non-Regulatory Implementing Actions
The second approach of implementing actions is
not regulatory or controlling and requires
subsequent decisions and/or the allocation of
resources. The following types of actions are
intended to support and advance the goals and
objectives of the plan without the enforcement
power of laws or regulations. Non-regulatory
implementing actions typically involve community
engagement, education and outreach, partnership
development, and resource allocation to
encourage compliance and proactive efforts. This
approach allows for flexibility and innovation in
achieving the Plan’s vision.
Throughout the General Plan, the objectives and
policies are followed by a set of implementing
actions. There are three types:
• Program: An action, activity, or strategy
carried out in response to adopted policy to
achieve a specific goal or objective.4
• Project: An enterprise that is carefully
planned and designed to achieve a
particular purpose.
• Interagency Coordination: A program or
project that requires collaboration among
organizations, including those external to
the County.
2 HRS, Section 226-2
3 American Planning Association, A Planners Dictionary (2004)
4 American Planning Association, A Planners Dictionary (2004)
33
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
1.6 Grounded Vision and Goals
As we navigate our future, maintaining a
sustainable balance between environmental
stewardship, social equity, and economic
sufficiency is paramount. The values articulated by
our community in the adopted Community
Development Plans (CDP) are synthesized to form
a singular vision statement for Hawaiʻi Island. This
vision statement represents the ability to plan for
the future in alignment with community values.
The goals of the General Plan were formulated by
incorporating concepts and value statements from
the 2005 General Plan and the various CDPs. These
foundational documents provided a
comprehensive understanding of the community’s
priorities and aspirations. By integrating those
established values and principles, the General Plan
ensures continuity and reflects the collective vision
of Hawaiʻi Island residents, guiding sustainable
development while honoring our unique cultural
and environmental heritage. These goals are listed
alongside the chapter they pertain to. The four
primary chapters of the Plan encompass the
sustainability pillars of environment, community,
and economy, as outlined in the Hawaiʻi State
Planning Act Goals (HRS, Section 226-4).
General Plan Chapter Goal
Collaborative Biocultural
Stewardship
Natural and cultural resources are thriving and sustainably managed,
preserved, and restored to maintain our unique and diverse environment.
Addressing Climate
Change for Island-Wide
Health
Ensure a just transition to a climate resilient island by addressing the causes
and impacts of climate change through incorporating equitable climate
mitigation and adaptation priorities into policies, programs, infrastructure,
and decision-making.
Sustainable
Development &
Resilient Communities
We strategically apply progressive land use strategies incorporating
indigenous and contemporary knowledge and place-based practices to
direct and manage growth for the health, safety, and emergency response
and preparedness services for our communities.
Each community is connected by a multimodal and modernized
transportation network that provides a system for safe, efficient, and
comfortable movement of people and goods.
34
1.0 Introduction | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public
infrastructure, utilities, and services based on existing and future growth
needs, sound design principles, and effective maintenance practices.
Our communities are safe and protected, and have access to integrative
health, education, and social services to support a high quality of life for all
residents.
Residents have access to adequate and affordable housing to meet the
needs of the population and provide equitable opportunities for household
flexibility and mobility.
We employ integrated systems that are efficient, equitable, and organized to
facilitate coordination and collaboration.
Thriving, Diversified, &
Regenerative Economy
Our economy is diverse, regenerative, and innovative, improving and
maintaining the financial well-being of our residents with a focus on
increasing local economic opportunities.
Agriculture is a robust, diversified sector that addresses food security and
includes a broad range of agricultural-based businesses that highlight value.
A high quality of life for residents is maintained when a regenerative visitor
industry balances the preservation of natural and cultural resources with
responsible visitation.
35
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
2. COLLABORATIVE
BIOCULTURAL STEWARDSHIP
36
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
2.1 Introduction
Collaborative biocultural stewardship is an
approach to sustainable development that
emphasizes collaboration and partnership
building among stakeholders and integrates
natural and cultural resource management
strategies to promote conservation, sustainability,
and resilience. This framework is foundational to
the General Plan as it seeks to balance economic,
social, and environmental goals. Cooperative
efforts aimed at achieving sustainable
management of ecological systems are crucial for
protecting our natural and built environments.
Land use planning and management should be
holistic, inclusive, and adaptive to reflect
community values, knowledge, and aspirations.
The General Plan provides key strategies to
achieve biocultural stewardship, including
community engagement, partnership building,
collaborative decision-making, and collective
action.
Environmental and social systems are complex and
dynamic. These systems will require adaptive
management and continuous learning as we
navigate the future. The policies presented in this
section seek to foster partnerships that are based
on mutual respect, trust, and shared values. The
community engagement process must be inclusive
to incorporate diverse perspectives and
knowledge systems into conservation and
development strategies. Following such practices
can promote the co-creation of knowledge, the
sharing of resources, and the empowerment of
communities. By leveraging the strengths and
resources of different stakeholders, we can
enhance the capacity of communities to manage
natural and cultural resources sustainably. We can
also facilitate the creation of new networks and
alliances, promoting social cohesion and
resilience. Ultimately, the collaborative biocultural
stewardship approach can foster a more
integrated, inclusive, and equitable approach to
conservation and development that reflects the
aspirations and needs of local communities.
This fundamental element of the Plan strives to
cultivate a sense of place and connection to the
environment and recognizes that the management
of natural and cultural resources requires the
participation of diverse actors, including
communities, governments, non-governmental
organizations, and private sector entities. By
promoting collaborative decision-making and
collective action, we can enhance the
effectiveness, equity, and legitimacy of
conservation and development policies. By
promoting community-based conservation and
restoration strategies, we can enhance ecological
integrity, promote biodiversity, and preserve
cultural heritage and scenic landscapes.
Biocultural stewardship acknowledges the role of
cultural diversity in shaping environmental
perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. It
recognizes that cultural practices arising from
traditional ecological knowledge are integral to
maintaining ecosystem services and biological
diversity.
37
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 1: Biocultural Stewardship Challenges
Native Habitat • Hawaiʻi has been known as the extinction capital of the world.
• Climate change and sea level rise pose threats to existing habitats for native flora and fauna.
• Longer and/or more severe weather and climate change may increase the likelihood of
wildfires.
• Invasive species continue to pose a threat to native and endemic species as well economic,
environmental, and human health.
• The carrying capacity of our resources is not comprehensively modeled and monitored.
• The County lacks specific regulations for wetlands, riparian ecosystems, or other valuable
habitats.
Watersheds • Sea level rise has and will continue to impact freshwater resources through saltwater infiltration.
• The island’s coastal waters are affected by an increase in pollution, such as marine debris and
plastics, as well as effluents, pollutants, and toxins from nearshore sources such as cesspools,
septic systems, and injection wells.
• There is a lack of water quality monitoring on the island.
• Green infrastructure planning has not been institutionalized.
• Watershed protection and management require collaboration and coordination across all
levels of government and must include effective community engagement.
Stewardship • The County has a limited budget for its large-scale geographic responsibility for the protection
of public trust natural and cultural resources.
• Hawaiʻi Island has a large variation of unique biomes and ecosystems.
• The difference between traditional and modern practices along with varying mauka to makai
ownership makes it difficult to comprehensively steward natural resources.
Cultural & Historic
Assets
• The County’s role and involvement in cultural and historic resources can be difficult to discern.
• Miscommunication between different stakeholder groups can lead to conflict over community
values.
• Restoration and reformation of cultural and historic resources are complex and incentives for
remediation and conservation are limited.
• There is a lack of cultural understanding and ʻāina-based identity (e.g., place names) across the
general population.
• Identification of cultural and historic resources rarely occurs unless triggered by a development
permitting application, making it difficult to plan comprehensively.
Scenic Character • The County has not developed a scenic resources protection program, including view impact
procedures, criteria, and standards.
• The uncontrollable growth of and inability to eradicate invasive species (e.g., Albizia) obstruct
viewsheds or can change the character of a scenic resource.
38
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 2: Biocultural Stewardship Opportunities
Native Habitat • The County can collaborate with the State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development to
create models for monitoring the carrying capacity of natural resources.
• Ongoing conservation work can continue to evolve from species-specific conservation (e.g.,
Albizia eradication) to focus on ecosystem restoration across multiple land ownership to protect
Hawaiʻi’s biodiversity.
• Maintaining healthy, native-dominant forests offers immense savings of biocultural and water
resources that might otherwise be lost to the impacts of climate change and invasive species.
• Conservation lands hold significant value in the water resources they represent.
• Incentivizing and developing regenerative land uses, such as agroforestry, can provide
sustainable opportunities to ecosystems and communities.
• Hawaiʻi can become a statewide adaptation and resiliency leader by focusing on its unique
strengths and diversity to evolve with changing realities.
• Urban forestry can be prioritized or incentivized in the County Code.
Watersheds • Establish more place-based watershed partnerships to create unique management plans that
incorporate the generational knowledge of those water systems and protect our island’s
watersheds.
• Strengthen the integration of Hawaiian biocultural resource management and traditional
ecological knowledge across County government.
• Practice an integrated approach to ecosystem-based collaborative management that considers
the entire ecosystem.
• Watershed protection and management require collaboration and coordination across all levels
of government and must include effective community engagement.
Stewardship • Hawaiʻi Island has a large variation of its unique natural biomes and ecosystems.
• Ongoing interagency coordination, including consultation with place-based land stewards,
cultural and historical advisory groups, and other stakeholders.
• The County can take a more proactive role in exercising its protective public trust role for natural
and cultural resources.
• Maintain and increase involvement with existing partnerships and identify new partners that help
promote and enhance biocultural stewardship.
• Collaborate to complete additional EPA-approved watershed plans to increase eligibility for
future conservation funding.
Cultural & Historic
Assets
• Preservation of historic properties can enhance the educational, cultural, economic and general
welfare of the island.
• Community Development Plans (CDP) can uplift community values and heritage character.
• Consult with place-based culture and history advisory groups as well as other organizations that
continue to elevate, protect, and maintain community values, heritage, culture, and history.
Scenic Character • The County has a strong policy foundation for scenic resources.
• Scenic resources include historic buildings that contribute to community character and preserve
the history of the area.
• The scenic resources inventory and mapping project can be further developed into a program.
39
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
2.2 Biocultural Stewardship Goal,
Objectives, Policies, and Actions
Objective 1
Increase the biodiversity and resilience of native habitats.
Policies
1.1 Minimize and mitigate significant impacts, such as degradation, incompatible uses, or other
threats, to Native Hawaiian habitats and public trust resources.
1.2 Strive to improve the health of the island’s forests, rangelands, watersheds, nearshore
environments, riparian areas, and reefs.
1.3 Encourage the preservation and restoration of natural landscape features, such as reefs, beaches
and dunes, forests, rangelands, streams, floodplains, wetlands, and aquifer recharge areas that
have the inherent capacity to prevent, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change.
1.4 Maintain the shoreline for recreational, cultural, educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that
is protective and respectful of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public.
1.5 Increase collaborative efforts to improve coordination to conserve and manage wetlands, streams,
and watersheds.
1.6 Encourage the preservation of native vegetation and open space during development activities.
1.7 Improve the use of native or non-native plants of cultural or environmental importance.
1.8 Prioritize native landscaping for all County projects.
1.9 Limit the introduction and establishment of invasive species.
1.10 Maintain a program to identify and protect exceptional trees, groves, or stands of trees.
1.11 Encourage and incentivize green belts, tree plantings, and landscape plans and designs in urban
areas.
1.12 Increase collaborative efforts to create and maintain community forests, food forests, silvopasture,
and other agroforestry.
1.13 Incentivize private land management practices that protect and enhance natural resource values
and, when appropriate, pursue the acquisition of lands for the protection of natural resources.
1.14 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to:
40
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
a) Implement the Hawaiʻi State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP)
b) Better understand and model carrying capacities of the island’s habitats and resources
c) Improve the inventory of forested lands and associated ecosystem services
d) Encourage the continued identification and inclusion of unique wildlife habitat areas of Native
Hawaiian habitat within the Natural Area Reserve System
e) Anticipate future habitat migration, especially wetlands and coastal ecosystems
f) Prioritize quantitative wetland assessment to identify wetlands
g) Expand native and/or endemic forest cover
h) Improve enforcement for illegal activities that harm or degrade endemic habitats
1.15 Any development will not adversely impact the following resource asset(s):
a) Rivers, streams, springs, and other naturally flowing surface water bodies
b) Anchialine pools and estuaries
c) Shoreline setback areas, beaches, and dunes
1.16 Maintain shoreline setbacks to protect:
a) Natural shoreline vegetation;
b) Marine turtle nesting beaches/areas;
c) Nearshore water quality;
d) Structures from the effects of long-term sea level rise; and
e) Beaches and shorelines from erosion.
1.17 Allow the redevelopment of existing waterfront commercial structures consistent with the
community character to preserve overwater views.
1.18 Landscaping and irrigation shall be designed to maximize water use efficiency and native plants.
Actions
1.a Develop buffer policies to protect native forests, wildlife, rivers, streams, coastal waters, and other
native habitats.
1.b Seek partnership opportunities to support wetland identification and assessments.
1.c Review tree survey requirements and amend the Code to incorporate as part of site planning.
1.d Consider the establishment of clearing limits within the Code and increase tree removal mitigation
requirements, limiting the clearing of native vegetation during development.
1.e Revise floodplain management requirements to require consideration of nature-based solutions
as alternatives for all projects that have the potential to affect floodplains or wetlands.
1.f Develop a regulatory list of invasive species for Hawaiʻi County.
1.g Develop priorities for the management of fire-prone invasive species.
1.h Amend the Code to include an appropriate list of invasive species to be removed during
development activities, to the extent feasible.
1.i Support programs designed to prevent the introduction and establishment of invasive species and
the control and eradication of invasive species; particularly those that serve as disease vectors.
41
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
1.j Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in upland watershed areas
with an emphasis on native forest species.
1.k Identify partners and support a public awareness and education campaign to elevate recognition
of the value of urban trees as essential infrastructure.
1.l Amend the landscape standards in Rule or Code to require the use of native plants for screening
or landscaping.
1.m Amend the Code to incentivize the establishment of threatened and endangered endemic plant
species within their habitable ranges during development approvals.
1.n Review the Code and consider amendments to encourage site clustering of development in order
to avoid critical environmental areas and assets.
1.o Develop and establish Open Space Network Overlay for natural landscape features, such as
beaches and dunes, forests, streams, floodplains, wetlands, estuaries, or recharge areas that have
the inherent capacity to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change.
1.p Study, develop, and establish Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zones, either separately or as an overlay
district, to guide development within native forests through regulatory measures and economic
incentives.
1.q Maintain a program for acquiring and/or restoring wetlands, estuaries, and anchialine pools.
1.r Develop comprehensive programs and policies and provide resources for enhancing urban
forestry canopy cover.
1.s Improve urban and community forest management, maintenance, and arboricultural practices.
1.t Increase funding and grants for urban and community forestry.
1.u Support programs to prevent harmful invasive species from becoming established.
1.v Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
develop a program for the identification and protection of plant species of special status, including
plants significant for cultural practitioners.
1.w Support seedbanks of native and endemic plant species, especially species that are threatened or
endangered.
1.x Partner with community groups to apply for funding to restore native habitats including marine,
wetland, shoreline, and native upland systems on County-owned or managed lands.
1.y Prioritize removal of invasive species during maintenance of County-owned or maintained
properties.
1.z Assess and prioritize County-owned areas for restoration in collaboration with government, private
and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders.
1.aa Review and update the exceptional tree code and inventory to support the protection of native
species and habitats.
42
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 2
Apply the Native Hawaiian ahupuaʻa framework to preserve and enhance the health
and function of watersheds to promote water recharge, improve water quality, and
reduce runoff.
Policies
2.1 Engage in comprehensive watershed planning to protect all watersheds and identify priority
watershed areas to develop or complete watershed management plans and projects.
2.2 Address water best management practices and implement plans for non-point source discharges,
such as irrigation flows and agricultural or urban runoff.
2.3 Prioritize forest and land management above 2,500 to 3,000 feet elevation to ensure effective
groundwater recharge.
2.4 Within mauka areas of high rainfall/fog-drip belt, ground disturbing activities such as excessive
soil compaction and excessive removal of vegetative cover should be minimized and mitigated
consistent with management strategies that encourage the retention of existing forested and
pasture areas, reforestation, minimal coverage by impervious surfaces and other strategies that
encourage effective infiltration to groundwater.
2.5 Watershed management planning should recognize the ecosystem service value of watersheds
and open space to protect scenic vistas and aesthetic values; water recharge; carbon
sequestration; oxygen production; habitat enhancement and preservation; fire suppression and
fuel load management; soil conservation; preservation of cultural values; and the potential for
additional public access and recreational opportunities.
2.6 Maintain participation in the development and implementation of the Ocean Resources
Management Plan (ORMP), marine zoning plans, Marine Managed Areas (MMAs), or other
appropriate tools.
2.7 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to:
a) Implement a comprehensive conservation plan that identifies priority watershed areas for
habitat restoration and enhancement.
b) Review and designate forest, river corridors, and watershed areas into the conservation district
during State land use boundary comprehensive reviews.
c) Monitor nearshore water quality and impacts to reefs and marine environments and address
land-based sources of impacts.
d) Protect and restore wetlands and riparian corridors to ensure more pristine water quality,
decrease erosion, and increase sediment management, groundwater infiltration,
nutrient/pollutant uptake, soil moisture retention, stormwater abatement, and
cultural/community connections.
e) Develop reasonable standards to improve stream and coastal water quality monitoring and
encourage local communities to develop such projects.
43
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Actions
2.a Review and update the County grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure that they adequately
address potential erosion and runoff problems.
2.b Adopt appropriate measures and provide incentives to control point and non-point sources of
pollution.
2.c Identify and establish appropriate riparian buffer protection areas around streams, ponds,
perennial flowing natural springs, and all springs and reservoirs serving as water supplies.
2.d Support research to identify and refine priority watershed areas meant to enhance groundwater
recharge and improve surface water quantity and flows.
2.e Identify and establish appropriate wetland protection areas and regulations to mitigate impacts of
development.
2.f Partner with and support land managers to improve infrastructure and grazing management
practices for cattle and other livestock to promote soil and groundwater retention and mitigate
fire risk.
2.g Amend the Special Management Area (SMA) to include wetlands, riparian areas, and adjacent
buffer areas.
2.h Build community capacity and agency support for Community Conservation Areas (CCAs) as part
of stewardship-based efforts.
Objective 3
Increase direct community restoration and collaborative efforts to conserve and
nourish the island’s biocultural resources.
Policies
3.1 Encourage an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaiʻi’s resources by protecting, preserving,
and conserving critical and significant natural resources.
3.2 Foster educational activities that promote the importance and value of Hawaiʻi’s unique and limited
environmental resources.
3.3 Integrate progressive strategies incorporating indigenous and contemporary knowledge and
practices to maintain environmental quality at the highest standards, address a changing climate,
protect natural resources, and restore ecosystem health for the benefit of present and future
generations.
3.4 Promote and protect traditional exercised rights and customs of Native Hawaiians.
3.5 Promote resource management that is sustainable, responsible, and data driven.
44
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
3.6 Require the management of natural resources in a manner that fully minimizes adverse effects on
the environment and depletion of energy and natural resources.
3.7 Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damage natural resources.
3.8 Increase community-based stewardship that focuses on management responsibilities and
promote community education and shared learning.
3.9 Improve community planning capacity-building efforts toward coordination, leadership, effective
action, connectivity, and impact.
3.10 Contribute to programs for the collection and dissemination of data concerning natural or cultural
resources.
3.11 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to:
a) Protect special areas, structures, and elements that are an integral and functional part of
Hawaiʻi’s ethnic and cultural heritage.
b) Identify and protect wahi pana.
c) Promote the preservation and restoration of significant natural and historic resources.
d) Aid in programmatic education concerning historic sites.
e) Maintain the shoreline area for recreational, cultural, educational, and/or scientific uses in a
manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the public.
f) Encourage the documentation and preservation of traditional ecological knowledge,
identifying best management practices for integration.
Actions
3.a Contribute on a regular basis to state or federal Geographic Information System (GIS) data stores
and other programs for the collection and dissemination of basic data concerning natural, historic,
or cultural resources.
3.b Create special (business) improvement districts to engage in environmental research, restoration
and maintenance, natural resource management, climate change or sea level rise adaptation, or
other purposes to improve environmental conditions and provide community benefit.
Objective 4
The historical integrity, character, scenic assets, and open spaces of our
communities are protected, restored, and treated as unique assets with significant
social and economic value and managed in perpetuity.
45
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Policies
4.1 Require public and private developers to provide historical and archaeological surveys and
cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there
are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance.
4.2 Increase public access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
4.3 Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be determined on a case-by-case basis in
consultation with lineal descendants, those with kuleana to that site or object, or other local sources
such as cultural or historic groups.
4.4 Encourage the restoration of significant sites on a case-by-case basis in consultation with lineal
descendants, those with kuleana to that site or object, or other local sources such as cultural or historic
groups.
4.5 The County shall use and promote the use of interpretive signs and/or other appropriate methods
that are in keeping with the character of the area to recognize landscapes, sites, buildings, and
objects of historic and cultural significance.
4.6 Historic preservation shall represent the full range and diversity of the multi-cultural heritage of
Hawaiʻi Island.
4.7 Maintain an inventory of significant cultural and historic sites and districts compatible with that of
the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD).
4.8 Ensure that projects requiring preservation plans are identified on subdivision maps and plan
approval site plans.
4.9 The County shall develop a comprehensive management plan for historic and cultural resources
that are on County-owned or managed properties.
4.10 Maintain the character of County-owned historic structures and bridges, as appropriate.
4.11 Identify outstanding natural or cultural features, such as water courses, fine groves of trees, heiau,
and historical sites and structures on subdivision preliminary plat maps.
4.12 Original place names should be restored wherever possible.
Actions
4.a Seek private-public partnerships to maintain and steward the preservation of sites, buildings,
objects, and landscapes of significant cultural and historical importance.
4.b Maintain Certified Local Government status and maximize funding opportunities.
4.c Support the identification of Heritage Landscapes, Corridors, Areas, and Centers.
4.d Support the development of multi-cultural centers.
4.e Support historic district surveys for our urban centers.
4.f Work with SHPD to establish a framework and database for Cultural Impact Assessments.
4.g Continue the dialogue between State and County agencies to identify guidance to protect Native
Hawaiian customary and traditional practices.
4.h Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
develop design guidelines for designated communities containing significant historic buildings,
sites, or landscapes.
46
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.i Assess and prioritize County-owned lands for historic site restoration in collaboration with
government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders.
4.j Create and maintain a GIS overlay of historic districts.
4.k Educate and encourage property owners, historical societies, preservation organizations, lineal
descendants and others with close connections to nominate structures and sites to the State and
National Register of Historic Places. Encourage collaboration among interested entities.
4.l Support property owners with the preservation of historic structures that are on the State and
National Register of Historic Places.
4.m Provide real property tax incentives for historic properties, including commercial properties.
4.n Support the development of a multi-sector public education program regarding historic and
cultural sites that target key partners such as the visitor industry, real estate agents, site developers,
consultants, schools, youth groups, and civic organizations.
Objective 5
Protect, restore, and enhance our communities’ unique scenic character.
Policies
5.1 Consider structural setbacks from major thoroughfares and highways and establish development
and design guidelines to protect important view planes.
5.2 Preserve transportation corridors that have important scenic, historic, recreational, natural and/or
cultural resources that enhance the character and scenic resources of communities.
5.3 Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully considering the effects of
proposed construction and compatibility during all land use reviews.
5.4 Encourage the design of developments and activities that complement the natural beauty of the
island.
5.5 Maintain a program to identify and protect viewing sites on the island.
5.6 Preserve and protect culturally significant lava tubes, caves, or other geologic features determined
to be significant by a governmental agency or plan.
Actions
5.a Prioritize maintaining the views at scenic overlooks with a frequently maintained vegetation
management program which includes eradication of invasive species. Coordinate this work with a
regular roadway vegetation management maintenance program.
5.b Develop and establish view plane criteria, rankings, and regulations to preserve and enhance
views of scenic or prominent landscapes and/or corridors from specific locations and coastal
aesthetics.
5.c Develop a process for reviewing and revising guidelines for designating Natural Beauty Sites.
5.d Establish a Scenic Resources Protection Program to identify, inventory, and protect areas of
significant beauty. The program could include recommendations from the Scenic Resources
Inventory and Mapping Project (2016).
47
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5.e Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Aliʻi Drive (Mamalahoa Bypass Highway) between Keauhou and
Captain Cook, with limited access and without commercial development.
5.f Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Akoni Pule Highway between Kawaihae and Puakea, with limited
access and without commercial development.
48
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
2.3 Natural Beauty Sites
Table 3: District of Puna
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Viewplane from Pāhoa-Kalapana
Highway looking makai
1-2-004,006, 007, 009
Kehena Black Sand Beach 1-2-009:021 Kehena
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-2-009:022 Kekeekee
1955 Lava Flow (Iilewa Cone) 1-2-010:001 Kamaili
Ironwood Groves along Kapoho-Kalapana Road 1-3-003:005;
1-3-007:006, 026
Kauaea; Malama-Ki
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-004:071 Opihikao
MacKenzie Park 1-3-007:026 Malama-Ki
Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road 1-3-008:004, 005 Pohoiki
Keahialaka Spring & Pond 1-3-008:015 Keahialaka
Shoreline 1-3-008:015 Keahialaka
Viewpoint (Puʻu Kukae) 1-4-002:002 Kapoho
Kapela Bay (Black Sand Beach) 1-4-003:013 Kahuwai
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Hilo & Puna) 1-4-003:013 Kahuwai
Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.) 1-4-003:013 Kahuwai
Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park 1-4-003:018 Nanawale
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Honolulu Landing) 1-4-003:019 Honolulu
Mango Grove along Kapoho-Honolulu Landing Road 1-4-003, 004 Kahuwai & Halepuaa
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-5-063:001 to 004 Waiakahuila
Cove with Stone Beach 1-6-001:025 Keaʻau
Royal Palms fronting Keaʻau Intermediate School 1-6-002 Keaʻau
View of Mauna Kea & Mauna Loa from Pāhoa-Keaʻau,
Volcano-Keaʻau Roads, & various Puna subdivisions
Various Various
Puʻu ‘Ōʻō Lava Flow Region Various Various
Ahuʻailāʻau (Fissure 8) Various Various
Table 4: District of South Hilo
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Banyan Drive Scenic Area 2-1-001, 003, 005 Waiākea
Liliʻuokalani Gardens 2-1-003:002 Waiākea
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay area with Mauna Kea in Background 2-1-003:002 Waiākea
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay with Mauna Kea in Background 2-1-003:017 Waiākea
49
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Coconut Isle (Mokuola) 2-1-003:019 Waiākea
Reeds Bay (Shoreline) 2-1-005:001 Waiākea
Ice Pond 2-1-006:010 Waiākea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Leleiwi Point) 2-1-011:005 Waiākea
Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-013:005 Waiākea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Kēōkea Point) 2-1-014:013 Waiākea
Lihikai (Onekahakaha) Beach Park shoreline 2-1-014:013 Waiākea
Waiāhole Fish Pond 2-1-015:001 Waiākea
Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-015:042 Waiākea
Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-016 to 019 Waiākea
Lokoaka Pond, Akahi Pond, & Kionakapahu Pond 2-1-016:001 Waiākea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Waiuli Point) 2-1-019:009 Waiākea
Wailoa River Area:
• Hoakimau Fish Pond;
• Mohouli Fish Pond;
• Waiākea Fish Pond
2-2-013:003;
2-2-029:027;
2-2-031:001
Waiākea
Puʻu o Hālaʻi 2-3-022 Ponahawai
Rainbow Falls & Area (Wailuku River Park) 2-3-027:001, 002 Piʻihonua
Kaimukanaka Falls & Area 2-3-027:003, 005 Piʻihonua
Boiling Pots & Area 2-3-029:012 Piʻihonua
Viewpoint on hilltop looking over Hilo Bay 2-3-037 Ponahawai
Waiʻale Falls & Area 2-5-009:004 Piʻihonua
Peʻepeʻe Falls & Area 2-5-010:001 Piʻihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridge looking makai 2-6-002 Piʻihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridge looking mauka 2-6-003 Piʻihonua
ʻĀleʻAleʻa Point looking towards Hilo Bay 2-6-015:001 Wailua
Keakanini Falls 2-6-018:004 Piʻihonua
Hawaiʻi Falls 2-6-018:004 Piʻihonua
Honoliʻi Beach Area and Stream 2-6-024:001 to 004 Alae
Onomea Bay Area 2-7-009:001, 002,
026;
2-7-010:001
Kahalii-Onomea
Onomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-010:001 Onomea
ʻAkaka & Kahūnā Falls 2-8-010:034 Honomu
Kolekole Gulch 2-8-015,
2-9-003
Kuhua-Kaiwiki
Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-002,
3-1-001
Hakalaunui-Kamae
50
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 5: District of North Hilo
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Viewpoint of Umauma Gulch (makai from bridge) 3-1-001:001, 024 Wailua
Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma Gulch (mauka from bridge) 3-1-001:023, 030 Wailua
Nanue Gulch-Makai 3-2-001:001, 008 Nanue
Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and stream) 3-2-001:011, 017 Nanue
Maulua Gulch 3-4-04:009, 011, 012 Maulua Iki
Kaiwilahilahi Gulch 3-5-003 Kaiwilahilahi
Manawaiopae Gulch 3-5-004 Manawaiopae
Kihalani Gulch 3-5-004 Kihalani
Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-004 Kihalani
Kilau Gulch 3-6-001 Laupāhoehoe
Scenic Lookout-Laupāhoehoe Point 3-6-001:009 Alaea
Laupāhoehoe Gulch 3-6-004 Laupāhoehoe
Kaʻawaliʻi Gulch 3-6-005;
3-9-001
Waipunalei-Humuula
Table 6: District of Hāmākua
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Kalōpā State Park 4-4-014:001 Kalōpā
Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-016:003 Kaʻohe
ʻĀhualoa Road 4-5-010 Kaao-Nienie
Nienie (Native forest) 4-6-012:025 Nienie
Viewpoint Lookout Waipiʻo Valley, Kukuihaele 4-8-004:017 Lalakea
Windward Valley System:
• Muliwai to Awini;
• Waimanu Valley Area;
• Waipiʻo Valley Area
4-9-001 to 015 Waipiʻo, Muliwai-Awini,
Waimanu
Hiʻilawe Falls 4-9-009 Waipiʻo
Table 7: District of North Kohala
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Windward Valley System:
• Honokane Valley;
• Islands off Awini Valley;
• Pololū Valley
5-1-001, 002 Awini, Pololū
Viewpoint-Pololū Valley 5-2-001:001 Pololū
Akoakoa Point 5-2-001:007 Waiʻāpuka
Nanue Bay Area 5-2-001:007, 008 Waiʻāpuka
Kapanaia Bay Area 5-2-001:014;
5-2-007
Makapala, Aʻamakao
51
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Keokea Beach & Kalalae Point 5-2-001:014 to 016 Makapala
Kauhola Point 5-3-007:001 Kukuiwaluhia
ʻUpolu Point 5-5-006:007 Kokoiki-Upolu
Old Honoipu Landing 5-6-002 Puakea
Kapaʻa Park 5-6-001:060 Kapa'a
Māhukona Harbor and Park 5-7-003:003, 004,
014
Māhukona-Hihiu
Keawanui Bay Area 5-8-001 Kehena, Puanui
Kaiopae Point 5-9-001:006 Waiaka
Waiakailio Bay Area 5-9-001:008 Kahualiilii
Coastline view plane from ʻAkoni-Pule Highway Various Various
Coastline view plane from Kohala Mountain Road Various Various
Table 8: District of South Kohala
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Viewpoint (Puʻu Makela) 6-2-001:025 Kawaihae 2nd
Mauʻumae Bay/Beach 6-2-002 Kawaihae 2nd
Kaunaʻoa Bay/Beach 6-2-002:004 Ouli
Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-002:006 Kawaihae 2nd
ʻOhaiʻula Beach (Spencer Park) 6-2-002:008 Kawaihae 2nd
Upper Waipiʻo Lookout 6-3-001:004 Waipiʻo
View of Kohala Mountain 6-5-001 Waiauia
Na Puʻu (Waimea): Puʻu Laʻelaʻe; Hōkūʻula; Puʻuiki 6-5-001 Keoniki-Puuiki
Waimea Church Row and Surrounding Churches 6-5-004:001 to 006,
008
Waikōloa (Waimea)
Hāpuna Bay/Beach 6-6-001:008 Lālāmilo
Kaunaʻoa Point 6-6-002:038 Ouli
Waimea Nature Park (Ulu Laʻau) 6-6-003:007 Lālāmilo
Scenic countryside around Waiki‘i 6-7-001:003 Waikōloa
Makaiwa Bay and Pond, Keawanui 6-8-022 Kalahuipuaa
Pauoa Bay Area 6-8-022 Kalahuipuaa
Puakō Bay Area 6-9-001:002;
6-9-002:007, 008
Lālāmilo
ʻAnaehoʻomalu Bay Area 6-9-001:013 ʻAnaehoʻomalu
Wailea Bay Area 6-9-002:002 Lālāmilo
Viewplane along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway looking mauka
& makai
Various Various
Table 9: District of North Kona
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
52
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Puʻu Waʻawaʻa 7-1-001:004 Puʻuwaʻawaʻa
Kīholo Bay/Beach Area 7-1-002:008 Puʻuwaʻawaʻa
Keawaiki 7-1-002:008;
7-1-003:002
Puʻuwaʻawaʻa; Puʻuanahulu
Hualālai 7-2-001;
7-8-001
Kaʻūpūlehu
Kaʻūpūlehu 7-2-003:001, 002 Kaʻūpūlehu
Kua Bay Area 7-2-004 Maniniʻowali
Opae Ula Pond 7-2-004:001 Makalawena
Makalawena 7-2-004:001 Makalawena
Kahoiawa 7-2-004:003, 004 Awakeʻe
Kakapa Bay Area 7-2-004:004 Kukio 2nd
Kukio Bay/Beach Area 7-2-004:005 Kukio lst
Mahaiʻula Bay/Beach Area 7-2-005:003 Mahaiʻula
Kaloko Pond 7-3-009:002 Kaloko
Honokōhau Fish Pond 7-4-008 Kealakehe
Honokōhau coastline 7-4-008:004, 003 Honokōhau-Kealakehe
ʻAimakapā 7-4-008:010 Honokōhau
White Sand Beach 7-4-008:010 Honokōhau
White Sand Beach 7-5-005:007 Keahuolu
Viewplane from Kuakini Highway going mauka & makai 7-7 and 7-8 Hōlualoa-Keauhou
Viewplane from Kamehameha III Road going mauka & makai 7-8-010 Kahaluʻu-Keauhou
Keauhou 7-8-012 Keauhou 1 & 2
Kahaluʻu Bay Area 7-8-014 Kahaluʻu 2
Viewplane along Queen Kaʻahumanu Highway going mauka
& makai
Various Various
Table 10: District of South Kona
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Kealakekua Bay from Kaʻawaloa Road & Lower Government
Road
8-1-007:001;
8-1-010:001, 002;
8-1-011;
8-2-002, 004
Keōpuka, Kaʻawaloa,
Kealakekua
Viewpoint 8-3-003 Kahauloa (2)
Cove 8-3-004:001 Keʻei (1)
White Sand Beach 8-3-004:004 Keʻei (1)
Viewpoint (Palemanō Point) 8-3-004:005 Keʻei (1)
Hōnaunau Bay & Scenic View from Ke Ala O Keawe Road 8-4-011, 012, 013 Hōnaunau, Keokea
Kealia Beach 8-5-005:001 Kealia
Kiʻilae 8-5-005:019 Kiʻilae
53
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Hoʻokena—Kauhakō Bay Area 8-6-013, 014 Hoʻokena, Kauhakō
Miloliʻi area 8-9-004 Miloliʻi
Lava flows of 1950, 1926 and 1919 Various Various
Table 11: District of Kaʻū
Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaʻa or Region
Manukā Bay 9-1-001:003 Manukā
Pōhue Bay 9-2-001:001 Kahuku
Volcano area including National Park 9-2-001:004;
9-9-001
Kahuku, Keauhou
South Point (Ka Lae) 9-3-001:001-003,
007,009
Pakini Iki, Kamaoa
Mahana Bay 9-3-001:002 Kamaoa
Waiakukini 9-3-001:006 Pakini-nui
Kaʻaluʻalu Bay 9-4-001: 012, 014 Kiolakaʻa
Honuʻapo 9-5-014:001, 007 Honuʻapo
Kāwā (Kawaʻa) Bay & Spring 9-5-016:020;
9-5-017:007
Kaalaiki, Hilea Nui
Nīnole Cove & Springs 9-5-019:012 Nīnole
Punaluʻu Black Sand Beach 9-6-001 Punaluʻu
Lava Flows of 1868, 1887, & 1907 Various Various
View of Mauna Loa from Volcano-Kaʻū Highway Various Various
Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala & Punaluʻu Various Various
Waiʻōhinu Park Various Various
Na Puʻu: Enuhe, Makanau, Kaiholena & One Various Various
54
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
3. ADDRESSING CLIMATE
CHANGE FOR ISLAND-WIDE
HEALTH
55
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
3.1 Introduction
The climate change section of the General Plan is
intended to be used as a policy guide for the
coordinated climate mitigation and adaptation
efforts on Hawaiʻi Island. This element provides a
high-level policy framework, building on the
scientific knowledge and government-level
strategies and actions developed in the Integrated
Action Plan (ICAP) for the island of Hawaiʻi. The
ICAP establishes the County’s strategic roadmap
for implementing climate action by identifying
actions the County government can take to
mitigate and adapt to climate change. The
research collected, challenges identified, and
strategies proposed in the ICAP provide a
foundation for the General Plan. Recognizing the
purpose and scope of the ICAP, the General Plan
contains overarching policies and implementing
actions to help the County achieve the following
climate action objectives, in alignment with
existing State and County priorities.
Climate change refers to the long-term regional or
global average of temperature, humidity, and
rainfall patterns over seasons, years, or decades.
Human-induced climate change is resulting in
global warming, or the long-term average heating
of the Earth’s surface. The United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) has concluded in its most recent report that
human activities have unequivocally caused global
warming.1 Climate change is already impacting the
lands and waters on which we live and the health
of our communities. Island communities such as
those on Hawaiʻi Island are at the forefront of
climate change due to impacts, such as sea level
rise. Our small population and island geography
mean that a single climate change event has
cascading effects that significantly impact the
health of the land and people.
3.1.1 The Impacts of Climate Change
The islands of Hawaiʻi are especially vulnerable to
the effects of climate change due to our isolated
geography. The County faces a unique set of
challenges and opportunities as we plan for a
sustainable future. Among the most pressing
issues is the impact of climate change on public
health, as illustrated in Figure 5. As global
temperatures rise, our communities will continue
to experience rising sea levels, more frequent and
severe weather events, wildfires, increased coastal
erosion, biodiversity loss, and other shifting
ecological patterns. Residents will be directly
impacted as critical infrastructure, homes, and
other community assets along the coastline are
exposed to coastal hazards exacerbated by sea
level rise. Sea level rise also jeopardizes shallow
groundwater aquifers used for drinking water wells
and degrades water lines and wastewater systems,
1 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment (AR6) Summary for Policy
Makers (2023) https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6syr/pdf/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf
56
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
which leak into groundwater aquifers and coastal
ecosystems. These changes pose significant risks
to our food and water sources, ecosystems, air
quality, cultural connections to ʻāina, agriculture
and visitor industries, and overall health and well-
being.
The threats to public health from the climate crisis
are extensive and may affect some areas and
populations more than others. The Hawaiʻi County
General Plan recognizes the critical need to
address these vulnerabilities through
comprehensive, proactive strategies. By
integrating climate resilience into planning
processes, we aim to protect our communities,
ensure the availability of clean water and air, and
promote sustainable development practices. Our
approach emphasizes collaboration across
sectors, community engagement, and the use of
scientific data to guide decision-making.
Incorporating climate change considerations into
our planning processes not only safeguards public
health but also strengthens the resilience of our
communities. Through adaptive measures and
innovative solutions, we are committed to fostering
a healthy, thriving environment for current and
future generations.
Figure 4 Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Hawaiʻi2
3.1.2 Climate Action in Hawaiʻi County
The County has a dual role to play: climate
mitigation and climate adaptation. Climate
mitigation refers to actions that reduce the flow of
greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere,
either by reducing sources of these gases or
enhancing the sinks that accumulate and store
these gases. Mitigation serves to ensure that future
climate change is as moderate and manageable as
possible. Climate adaptation refers to actions to
help people adjust to the current and future effects
of climate change. Adaptation primarily responds
to and manages climate change that cannot be
2 State of Hawaiʻi Department of Health (DOH), Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response (HEER) Office, Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Hawaiʻi (Adapted from California Department of Public Health and CDC).
57
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
prevented. Both climate mitigation and adaptation
are complementary and work in conjunction to
Climate Mitigation
The natural carbon cycle includes sources that emit
GHGs and sinks that sequester GHGs. Greenhouse
gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, and fluorinated gases. The greenhouse gas
effect occurs when GHGs trap heat by reducing the
release of infrared light waves back into the
atmosphere. In 2017, Hawaiʻi County produced
2,779,683 metric tons of GHGs.3 As of 2023, GHG
sources in Hawaiʻi County include emissions from
burning of fossil fuels and biofuels for energy and
transportation and from decomposition of organic
and inorganic waste. GHGs are emitted to support
community systems such as electricity,
transportation, waste, and industries from
agriculture to healthcare to tourism.
Simultaneously, the cycles of land development,
including land abandonment, have led to
protect communities from the harms of climate
change.
deforestation and biodiversity loss, decreasing
natural carbon sinks on Hawaiʻi Island. The early 20th
century expansion of plantation and cattle
industries followed by the contraction of farming
and ranching in the 21st century were major drivers
of these impacts.
Emissions are expected to grow in all sectors with
population growth, increases in electricity use and
vehicle miles traveled (VMT), waste production, and
new development.4 As the effects of climate change
emerge, so does the urgency to understand how to
reduce emissions and ensure equity while pursuing
solutions. While Hawaiʻi County’s contribution to
global emissions may be small by proportion, it’s
essential that we take responsibility for our
contribution to global climate change and reduce
our sources of emissions alongside the rest of the
world.
Figure 5 Hawaiʻi County Sector Overview of MTCO2e Emissions for Years 2005, 2015, and 2017
Source: Integrated Climate Action Plan for the Island of Hawaiʻi, County of Hawaiʻi (2023)
3 COH, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (2021) https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/304504/637834584810900000. Note: Emissions calculations do not include emissions from volcanic eruptions, although these emissions amplify the impacts of human-caused emissions on health.
4 COH, Integrated Climate Action Plan for the Island of Hawaiʻi (2023)
58
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Transportation
Transportation is the primary source of emissions
for Hawaiʻi County, with a total of 1,742,191 metric
tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e)
released per year, as shown in Figure 6. In Hawaiʻi,
transportation emissions are generated from
ground, air, and marine transportation. Ground
transportation contributes 16.8 percent of
emissions annually on Hawaiʻi Island.5 Due to the
rural geography of the island and the distance
between urban socioeconomic hubs and
residential areas, many residents have long
commutes. The visitor industry adds to the use of
vehicles on the island, as visitors rent cars and drive
to popular attractions around the island. With
increasing population and commercial activity,
ground transportation emissions increased 17.31
percent from 2015 to 2017 and are expected to
continue to increase.6 Airline transportation also
contributes significantly to GHG emissions,
accounting for 54 percent of total annual
emissions. Airline travel is essential to residential,
commercial, and visitor industry activity on island.
Interisland commutes are a standard part of many
industries, including construction. Increasing
population and commercial activity amplify the
need for flights and imported goods, so airline
emissions are expected to increase. On a local
level, reducing emissions that are generated from
the transportation sector involves expanding
opportunities for and access to multimodal options
as well as prioritizing active transportation in
planning and design processes. The General Plan
further discusses strategies for decreasing vehicle
reliance and improving commutes in the
Transportation Access and Mobility section.
Energy and Electricity
On- and off-grid energy production and electricity
use make up the second largest source of
emissions on Hawaiʻi Island, with a total of 959,900
MTCO2e released per year.7 Energy production
provides electricity, air conditioning, and heat. Our
heavy reliance on fossil fuels for electricity
generation and transportation, along with
inefficient energy use, are contributing to
increasing amounts of GHGs. Reducing fossil fuel
use can relieve the burden of energy and fuel
costs, especially in the face of global shocks and
stressors that increase the price of imported fossil
fuels.
Homes in Hawaiʻi use 40 percent less electricity on
average than the national average.8 However, the
State of Hawaiʻi has the highest energy cost of any
state in the country, at 42.37 cents per kilowatt-
hour (kWh), compared to the national average of
12.52 cents.9 These high prices stem from the
State’s dependence on energy importation, as
Hawaiʻi uses 12 times more energy than it
produces and pricing structures are dependent on
the cost of foreign oil, even for renewable energy
generation. Foreign oil generates about 60
percent of Hawaiʻi’s energy.
The County can reduce its footprint by increasing
the percentage of renewable fuel used to power
public facilities and infrastructure, reducing VMT,
and establishing more energy efficient buildings.
One of the most cost-effective ways of reducing
energy emissions is by making buildings more
energy efficient, as improving energy standards
costs less than 1 cent per kWh saved. Building
energy efficiency refers to how effectively
infrastructure uses energy generated. For
example, buildings that are designed with natural
cooling systems, such as windows and doors that
allow for cross-ventilation or siding that better
reflects sunlight, require fewer fans or small air
conditioning units. Upgrading appliances such as
light bulbs, refrigerators, and washing machines
also reduces electricity usage. New building
development inevitably increases GHG emissions
5 COH, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (2021)
6 COH, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (2021)
7 COH Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (2021)
8 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Hawaiʻi State Energy Profile https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=HI
9 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_a
59
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
by adding load on or off the grid. New
development also includes embodied emissions,
also referred to as embodied carbon, from
harvesting, transportation, and construction of
materials. The General Plan expands on the
opportunities for increasing renewable sources of
energy and energy efficiency in the Public Utilities
section.
Waste and Wastewater
The third and fourth highest contributing sectors
for Hawaiʻi County emissions are solid waste and
wastewater, accounting for 8.79 percent of
emissions.10 In 2022, Hawaiʻi County collected
203,872 tons of waste in its landfill. Solid waste
produces emissions through the process of
decomposition, which releases nitrogen gases and
methane. Additionally, transporting waste to and
from transfer stations and the landfill produces
additional emissions. Wastewater (sewage)
produces GHG emissions during treatment
processes, including nitrification and
denitrification. Waste management is especially
important for an island community, which has
limited land for waste disposal and watersheds that
are easily polluted. Residential, commercial, and
industrial activity add to waste production on the
island through materials used in construction,
agriculture, and the visitor industry. Without
finding ways to repurpose and reduce waste, waste
production will continue to grow as population
expands and economic activity increases. The
County can divert waste from the landfill or
incinerator through integrated waste management
activities, including reducing, reusing, recycling, or
composting waste. Waste minimization feeds into
economic development, cesspool management,
and toxic leakage. The General Plan explores
opportunities for reducing waste in the Public
Utilities and Public Facilities and Services
sections.
Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use
Agriculture, forestry, and other land use serve as
carbon sinks, which absorb a substantial amount of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Hawaiʻi
Island forests are the largest source of carbon
sequestration in the State.11 Forests are also
essential components of our watersheds. At higher
elevations, forests catch and collect water that then
travels down to lower elevations, providing fresh
water from mauka to makai. As forests and
shrublands are converted for commercial and
residential activities, ranching and agriculture,
essential natural carbon sinks, and vital cultural
resources disappear. Deforestation and
degradation of native forests can reduce the
availability of fresh water, impacting potable water
supply, agriculture, and ecosystem health.
Moreover, the proliferation of invasive species can
decrease groundwater recharge and have
diminished the dominance of native ecosystems in
10 COH, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (2021)
11 DOH, Hawaiʻi Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report for 2017 (2021) https://health.hawaii.gov/cab/files/2021/04/2017-Inventory_Final-Report_April-
2021.pdf
60
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Hawaiʻi. Given that increased development,
deforestation, and certain land management
practices can become carbon sources, the County
will need to preserve open spaces and forested
lands to maintain carbon sinks. The General Plan
expands on opportunities for climate-conscious
land development in the Land Use section.
Climate Adaptation
Climate adaptation refers to actions to increase
resilience to climate change impacts. Adaptation
actions adjust to the actual or expected future
climate to reduce risks from the harmful effects of
climate change and maximize any potential benefit
opportunities. The effects of climate change that
are already starting to impact Hawaiʻi Island
include increased air and sea surface temperature,
drought, extreme rainfall, sea level rise, and
increased hurricanes. These hazards exacerbate
and are exacerbated by other hazards including
wildfire, flooding, landslides, and high winds.
Climate change poses a threat to ecosystem and
community health. Climate change also endangers
critical infrastructure and services, including
structures, roads, bridges, potable water and
watersheds, wastewater, parks, and emergency
services.
Human and Environmental Health
Rising GHG emissions result in higher air and sea
surface temperatures and greater absorption of
carbon dioxide in the ocean, which increases
ocean acidity. Coastal communities are especially
susceptible to increased temperatures, with longer
stretches of temperatures well above 80 °F. Higher
temperatures alone can be dangerous for the
health of humans and other living organisms.
Higher temperatures also change the natural
cycles of our planet. For example, higher
temperatures can affect how the atmosphere
retains water, leading to increased rain in some
areas and drought in others. High temperatures
can be hazardous, particularly for vulnerable
populations and those exposed for long durations.
Kupuna and keiki are even more susceptible to the
effects of extreme heat. Prolonged exposure to
extreme heat can cause heat exhaustion, heat
stroke, and death, as well as exacerbate
preexisting chronic conditions such as respiratory,
cerebral, and cardiovascular diseases.12
Plants, birds, and other living organisms will
migrate and likely be more stressed with rising air
temperature. Increased air temperature will affect
the behavioral patterns of species on Hawaiʻi
Island. For instance, avian mosquitoes are
migrating mauka with warmer air temperatures,
harming native bird populations that live at higher
elevations.13 While some plant species may benefit
from higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon
dioxide, other factors essential to plants’ growth
such as nutrients, temperature, and water may limit
growth. For example, the seed production of koa
decreases in response to higher temperatures.
There are various ways plant and animal species
can adapt to increased temperature. In alpine
ecosystems throughout the Pacific, species have
been migrating to higher elevations in response to
climate change.14 Higher temperature intensify
drought conditions by increasing evaporation,
which can lead to higher tree mortality and
contribute to forest decline.15 Urban areas often
lack tree canopies and green spaces that absorb
heat and provide shade. Instead, structures such as
buildings and roads elevate the surrounding
temperature, leading to an urban heat island
effect.
12 National Institutes of Environmental Health, Climate and Human Health (2022)
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/climatechange/health_impacts/heat/index.cfm#:~:text=Prolonged%20exposure%20to%20extreme%
20heat,%2C%20cerebral%2C%20and%20cardiovascular%20diseases
13 L. B. Fortini, L. R. Kaiser, D. A. LaPointe, Fostering real-time climate adaptation: Analyzing past, current, and forecast temperature to understand
the dynamic risk to Hawaiian honeycreepers from avian malaria. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 23, e01069 (2020).
14 Frazier, A. G., & Brewington, L. (2020). Current Changes in Alpine Ecosystems of Pacific Islands. In M. I. Goldstein & D. A. DellaSala (Eds.),
Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes (pp. 607-619). Oxford: Elsevier.
15 Brodribb, T.J., Powers, J., Cochard, H. and Choat, B. (2020). Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought. Science, 368(6488), pp.261-266.
61
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Water Resources
A warmer ocean and more acidic ocean stresses
reef ecosystems from increased rainfall and runoff
containing sewage, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Rising sea surface temperature, also associated
with increasing storm intensity, can cause similar
damage. This impacts fish populations, the food
web in marine ecosystems, and the communities
who depend on them. Hawaiʻi is impacted not only
by global ocean acidification, but also coastal
acidification resulting from localized land-based
pollution, such as runoff and cesspools.16
Further, wastewater and water line segments as
well as on-site disposal systems are exposed to sea
level rise. Saltwater intrusion from sea level rise into
shallow coastal aquifers impacts potable water
supply from shallow coastal groundwater wells and
underground infrastructure. Underground
infrastructure may become corroded and
contaminate freshwater and nearshore waters. The
General Plan promotes One Water strategies in the
Public Utilities section.
Agriculture and Native Ecosystems
Extended droughts can have cascading effects on
native ecosystems, the economy, agriculture, and
public health. Drought reduces stream flow, which
decreases the water available to support stream
and wetland habitats, agricultural irrigation,
cultural practices, and aquifer recharge and
freshwater supplies.17 Rain-fed fields and pastures
are the most vulnerable to drought impacts in
Hawaiʻi. If droughts persist, irrigated areas can
become vulnerable as well.18 Additionally, higher
temperatures and drought degrade native forests
through increasing tree mortality and accelerating
grass invasion. Together, these factors can reduce
the cover of high-quality forest and heighten
vulnerability to fire impacts. Future drying with
climate change will shift speak fire risk to higher
elevations, endangering native forests mauka.
Freshwater ecosystems are especially vulnerable
to drought. Stream wildlife is adversely impacted
by reductions in stream flow through the limited
availability of freshwater habitat, loss of
hydrological connectivity, and impaired water
quality. Reduced surface water and groundwater
inputs into nearshore environments may also have
negative impacts on organisms in brackish and
marine environments. Groundwater-dependent
ecosystems, including fish ponds, anchialine
pools, and coastal springs, are culturally and
ecologically significant systems that are affected by
drought and exacerbated by unsustainable water
use. Longer and more frequent droughts increase
the demand for potable and non-potable water for
municipal and agricultural uses. Water supply from
County, private, and individual systems will be
impacted by drought conditions and increased
water use to support residents, agriculture,
ranching, and tourism. Improving water
infrastructure and conservation by increasing
water storage capacity, reducing leakages from
water systems, providing backup water systems,
using stormwater to recharge groundwater
aquifers, integrating groundwater-dependent
ecosystem needs in sustainable water yield
analysis, and conducting education and outreach
activities are some of the key pre-drought
management actions needed in a changing
climate. The Collaborative Biocultural
Stewardship section of the General Plan promotes
balanced and resilient approach to managing land
and resources.
Critical Infrastructure
Severe rainfall events, compounded by flooding
and landslides, jeopardize critical infrastructure,
communities, and coastal ecosystems. Runoff and
flooding are some of the most disastrous impacts
16 State of Hawaiʻi, Ocean Acidification Action Plan 2021 – 2031 (2021)
https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/files/2021/09/State_of_Hawaii_OA_Action_Plan.pdf
17 COH, Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan (2020) https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/departments/civil-defense/multi-hazard-mitigation-plan-2020
18 Frazier, A.G.; Giardina, C.P.; Giambelluca, T.W.; Brewington, L.; Chen, Y.-L.; Chu, P.-S.; Berio Fortini, L.; Hall, D.; Helweg, D.A.; Keener, V.W.; et al., (2022). A Century of Drought in Hawaiʻi: Geospatial Analysis and Synthesis across Hydrological, Ecological, and Socioeconomic Scales. Sustainability 2022, 14, 12023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912023
62
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
of severe rainfall events. As stream flows and
velocities change, erosion patterns also change,
altering channel shapes and depths, potentially
increasing sedimentation behind dams and
affecting habitat and water quality. Changes in
watershed vegetation and soil moisture conditions
also change runoff and recharge patterns.
Additionally, deforestation adds to the impact of
extreme rainfall events. When forests are removed
from a watershed, stream flows can easily double.
Increased sediment prevents streambeds from
carrying the increased discharge, causing
floodplains and floodplain elevations to increase.
Numerous County roads, bridges, and structures
are exposed to severe rainfall events and
compounding hazards. Sea level rise affects critical
infrastructure including hazard materials and waste
storage facilities, wastewater treatment facilities,
and transportation, communication, energy,
safety, and security systems. Structures along the
coastline in South Hilo, North Kona, and South
Kohala have the greatest sea level rise exposure.
Disruptions to emergency services can occur due
to the impacts on roads, utility lines, and other
critical infrastructure. More severe flood events will
increase the number of brown water advisories
that carry land-based sediment and contaminants,
including sewage, dead animals, and pesticides, to
the shoreline, beaches, and coastal waters, posing
risks to public safety and coastal ecosystem health.
The General Plan further expands on strategies to
increase resilience in the Transportation Access
and Mobility, Public Utilities, and Public
Facilities and Services sections.
Energy Resilience
Increased air temperature places greater demand
on energy consumption. A greater dependency on
air conditioners will be necessary for organizations
including hospitals and schools. Moreover,
technology such as data servers require immense
amounts of cooling, which will increase energy
demand as temperatures and technology use rise.
Disasters from climate change can also increase
energy demand as power sources go out and need
to be replaced with fossil fuel. Greater energy
demand further increases GHG emissions,
especially without renewable and reliable energy
sources. The General Plan expands on renewable
energy in the Public Utilities section.
63
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 12: Climate Mitigation Challenges
Climate mitigation in Hawaiʻi County faces a range of challenges due to its unique geographic, socio-
economic, and environmental contexts. Mitigation focuses on the root cause of climate change: heat-trapping
greenhouse gases that are added to the atmosphere at a faster rate than the planet can absorb them.
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving collaboration between government
agencies, the private sector, community groups, and other stakeholders. Investment in research, innovation,
and education, as well as robust policy frameworks and financial mechanisms, are essential components of
effective climate mitigation strategies.
Geographic
Isolation &
Dependence on
Imports
• Hawaiʻi depends heavily on imported fossil fuels for energy generation and transportation,
making the transition to renewable energy sources both crucial and challenging.
• Geographic isolation leads to supply chain vulnerability, resulting in higher costs and logistical
difficulties in obtaining renewable energy technologies and infrastructure materials.
High Energy Costs • The cost of energy in Hawaiʻi is among the highest in the country, which can be a barrier to
implementing and sustaining renewable energy projects.
• Increased temperatures associated with climate change places greater demand on energy
systems.
Tourism-Driven
Economy
• The visitor industry is a significant contributor to the local economy, but also a substantial source
of carbon emissions, making balancing economic growth with sustainable practices difficult.
Infrastructure
Limitations
• Material-making and building methods require a lot of energy, increasing the carbon footprint
of infrastructure construction.
• Aging energy infrastructure is inadequate and the need for upgrades to support renewable
energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, and geothermal) requires substantial investment.
• The grid's capacity to integrate intermittent renewable energy sources without compromising
reliability is a technical challenge.
Natural Disasters &
Climate
Vulnerability
• Susceptibility to natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, wildfires, and volcanic activity
can disrupt energy infrastructure and impede mitigation efforts.
• Rising sea levels and increased frequency of extreme weather events pose risks to water
resources, infrastructure, and communities.
Biodiversity &
Ecosystem
Considerations
• Efforts to expand renewable energy must consider the preservation of unique and diverse
ecosystems, avoiding negative impacts on wildlife and natural habitats.
• Deforestation and degradation of native ecosystems and open spaces reduce carbon sinks.
Economic & Social
Equity
• Ensuring that climate mitigation efforts are equitable and do not disproportionately affect
vulnerable communities is essential. Programs must be designed to include these populations
in both the benefits and decision-making processes.
• Engaging the public about the importance of climate mitigation and encouraging behavioral
changes is crucial. Public resistance or apathy can slow down the adoption of necessary
measures.
Regulatory & Policy
Frameworks
• Developing and enforcing effective policies that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency,
and sustainability practices while navigating political and bureaucratic hurdles can be
challenging.
• Coordinating between state and local governments, communities, and the private sector, is
necessary for coherent and effective climate action.
Financial
Constraints
• Securing funding for large-scale renewable energy projects and other mitigation initiatives can
be difficult, especially in a small, isolated economy.
• Balancing the need for affordable housing with the implementation of sustainable development
practices requires innovative solutions that address the high costs of construction, land, and
utilities while reducing carbon emissions and promoting resilience.
64
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 13: Climate Adaptation Challenges
Complementary to mitigation, climate adaptation is intended to be proactive. These efforts focus on building
systems to withstand not only current but future climate change impacts. Approaches to adaptation include
a wide range of solutions. Some examples may include building or retrofitting infrastructure to better manage
increased flooding or natural solutions such as habitat restoration. Adaptation may also be associated with
behavior and policy changes, such as public awareness campaigns and updating regulatory codes.
Sea Level Rise &
Coastal Erosion
• Rising sea levels threaten coastal infrastructure, including roads, homes, and businesses.
Erosion and flooding can lead to significant damage and displacement.
• Coastal ecosystems, such as wetlands and reefs, are at risk, impacting biodiversity and the
natural protection these systems provide against storms.
Increased
Frequency &
Intensity of
Severe Weather
Events
• Rising global air and sea surface temperatures are changing rainfall patterns which may impact
the frequency and intensity of future drought and extreme rainfall events.
• More frequent and intense storms can cause extensive damage to buildings, infrastructure, and
agricultural lands. Severe rainfall events, compounded by flooding and landslides, increase risks
to critical infrastructure and communities and disrupt emergency services.
• Tropical cyclones are becoming more powerful and possibly more frequent due to climate
change, which compounds risks from other hazards. Tropical cyclones and storm surges pose
risks to infrastructure and jeopardize public safety.
• Enhancing emergency response and preparedness capabilities to manage more frequent
extreme weather events is a significant challenge.
Temperature
Changes
• Temperature changes can affect crop yields and livestock health, impacting the island’s
agricultural sector, which is a key part of the local economy and food security.
• Native plant and animal species may face stress due to altered temperatures, potentially leading
to shifts in ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.
• Higher temperatures and prolonged dry periods increase the risk of wildfires, which can
devastate large areas, threaten communities, and degrade air quality.
Water Resources
Management
• Altered rainfall patterns and increased evaporation rates can lead to droughts, affecting water
supply for residential, agricultural, and industrial use. Drought has cascading effects on
agriculture, native ecosystems, social systems, and the economy.
• Ensuring the sustainable recharge of aquifers, which are critical for freshwater supply, becomes
more challenging with changing precipitation patterns.
Impact on
Tourism
• The visitor industry, a major economic driver, can be severely affected by the loss of beaches,
reefs, cultural and historic sites, which are major attractions.
• Tourists' perceptions of climate risk may influence their decision to visit, impacting local
businesses.
Cultural & Social
Challenges
• Rising sea levels and extreme weather events may displace communities, particularly those
located in vulnerable coastal areas.
• Coastal ecosystems as well as many cultural and historical sites are at risk from coastal flooding
and storm surge.
Governance &
Policy
Implementation
• Effective climate adaptation requires coordinated efforts across various levels of government
and adequate funding, which can be challenging to secure and manage.
• Ensuring community involvement in planning and decision-making processes is essential for
successful adaptation strategies.
65
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 14: Climate Mitigation Opportunities
By focusing on the following areas, Hawaiʻi County can make significant strides in reducing its greenhouse
gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Transportation • Promoting the use of electric vehicles through expanding charging infrastructure.
• Enhancing public transportation options to reduce reliance on personal vehicles.
• Developing greater opportunities for active transportation.
• Support the production of alternative fuels, such as hydrogen and biofuels, for transportation needs.
Renewable
Energy
• Generating energy locally can create more well-paying jobs in the energy field.
• Increasing the use of green technology will increase the energy independence of individuals and
businesses on the island.
• Supporting renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, ocean thermal energy conversion
(OTEC), and geothermal.
Land Use &
the Built
Environment
• Well-planned development can increase individual agency and access to multimodal transportation.
• Implementing smart growth strategies can reduce urban sprawl and create more walkable
communities.
• Developing a County building code that balances health and safety, affordability, and carbon
footprint.
• Encouraging the construction of energy-efficient buildings and retrofitting existing buildings.
• Promoting regenerative agriculture practices that reduce emissions and enhance carbon
sequestration.
• Greening urban areas increases the availability of cool areas for residents to live and recreate.
• Integrating energy savings and waste management provides an opportunity to mitigate greenhouse
gas emissions in new development.
Waste
Management
• Pursuing innovative solutions, such as OTEC and waste-to-energy technology, to help achieve waste
management goals.
• Reducing waste decreases toxic runoff and water table pollution, supporting healthy watersheds and
soil.
• Improving wastewater treatment technologies can protect reefs and therefore the industries and
species that rely on them.
• Increasing the repurposing of waste can create local jobs and support businesses.
• Expanding recycling programs to reduce landfill waste and promote the circular economy.
• Increasing composting of organic waste to reduce methane emissions from landfills.
Conservation • Protecting reefs and marine ecosystems that act as carbon sinks.
• Implementing a One Water strategy and other water-saving technologies and practices can reduce
the energy required for water treatment and distribution.
• Conserving natural habitats to preserve biodiversity and enhance ecosystem resilience to climate
change.
• Conservation of forest canopy and reforestation increases the recharge of aquifers.
• Efforts to expand renewable energy can consider the preservation of unique and diverse ecosystems,
avoiding negative impacts on wildlife and natural habitats.
Economic
Resilience
• Diversified economic activities can improve resiliency for the visitor and agriculture industries.
• Climate mitigation strategies can develop new industries and increase economic opportunities.
Additional
Measures
• Improving public engagement about climate change and encouraging sustainable practices.
• Implementing policies and regulations that support climate mitigation efforts.
• Supporting research into new technologies and approaches for reducing emissions and enhancing
resilience.
66
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 15: Climate Adaptation Opportunities
By leveraging the following opportunities, Hawaiʻi County can build resilience against the impacts of climate
change, protect its natural resources, and ensure the well-being of its residents.
Water Resources
Management
• Protecting and restoring watersheds will improve water quality and availability.
• Promoting a One Water strategy can create cross-agency collaboration to identify and address overlapping
challenges in adapting to sea level rise and building more resiliency into infrastructure across water,
wastewater and stormwater sectors.
Agriculture &
Food Security
• Encouraging the cultivation of climate-resilient and diversified crops to enhance food security.
• Promoting agroforestry practices in agricultural areas can improve soil health and crop resilience.
• Regenerative agriculture practices can reduce dependency on external inputs and improve soil health.
Infrastructure &
Urban Planning
• Retrofitting or relocating bridges and roads provides an opportunity to reduce GHG emissions by reducing
miles traveled.
• Retrofitting can be accomplished within existing maintenance schedules of County facilities for increased
resilience.
• Reducing the risks of flooding, landslides, and fire reduces the cost and GHG emissions associated with the
reconstruction of infrastructure and need for alternative routes, which increase emissions during road and
bridge outages.
• Increasing access to multimodal transportation options can help reduce VMT.
• Proactive maintenance of parks and recreational areas can continue to provide equitable access to resources
in the face of changing landscapes.
• Limiting new development in fire-prone areas would reduce economic loss to landowners and businesses.
• Fire risk reduction around communities potentially limits fire spreading into upland areas, reducing fire-
driven forest loss.
• Build and upgrade infrastructure to withstand increased flooding and sea level rise.
• Incorporate green infrastructure solutions such as permeable pavements and urban green spaces to manage
stormwater and reduce the urban heat island effect.
• Implement zoning and land use planning policies that consider climate risks and promote sustainable
development.
Social Equity • Engage communities in planning and decision-making processes to ensure that adaptation measures are
socially inclusive and culturally appropriate.
• Increasing equitable resilience to climate hazards will benefit historically marginalized and frontline
communities and those that are vulnerable to climate change impacts.
Energy &
Transportation
• Invest in renewable energy sources to reduce GHG emissions and increase energy resilience.
• Promote energy efficiency in buildings and transportation to reduce overall energy consumption.
• Enhance public transit systems and infrastructure for active transportation to reduce reliance on fossil fuels
and improve air quality.
Biodiversity &
Ecosystems
• Managed retreat strategies and new shoreline setback regulations would expand open space along the
shoreline to support coastal ecosystems such as anchialine pools.
• Supporting conservation programs can help protect native species and habitats from climate change
impacts.
• Strengthening measures to control and eradicate invasive species can help protect local ecosystems.
• Enhance habitat connectivity to allow species to migrate in response to changing environmental conditions.
Education &
Capacity
Building
• Build capacity for local government agencies by providing training and resources that improve their ability
to plan and implement climate adaptation initiatives.
• Collaborate and coordinate with the County’s Office of Sustainability, Climate, Equity, and Resilience
(OSCER).
• Support research and monitoring efforts to better understand climate impacts and the effectiveness of
adaptation measures.
• Develop and implement educational programs to raise awareness about climate change and adaptation
strategies.
67
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
3.2 Climate Change Goal, Objectives,
Policies, and Actions
Objective 6
Ensure that climate actions are equitable and uplift marginalized and disadvantaged
communities.
Policies
6.1 Prioritize and support community-based organizations, businesses, and programs through County
purchasing and procurement policies.
6.2 Prioritize and support Low- and Moderate-Income (LMI) communities through tax incentives,
grants, and financial support provided to community members, organizations, and other related
groups.
6.3 Prioritize projects in communities that experience disproportionate impacts of climate change.
6.4 Consider financial and time barriers, geographic constraints, and language accessibility when
conducting community outreach.
6.5 Improve the communication of climate risks and opportunities for adaptation efforts.
6.6 Support communities to become fire-adapted as they prepare for climate change.
6.7 Expand urban forestry benefits to disadvantaged communities.
6.8 Support social science research and applications to help address environmental justice and
intergenerational equity.
6.9 Integrate Native Hawaiian traditional knowledge and practices in planning for the impacts of
climate change.
Actions
6.a Increase transparency of government actions by creating a climate change dashboard and portal
to track the implementation of climate action.
6.b Engage communities by incorporating place-based knowledge and qualitative data to guide
implementation priorities and decision-making.
68
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6.c Promote funding opportunities for LMI communities to implement climate action, including
interactive videos and workshops that meet communities where they are.
Objective 7
Reduce the County government’s carbon footprint to net zero emissions by 2045.
• Achieve a 100 percent renewable-powered County fleet by 2035.
• Support the statewide effort to achieve 100 percent renewable ground
transportation and 100 percent renewable energy by 2045.
Policies
7.1 Incentivize efficiencies that integrate affordable housing and carbon neutrality.
7.2 Require energy-efficient designs in all new County facilities and upgrade existing facilities with
energy-efficient systems.
7.3 Support building code updates that incentivize energy-efficient designs and climate-neutral
building methods and materials.
7.4 Encourage and incentivize the use of technologies, techniques, and materials in building design,
construction, and removal that minimize the ecological footprint over the life cycle of the structure.
7.5 Encourage and incentivize large developments to meet energy sustainability certification
standards.
7.6 Strive for energy sustainability certification for new County buildings or when renovating existing
buildings for County use.
7.7 Prioritize energy-efficient designs, energy-efficient systems, and waste reduction and/or reuse at
County facilities.
7.8 Evaluate Capital Improvement Projects for energy efficiency and carbon reduction, including the
cost savings related to improved design.
7.9 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
develop comprehensive and coordinated strategies promoting energy and water conservation to
strive for climate resilience.
7.10 When evaluating public investments, including acquisition, siting, and design, consider the
potential of natural areas for carbon sequestration and provide climate adaptation and mitigation
opportunities.
7.11 Integrate and incentivize urban forestry into all scales of planning where feasible and compatible
with infrastructure.
7.12 Develop carbon-emission standards and an incentive program aimed at achieving County carbon
emission goals.
7.13 All County facilities shall report energy usage annually.
7.14 Program the upgrading of the County vehicle fleet and equipment to net zero emissions.
7.15 The Mass Transit Agency shall operate a net zero emissions fleet by 2035.
69
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
7.16 Prioritize the installation of electric vehicle chargers at community facilities, for both County
vehicles and public parking.
7.17 All new County vehicle purchases, including average mpg, emissions equivalent per gallon of fuel
(or kWh), and estimated annual operation and maintenance costs shall be reported annually.
7.18 Prioritize the accommodation of active transportation options as part of the planning and design
of all roadway improvements to encourage non-motorized forms of transit.
Actions
7.a Develop and provide incentives for new development/redevelopment to pursue certification for
“green” site planning, construction, and post-construction practices.
7.b Adopt policies and strategies across all County departments to reduce GHGs and become more
resilient to the impacts of climate change.
7.c Develop a County purchasing policy to prioritize products with low emissions over their lifecycle
and resiliency to the impacts of climate change.
7.d Develop and implement incentives for energy-efficient or green design standards.
7.e Prioritize urban tree inventories for primary urban areas such as Downtown Hilo, Waimea, and
Kailua-Kona.
7.f Develop procedures to include street trees as part of public capital improvement projects.
7.g Develop energy benchmarking standards for County buildings.
7.h Develop and implement an electric vehicle charging plan with a station network map that identifies
regional gaps in service.
7.i Create a fleet transformation plan for each County department.
7.j Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
increase community-wide awareness and accessibility regarding reducing transportation costs
and emissions (e.g., the impact of keeping tires inflated on the efficiency of cars) through
education awareness programs.
7.k Develop and implement a streamlined framework to report annual energy use of all County
facilities and all new County vehicle purchases.
Objective 8
Improve the identification of climate change threats, assessment of potential
consequences, and evaluation of adaptation options.
Policies
Climate change threats
8.1 Use accurate and up-to-date, peer-reviewed scientific predictions and observations related to
climate change impacts to guide adaptation policy and land use decisions.
8.2 Support local and regional climate change modeling and monitoring programs.
70
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
8.3 Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to monitor impacts that may be specific to Hawaiʻi County due to its unique exposure
to climate change and sea level rise impacts.
8.4 Improve assessments of climate change threats and potential consequences to determine specific
geographic areas impacted and projected financial cost.
Assessment of consequences
8.5 Climate change adaptation strategies shall be considered in County budgetary, land use, water
stewardship, fire mitigation, and other decision-making processes.
8.6 Implement sea level rise planning and policies for public infrastructure projects and other projects
with a low tolerance for risk.
8.7 Prioritize the preservation and restoration of natural landscape features, such as reefs, beaches
and dunes, forests, rangelands, streams, floodplains, wetlands, and aquifer recharge areas that
have the inherent capacity to prevent, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change.
Evaluation of adaptation
8.8 Develop adaptation strategies (e.g., protection, accommodation, managed retreat, and
preservation) for capital improvements to ensure that the project’s useful life and service
expectations can be met in the face of projected climate change impacts.
8.9 Design and maintain infrastructure, including roads, buildings, and stream crossings, to
accommodate increases in flooding and geologic hazards such as landslides.
8.10 Partner with communities to develop adaptation strategies (e.g., protection, accommodation,
managed retreat, and preservation) for vulnerable areas including conducting vulnerability
assessments and assessing land use and land availability.
8.11 Partner with government (e.g., State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development [OPSD]),
private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to analyze conservation
buffers to accommodate shifting native habitats impacted by climate change, particularly wetlands
and high-elevation forests.
8.12 County departments should integrate economic development, equity, and sustainability
outcomes into their annual goals and reports to the Mayor.
Actions
8.a Conduct detailed vulnerability mapping of existing and planned infrastructure.
8.b Support and partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders on research for adaptive policies and technology that increase resilience.
8.c Incorporate appropriate green building or climate-resilient specifications into competitive bids.
8.d Adopt a land acquisition program with potential leaseback options for the purchase of hazard-
prone locations or those with beneficial attributes for climate adaptation and mitigation.
8.e Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to implement environmentally beneficial upgrades for wastewater, irrigation, and/or
landscaping, including sea level rise, storm, and other climate change considerations.
71
4.0 Sustainable Development and Resilient Communities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4. SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
AND RESILIENT
COMMUNITIES
72
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.1 LAND USE
73
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.1.1 Introduction
On Hawaiʻi Island, land use planning plays a vital
role in balancing the needs of the environment,
community, and economy. The island’s unique
natural beauty and delicate ecosystems, including
its diverse forests, coastal areas, and volcanic
landscapes, require careful consideration and
responsible stewardship to ensure their
preservation for future generations. Land use
refers to the allocation, management, and
development of land resources in a particular area.
This involves determining how land is utilized for
various purposes, such as residential, commercial,
agricultural, industrial, or conservation. Land use
planning, on the other hand, is the process of
guiding and regulating land use decisions to
achieve sustainable development and create
healthy and resilient communities.
Sustainable development is a key objective of land
use planning for the County. By strategically
designating areas for different land uses, such as
promoting agriculture in fertile regions,
developing commercial areas in appropriate
locations, and preserving native ecosystems, land
use planning helps to create a balance that
supports economic growth while protecting our
natural and cultural resources. Land use planning
is essential for cultivating healthy and resilient
communities on Hawaiʻi Island. This process
involves considering factors such as access to
healthcare, transportation infrastructure,
recreational spaces, public services, and
affordable housing. By promoting mixed-use
developments and compact urban planning, land
use planning aims to create Live-Work-Play
communities, or livable neighborhoods that
minimize commuting, encourage physical activity,
and enhance social interactions.
Additionally, land use planning is critical to disaster
resilience. Given our vulnerability to natural
hazards and the impacts of climate change,
responsible land use decisions can help reduce
the risk and impact of such events. Land use
regulations, such as County zoning and General
Plan designations, among others, can promote the
preservation of natural buffers and contain
development where sensible, ensuring that
communities are better prepared for and
protected against potential disasters.
The land use element of the General Plan is
intended to be used as a policy guide for
coordinated growth and sustainable development
across our island. As required by the State Planning
Act, this section contains goals, policies, standards,
and implementation priority actions to define
patterns of future growth and guide the location
and density of land uses within the County. The
land use section seeks to establish the most
desirable use of land for residential, recreational,
agricultural, commercial, industrial, and other
purposes which shall be consistent with the proper
conservation of natural resources and the
preservation of our natural beauty and historical
sites.
The land use section is a land-based synthesis of
the values, goals, and objectives of the other
sections comprising this Plan. This component
guides where and how land uses, infrastructure,
and services should be directed to promote and
protect the values of the people of Hawaiʻi Island
and to best achieve the goals and objectives
outlined in the various elements of the Plan.
74
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Figure 6 Layers of Land Use Planning
Figure 4 illustrates the interconnected layers of land use planning, emphasizing their interdependence and
overlap to achieve the General Plan’s comprehensive goals.
• Natural and Cultural Resource Planning forms the foundation, integrating conservation and hazard
considerations.
• Infrastructure Planning builds on this foundation, focusing on essential components such as water,
wastewater, stormwater, transportation, and other public utilities that complement natural resource
planning and pave the way for economic opportunities.
• Economic Opportunity Planning is the next layer, which leverages natural assets and infrastructure
to drive key industries such as agriculture, housing, education and other growth sectors.
• Community Placemaking sits at the top, demonstrating how these layers collectively enhance the
quality of life in the community.
Each layer depends on and supports the others, much like the weave of sustainability, highlighting their
crucial interrelationship.
75
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 16: Land Use Key Trends1
Population
Centers &
Density
• Population centers are both rural and urban. Low population density exists in both rural and urban areas throughout the island. There is an average of 1,488 people living in every square mile of urban areas and an
average of 18 persons per square mile in rural areas.
• The 2020 Census identified 3 urban areas based on population: Hilo, Kailua-Kona, and Waikoloa.
• The majority (approximately 60%) of the County’s population lives in rural areas – no change is expected through 2045. In contrast, nationwide, 20% of the population lives in rural areas.
Changing & Aging
Population
• Over the next 25 years, the population growth rate is expected to decline from an average of 2.3% per annum to
about 0.9% per annum. In 2045, the resident population is forecast to be approximately 273,232, which is a 35%
increase since 2018.
• During the last two decades, there has been an average of 2,338 births and 1,458 deaths per year in the County,
resulting in a net increase of almost 880 people annually.
• About 90% of the growth on average is through in-migration.
• In 2018, 67,293 Hawaiʻi State residents moved to the mainland; they were partially replaced by 54,074
mainlanders who moved to the State for a net out-migration from Hawaiʻi of 13,219.2
• The population over age 65 is expected to grow by 44% by the year 2045. In 2020, the largest cohort of the
population was between the ages of 60 to 69.
Housing Affordability &
Choice
• In 2010, 42% of owner-households with a mortgage and 45% of all renter-households were paying more than
30% of their income for housing. By 2020, this had decreased slightly to 39% and 43%, respectively. A majority of those could be considered severely shelter-burdened.
• Nationally, 30% of households paid more than 30% of their income on housing in 2020. The State of Hawaiʻi
continuously ranks in the top 3 highest shares of shelter-burdened, nationally.
• Approximately 43% of the housing units were deemed unaffordable in 2020.
• Hawaiʻi has one of the highest overcrowding rates in the country, at 7.7%. The level of overcrowding varies across
the island with Kaʻū, Waimea, South Kona, and Upper Puna experiencing overcrowding rates in the double digits. However, on average, Hawaiʻi County’s overcrowding rate is still the lowest among all Hawaiʻi’s counties.
• Relative to the countywide average, the rural communities have the largest percentages of housing that are
affordable. In contrast, the North Hilo-Hāmākua Coast Villages and North Kohala have the lowest percentages of affordable housing. Most of the County’s total stock of affordable housing is in Puna (24.2%), Hilo (21.7%), and
North Kona (23.3%). However, these numbers do not address the needed capacity of affordable housing based on demand.
Shifting Visitor Accommodation Types
• Most visitor units are in South Kohala and North Kona.
• With the upward trend in visitor arrivals expected to increase through 2045, increasing demand for visitor units is expected. With this growth comes the challenge of planning for their impact on the local economy, especially
regarding visitor accommodation rentals.
• The number of transient accommodation rental units is beginning to trend higher than hotel units that once dominated the visitor accommodation industry.
• There is also a shift in the type of visitors away from the major resort areas, which may put stress on the environment and infrastructure of other areas.
Job Availability
& Growth
• The average annual growth rate for jobs averaged 1.4% since 2005, mirroring population trends, and it is
expected to mirror population trends experiencing a slight decrease in the growth rate for the next several decades.
• The three primary economic sectors of the County’s economy are the services producing sector, the goods producing sector, and agriculture. The services producing sector (e.g., government, education, health, accommodation, entertainment, food, etc.) is by far the largest, representing over 85% of employment. Roughly
9% of employees work in goods-producing jobs (construction and manufacturing). The agriculture sector represents about 6.5% of employment.
• More than two-thirds of workers are employed in one of five key industries: educational service, healthcare, and
social assistance (about 18%); arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services (about 15%); retail trade (about 10%); professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste management (about 9%); and construction (about 7%).
• In 2020, 14% of the County’s population was below the poverty line. State and national statistics were nearly 9.3%
and 11.4%, respectively.
1 SMS Hawaiʻi, COH General Plan Comprehensive Review (2022) and the corresponding Key Findings Trends and Forecasts Report.
2 University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization (UHERO), Aloha ʻOe: Population Migration Between Hawaiʻi and the U.S. Mainland (2020)
76
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 17: Land Use Challenges
Infrastructur e • A lack of existing infrastructure with low capacity, limited service areas, and aging facilities, in addition to the
high costs of developing new systems, presents significant challenges.
• State land use designations and related requirements within or adjacent to Urban Growth Areas (UGA) limit
the ability to increase densities.
• Existing single-family dwellings and lot sizes fail to achieve the desired density.
• Landowners and developers may incur the costs of constructing and operating private systems or upgrades
due to the insufficiency and lack of wastewater systems in many areas. The shortage of licensed operators
also increases operating costs and makes it more difficult to establish new private systems.
• County roadway standards are not modernized or flexible and remain a major cost to development.
• Pervasive strip mall infrastructure and minimal transit-oriented developments paired with disconnected
routes create congestion issues for commercial areas.
Regulations • Building code requirements affect construction costs and the ability to create multi-use buildings.
• Multiple layers of land use control and review require coordination between government agencies at the
state and county levels.
• There are varying layers of code that are conflicting or inconsistent. Code requirements are also limited
in integrating climate mitigation goals around reduced building materials and non-car-centric design.
• The State Land Use Commission must preside over boundary amendments that exceed 15 acres, which limits
the efficiency of ensuring consistency in the land use pattern.
• Zoning must be updated in certain areas to reflect shifting trends and land use preferences.
• There is no Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) program to preserve open space and achieve density
to remain consistent with the desired land use pattern.
• The State’s historic review process has been cumbersome, inefficient, and delays projects unnecessarily.
Funding & Financing • There is a need for gap financing that exceeds what a single lender or incentive program can fill.
• Additional capacity in development financing and specific community development financing is needed to increase the production of projects in the County.
• There is high demand for a limited pool of incentives and financing subsidies for affordable housing.
• Affordable housing projects in the County face higher financing gaps than projects elsewhere in the State.
• There are inconsistencies between development costs and prices the market can support.
Market Conditions
• Greenfield development in areas such as Puna is significantly
cheaper than infill development in existing urban areas.
• Lower household incomes result in lower purchasing power, which makes underserved subdivisions the primary market for many
homebuyers.
• Challenging site characteristics such as soil conditions and
topography increase development costs.
• Market cycles and permitting requirements often do not coincide resulting in uncertainty and increases in
processing times and costs. These challenges are exacerbated by performance conditions based on time
versus appropriate mitigation conditions.
Land Use
Compatibility • Legacy zoning, such as industrial lands from the sugar plantation era, is not always consistent with the community's vision.
• Productive agricultural land use designations often do not coincide with productive agricultural activities.
• There is a common perception that all development is contrary to protecting natural and cultural resources.
Public
Engagement • NIMBYism can present barriers to collaborative processes.
• General misunderstanding and misinformation
about land use policies can delay and disrupt strategic land use patterns.
• Public hearing processes can become political
rather than regulatory processes.
77
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 18: Land Use Opportunities
Infrastructure • County departments are encouraged to develop a collaborative infrastructure capacity plan with prioritization of projects in their respective functional plans and based on desired growth areas and preferred density as identified by the General Plan.
• Coordinate with the Department of Health (DOH) to address unique land use situations on the island related to individual wastewater systems (IWS) and prioritization of resources.
• Increase housing density by utilizing additional dwelling units (ADU) in existing residential districts served by adequate
utilities.
• Facilitate innovative public and private partnerships in infrastructure investment for targeted growth areas.
• County departments can provide greater flexibility in privately owned and maintained infrastructure concurrency requirements.
Regulations • Remove barriers to residential development in the appropriate districts to reduce development timelines, increase
housing stock availability, and increase affordability.
• Review and update the Building and Zoning Codes to allow for more flexibility.
• Collaborate across State and County agencies to facilitate efficient and effective land use processes.
• Advocate allowing for County-initiated State Land Use Commission District Boundary Amendments to meet the preferred land use patterns consistent with the General Plan Land Use Maps.
• Program the initiation of rezoning in targeted growth areas.
• Support and streamline the process of infill development.
• The most direct role the County plays in economic development is through land use regulation (e.g., permitting
efficiency, transparency, predictability, and certainty) and property tax policy.
• Invest in the provision of strategic infrastructure including roads, water, and/or wastewater improvements to encourage
higher density development in UGAs.
• Work with the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) to determine when there is a need to review a project related to the identification of cultural sites and practices.
• Work with SHPD to create standards related to the assessment of a project’s effects on cultural sites and practices.
• Establish a framework for cultural impact assessments including recognizing findings and recommendations of prior cultural impact assessments within the same ahupuaʻa for new projects.
Funding & Financing • Partner with the State and other counties to create a capacity-building plan for County departments, local developers,
and community stakeholders.
• Leverage different financing mechanisms to support development and redevelopment, including Business/Community
Improvement Districts, Tax Increment Financing, Community Facilities Districts, and Opportunity Zones.
• Seek and pursue additional mix of funding opportunities and tax incentives for (re)development.
Market
Conditions • Diversify economic drivers by exploring and growing the county’s range of sectors and markets.
• Utilize creative solutions and partnerships to encourage, support, and prioritize infill development before expanding to
greenfield areas.
• Make vacant and underutilized government-owned lands available for affordable housing or other (re)development, especially in or adjacent to urbanized areas with adequate or expandable infrastructure.
• Seek to acquire land for affordable housing developments and other redevelopment opportunities.
Land Use
Compatibility • Eliminate unpermitted non-conforming uses and develop proper land use patterns to ensure urban areas are used accordingly.
• Strategically use zoning to ensure proximate compatible and complementary uses that improve the vitality of urban
areas.
• Regularly evaluate supply and demand to prioritize needed land use challenges.
• Demonstrate smart growth development.
Public
Engagement • Encourage affordable housing projects to meet the
needs of neighborhoods (YIMBY).
• Apply strategies to engage community and
stakeholders that go beyond legal notice
requirements.
• Reinforce the alignment between community
values and the General Plan and Community
Development Plans.
Yes, In My Backyard (YIMBY) proponents are
generally concerned with creating density and growth in their communities, often with an emphasis on affordable housing. The YIMBY movement is a progressive effort
toward the goal of achieving affordable, sustainable, and
inclusive housing for all residents.
78
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.1.2 Land Use Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
Objective 9
Maintain community character and land use compatibility.
Policies
9.1 The development of commercial facilities should be designed to reflect the character of the
community while providing desired services and mitigating impacts on the surrounding
environment.
9.2 In those cases where provisions of the zoning and subdivision code are inconsistent with the
character of surrounding neighborhoods, variances, or Planned Unit Developments (PUD) that
maintain consistent village/town character should be encouraged.
9.3 Zoning, subdivision, and other applicable ordinances shall provide for and protect open space
areas.
9.4 Support mechanisms, such as PUD and Cluster Plan Development (CPD), that group parcel density
to preserve open space, recreational areas, scenic viewsheds, or cultural or historic sites.
9.5 Discretionary permit applications for uses that may impact view planes to and along the coastline,
and areas of natural beauty should take into consideration visual impact assessments and propose
conditions to mitigate scenic impacts where appropriate.
9.6 In the review of discretionary permits, consider land use compatibility to ensure proximate
compatible and complementary uses and appropriate mitigation measures.
9.7 Encourage developers of new urban areas to place utilities underground.
9.8 Route selection for high-voltage transmission lines should include consideration for setbacks from
major thoroughfares and residential areas. Where feasible, delineate energy corridors for such
high-voltage transmission lines.
Actions
9.a Develop a process for County-initiated State land use boundary reclassification to best align State
Land Use with County long-range plans.
9.b Create village plans for unique urban areas that include considerations for urban design, aesthetic
quality, and the protection of amenities in adjacent areas through landscaping, open space, and
buffer areas.
79
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
9.c Develop subdivision standards that make a distinction between agricultural, rural, and urban land
uses.
9.d Define the types of open space that are sought to be protected and establish standards to be
applied to ensure its protection.
9.e Conduct a review and re-evaluation of the real property tax structure to simplify and assure
compatibility with land use goals and policies.
9.f Study the feasibility, issues, and opportunities related to the development of a TDR program to
strategically preserve open space and achieve density to remain consistent with the land use
pattern in accordance with the General Plan Land Use Maps.
Objective 10
Increase the integration of natural systems planning including the Native Hawaiian
ahupuaʻa framework.
Policies
10.1 Protect and enhance Hawaiʻi’s beaches, shoreline, open spaces, and scenic resources.
10.2 During discretionary permit applications, the Planning Director may require a pedestrian,
equestrian, and/or bicycle path when it is possible and safe to connect to existing or future open
space, drainage, or active living corridors.
10.3 Proposed discretionary permits for large development projects (200+ units) in the North Kohala,
South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, and Kaʻū Districts should be designed to be as water
neutral as reasonably possible through water conservation, recharge, and reuse measures to
reduce the water footprint.
10.4 Identify outstanding natural or cultural features, such as water courses, fine groves of trees, heiau,
and historical sites and structures on subdivision preliminary plat maps.
Actions
10.a Amend the Zoning Code to create a category for lands that should mostly be kept in a natural
state, but that may not be in the Conservation District, such as certain important view planes, buffer
areas, and very steep slopes. The zoning category should include reasonable land uses.
10.b Amend the Zoning Code and Subdivision Code to allow CPDs to be applied to all zoning districts
with appropriate building site standards.
10.c Collaborate with the State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development (OPSD) to create
criteria to help identify and protect Native Hawaiian customary and traditional practices.
Objective 11
Increase equitable planning and decision-making processes.
Policies
11.1 Ensure there is necessary and adequate on-site infrastructure for development projects may
include but not limited to water, wastewater, and multimodal infrastructure.
80
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
11.2 Ensure affordable housing requirements that meet the demand created by the development.
11.3 The County may impose incremental and conditional zoning based on performance conditions
that focus on addressing the impacts of the proposed development.
11.4 Concurrency reviews should incorporate reduction in vehicle miles traveled to mitigate traffic
impacts and achieve sustainability and demand management goals.
11.5 County agencies recognize that land use decisions on DHHL lands are determined by the Hawaiian
Homes Commission (HHC) and should coordinate accordingly.
11.6 DHHL Plans (DHHL General Plan, DHHL Hawaiʻi Island Plan, DHHL Regional Plans) will be the
authority on land use that will guide County policy regarding land uses and projects surrounding
DHHL lands to prevent land uses that may negatively impact homestead communities.
Actions
11.a Collaborate with the SHPD to create clear guidance to be used when reviewing a project related
to the identification of cultural sites and practices.
11.b Implement efficiencies to make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective.
11.c Evaluate concurrency requirements that would impose reasonable and fair infrastructure
concurrency requirements on all developments.
11.d Amend the Zoning Code to allow for PUD to become administrative permits and subject to the
approval of the Planning Director.
11.e Provide flexibility within the Zoning Code to accommodate emerging new industries through Use
Permits or allow new uses that do not conflict with the purpose and intent of the existing zoned
district.
11.f Update traffic impact analysis requirements to include alternative evaluations to the level of service
outcomes, such as vehicle miles traveled and alternative transportation metrics.
Objective 12
Reduce the threat to life and property from natural hazards and disasters.
Policies
12.1 Enact additional land use and building structure regulations in areas vulnerable to severe damage
due to the impact of waves or inundation.
12.2 Review land use policy as it relates to floodplains, high surf, and tsunami hazard areas.
12.3 Consider natural hazards in all land use planning and permitting.
12.4 Discourage intensive residential development in areas of high volcanic hazard.
12.5 Discourage public investment/infrastructure that supports increases in density in high-risk hazard
areas , while allowing such investment to support existing residents and facilities.
12.6 Reduce development intensity in identified high-risk hazard areas.
12.7 Incorporate hazard mitigation strategies into policies and planning decisions using the most
conservative models in delineating hazard areas.
81
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
12.8 Encourage the development and implementation of Community Wildfire Protection Plans,
Firewise Community Certification, and public education programs for communities with high
wildfire risk.
12.9 Encourage the use of natural features such as sand dunes, xeriscape, or native plants to provide
buffers from hazards.
12.10 Traditional ecological knowledge and methodologies should be considered to mitigate, adapt,
and restore areas prone to natural hazards and disasters.
12.11 Utilize multimodal trails for firebreaks and possibly emergency evacuation routes where feasible.
12.12 Power distribution should be placed underground when and where practical.
Actions
12.a Update the Building Code to maintain cost-effective standards to resist hazards and reduce carbon
footprint.
12.b Adopt natural hazard overlay zones and set appropriate conditions for land use, siting, and design
within high-risk hazard zones.
12.c Amend the Zoning Code to establish building setbacks for coastal and inland cliffs.
12.d Collaborate with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to regularly update flood
studies and refine flood zone designations.
12.e Review and amend land use policies to reduce risk from hazards including but not limited to
floodplains, high surf, tsunami, landslides, erosion, wildfires, and high-risk volcanic hazard areas.
12.f Study the feasibility, issues, and opportunities of a TDR program to incentivize development away
from high-risk hazard areas.
12.g Amend the Zoning Code to include a science-based shoreline setback to address climate change
and sea level rise.
82
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.1.3 Overview of Land
Use Designations
and Maps
Purpose and Authority of the General
Plan Land Use Map
The designated land uses are delineated on the
General Plan Land Use Map. The broad-brush
boundaries indicated are graphic expressions of
the General Plan policies, particularly those
relating to land use. They are forward-looking,
long-range guides to the general location and will
be subject to a) existing zoning; and b) the State
Land Use District. While some future actions must
be consistent with the Plan, it is not retroactive and
does not change existing subdivisions or zoning.
Similarly, the acreages allocated represent
alternatives for the various levels of economic
activity and supporting functions, such as resort,
residential, commercial, and industrial activities.
The land use pattern is a broad, flexible design
intended to guide the direction and quality of
future developments in a coordinated and rational
manner. The General Plan Land Use Map indicates
the general location of various land uses in relation
to each other.
Interpretation
Interpretation of the General Plan Land Use Map
should be reviewed against the following criteria:
parcel boundaries, census block groups, place
types, County zoning designations, State land use
designations, and Community Development Plan
(CDP) guidance. Because of the scale of the land
use maps, the location of designated Natural lands
should be verified by more detailed mapping
when considering specific land use decisions. In
the event of questions related to the General Plan
land use designation of a parcel or area, the
Planning Director will utilize the above criteria and
any other relevant research and information
available at the time to provide a clear
interpretation of the General Plan Land Use Maps.
Standard Guidelines
In each section of the land use designations
outlined in this chapter, standard guidelines give
examples and additional details regarding the
intent of each land use designation. They are
meant to be a design framework and used as
general guidance and best practices.
83
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 19: General Plan Land Use Designations and Maps
Urban Land Use
GP DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
High-Density
Urban (HDU)
General commercial, industrial-commercial mixed, multiple-family residential, and related services
including Transit Oriented Developments (TOD). Confined to Urban Growth Areas (UGA). Compatible Zoning may include CG, MCX, PD, RM, CDH.
Medium-Density
Urban (MDU)
Village and neighborhood commercial, light service industrial, and single-family and multiple-family
residential and related functions including TODs or Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND).
Confined to UGAs. Compatible Zoning may include CV, CN, PD, RM, RD, RS.
Low-Density
Urban (LDU)
Residential, with ancillary community and public uses, and convenience-type commercial uses,
including TND. Compatible Zoning may include RS, RCX, RA.
Urban Expansion (UE) Allows for a mix of high-density, medium-density, low-density, industrial-commercial mix, and/or natural designations in areas where growth may be desirable, but where specific settlement and infrastructure have not yet been determined. Compatible Zoning may include RS, RD, RM, RCX, CN, CG, CV, MCX, PD, CDH, OPEN.
Light/Service Industrial (LI)
Uses include but are not limited to business parks, research and development centers, product assembly,
distribution centers, laboratories, cottage industries, and light service industrial uses. Compatible Zoning may
include ML, MCX.
Heavy Industrial
(HI)
Uses include but are not limited to landfills, quarries, chemical plants, heavy equipment base yards, towing
yards, and other uses with the potential to create public nuisance conditions (e.g., noise, environmental
impacts). Compatible Zoning may include MG, ML, MCX.
University (UNI) Public university, including ancillary public uses, residential, and support commercial uses. Compatible
Zoning may include UNV.
Resort (RES) Uses include a mix of visitor-related uses such as hotels, condominium hotels (condominiums developed
and/or operated as hotels), single-family and multiple-family residential units, golf courses and other typical
resort recreational facilities, resort commercial complexes, and other support services. Compatible Zoning
may include V.
Rural Land Use
GP DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
Rural (RU) Situated outside of UGAs. Except where noted, these areas should retain their rural character with low-
density residential development, supporting small-scale commercial development, and agricultural land
uses. Rural areas should not be targeted with the development of major public infrastructure or the extension of public sewer service except where a documented health, safety, and/or welfare condition warrants such an expansion. Compatible Zoning may include RA, FA, A, OPEN.
84
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Agriculture and Natural Land Use
GP DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
Productive
Agriculture (PA)
Lands with better potential for sustained high agricultural yields because of soil type, climate, topography,
or other factors. (5-acre minimum lot size) Productive agricultural lands were determined by including the
following lands:
• Lands outside of UGAs identified as “Important Agricultural Lands” on the 2005 General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide maps.
• Lands outside of UGAs identified in the Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaiʻi (ALISH)
classification system as “Prime” or “Unique”.
• Lands outside of UGAs classified by the Land Study Bureau’s Soil Survey Report as Class B “Good” soils.
(There are no Class A lands on the Island of Hawaiʻi) Lands classified as at least “fair” for two or more
crops, on an irrigated basis, by the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service’s study of suitability
for various crops.
• In North and South Kona, the “coffee belt”, is a continuous band defined by elevation, according to input from area farmers and the 2020 Update to the Hawaiʻi Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline Report.
• State agricultural parks.
Compatible Zoning may include FA, A.
Extensive Agriculture (EA)
Lands that are not capable of producing sustained, high agricultural yields without the intensive application
of modern farming methods and technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition,
slope, tillable by machine, and climate. These lands are better suited for other less intensive agricultural
uses such as grazing and pasture and can support additional residential densities when situated near UGAs.
Compatible Zoning may include RA, FA, A.
Natural (NAT) Lands to be kept in a largely natural state with minimal facilities consistent with open space uses along with
agricultural land uses. Includes areas vulnerable to natural hazards, steep slopes, lava fields, and areas set
aside for cultural and/or natural resource preservation purposes that are not necessarily under active
management. Compatible Zoning may include RA, FA, A, OPEN.
Open Space Land Use
GP DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
Recreation (REC) Parks, open space, and other recreational areas, such as golf courses, and shoreline setback areas not
already in SLU Conservation. Compatible Zoning may include OPEN and adjoining Zonings.
Conservation (CON) Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, areas in active management for conservation
purposes, areas to be kept in a largely natural state with minimal facilities consistent with open space
uses, such as picnic pavilions and comfort stations, and lands within the SLU Conservation District.
Compatible Zoning may include OPEN.
Note: The General Plan Land Use Maps can be found at the end of this document.
85
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.1.4 Urban Growth
Areas
The Urban Growth Areas (UGA) include high-
density Transit Oriented Development (TOD),
medium-density Traditional Neighborhood
Development (TND), and low-density Urban
Neighborhood Centers. These centers provide
physical, social, governmental, and economic
concentrations and easier access to services,
recreation, and employment activities.
To integrate land use planning and infrastructure
planning, the urban centers have been designated
based on Smart Growth principles3. This ensures
that land use patterns and infrastructure availability
help us achieve our intentional sustainable
development goals. More specifically, urban
centers have been designed to create compact,
walkable, mixed-use spaces with a purposeful
density that helps reduce the need for driving.
Infrastructure costs less when new residential areas
are located near existing roadways, water and
sewer lines, and employment centers. The location
of urban uses should continue to be evaluated
from the standpoint of how each use serves
existing and future population growth of the
surrounding area. It is also worth noting that
shopping patterns have changed, resulting in
fewer brick-and-mortar types of structures. This
should continue to be evaluated to consider
flexibility and mixed uses with performance
standards to protect residential areas from
potentially noxious uses.
The value of establishing UGAs lies in the ability to
manage growth effectively, preserve natural and
cultural resources, plan infrastructure efficiently,
stimulate economic development, and foster
strong, cohesive communities. UGAs present a
strategic approach to urban planning that
balances the needs of a growing population with
the preservation of Hawaiʻi Island’s unique
character and heritage.
The urban land use objectives are directed toward
making UGAs more efficient, livable, and safe.
Growth should be encouraged in terms of
renewing older areas or developing new urban
areas consistent with the land use map. The
General Plan Land Use Map designates areas
reserved for urban expansion.
3 Smart Growth America https://smartgrowthamerica.org/what-is-smart-growth/
86
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 13
Increase the use of Smart Growth principles to focus development within designated
urban centers.
Policies
13.1 Encourage flexibility in the design of residential sites, buildings, and related facilities to achieve a
diversity of socio-economic housing mix and innovative means of meeting the market
requirements.
13.2 Prioritize increase in density, rehabilitation, and redevelopment within existing zoned urban areas
already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such areas.
13.3 Incentivize rehabilitation and adaptive reuse of existing buildings rather than demolition in urban
areas characterized by vacant, abandoned, and underutilized older buildings.
13.4 Encourage the rehabilitation and/or utilization of maximum density in multi-family residential
areas.
13.5 Rezonings that promote infill are encouraged and should be conditioned to ensure connectivity
to the surrounding developments and, where applicable, to provide mixed-use opportunities to
make the area more pedestrian-oriented.
13.6 The establishment of urban types of zoning may include additional acreages to account for
acreages utilized for public benefits, such as historic sites, public access, parks, and open space.
13.7 Within the “high- and medium-density“ area, commercial development shall be focused on major
streets, while interior blocks should be zoned primarily for small lot single-family and multi-family
residential use.
13.8 Focus on medium- and high-density residential and commercial uses in communities that can
sustain a higher intensity of uses and where consistent with General Plan Land Use Map and
existing town character.
13.9 Support the rezoning of land to multiple residential near places of employment, retail, utilities, and
educational, recreational, cultural, and public facilities.
13.10 Development of TODs and TNDs are encouraged within locations of the urban centers shown on
the General Plan Land Use Map. These locations are approximate and become fixed during
rezoning.
13.11 Plan for and identify appropriate areas for business incubation/innovation districts and
industrial/business parks.
13.12 Urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment programs should be undertaken in
cooperation with communities, businesses, and governmental agencies.
13.13 Support master planning by public and private institutions and landowners which emphasize TOD,
affordable housing, and mixed-use development.
13.14 Low- to medium-density residential development and/or low-impact office uses within urban areas
should serve as transitional densities between lower-density neighborhoods and more intensive
commercial and residential uses.
87
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
13.15 Encourage the use of more innovative types of housing development with respect to geologic and
topographic conditions, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments.
13.16 Lots within proposed single-family residential subdivisions should not have direct vehicular access
from major collector streets or higher based on Federal Highway Administration classifications.
13.17 Large, oversized blocks in new subdivisions should be avoided in favor of smaller blocks and
enhanced pedestrian networks. The determination of block size should be based on land use and
the urban or rural character of the area.
Commercial
13.18 Support the redevelopment of aging and high vacancy shopping centers and strip-type
developments into mixed-use developments with housing and public recreation facilities.
13.19 Encourage the concentration of commercial uses within and surrounding a central core area
adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other essential infrastructure.
13.20 Infrastructure and design elements shall be incorporated into the review of commercial
developments.
13.21 Encourage a mix of uses near affordable housing and access to commercial and recreational
opportunities.
13.22 Industrial and commercial mixed-use districts may be provided in urban centers.
13.23 Distribution of commercial areas shall meet the demands of neighborhood, community, and
regional needs in accordance with Smart Growth principles.
13.24 Discourage strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the UGAs.
13.25 Discretionary permit applications for regional retail uses, including big box and regional shopping
centers located adjacent to areas designated for low-density residential and rural uses, should be
buffered to mitigate impacts.
13.26 Encourage small-scale manufacturing and processing within retail establishments that enhance
and are consistent with the surrounding community.
13.27 Support the flexible design of commercial spaces to allow for transitional uses that serve the
evolving needs of its users.
13.28 Discretionary permit applications for new commercial developments adjacent to or within existing
industrial designated lands shall be reviewed for the criteria of conversion from industrial lands.
Industrial
13.29 Industrial development shall be in areas adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other
essential infrastructure or adjacent to unique resources and/or projects.
13.30 Support the creation of industrial uses in appropriate locations as part of mixed-use districts and
developments.
13.31 Support Industrial Project District zoning and flexibility of uses and lot sizes, depending on the
needs of the industries and the communities.
13.32 Encourage Industrial Project Districts and Innovation Centers within the UGAs.
88
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
13.33 Industrial-commercial mixed-use districts should serve as transitional areas in accordance with the
General Plan Land Use Map and Community Development Plan.
13.34 Support land uses that locate regional-scaled industrial and warehouse sites near major
transportation corridors, airports, and harbors.
13.35 Support the development of recycling operations near transfer stations and County landfills.
13.36 Industrial uses may be permitted outside UGAs through Special Permits only when there is a clear
community benefit or consistent with County, State, and Federal sustainability objectives.
13.37 Encourage the rehabilitation of existing service-oriented industrial areas.
13.38 Mitigate impacts of industrial development on surrounding uses by requiring landscaping, trees,
open spaces, buffer zones, and other appropriate conditions.
13.39 Future land uses in the vicinity of industrial areas, including airports, should have an adequate
open space buffer and/or be compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that
vicinity.
13.40 Heavy Industrial and residential uses should be separated by other transitional uses or sufficient
open space.
Resort
13.41 Resorts, hotels, visitor attractions, and related development shall be in areas adequately served by
transportation, utilities, and other essential infrastructure.
13.42 Promote and prioritize the rehabilitation and the optimum utilization of resort areas that are
presently serviced by basic facilities and utilities before allowing new resorts.
13.43 Coastal resort developments shall provide public access to and public parking for beach and
shoreline areas.
13.44 The development or designation of new resort areas should complement the character of the area;
protect the environment and natural beauty; respect existing lifestyles, cultural practices, and
cultural resources; and provide shoreline public access.
13.45 Do not allow new Resort (V) zoning development along the ocean side of Aliʻi Drive.
13.46 Resort development should be in balance with the social and physical goals as well as the
economic desires of the residents of the area.
13.47 Encourage new developments to be water neutral by balancing water supply and demand.
13.48 Retreat Resort uses may be permitted outside UGAs through Special Permits only when there is a
clear community benefit or consistent with County, State, and Federal sustainability objectives. .
13.49 On-site affordable housing and workforce units shall be excluded from the total permitted visitor
unit counts for existing and new resort developments.
13.50 Encourage the addition of workforce housing opportunities within existing and proposed resort
areas.
13.51 Incorporate open and natural spaces within existing and future resort areas.
89
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Actions
13.a Incorporate innovations such as “mixed-use zones” into the Zoning Code.
13.b Incorporate flexibility in codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing
mix and to permit an aesthetic balance between residential structures and open spaces.
13.c Amend the Subdivision Code to ensure block sizes are based on land use and the character of the
area.
13.d Initiate rezonings that promote infill to ensure connectivity and provide mixed-use opportunities
to make the area more pedestrian-oriented.
13.e Amend Zoning Code to:
i. Establish a TOD overlay zone project district with a minimum size of 15 acres.
ii. Create a TND overlay zone for existing zoned lands within identified residential and
commercial zoning districts.
iii. Allow for residential uses in ML and MCX zoning districts.
iv. Support innovative uses of alternative energy, agriculture, aquaculture, and others, in MCX
zoning districts.
v. Clearly distinguish between general industrial and service industrial types.
vi. Establish urban open space standards.
vii. Create Industrial Project Districts and Innovation Centers.
90
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Urban Standard Guidelines
Table 20: Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Standard Guidelines
Service Area
Population
20,000 – 50,000 residents (approx. radius of ¼ to ½ mile)
Approximate
Commercial Land Area
15 acres
Example Locations Downtown Hilo, Kailua Village, Waimea, Waikoloa
GP Land Use Medium or High-Density Urban
Number of
Commercial
Establishments
40+
Typical Uses Mixed uses and higher density residential, multi-family residential, retail,
commercial, light industrial uses, regional shopping centers with full-size
department stores and a full range of merchandise and services; theater; outdoor events area.
Compatible Zoning RM, CG, MCX, PD, CDH
Access Access to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without direct
driveway access to highway; complete streets, multimodal transport, active
living corridors; transit hub; walkable
Range of Possible
Services
District park, regional park; schools (all grades); community hall elderly or other
special needs housing; medical facility with emergency room; police and fire station
Character • Vernacular architecture that respects the historic context and scale of the
community, usually subject to design criteria
• Urban Grid Street Network
• Limited driveway access
• On-street parking
• Public off-street parking
• Landscaping (including street trees) commensurate with environment/water
availability.
• Sidewalks and/or walking or bike paths.
91
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 21: Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) Standard Guidelines
Service Area Population 10,000 – 20,000 residents
Example Locations Volcano Village, Laupāhoehoe, Hāwī, Captain Cook, Pahala
Approximate
Commercial Land Area
10 – 15 acres
GP Land Use Medium Density Urban
Number of Commercial Establishments
20-40
Typical Uses Neighborhood-oriented retail uses and mixed uses; variety or junior
department stores; convenience goods, “soft line” items (e.g., clothing), “hard
line” items (e.g., hardware and small appliances); outdoor events area; bed-
and-breakfast homes and small inns.
Compatible Zoning RS, RD, RM, CN, CV, PD
Access Access to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without direct
driveway access to a highway where feasible; walking and bicycling paths;
transit stop
Range of Possible
Services
District park, community park, elementary or middle school, child and adult
care facilities, community center, elderly or other special needs housing,
medical clinic
Character • Informal, vernacular architecture that utilizes natural exterior material and
earth-toned colors
• Limited driveway access
• On-street parking
• Public off-street parking
• Landscaping (including street trees) commensurate with environment/water
availability
• Sidewalks and/or walking or bike paths
92
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 22: Urban Neighborhood Center Standard Guidelines
Service Area Population 3,000 – 10,000 residents
Approximate
Commercial Land Area
Up to 10 acres
Example Locations Kaumana, Wainaku, Keauhou, Hawaiian Ocean View Estates, Hawaiian
Paradise Park GP Land Use Low or Medium Density Urban
Optimal Residential
Density
3 – 12 DU/Acre
Number of
Commercial Establishments
5 – 20
Typical Uses Neighborhood and convenience-type retail and personal services
Possible Compatible
Zoning
RS, RD, RCX, CN, CV, RA
Access Access to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without
direct driveway access to a highway where feasible; connections to walking
and bicycling paths; transit (or paratransit) stops
Range of Possible
Services
Community park, neighborhood park, elementary school, multi-purpose
meeting room or (minimum) place to congregate or post community notices,
outdoor events area (e.g., barbeques and farmer’s markets)
Character • Informal, vernacular architecture that is small in scale and reflects a
residence ambiance, utilizes natural exterior material and earth-toned
colors
• Limited driveway access
• On-street parking
• Landscaping (including street trees) commensurate with
environment/water availability
• Sidewalks and/or walking or bike paths
93
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 23: Industrial Center Standard Guidelines
GENERAL INDUSTRIAL AND INNOVATION SERVICE AND INNOVATION
Existing
Locations
Shipman Industrial Park,
Kanoelehua Industrial Area, Hilo
Airport, Haina, Kawaihae and Hilo
Harbors, Keahole Airport, West
Hawaiʻi Business Park
Pahoa, Hilo Iron Works, Waiakea House Lots,
Laupāhoehoe/Papaʻaloa, Hāwī, Waimea, Waikoloa,
Kainaliu-Honalo, Kona Industrial Center, Honokōhau,
Natural Energy Lab, Kealakekua-Captain Cook,
Naʻalehu, Kaloko Industrial Area.
GP Land Use Heavy Industrial Light Industrial
Typical Uses Landfills, quarries, chemical
plants, heavy equipment base
yards, towing yards, etc.
Business parks, research and development centers,
product assembly, distribution centers, laboratories,
cottage industries, small-scale distilleries/breweries,
etc.
Compatible
Zoning
MG ML, MCX
Access Convenient automobile access to
one or more paved roads, on-site parking
Access to one or more paved roads, on-street
parking, street trees and sidewalks, walking and bicycle paths, transit (or paratransit) stop
Character • Located close to raw materials
or key resources, generally
considered to be offensive
and noxious.
• Noxious, heavy industrial uses
should be separated from
residential and other
incompatible uses with buffer
zones.
• Topography of industrial land
shall be reasonably level.
• Direction of wind patterns and
the absence of trade winds shall be considered in the siting.
• Located close to population centers, for business
and industrial uses (not considered noxious or
heavy industrial) that are generally in support of,
but not necessarily compatible with activities and
uses in other commercial districts.
• Topography of industrial land shall be
reasonably level.
• Direction of wind patterns and the absence of
trade winds shall be considered in the siting
94
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 24: Criteria for Industrial Land Conversion to Commercial/Mixed-Use
EXISTING INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS CONDITIONS APPROPRIATE FOR CONVERSION
Transportation • Proximity to freight and/or port
facilities
• Low Vehicle Miles Travelled for workers on industrial land
• Proximity to transit
• High Vehicle Miles Travelled for workers
on industrial land
Economy • Production or related
employment
• Proximity to business
clusters/suppliers/markets
• Critical supplier to local
businesses
• Industry stable or growing
• High-density non-production
employment
• Proximity to markets/customers
• Limited linkages to local economy
• Industry in decline
Equity • Offers middle-wage jobs for
less-skilled workers
• Potential for affordable housing
Land Use/Zoning
Compatibility
• Surrounded by medium/heavy
industrial zoning
• Adjacent to existing residential and/or
commercial areas.
Environment • Brownfield site, remediation
infeasible
• Environmental health hazards from
industries starting to impact surrounding
communities (especially if historically
disadvantaged)
• Can be remediated
Adequacy of
Supply • In areas with a projected deficit
of industrial land
• Low vacancy rates for industrial
buildings
• In areas with a projected surplus of
industrial land
• High vacancy rates for industrial
buildings
95
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 25: Resort Area Standard Guidelines
MAJOR RESORT AREA INTERMEDIATE RESORT AREA MINOR RESORT AREA RETREAT RESORT AREA
Example
Locations
Waikoloa, Keauhou,
Kaupulehu-Kukio,
Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, Mauna Lani.
Waiakea Peninsula,
Punaluu
Keaukaha, Wainaku Kalani Honua, etc.
Typical
Visitor Units
3,000 units 1,500 units 500 units 40 units, without individual
kitchens.
Approximate
Land Area
Resort Acreage: 90
acres minimum
Resort Acreage: 45 acres
minimum
Resort Acreage: ~25
acres
Resort Acreage: ~15 acres
GP Land Use Resort Resort Resort Various
Active and
Passive
Recreation
50 acres minimum 25 acres minimum Provide active and
passive recreation
areas commensurate
with the scale of development.
Provide active and passive
recreation areas
commensurate with the
scale of development.
Typical Uses Self-contained resort
destination area that
provides basic and
support facilities for the needs of the
entire development.
Self-contained resort
destination area that
provides basic and
support facilities for the needs of the entire
development on a smaller
scale than a major resort area
Small resort
destination area that
relies on the nearby
community for amenities and
support facilities.
Area that provides the user
with rest, quiet, and
isolation for an
environmental experience.
Compatible
Zoning
V V V V, or by Special Permit
Access Access to one or more public roads;
commercial or public uses without direct
driveway access to
highway
Walkable Walking and
bicycling paths
Transit Hub
Public access to and parking for beach
and shoreline areas
Access to one or more public roads; commercial
or public uses without direct driveway access to
highway
Walkable
Walking and bicycling
paths
Transit Hub
Public access to and
parking for beach and
shoreline areas
Access to one or more public roads;
commercial or public uses without direct
driveway access to
highway
Walkable Walking and
bicycling paths
Transit Hub
Public access to and parking for beach
and shoreline areas
Access to one or more paved roads; Shall not be
accessed through substandard roads or
roads-in-limbo unless
meeting fire safety and not
impacting traffic within the
existing neighborhood;
Transit (or paratransit)
stops;
Public access to and
parking for beach and
shoreline areas
Workforce
Housing
Meet affordable
housing
requirements of the Hawaiʻi County Housing Code
Meet affordable housing
requirements of the
Hawaiʻi County Housing Code
Meet affordable
housing
requirements of the Hawaiʻi County Housing Code
Meet affordable housing
requirements of the Hawaiʻi
County Housing Code
Character Consistent with the
surrounding area's
quality, ambiance, and character
Consistent with the
surrounding area's
quality, ambiance, and character
Consistent with the
surrounding area's
quality, ambiance, and character
Consistent with the
surrounding area's quality,
ambiance, and character
96
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.1.5 Rural
Hawaiʻi Island is widely considered rural, yet the
State Land Use Rural District comprises just 807
acres or less than one percent of the island’s total
land area. The Rural District was defined after the
original district boundaries were established upon
the request of small landowners. In the
establishment of the original district boundaries in
1963 to 1964, plantation towns and rural centers
were designated Urban, although urban land use
and development standards are inappropriate for
use in the context of rural settlements and rural
infrastructure. All working and open lands not
designated as Conservation were designated
Agricultural, even if they had little agricultural
resource value. Consequently, many of our rural
areas are still designated State Land Use
Agricultural with Agricultural County Zoning.
Rural areas are situated outside of the UGAs, where
a city-like concentration of people, structures,
streets, and urban level of services are limited, and
where small farms are intermixed with low-density
residential development. These areas should
retain their rural character with low-density
residential development, supporting small-scale
commercial development, and agricultural land
uses. It is worth noting that Rural and Agricultural
land uses are not interchangeable and have
distinct outcomes.
Residents value the natural spaces, open areas,
and small-scale agricultural activities that rural
living provides. The history and character of the
island’s rural communities are irreplaceable. Well-
defined rural areas that are distinct from
agricultural areas can address the demand for rural
lifestyles on marginal agricultural land while
reducing the pressures to develop important
agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes.
Minimizing sprawl and greenfield development
can be challenging when rural residences have
been among the most affordable homeownership
options on Hawaiʻi Island for decades. Rural
subdivisions, such as Hawaiian Paradise Park and
Hawaiian Oceanview Estates, have been two of
the fastest-growing residential areas on the island
because lots have been the most affordable.
Many rural subdivisions have also been the most
underserved areas, in terms of infrastructure and
services. These communities may lack essential
infrastructure and services such as healthcare
facilities, schools, and transportation options. The
distance from urban centers and the dispersed
nature of rural settlements makes it challenging
to provide adequate services to these areas.
Despite these challenges, rural communities often
exhibit strong social cohesion and self-sufficiency.
Preserving rural character and lifestyle allows
residents to maintain a sense of community and
fosters resilience in times of adversity, such as
natural disasters or disruptions to external supply
chains. Rural areas often retain strong ties to the
island’s cultural heritage, which helps maintain
traditional practices and values that are important
to communities. By maximizing rural lands, there
are opportunities to support small-scale farming
and promote agricultural self-sufficiency. The
General Plan recognizes the value of utilizing Rural
as a land use designation to clearly define and
characterize its role on our island.
97
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 14
Maximize the use of Rural designated lands to preserve rural character and lifestyle.
Policies
14.1 Support the State Land Use reclassification to Rural in alignment with the General Plan Rural
designation.
14.2 Support reclassification/rezoning of appropriate General Plan Rural designated areas where an
intermediate land use and a well-defined buffer between Urban and Productive Agricultural areas
are consistent with the surrounding uses and rural character.
14.3 Support General Plan amendments and rezoning applications for the development of new Rural
Neighborhood Centers with adequate infrastructure, as necessary, in or near presently
underserved subdivisions, beginning with those experiencing higher rates of population growth.
14.4 Rural-style residential-agricultural developments, such as new small-scale rural communities or
extensions of existing rural communities, should be incentivized to cluster in appropriate locations.
14.5 Support the development of small-scale visitor accommodations with heritage, agriculture,
wellness, or similar themes in rural areas and near points of interest.
14.6 Provide flexibility in discretionary permit applications to maintain health and safety for rural small-
scale visitor accommodations not serviced by public infrastructure.
Actions
14.a Amend the Zoning Code definition and requirements for Lodges and reconcile similarities and
inconsistencies with the special permit provisions for Retreats. Clearly articulate in the Code the
zoning districts appropriate for Lodges.
14.b Amend the zoning districts currently listed as Family Agricultural District (FA) and the Residential
and Agricultural Districts (RA) to be consistent with the Rural designation and to allow for home
occupations that do not negatively impact rural character.
14.c Amend the Zoning Code to allow telecommuting and home-based businesses that rely on the
internet as permitted accessory uses to residential uses when operated in compliance with cottage
industry performance standards.
14.d Amend the Zoning Code and Subdivision Code to establish Clustered Rural Subdivision PUD.
98
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 26: Rural Neighborhood Standard Guidelines
Service Area
Population
Up to 3,000 residents
Approximate Land
Area
1 – 5 acres
GP Land Use Low-Density Urban, Rural
Example Locations Kurtistown, Holualoa, Hokulia, Hawaiian Ocean View Estates, Volcano Village,
Hawaiian Paradise Park, Kaumana City
Number of
Commercial
Establishments
1 – 5
Typical Uses Primarily low-density residential. Limited neighborhood-serving businesses may be
allowed to provide goods and services for daily needs and community gathering
spots. Civic uses (e.g., fire stations, schools, churches, etc.) and additional dwelling
units may also be allowed provided such uses are oriented toward serving the needs of rural, low-density neighborhoods.
Compatible Zoning RS, RCX, RA
Access Access to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without direct
driveway access to a highway where feasible; connections to walking and bicycling
paths; transit (or paratransit) stops.
Range of Possible
Services
Typical services may include retail and personal services, neighborhood park,
elementary school, multi-purpose meeting room or (minimum) place to congregate
or post community notices, and outdoor events area (e.g., barbeques and farmer’s
markets).
Character • Informal, vernacular architecture that is small in scale and reflects a residence
ambiance, utilizes natural exterior material and earth-toned colors
• Limited driveway access, on-street parking, public off-street parking
• Landscaping (including street trees) commensurate with environment/water
availability
• Sidewalks and/or walking or bike paths
99
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.1.6 Agriculture
Agriculture, including but not limited to farming,
ranching, forestry, nursery, and aquaculture
operations, holds a crucial role in Hawaiʻi for its
significance in the economy, food security,
environmental sustainability, and cultural
heritage. Land use planning policies directly
impact agricultural land and activity, shaping the
future of farming practices, food production, and
the overall agricultural landscape on Hawaiʻi
Island.
The State Land Use Agricultural District
encompasses 1,184,599 acres or 46 percent of
the island’s total land area. However, during the
original designation of lands, all working and
open lands not designated as Conservation were
designated Agricultural, even if they had little
agricultural resource value. Since then, there
have been efforts to better define lands well-
suited for productive agricultural uses based on
soil data, rainfall, and other factors. Ensuring
appropriate agricultural land uses is a priority of
the State and County of Hawaiʻi. The General Plan
further works to define and protect productive
agricultural land through establishing policies
and guidelines that support and enhance
agricultural activities while promoting
responsible land use practices.
One of the primary challenges to the
maximization of agricultural production is access
to affordable land. Productive agricultural land
values have risen beyond their value for
agricultural purposes due to increases in non-
agricultural residential uses. Other impediments
to agricultural production include labor cost,
labor availability, and limited market access. The
agricultural industry is constantly evolving and
has shifted away from larger-scale production
and now includes value-added processing and
agricultural tourism. This shift has resulted in the
need to manage large tracts of otherwise
unmanaged agricultural lands. Unmanaged
lands are often full of fire-prone grasses and
shrubs which create dangerous conditions for
wildfires. The land use regulatory system should
encourage the management of all agriculural
lands and must be flexible to adapt and allow the
agricultural industry to make changes that help it
to succeed.
The General Plan provides planning tools to
incentivize the highest and best use of productive
agricultural lands. The Plan’s policies and actions
are aimed at maintaining the viability of the
agricultural sector by preserving productive
agricultural land, promoting local food
production, supporting sustainable farming and
ranching practices, mitigating urban
encroachment, strengthening the local economy,
and contributing to the conservation of the
island’s biodiversity.
100
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 15
Support the active use of Productive Agricultural lands.
Policies
15.1 Development in Productive Agriculture and Extensive Agriculture areas should include agricultural
uses, related economic infrastructure and cottage industries, compatible renewable energy, open
area recreational uses, community facilities, and compatible agriculture worker housing.
15.2 Special permit applications within Productive Agriculture designated land should support primary
agriculture use.
15.3 Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between Productive Agriculture and adjacent other
uses of land to mitigate unintended agriculture externalities such as machine/animal noise, odors,
fertilizer/pesticide drift, and related impacts.
15.4 Preserve agricultural character, including the open space preserved by agricultural land.
15.5 Support the development of small-scale visitor accommodations that directly promote the
agriculture industry, health and wellness industry directly related to agriculture, or are near points
of interest that support agriculture.
15.6 Any subdivision or agriculture worker housing complex developed on Productive Agricultural
Lands should be clustered to minimize impact.
15.7 Encourage and aid the agricultural industry in continuing to provide agriculture worker housing.
15.8 Encourage the use of agriculture, ranch, and forestry land preservation programs.
15.9 Promote the preservation and restoration of indigenous agricultural systems.
15.10 Provide flexibility to allow adjacent compatible uses for agriculture with industrial components,
such as carbon sequestration, timber, or food processing.
15.11 Encourage agroforestry as a viable industry, which can utilize less productive agricultural lands
and contribute to carbon sequestration.
Actions
15.a Amend the Zoning Code to develop standards for permitting certified incubators or commercial
kitchens in Rural or Agricultural districts.
15.b Conduct a study to review a maximum developable area consideration for properties designated
as Productive Agricultural lands.
15.c Create and adopt a County Agricultural Tourism program.
15.d Amend the County Code to allow agriculture worker housing to be permitted where the
employee’s primary occupation is working on a specific farm but where the housing and the farm
are not on the same parcel.
101
4.1 Land Use | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
15.e Update the Real Property Tax Code for agricultural land uses that result in actual production or
other public benefits, such as native forestry and the ecosystem services that result from well-
managed rangelands.
15.f Amend the Zoning Code to require Plan Approval for commercial open area recreational uses in
the Agricultural District.
15.g Evaluate the Zoning Code relating to livestock production such as piggeries, apiaries, and pen
feeding based on modern practices and potential impacts on adjacent uses.
15.h Develop standards and guidelines for buffer areas located adjacent to agricultural lands.
15.i Develop a program and incentives, including proposed resources (e.g., grants, loans, technical
assistance, education) that support small-scale farmers, the lease of public lands, and learn
opportunities to become effective stewards of the land.
15.j Collaborate with USDA and the State to enable farmers to bring local meat to local markets.
102
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.2 TRANSPORTATION ACCESS AND
MOBILITY
103
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.2.1 Introduction
Transportation access and mobility are vital
elements of any thriving community. These
concepts encompass how individuals, goods, and
services move within and beyond Hawaiʻi Island.
This element of the General Plan examines various
modes of transportation, including roadways,
public transit, biking and walking paths, and air
and sea transport. These networks enable people
to commute to work, access essential services,
connect with natural and cultural attractions, and
facilitate the movement of goods and services that
sustain our local economy. The County recognizes
the significance of transportation infrastructure in
advancing economic growth, enhancing the
quality of life, and preserving our unique natural
and cultural assets.
As the largest and most ecologically diverse island
in the State, the County faces various challenges
and opportunities in ensuring efficient,
sustainable, and equitable transportation systems.
The Plan aims to improve connectivity, reduce
carbon emissions, alleviate traffic congestion, and
enhance energy efficiency. This approach not only
minimizes the environmental impact of
transportation but also promotes a healthier and
more livable community for all residents. This
section sets the stage for comprehensive and
forward-thinking policies that will help guide
transportation infrastructure development,
promote alternative modes of transportation, and
address the evolving needs of residents, visitors,
and businesses across the island.
Resilience, on the other hand, is the capacity of a
community to adapt, withstand, and recover from
shocks and stressors such as natural disasters and
economic fluctuations. Accessible and resilient
transportation infrastructure is vital during
emergencies, enabling efficient evacuation,
emergency response, and the restoration of critical
services. By investing in resilient transportation
systems, the County strengthens its ability to
confront and recover from adversities, ensuring
the well-being and safety of its residents in times of
crisis.
Transportation planning focuses on providing safe,
efficient, and affordable modes of mobility for
people and goods that achieve our sustainability
goals and establish resilient responses to climatic
and economic challenges. The traditional traffic
perspective evaluates transportation system
performance according to vehicle speeds, delays,
level of service, and operating costs.
Contemporary perspectives broaden evaluation to
mobility costs and transit times of a variety of
transportation modes and accessibility for people
and businesses to reach desired services and
goods. This broadened view of active
transportation considers the movement of people
through human-powered means, such as walking
or cycling, small-scale motorized and traditional
vehicular solutions, such as electric scooters, and
communal offerings such as ridesharing or mass
transit.
The Plan is focused on improving connectivity
within and between communities, enhancing
multimodal transportation options, prioritizing
health and safety, reducing congestion, and
minimizing the environmental impact of
transportation systems. This section leverages
emerging technologies, incorporates sustainable
practices, and considers the County’s long-term
goals for resilience and adaptation to climate
change.
104
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 27: Transportation Key Trends
Job and Population
Centers Mismatch1
• Generally, about 42% of jobs in Hawaiʻi County are in Hilo, nearly 25% in North Kona,
approximately 7% in the Waikoloa and Waimea areas, and about 1 to 7% in each of the
other population centers.
• The Census measure of “mean travel time to work” has increased from 24.5 minutes in 2000
to 26.8 in 2020, reflecting an increase in population centers outside of job centers.
Investment in Electric
Vehicles2
• As of 2024, the statewide percentage of registered vehicles that are electric is 2.9%.
• There is a total of 32,187registered electric vehicles in the state.
• There are 385 charging stations statewide.
Growing Interest in
Active Transportation
• Between 2016 and 2020, 10.1% of workers were commuting by active transportation in the
state.
• The County of Hawaiʻi Mode Share as of 2017 included:
o Pedestrian 2.3%
o Bicycle 0.44%
o Transit 1.2%
• Generally, an increase in active transportation can be achieved with improvements in
connectivity to a defined Active Transportation Network.
• At its peak in 2012, Hele-On provided service to 1.2 million passengers and by 2018,
ridership dropped by a third, and the primary cause is believed to be decreased reliability
of service.
1 SMS, COH General Plan Comprehensive Review (2022) and the corresponding Key Findings Trends and Forecasts Report.
2 Hawaiʻi EV Association.
https://hawaiiev.org/#:~:text=EV%20Adoption%20in%20Hawaii%20%2D%20Now,About%20public%20charging%20in%20Hawaii%E2%80%A6
105
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 28: Transportation Challenges
Continuing,
Comprehensive, &
Cooperative
Planning
• Transportation requirements identified in County plans require interdepartmental collaboration on
projects from ideation to implementation to be fully realized.
• Active transportation planning requires gathering data and analyzing demand for all modes of
transportation to support the desired movement of people and goods sustainably and equitably.
• Increasing roadway capacity to relieve congestion induces more congestion in the long run when
not countered with traffic demand management.
• Emerging technologies increase the demand for new and evolving transportation needs.
Financing • Increased fuel-efficient and electric vehicles challenge the stability of gas tax contributions to
highway funding.
• Current operating budget funding and asset condition information are not adequate to maintain
existing transportation assets.
• Current Capital Improvements Program (CIP) demands for new transportation facilities and services
far exceed the County’s ability to fund these activities on an annual basis.
Public Access • County codes and procedures do not adequately address criteria, planning, implementation,
dedication standards, and authority requirements for public access elements.
• Public access requires collaboration and can be complicated when working with public and private
landowners, community members, and local, state, and federal agencies.
• Environmental hazards and the uncertainty of climate change impacts pose risks to the quality and
safety of public access.
Mass Transit • Declines in ridership have reduced funding for operation and maintenance as well as expansion of
services.
• Fleet conditions, and onboard services need to be updated or upgraded to improve rider
perceptions of comfort, safety, and place-making.
• Route schedules and status are not readily available in real-time while riders are in transit.
Roadways • Multimodal roadway planning is complex, requires relevant data, and is difficult to secure across
essential interdepartmental processes.
• Forms of transportation that utilize roadways are changing in technology (e.g., electric vehicles,
autonomous vehicles) and scale (e.g., micro-mobility, mobility as service). Design standards must
be responsive to these changes.
• The location of urban areas along the island’s perimeter increases transportation demands to meet
employment and livability requirements.
• Aging roadway systems, structurally deficient bridges, and roads-in-limbo increase maintenance
requirements and decrease service levels.
• Roadway fatalities remain high in comparison to other counties in Hawaiʻi.
• The lack of transportation and mobility options in certain areas creates long daily commutes for
residents while contributing to a high vehicle count on many roads.
• Parking requirements can be an impediment to (re)development and infill due to high vehicle
reliance.
Terminals:
Airports & Harbors
• Pre-COVID-19, tourism accounted for approximately 15% of vehicle miles traveled (VMT), with
rental cars as the primary means of transportation for tourists.
• Major airports and harbors are owned and operated by the State Department of Transportation.
• The location of some major airports and harbors makes it difficult to use active or alternative
transportation.
106
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 29: Transportation Opportunities
Continuing,
Comprehensive, &
Cooperative
Planning
• Establish metrics for evaluating transportation solutions and implement data capture (including
emerging technology) and analysis procedures that should inform changes in planning strategies and
policies.
• Improve interagency collaboration to define processes for project creation, scoping, design, and
construction.
• Collaborate with the State Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish a transportation planning
organization using State Research and Planning grants to initially fund planning activities including
data management.
• Promote transportation polices found in the existing plans that can expand access to jobs, health care,
and other services and can create more equitable and safe choices of transportation.
• Allow market conditions to determine actual usage and future infrastructure to determine the best
means of transportation needs and related issues.
Financing • Prepare projects that are qualified for funding under the Bi-Partisan Infrastructure Act.
• Evaluate alternative financing strategies that consider property tax, fees, and cost-sharing solutions
with new development.
• Establish an Asset Management Program to define the appropriate maintenance strategy and funding
required secure level of service and asset availability.
Public Access • Standardize interagency agreements for standards, maintenance mapping, and enforcement.
• Amend ordinances, laws, and codes to be inclusive of and address public access concerns.
• Apply designated Special Management Area(s) (SMA) to support the public’s access to and along the
shoreline.
• Hawaiʻi County Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resource Preservation Commission (PONC)
can further support public access.
Mass Transit • Partner with alternative fuel providers to determine fleet vehicles to be purchased to replenish the bus
fleet and to optimize purchase and operation costs.
• Provide a variety of transit options and amenities on mass transit that broaden the appeal to potential
riders.
• Re-evaluate mass transit routes to meet ridership demands, connect to active transportation solutions
for the first and last mile, and be co-located with other services of interest.
Roadways • Collect and analyze data required to propose multimodal solutions to accommodate cross-island and
localized transportation demands.
• Define collaborative procedures for cross-department identification of multimodal projects with
integration into the CIP planning process.
• Improve the integration of transportation and land use planning to optimize the use, efficiency, and
accessibility of existing and proposed transit systems.
• Coordinate other infrastructure elements (e.g., water, sewer, power, broadband, public transit) where
possible to connect follow-on services and funding.
• Reduce traffic-related injuries and fatalities through roadway design and community awareness.
• Promote the visioning of public right-of-way (ROW) as a public space and used for place-making.
• Optimize repaving projects to retrofit multimodal design in existing ROW.
Terminals:
Airports &
Harbors
• The integration of mass transit, ridesharing, ride-hailing, and other shared-use mobility options at
airports and harbors can help reduce reliance on rental cars.
• Applying Destination Management Plan actions can help bridge the alternative transportation gap.
• There are Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) opportunities around airports and harbors.
107
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.2.2 Transportation Goal, Objective, Policies,
and Actions
Objective 16
Achieve a transportation system that is consistent with and will accommodate
planned growth.
Policies
16.1 Encourage transportation systems that serve to accommodate the present and future
development needs of communities.
16.2 Encourage safe and convenient use of low-cost, energy-efficient, non-polluting means of
transportation.
16.3 Encourage the diversification of transportation modes and infrastructure to promote alternate
fuels and energy efficiency.
16.4 Transportation and land use planning shall be integrated to optimize the use, efficiency, and
accessibility of existing mass transportation systems and future demand.
16.5 Establish a framework of transportation facilities that will influence desired land use and promote
multimodal options.
16.6 Provide for present traffic and future demands, including the development of mass transit
programs for high-growth areas by both the private and public sectors.
16.7 Implement procedures for County departments to collaborate on defining short- and long-term
transportation CIP projects in terms of scope, timing, proposed funding, and project performance
measures required to optimally achieve transportation ambitions stated in County plans,
standards, and laws.
16.8 Prioritize CIP investments consistent with General Plan goals and objectives with consideration for
multimodal transportation demands, walking and cycling infrastructure, and safety features for our
most vulnerable roadway users, for all roadway repaving, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
16.9 Support the design of all transportation facilities, including airports, harbors, and mass transit
stations, to reflect local and/or Hawaiian architecture.
16.10 Identify and evaluate transportation strategies to address energy and climate issues.
16.11 Prioritize public and private transportation investments to expand the multimodal transportation
system.
108
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
16.12 Require new developments to contribute their pro rata share of local and regional infrastructure
costs.
16.13 There shall be coordinated planning of transportation systems for the funding of projects in areas
of anticipated growth and to meet program goals of other elements such as historic, recreational,
environmental quality, and land use.
Actions
16.a Develop a comprehensive, island-wide multimodal transportation plan that identifies the location
and operation of automobile, mass transit, bicycle, and pedestrian systems, in coordination with
appropriate federal and state agencies.
16.b Develop a planning and financing strategy to fund timely and routine maintenance of County
transportation assets that secures availability and reliability, independent of CIP activities.
16.c Amend the County Code, Chapters 22, 23, and 24, to increase active transportation and
accommodate emerging micro-mobility solutions.
16.d Establish interdepartmental teams to review significant development projects to evaluate
integrated infrastructure requirements, multimodal options, and private-public collaboration to
ensure implementation.
109
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.2.3 Active Living Corridors and Public Access
Access to coastal and mountain areas was
traditionally and is currently an essential element of
island life that provides for gathering resources
and transportation, as well as engaging in activities
of cultural significance, recreation, and ancestral
legacy. In 1995, the Public Access Shoreline
Hawaiʻi (PASH) decision by the Supreme Court of
Hawaiʻi validated customary rights of certain types
of access to conduct cultural traditions and
practices on lands where those activities had been
conducted in the past.
Today, historic trails can serve as a foundational
pattern upon which modern-day public access
should be planned, designed, and built in relation
to the natural and sociocultural landscape. With
intentions to preserve and protect historic trails
and their networks, and in the context of
establishing active living corridors, land use
planning can identify modern connections in an
open space network that includes County
roadways and public transit services as an
extension of traditional mobility that preserves and
honors historic trails and the cultural landscape as
part of transportation.
Establishing these active living corridors in an open
space network requires a combination of
identifying and mapping historical and potential
trails and connections, ensuring that continuity
mauka to makai and laterally around the island is
not interrupted by development activities,
planning for extended bike and pedestrian trails,
and connecting roadway and public services.
•
•
•
•
•
•
110
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 17
Increase transportation connectivity.
Policies
17.1 Ensure Native Hawaiian access rights are clearly expressed in County code, policies, and
procedures, while also protecting sacred sites and burials in accordance with applicable state laws
and state historic preservation laws.
17.2 Programmatically support the open space network concept with a methodology that includes
criteria for establishing County department and other agency responsibilities, mapping
requirements, financing strategies for implementation and maintenance, and standards for
facilities that enhance the community experience.
17.3 Prior to disposing of, leasing, or transferring public lands through County Property Management
procedures, the County shall assess, document, and protect access to existing active living
corridors that are located on County-owned parcels.
17.4 Land use applications shall identify as early as possible any existing or potential active living
corridors that should be incorporated into the County’s open space network.
17.5 Ensure that existing active living corridors that are publicly owned or available by easement are
properly identified and that their access elements are secured and documented.
a) Primary examples include but are not limited to historic trails and roads, roads-in-limbo, ‘paper
roads’, former sugar cane roads, train infrastructure remnants (Rails to Trails), and pedestrian
and bicycling paths.
b) “Acceptance” by the County of the responsibilities detailed in the grant of easements should
require County Council action and a dedicated funding source.
17.6 Provide public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
17.7 Establish public access to historic and modern active living corridors and facilities that provide an
island-wide route and connect to major destinations.
Actions
17.a Develop and adopt a program to establish public access to historic and modern active living
corridors and facilities that provide an island-wide route and connect to major destinations.
17.b Explore the potential of multimodal trails to serve as evacuation routes during emergencies.
17.c Develop standards for active living corridors to assist when reviewing discretionary permits.
17.d Establish a public-private partnership, including financing strategies, for maintaining public access trails.
111
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 30: Public Access Spacing Standards
RESOURCE TYPE GP LAND USE DESIGNATION DESIRED SPACING
Shoreline For lands in the RS, RD, RM, V, CG,
CN, and CV districts
800 to 1,000 feet apart
For lands within a destination resort
community or a major, intermediate
or minor resort area as defined in th
general plan and determined by the
director, regardless of the zone
district designation(s)
1,000 to 2,000 feet apart, provided that the
, planning commission may extend the
e spacing to a maximum of 2,500 feet where
deemed warranted by site conditions
For lands within the A districts 1,000 to 2,500 feet apart for A-1a,
1,500 to 2,500 feet apart for all other zoned
districts
For lands in the O and U districts 2,000 to 2,500 feet apart
High Cliff 2,000 to 2,500 feet apart unless a resource
needs additional access
Mountain For all zone districts As determined by the director to provide
reasonable means to access public trail
sections and public facilities
112
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.2.4 Mass Transit
Hawaiʻi County is committed to providing residents
with a public transportation system that is safe,
affordable, accessible, efficient, and reliable. Mass
transit systems aim to reduce congestion, promote
sustainable mobility, and provide equitable access
to transportation options. Implementing and
expanding mass transit on Hawaiʻi Island can have
significant impacts on building resilient
communities.
Mass transit systems may offer an efficient
alternative to private vehicles, reducing
congestion on roadways. With reliable mass
transit, residents, including those without cars or
with limited mobility, have an alternative means of
transportation to access employment
opportunities, education, essential services,
commercial centers, recreation, and other
activities. Improved mobility through public transit
can enhance community connectivity and social
cohesion while promoting pedestrian activities
and active lifestyles.
The Hawaiʻi County Transit and Multimodal
Transportation Master Plan was adopted in August
2018. The Master Plan provides a deeper review of
the County’s transportation system and identifies
policies and standards for the delivery of service.
The General Plan recognizes the need to reflect the
island’s shared vision for high quality multimodal
transportation and strives to uplift the goals and
strategies for achieving this vision.
Mass transit can play a key role in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate
change. By encouraging a shift from individual car
usage to shared transportation, mass transit helps
decrease overall vehicle miles traveled (VMT),
resulting in lower carbon emissions and improved
air quality. This promotes a healthier environment
and protects the natural beauty and resources of
our island.
A well-planned mass transit system can stimulate
economic growth and resilience. It creates
employment opportunities during the construction
and operation phases, fostering local job creation.
Mass transit can also attract businesses and
investments to areas with reliable transportation
infrastructure, supporting economic development
and revitalization of communities along transit
corridors. Considering our vulnerability to natural
disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes,
wildfires, and volcanic activity, mass transit can
contribute to disaster resilience by providing
evacuation routes and transportation options
during emergencies. Having a resilient mass transit
system in place ensures that residents have
reliable means of transportation to evacuate
affected areas efficiently and reach safe zones or
emergency shelters.
Mass transit enhances social equity by improving
access to transportation for all residents,
regardless of income, age, or physical abilities.
These systems help bridge transportation gaps
and reduce transportation-related barriers,
ensuring that underserved communities have
affordable and convenient mobility options. Mass
transit can enhance equity by providing reliable
transportation to essential services like healthcare
facilities, educational institutions, and job centers.
113
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 18
Increase mass transit ridership by 50 percent by 2045.
Policies
18.1 Ensure transit routes connect with other modes of active transportation consistent with the County
Street Design Manual.
18.2 Provide more equitable mobility for youth, low-income, elderly, and people with disabilities.
18.3 Maximize regular and paratransit service to the following:
a) Town centers, commercial districts, and employment centers.
b) Airports and cruise ship terminals.
c) University and adult education centers.
d) Accommodate school schedules such as after-school activities and sports.
18.4 Bus maintenance facilities should be developed at or near appropriate transit hubs.
18.5 Adopt hub and spoke system including alternative first and last mile or door-to-door services.
18.6 Transit infrastructure (e.g., bus stops, bus pullouts, waiting benches and shelters, and signs) shall
be adequate and upgraded along existing and future transit routes.
18.7 Data shall be collected and analyzed to optimize mass transit planning, operation, and overall
performance.
18.8 Improve and expand public transportation in communities with the highest socioeconomic needs.
18.9 The County’s public transit system assets shall be available to assist in transportation in emergency
situations.
Actions
18.a Develop marketing and public awareness campaign of various services in collaboration with the
airports, cruise ship terminals, and educational facilities.
18.b Identify, preserve, and/or acquire corridors for future transit use, for high traffic areas such as the
Pahoa-Keaʻau-Hilo route, including but not limited to multimodal corridors and require new
development to provide rights-of-way (ROWs) to accommodate transit services.
Table 31: Mass Transit Level of Service Standards
Level of Service for Route
Intervals • Urban Centers: Every 30 minutes
• Connecting Urban Areas: Every 60 minutes
• Rural Areas: Based on peak demand
Service Coverage Type of transit services based on frequency fixed route vs rural
services
Bus Stop Spacing • Urban: ¼ mile walking distance of a stop
• Rural: 1/2 – 2 miles
114
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.2.5 Roadways
Vehicle transportation remains the primary mode
of mobility in Hawaiʻi County, with total vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) continuing to increase. As of
2020, VMT in the State grew by about 15% since
2009 in response to general economic growth and
increased tourism.3 Much of the VMT occurred in
single occupancy vehicles, which increases fuel
consumption and carbon emissions. In addition,
pedestrian and vehicular fatalities and injuries
increase as more vehicles are added to roadways
and total VMT grows. In response, transportation
planning policy has evolved to prioritize active
transportation, encourage demand management
solutions, and establish street design standards
and safety strategies to eliminate traffic fatalities
and severe injuries.
Active transportation places priority on pedestrian,
public transit, and bicycle modes of mobility over
the automobile. To effectively implement this
priority, changes in land use zoning, street design
standards, and defining and prioritizing
infrastructure capital investments are required.
Moreover, implementing active transportation
requires coordinated planning and prioritizing of
capital investments across planning, public works,
parks and recreation, and public transit
departments to achieve short- and long-term
design goals.
In November 2020, the County of Hawaiʻi adopted
by resolution a Street Design Manual to set
standards for how County streets should support
all modes of traffic. For each street type found in
the County, this manual illustrates how the right-of-
way should allocate space for multimodal activities
following active transportation priorities. These
design standards are essential for new
development and infrastructure rejuvenation
projects to achieve active transportation solutions
in each step of modernizing the County’s
transportation system properly and adequately.
As of December 31, 2021, the State of Hawaiʻi’s
traffic fatalities continue to rise and the County of
Hawaiʻi’s figures per capita remain the highest in
the state.4 The County’s Vision Zero Action Plan,
adopted in September 2020, provides a deeper
understanding of the varying impact on Hawaiʻi
Island communities regarding drivers versus
cyclists and pedestrians, roadway conditions (e.g.,
visibility, peak traffic hours), and behavioral factors
(e.g., speeding, impairment) that contribute to the
persistent presence of traffic fatalities and injuries
on our island. The General Plan acknowledges the
recommendations of the Vision Zero Action Plan to
establish strategies that increase safety, health,
and equitable mobility for all.
In combination, active transportation and demand
management strategies, street standards, data-
driven planning, and a focus on Vision Zero safety
goals create a modern approach to transportation
planning that aims to secure equitable and
affordable mobility opportunities for the island’s
communities to connect to work, family, education,
and recreational opportunities. This approach to
planning roadways is essential to ensure safe
experiences for all residents and to promote
healthy and resilient communities.
3 State of Hawaiʻi Climate Change Portal, Buses and Bikes and Things That Go: A Proposed Action Framework for Encouraging Active Transportation- Transit in Hawaiʻi (2020) https://climate.hawaii.gov/hi-news/hi-blog/activetransportation/
4 DOT, Preliminary Year-End State of Hawaiʻi Traffic Fatality Data for 2021 (2022) https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/preliminary-year-end-state-of-
hawaii-traffic-fatality-data-for-2021/
115
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 19
Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT).
Policies
19.1 Encourage collaboration between the Planning Department, the Department of Public Works, the
Department of Parks and Recreation, and the Mass Transit Agency to define the scope and priority
of capital investment projects that achieve active transportation objectives and goals.
19.2 Increase arterial capacity through prioritization of alternative means of transportation, such as mass
transit, bicycle, and pedestrian systems.
19.3 Incorporate bicycle routes, lanes, and paths within road rights-of-way.
19.4 Increase mobility for minors, non-licensed adults, low-income, elderly, and people with mobility
limitations through prioritization of alternative means of transportation.
19.5 Roadway designs and improvements made by the Department of Public Works shall
accommodate pedestrian-friendly, multimodal design, and on-street parking evaluations, to the
fullest extent possible .
19.6 Use traffic demand management to aid in reducing traffic congestion by targeting an increase of
active transportation mode share to 10 percent (bicycling, walking, micro-mobility).
19.7 Concurrency reviews should incorporate reduction in vehicle miles traveled to mitigate traffic
impacts (e.g. the level of service) and achieve sustainability and demand management goals.
Actions
19.a Continue to adopt the County Street design manual as the County’s complete street design
program/policy.
19.b Amend the County Code to incorporate complete street design.
19.c Develop an active transportation plan to guide where complete street improvements should be
focused and replace previous pedestrian and bikeway plans.
19.d Identify all roles for interdepartmental collaboration in delivering a truly multimodal transportation
system.
19.e Update traffic impact analysis requirements to include alternative evaluations to the level of service
outcomes, such as vehicle miles traveled and alternative transportation metrics.
19.f Increase community engagement and education around active transportation and alternative
transportation options.
116
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 20
Achieve a transportation system that employs all modes of transportation
at a community scale.
Policies
20.1 Encourage the application of the County of Hawaiʻi Street Design Manual when necessary to
preserve the character of an area while maintaining a pedestrian and bicycle friendly design and
desired landscaping solutions.
20.2 In planning, designing, and constructing new roadways or modernizing improvements,
transportation agencies should balance the conservation of the area’s natural, historic, and scenic
qualities with transportation safety objectives for traffic speed, safety, and traffic calming.
20.3 Support and provide technical assistance to assist in the development of road improvement
districts to finance road improvements.
20.4 Preserve the unique character of an area by allowing flexibility in existing roadway improvements
and maintenance while seeking a pedestrian-friendly design and desired landscaping solutions.
20.5 Incentivize subdivision roadway connectivity.
20.6 A corridor planning/management program shall be maintained to help prioritize various active
transportation projects.
Actions
20.a Create and adopt a performance measure program/policy.
20.b Amend the County Code to promote connectivity and discourage neighborhoods with only one
inlet or outlet.
20.c Establish a corridor planning/management program that is data-driven and uses performance-
based targets and outcomes.
20.d Designate new connectivity points for local traffic roads and create redundant routes for existing
highways, utilizing existing routes where possible, that can also serve as emergency and
evacuation routes.
20.e Adopt a Complete Streets ordinance.
20.f Explore options to incentivize roadway connectivity.
Objective 21
Incorporate green infrastructure to reduce stormwater runoff.
Policies
21.1 Incorporate low-impact development (LID), green infrastructure strategies, and pollution
prevention procedures to address drainage in roadway design and update operation and
maintenance methods to retain integrity of these solutions.
21.2 Prioritize roadway drainage improvements in flood-prone areas.
117
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
21.3 Use native vegetation when viable and maintainable to achieve the County Street Design Manual
standards.
21.4 Maintain an Adopt-a-Street program to encourage civic participation where moderate
landscaping and roadside cleaning can be done by community groups.
21.5 At a minimum, the County shall plan, site, and develop roads, bridges, and highways to:
a) Protect areas that provide important water quality benefits or are particularly susceptible to
erosion or sediment loss;
b) Limit land disturbance such as clearing, grading, and cut and fill to reduce erosion and
sediment loss; and
c) Limit disturbance of natural drainage features and vegetation, including mitigating impacts of
stream crossings.
Actions
21.a Develop green infrastructure standards including right-of-way (ROW) landscaping, low-impact
development (LID), and drainage.
21.b Develop an Adopt-a-Street program.
21.c Pursue funding, County capacity, and responsibility to maintain green infrastructure and native
landscaping in the County Rights-of-Ways.
Objective 22
Increase transportation safety for transportation’s most vulnerable users and reduce
traffic fatalities.
Policies
22.1 Human life and public health are prioritized within all aspects of the transportation system.
22.2 Safety solutions should be prioritized in areas with the most vulnerable populations.
22.3 Engage communities in defining issues and developing solutions for their community, with a
particular focus on prioritizing disadvantaged and vulnerable populations.
22.4 Prioritize interdepartmental coordination and accountability of traffic safety through education,
enforcement, engineering, encouragement, and evaluation. Focus on policies, practices, staffing,
and programs to improve road and pedestrian safety.
22.5 Incorporate traffic-calming features into arterial road and street designs to include vertical
deflections, horizontal shifts, roadway narrowing, and closures to reduce speeding and increase
safety. These may include techniques such as roundabouts, median barriers, speed humps, raised
intersections, and other transportation industry practices.
22.6 Commit to an equitable approach and outcomes, including prioritizing engagement and
investments in traditionally under-served communities and adopting equitable traffic enforcement
practices.
118
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
22.7 Develop roadway standards to accommodate emerging technology for connected and automated
vehicles.
22.8 Maintain dedicated roadway standards that are appropriate to roadway type and achieve active
transportation and safety goals.
22.9 Engage and collaborate with the owners of private roads and local community groups to help
identify and develop road management agreements that mitigate road closures to provide
emergency evacuation routes.
Actions
22.a Amend the County Code to incorporate Vision Zero safety principles and Complete Street design
principles.
22.b Develop educational programs promoting traffic safety.
Objective 23
Adequately maintain public transportation systems.
Policies
23.1 Maintain an Asset Management Program aimed at utilizing maintenance plans for pavement,
bridges, and other road infrastructure to prolong the life of our transportation system as well as
reduce its whole-life cost.
23.2 Maintain the unique features of historic bridges, while balancing safety needs and preserving
historic and scenic character.
23.3 Prioritize the replacement of deficient and inadequate bridges and maintain pedestrian/bicycle
access across bridges.
23.4 Design new bridges and bridge improvements to accommodate and not negatively impede
identified scenic resources.
23.5 Evaluate freight routes identified in the State Freight Master Plan for required improvements to
meet roadway standards.
23.6 Encourage the adoption of innovative materials and methods that improve roadway sustainability
and resilience.
Actions
23.a Create an asset management program.
23.b Continue the bridge inspection program and expand rehab or replacement to include active
transportation accommodations.
119
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Roadway Standards
The County adheres to several federal and industry
standards for roadway design. These include the
AASHTO Green Book and Roadside Design Guide,
the MUTCD, the NACTO, and the Highway
Capacity Manual.5 Examples of topics addressed
by these guidelines include road geometry (e.g.,
curves, sight distance), safety within ROWs
adjacent to travel ways, design speeds, level of
service, signs/striping/signaling, and urban transit.
In addition to these sources, the County adheres to
the following locally defined standards.
Street Standards
Highways shall not be wider than four through
travel lanes that accommodate single occupancy
vehicles and should be limited to the most
populated areas typically connecting residential
areas with employment centers.
Integrate transportation networks to prioritize the most
vulnerable roadways users and the greenest modes of
travel through a Multimodal Hierarchy (Figure 7) that
prioritizes investments in the following order:
1. Pedestrian
2. Public Transit
3. Bicycle
4. Auto
The minimum roadway width standards to
accommodate the County Roadway Classifications
were adopted in Resolution 779-20. The following
provides an overview of this standard with
reference to the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) Functional Classification system.
Figure 7 Multimodal Hierarchy
5 AASHTO – American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials. MUTCD – Manual on Uniform Control Devices. NACTO – National Association of City
Transportation Officials.
120
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 32: County Street Typology Definitions
Street Type Designation/Function Examples Characteristics Optimal
ROW
Modal
Hierarchy
FHWA
FC
Parkway Connects regions and
towns; includes dividing
island or median strip
Volcano Highway
(Route 11), Queen
Kaʻahumanu
Highway (Route 19)
Lanes 2-5
Traffic Volume: High
300 ft. *See note
below
Pr
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
Ar
t
e
r
i
a
l
Primary Arterial Connects regions and towns Māmalahoa
Highway (Route
11),
Hawaiʻi Belt Road
(Route 19)
Lanes 2-5
Traffic Volume: High
120 ft. *See note
below
Secondary Arterial Serves local and visitor traffic
with fewer access points
than Collector Streets. May
carry heavy truck traffic.
Henry Street,
Waikoloa Road
Lanes: 2-5
Traffic Volume: High
86-90 ft. Ped
Transit
Bike
Auto
Mi
n
o
r
Ar
t
e
r
i
a
l
or
Ma
j
o
r
Co
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
Connector Street Serves mostly local traffic;
serves mixed-use
destinations; more access
points than Arterial Streets.
Kīlauea Avenue,
Kinoʻole Street,
Wainaku Street
Lanes: 2-4
Traffic Volume:
Medium
64-78 ft. Ped
Transit
Bike
Auto
Ma
j
o
r
o
r
Mi
n
o
r
Co
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
Business Street Serves through and local
functions, typically found in
town cores and village
centers with a higher
pedestrian volume
Keawe Street, Aliʻi
Drive, Pāhoa
Village Road
Lanes: 2-3
Traffic Volume:
Medium
66-70 ft. Ped
Bike
Auto
Transit
Industrial Street Serves industrial and heavy
commercial areas; serves
larger vehicles
Halekauila Street,
Melekahiwa Street
Lanes: 2-3
Traffic Volume: Low
to High
64-66 ft. Ped
Transit/Freight
Bike
Auto
Mi
n
o
r
Co
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
or
In
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
St
r
e
e
t
Minor Street Serves residential, low-
density development, and
agriculture
Alu Street, ʻIwalani
Street
Lanes: 2
Traffic Volume: Low
50-52 ft.
Local Rural Road
(non-dedicated)
Serves very low-volume, low-
speed, local travel needs,
maintains aesthetic
preferences
Lanes: 2
Traffic Volume: Very
Low
40-52 ft.
Cul-de-Sac & Dead-
End Streets
Serves very low-volume, low-
speed, and local travel
needs
Lanes: 1-2
Traffic Volume: Very
Low
50 ft
min
Green Alleyway6 Serves residential, or
commercial development,
as shared streets with the
potential to be
pedestrian/bike only
Lanes: 1
Traffic Volume: Very
Low
20-28 ft.
*Modal Hierarchy not applicable to Parkway and Primary Arterial as they are primarily under DOT jurisdiction.
6 NACTO, Urban Street Design Guide https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/streets/green-alley/
121
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.2.6 Transportation
Terminals: Airports
and Harbors
As a major hub for tourism, commerce, and
connectivity, Hawaiʻi County recognizes the
importance of effective planning and management
of its airports and harbors. These key infrastructure
components serve as lifelines that facilitate
economic growth, enhance regional connectivity,
and provide essential services for residents and
visitors. Airports and harbors connect the County
to the rest of the world, allowing for the efficient
movement of goods, people, and ideas. They are
essential nodes within the transportation network,
acting as important economic drivers for the
region. Efficient airports and harbors directly
contribute to the success of various industries,
including tourism, agriculture, trade, and logistics.
Moreover, they are instrumental in supporting
emergency response efforts, disaster
management, and ensuring the overall resilience
of the region’s transportation system.
The principal concerns of planning for
transportation terminals involve a comprehensive
approach that addresses various aspects,
including location, zoning of adjacent land,
infrastructure development, capacity
management, safety and security measures,
environmental sustainability, integration with other
modes of transportation, and financing and
programming of improvements and services
through capital improvement projects. While the
State of Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation
(DOT) is responsible for the actual design,
construction, and operation of terminals and
supporting facilities, the General Plan addresses
the location of these facilities in relation to the
pattern of overall land uses. There are two deep
draft harbors on the island, one in Hilo and another
in Kawaihae.
While improvements continue to be made, both
harbor terminals lack adequate docking and
support facilities. Cargo volume at Kawaihae
Harbor has increased significantly as the
population and development in West Hawaiʻi
continue to grow. In 2011, the Hawaiʻi Commercial
Harbors 2035 Master Plan was developed by the
State to accommodate the future needs of
facilities.
Air terminals that service inter-island
transportation are in Hilo, Waimea, ʻUpolu, and
Kona. The terminals at Hilo and Kona are overseas
facilities. Oversea flights at the Kona International
Airport at Keahole will continue to increase with
the growth of resort areas in Kona and Kohala.
Overseas flights through Hilo International Airport
have been important for agriculture in East Hawaiʻi.
Since 2011, the DOT has embarked on a $2.3
billion Hawaiʻi Airports Modernization Program to
improve the safety, capacity, and efficiency of our
major passenger and cargo airports.
As the population becomes more mobile and as
resident and visitor populations increase, there will
be a greater demand for new and expanded
transportation facilities that are adjacent to
compatible land uses and include alternative and
active transportation connections to decrease the
demand for cars and reliance on fossil fuels.
122
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 24
Improve accessibility to airports, harbor systems, and support facilities.
Policies
24.1 Encourage the programmed improvement of existing terminals, including adequate provisions for
control of pollution and appropriate and adequate covered storage facilities for agricultural
products.
24.2 The State Department of Transportation should continue to implement its plans for transportation
terminals and related facilities to promote and follow desired land use policies.
24.3 Transportation terminals should be developed in conjunction with the different elements of the
overall transportation system.
24.4 Encourage maximum use of the island's airport and harbor facilities.
24.5 Encourage the development, maintenance, and enhancement of Hilo and Kawaihae Harbors as
detailed within the State’s Hawaiʻi Commercial Harbors 2035 Master Plan.
24.6 Support the State’s objectives to acquire rights within the runway clear-zones, limit heights within
approach zones, and restrict noise-sensitive uses within designated noise contours determined by
the State.
24.7 Future land uses in the vicinity of airports and harbors should have an adequate open space buffer
and/or be compatible with the anticipated noise exposure and industrial nature in the vicinity.
24.8 Encourage pedestrian-oriented connectivity around harbors and small boat harbors.
24.9 Encourage master planning of small boat harbors to accommodate commercial and recreational
fishing, tour boats, as well as business and recreational ocean activities, that balance economic
vitality and environmental sensitivity.
Actions
24.a Create a strategic improvement plan, including mapping, for County owned and/or managed boat
harbors and develop an island-wide needs assessment to better serve regional gaps in ocean
accesses.
24.b Ensure collaboration with State agencies to offer a variety of transportation options at airports and
harbors.
123
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3 PUBLIC UTILITIES
124
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.1 Introduction
In Hawaiʻi County’s pursuit of a prosperous and
resilient future, public utilities stand as pillars of
essential infrastructure. These are services
regulated by the government and provided in
response to existing and prospective patterns of
development. Changes in land use, population
density, and development usually generate
changes in the demand and supply of utilities. As
the backbone of modern society, public utilities
encompass a wide range of vital services that
support the health, safety, and sustainability of
our communities. This critical infrastructure allows
us to function in many ways, including the ability
to maintain healthy living conditions, proper
sanitation, and access reliable energy to power
our homes and businesses.
Public utilities play a key role in forming the
foundation upon which social, economic, and
environmental progress is built. Such essential
services enhance the quality of life for residents,
visitors, and businesses while safeguarding the
natural resources and cultural heritage of our
island. The significance of public utilities can be
understood through their contributions in the
areas of environmental sustainability, economic
prosperity, and social well-being.
Public utilities drive environmental stewardship
by promoting clean energy generation, efficient
water management, waste reduction, and
recycling initiatives. Through the application of
sustainable practices and technologies, public
utilities protect our fragile ecosystems, mitigate
climate change impacts, and preserve the beauty
of our island for future generations. Additionally,
robust and reliable infrastructure attracts
investment, supports economic growth, and
fosters job creation. From powering local
industries to enabling efficient transportation
networks, public utilities are catalysts for
economic development, making our communities
more resilient in the face of challenges.
Access to safe and affordable utilities is a
fundamental right of every individual. Public
utilities ensure equitable distribution of
resources, allowing residents of all
socioeconomic backgrounds to enjoy necessities
such as clean water, affordable energy, and
accessible internet-based services. These
services enhance public health, education, and
overall quality of life, fostering thriving and
inclusive communities.
Given the unique challenges posed by our
geography and vulnerable ecosystem, the
General Plan aims to effectively guide the
development, maintenance, and improvement of
these critical services. This section of the Plan is
primarily concerned with the planning aspects of
our, water, wastewater, stormwater, electricity,
and telecommunications systems. Planning for
the location of utility facilities such as reservoirs,
pumping stations, and sewage treatment plants is
an important aspect of the land planning process,
as it makes way for development opportunities.
Unintegrated utilities can burden developments
with lower levels of service and may limit or even
prevent development. The integration and
availability of public utilities in priority growth
areas are imperative. Changes in the intensity of
land use greatly influence the quantitative design
of utilities and services, particularly their design
capacity. There may be distinctions in the type of
services offered for each utility as land use
intensities vary. These distinctions also depend
on local codes and ordinances, health and
sanitary considerations, and practices followed
by utility companies.
125
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 33: Public Utilities Challenges
General • Funding and financing the development, conversion, repair, operations, and maintenance of
public utilities are central challenges for communities, developers, and county government.
• Any large infrastructure expansions are paid for by developers and the costs are not to scale
for financing.
• Geographical variability and obstacles require creative solutions for utility buildout.
• Aging public utility infrastructure must become more resilient to natural hazards, extreme
weather events, and climate change impacts.
• Absent, aging, or dilapidated infrastructure limits new development where it is needed,
consistent with strategic land use patterns and inhibits existing development.
• Outdated utility systems and practices can pose environmental and health concerns and are
expensive to change.
Drinking Water • Disputes over water source capacity can prevent development where it is needed and
consistent with desired development patterns.
• Water commitments have been assigned to parcels that are not being developed or lack
development potential.
• Guidelines for assigning water units per system need to be updated.
• Modeling of water demand and potential demand needs to be closely aligned to land use.
• The water systems serving, North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona, and Puna will require
additional water source development.
• On-site wastewater disposal can adversely impact groundwater resources.
Wastewater • Wastewater planning and policy primarily focus on maintaining and servicing existing systems
and do not proactively plan for developing new systems to accommodate growth or to extend
existing lines to align with urban zoning.
• County policy has largely relied on private developers to develop commercial and private
wastewater systems for new development, which ultimately leaves significant municipal service
gaps in urban areas.
• Many County wastewater systems may not be able to accommodate unserved, existing zoned
capacity and projected growth.
• Landowners and developers may incur the costs of constructing private systems or upgrades
due to the insufficiency and lack of wastewater systems in many areas.
• Wastewater requirements hinder the redevelopment or rehabilitation of existing structures
and are often seen as an affordable housing issue.
• Treated wastewater is typically discharged into ocean waters or injected into the ground and
is not generally reused.
• Wastewater infrastructure improvement and development costs are not fiscally planned for,
either in the County budget or through County wastewater fee valuation.
• Individual wastewater systems (IWS) are associated with limitations and regulations. Currently,
the Department of Health’s rules do not allow single-family dwellings and additional dwelling
units (ADU) on a single IWS system.
• Reliance on IWS is an impediment to compact development due to minimum lot size
requirements for IWS, thereby contributing to sprawl.
• Coastal residential neighborhoods without centralized wastewater are contaminating near-
shore waters with pollution from IWS.
126
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
• The looming deadline to convert cesspools to sewer or other IWS may create lack of local
expertise to meet demand if not properly planned.
Stormwater • The future impacts of climate change on future rainfall volumes are uncertain.
• Outdated codes limit the effectiveness of stormwater infrastructure and stormwater-related
practices.
• Water quality changes caused by non-point source pollution, human activities, erosion, and
sediment transport can negatively impact environmental systems and processes.
• A lack of incentives and flexibility exists in the permitting process for stormwater and green
infrastructure.
• There is a lack of a dedicated funding source for public systems.
Electricity & Energy • There is a heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels for power generation.
• The State of Hawaiʻi has the highest electricity rates in the United States.
• Building codes, design perspectives, and construction practices can increase electrical
demand.
• There is a constant need to update and renovate electrical systems and infrastructure.
• The adoption of renewable energy practices may offload environmental costs to other distant
communities, which can offset positive climate action.
• Renewable energy developments can be controversial, such as geothermal and wind turbines.
Telecommunications
& Broadband
• Inadequate access disrupts efficiency and productivity and is a barrier to accessing public
services and information.
• Last mile infrastructure is often the most costly and difficult segment to deploy, especially for
rural areas where distances from a central distribution point are greater and population density
doesn’t economically promote the deployment.
• Consistent and accurate service data is needed to provide a constantly improving network for
the island.
• Providers seeking to deploy broadband infrastructure face multiple layers of permitting and
approvals at both the State and County level, in addition to community opposition regarding
the installation of telecommunications towers.
• Limited competition in broadband service providers and transpacific backhaul providers
means high consumer rates due to a lack of competition within the market.
127
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 34: Public Utilities Opportunities
General • Pursue creative funding and financing tools such as Community Facilities Districts (CFD)
and Improvement Districts, for utility development, conversion, repair, operations, and
maintenance.
• Ensure that utility development matches desirable development priorities.
• Streamline the process of utility infrastructure development to achieve the highest possible
level of service for our communities.
• Lead the charge in resource conservation and assess creative solutions to incentivize
resource conservation for the public.
• Prioritize the conversion and modernization of outdated utility systems and practices.
• Use an integrated approach to value all water as a resource (e.g., drinking water,
wastewater, stormwater).
• Collaborate with asset management (e.g., road resurfacing and utility upgrades).
• Explore public-private partnership opportunities to create circular systems.
• Increase partnerships and enhance collaboration with government, private and nonprofit
agencies, and other stakeholders.
Drinking Water • Explore innovative ways to fund water infrastructure improvements to attract development
that is consistent with desired density and the land use pattern.
• Seek creative funding for significant expansion of water systems to reach new customers in
non-service areas.
• Promote and practice water conservation practices to maximize efficient water use.
• Adopt One Water recommendations to standardize interagency collaboration in planning
for and managing water resources.
• Rainfall collection can provide additional water capacity even where we have Department
of Water Supply (DWS) systems.
• Align the Water Use Development Plan, Master Plan, General Plan, DWS Capital
Improvements Program (CIP), DWS guidelines, DWS water commitments, and private
improvements to the DWS system.
• Exercise some controls over the permitted uses within the defined zone of influence for
downstream deep well sources.
• Encourage groundwater recharge from regional scale master planning to on-site best
management practices such as low-impact development (LID).
Wastewater • Increase opportunities for recycled water.
• Prioritize sewer for sensitive urban areas.
• Proactively seek grant funding to assist with wastewater development.
• Advocate for expanding cesspool conversion tax credit to all cesspool conversions.
• Explore opportunities for public-private partnerships as well as those for technology
upgrades and innovation.
• Promote the expanded use of greywater for landscape irrigation and groundwater
recharge via rules for new construction and retrofits
• Advocate to the Department of Health (DOH) to adopt appropriately scaled requirements
and standards and develop flexible guidelines for designing and permitting wastewater
systems that meet environmental objectives.
• Low-pressure systems should be prioritized for retrofitting instead of gravity flow.
• Higher-density development can contribute more to a centralized system.
128
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
• Increase availability and access to information about private wastewater treatment plant
capacities or expansion opportunities.
Stormwater • Prioritize resiliency measures that support climate change impact scenarios.
• Regularly amend County codes to be as current and innovative as possible.
• Be a leader in prioritizing green infrastructure over gray infrastructure.
• Ensure that stormwater infrastructure decisions align with related plans and the CIP
budget.
• Green infrastructure practices may provide opportunities for creating or expanding
industry.
• Prioritize the use of native plants in landscaping.
Electricity & Energy • Promote and support the development of alternative energy production facilities.
• Be a net power producer with hydrogen and waste management.
• Hawaiʻi Island has the highest renewable energy percentage in the State and can continue
to support renewable energy projects to decarbonize our energy system and stabilize
electricity costs.
Telecommunications
& Broadband
• Support the County’s Broadband Initiative and coordination with the State to facilitate
digital equity efforts (e.g., establishing broadband as a public utility, infrastructure
deployment, providing training support, and coordinating funding strategies for
broadband and telecommunication services).
• Compact development and higher population densities where appropriate are favorable
for commercial service providers as they contribute to more economically viable market
conditions.
• Providing consistent and accurate digital literacy data will promote a desirable level of
service for all residents.
• Increasing digital inclusion efforts, which focus on ensuring both access to and ability to
use a range of technologies, will contribute to better outcomes for health, public safety,
economic opportunity, and civic participation.
• Streamlining permitting and approval processes will improve the efficiency of broadband
and telecommunication development and delivery.
• Pursue partnerships to develop public spaces with broadband access.
129
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.2 Public Utilities Goal, Objective, Policies,
and Actions
Objective 25
Improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of essential infrastructure
systems.
Policies
25.1 Public utility facilities shall be designed at a scale that meets the needs of future development.
25.2 Provide utilities and service facilities that minimize total cost to the public and effectively serve
the needs of the community.
25.3 Utility facilities shall be designed to complement adjacent land uses and minimize pollution or
disturbance of the natural environment and natural resources.
25.4 Improvement of existing utility services shall be encouraged to meet the needs of users.
25.5 Encourage the clustering of developments to reduce the cost of providing utilities.
25.6 Develop short- and long-range capital improvements programs and plans for public utilities
within its jurisdiction that are consistent with the General Plan.
25.7 Maintain an Asset Management Program aimed at utilizing maintenance plans to prolong the
life of our utilities as well as reduce whole-life costs.
Actions
25.a Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of public utilities.
130
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.3 Drinking Water Conservation
The Hawaiʻi State Constitution provides that all
public natural resources, including water, are held
in trust by the State for the benefit of the people.
The State Constitution further maintains that “the
State has an obligation to protect, control, and
regulate the use of Hawaiʻi’s water resources for
the benefit of its people.” Water availability is
crucial to any type of development, whether urban,
rural, or agricultural. Water availability is based on
the sustainable yields of the groundwater
hydrologic units established through the State
Water Code.1
Land use allocation must be closely related to
water availability, including the quantity and
quality of the water, and the adequacy of the
transmission and distribution system. The General
Plan requires an understanding of water availability
and capacity, current demands, and future
demands based on planned and anticipated future
growth and land uses.
The County’s Department of Water Supply (DWS)
is the primary agency that manages, controls, and
operates the water supplies of the County and its
properties. There are 23 individual water systems
distributed throughout the island. Water demand
is directly related to population and industry usage
and is expressed as gallons per day (gpd) or
million gallons per day (mgd). Demand does not
represent domestic consumption alone, but also
includes all agricultural, industrial, and commercial
uses, fire protection, and other uses. In some areas,
however, non-domestic users are likely to create
the major demand, and careful attention must
therefore be given in any study of probable future
water needs.
In Hawaiʻi, there are a multitude of public agencies
that are either actively tasked with regulating water
resources or whose policies affect water use. There
are also a number of private entities that use and
manage water resources. Over the decades, water
management has become segregated in a way that
has created disjointed, mechanical approaches to a
naturally continuous resource. The disconnection
has included narrow perspectives that fail to see the
larger picture. Hawaiʻi County aspires to achieve
water resource management that is free from the
limitations and issues of siloed practices, processes,
agencies, and government bodies. Achieving a One
Water approach in Hawaiʻi County includes
actionable steps that can be adapted and adjusted
to localize the One Water strategies.
1 HRS, Chapter 174C https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol03_Ch0121-0200D/HRS0174C/HRS_0174C-.htm
131
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 26
Increase the protection of existing and potential sources of drinking water.
Policies
26.1 All public water systems shall be designed and built to the DWS dedication standards. All other
systems shall meet all relevant health and safety regulations and be designed and constructed by
a licensed engineer.
26.2 Water sources shall be protected to prevent depletion and contamination from natural and man-
made occurrences or events.
26.3 An effort by County, State, and private interests shall be coordinated to identify sources of
additional water supply to be implemented and ensure the development of sufficient quantities of
water for existing and future needs of high-growth areas and agricultural production.
26.4 Installation or rehabilitation of water distributions shall be sized to adequately meet fire protection.
26.5 Ensure the highest quality of water is reserved for the most valuable end-use.
26.6 Encourage the design of large development projects (200+ units) in the North Kohala, South
Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, and Kaʻū Districts to be as water neutral as reasonably possible
through water conservation, recharge, and reuse measures to reduce the water footprint.
26.7 Promote best practices in sustainable water collection and use for private water systems.
26.8 Water system improvements, including exploratory wells, shall correlate with the County's desired
land use development pattern.
26.9 The DWS shall prioritize infill development and focus source development to serve designated
Urban Growth Areas.
26.10 Water demand projections shall include all consumptive and non-consumptive demands.
26.11 The DWS and the Planning Department shall coordinate priorities before the adoption of any new
water development or County land use plans.
26.12 All County potable water systems should have backup standby sources.
One Water
26.13 Treat all water as a valuable resource in community design, and integrate designs for drinking
water, stormwater, and recreational water needs.
26.14 Manage water, stormwater, and wastewater as the same natural resource in collaboration with the
DWS, DEM, DPW, and DOH.
26.15 New developments should be designed to reduce water demand, retain runoff, decrease
flooding, and recharge groundwater.
26.16 Support localized, small-scale solutions to water reuse and on-site systems.
Actions
26.a In collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), conduct
further research on localized rainfall modeling to accurately assess future precipitation trends.
132
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
26.b Expand water conservation programs, primarily aimed at reducing demand, such as leak
detection, and rebates for low flow.
26.c Evaluate and amend the fee schedule for water use to take into account high water use and aquifer
recharge projections. Use the funds generated to pay for conservation measures and
infrastructure.
26.d Improve County water conservation practices to lead by example.
26.e Maintain the water master plan to consider water yield, present and future demand, alternative
sources of water, guidelines, and policies for the issuing of water commitments.
26.f Promote the use of groundwater sources to meet DOH water quality standards.
26.g Seek state and federal funds to assist in financing projects to bring the County into compliance
with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
26.h Explore the feasibility of incentive methods such as property tax deductions, conservation
easements, or transfer of development rights to protect the defined zone of influence of existing
or proposed public and private wells.
26.i Investigate alternative financing options for expanding water systems to support infill growth
consistent with the County’s desired land use development pattern.
26.j Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to develop, improve, and expand agricultural water systems in appropriate areas on
the island.
26.k Continue to participate in the United States Geological Survey (USGS) exploratory well drilling
program.
26.l Expand programs to provide agricultural irrigation water.
One Water
26.m Develop water conservation and stormwater management guidelines for commercial, industrial,
and residential properties.
26.n Codify the administrative structure needed to develop a water resource program and
interdepartmental collaboration framework.
26.o Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to develop and facilitate community partnerships between upstream and
downstream communities.
26.p Develop public-private partnerships to leverage funding sources.
133
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 35: Water System Standards Domestic Consumption Guidelines
Zoning Designation Average Daily Demand
Residential:
Single-Family or Duplex Multi-Family
400 gals/unit 400 gals/unit
Commercial 3000 gals/acre
Resort 400 gals/unit or 17,000 gal/acre
Light Industry 4000 gals/acre
Schools and Parks 4000 gals/acre or 60 gals/student
Agriculture 3400 gals/acre
•
•
134
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.4 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
The General Plan recognizes the significance of
wastewater treatment and reuse as essential
components of the County’s comprehensive water
management strategy. Adequate sewer systems
are vital to maintain public health and protect the
environment. As communities generate
wastewater through various sources such as
residential, commercial, and industrial activities,
effective treatment is necessary to remove harmful
pollutants and contaminants before the water is
discharged back into the environment. Improperly
treated wastewater can have detrimental effects on
marine ecosystems, coastal waters, and freshwater
resources, jeopardizing both human and
ecological health.
An adequate system minimizes contamination of
both the groundwater supply and coastal waters,
beaches, and waterborne recreational areas and is
not a visual and odor nuisance. Land development
plans for resort-residential complexes located in
shoreline areas pose a potential water quality
problem for adjacent near-shore waters. Adequate
treatment facilities are essential prerequisites for
development.
Wastewater reuse, also known as water recycling
or reclaimed water, involves treating wastewater to
a level suitable for non-potable uses. Reusing
treated wastewater provides an opportunity to
conserve precious freshwater resources and
reduce the strain on existing water supplies. For
Hawaiʻi Island, where freshwater resources are
limited and vulnerable to climate change impacts,
the implementation of wastewater reuse projects
becomes vital for ensuring water sustainability. By
implementing appropriate treatment processes,
treated wastewater can be used for a range of
purposes, including irrigation of agricultural lands,
landscape irrigation, industrial processes, and
groundwater recharge. This practice helps meet
non-drinking water needs, reducing the reliance
on freshwater sources for non-potable purposes
and leaving more available for essential uses like
drinking water.
The County operates municipal sewerage in Hilo,
Pāpaʻikou, Kapehu, Pepeʻekeo, Honokaʻa,
Kealakehe, and Kaloko. The remaining
communities are served by private wastewater
treatment facilities or individual facilities, such as
cesspools or septic tanks. In 2017, the Hawaiʻi State
Legislature passed Act 125, mandating that all
Hawaiʻi’s cesspools be replaced by 2050.
Cesspools are substandard sewage disposal
systems as they do not treat wastewater. According
to the latest report on the Hawaiʻi Cesspool Hazard
Assessment and Prioritization Tool, Hawaiʻi Island
contains an estimated 48,596 cesspools. Sewerage
disposal system designs must be examined with
the particular region in mind. Of critical importance
in an examination of sewerage disposal for a
community is the cost of the system, including
construction and operation costs. These costs vary
with the characteristics of each area.
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 legislated the
protection of all aquifers or portions of aquifers
currently serving as drinking water sources and any
other aquifer capable of yielding consumable
water. This mandate was based on a national
concern for the quality of the groundwater and the
increasing evidence of contamination of this
valuable resource.
In 1976, the State Legislature enacted Act 84,
relating to safe drinking water, which requires the
State Department of Health (DOH) to establish an
underground injection control program to protect
the quality of the State’s underground sources of
drinking water. Because of the importance of
135
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
groundwater as a source of municipal water
supplies, the underground injection control
program is considered a beneficial approach in the
identification of aquifers that should be protected
from subsurface disposal of wastewater through
injection wells.
The protection of these aquifers is established by
designating areas currently being used or will be
used in the future for drinking water supply. The
Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDW)
will be protected from pollution by prohibiting the
construction of new injection wells that may pollute
the USDW. Injection wells are allowed in exempted
areas. The boundary lines between the USDW and
the exempted areas have been developed. Under
Chapter 62, Wastewater Systems, the DOH
adopted a 1,000-foot setback of wastewater
systems from all public drinking water wells and
springs.
In compliance with the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-
500), the DOH and the County jointly prepared the
Water Quality Management Plan for Hawaiʻi
County in 1978 and subsequently updated the
plan in 1980. In 1979, the County Council adopted
the plan through a resolution to serve as the
planning guide for the development of regional
waste treatment systems and the control of non-
point sources of pollution. To implement the
management plan, the County has prepared
facility plans for various areas on the island. Facility
plans are developed by the County to satisfy a
requirement for the application of loans from the
State to develop wastewater treatment facilities.
The facility plans identify problems, potential
solutions, and costs.
In 1985, the State Legislature enacted Act 282,
Relating to Environmental Quality, which reassigns
the County, effective July 1, 1987, or upon receipt
of State funds, to assume complete administration
and implementation for the regulation of sewerage
and wastewater treatment system programs.
Source: Hawaiʻi News Now (2022).
136
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 27
Planned and developed municipal sewer capacity is expanded to serve our Urban
Growth Areas and reduce sewage-related impacts on water quality.
Policies
27.1 A Sewerage Study for All Urban Areas, including appropriate water quality management
strategies, shall be completed and used as guides for the general planning of sewerage disposal
systems.
27.2 Private treatment systems shall be installed by land developers for major resorts and other
developments along shorelines and sensitive higher inland areas, except where connection to
nearby treatment facilities is feasible and compatible with the County’s long-range plans, and in
conformance with State and County requirements.
27.3 Immediate steps shall be taken to designate treatment plant sites, sewerage pump station sites,
and sewer easements according to the facility plans to facilitate their acquisition.
27.4 The County shall obtain State and Federal funds to finance the construction of proposed sewer
systems and improve existing systems.
27.5 Plans for wastewater reclamation and reuse for irrigation and biosolids composting (remaining
solids from the treatment of wastewater are processed into a reusable organic material) shall be
utilized where topographically feasible and needed for landscaping, agricultural purposes, or fire
protection.
Wastewater and Environmental Quality Prioritization
27.6 Pollution shall be prevented, abated, and controlled at levels that will protect and preserve public
health and well-being through the enforcement of appropriate Federal, State, and County
standards.
27.7 Ensure municipal wastewater systems serve designated Urban Growth Areas (UGA) with the
capacity to accommodate projected population growth.
27.8 The Department of Environmental Management and the Planning Department shall coordinate
priorities before the adoption of any new wastewater development or land use plans.
27.9 Prioritize developing a multipronged approach to wastewater infrastructure funding, including
proactively seeking grant funding for wastewater system expansion, improvements, and new
development.
27.10 Ensure wastewater fees reflect actual costs for service, maintenance, and future improvements.
27.11 Ensure that wastewater systems and improvements are designed and functioning to maximize
system efficiencies, prevent accidental leaks or spills, and provide sanitary, reliable wastewater
treatment that is not negatively impacting natural resources.
One Water-Recycled Water Expansion
27.12 Strive for an integrated approach to stormwater and wastewater, and water resource management
that is comprehensive and as efficient as possible.
27.13 Encourage on-site water reuse solutions for large developments.
137
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
27.14 Encourage and incentivize the collection of rainfall for potable and non-potable use.
27.15 Prioritize the use of gray water in areas connected to County water and not connected to County
wastewater.
Actions
Wastewater and Environmental Quality Prioritization
27.a Prioritize areas where on-site wastewater treatment should be converted to sewer and establish
financial tools such as improvement districts to aid in implementation.
27.b Prioritize areas where wastewater treatment facilities are necessary to facilitate future growth and
utilize financing tools such as community facilities district (CFD) or tax increment financing (TIF) to
aid in implementation.
27.c Review, assess, and amend Codes relating to sewer connection requirements to ensure
wastewater issues and requirements are addressed in a consistent, sustainable, and socially
equitable way.
27.d Develop a wastewater master plan with a clear prioritization method for wastewater system
expansions and improvements based on criteria involving land use, projected growth, social
equity, and environmental factors.
27.e Develop plans to improve, connect, or develop new wastewater systems in unsewered urban
coastal communities.
27.f Perform a study to assess individual wastewater systems (IWS) in unsewered urban growth areas
to assess the rate of failures/negative impacts, determine rates of large capacity cesspools still in
use, and develop plans to improve, connect, or develop new wastewater systems for unsewered
urban communities.
27.g Proactively seek opportunities for public-private partnerships for wastewater collection and
treatment development.
27.h Facilitate the use of infrastructure improvement districts and other types of localized funding
mechanisms to fund improvements.
27.i Streamline the sewer connection loan program.
27.j Develop wastewater cost valuation in service fees (similar to the water model fee structure).
27.k Develop a criteria-based infrastructure prioritization tool to develop new or expand existing
municipal wastewater systems. Base these priority areas on designated urban growth boundaries,
urban zoning and density, population trends and anticipated growth, health/safety, and
environmental factors.
27.l Implement innovative wastewater systems at a cost-effective scale for small communities.
27.m Amend the County Code, Section 21-26-1(a) requiring “all sewer extensions shall be approved by
resolution of the County council” to read, “all sewer extensions outside of Urban Growth Areas
shall be approved by resolution of the County council.”
138
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
27.n In collaboration with the DOH Wastewater Branch, reevaluate and clarify the requirements set forth
in Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules (HAR), Section 11-62-31.1(a) (1) (B) and amend County sewer
requirements accordingly to accommodate needed housing units.
27.o Collaborate with the DOH to advance progressive wastewater technology and regulations.
One Water-Recycled Water Expansion
27.p In collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, develop a water resource strategy for efficient
agricultural water use and reuse.
27.q Install non-potable systems, such as reclaimed wastewater, brackish groundwater, and untreated
surface water in proximity to priority UGAs for non-potable water uses.
27.r Conduct supply and demand studies to determine a level of service for non-potable water needs.
27.s Facilitate greywater reuse systems through code amendments and through partnering with DOH
for regulatory changes and incentives.
139
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.5 Stormwater Infiltration and Green Infrastructure
Stormwater management and the implementation
of green infrastructure are critical elements of the
General Plan for their vital role in sustainability on
Hawaiʻi Island. As an island ecosystem with limited
freshwater resources and vulnerable coastal areas,
managing stormwater effectively and integrating
green infrastructure practices are essential for
preserving our water resources and ensuring
environmental sustainability.
Stormwater refers to the runoff from precipitation
that flows over land surfaces, eventually entering
water bodies such as streams, rivers, and oceans.
Stormwater is a crucial element of the island’s
overall water landscape. While precipitation may
be an obvious contributor to stormwater, all the
phases of the hydrologic cycle are related to
stormwater and are influenced by public utility
decisions made in the built environment.
Precipitation and surface runoff are often the
phases of the hydrologic cycle that people
recognize as stormwater, whereas evaporation,
transpiration, and condensation are not as easily
observed processes.
Uncontrolled stormwater runoff can lead to various
detrimental effects on water resources and
ecosystems. Polluted runoff, also known as
nonpoint source pollution, from agriculture, urban
development, forestry, recreational boating,
marinas, and hydromodification activities is the
leading cause of water pollution in waters across
the country and in Hawaiʻi. Uncontrolled
stormwater runoff can also lead to localized
flooding, causing damage to infrastructure,
property, and even loss of life. Implementing
stormwater management strategies helps to
control the flow of stormwater, reducing the risk of
flooding and associated hazards. Moreover,
excessive stormwater runoff can cause soil erosion,
leading to the loss of fertile topsoil, sedimentation
in water bodies, and degradation of natural
habitats. Proper stormwater management
practices, including erosion control measures,
help minimize erosion and preserve the island’s
natural resources.
Stormwater is a prime example of the unavoidable
connections that exist between the built
environment and the natural environment.
Increasing the opportunities for infiltration and
transpiration can reduce the amount of
evaporation that surface runoff requires. The
social, environmental, and economic impacts of
stormwater infrastructure have meaningful
implications for our overall island sustainability as
water is one of the most precious resources.
Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution
Engineering efficiency in conveying stormwater
runoff using impervious surfaces (e.g., paved
swales, channelized streams) must be balanced
against environmental considerations. If the
drainage is directed to streams, excessive
freshwater volumes and sediment loads may
impact coastal water resources (e.g., degrade
water quality and smother coral reefs). If the
drainage is directed to injection wells, more
studies are needed to determine the impact of
storm runoff on groundwater quality. Sediment
basins, wetlands, or less impervious methods of
conveyance (e.g., grass swales) should be
considered where feasible to reduce nonpoint
source pollution of the coastal waters from
stormwater runoff and filter infiltrating water.
Green infrastructure refers to the network of
natural or engineered features that manage
stormwater while providing additional benefits to
the environment and community. Such features
may include rain gardens, permeable pavement,
bioswales, and vegetated buffers. Green
infrastructure is crucial for stormwater
management, as it captures and absorbs runoff,
reducing the volume and rate of runoff. By
mimicking natural hydrological processes like
sediment filtration and bioremediation, it helps to
recharge groundwater, replenish streams, and
140
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
reduce stress on our water resources during
periods of heavy rainfall.
By retaining and infiltrating stormwater, green
infrastructure reduces the reliance on freshwater
sources for irrigation, thus conserving water
resources. This is particularly important for our
island communities where freshwater availability is
limited. Green infrastructure features may also
provide habitats for native plants and wildlife. They
contribute to biodiversity conservation and help
restore and enhance Hawaiʻi Island’s natural
ecosystems. Green infrastructure plays a key part
in mitigating the impacts of climate change by
reducing the urban heat island effect, moderating
temperatures, and increasing resilience to extreme
weather events. These measures align with the
County’s sustainability goals and efforts to adapt to
climate change.
141
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 28
Increase green infrastructure practices.
Policies
28.1 Design to collect stormwater from streets, sidewalks, and other hard surfaces before it can enter
the sewer system or cause local flooding; reduce the amount of stormwater that flows into the
Sewer System.
28.2 Control stormwater by using it as a resource rather than a waste.
28.3 The “Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaiʻi” should be updated every 20 years for urban
centers to incorporate new studies and reflect newly identified priorities.
28.4 Encourage vegetated shoulder and swale roadside design where climate and grade are
conducive.
28.5 Where applicable, natural drainage patterns shall be improved/restored to increase their capacity
with special consideration for the practices of proper soil conservation, and grassland and forestry
management.
28.6 Implement nature-based solutions that manage stormwater on-site to reduce the burden on the
storm sewer system and reduce flooding.
28.7 Prioritize drainage and flood studies for high-risk urban areas within the Urban Growth Area.
28.8 Drainage standards shall incorporate cumulative upslope development patterns.
Storm Water Management
28.9 Develop an island-wide stormwater management program compatible with the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Phase II
program.
28.10 The County shall ensure sites are planned, designed, and developed to:
a) Protect, restore, or mimic the natural water cycle within built environments by retaining,
detaining, and/or treating stormwater runoff.
b) Mitigate direct impacts of the land development process through the use of green
infrastructure or low-impact site planning techniques.
c) Protect areas that provide important water quality benefits and/or are particularly susceptible
to erosion and sediment loss.
d) Optimize the integration of the existing landscape into green infrastructure solutions.
e) Manage post-construction stormwater runoff rates, through the use of green infrastructure or
low-impact development stormwater management practices.
28.11 The County shall ensure that golf course developments develop and implement grading and site
preparation plans to:
a) Develop nutrient management guidelines appropriate to Hawaiʻi for qualified superintendents
to implement so that nutrients are applied at rates necessary to establish and maintain
vegetation without causing leaching into ground and surface waters.
142
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
b) Develop and implement an integrated pest management plan. Follow EPA guidelines for the
proper storage and disposal of pesticides.
c) Develop and implement irrigation management practices to match the water needs of the turf.
28.12 The County shall minimize impervious areas on
County property, development sites, and parking
areas and promote the use of permeable surfaces
and landscaped areas in project designs
including:
a) Porous materials
b) Natural drainage
c) Filtration pits
d) Infiltration basins, vegetated bioswales, permeable/porous paving
Actions
28.a Adopt LID practices to address small-scale stormwater management.
28.b Conduct a feasibility study to create a County Stormwater Utility before the County reaches MS4
requirements.
28.c Update the DPW Storm Drainage Standards to reflect current data and to incorporate strategies
and standards of green infrastructure and low-impact development.
28.d Develop drainage master plans from a watershed perspective that considers non-structural
alternatives, minimizes channelization, protects wetlands that serve drainage functions,
coordinates the regulation of construction and agricultural operation, and encourages the
establishment of floodplains as public greenways.
28.e Explore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage systems and reduce
potential flood inundation areas.
28.f Create a green infrastructure dedication standard.
28.g Create a pilot study for a watershed-based drainage study.
28.h Develop a monitoring and evaluation program for impervious surface coverage.
28.i Promote and provide incentives for participation in the Soil and Water Conservation Districts’
conservation programs for developments on agricultural and conservation lands.
28.j Establish guidelines for Adopt-a-Corridor Program for flood corridors.
28.k Evaluate ownership and/or maintenance responsibility for flood corridors that serve multiple
regional benefits.
28.l Identify County parks and recreation, rights-of-way, and other County owned sites for green
infrastructure demonstration projects.
143
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.6 Electricity and Renewable Energy
Hawaiʻi Island’s communities and economy rely on
the constant availability of energy. The fossil fuels
consumed in Hawaiʻi are predominantly used for
transportation or used to produce electricity.
However, our energy needs today are being met
with an increasingly cleaner combination of energy
sources. Hawaiʻi possesses an abundance of
natural resources, including wind, solar, flowing
water, wave, bioenergy, and geothermal, that can
be used to produce energy. Harnessing these
resources while reducing the use of non-
renewable sources, such as petroleum, coal, and
fossil-based natural gas is key to achieving our
State’s clean energy goals. Hawaiʻi County is
focused on electricity transformation to renewable
energy. This transition supports greater resiliency
for our island, independent of imports when a
natural disaster or shortage occurs.
The existing electric distribution system consists of
several different voltage levels: 2.4kV, 4.16kV,
7.2kV, 12.47kV, and 13.8kV. The distribution
system consists of both underground systems and
overhead pole lines, yet overhead pole lines are
more common because of Hawaiʻi Island’s
topography. The use of underground systems has
mostly been in West Hawaiʻi’s newer subdivisions
and developments. The Hawaiʻi Electric Light
Company, Inc. (HELCO) supplies electricity for
Hawaiʻi Island and operates major switching
stations (used to transfer the flow of power
between different transmission circuits) at critical
locations around the island. These transmission
switching stations provide greater system flexibility
and increase system reliability in supplying power
to the various distribution substations and
eventually, to customers. Distribution substations,
which transform voltages to distribution voltages,
are also located island-wide in proximity to
communities and other developments.
In June 2015, the State of Hawaiʻi became the first
state in the country to commit to 100 percent clean
energy. Governor Ige signed into law House Bill
623 which calls for the State of Hawaiʻi to produce
100 percent of its electricity from renewable
sources by the year 2045. As a result, renewable
energy production has been prioritized. Today,
approximately 32 percent of the State’s total
energy generation comes from renewables.
Renewable energy comes from a range of local
sources using various technologies and each
island has a unique composition of clean energy
generation. The renewable portfolio standard
(RPS) represents the renewable energy used by
customers as a percentage of total utility sales. In
2022, Hawaiʻi Island had a mix of renewable
sources including customer-sited solar (15.8
percent), geothermal (15.7 percent), wind (10.6
percent), biofuel (3.5 percent), hydro-energy (2.1
percent), and grid-scale solar (0.3 percent).2
Overall, the County leads the State in renewable
energy generation, at 48 percent. While Hawaiʻi is
in the process of building its renewable energy, it
remains the most energy-insecure state in the
nation and most dependent on fossil fuels.
Electricity sales have been trending down over the
past decade, mainly due to the decrease in
commercial customers and commercial sales.
Electricity consumption by streetlights has also
been declining. In 2022, HELCO’s power
2 Hawaiian Electric, Integrated Grid Plan (2023)
144
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
generation system had a total firm capacity of
280.5 megawatts (MW). The approximate non-firm
capacity was about 168.6 MW.
The island’s electric grid is only 40 percent
dependent on foreign oil when all its renewable
power plants are running. However, the grid does
not account for propane use, meaning Hawaiʻi
Island is more dependent on foreign fuel than
reflected by the grid. Therefore, operation costs
are higher for businesses in Hawaiʻi even when
using less energy than comparable businesses on
the continent. In the face of international oil
shortages or economic disruptions, the
dependence on foreign oil will continue to
increase the costs of living and operating
businesses on the island. Hawaiʻi residents have
already experienced increased costs of electricity
as a result of the 2023 Ukraine-Russia war.
145
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 29
Strive towards energy self-sufficiency.
Policies
29.1 Increase partnerships and interagency collaboration to ensure that energy facility production and
distribution is adequate, efficient, and dependably available to each community to support
present and future demands.
29.2 Promote and encourage the creation of a modern grid to support the use of distributed generation
such as private photovoltaic systems connected to the grid.
29.3 The County shall remove barriers to energy systems that improve independence and resiliency,
such as microgrids, combined heat and power (CHP), backup generation and storage, and other
decentralized electricity systems.
29.4 Maintain tax incentives for renewable energy improvements and continue to revise incentives as
energy technologies progress.
29.5 Continue to participate at the State level to provide feedback on all energy-related initiatives and
proposed revisions to comprehensive Integrated Resource Plans.
29.6 Advocate to the Public Utility Commission (PUC) in support of the following types of strategies and
initiatives:
a) Programs and fee structures that promote renewable energy
b) Consumer incentives to utilize renewable alternatives
c) Social Equity analysis of proposed energy projects to ensure residents are protected as energy
consumers regarding rates, grid planning, utility compensation, and energy project siting
29.7 Encourage and incentivize alternative energy sources including off grid or distributed power
sources to increase resiliency.
Actions
29.a Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
for the research and development of alternative/renewable energy resources.
29.b Develop standards and principles for reviewing PUC applications.
29.c Support Net-Metering (NEM), Feed-in-Tariff (FIT), and other programs designed to lower costs and
diversify power sources.
29.d Conduct a feasibility report for using renewable sources to generate power for public utility
infrastructure.
146
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.3.7 Telecommunications and Broadband Connectivity
Hawaiʻi Island has seen an acceleration in the
development of telecommunication technology
and a transformation of the telecommunications
industry. Technological advancements and
industry competition have made wireless
communication more affordable and accessible to
the public.
As of August 7, 1998, the entire island of Hawaiʻi
had 100 percent digital switching. Digital switching
is significant because it enables the existing
telephone infrastructure to accommodate high-
speed data transfers and access to many of the
latest telecommunication services and features. In
1998, the last rural areas restricted to party line
service were upgraded with additional telephone
cables allowing single line services island wide.
Advances in fiber optic technology provide the
backbone for the island’s high-capacity
broadband requirements and the necessary
services for specialized users such as the
telescopes atop Mauna Kea.
Advances in telecommunications are not without
cost or concerns. One such concern is the
construction and location of telecommunication
towers. Telecommunication towers are the
physical structures to which antennas are attached
to facilitate wireless communication. Because of
the need for a clear line-of-site, telecommunication
towers are usually located in areas with minimum
obstructions between the tower and its area of
service. Line-of-site refers to the imaginary line
between a mobile phone antenna and a
telecommunication tower. If there are
impediments between the mobile phone antenna
and the telecommunication tower, there may be
signal degradation or signal loss. For example, the
loss of line-of-sight occurs when a person uses a
mobile phone while driving through a tunnel. Most
often, communication is lost or unclear. The line-
of-sight requirement often necessitates the
conspicuous location of many telecommunication
towers. The State Public Utilities Commission
(PUC) regulates telephone service statewide.
Broadband service and its critical infrastructure are
increasingly becoming part of the class of essential
utilities as many aspects of life and work are online.
The goals of the County’s Broadband Initiative are
to identify gaps in internet service, provide open
access files for broadband mapping, and support
digital equity and inclusion across Hawaiʻi Island
communities by providing connections to
resources such as digital literacy, education,
training, telehealth, funding opportunities, and a
space for community partners to collaborate.
Hawaiʻi requires an expansive range of
infrastructure and technology to ensure
broadband connectivity throughout the islands
and with the rest of the world. Broadband networks
rely on physical infrastructure such as cables, wires,
servers, routers, and wireless towers, to provide
users with high-speed internet access. The
construction, connection, and maintenance of this
infrastructure entail a complex process of
acquiring necessary permits and easements, siting
the facilities, and labor-intensive activities to
ensure the adequate functioning of equipment
across infrastructure components. Internet access
requires a fixed or mobile wireless connection
which may be achieved through a range of
technologies.
According to the 2022 American Community
Survey (ACS) data released by the U.S. Census
Bureau, roughly 17 percent of Hawaiʻi residents
live within covered households3, with percentages
varying across the counties. The statewide total has
grown over the past several years, with the 2015 to
2019 5-year ACS data indicating that 14 percent of
Hawaiʻi residents live within covered households.
In both data sets, Hawaiʻi County shows the highest
3 Covered households are defined by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) as individuals who live in households
with income below 150% of the poverty threshold.
147
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
incidence, with over one-fifth (22 percent) of the
population living within covered households.
In May 2023, Hawaiʻi County launched the Hawaiʻi
Digital Equity Coalition (HIDEC)4 bringing together
Hawaiʻi Island partners committed to bridging the
digital divide within the community. A user-friendly
StoryMap5 published by Hawaiʻi County captures
the landscape of digital equity and Internet
services on the island. The counties of Oʻahu,
Kauaʻi, and Maui have since followed suit, each
creating their own Digital Equity Coalitions
modeled after HIDEC. Hawaiʻi Island is estimated
to have more than 11,000 households without or
limited to internet access. The effects are
disproportionately felt by students, adults, kūpuna,
people living with disabilities, farmers, small
businesses, and remote workers living in rural
areas. Efforts are being made by HIDEC to reduce
this gap by increasing services.
Broadband community outreach session.
The County completed a fiber ring in 2022, which
serves as a backbone to connect County
departments with telecommunication services.
From January 2022 to October 2022, there were
approximately 5,300 subscribers and 440 internet-
connected devices through the Affordable
Connectivity Program (ACP), which is a federal
program that assists low-income households with
the costs of broadband service and internet-
connected devices. As of February 2023, there are
5 County locations with public Wi-Fi Internet
locations provided at no cost to the community.6
Broadband information session led by County R&D representatives.
Broadband is foundational to economic
development, job creation, global competition,
and the ability to engage in society. Similar to the
way electricity revolutionized life around the world,
broadband is fueling entire new industries and
generating innovative solutions for accessing,
organizing, and sharing information. Broadband as
a public utility plays a vital role in accessing and
providing education and health services,
managing energy, preserving public safety, and
engaging with the government.
Connect Kākou is the statewide broadband initiative, spearheaded
by Governor Josh Green’s office, to ensure that communities across
Hawaiʻi have access to reliable and affordable high-speed Internet. 7
Featured in this photo are two Hawaiʻi Island broadband leaders.
Source: Office of The Lieutenant Governor
4 COH, Broadband Initiative https://www.rd.hawaiicounty.gov/economic-development/broadband
5 COH, Exploring the Landscape of Broadband Equity and Inclusion
https://gis.hawaiicounty.gov/arcgisportal/apps/storymaps/stories/8d085a980d034517849990a13bed1b48
6 COH, Broadband Initiative
7 Connect Kākou https://www.connectkakou.org/
148
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 30
Advance policies, programs, and initiatives for public and/or private investment in
broadband and telecommunications infrastructure.
Policies
30.1 Treat broadband access as a basic utility that is available to all communities.
30.2 Develop and support a program of free, public-use broadband services at appropriate County-
owned facilities, mass transit facilities, and other community anchor institutions.
30.3 Collaborate with utility companies to incentivize the underground siting of electrical and
telecommunications facilities within public rights-of-way.
30.4 Continuously improve the use of broadband communications and digital technology to educate
and provide public services with a focus on digital access.
30.5 Siting of new communications facilities shall comply with performance standards and site co-
location as stated in the Code.
30.6 Support projects that address service gaps in Hawaiʻi’s broadband infrastructure.
30.7 Advocate for connectivity to businesses to protect the viability of businesses and the livelihoods
of residents.
30.8 Promote and incentivize the landing of transpacific submarine fiber optic cables.
30.9 Alleviate barriers and assist broadband projects with navigating through the regulatory permitting
process.
30.10 Encourage and support maintenance and improvement of cyber security and informational
security of telecommunication facilities.
30.11 Advocate for service diversity, redundant network capacity, and provide improved
communications to outlying rural areas and other underserved or unserved communities.
30.12 Plan for broadband infrastructure to support smart grid development.
149
4.3 Public Utilities | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Actions
30.a Support refurbishment, upcycling, recycling, and reuse of computers and other devices.
30.b Develop standards for the siting and construction of wireless telecommunication facilities.
30.c Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to create and maintain an inventory and mapping of communications infrastructure,
including but not limited to wireline, wireless, cell tower locations, and known proposed facilities.
30.d Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to seek funding, identify and remove regulatory barriers to complete and improve
the island’s fiber optic loop in an environmentally and economically appropriate manner.
30.e Advocate for provider and consumer incentives to address last-mile installation and/or service
plans.
30.f Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to progressively improve broadband speeds to keep pace with technological
advances.
30.g Collaborate with broadband service providers to ensure all users have efficient service.
30.h Collaborate with the telecommunications industry to increase the availability of emergency
telephones throughout the island.
30.i Pursue partnerships and funding for broadband initiatives and deployments.
30.j Support the coordination of infrastructure projects between the public and private sectors to
create areas for the deployment of broadband zones.
30.k Seek federal and other opportunities for the funding of broadband infrastructure.
30.l Support the State to develop a broadband dashboard to track progress and gaps that will inform
decision-making in economic development on Hawaiʻi Island.
30.m Foster public-private partnerships to support the development and expansion of broadband
infrastructure, including community networks.
150
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4 PUBLIC FACILITIES
AND SERVICES
151
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4.1 Introduction
Public facilities and services are both essential
components of public infrastructure, however, it is
important to recognize the distinction in their
nature and purpose. Public facilities refer to
physical structures or spaces that are provided,
staffed, and maintained by the government to
serve the needs of Hawaiʻi Island residents. These
facilities are usually open to everyone and offer
access to various resources and amenities. The
primary function of public facilities is to provide
physical infrastructure and spaces that cater to the
basic needs, welfare, and quality of life of the
community. Public services encompass a wide
range of intangible activities and functions
provided by the government to meet the needs of
the public. These services focus on delivering
essential support, assistance, and governance to
residents, addressing their diverse needs, and
aimed at promoting health, safety, and social well-
being.
Public facilities are often ideally located in larger
towns or centrally situated areas that are near the
commercial, industrial, and cultural activities of
established communities. Public facilities are
funded through the Capital Improvements
Program (CIP). Capital improvement projects have
the potential to influence where growth occurs, to
distribute County services more equitably, and to
promote important objectives such as affordable
housing.
Most public facilities that service the residents of
this County are managed by the State and County.
For example, the State operates the public school
system, libraries, and public hospitals. The County
provides police and fire protection and solid waste
management. Staffing and service programs
provided within these facilities are funded by the
County operating budget using real property
taxes. Additionally, both the State and County
maintain administrative offices on the island to
serve the residents’ needs.
It is necessary to carefully coordinate the provision
of public facilities to use them most effectively and
to maximize the effect of the public dollar. It is
equally necessary to realize that the type, quality,
capacity and location of facilities and services have
a significant impact on the community, the people,
and the total environment. This section of the
General Plan comprises public facilities and
services within law enforcement and public safety,
sanitation, education, parks and recreation, and
community health and wellness.
152
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 36: Public Facilities and Services Challenges
General • Funding and financing the development, repair, and maintenance of public facilities is often complicated
and can burden communities, developers, and the County.
• Deferred maintenance often requires capital improvement interventions.
• The island’s geography paired with sprawled population creates challenges and inefficiencies in service
coverage and maintenance.
• Climate change impacts pose threats to all public facilities and services.
Public Safety • Protective services are often under-funded and over-burdened.
• The development, repair, and maintenance of these facilities are largely dependent on other
departments priorities, schedules, and resources.
• Barriers to access (e.g., gated communities, substandard road infrastructure, etc.) can limit emergency
routes and access to services.
Solid Waste • Illegal dumping of solid waste is a continuous issue that poses human and environmental health hazards.
• Recoverable materials are lost to the landfill because there is no facility or program for recoverable
materials.
• Local recycled materials markets are underdeveloped, and access to out-of-state markets is expensive
due to Hawaiʻi’s isolated geography.
• Source reduction is challenging due to the current economic model and heavy reliance on imports.
Education • Access to affordable housing options within proximity to educational facilities is limited.
• Access to educational facilities is generally vehicle-dependent and long commute distances contribute
to traffic congestion.
• Educational facilities are often located along major highways, which makes multimodal safe routes to
school difficult to implement.
• Planning for school facilities by the State Department of Education is disconnected from County long-
range plans and overall growth demand, and short-term solutions can compound mobility issues.
• State Land Use Boundary amendments receive conditions for school mitigation but are done on a case-
by-case basis which is not continuous or comprehensive in meeting future needs.
• Siting for educational facilities can become complicated when the community is not engaged and faces
unwanted changes.
• Charter schools have a difficult time meeting regulations in rural communities.
Recreation • Access to recreational facilities is generally vehicle-dependent, which is a barrier for the non-driving
population.
• In some rural areas, the lack of convenient public transportation makes it difficult to take advantage of
recreational facilities and programs.
• Existing parks have failing infrastructure.
• Trending population growth areas and the location of established recreational sites are not always in
alignment.
• The lack of community needs assessments contributes to the gap between community needs and the
services provided.
• Sewage, industrial waste, and other pollutants have infiltrated some swimming, surfing, fishing, and
boating areas, reducing the availability and/or quality of these areas for recreation.
Health • The rural nature of the island’s communities exacerbates healthcare challenges, leading to greater
healthcare inequity.
• Aging health facilities pose a challenge to providers in providing robust healthcare services.
• The lack of affordable housing is one of the biggest barriers to recruiting and retaining healthcare
professionals.
• There is a severe shortage of physicians, nurses, certified nursing assistants, and community health
workers.
• The rising cost of living and access to healthy lifestyle options are obstacles to health for communities.
153
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 37: Public Facilities and Services Opportunities
General • Improve collaboration and coordination across agencies, as well as explore opportunities for public-
private partnerships for supplementing resources, funding, and expertise.
• Enhance community engagement through programs and initiatives to foster stronger partnerships
between County agencies and the community.
• Conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential vulnerabilities and areas of
improvement.
• Leverage multiple sources of funding.
• Create special assessment districts for new facilities and services.
• Consolidate services for joint-use facilities.
Public Safety • Ensure protective services facilities are maintained to optimize health and resilience.
• Upgrade communication systems and infrastructure to ensure seamless and reliable communication
among agencies, as well as with the public during emergencies.
• Explore opportunities to leverage technology for improved public safety services.
Solid Waste • Adopt ordinances to maximize waste diversion.
• County procurement policies can help reduce waste.
• Investigate and implement innovative waste management technologies and practices, which may
include exploring advancements in waste sorting and processing, waste-to-energy conversion, or
the use of renewable materials.
Education • Support a mix of zoning to support the concept of live-work-play near educational facilities.
• Effectuate equitable transportation routes to and from educational facilities that serve to connect
people with facilities, while reducing traffic.
• Educational facilities can serve as digital literacy and equity hubs that enhance community well-
being.
• Seek to acquire public lands to support consistent land uses surrounding educational facilities.
• Ensure consistency between long-range plans and overall growth demands.
Recreation • Adoption of green infrastructure best practices can aid in protecting park assets and developing new
park assets.
• Community volunteer opportunities (e.g., Friends of the Park Program) can support the maintenance
of parks and recreation areas.
• Implement interpretive signage through collaboration with community groups.
• A preventative and deferred maintenance schedule can be adopted as a proactive approach to park
and recreation maintenance.
• Needs assessments and other methodologies can help to determine park typologies for
communities, which may reduce the demand for maintenance.
Health • Increase care providers in or transportation options to rural areas for residents to have access to
preventative care.
• Invest in housing first and permanent supportive housing/social housing
• Increase active transportation opportunities for greater accessibility and promote physical activity.
• Increase effective education on low-cost and free health services.
• Investment in public health isn’t limited to healthcare facilities but includes investment in the healthy
built environment
154
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4.2 Public Facilities and Services Goal, Objectives,
Policies, and Actions
Objective 31
Adequately maintain public facilities.
Policies
31.1 Maintain an Asset Management Program aimed at utilizing maintenance plans to prolong the life
of our facilities as well as reduce whole-life costs.
31.2 Maintain the unique features of historic structures, while balancing maintenance and safety needs.
31.3 Prioritize the replacement of deficient and inadequate facilities.
31.4 Encourage the adoption of innovative materials and methods that improve facility resilience.
31.5 The development of County facilities should be designed to fit into the locale with minimal
intrusion while providing the desired services. Implement protocols for receiving community input
during capital improvement project siting and design.
31.6 Explore and encourage adaptive reuse of former facilities such as airports (e.g., Makaʻeo Park) and
fire stations (e.g., Kawailani Fire Station).
Actions
31.a Create an asset management program.
31.b Continue a facility inspection program.
31.c Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of County services and
facilities.
155
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4.3 Protective Services
A comprehensive system of protective services is
necessary to ensure safety, well-being, and
emergency response for residents and visitors of
Hawaiʻi Island. Protective services within the
County consist of the Police Department, Fire
Department, Emergency Medical Services,
Disaster Management, and Detention and
Correction agencies. The General Plan recognizes
infrastructure concerns and related impacts on the
County’s protective services, as access and
connectivity enable emergency responders to
perform their duties at a standard level of service.
Supporting our protective services through land
use policy is imperative for public health and safety
and efficiency of these services.
As the County’s law enforcement agency, the
Hawaiʻi Police Department, plays a crucial role in
maintaining public safety. They enforce laws,
prevent crime, respond to emergencies, and work
towards fostering a secure environment for all
residents. The County adheres to the State’s
guidance for crime and criminal justice.1 Hawaiʻi
Island is divided into east and west operations
bureaus that include investigative and patrol
operations. Each of the districts is served by a main
police station headed by a Captain. There are five
substations (Keaʻau, Laupāhoehoe, Hawaiian
Ocean View Estates, Mauna Lani, and Captain
Cook). Based on population, the islandwide
average is about 2.5 officers per 1,000 residents.
Police response is primarily mobilized through
their vehicles.
Fire and Emergency Medical Services are another
essential component of the island’s protective
services. The Hawaiʻi Fire Department provides 24-
hour firefighting services in cooperation with the
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, the National
Park Service, the State Airports Division, and
Pōhakuloa Training Area Fire. In addition to fire
suppression, the Fire Department provides rescue
services, 911 emergency medical response,
hazardous materials response, and ocean safety
response services. The Fire Department works
diligently to prevent and mitigate fires, respond to
medical services, conduct search and rescue
operations, and provide educational programs to
promote fire safety within the community.
Given our geographical location and exposure to
natural hazards, disaster management is of utmost
importance on Hawaiʻi Island. The Civil Defense
Agency identifies hazards (human-caused, natural,
and technological) that pose a threat to the island
and prepares the County to respond to and quickly
recover from the impact of those hazards should
they materialize. The Agency’s three primary
functions are to prepare the County government,
businesses, and residents for disasters, to provide
public information and warning, and to coordinate
disaster response and recovery. Hawaiʻi County
Civil Defense works closely with other agencies to
follow the guidance of federal and state laws,
standards, and frameworks.
The State Department of Public Safety operates
correctional facilities for the confinement of pretrial
inmates and convicted offenders, and intake
service centers for the supervision of offenders. An
array of rehabilitative programs is available
through the correctional facilities and intake
service centers. The Hawaiʻi Intake Service Center,
the Hawaiʻi Community Correctional Center, and
its annex are located in Hilo. A minimum-security
facility (Kulani Correctional Facility) is located at the
end of Kulani Stainback Highway on the lower
slopes of Mauna Loa. Police facilities in Hilo and
Kealakehe also have holding cells for overnight
detention.
1 HRS, Section 226-105 https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_Ch0201-0257/HRS0226/HRS_0226-0105.HTM
156
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 32
Protect the health and well-being of residents and visitors.
Policies
Planning/Siting Protective Services Facilities
32.1 Police and fire stations should be co-located whenever feasible.
32.2 The establishment of a police/fire facility shall consider site size and locations that permit quick
and efficient vehicular access.
32.3 Strategically plan and locate volunteer fire facilities, which may include co-existing with full-time
Fire/EMS stations.
32.4 Police headquarters shall be near the geographic center of the service area and near
concentrations of commercial and industrial use.
32.5 Hardened shelters shall be located within reasonable proximity to population centers.
32.6 Lifeguard stations should be located at all County and State beach parks.
Level of Service
32.7 Adequately support, fund, and expand volunteer fire facilities and capacity.
32.8 Maintain a level of service for response time that is consistent with National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) standards.
32.9 Ensure Hazardous Material service for both the windward and leeward sides of the island.
32.10 All fire stations should provide Emergency Medical Services (EMS).
32.11 Stations in rural areas should be based on the population to be served and response time rather
than on geographic districts.
Preventative Approaches
32.12 Accommodate flexibility in design and provisions for alternate water sources for fire protection
when adequate public water is not available.
32.13 Incentivize the development of large, dedicated catchment tanks for firefighting access.
32.14 The Fire Department shall participate with other related
governmental agencies and the involved landowners in
the preparation of fire protection and prevention plans.
32.15 Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)
should be incorporated into planning and design.
32.16 Business Improvement Districts or other organizational
tools, such as partnerships with local businesses, should
be used to enhance security and orderliness in downtown
areas.
32.17 Support bicycle patrol programs in urban areas.
157
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
32.18 Encourage the further development and expansion of community policing programs, school
resource officers, and neighborhood/farm watch programs.
32.19 Ensure adequate training and capacity building for emergency response.
32.20 Prioritize to establish, map, and maintain alternative and emergency evacuation routes in each high-
risk hazard area.
32.21 Prioritize to develop and/or improve secondary access roads for those communities with only one
means of ingress/egress.
32.22 Continue to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Community Rating System
(CRS) to the maximum extent possible and shall seek to improve its current CRS Class rating (to
the maximum extent feasible to reduce insurance costs).
Emergency Facilities and Communication Systems
32.23 Ensure emergency warning sirens and communications coverage is adequate for each community.
32.24 All emergency response critical facilities and communication systems shall be designed and
maintained to be resilient and remain operational during hazard events.
32.25 All new emergency facilities shall be designed to minimize and prevent loss.
32.26 In collaboration with State agencies, maintain shelter capacity and condition records to ensure that
evacuation shelters are adequate for each community.
Public Education Program
32.27 Increase public education related to hazard zones, including evacuation routes and procedures
for visitor accommodations.
32.28 Develop the capacity for hazard preparedness of non-governmental organizations, businesses,
and neighborhood groups, such as Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) and Medical
Reserve Corps (MRC).
32.29 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
assess and plan for alternative routes and possible relocation of coastal roads.
Actions
32.a Support the development of private common access-distribution systems of private catchment
water for firefighting purposes in rural catchment communities.
32.b Prioritize budgets for technology improvements for emergency services; including hazardous
material service, 4x4 vehicles, and other equipment or software to improve emergency response
times.
32.c Review county lighting and landscaping ordinances to implement CPTED.
32.d Develop a public safety audit checklist and conduct urban neighborhood and downtown safety
walks to identify potential crime spots or unsafe areas.
32.e Educate the public regarding disaster preparedness and response, especially proper responses
for sudden-impact hazards.
158
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
32.f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and the involved landowners to support
wildfire control and reclamation.
32.g Define and map critical facilities necessary for community disaster response and recovery that are
too important to fail.
32.h Monitor and address known hazards along transportation routes.
32.i Partner with Hawaiʻi Emergency Management Agency to regularly review and address warning
siren coverage.
32.j Install emergency phones along roadways in isolated areas of lower cellular connectivity.
32.k Support the use of the Best Available Refuge Areas within existing buildings.
32.l Provide technical assistance to communities developing emergency response and evacuation
plans.
32.m Maintain and update the public education and communications program regarding disaster
preparedness and response, especially proper responses for sudden impact hazards. (e.g., CERT,
resilience hubs, and first aid training)
32.n Develop and maintain a Post-Disaster Redevelopment Plan which specifies the following:
i. Roles and responsibilities
ii. Procedures for implementing programs for immediate clean-up, repair, design, and
replacement
iii. Long-term rebuilding and redevelopment
iv. Procedures for the identification of damaged infrastructure and consideration of alternatives
to its repair or replacement
v. Evaluation of climate impacts
32.o Seek funding and support continued scientific research relating to hazards (e.g., research on
erosion rates, slumping rates, slope stability studies, sea level rise rates, tsunami inundation
mapping, coastal stream flood mapping, fire and wildfire, etc.).
32.p Prepare and implement wildfire protection and prevention plans.
32.q Develop community-specific hazard mitigation plans.
32.r Develop a standard for requiring an emergency response plan.
32.s Amend the County Code, Chapter 25 to require emergency and hazard information to be
prominently displayed in all transient accommodations. This information should include
information regarding the monthly Civil Defense siren tests, evacuation routes, and directives to
reach appropriate services and agencies.
32.t Adopt incentives, such as tax deductions, to encourage retrofitting of existing structures for
resilience against earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, and fire and wildfire.
159
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 38: Protective Services Level of Service Standards
Police • 2.5 police officers per 1,000 resident population in Urban areas
Fire • 1.8 firefighters per 1,000 resident population
Emergency Medical
Services
• 3.6 paramedics per ambulance
• 3.6 EMTs per ambulance
Lifeguards • 4.2 lifeguards per lifeguard tower with 1 supervisory or support position
per 5 lifeguards
160
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4.4 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management has significant effects on
environmental and public health, aesthetic
qualities and land valuation, and the general land
use characteristics of a community. Managing
waste properly is essential for creating sustainable
and livable communities. The handling of solid
waste on Hawaiʻi Island has undergone significant
changes in the past few decades, and to maintain
the environmental health of our island community,
it is important to shift from a focus on waste
management to a focus on resource management.
In 2021, the County updated the Zero Waste Plan2
and since then has implemented various programs
aimed at more efficient resource management,
including reducing waste, waste diversion, and
product reuse. Further technical innovations,
optimization of efficiencies in directing the waste
stream, and effective waste programs focused on
increasing rates of reducing, reusing, and recycling
products will advance the County toward meeting
its Zero Waste goals.
The County of Hawaiʻi currently manages the West
Hawaiʻi Sanitary Landfill (WHSL) located southwest
of Waikoloa at Puʻuanahulu in the North Kona
District. The WHSL is operated by Waste
Management of Hawaiʻi under a contract with the
County. The County Department of Environmental
Management (DEM), The WHSL has an estimated
lifespan of 20 to 25 years with current recycling
rates, as determined by the County in 2023. Higher
rates of waste reduction, reuse, and recycling in the
community may extend life expectancy beyond 25
years.
The County currently operates a network of
recycling and transfer stations that accept
household refuse. The County does not provide
curbside recycling or garbage pickup. Residents
take their solid waste to any one of the transfer
stations around the island and in some areas,
residents pay private haulers to pick up their refuse
from their residences for disposal at the landfill.
The County is presently expanding recycling
activities at the recycling and transfer stations by
creating recycling and reuse centers (RRCs).
Since 2009, the County has expanded its green
waste program. The County manages two green
waste facilities: the West Hawaiʻi Organics Facility
in Puʻuanahulu (WHOF) and the East Hawaiʻi
Organics Facility in Hilo (EHOF). The two green
waste facilities accept yard trimmings and
untreated wood pallets but do not accept food
waste. In April 2017, EHOF began processing and
distributing enhanced mulch that has been
processed through a 60-day “curing” period to kill
invasive species. Green waste bins have been
added to various recycling and transfer stations.
Scrap metal is often the largest and heaviest
material collected at the County’s recycling and
transfer facilities. Recycling scrap metal will not
only conserve limited landfill space but also
preserves natural resources by replacing the need
for raw materials with recycled scrap metal to
produce new metal goods.
2 Recycle Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi County Zero Waste Plan (2021)
161
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 33
Achieve Zero Waste in Hawaiʻi County by 2045.
Policies
33.1 Appropriately designed and cost-effective solid waste transfer station sites shall be located in
areas of convenience and easy access to the public.
33.2 Implement waste stream technology, such as recycling and upcycling and waste-to-energy to
reduce the flow of refuse deposited in landfills.
33.3 Proactively pursue funding that will ensure continued progression toward zero-waste goals.
33.4 Optimize recoverable material diversion from landfill disposal by increasing percentage rates for
diversion through waste reduction, recycling, and reuse.
33.5 Encourage and support composting at farms and at distribution sites around the island for public
use.
33.6 Encourage salvage and reuse of building materials and elements when demolition is necessary or
appropriate.
33.7 Continue to develop and implement a green waste recycling program.
33.8 Incentivize opportunities for a circular economy, primarily upcycling and waste reuse by
developing Resource Recovery Parks.
33.9 Ensure that redesign plans for landfill and transfer stations provide adequate space for Resource
Recovery (RR) Stations.
33.10 Ensure waste and resource recovery facilities and equipment do not harbor, spread, or introduce
harmful or invasive species.
33.11 Site new solid waste/resource recovery facilities in appropriate areas that serve the needs of
population centers and minimize and mitigate negative impacts on the environment or
surrounding neighborhood.
33.12 Reduce illegal dumping and littering.
33.13 Minimize the amount of waste generated by County facilities.
Actions
33.a Evaluate and amend the County Code to integrate strategies to maximize landfill diversion and
handle materials:
i. Develop a Source Separation Ordinance
ii. Prohibit organic material (green waste) disposal in the landfill
iii. Construction & Demolition (C & D) Recycling Ordinance
iv. Consider Take-back Ordinances (for items that are difficult to recycle or compost)
v. Require recycling at all County offices, facilities, and base yards.
vi. Continue the transition to eliminate the sale or use of polystyrene foam (Styrofoam) and single-
use plastic food containers and other single-use plastics
162
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
33.b Develop programs to require advance disposal fees for specific products such as new electronics
and new vehicles purchased in or shipped to Hawaiʻi. The fees from this should be used to fund
resource management and disposal costs.
33.c Conduct pilot studies to facilitate waste recovery and increase diversion rates. Recommended pilot
programs include curbside waste, recycling, and resource pick-up in priority urban areas.
33.d Partner and coordinate to facilitate the private use of large recycling roll-off bins in rural areas.
33.e Reevaluate and initiate code changes to the fee structure for solid waste for residential and
commercial uses.
33.f Facilitate University of Hawaiʻi and/or Forest Service to complete necessary studies on local
materials for use in construction.
33.g Implement an education and social marketing program to educate the public and business
community about landfill diversion initiatives, preventing and reporting litter and illegal dumping,
and other responsible waste management opportunities.
33.h Develop a County clean-up program for special waste areas, such as junkyards, to ensure the
proactive removal of materials that pose environmental and public health hazards.
33.i Develop and promote take-back programs for appliances and other difficult to dispose of
materials.
33.j Support expansions to the organic material (green waste) recycling program to include drop-off
and pick-up locations at all rural transfer stations.
33.k Adopt the EPA’s Comprehensive Procurement Guideline program as a model for purchasing
products that use materials recovered through recycling.
163
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4.5 Education
Access to educational facilities and services plays
a pivotal role in fostering community
development and ensuring a bright future for the
residents of Hawaiʻi Island. Education provides
opportunities for individuals to acquire vital skills
and knowledge that are essential for personal
growth and economic prosperity. Quality
education empowers residents to explore their
potential, pursue their passions, and develop the
skills necessary for a wide range of careers.
Access to education facilities and services is
particularly crucial in rural and remote areas of
the island. The island’s geography presents
challenges for transportation and connectivity,
making it difficult for some communities to access
educational resources. The availability of schools,
community centers, libraries, and other facilities
in these areas can help alleviate geographical
barriers to accessing quality education. The
increasing potential for remote learning (also
called distance learning or e-learning)
opportunities has also enhanced access to
education. This opens doors to new
opportunities, helps bridge socioeconomic gaps,
and ensures a more equitable distribution of
resources across the island.
One significant component of education on
Hawaiʻi Island is the emphasis on preserving and
promoting indigenous knowledge and traditions.
Native Hawaiian cultural practices and values are
deeply rooted in the land. Education facilities and
services provide a key pathway that allows
ancestral wisdom, language, and customs to be
passed down to younger generations, ensuring
the continuity of Native Hawaiian heritage.
Education facilities also serve as community hubs,
fostering social interaction, and promoting unity
among the diverse populations of Hawaiʻi Island.
Schools often host cultural events, extracurricular
activities, and community gatherings, creating
spaces where people can come together, share
experiences, and build relationships. These
connections strengthen the fabric of the
community, creating a sense of belonging and
promoting social cohesion. Education facilities
and services contribute to the overall well-being
of the island’s communities. They not only focus
on academic learning but also address various
aspects of personal development, including
physical health, mental wellness, and social skills.
Access to comprehensive educational resources
helps individuals develop resilience, critical
thinking abilities, and a sense of civic
responsibility, enabling them to navigate
challenges and actively participate in the
betterment of their communities.
Although educational facilities in Hawaiʻi County
are generally under the jurisdiction of either the
State or private entities, the County has a
responsibility toward ensuring the optimal
performance of educational facilities as they
relate to the overall well-being of our
communities. Education services consist of
Hawaiʻi Island’s schools, public libraries, and
post-secondary facilities (community college and
University of Hawaiʻi facilities). Hawaiʻi County
adheres to the State guidance3 for quality
education. Ensuring the optimal performance of
educational facilities means that the County can
strategically plan for the interrelationships
between people, the physical and digital
environments, facilities, and infrastructure.
In 1999, the State Legislature of Hawaiʻi passed
Act 62, or “The New Century Charter Schools”
law. Charter schools receive public funds but are
excluded from many State laws and department
rules and regulations, which affords them more
autonomy and greater flexibility in decision-
making. Charter schools must still meet all
applicable federal, state, and county
requirements and are not exempt from collective
bargaining, discriminatory practice laws, health
3 HRS, Section 226-107 https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_Ch0201-0257/HRS0226/HRS_0226-0107.htm
164
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
and safety laws and standards, and the
implementation of the Hawaiʻi content and
performance standards.
As of August 2022, Hawaiʻi Island has 14 Public
Charter Schools (PCS) with a total enrollment of
4,310 students. The charter schools range in size
from 46 students at Ke Ana Laʻahana PCS to 711
students at Hawaiʻi Academy of Arts and Science
PCS. Each charter school is responsible for
selecting its sites. If a public school has space
available, a charter school may seek to enter an
arrangement with the Department of Education
for the use of a portion of the school’s facilities.
School complexes with limited enrollment have
not always been able to maximize educational
opportunities in comparison with the ability of
larger facilities to provide a wider scope of
educational opportunities. Some older schools
lack adequate parking facilities and sufficient
area for expansion, and some have infrastructure
and traffic problems.
The State Department of Education enrollment
records for the 2022 to 2023 school year included
41 public schools on Hawaiʻi Island with a total
enrollment of 22,945 students from kindergarten
through 12th grade. The previous school year had
a total enrollment of 23,113 students. There are
14 licensed private regular education schools,
and the 2020-2021 Hawaiʻi Association of
Independent Schools Private School Enrollment
Report includes a total of 3,287 students from
early childhood education through the 12th
grade.
Regarding post-secondary facilities on island, the
University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo (UHH) provides
higher educational opportunities within the
University of Hawaiʻi (UH) system through its
variety of high-quality certificate, baccalaureate,
master’s, and doctoral degree programs. UHH is
designed through a “spine” concept that
organizes all campus structures along a main
pedestrian accessway and assures that future
development would continue in relation to the
various existing structures. UHH continues to lack
sufficient student and faculty housing options.
Hawaiʻi Community College provides access to
higher education, and workforce training through
on-site programs and distance education
technologies. Hawaiʻi Community College offers
an extensive program of certificate and associate
degree programs in technical fields as well as the
first two years of a baccalaureate degree. The
college also offers extensive options for short-
term training programs throughout Hawaiʻi
Island.
Pālamanui is the West Hawaiʻi campus of Hawaiʻi
Community College and opened for students in
August 2015. Pālamanui offers associate degree
and certificate programs, while also serving as a
University of Hawaiʻi Center that delivers more
than 60 certificates, bachelor’s degrees, and
graduate degrees from campuses across the UH
system. Located in North Kona, Pālamanui is
about five miles from the Natural Energy
Laboratory of Hawaiʻi Authority (NELHA), which
may accommodate synergistic and innovative
opportunities as both UH and NELHA are under
the State’s authority. Overall, Pālamanui’s
presence in West Hawaiʻi increases educational
opportunities for Hawaiʻi Island’s residents. A
recent serendipitous increase in the number of
technology professionals and executives along
the Kona-Kohala coast presents opportunities for
innovative pursuits by our residents.
The Hawaiʻi Library District is comprised of 12
libraries. Library size is described by the
collection size or number of volumes (books,
periodicals, etc.) and ranges from 206,770
volumes in Hilo to 9,627 volumes at Naʻalehu.
Library facilities will require continual
improvements.
The General Plan’s educational policies relate to
the provision of facilities rather than programs,
which are the province of the State. Nonetheless,
it is recognized that the facilities and programs
are indispensable tools to advance total
educational service.
165
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 34
Each community has access to a wide range of educational opportunities.
Policies
Planning and siting facilities
34.1 Ensure educational facilities meet the needs of Hawaiʻi County.
34.2 In proposed communities, sufficient acreage, as determined by the Board of Education enrollment
guidelines, shall be reserved for school facilities.
34.3 Education sites shall be free from flooding and drainage problems, and excessive slope and shall
incorporate appropriate street and driveway design and location to minimize traffic interference,
pedestrian hazard, and enable safe and easy access for vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians.
34.4 Continuous joint pre-planning of educational facilities shall be coordinated with the County,
Department of Education, and the UH to ensure compatibility with public services, supporting
infrastructure, and equitable mobility access so that facilities are community-centered, designed
for multiple uses, and serve as anchor institutions in the community.
34.5 School facilities, such as playgrounds and gyms, should be combined with County parks to allow
for afterschool use by the community for recreational, cultural, and other compatible uses.
34.6 The Hawaiʻi State Library System should co-locate public library facilities in public school libraries
where a separate public library may not be feasible, promoting intentional proximity to other
community facilities and assets that contribute to a high quality of life.
34.7 School buildings should be designed, or at times retrofitted, to serve as emergency shelters.
34.8 The County should facilitate the use of libraries to disseminate public information and engage civic
participation.
34.9 Advocate to the State and private agencies to use educational facilities to offer place-based and
distance education opportunities to adults.
34.10 Educational programs should be developed to provide opportunities in diversified industries and
develop practices in sustainability and resiliency.
34.11 Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing around UH sites.
34.12 Support the continued expansion of the UHH, Hawaiʻi Community College, and Pālamanui
campuses, as well as encourage continuing education programs throughout the community.
34.13 Support and encourage the strengthening of the UHH through the transfer of appropriate colleges
and departments from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa to the UHH.
34.14 Encourage and support the active implementation of State and UH plans for post-secondary
educational facilities, including the “Research and Technology Park,” on Hawaiʻi Island.
34.15 Encourage the expansion of digital access and equity through the resilient buildout of broadband
infrastructure and facilities.
166
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Safe Routes to School
34.16 Prioritize active transportation through the development of sidewalks, pedestrian walkways, and
bike paths to and from educational facilities to increase walkability and pedestrian safety.
34.17 Require new developments in the vicinity of schools to provide safe pedestrian facilities and
additional school zone signage.
Actions
34.a Implement a Safe Routes to School (SR2S) program for all schools.
34.b Ensure County makes necessary improvements to co-located facilities, such as gymnasiums, parks,
and playgrounds.
167
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4.6 Recreation
Parks and recreation areas hold significant value
within the General Plan. These areas serve as
essential assets to our island, as they not only
beautify communities but play a central role in
overall well-being and quality of life. Access to
these spaces for recreational and cultural purposes
is vital to Hawaiʻi Island residents. Education and
stewardship are integral to maintaining safe access
to parks and recreation areas. The General Plan
aims to provide the proper planning and policy
direction to help ensure the sustainable
development and maintenance of the County’s
parks and recreation sites, as well as safe and
equitable access to these areas.
Well-sited and planned recreational sites are often
communal spaces where people can come
together for events, festivals, and social
gatherings. They foster a sense of community by
providing a venue for residents to connect,
contributing to the social fabric of our island’s
communities and enhancing community cohesion.
Parks and recreation also support the natural,
historic, and cultural character of our unique
communities. Hawaiʻi Island’s parks and recreation
areas often encompass diverse ecosystems,
natural landmarks, and culturally significant sites.
Proper planning helps protect and preserve these
natural and cultural resources for generations to
come. With the implementation of sustainable
management practices, conservation efforts, and
educational programs, these areas can serve as
living classrooms that promote environmental
stewardship and cultural appreciation.
Parks and recreation areas play a key role in
climate resiliency, hazard mitigation, and overall
environmental sustainability. They may provide
green spaces that help mitigate the urban heat
island effect in our urban growth areas, improve air
quality, and support biodiversity by providing
habitats for native plant and animal species.
Responsible planning can incorporate sustainable
design features, such as energy-efficient
infrastructure, water conservation measures, and
the use of native plants, to minimize the ecological
footprint of these areas. It is worth noting that well-
designed parks and recreation areas may have
positive economic impacts on the surrounding
communities. They often attract visitors, stimulate
local businesses, and generate revenue through
various mechanisms. Strategic planning of parks
and recreation areas can help ensure that
economic potential is balanced with the
community’s needs and environmental
stewardship.
Community engagement is critical to the planning
of parks and recreation sites to effectively serve
community needs and priorities. These areas and
facilities should be accessible to all
accommodating groups with disabilities or other
special needs. Recreation sites should be
complementary to surrounding land uses, such as
schools and senior centers, to support an
ecosystem of services that maximize the area’s
potential to promote interactivity between
community members of all ages. Additional
considerations should be made for the hardening
168
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Parks and Recreational
Areas in Hawaiʻi County
National Parks 5
State Parks 14
County Parks 146
Public Cemeteries 13
of recreational facilities to shelter people during
emergency events. The General Plan aims to
address disparities and promote equal
opportunities for all residents to enjoy the benefits
of these spaces.
To uphold the public interest, convenience, health,
welfare, and safety, the County Code, Section 8-
6(a) calls for a minimum of five acres of land for
park purposes for each one thousand persons in
every district. Housing developers should not bear
a disproportionate burden, or be forced to
contribute more than their fair share, as
inequitable requirements could deter needed
housing development.
Park dedication and development must also be
met with the appropriate departmental capacity to
maintain and improve recreational sites to not
overburden the County and underserve our
communities. It is necessary to integrate park
dedication with maintenance and improvements
and consider the maintenance demand and
typology of parks being dedicated.
Objective 35
Park facilities are located within a 10-minute walk in urban areas and a 10-minute
drive in rural communities.
Policies
Parks and Recreation Funding
35.1 Diversify funding sources for recreational facilities.
35.2 State and County CIPs should continue to be coordinated to reflect recreational priorities.
35.3 Equitably allocate park dedications and in-lieu fees among the districts relative to the population.
Interagency Collaboration and Public Engagement
35.4 Continue to improve parks and recreation outreach efforts to ensure program and facility
information is adequately available, promoted online through accessible websites and other
mediums, and kept up to date to facilitate maximum community participation.
Recreation Facilities Siting and Planning
35.5 Recreational facilities shall reflect the natural, historic, and cultural character of the area.
169
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
35.6 Equitably allocate facility-based parks among the districts relative to population, with public input
to determine the locations and types of facilities.
35.7 Existing and new parks should be designed with features that accommodate and encourage
meaningful levels of physical activity according to the level of service criteria.
35.8 Recreational facilities shall be assessed for dual use as emergency shelters and hardened as
needed.
35.9 Establish, in cooperation with the State Department of Education, joint use of schoolyards, County
parks, and other public facilities for community use for recreational, cultural, and other compatible
uses.
35.10 Recreational facilities should be planned and located where they will best facilitate and support
active-living communities.
35.11 Recreational sites should be planned and located within a 10-minute walk from residences in
population centers, and serve with a minimum of five acres of land for park purposes per 1,000
resident population in non-population centers of Hawaiʻi Island.
35.12 Facilitate and prioritize the co-location of schools, parks, and senior centers to promote
interactivity between community members of all ages.
Recreational Facilities Maintenance and Improvement
35.13 Public lands with unique recreational and natural resources shall be maintained for public use.
35.14 Maintain and/or improve park facilities and programs based on community needs assessments to
ensure County services are meeting the social, recreational, and activity needs of our communities.
35.15 Implement a proactive maintenance program to ensure that park facilities and trails are safely
maintained for optimum usage.
35.16 Prioritize maintenance and necessary improvements at existing park facilities over developing new
park facilities within each district (this does not preclude accepting lands for future park
development or acquiring properties for the intent of preserving open space, scenic areas, natural
hazard areas, or cultural/historic areas from development).
35.17 Combine recreation facility improvement projects with other needed facility improvements (e.g.,
ADA improvements with facility hardening, etc.)
Recreational Services
35.18 Provide facilities and a broad recreational program for all age groups, with special considerations
for the handicapped, the elderly, and young children.
35.19 Prioritize park acquisition and improvements that involve under-represented open recreation and
healthy living activities (outside the scope of organized sports), such as:
a) Walking and biking trails
b) Skate/roller blade parks
c) Dog-friendly parks
d) Parks that offer camping opportunities
e) Botanical and community garden parks, pocket and art parks
170
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
f) Equestrian/rodeo arenas
g) Archery and shooting ranges
h) ATV and motorized recreation areas
i) Other types of active and passive recreation that enhance the quality of life for residents and
visitors.
35.20 Support and enhance recreational facilities by developing additional recreational offerings in
underutilized areas of County properties, such as the Panaʻewa Recreation Complex.
35.21 Private and public cemeteries shall be compatible with surrounding land uses and provided with
adequate access and drainage systems.
Actions
Parks and Recreation Funding
35.a Provide funding for planning and acquisition, if necessary, of key corridor segments after corridor-
zone plans are adopted.
35.b Revise the park dedication code requiring subdivisions to provide land area for park and
recreational use or contribute to a maintenance fund in lieu of an impact fee ordinance.
Interagency Collaboration and Public Engagement
35.c Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders to increase
funding sources for park, recreation, and trail development and maintenance.
35.d Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders to initiate joint
agreements for funding, management, and maintenance for recreation, shared use spaces,
hardened shelters, and public access priorities.
35.e Support the U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service’s expansion plans for the Hawaiʻi
Volcanoes, Puʻukoholā National Historic Park, Puʻuhonua O Hōnaunau National Historic Parks, Ala
Kahakai National Historic Trail, and Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historic Park.
35.f Update the County of Hawaiʻi Recreation Plan to reflect newly identified recreational priorities.
35.g Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with the General Plan.
35.h Develop a recreation information dissemination system for the public’s use.
35.i Develop best management practices for the development and maintenance of golf courses in
collaboration with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders.
35.j Develop local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning, maintenance, and
programming.
35.k Maintain an on-going program of identification, designation, and acquisition of areas with existing
or potential recreational resources, such as land with sandy beaches and other prime areas for
shoreline recreation in collaboration with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other
stakeholders.
35.l Perform a review and audit of the inventory resulting from the subdivision requirements within
Code, (reservation for parks, playgrounds, and public building sites).
171
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
35.m Amend Code to ensure that land area is not only set aside for recreational or public use but that
there are funds or a funding mechanism to develop the land for its intended purpose.
35.n Enter into partnership agreements with the State and private groups (e.g., Friends of the Park) to
make improvements and assist in the maintenance of essential but inadequately maintained parks.
35.o Expand and map Friends of the Park programs to manage and improve County parks and facilities.
35.p Support hunting and fishing activities where authorized on public and private property.
Recreational Facilities Siting and Planning
35.q Identify shoreline areas suitable for coastal access points, including boat launches and small boat
harbors.
35.r Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the siting of future cemeteries.
35.s Analyze under-represented open recreation and healthy living activities to be included in Park
Standards.
35.t Create new or enhance sports facilities to encourage and attract regional tournaments to our
island.
Recreational Facilities Maintenance and Improvement
35.u Implement interpretive signage through collaboration with community groups at appropriate
locations.
35.v Conduct Park facilities condition assessments and keep the County of Hawai‘i Recreation Plan
updated to reflect newly identified recreational priorities. The updated Recreation Plan should
develop a strategic management plan for upgrading facilities and establish a level of service
standards for parks.
35.w Plan, manage, and maintain parks to ensure that the quality of recreation areas does not diminish
with heavy usage.
35.x Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and biking activities.
35.y Amend the Code to better address park and recreation issues in the following ways:
i. Amend Subdivision Code to be consistent with Dedication of Land Code in providing land
area for park and recreational use or pay a fee in lieu thereof.
ii. Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance
iii. Amend Dedication of Land code to include “net useable acreage.”
Recreational Services
35.z Develop a center/complex for major cultural, educational, and recreational activities in
underserved population centers, such as Kona.
35.aa Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for multimodal use such as walking, jogging, and
biking activities.
35.bb Develop walking paths around existing ballparks and other park grounds, as feasible. These
walking paths should be level footpaths that meet accessibility requirements whenever possible.
172
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
35.cc Expand active open recreational opportunities at the Panaʻewa Rainforest Zoo and Equestrian
Center properties such as bike/walking trails, horse trails, dog-friendly trails, and other outdoor
recreation that would complement the Panaʻewa complex.
Table 39: Park Standards
Regional Parks
Park Description Major recreation area serving several districts and providing indoor and outdoor activities. A major
center for spectator sports and cultural activities. May include features of historic, geological, and horticultural interests.
Approximate Size 50 acres
Service Area
Population
Vicinity of major populated areas. 5 acres/1,000 persons per HCC, Chapter 8
Facilities Include Multi-purpose building, auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool, adequate parking areas,
and facilities for spectator sports: football, baseball, softball, track field, tennis, basketball,
and volleyball.
District Parks
Park Description Offer diversified types of recreational activities to an entire district that include indoor and outdoor
sports.
Approximate Size 10 to 30 acres
Service Area
Population
Within a district consisting of several populated communities.
Facilities Include Gymnasium with office, storage, restrooms, and showers; a center for community and
recreational programs; swimming pool (if justifiable); play area and equipment for young
children; courts for basketball, tennis, and volleyball; ball fields for soccer, baseball, softball,
and football; night lights; and an adequate parking area.
Community Parks
Park Description Community recreation area serving surrounding urban areas, and entire community in rural areas.
Provides active and passive activities.
Approximate Size 4 to 8 acres
Service Area
Population
Within the center of the community or several neighborhoods
Facilities Include Multi-purpose building; gymnasium (where not serviceable from a district park); courts for
basketball, volleyball, and tennis; ballfields for softball/baseball, soccer, and football; play
area and equipment for young children; walking and jogging paths; picnic and passive area;
night lights and an adequate parking area.
173
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Neighborhood Parks
Park Description Provide open space in urbanizing areas for the general aesthetic enjoyment of the outdoors,
play areas for young children, and a social gathering place for the neighborhood.
Approximate Size Up to 4 acres
Service Area
Population
Within the center of the neighborhood and preferably adjacent to a school.
Facilities Include Restrooms; drinking water; walking and jogging paths (bike and skating paths); courts for
basketball, volleyball, and tennis; ballfields for tetherball, baseball/softball, and soccer; play
area and equipment for young children; and an adequate parking area.
Community Centers
Park Description Major center for spectator sports, and cultural and social activities.
Approximate Size Size depends on the facilities proposed and accessory uses.
Service Area
Population
Varies
Facilities Include Multi-purpose building; auditorium; gymnasium; facilities for spectator sports; swimming
facility; and an adequate parking area.
Resource-Based Parks
Park Description Centered around a major natural asset, such as a sandy beach, a prime forest, or a volcanic
feature, and includes historic sites whenever feasible.
Approximate Size Varies. Every section of the island should be adequately served.
Service Area
Population
Designed to accommodate users from throughout the County.
Facilities Include Beach parks should include restrooms with showers; picnic facilities; a defined tent camping
area when allowed; drinking water; adequate parking; pavilions of various sizes; and
lifeguard facilities. Trails and unimproved roads; designated hunting and fishing areas;
designated conservation areas for nature study and other passive activities; and wilderness
campsites.
174
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.4.7 Community Health and Wellness
The interconnectedness of community health and
well-being and the environment has become
increasingly apparent. The vision for Hawaiʻi Island
prioritizes the health and resilience of communities
through enhancing the natural, built, and social
environments while adapting to the impacts of
climate change. Recognizing the vital role of public
health in shaping the future of our island, the
General Plan aims to integrate policies and actions
that promote health and well-being in its various
elements.
There are a host of conditions that influence the
ability to lead a healthy life. Communities thrive
when they have reliable access to essential
resources such as quality and affordable housing,
healthy foods, recreational areas, spaces for
religious and cultural practices, medical care,
living-wage jobs, safe neighborhoods, and
educational opportunities. The land use policies
established in the General Plan play a crucial role
in shaping public health. Policies that prioritize
mixed-use development, encourage the creation
of parks and open spaces, and support the
availability of affordable and attainable housing
contribute to healthier communities. By promoting
walkability, accessibility to services, and a sense of
community, land use policies can enhance physical
and mental wellness.
Land use policies can also impact access to healthy
food options. Encouraging the establishment of
farmers’ markets, community gardens, and a range
of agricultural activities can promote local food
production and improve access to fresh and
nutritious food. Additionally, in underserved areas
of the island, policies that promote the
development of grocery stores and food co-ops
can help address the challenge of food deserts and
support community health.
Infrastructure planning is critical for promoting
active transportation options, such as walking,
cycling, and public transit. Designing communities
with pedestrian-oriented sidewalks, bike lanes,
and trails encourages physical activity while
reducing reliance on automobiles. Accessible and
well-connected transportation networks contribute
to improved community health by facilitating
regular physical activity and reducing traffic
congestion and air pollution. The provision of
parks, green spaces, and recreational facilities are
also critical infrastructure for community health
and wellness. These spaces provide opportunities
for physical activity, social interaction, and
relaxation, contributing to overall health outcomes
for residents of all ages.
Affordable and safe housing is another
fundamental aspect of community health. The
General Plan addresses housing affordability and
availability by promoting diverse housing options
and mixed-income neighborhoods. The Plan also
incorporates environmental sustainability
measures that promote community health. By
advocating for renewable energy generation,
green building practices, and climate resilience
strategies, the General Plan can guide the
mitigation of environmental risk and improve
overall environmental quality. This further
enhances public health outcomes and reduces
vulnerability to climate-related hazards.
Although the planning of most health programs
and facilities is the direct administrative
responsibility of the State, the County is
responsible for the general welfare of the island’s
communities and must continue to make every
effort to support their ability to live healthily. The
General Plan recognizes that advancing health
175
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
equity across the island requires a concerted effort
across sectors and agency accountability. The Plan
supports the provision of accessible healthcare
services and facilities. Planning for healthcare
infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and
community health centers, ensures that residents
have adequate access to medical care and
preventative services. Coordinating with
healthcare providers and organizations can help
integrate health considerations into land use
decisions and strengthen overall community
health.
Objective 36
Each community has access to healthcare facilities, programs, or community-based
care.
Policies
36.1 Ensure regular health service assessments identify and address the unique needs of the medically
underserved population, especially in rural areas.
36.2 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders to ensure
equitable access to healthcare services.
36.3 Ensure healthy communities through aligned land use and infrastructure policies.
36.4 Active living considerations should be integrated into the design of communities.
36.5 Advocate to the State to continue the operation of the rural hospitals.
36.6 Support the establishment of centrally located, 24-hour, full-service medical facilities, with trauma
care, to service rural areas.
36.7 Hospitals should be on sites capable of handling moderate expansion of facilities. Quiet
surroundings, convenient and adequate access, and compatibility with adjoining uses shall be
required.
36.8 Hospitals shall be served by a public sewerage system or have self-contained sewerage systems.
36.9 Ensure that hospitals are sufficiently hardened to remain in effective use through natural disasters.
36.10 Establish a comprehensive network of health and wellness services.
36.11 Integrate community health concerns in community planning.
36.12 Advocate for programs serving the elderly, disabled, and homeless persons.
36.13 Improve coordination and integration of services.
36.14 Support the establishment of home and community-based services (HCBS) that operate consistent
with community character.
36.15 Increase opportunities and support for home-based care for aging in place.
Actions
36.a Establish an Aging and Disability Resource Center in Kailua-Kona.
36.b Develop a medical center TOD master plan and rezone it as a Regional Center TOD.
176
4.4 Public Facilities and Services | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
36.c Develop public showers and restroom facilities in strategic locations to serve the homeless and
meet public sanitation needs.
36.d Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to establish a One-Stop Community Resource Center to serve as a point of
community access for information and referral for health, education, and social services.
36.e Expand the use of mobile health centers and services (e.g., screening, vision, and dental) to rotate
through the rural communities regularly.
36.f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
develop a consolidated services facility plan for the victim and offender treatment, counseling, and
other rehabilitation services (and other social services) in major urban centers (Hilo, Kailua-Kona,
Waimea).
36.g Support the distribution of telehealth support services, particularly to unserved and underserved
communities.
36.h Amend County zoning and building codes as necessary to accommodate home and community-
based care, elderly care, and care for those with disabilities.
36.i Amend the County Code to include land uses for substance abuse, mental health, and medical
rehabilitative facilities and determine appropriate criteria for siting in communities.
36.j Amend the County Code to designate a lead agency for coordinating and responding to
outbreaks of life-threatening, highly communicable diseases pursuant to the DOH direction.
177
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.5 HOUSING FOR ALL
178
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.5.1 Introduction
Population and housing are inseparable in
planning for both the growth and renewal of our
towns and villages in the years ahead.
Transportation systems, allowing vehicular
connections between housing and multiple urban
areas, are also inextricably linked. All housing
requires transportation access, albeit in more
flexible, subjective, and individual ways among
households.
The geography of our housing is expansive:
90,500 housing units for just over 200,000
residents, spread throughout a vast, 200-mile
length of a low-density population settlement
band that nearly encircles Hawaiʻi Island. The
planning and guiding of both the densities and
directions of expected population and housing
growth are especially important due to the
exposure to multiple natural hazards, their unique
types and probabilities within the state, and the
requirement for local government to deliver a
physical span of diverse emergency and protective
services that is unequaled within this state.
Diversity and Expansion of Housing
Availability
The supply and mix of types of additional,
modified, and replaced housing units needed in
the planning period is a function of population
growth, where that growth occurs, and the
characteristics of the persons who make up that
growth. A growth pattern of disparate suburban
and rural neighborhoods will result in a different
type and size range of dwellings and accessory
structures than would result from a pattern of
centralized, higher-density urban infill, supported
by nearby, accessible public and private services
and facilities.
Amount
With an estimated population increase from
202,263 (2018) to approximately 273,232 (2045), a
35 percent increase, there will be a demand for an
additional 17,000 resident housing units over the
next 25 years.
Demographic trends
Planning for the design, sizing, and locations of the
future housing supply should consider
demographic trends, in that 44 percent of the
population will be over age 65 by 2045. There is an
increased need to accommodate seniors with
mobility limitations where support services are
reasonably convenient without the necessity of a
household automobile. Further, statistics reveal
that almost one out of every ten households is
crowded, and many are multi-generational, which
indicates a need for small dwelling units for young
adults or ohana units for retired parents and/or
grandparents.
Managing Existing Housing Inventory
Housing in Hawaiʻi County has predominantly
been characterized by single-family residential
units, noting 18,449 acres are used for single-
family residential, compared to only 3,403 acres for
multi-family residential. Housing demand has
outpaced housing development on Hawaiʻi Island
for decades, which could be addressed, in part,
through the intentional use of single-family
residential developments. In reality, the County’s
single-family residential dwellings are often
occupied by multiple generations at one time,
which is a natural response to the low housing
supply and high demand. Rehabilitation, renewal,
or redevelopment will be required in many of the
older single-family residential neighborhoods.
179
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Production Shortfall
Census Bureau statistics and recent housing
studies conducted for State and County housing
agencies show that the number of housing units
constructed annually in Hawaiʻi County has not
kept pace with the growth of the resident
population, and therefore with its housing needs.
As of 2020, there was a shortfall of approximately
5,534 housing units for those who were doubled
up, hidden homeless, and other forms of pent-up
demand. Recent forecasts estimate we need an
average of 900 new housing units per year to
accommodate past and future growth through
2045.
Preserving and Creating Affordable
Housing
One of the most significant concerns regarding
housing within the County is the lack of
affordability and the resulting homelessness that
can occur. Our existing affordable housing stock
includes public housing that is managed by the
Hawaiʻi Public Housing Authority and consists of 84
projects containing 5,997 housing units. Also
included are the subsidized or income-restricted
housing programs managed by the County,
averaging 2,055 households. Further, affordable
housing includes those affordable at market rate.
The US Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) housing guidelines suggest
that households should devote no more than 30
percent of their income to pay monthly housing
expenses; otherwise, a household is considered
“shelter burdened” and may have difficulty
affording necessities such as food, clothing,
transportation, and medical care. Households
spending more than 50 percent of their income on
housing are considered severely shelter
burdened. In 2020, 39 percent of owner
households with a mortgage and 43 percent of all
renter households were paying more than 30
percent of their income for housing, compared
with a national average of 30 percent. The State of
Hawaiʻi is continuously ranked in the top three
highest of shelter burdened, nationally.
A more accurate gauge of affordability also looks
at transportation costs. The Center for
Neighborhood Technology provides a housing
and transportation affordability index (H+T), which
sets a benchmark of no more than 45 percent of
household income. Hawaiʻi County housing costs
an average of 41 percent of a household budget
while transportation costs at 28 percent for a total
H+T of 69 percent.
The 2019 Hawaiʻi Housing Study shows that
median sales and rental prices of housing in the
County have substantially exceeded levels
affordable to families earning median incomes,
according to affordability ratios established by
HUD. As a result, a large percentage of residents
earning median or below-median incomes are
unable to either obtain the amount of mortgage
financing necessary to purchase a housing unit or
afford the rental payments for newly constructed
rental housing.
Public discussions at the State and County levels,
regarding the high cost of housing, commonly
assert unnecessary time and expense to obtain
land use and permit approvals as driving up
housing costs. High land costs are also cited as a
major cost component responsible for the failure
of private developers or public agencies to deliver
new affordable housing units.
Investing in Homelessness Response
In 2022, the County Council approved Ordinance
2022-026, which allocates no less than 75 percent
of the property tax collected each year from Tier 2
residential properties. These properties are
second luxury homes with a value of $2 million or
more. The ordinance, as approved, took effect on
July 1, 2022, and will be in place until June 30,
2027. It is estimated the program will generate
about $9 million in the first fiscal year. Each year of
the program, these funds are to be used
exclusively for county-sponsored programs to
address housing and homelessness.
180
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Housing Challenges Housing Opportunities
• Low infrastructure and services capacity in urban
growth areas deters new development and limits
rehabilitation or expansion of existing
development due to high cost.
• Local communities rarely support new housing
and homeless solutions in their immediate and
nearby neighborhoods.
• Land and material costs, land use, building code,
and permit requirements do not encourage the
private housing market to invest adequately in
low- and middle-income housing options.
• Building code changes are not evaluated for their
impact on housing cost and availability, and the
embodied carbon impact of required materials.
• Homeownership solely for investment purposes
that are kept vacant or used for transient
accommodation rentals reduces available stock
for long-term local resident ownership and rental
opportunities.
• Due to a lack of proximate and affordable housing
options, many residents who are employed within
large resort and employment areas endure long
commutes, which contributes to increased
greenhouse gas emissions, vehicle counts,
roadway congestion, and a lack of healthy work-
life balance.
• The locations where local residents can typically
afford a single-family home are often away from
mixed-use commercial centers that provide
employment and daily goods and services for families.
• Create subsidies like Low-Income Housing
Tax Credit (LIHTC) for the missing middle of
affordable housing (80%-140% AMI).
• Collaborate with private and non-profit
organizations to increase affordable housing
including workforce and elderly housing.
• Affordable housing developments can
better address the housing needs and
affordability for ALICE households.
• Embrace universal design principles and
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility for new construction and
rehabilitation projects.
• Explore creative financing solutions to meet
housing and infrastructure demands.
• Encourage the adaptive reuse of
underutilized commercial spaces.
• Encourage resort communities and large
employers to include on-site workforce housing options.
181
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.5.2 Housing Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
Objective 37 (Diversify and Expand Housing)
Increase the number and variety of newly constructed housing units for rent and sale
that addresses a range of Area Median Income (AMI).
Policies
37.1 County departments shall collaborate to identify and prioritize infrastructure needs such as roads,
water, and wastewater and public-private partnerships that support the desired density of housing
types near mixed-use centers and transit hubs in urban growth areas.
37.2 Incentivize a mix of diverse housing types, including missing middle housing, smaller house
designs, and mixed-income communities.
37.3 Prioritize new housing including the missing middle in or near mixed-use developments, urban
growth areas with infrastructure, and near existing and proposed transit centers.
37.4 Support experimental housing, energy efficiency, and compact housing communities in
accordance with HRS, Section 46-15.
37.5 Incentivize the use of universal design principles and ADA accessibility in new construction to
create physically accessible housing for children, the aging, and those with mobility limitations.
37.6 Vacant lands in the urban growth boundary (UGB) should be prioritized for residential and
supportive uses before additional agricultural lands outside the UGB are converted into urban
uses.
Actions
37.a Establish interdepartmental procedures to collaboratively identify, prioritize, and build
infrastructure that supports housing in or near mixed-use areas and transit centers in urban areas.
37.b Review the State housing inventory every 5 years and conduct scenario modeling to identify
existing housing types, housing needs, and land use and building code updates that will provide
for diversified housing, a mix of development types, and efficient and alternative construction
methods in urban areas.
37.c Assess and amend the land use and building regulations and explore fiscal opportunities to
support universal design principles and ADA accessibility for more physically accessible housing.
182
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
37.d Advocate for the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing around State education
facilities and established urban centers with transit.
37.e Advocate for the State to provide staff housing around State health care facilities and established
urban centers with transit.
37.f Initiate collaboration and learning opportunities among communities, nonprofits, and housing
developers as it relates to housing and community development projects.
37.g Amend the zoning and building regulations to allow affordability of various housing types,
particularly the missing middle in urban areas.
37.h Develop and implement various incentives to facilitate smaller house designs or multi-family
housing options such as expedited permitting, fee waivers, and tax incentives.
Objective 38 (Manage Existing Housing)
Monitor, conserve, and improve the existing housing stock.
Policies
38.1 Enable data-driven research to support and maintain a housing inventory program that monitors
existing housing.
38.2 Incentivize the use of universal design principles and ADA improvements for the rehabilitation of
existing housing and to create physical accessibility for those with mobility limitations.
38.3 Encourage the adaptive reuse of non-residential spaces for residential purposes in urban growth
areas where supporting infrastructure exists.
38.4 Identify and support federal, state, and local housing assistance programs to rehabilitate existing
housing for very low- to moderate-income residents.
Actions
38.a Perform existing housing inventory data analysis to identify structural conditions and needs for
rehabilitation or demolition.
38.b Review and amend the zoning and building regulations to support the adaptive reuse of non-
residential spaces for residential housing units.
38.c Amend building regulations to allow for as-built permits and new renovation permits for less than
50 percent of an existing structure to conform with the building code of the year the main structure
was permitted, excluding electrical and other critical life safety codes.
38.d Create, aid, and encourage programs to maintain and rehabilitate the existing housing inventory,
including consideration for self-help programs.
38.e Perform ongoing analysis of available housing assistance programs for public and private
stakeholders.
38.f Develop and maintain an outreach program to disseminate information and educate stakeholders
about housing assistance programs.
38.g Amend the Real Property Tax Code to incentivize long term occupied housing.
183
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 39 (Create Housing Affordability)
Prioritize providing quality affordable housing for Hawaiʻi’s residents.
Policies
39.1 Support affordable housing developments for all users including but not limited to the following
groups: middle-income workforce, elderly, minimum wage workers, agriculture workers,
individuals with special needs, individuals with disabilities, homeless, and retired individuals.
39.2 Support innovative and experimental housing types that address homelessness located near
services, job centers, and transit hubs, while providing support services such as rent assistance.
39.3 All affordable housing projects that receive development benefits from the County, such as land
use/zoning approvals, special approvals (including HRS, Section 201-H), conditional uses, and
density bonuses, shall be required to maintain the affordable rental units for not less than 20 years
pursuant to deed restrictions or other mechanisms specified in the HCC.
39.4 Reduce the cost and time of processing land use and construction applications, particularly for
affordable housing projects.
39.5 Allow for and apply property tax and land use regulations to incentivize private property owners
to provide affordable housing units in mixed-use and urban areas and to disincentivize the land
banking of unimproved properties.
39.6 Encourage public agencies and private organizations to participate in federal, state, and private
programs to provide new and rehabilitated housing and rental opportunities for low- and
moderate-income households.
39.7 Enable housing programs that implement a land trust strategy for publicly owned parcels.
39.8 Encourage the development of workforce housing within or near urban growth areas and
employment centers and require large new developments that create a demand for housing to
provide affordable workforce housing.
39.9 Enable and encourage the development of affordable retirement communities and aging-in-place
opportunities that are located near services and activities for seniors.
39.10 Affordable housing projects should have sufficient open space and recreational amenities or be
located near public facilities.
Actions
39.a Review and amend zoning and building codes to allow for innovative housing solutions for the
homeless such as permanent supportive housing, transitional housing/camps, micro-housing
communities, emergency, and temporary shelters.
39.b Amend the housing code to require and maintain the long-term affordability of affordable housing
developments.
39.c Amend land use and building regulations to reduce costs and streamline the processing of
affordable housing applications and facilitate concurrent applications when possible.
184
4.5 Housing for All | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
39.d Revise financial mechanisms and property tax provisions to allow for creative finance solutions to
incentivize new construction and rehabilitation of affordable housing.
39.e Form an Affordable Housing Advisory Committee to complete an island-wide Affordable Housing
Strategic Plan and that prioritizes home ownership for local families to build equity.
39.f Establish an internal County housing working group to include OHCD, Planning, DPW, DWS, DEM,
Finance, and DPR at a minimum to coordinate planning and infrastructure that supports affordable
housing.
39.g Adopt a County affordable housing program, similar to HRS, Section 201H, that encourages
development, reduces cost, and simplifies permitting.
39.h Coordinate with the State and Federal agencies to provide housing programs for low- to
moderate-income households, educate families about the opportunities, and ensure equitable
access.
39.i Partner with government and private housing entities and housing trusts to fund and support
community-based non-profit organizations to provide adequate and equitable affordable
housing.
39.j Amend land use and development regulations to incentivize new workforce and retirement
communities and to require large new developments to provide affordable housing suitable for
employees in or near the development.
Table 40: Affordable Housing Standard Guidelines
Affordable housing developments should provide a minimum of the following:
Health & Safety Viable, safe, and sanitary housing communities with quality living environments.
Equity Opportunities for families of various socio-economic levels.
Household
Types
Additional
Infrastructure
Recreational
Amenities
A mix of housing types when possible, such as multifamily, duplex, townhomes, etc.
Provide adequate broadband.
• Open space and outdoor recreational amenities, such as playgrounds, courts,
pavilion, etc.
• Indoor community spaces, such as community kitchens, gathering areas, etc.
Location • Ideally located in proximity to and integrated into existing and proposed urban
and rural centers, to ensure easy access to necessary goods and services,
employment centers, recreation, and other quality of life amenities.
185
4.6 Integrated Systems | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.6 INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
186
4.6 Integrated Systems | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.6.1 Introduction
The General Plan highlights the need for effective
collaboration and integrated systems across our
county government to promote efficiency, achieve
shared goals, and ensure optimal service delivery
to the community. Integrated government systems
refer to a network of interconnected systems and
databases that allow different government
departments and agencies to share information
and work collaboratively. The need for integrated
government systems arises from the fact that our
County has numerous departments, agencies, and
functions that require coordination and
information sharing to ensure efficient and
effective service delivery. Integrated systems are
key to achieving consistency across
administrations.
By fostering collaboration among different
departments, such as planning, public works, parks
and recreation, and finance, the County can
leverage the collective expertise and resources of
these departments. Integrated systems play a vital
role in facilitating efficient and coordinated
governance. When different departments and
agencies are connected through integrated
systems, it enables the seamless exchange of
information, enhances communication, and
improves decision-making processes. For
example, an integrated system can enable the
sharing of data between planning and public
works departments, ensuring that infrastructure
development aligns with land use plans and
regulations.
The following benefits demonstrate why
integrated government systems are needed in
Hawaiʻi County:
Improved Service Delivery and Public
Engagement
Integrated government systems help to improve
service delivery by enabling different government
agencies to share information, which helps to
reduce duplication of effort and increase the
speed of service delivery. For example, an
integrated system for health and social services can
help ensure that individuals receive coordinated
and comprehensive care.
Cost Savings
Integrated government systems can help to save
costs by reducing duplication of effort and by
providing a more streamlined approach to service
delivery. When different government departments
are working together, they can pool resources and
avoid the need for redundant systems.
Enhanced Efficiency
Integrated government systems help to enhance
efficiency by reducing the time and resources
needed to access information. This can help to
reduce bureaucracy and speed up decision-
making.
Improved Data Management
Integrated government systems can help to
improve data management by providing a
centralized repository of information that can be
accessed by different government departments.
This can help to ensure that data is accurate, up-to-
date, and easily accessible.
Better Policy Development
Integrated government systems can help to
facilitate better policy development by providing
policymakers with access to comprehensive and
accurate data. This can help to ensure that policies
are evidence-based and effective.
Overall, integrated systems are essential for
Hawaiʻi County to provide efficient, effective, and
coordinated services to our citizens.
187
4.6 Integrated Systems | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.6.2 Integrated Systems Goal, Objectives, Policies,
and Actions
Objective 40
Increase collaboration and cooperation for efficiency, effectiveness, and
responsiveness.
Policies
40.1 Maintain and adequately fund County government services at the level necessary to be effective.
40.2 Ensure that government attitudes, actions, and services are sensitive to community needs and
concerns.
40.3 Sufficiently fund, and facilitate the timely preparation, maintenance, and update of public policies
and plans to guide County programs and regulatory responsibilities.
40.4 Expand the adoption of technology across all County agencies to achieve greater efficiency,
accessibility, and accountability to the general public throughout government operations.
40.5 Continue to seek ways of improving public service through the coordination of service and
maximizing the use of personnel and facilities.
40.6 Promote alignment and consolidation of State and County functions whenever more efficient and
effective delivery of government programs and services may be achieved.
40.7 Collaborate with appropriate State agencies for the provision of public facilities to serve the needs
of the community.
40.8 Require all County departments to collaborate with the County Office of Sustainability, Climate,
Equity, and Resilience (OSCER) as the lead agency to ensure the integration of the County’s goals
of sustainability, climate resilience, and equity into all county operations and planning initiatives.
Objective 41
Maintain fiscal integrity, responsibility, and efficiency.
Policies
41.1 Provide for a balanced budget.
188
4.6 Integrated Systems | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
41.2 Allocate fiscal resources to efficiently implement the objectives of the General Plan in addition to
essential government operations.
41.3 Ensure accountability in government operations.
41.4 Calculate the cost of the different County services provided.
41.5 Continue regular review of the County fee and fine schedules.
41.6 Maintain a debt financing plan to schedule bond authorization.
41.7 Leverage multiple sources of funding as part of the Capital Improvements Program (CIP).
41.8 Encourage financing tools like Community Facilities Districts (CFD) to help fund off-site
infrastructure improvements.
41.9 Develop short and long-range capital improvements program and operating budgets for public
facilities and services.
41.10 Capital projects shall be analyzed for overlapping scopes.
41.11 Projects involving more than one Department’s assets shall be coordinated to define scoping,
design, and construction needs.
41.12 Improve the effectiveness of the Capital Improvements Program to maintain transparency of the
status of all County CIP projects.
Actions
41.a Develop a working group to plan for large infrastructure investment needs such as the
Metropolitan Planning Organization and the Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4).
41.b Create a fiscal impact statement for the interdepartmental project FIS.
41.c Develop a countywide facility condition inventory and maintenance schedule.
41.d Conduct cost-benefit analysis for new facilities and replacements.
41.e Establish memorandums of agreement to partner with community groups for facility
improvements and ongoing maintenance opportunities.
Objective 42
Achieve equitable outcomes for County programs, policies, and allocation of
resources.
Policies
42.1 Promote policies that actively address and reduce disparate outcomes for historically underserved
communities.
42.2 Seek equitable distribution of County investments towards promoting employment opportunities,
infrastructure, and other community benefits.
42.3 Provide resources for County employees to understand and actively advance equity solutions
within all agencies of County government.
189
4.6 Integrated Systems | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
42.4 Consider financial and time barriers, geographic constraints, and language accessibility when
conducting community outreach.
42.5 Research and develop an ʻĀina Kupuna program that would exempt 100% of real property taxes of
qualifying kuleana landowners as referenced by the Kuleana Act of 1850.
Actions
42.a Provide technical assistance for financing options for infrastructure in underserved areas.
42.b Provide technical assistance for financing districts for new facilities and services in areas
designated as urban growth areas.
42.c Develop and adopt an impact fees ordinance that considers district specific needs and excludes
urban core areas where infill is encouraged.
42.d Develop a framework for a transition plan for changes in administrative leadership to ensure a
smooth transition and continuity of operations.
42.e Develop a community engagement framework to be used across county departments and
agencies to provide direction and ensure effective civic participation.
190
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5. THRIVING,
DIVERSE, AND
REGENERATIVE
ECONOMY
191
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5.1 Introduction
Hawaiʻi Island is a unique and vibrant place,
known for its natural beauty, cultural heritage,
and diverse ecosystems. Considering the natural
abundance and limited resources that exist,
economic development must be balanced with
preserving the island’s unique character and
assets as we navigate the future. The General Plan
aims to guide the creation of an economy that not
only generates prosperity but nurtures the well-
being of our communities and respects the
delicate ecological balance of the island. The
planning process is geared towards the
achievement of a high quality of life for the
residents of the County. Working towards the
goals, objectives, policies, and actions of the
economic element is only one aspect of
accomplishing this desired end.
Though sustainability is a key guiding principle
for this Plan, we emphasize the importance of
regenerative practices in our economic pursuits.
This means going beyond sustainability to
actively restore and enhance our natural
resources and ecosystems. The Plan prioritizes
initiatives that promote renewable energy,
regenerative agriculture and tourism, and the
conservation of natural resources. Embracing
regenerative practices in economic development
can help to ensure the long-term health our
environment and communities while realizing the
economic benefits.
Diversification is an essential aspect of the Plan’s
economic strategy. Hawaiʻi’s history
demonstrates the risks and detriment that an
over-reliance on a single industry has on our
island’s communities and natural resources. The
Plan strives to foster a diverse range of sectors
that can support a resilient and robust economy.
By investing in and nurturing key growth sectors,
Hawaiʻi County can create a more stable
economic foundation and reduce vulnerability to
external shocks.
Sound economic development policy supports
household stability as a key factor for determining
the quality of life for all Hawaiʻi Island residents.
The term “economic development” means that
we take a community-centered approach. The
key is to ensure that economic policy creates
opportunities for our residents while protecting
our resources for future generations. The well-
being of our island’s residents relies on the
availability of meaningful and well-paying jobs,
attainable and affordable housing, viable
transportation systems, and a healthy
environment for generations to come.
Economic development policy is intrinsically tied
to and influenced by other aspects of the General
Plan. The establishment and growth of urban job
centers are influenced by a multitude of factors.
They are often created through a type of
economic ecology where surrounding industry
clusters can create reciprocal relationships
between similar business types. These job
centers are typically sustained through
infrastructure and utility development, such as
access to water, transportation, and wastewater
treatment. Job centers may also be proximate to
nearby natural features or resources, often those
that attract visitors. A common example is
roadside stands and food trucks located in areas
where there are a lot of visitors and foot traffic.
Consequently, land use and economic policies
both respond to and influence the location,
density, and sustainability of future economic
growth.
192
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 41: Economic Key Trends1
Poverty Persists • The median household income in Hawaiʻi County trended up in 2020 to $65,401.
• The poverty rate in the County has fluctuated from a low of 13.1% in 2007 to a record high of
19.5% in 2015. In 2020, the percentage of poverty was 14%. In contrast, the poverty rate
nationwide was 11.4%, and statewide it was nearly 9.3%.
• The cost of living in Hawaiʻi continues to be among the highest in the nation, compounding
impacts on those that are already struggling to meet basic needs.
Self-Sufficiency is
Out of Reach for
Many
• In 2020, the County had the lowest overall self-sufficiency income requirements in the state
($74,030 for a family of four, including one preschooler and one school-aged child), but that
income is well above the poverty line. A family of four needed to earn a combined hourly
wage of $35.05 (or $17.53 each on average) to be economically self-sufficient. That was
76.2% above the state minimum wage level and 145.7% above the federal poverty threshold
for Hawaiʻi.2
• Almost one-quarter (23%) of employed survey respondents in Hawaiʻi work more than one
job. Approximately 30% of part-time workers have multiple jobs, and one-fifth (20%) of full-
time workers are working second and third jobs.3
Brain Drain • From 2017 to 2019, the population in Hawaiʻi decreased, in large part due to a high rate of
net domestic outmigration. Of primary concern for economic growth, these outmigrants are
more likely to be young, college-educated workers, a phenomenon often referred to as
“brain drain”.4
• Domestic outmigrants (as defined by migration status over the past 12 months) were
disproportionately younger adults (aged 18-34) and educated (have bachelor’s degree or
higher).5
Job Growth
Mirrors Population
Growth
• The average annual growth rate for jobs averaged 1.4% since 2005, mirroring population
trends, and it is expected to mirror population trends experiencing a slight decrease in the
growth rate for the next several decades.
Job Market
Characteristics
• The three primary economic sectors of the Hawaiʻi Island economy are the services producing
sector (education, health, accommodation, entertainment, food, professional, financial, real
estate, public, etc.), goods producing sector (construction and manufacturing), and
agriculture.
• In 2020, 85.4% of employment was in one of the industries classified as within the services
producing sector. The agriculture sector represents about 6.5% of employment.
• Tourism drives the arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services
industries and much of the retail trade, representing a large portion of employment.
• Employment in the construction industry continues to be the most volatile among the top
industries, with notable spikes and dips in employment that generally correspond to
fluctuations in the housing market.
Top Growth
Sectors
• The top five growth sectors in the DBEDT 2045 forecast are educational services, business
services, health services, eating and drinking, and professional services.
Job & Population
Centers Mismatch,
• In general, about 42% of jobs are in Hilo, another quarter are in North Kona, 7% are in the
Waikoloa and Waimea areas, and about 1 to 7% in each of the other population centers.
1 SMS Hawaiʻi, COH General Plan Comprehensive Review (2022) and the corresponding Key Findings Trends and Forecasts Report.
2 DBEDT, Self-Sufficiency Income Standard: Estimates for Hawaiʻi 2020 (2021)
3 Financial Health Network, Hawaiʻi Financial Health Pulse: 2019 Survey Results
4 DBEDT, Brain Drain: Characteristics of Hawaiʻi-Born Adults on the US Mainland (2021)
5 DBEDT, Hawaiʻi Migration Flows: 2013-2017 (2019)
193
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Resulting in
Longer Commutes
• There are notable mismatches between locations of high population density and job centers.
For example, Hilo has a surplus of jobs relative to the population, reflecting the fact that
residents commute there from other communities. In contrast, the Hawaiian Paradise Park-
Orchidland area has a working population that far exceeds the number of nearby jobs.
• These mismatches are reflected in the Census Bureau’s measure of mean travel time to work
from 24.5 minutes in 2000 to 26.8 in 2020.
Local Competitive
Advantages Vary
• The greatest number of jobs are in government (18.6%); retail (12.5%); business,
professional, and other services (12.7%); health and social assistance (10.7%); dining (9.8%);
and hotels (8.6%).
• Job data are geographically linked to the place of employment and can be used to identify
characteristics of job centers.
• There is a greater concentration of agricultural jobs relative to the state as a whole.
• The information sector in the County is underrepresented as compared to the rest of the
state, and employment in the finance and insurance industry has also been relatively low in
the County compared to the State.
194
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 42: Economic Challenges
General • Economic activities are challenged by regulatory barriers, shipping costs, and energy costs.
• Large disparities between wages and cost of living reduce the quality of life and the ability to
attract and retain labor.
• A greater diversity of training programs and educational opportunities is needed to retain
and develop the workforce pipeline.
• Financial instability makes it challenging for people to take risks such as starting a new job or
business.
• Climate change impacts continue to threaten infrastructure and the viability of coastal and
inland properties (residential, commercial, and civic).
• Rural job centers lack the infrastructure to support economic development.
• There is a lack of affordable and attainable workforce housing near employment centers.
Agriculture & Food
Systems
• Limited availability of land, water, transportation, housing, and labor, along with costly
operations and maintenance contribute to high agricultural costs.
• Minimal and expensive farmworker housing, along with narrow profit margins and high entry
costs, negatively impacts the agricultural industry’s ability to attract and retain labor.
• Inadequate infrastructure availability for agriculture operations can limit production. For
example, there is a lack of facilities and resources to process value-added products.
• There is a lack of capacity and access to training, skillsets, and network building to scale up
small agricultural businesses to handle their administrative needs.
• Limited access to financing and capital.
• Some regulations can limit opportunities for agriculture and the local food system.
• It is increasingly difficult for farmers to support themselves in agricultural activities alone.
Visitor Industry • Career advancement opportunities within the visitor industry can be limited.
• It is often difficult to keep tourism dollars circulating on the island.
• There is a lack of understanding that our island is more than just a tourist destination.
• Measuring visitor impacts and tracking data, including natural resources.
• Transportation is difficult given the size of the island and the lack of options.
• There is a need to increase resident satisfaction with the visitor industry.
• Greater funding is needed for parks as well as better planning and management of public
spaces.
• There are mixed viewpoints about the appropriate location of visitor accommodations.
195
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 43: Economic Opportunities
General • Support the expansion into industries such as astronomy, renewable energy, diversified
agriculture, and aquaculture.
• Promote technology and innovation to address economic challenges, such as opportunities
for waste-to-energy and agriculture advancements.
• Improve land use regulations, development regulations, and property tax policy to support
economic development.
• Pursue opportunities to underwrite risks through a variety of mechanisms, such as industrial
development bonds, tax abatement, and low-interest loan programs.
• Create small business incubators or innovation centers to reduce barriers.
• Invest in and provide the infrastructure that increases the competitiveness and performance
of local businesses.
• Increase broadband infrastructure to provide opportunities for participation in the digital
economy.
• The gig economy and virtual work provide flexibility and highlight the potential for outside
capital to enter the local economy.
• Collaborate with the business community and the University system to identify industry needs
and solutions to further diversification and growth.
• Interagency coordination is essential for economic development problem-solving.
Agriculture & Food
Systems
• Explore market niches to expand agricultural opportunities. The increasing demand for
crops, such as cacao, spirulina, kava, and noni, can help diversify the market while uplifting
local products.
• Support sustainable food production and regenerative agriculture to help address climate
change and restore soil and ecosystem health.
• Collaborate with the agriculture and food system industry to develop methods to utilize
agricultural by-products.
• Pursue property tax incentives to lease land for agricultural uses.
• Promote education around appropriate crop suitability and available programs.
• Maximize the potential of agriculture through the cooperation of large corporations,
entrepreneurs, small independent farmers, and government agencies.
• Establish clear guidelines, requirements, and programs that encourage and support
participation in agricultural tourism.
Visitor Industry • Diversify the visitor services offered and continue to pursue authentic experiences on the
island.
• Increasing natural and cultural resource management training and programs can help to
educate visitors about the necessity and significance of respecting, maintaining, and
sustaining resources.
• Support educational tourism opportunities to promote culture, history, and social or
language learning.
196
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5.2 Economic Goal, Objectives, Policies,
and Actions
Objective 43
Improve access at all levels for education and training.
Policies
43.1 Support all levels and forms of education.
43.2 Support programs and infrastructure that enable employees to telecommute or work in satellite
locations.
43.3 Support apprenticeships and workforce training to strengthen leadership and entrepreneurial
skillsets and networks.
43.4 Support County apprenticeships, fellowships, and internships to strengthen skillsets, networks,
and innovation.
Actions
43.a Continue to support a centralized County demographic and socioeconomic data resource
base.
43.b Continue to provide or expand County services and/or programs for workforce development
and technical assistance.
43.c Expand offerings for mentorship and networking.
43.d Develop an apprenticeship program for the County.
43.e Provide business planning assistance, career planning, entrepreneurial training, incubation,
and assistance with permitting, licensing, and regulatory issues.
43.f Develop and maintain partnerships with the higher education system and other organizations
to support education and workforce development opportunities.
43.g Coordinate educational and workforce development programs with local high schools,
community college campuses, trade unions, and other groups.
197
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 44
Increase the growth and health of small businesses.
Policies
44.1 Establish Hawaiʻi Island as a business-friendly place.
44.2 Streamline regulatory processes associated with starting and operating a business.
44.3 Shared workspaces, including certified kitchens and industrial co-work buildings, shall be
supported.
44.4 Initiate and/or support programs to revitalize town centers and increase the patronage of local
businesses.
44.5 Maintain strong partnerships and effective communication with the business community to
identify barriers and actions to improve the business climate.
44.6 Support the creation of shared facilities and resources that can be utilized by multiple
opportunity clusters, such as creative industries and technical services.
44.7 Promote creative industries through collaboration with local artists on the design and creation
of public, livable spaces.
44.8 Support programs and initiatives that encourage manufacturing and support Hawaiʻi Island’s
small-scale independent manufacturers.
44.9 Support business development programs by reducing underwriting risks for the private sector
such as industrial development bonds, tax abatement, and low-interest loan programs.
44.10 Support access to capital for small businesses and start-ups.
44.11 Promote the use of the incentives offered by federal and state programs such as opportunity
zones and enterprise zones partnership programs to attract businesses.
44.12 Encourage the development of the Technology, Creative, Agribusiness, Health and Wellness,
and Education targeted sectors.
Actions
44.a Promote liaison services with the private sector with respect to the County’s requirements for
establishing businesses on the island.
44.b Utilize County facilities and funds to support shared affordable workspaces, maker spaces, and
equipment for small businesses to utilize.
44.c Complete a feasibility analysis for the County to provide access to tools such as industrial
development bonds, tax abatement, and low-interest loan programs.
44.d Develop business improvement districts and Main Street programs to fund revitalization efforts.
44.e Educate businesses on financial planning and funding sources for hazard preparedness and
recovery, including insurance options for business interruption, natural disasters, and other
unexpected occurrences.
198
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
44.f Partner with business associations, realtors, and the chamber of commerce to recruit small-scale
manufacturers to establish retail locations in village and town centers to support reinvestment
and match potential tenants with local landowners.
44.g Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
(e.g., University of Hawaiʻi, business associations, etc.) to convene business development events
island-wide.
Objective 45
Incorporate resiliency, diversity, and innovation in County programs, plans, and
research to support healthy economic development and revitalization.
Policies
45.1 Increase County resources and actions devoted to strategic planning, interagency
coordination, training and expertise, and capital improvements.
45.2 The Capital Improvements Program (CIP) shall improve and increase the capacity of existing
and future commercial and industrial areas.
45.3 Maintain a program for updating the zoning code to accommodate emerging industries and
technologies consistent with other goals, objectives, and policies of the General Plan.
45.4 Support lease terms and extensions on State and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL)
lands that provide opportunities to improve or rehabilitate existing commercial and industrial
zoned areas.
45.5 Encourage land uses that allow for small-scale manufacturers in retail establishments that
enhance and are balanced with the County’s natural, cultural, and social environments.
45.6 Maintain plans and programs to foster sustainable business development opportunities
focusing on regenerative agriculture, green technologies and building, innovation and
technology, creative industries, and regenerative tourism.
45.7 Improve opportunities for multimodal transit that improve the quality of access to existing job
centers.
45.8 Provide technological infrastructure that increases the competitiveness of businesses and
allows them to thrive in all parts of the island.
45.9 Expand opportunities for innovation and tech-based businesses.
45.10 Promote a distinctive brand for the island of Hawaiʻi including distinctive, regional identities as
an entity unique within the State of Hawaiʻi.
45.11 Encourage the development of economic opportunities through the utilization of by-products
from various industries.
45.12 Continue to encourage the research, development, and implementation of advanced
technologies and processes.
45.13 Promote Hawaiʻi Island as a center for natural scientific research.
199
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
45.14 County departments should integrate economic development, equity, and sustainability
outcomes into their annual goals and reports to the Mayor.
Actions
45.a Collaborate with emerging industry leaders to identify needed infrastructure and services to
support economic diversification.
45.b Monitor trends and identify business needs, strengthen existing industries, and diversify the
economy by attracting emerging industries.
45.c Collaborate with the private sector to identify business needs, strengthen existing industries,
and diversify the economy by attracting new endeavors.
45.d Remove regulatory barriers that restrict entrepreneurial endeavors, such as zoning restrictions
for home-based businesses that do not negatively impact the infrastructure network or the
character of the neighborhood.
45.e Build capacity for implementation and economic development in the target industry clusters
identified by the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS).
45.f Promote cross-sector linkages between Hawaiʻi Island’s anchor and opportunity industries to
grow the market for local products and services.
45.g Expand the research and development for energy and technology industries.
45.h Assist in the expansion of emerging industries through the development of marketing plans
and programs.
45.i Develop a market strategy that includes housing, a skilled workforce, quality of life, and a
healthy regulatory environment to attract emerging industries.
45.j Assist in the development of a film and creative industries program to market Hawaiʻi Island
sites and coordinate activities.
45.k Partner with government (e.g., DOT, DBEDT, etc.), private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders to monitor export capacity for Hawaiʻi Island.
45.l Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies (e.g., business associations, realtors,
chambers of commerce, etc.), communities, and other stakeholders to streamline regulatory
processes and create incentives for urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment
programs in collaboration with communities, businesses, and government agencies.
45.m Program regular collaboration with the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hawaiʻi Community
College, the Natural Energy Laboratory at Hawaiʻi Authority (NELHA), and other agencies to
expand the research and development industry for sustainable and equitable economic
development.
45.n Increase grant writing capacity and management and pursue grant funding to supplement
County critical needs.
200
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5.3 Agriculture and Food Systems
As the General Plan envisions a prosperous
future for Hawaiʻi Island, the economic section
sheds light on the pivotal role of agriculture and
our local food system. Agriculture holds a special
place in Hawaiʻi’s history and continues to
represent a vital economic sector of Hawaiʻi
Island. The agriculture sector encompasses the
growing of crops, raising livestock, aquaculture,
and forestry. These businesses and organizations
are all dependent upon good management of
the natural resources on which they depend, not
only for their benefit as agricultural enterprises
but more importantly for the long-term health
and future productivity of these resources for the
benefit of both the broader community and
future generations who continue to be the boots
on the ground stewarding these precious
resources.
A sustainable local food system is fueled by
strong investments in the agricultural sector and
ongoing partnerships among farmers, ranchers,
processors, retailers, communities, government,
and non-government organizations. This section
is centered on supporting the regenerative
agricultural sector to sustain local food systems
that enhance the environmental, economic, and
social health of the island.
Over the years, several key trends have emerged
in our agricultural landscape, reflecting the
evolving needs of the local economy. First, there
is a growing emphasis on sustainable and
regenerative practices. Farmers, ranchers, and
food producers recognize the importance and
necessity of preserving the island’s delicate
ecosystems while maintaining productivity.
Furthermore, Hawaiʻi Island has witnessed a
resurgence of small-scale farming and diversified
agricultural enterprises. As consumers
increasingly prioritize local, organic, and
culturally significant food options, a network of
farmers’ markets, farm-to-table initiatives, and
community-supported agriculture programs
have flourished. This trend promotes food
sovereignty, strengthens local supply chains, and
fosters a connection between producers and
consumers.
In recent years, the island’s food systems have
also experienced a renaissance driven by
agricultural tourism and the burgeoning farm-to-
fork movement. Visitors and residents alike seek
immersive experiences that celebrate the island’s
rich agricultural and paniolo heritage. From farm
and ranch tours and agritourism ventures to
farm-to-table restaurants and food festivals,
Hawaiʻi Island’s food systems have attracted
those seeking authentic and sustainable
experiences.
As the General Plan charts the economic course
for the future, it recognizes the immense
potential of agriculture and food systems on
Hawaiʻi Island. The Plan seeks to bolster and
diversify agricultural businesses, encourage
innovation and technology adoption, support
value-added processing, and promote market
access for local producers. By fostering
collaboration among stakeholders, investing in
infrastructure, and embracing regenerative
practices, the Plan envisions a vibrant agricultural
sector that sustains livelihoods, strengthens the
201
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
local economy, enhances the flow of ecosystem
services from our working lands, and preserves
the unique heritage of the island.
Local Production and Consumption
Since 2015, agriculture on the island has faced
numerous challenges, including a volcanic
eruption in the Puna district, flooding and
damage from Hurricane Lane in 2018, and the
discovery of coffee leaf rust in October 2020.
These incidents, along with ongoing issues
impacting pastures and cropland, such as
invasive pests, all contribute to the hardships
experienced by ranchers and farmers. Despite
such trials, Hawaiʻi Island continues to be the
State’s primary producer for a variety of
important crops, including coffee, flowers,
foliage, landscape, cattle, macadamia nuts,
papaya, and tropical fruit. These commodities
and others have growth potential. There are new
high-value crops that have the potential to be
successfully cultivated. One such high-value crop
is Kava (Awa), a medicinal plant that has the
potential to be a viable cash crop. Locally, small
growers as well as a few large growers are
producing Kava. Vanilla beans, cacao,
nutraceuticals, hardwood forestry products, and
medicinal plants are other types of high-value
crops that hold much promise for growth. Hawaiʻi
Island holds most of the State’s acreage in
commercial forestry (20,921 acres) and pasture
(552,091).
Figure 8 Summary of Hawaiʻi Island Agricultural Footprint and Changes Between 2015 and 2020 6
6 2020 Update to the Hawaiʻi Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline, UHH https://hdoa.hawaii.gov/salubreports/
202
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Figure 9 Hawaiʻi Island Agricultural Footprint
Important Agricultural Lands
On Hawaiʻi Island, there are 56,772 acres
designated as Important Agricultural Lands (IAL)
by the State Land Use Commission. Of these,
about 96% (54,555 acres) were in active
agriculture in 2020. Pasture comprises over 90%
of these lands (49,812 acres) and commercial
forestry (4,743 acres) the remainder. Within the
IAL designation zone, there are no cropped fields
of any type.
To distinguish Hawaiʻi Island’s important
agricultural lands from the State IAL designation,
the General Plan Land Use Map’s Agriculture land
use designations include Productive Agriculture
and Extensive Agriculture.
Agricultural Parks
On Hawaiʻi Island, there are four active
agricultural parks (Hāmākua, Keāhole, Pāhoa,
and Panaʻewa) equaling 1,571 leased acres as of
2020. Of these leased acres of land, more than
half (887 acres) were mapped as being in active
cultivation in 2020. Of these, 44 percent (390
acres) were in flowers/foliage/landscape, 40
percent (355 acres) in pasture, and the remainder
dispersed across other crop types.7
Food Insecurity
In general, food insecure households are
uncertain about having, or unable to acquire
enough food to meet household needs, largely
due to not having enough money for food. Food
insecurity is complex and multifaceted and often
exists on a spectrum, varying in severity from
anxiety about having adequate food in a
household to disrupted eating patterns and
reduced intake of food. In 2018, approximately
one in five people living in Hawaiʻi reported that
the food they bought did not last and they lacked
the money to buy more. According to a 2020
study conducted by the University of Hawaiʻi
Office of Public Health Studies, Hawaiʻi County
had the highest food insecurity in the State at 31
percent. The overall State food insecurity was
estimated to be 22 percent.
7 UHH, 2020 Update to the Hawaiʻi Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline
203
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Food security is critical to the General Plan and
economic development in the County for many
reasons. Ensuring food security improves overall
public health, reducing healthcare costs and
increasing the well-being and productivity of
residents. A stable and secure food supply
supports local agriculture, creating jobs,
stimulating local economies, and reducing
dependency on imported food. A secure food
system makes the County more resilient to
natural disasters and economic disruptions by
ensuring a reliable food supply. Promoting food
security aligns with the Plan’s sustainable
development goals by encouraging local food
production and reducing the environmental
impact associated with importing food.
Importantly, addressing food security promotes
social equity by ensuring all residents have
access to nutritious food, which is vital for a fair
and just society.
204
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5.3.1 Agriculture and Food Systems Goal, Objectives,
Policies, and Actions
Objective 46
Increase access to land for active food production.
Policies
46.1 Support urban agriculture uses including on-site home occupation sales.
46.2 Support innovative agriculture demonstration projects.
46.3 Assist in the expansion of the agricultural industry through the efficient use of productive
agricultural lands, capital improvements, and continued cooperation with appropriate state and
federal agencies.
46.4 Assist in the promotion of Hawaiʻi Island branding and labeling for local produce, meat and fish,
dairy, and other agricultural products.
46.5 Collaborate across County departments to engage in food systems planning, including the
elimination of food deserts.
46.6 Assist in cooperative marketing and distribution endeavors to expand opportunities for local
agricultural products for the local market as well as for exports.
46.7 Explore opportunities and methods to utilize local materials and by-products from agriculture,
forestry, agroforestry, silviculture, and aquaculture.
46.8 Support the research and development of the agriculture technology industry in collaboration
with agriculture applications to optimize production.
46.9 Support and invest in regenerative agricultural practices and restoration involving traditional
ecological knowledge systems and practices through revitalization of the Ahupuaʻa system,
restoration of ancient Loʻi , Loko Iʻa, traditional agricultural field and water systems, with
decision-making through leadership of culturally informed land stewards, agriculturalists,
scientists, etc., to advance and perpetuate cultural practices and food security.
46.10 Support the development of private, county, and state agricultural parks to make land available
and distributed equitably and proximate to infrastructure and housing.
46.11 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
for programs, training, and building community capacity in the promotion of the agricultural
industry.
205
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
46.12 Increase public-private partnerships to develop and support community-based food systems.
46.13 Support the development of agricultural worker housing.
Actions
46.a Advocate for the State legislature to amend the Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes to include green waste,
composting, and fertilizer yards for commercial use as permitted uses on agriculturally zoned
land.
46.b Advocate for the State DOH to streamline the composting permitting process.
46.c Support the use of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service assistance.
46.d Advocate for the State to incentivize local food production through expanded tax credits.
46.e Support training and capacity building related to the requirements of the Food Safety
Modernization Act.
46.f Invest in a crop suitability tool, including existing and projected water demand.
46.g Develop a food self-sufficiency strategy, including community-based food system assessments
and monitoring local food production and consumption.
46.h Develop and implement an emergency food plan that could be deployed in the event of a
natural or economic disaster.
46.i Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
for carrying capacity studies of fisheries and the establishment of State community-based
subsistence fishing areas.
46.j Coordinate with the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human
Resources to expand the farm food safety education program.
46.k Support the State Department of Agriculture programs for the prevention, early detection,
rapid response, and control of harmful invasive species from becoming established and
impacting commercial agriculture.
46.l Support State Department of Education Farm to School programs and other programs
designed to provide locally produced food to schools.
46.m Adopt procedures to allow for the development of community gardens and edible landscaping
on public lands (e.g., through Friends of the Park agreements).
46.n Provide services and frameworks to support the formation of new commodity groups and other
organizations, such as farmer cooperatives.
46.o Amend the Code to expand the designated list of parks authorized to allow farmers’ market
permits to include parks in rural areas that lack appropriate commercial-zoned lands for
farmers’ markets.
46.p Support and advocate for streamlined long-term leases for agricultural parks.
46.q Continue to evaluate and update the County’s tax reduction programs to ensure that tax
incentives for agricultural land use result in actual public benefits and promote local agricultural
production where possible.
46.r Create a real property tax exemption for farmers entitled to federal crop loss insurance.
46.s Support and invest in all cultural food programs, including food preservation.
206
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 47
Increase interagency coordination, programs, and policy initiatives that improve
local agriculture infrastructure.
Policies
47.1 Support the creation of water cooperatives supported with financial sources, such as
community facilities districts (CFD). Cooperative users should be responsible for the
development, maintenance, and repair of agricultural non-potable water systems.
47.2 Where the County has replaced surface water sources with groundwater sources to meet Safe
Drinking Water standards, the County should consider repurposing the surface water sources
for agricultural use where the allocation is supportive of the ecosystem.
47.3 Advocate for more flexible and innovative wastewater systems to serve agriculture facilities.
47.4 Support the adaptive reuse or rehabilitation of existing infrastructure or buildings for
agricultural processing, including but not limited to the development of commercial kitchens,
processing, storage, or distribution facilities.
47.5 Promote the development of a locally grown building material industry through streamlined
permitting or building code flexibility.
47.6 Support research and development that promotes local produce while removing interstate
marketing restrictions.
47.7 Encourage the use and optimization of the export capacity of airports and harbors for local
goods.
47.8 Support research and development of viable biofuel projects that will supply renewable
transportation fuels or power for Hawaiʻi Island in ways that are community-supported,
sustainable, ecologically sound, and complementary to food production.
47.9 Support the continued operation of the USDA Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural
Research Center facility.
47.10 Support the development of processing and manufacturing facilities.
Actions
47.a Map existing and proposed agricultural infrastructure and facilities.
47.b Expand programs and options to allow for agricultural irrigation water.
47.c Develop criteria to determine appropriate places for agricultural parks, including the availability
of potable water.
47.d Account for verified agricultural water usage in the County Water Use Development Plan.
47.e Support the expansion of State agricultural water systems in productive agricultural areas
47.f Investigate the restoration of ditch systems to meet future agricultural needs.
47.g Amend bulk regulations including building materials for agricultural facilities and infrastructure.
207
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
47.h Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
to study the feasibility of building code amendments and structural integrity testing for locally
produced building materials, prioritizing non-native plant species.
47.i Evaluate grubbing and grading ordinances as they pertain to agriculture including the creation
of exemption categories for water storage and aquaculture.
47.j Seek State legislation or rulemaking to allow local agricultural producers to make direct sales
to consumers at County-designated farmers’ markets at a lower general excise tax rate.
47.k Evaluate the Code and statutory amendments to allow farmworker housing to be developed
without requiring the housing be sited on the same parcel (i.e., TMK) of the working subject
farm.
47.l Amend the Code to remove barriers to allow for off-site directional signage to promote local
farms engaged in direct sales and other permitted visitor-related businesses while minimizing
scenic impacts.
47.m Amend the Code to include provisions for suitable agricultural infrastructure projects financed
by County bonds and liens on real property of participating agricultural stakeholders, whether
such assessments on TMKs involve contiguous parcels of lands encumbered under an
Agricultural Improvement District.
47.n Incentivize and streamline the process to develop agricultural worker housing on- and off-site.
208
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5.4 Visitor Industry
The visitor industry has played a pivotal role in
economic development on Hawaiʻi Island,
providing employment opportunities, generating
revenue, and supporting local businesses. The
growth and evolution of the industry have
presented significant challenges and
opportunities, necessitating a shift towards
regenerative tourism as part of the community’s
vision. To uplift this vision, the General Plan’s
outlook on the visitor industry emphasizes a
collective future that puts the health of Hawaiʻi
Island and its people first. As the comprehensive
economic element of this Plan, the policies and
actions contained within this section are primarily
concerned with minimizing the visitor industry
footprint and sustaining the shared positive
benefits of tourism. This section supports other
elements of the Plan, which provide further policy
direction regarding land use, infrastructure, and
biocultural resource stewardship as related to
visitor industry impacts.
A regenerative visitor industry seeks to balance
the economics of tourism with the well-being of
our communities, natural resources, and culture.
The intention of this approach is to attract and
inform positive-impact travelers who are mindful
of how they interact with residents, of how their
actions impact the environment, and of how
they value and respect the Hawaiian culture and
other cultures of Hawaiʻi. The commitment to
regenerative tourism requires collaboration with
responsible agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to advocate for solutions to the
negative effects of tourism, such as overcrowded
sites, overtaxed infrastructure, cultural
misrepresentation, and other related issues.
The Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority (HTA) has
established four interacting pillars to strategically
manage tourism in a sustainable manner
consistent with economic goals, cultural values,
preservation of natural resources, community
desires, and visitor industry needs. The General
Plan recognizes the value of supporting an
integrated destination management system to
guide a balanced relationship between ʻāina,
communities, and visitors.
209
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Figure 10 Integrated Destination Management System Pillars8
Wahi Pana
The HTA’s Hawaiʻi Island Destination
Management Action Plan (DMAP) 2021-2023
highlighted several places that attract visitor
activity. Wahi pana are celebrated and storied
places in the cultural traditions of Hawaiʻi,
including heiau, royal birthing sites, legendary
sites, and places of significance for the people
who live there. These sacred places have mana,
or spiritual power, and are treated with honor
and reverence. Many of these wahi pana are
popular due to their unique natural features
that exemplify what makes Hawai‘i Island
special. These qualities and the attention they
receive also call for increased maintenance and
protection. The following places were carried
forward from the Hawaiʻi Island Tourism
Strategic Plan as well as community
engagement efforts by the HTA.
Waipiʻo Valley
Kaʻū – Papakolea/Green Sands Beach
South Kona – Hoʻokena, Miloliʻi
Kahaluʻu
Kumukahi
Keaukaha
Maunakea
Punaluʻu
Aliʻi Drive
Pololū Valley
Māhukona
Kalae (South Point)
8 HTA, Strategic Plan 2020-2025 https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/who-we-are/our-strategic-plan/
210
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Kailua Pier
Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park
Hoʻokena Beach
Laʻaloa Beach (Magic Sands Beach)
ʻAkaka Falls State Park
Keauhou Bay
Banyan Drive
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
Hōnaunau Bay, Captain Cook Monument
Wailuku River State Park
Hāpuna Beach State Recreation Area
Kiholo State Park Reserve
Trends in Visitor Unit Inventory and
Visitor Arrivals
Historically, hotel rooms accounted for the
majority of the visitor accommodation units in
the County of Hawaiʻi (59 percent), followed by
visitor rental units (16 percent), and timeshare
units (15 percent). When the annual Visitor
Plant Inventory (VPI) report began publishing a
supplemental analysis of visitor units in 2016, a
more comprehensive representation of
individual vacation rental units arose,
indicating that visitor rental units outnumbered
hotel rooms. The Visitor Plant Inventory (2023)
reported the overall visitor unit count on
Hawaiʻi Island totaled 11,119 units, an increase
of 5.4 percent compared to the previous year.
The total number of units in the state for 2023
was 81,881 visitor units, a 1 percent increase
compared to 2022. Of the state total, 13.6
percent were located on Hawaiʻi Island.
The forecast for visitor arrivals mirrors the
DBEDT 2045 forecast in which the number of
arrivals increases steadily to approximately 2.6
million in 2045. This projection reflects the
known trends for visitor arrivals from all ten of
Hawaiʻi’s Major Market Areas as well as the
expected impact of Hawaiʻi’s visitor industry
development strategy, which includes shifting
visitor arrivals from Oʻahu to other islands.
In 2023, over 1.7 million people visited Hawaiʻi
Island, with an average daily census of
approximately 38,207 visitors.9 Research shows
that many visitors are drawn to the island’s
famous landmarks and natural beauty.10
9 HTA, Visitor Statistics 2023 – Hawaiʻi County Overview https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/media/12261/hawaii-island-fact-sheet-with-dec- 2023-data.pdf
10 DBEDT Visitor Satisfaction Study Quarter 4 (2023)
211
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
5.4.1 Visitor Industry Goal, Objectives, Policies,
and Actions
Objective 48
Support the visitor industry investment in its connection with communities, the
ʻāina, and our historic and multicultural heritage.
Policies
48.1 Continue to monitor and adopt trends and standards for regenerative tourism.
48.2 Identify partnerships and resources with the visitor industry to ensure balance with the social,
physical, and economic goals of the County.
48.3 Prioritize the maintenance of County properties and establish appropriate protocols for the
protection of wahi pana.
48.4 Ensure and expand equitable access to interpretive information about wahi pana.
48.5 Support the coordination, collaboration, and improvement of public transportation services as
well as eco-friendly options.
48.6 Support the coordination, collaboration, and improvement of public access to natural and
cultural resources with State agencies and landowners while balancing the need for protection
of these areas.
48.7 Support partnerships to evaluate visitor industry impacts, develop mitigation strategies, and
incorporate educational programs on Native Hawaiian and community-based pono practices.
Actions
48.a Identify and invest in opportunities to partner with and influence the visitor industry to
encourage malama ʻāina activities.
48.b Identify and recommend opportunities for installing or improving informational signage to
educate about and protect significant sites.
48.c Update and maintain the Hawaiʻi Island Tourism Strategic Plan through collaboration between
community and industry leaders, inclusive of the Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority.
48.d Develop a community-based stewardship program to identify wahi pana status and implement
interpretive programs.
212
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Objective 49
Increase authentic Hawaiʻi Island visitor experiences by developing community
engagement strategies that are informed by community subject matter experts.
Policies
49.1 Integrate ʻāina- place-based values into Hawaiʻi Island’s identity.
49.2 Strengthen the accessibility of creative industries and Hawaiʻi Island-made products such as
fashion, food, and the arts to the visitor industry.
49.3 Sustain a visitor industry that promotes small business development.
49.4 Encourage agricultural, educational, and ecological tourism as regional opportunities.
49.5 Strategically guide regenerative tourism efforts that promote a high quality of life for residents.
49.6 Collaboratively create initiatives and improve existing efforts to provide social benefits through
transportation, community assets, and housing.
49.7 Support the promotion and development of community-based programs, festivals, and events
that celebrate our communities.
49.8 Support and facilitate dialogue among community groups, visitor and tour operators, and
industry leaders to ensure ʻāina- and place-based values are respected and maintained.
Actions
49.a Streamline processes for community-based programs, festivals, and events.
49.b Support efforts to revise HRS, Section 226-8 “Hawaiʻi State Planning Act Objectives and Policies
for the Economy – Visitor Industry” to incorporate a regenerative tourism framework.
49.c Maintain monitoring of resident sentiment towards the visitor industry.
49.d Continue to seek funds from the State Capital Improvements Program to support facilities,
including restrooms, parking, and road improvements.
49.e Provide technical support for local businesses to promote or further develop their products,
services, and activities in the visitor industry.
49.f Identify and reduce barriers that hinder visitor industry companies from buying local Hawaiʻi
Island products.
49.g Explore the feasibility of creating a multi-use facility to accommodate athletic-exhibition-
conference activities.
49.h Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
to develop and support place-based educational programs and workforce training within the
visitor industry.
49.i Support programs that conduct outreach to students in the fields of Science, Technology,
Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) and Indigenous Data Science and connect them
to living-wage careers in the visitor industry.
49.j Develop a toolkit and incentives for businesses to promote regenerative tourism and the Island
of Hawaiʻi Pono Pledge.
213
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6. IMPLEMENTATION AND
MONITORING
214
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6.1 Introduction
The General Plan sets forth broad goals,
objectives, and policies. Implementation requires
translating these broad statements to specific
actions, systematically evaluating progress, and
effective community engagement. Follow-up
planning efforts will involve the interconnected
components of the County planning system,
including the Community Development Plans
(CDP), Capital Improvements Program (CIP), and
ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
Additionally, implementation of the General Plan
will require systemic understanding, decisive
leadership, and unprecedented collaboration. The
General Plan elevates key challenges to be
addressed with strategic and coordinated action,
presenting a path for the future of Hawaiʻi Island.
Implementation will also require follow-up
legislative actions such as ordinances and budget
decisions.
The purpose of the County planning system is to
serve as a guide for the long-range development,
and economic, environmental, and socio-cultural
well-being of the County in keeping with the values
and priorities significant to the people. The intent
of this framework includes:
1. Local Engagement
Foster grassroots participation and balancing
of interests by providing opportunities for
active civic engagement, where citizens have
the means to collaborate with the County and
are empowered to effect positive change
consistent with plans developed under this
chapter.
2. Long-Term and Holistic Approach
Address a broad scope of issues and long-term
trends that affect the land and communities,
including environmental and cultural-historic
protections, natural resources, built
environments, infrastructure development,
social issues, and the economy.
3. Consistent Policies and
Implementation
Ensure consistency among the General Plan
and respective regional plans, as well as
consistency among the General Plan’s policies
and implementation measures such as
regulations in the Hawaiʻi County Code, land
acquisition priorities, and capital
improvements.
4. Interagency Collaboration
Facilitate collaboration among County
agencies in fulfilling the objectives, policies,
and actions set forth in the General Plan’s
developed under this chapter. Facilitate
collaboration with state and federal agencies
through clarity, consistency and prioritization
of common goals and objectives.
5. Implementation System
Establish an implementation system that is
based on county-wide, regional, and agency
levels of responsibility and accountability to
carry out the plan(s), such as the identification
and prioritization of actions, timeframes,
responsible agents and stakeholders, funding
requirements, funding sources, and
allocations.
Key Areas for Collaborative Focus
The General Plan outlines policy guidance for
directing the County’s growth and development.
While the Plan is comprehensive and can provide
a holistic and integrated approach, it is limited in
terms of scope and enforceability. This General
Plan is grounded in the understanding that many
of the County’s greatest challenges cannot be
solved with policy, regulation, or independent
action. It greatly impacts the daily lives of Hawaiʻi
Island residents by shaping community
development, infrastructure, and resource
management. The General Plan guides decisions
on housing, transportation, and public services,
ensuring that they align with the island’s unique
cultural, environmental, and economic needs.
215
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Through strategic planning, the General Plan aims
to enhance residents’ quality of life by promoting
sustainable growth, protecting natural and cultural
resources, and fostering a vibrant, resilient
community.
Successful implementation requires robust
collaboration among various stakeholders,
including government agencies, community
organizations, private and non-profit groups, and
the general public. Key areas of focus include
fostering public-private partnerships, ensuring
community engagement and input, securing
funding, and coordinating priorities. Regular and
continuous monitoring is essential to respond to
changing conditions and emerging challenges.
The emphasis on a collaborative approach in the
implementation of the General Plan is intended to
ensure shared responsibility and collective action
as we work toward achieving our vision. The
Integrated Systems section provides the policy
direction for strengthening collaboration and
coordination across the County.
6.2 County Planning System
The planning system is designed to ensure that all
its components fit together and serve their
intended purpose. This section further defines
each of these components and the relationships
between them. The diagram above displays a
feedback process in which the different aspects of
the planning system inform one another and the
lines between them represent opportunities for
community participation throughout the process.
Chapter 16 of the Hawaiʻi County Code details the
legal framework for the planning system, with an
explanation of these components, the legal
requirements, and this framework.
Figure 11 County Planning System
216
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6.2.1 Community Development Plans (CDP)
The Community Development Plans translate
broad General Plan statements to specific actions,
as they apply to specific geographical areas. They
serve to provide a forum for community input to
reflect the character of each community. These
plans create a vision for future growth, and direct
physical development and public improvements
within a specific area. If there is a direct conflict
between the CDP and the General Plan, the
General Plan shall be controlling. The Planning
Director or County Council may initiate a CDP.
The goal of planning is to maximize the health,
safety, and economic well-being of all people
living in our communities, as well as the land itself.
Community planning is the process where
community members come together to take
intentional collective action and generate solutions
to common problems to improve social, economic,
physical, and environmental well-being while
preserving valuable aspects of the culture of and
vision for a particular geographic area.
Community Development Plan
Framework
During the General Plan Comprehensive Review
process, existing community plans were used to
guide the CDP framework. From the adoption of
the Kona, Puna, North and South Kohala CDPs in
2008, Kaʻū CDP in 2017, and Hāmākua CDP in
2018, there has been much to learn and grow from
as we look to the future. The General Plan also
benefited from years of collective participation in
CDP implementation efforts through regional
committees that implement their respective CDP.
To build on these lessons learned, future CDPs
shall be drafted to follow the basic layout of the
Hawaiʻi County General Plan. This creates
consistency across all districts of the County to
ensure that the language, goals, objectives,
policies, and actions under various subject matters
can be easily identified by government agencies,
community members, and other stakeholders.
The purpose of a CDP is threefold:
1. Translate the General Plan’s broad statements
and community development guidelines to
actions specific to the planning area to address
regional issues and opportunities.
2. Improve and advance communities and
community resilience through the
acknowledgment and development of
community capacity and in support of Native
Hawaiian ahupuaʻa frameworks.
3. Provide a process for citizens to engage in civic
dialogue and contribute to the identification of
community priorities.
The CDP process should identify:
1. Recommended Governmental
Improvements
Community Development Plans may
recommend amendments to various
requirements and incentives built into codes,
plans, or processes. Such amendments should
be consistent with the General Plan, otherwise,
amendments to the General Plan should be
recommended.
2. Advocacy Strategies
Advocacy strategies are effective means to
advance community priorities through
coordinated efforts by County and non-County
agencies and organizations. This requires that
the community, County agencies, and elected
officials work in collaboration with other
organizations to advance the CDP’s advocacy
program.
3. Acquisition Priorities
Community Development Plans may identify
priority acquisition properties for consideration
in the County Public Access, Open Space, and
Natural Resources Preservation Program.
Candidate parcels for this program include
those that feature historic and culturally
significant sites and natural resources in need
of protection.
217
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4. Capital Projects
The County Charter stipulates that Capital
Improvements shall be prioritized based on
criteria aligned with the General Plan and
Community Development Plans. Providing a
clear direction on where various community
Capital Improvement priorities are needed
creates a reference for them to be easily
incorporated into the County budget process
and Functional Plans for government agencies.
The General Plan should focus on major, multi-
district level infrastructure projects such as
wastewater, water, and roads. Whereas
Community Development Plans should focus
on capital improvement projects as they relate
directly to the character and community
amenities in their respective district – examples
of this include parks, transit hubs, and
community centers. If additional capital
improvement projects are identified in the
review process for a Community Development
Plan revision, the General Plan may be
amended to include them.
5. Programs and Community Actions
Community Development Plans shall be
prioritized, adequately resourced, and shall
identify desired programs and the community’s
role in planning and implementing the
programs.
They should focus on proactive, community-
based, collaborative actions. Community
planning is a collective effort that benefits from
proactive leadership and actions that enrich
the community. Examples of this include after-
school youth programs, neighborhood watch,
environmental advocacy groups, and
collaborative small business events (such as
farmers markets or co-ops).
6. Social Capital and Community
Network Mapping
During the process of reviewing a Community
Development Plan, instances where
community needs are not met may be
identified. Examples of this may include a need
for community gathering spaces such as parks
or recreation hubs. Community Development
Plans may identify such needs and outline a
plan of action for community members and
other stakeholders to coordinate efforts,
combine and collect resources, and connect
public and private sector agents to advocate
for such enhancements to their community.
6.2.2 Urban Development Plans
Urban Development Plans are a means of
implementing the policies and objectives of the
General Plan and/or Community Development
Plans within towns, villages, and other areas of
existing urban development or within areas
specifically intended for new or more intensified
urban development. They comprise a minor
portion of a larger, regional community planning
area. They shall be consistent with and
implement the visions, objectives, and policies of
the General Plan and applicable community
development plans. If there is a direct conflict
between the Urban Development Plan and the
General Plan, the General Plan shall be
controlling. An Urban Development Plan is initiated
by or through the Planning Director or County
Council. The Urban Development Plan process
should identify:
1. An analysis of problems, needs,
and opportunities
2. Appropriate planning standards
• Public services and transportation
• Housing unit densities, urban design
• Streetscaping and landscaping design
• A statement of proposed considerations for
historic or archaeological features in the
proximity of the plan’s area, which may
218
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
consider restoration, access, buffers, and
other measures as appropriate.
3. Sequencing and phasing of
development or
redevelopment, public
facilities, infrastructure
Examples include roads, water, wastewater,
parks, educational sites, and public safety
facilities.
4. Implementation program
CIP, financial considerations, and schedule.
6.2.3 Special Area Plans
Special area plans provide the basis for regionally
scaled programs for the protection, restoration, or
recreational and educational use of specific,
natural, and/or cultural and historic resources and
features identified in the General Plan or an
encompassing Community Development Plan as
highly valued community natural assets. A Special
Area Plan is initiated by or through the Planning
Director or County Council.
The Special Area Plan process should identify:
1. An analysis of the needs
and opportunities
Concerning the purposes and objectives of the
special area plan area.
2. A statement of planning standards and
principles
• Land uses
• Environmental protocols, principles,
objectives, and standards
• Proposed considerations for historic and/or
archaeological features, which may
consider restoration, access, buffers, and
other measures as appropriate.
3. Sequencing and phasing of
development or redevelopment,
public facilities, infrastructure
4. Implementation program
CIP, financial considerations, and schedule.
6.2.4 Public Agency Functional Plans and Programs
Functional Plans set forth the policies, statewide
guidelines, and priorities within a specific field of
activity, when such activity or program is proposed,
administered, or funded by any agency of the
State. Functional plans are developed by the
agency primarily responsible for a given functional
area and must identify priority issues and specific
needs of the agency responsible for
implementation. They may, but are not required to,
be adopted by ordinance or resolution.
The Functional Plan should contain objectives,
policies, and implementing actions consistent with
the visions, goals, and objectives of the General
Plan and Community Development Plans to
address the priority issues and needs identified to
help inform the Capital Improvements and
Operating Program. Each department and agency
of the County that prepares a Functional Plan
should present the construction and operation of
infrastructure, facilities, and programs. Actions
may include organizational or management
initiatives, facility or physical infrastructure
development initiatives, initiatives for programs
and services, or legislative proposals.
219
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6.3 Capital Improvements Program (CIP)
Capital Improvement projects are an important
vehicle for ensuring community needs can be
implemented. The County Charter sets forth the
procedure for the submittal and adoption of the
CIP budget.
6.3.1 Prioritization of Capital Improvements Projects
Achieving What We Appropriate
The CIP is a 6-year schedule of improvements – it
sets forth the greatest infrastructure needs of the
County, anticipated funding, and timing of the
projects. However, in practice, the County is only
able to fund about 30 percent of the projects that
are appropriated into the CIP budget. Several
factors influence the urgency and sequencing of
CIP projects. According to the County Charter,
Section 10-6(a)(2), “Capital improvements shall be
prioritized based on criteria aligned with the
General Plan, Community Development Plans,
emergency expenditures and other pertinent
functional plans”. This speaks to the need to
coordinate infrastructure priorities through our
Planning System, creating avenues for interagency
collaboration, and providing clear criteria to guide
the prioritization of projects.
For the CIP to comprehensively prioritize and
allocate the financial resources available to the
County within the context of the General Plan, the
CIP will be prepared as follows:
• The CIP will be based on clear priority criteria;
• The CIP will integrate several sources of
funding improvements, including the fuel tax;
• The CIP will coordinate County projects with
State CIP projects and available Federal
funding;
• The total County costs for the projects selected
for the CIP will not exceed an amount that
could be prudently financed taking into
consideration the debt service capacity of the
County;
• Where additional studies are needed to
prioritize projects from an island-wide or
regional perspective, functional plans may be
funded through the CIP; and
• A system will be established to monitor the
status of projects.
To prioritize the lists of proposed capital
improvements contemplated by County agencies
as required by the Charter, the Planning Director
shall consider:
1. Funding Source
The capacity of a funding source available for a
proposed improvement may be a factor in
determining priority. Potential funding sources
include general obligation bonds, general
revenues, special funds, land-secured
financing, State revolving fund, block grants,
federal sources, or other reliable sources. The
capital budget shall not exceed prudent debt
service limits for general obligation and other
sources that affect the borrowing capacity of
the County.
2. Health and Safety
The budget should be proportional to
adequately address health and safety needs.
3. Long-Range Project Delivery
All phases of a project, including planning, land
acquisition, design, construction, equipment,
and furnishing, shall be addressed in the multi-
year Capital Improvements Program. Priority
shall be considered to complete projects that
are ready to be constructed while planning
phases are needed for future priority projects.
220
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4. Nonrecurring Rehabilitation
(extreme deferred maintenance)
Deferred maintenance of existing facilities, as
determined by the responsible agency, should
be considered a high priority for those facilities
intended by the responsible agency to remain
in active, long-term service. Regular
maintenance needs to be included in the
operating budget.
5. Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cost-benefit analyses are used to weigh the
benefits of the project against the costs. Costs
can address issues such as increased
maintenance costs, liability, improper
prioritization (other important projects not
being funded), and equity concerns. Whereas
benefits can address community priorities,
environmental improvements, reduced
maintenance costs, and reduced legal
compliance costs.
6. Level of Service
The General Plan’s Level of Service standards
should be considered to address equity and
realize the delivery of services among the
planning areas.
7. Land Use Policies
Higher priority may be given to improvements
that influence growth patterns consistent with
the General Plan or Community Development
Plans.
6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation
6.4.1 Implementation Priorities and Phases
As shown in the figure below, implementation will
occur over several phases that build upon the work
completed in the previous phases. The first phase
is the consistency phase and will require a hard
look at our policy and planning framework to
ensure consistency with this General Plan. It
includes implementation actions such as auditing
codes to determine needed updates and updating
our Community Development Plans and other
relevant plans. The second phase will require code
updates, capital improvement planning, and
funding, a review of the County’s organizational
structure to support the mandated Charter review,
and possible interim amendments to the General
Plan to address any strategic or procedural gaps
identified in the first phase. The third phase is
where implementation continues to occur mainly
through land use and infrastructure decisions. The
comprehensive update to the General Plan will
also be initiated during this phase. Finally, the
fourth phase is where the General Plan
comprehensive update will be completed, and it is
anticipated that another cycle of similar
implementation phases will begin. Priority
implementation actions (e.g., programs, projects,
and interagency coordination) generally fall into
the first phase. However, other factors could drive
implementation priorities such as available
funding. A complete list of all the implementation
actions can be found in the implementation table.
221
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Figure 12 Phases of Implementation
222
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6.4.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
Purpose
Provide regular and predictable ways of measuring
progress and preparing for updates.
Monitoring Mechanisms
Measurable indicators, or performance measures,
will be used to monitor progress toward the
objectives. Examples of indicators that can be used
to monitor the progress of implementation have
been provided in the table below. However, it is
important to note that indicators may vary over
time as progress is made and each department is
responsible for reporting on the indicators that are
relevant.
Progress Reports
Mayor’s Annual Report
As part of the Mayor’s Annual Report, the County
Departments will prepare an implementation
status report annually serving to monitor progress
towards achieving the goals and objectives
identified within the General Plan. To the extent
possible, the report should contain measurable
indicators related to the goals and objectives of the
plans that make up the County Planning System.
5-year Implementation Status Report
The Planning Director will include a 5-year status
report as part of the Mayor’s Annual Report. This
status report shall include the status of any urban
development plans, functional plans, special area
plans, master plans, community development
plans, and related priority implementation actions.
The director may also provide information
regarding the implementation of private
development master plans in the 5-year
implementation status report.
Comprehensive Review and Update
Schedule
The Planning Director shall initiate a
comprehensive review of the General Plan and
prepare a set of recommended amendments for
independent review by the Windward and
Leeward Planning Commissions and then
adoption by the County Council. The
comprehensive review shall be initiated not more
than fifteen (15) years after the date of adoption of
the previous amendments resulting from a
comprehensive review and submitted to the
Planning Commission to start the adoption process
not more than twenty (20) years after the date of
adoption of the previous amendments resulting
from a comprehensive review. This allows for
regular updates and adequate implementation
time between updates.
223
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6.4.3 Implementation Indicators
The General Plan is a comprehensive framework
designed to guide sustainable development
patterns, direct future opportunities, and
determine public investments. The Plan
establishes a set of goals and objectives aimed at
preserving and protecting the island’s unique
environment, enhancing the quality of life for
residents, and promoting a vibrant and resilient
economy. To support monitoring and evaluation
efforts, the General Plan includes the following
tables (organized by section of the Plan), which
present a range of example indictors associated
with each goal and its corresponding objectives.
Indicators are quantitative or qualitative measures
used to assess progress towards each objective.
Indicators provide concrete evidence of change,
help track trends over time, identify areas needing
improvement, and may be used to guide policy
decisions. From these indicators, more detailed
metrics may be developed to offer precise data
points that can be regularly monitored and
reported. To ensure the goals and objectives of the
General Plan are effectively monitored and
achieved, these indicators serve as a vital tool for
assessing the effectiveness of policies, programs,
and initiatives outlined in the Plan. By regularly
tracking these measures, the County can make
data-driven decisions, adjust strategies as needed,
and transparently report progress to the
community.
The tables are intended to provide a clear and
concise reference for agencies, policymakers,
communities, and other stakeholders. A systematic
and transparent process is key to the
implementation of the General Plan and to
fostering accountability and continuous
improvement.
Table 44: Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship Indicators
Goal Natural and cultural resources are thriving and sustainably managed, preserved, and
restored to maintain our unique and diverse environment.
Objectives 1. Increase the biodiversity and resilience of native habitats.
2. Apply the Native Hawaiian ahupuaʻa framework to preserve and enhance the
health and function of watersheds to promote water recharge, improve water
quality and reduce runoff.
3. Increase direct community restoration and collaborative efforts to conserve and nourish
the island’s biocultural resources.
4. The historical integrity, character, scenic assets, and open spaces of our communities
are protected, restored, and treated as unique assets with significant social and
economic value and managed in perpetuity.
5. Protect, restore, and enhance our communities’ unique scenic character.
Example
Indicators • Increase in native habitat coverage
• Population trends of native species
• Area of coastal habitats protected
• Incidents of coastal erosion
• Number of water bodies meeting clean water standards
• Frequency and severity of water contamination incidents
• Groundwater levels and quality
• Number of historic sites and structures preserved or restored
• Participation rates in cultural activities and events
224
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
• Increase in percentage of County of budget for restoration
• Funding allocated for cultural and natural resource management programs
• Number of community groups involved in stewardship
• Number of enforcement actions related to resource protection regulations
Table 45: Addressing Climate Change for Island-Wide Health Indicators
Goal Ensure a just transition to a climate resilient island by addressing the causes and impacts of
climate change through incorporating equitable climate mitigation and adaptation priorities
into policies, programs, infrastructure, and decision-making.
Objectives 6. Ensure that climate actions are equitable and uplift marginalized and disadvantaged
communities.
7. Reduce the County government’s carbon footprint to net zero emissions by 2045.
• Achieve a 100 percent renewable-powered County fleet by 2035.
• Support the statewide effort to achieve 100 percent renewable ground transportation and 100 percent renewable energy by 2045.
8. Improve the identification of climate change threats, assessment of potential
consequences, and evaluation of adaptation options.
Example
Indicators
• Routine measurement of GHG emissions from various sectors
• Reduction in County GHG emissions
• Percentage or total energy consumption from renewable sources
• Number of projects aimed at reducing emissions (e.g., renewable energy installations,
energy efficiency upgrades)
• Percentage of buildings complying with energy efficiency standards
• Increase in public transit ridership
• Length of bike lanes and pedestrian pathways constructed annually
• Percentage of waste diverted from landfills
• Number of green infrastructure projects implemented
• Annual changes in groundwater levels and surface water availability
• Number of public awareness campaigns on climate adaptation strategies
• Number of climate adaptation research and development projects supported
Table 46: Land Use Indicators
Goal We strategically apply progressive land use strategies incorporating indigenous and
contemporary knowledge and place-based practices to direct and manage growth for the
health, safety, and emergency response and preparedness services for our communities.
Objectives 9. Maintain community character and land use compatibility.
10. Increase the integration of natural systems planning including the Native Hawaiian
ahupuaʻa framework.
11. Increase equitable planning and decision-making processes.
12. Reduce the threat to life and property from natural hazards and disasters.
13. Increase the use of Smart Growth principles to focus development within designated
urban centers.
14. Maximize the use of Rural designated lands to preserve rural character and lifestyle.
15. Support the active use of Productive Agricultural lands.
225
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Example
Indicators
• Number of developments that follow Standard Guidelines
• Increase in residential and commercial densities within urban areas
• Increase of SLU Rural
• Acres of Agriculture property tax class
• Percentage of land area covered by tree canopy in urban areas
• Number of new developments within a specified distance from major transit hubs
• Percentage of new development occurring on infill sites
• Acreage of protected open space and green areas
• Number of mixed-use developments
Table 47: Transportation Access and Mobility Indicators
Goal Each community is connected by a multimodal and modernized transportation network that
provides a system for safe, efficient, and comfortable movement of people and goods.
Objectives 16. Achieve a transportation system that is consistent with and will accommodate planned
growth.
17. Increase transportation connectivity.
18. Increase mass transit ridership by 50 percent by 2045.
19. Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT).
20. Achieve a transportation system that employs all modes of transportation at a
community scale.
21. Incorporate green infrastructure to reduce stormwater runoff. 22. Increase transportation safety for transportation’s most vulnerable users and reduce
traffic fatalities.
23. Adequately maintain public transportation systems.
24. Improve accessibility to airports, harbor systems, and support facilities.
Example
Indicators
• Reduction in VMT
• Increase in mass transit ridership
• Length of bike lanes and public access
• Increase of bike lanes and public access
• Number of traffic related accidents and fatalities per year
• Percentage of transit hubs with integrated connections to other modes of
transportation
• Average distance to the nearest transit stops for residents and businesses
• Total mileage of interconnected multimodal transportation networks
• Percentage of key destinations (e.g., schools, hospitals, retail centers) accessible via
multimodal transportation
• Number of bike parking facilities and bike-share stations installed
• Number of pedestrian crossings and safety enhancements implemented
• Percentage of sidewalks and bike paths meeting ADA accessibility standards
• Average wait time for transit services
• Annual budget and expenditure on road maintenance and improvements
• Average travel time during peak hours on major roads
• Percentage of road projects incorporating green infrastructure (e.g., permeable
pavements, stormwater management)
226
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 48: Public Utilities Indicators
Goal Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public infrastructure,
utilities, and services based on existing and future growth needs, sound design principles,
and effective maintenance practices.
Objectives 25. Improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of essential infrastructure systems.
26. Increase the protection of existing and potential sources of drinking water.
27. Planned and developed municipal sewer capacity is expanded to serve our Urban
Growth Areas and reduce sewage-related impacts on water quality.
28. Increase green infrastructure practices.
29. Strive towards energy self-sufficiency.
30. Advance policies, programs, and initiatives for public and/or private investment in
broadband and telecommunications infrastructure.
Example
Indicators
• Frequency and severity of water contamination incidents
• Percentage reduction in water usage through conservation measures
• Average downtime for water service disruptions
• Annual funding allocated for green infrastructure initiatives
• Percentage of new development projects including green infrastructure elements
• Percentage of impervious surfaces replaced with permeable materials
• Percentage reduction in energy consumption through efficiency measures
• Number of power outages and average duration per year
• Investment in grid modernization and resilience projects
• Percentage of households with access to high-speed broadband
• Number of public Wi-Fi hotspots installed and utilized
• Annual investment in broadband infrastructure expansion and upgrades
• Number of partnerships with private sector and community organizations to enhance
connectivity
Table 49: Public Facilities and Services Indicators
Goal Our communities are safe and protected, and have access to quality, integrative health,
education, and social services to support a high quality of life for all residents.
Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public infrastructure,
utilities, and services based on existing and future growth needs, sound design principles,
and effective maintenance practices.
Objectives 31. Adequately maintain public facilities
32. Protect the health and well-being of residents and visitors.
33. Achieve Zero Waste in Hawaiʻi County by 2045.
34. Each community has access to a wide range of educational opportunities.
35. Park facilities are located within a 10-minute walk in urban areas and a 10-minute drive
in rural communities.
36. Each community has access to healthcare facilities, programs, or community-based
care.
Example
Indicators
• Percentage change in crime rates year-over-year
• Average response time to emergency calls
• Number of community policing initiatives and programs
• Number of neighborhood watch programs and participation rates
227
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
• Number of fire prevention programs and public education activities held
• Percentage of waste diverted from landfills
• Volume of recyclables and compostables collected annually
• Public participation rates in recycling and composting programs
• Average distance to the nearest waste collection facility or drop-off point
• Average waste generation per capita
• Number of public education campaigns on waste reduction and recycling
• Public participation rates in recycling and composting programs
• Graduation rates for high schools
• Student-to-teacher ratios in classrooms
• Average distance to the nearest school for students
• Percentage of schools with up-to-date technology and infrastructure
• Teacher retention rates
• Prevalence of chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease)
• Healthcare provider retention rates
• Number of public health campaigns and programs
• Participation rates in preventive health screenings and vaccinations
Table 50: Housing for All Indicators
Goal Residents have access to adequate and affordable housing to meet the needs of the
population and provide equitable opportunities for household flexibility and mobility.
Objectives 37. Increase the number and variety of newly constructed housing units for rent and sale that addresses a range of Area Median Income (AMI).
38. Monitor, conserve, and improve the existing housing stock.
39. Prioritize providing quality affordable housing for Hawaiʻi’s residents.
Example
Indicators • Number and variety of newly constructed housing units for rent and sale
• Availability of different housing types
• Percentage increase in total housing stock year-over-year
• Percentage of new developments incorporating mixed-use housing
• Number of vacant and abandoned properties
• Average time properties remain on the market before being sold or rented
• Annual investment in housing rehabilitation programs
• Median home sale price
• Median monthly rent
• Percentage of households spending more than 30% of their income on housing (cost-
burdened households)
• Number of new affordable housing units built annually
• Percentage of total housing stock that is affordable to low- and moderate-income
households
• Number of households receiving housing assistance (e.g., Section 8 vouchers, public
housing)
• Amount of funding allocated to affordable housing programs
228
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Table 51: Integrated Systems Indicators
Goal We employ integrated systems that are efficient, equitable, and organized to facilitate
coordination and collaboration.
Objectives 40. Increase collaboration and cooperation for efficiency, effectiveness, and
responsiveness.
41. Maintain fiscal integrity, responsibility, and efficiency.
42. Achieve equitable outcomes for County programs, policies, and allocation of resources.
Example
Indicators
• Number of joint initiatives or projects between different government departments
• Percentage of projects completed through interdepartmental collaboration
• Number of partnerships with state and federal agencies
• Number of community-based projects funded or supported through partnerships
• Number of community feedback and input sessions incorporated into policy and
project planning
• Annual reduction in operational costs through efficiency measures
• Percentage of budget saved through cost-saving initiatives
• Cost savings from shared services or joint procurement processes
• Savings achieved through energy efficiency and sustainability projects
• Annual increase in revenue from non-tax sources (e.g., grants, public-private
partnerships)
• Number of new revenue sources identified and implemented
• Annual growth rate of revenue streams
• Public accessibility of financial statements and budget reports
• Investment in technology upgrades and innovations
• Number of government services available online
• Average response time for service requests and complaints
• Employee satisfaction and retention rates
• Number of training and professional development programs offered
• Average time to process permits, licenses, and applications
• Public satisfaction with government services (survey results)
• Percentage of residents with access to essential services within a specified distance
• Availability and utilization rates of translation and interpretation services
Table 52: Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy Indicators
Overarching
Goal
Our economy is diverse, regenerative, and innovative, improving and maintaining the
financial well-being of our residents with a focus on increasing local economic opportunities.
Objectives 43. Improve access at all levels for education and training.
44. Increase the growth and health of small businesses.
45. Incorporate resiliency, diversity, and innovation in County programs, plans, and
research to support healthy economic development and revitalization.
Example
Indicators • High school graduation rates
• Enrollment rates in higher education institutions and vocational training programs
• Percentage of residents with high school diplomas, associate degrees, bachelor's
degrees, and advanced degrees
• Number of workforce training and development programs offered annually
• Participation rates in workforce training programs
229
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
• Availability of online learning platforms and courses
• Number of technical and vocational education programs offered
• Industry partnerships with educational institutions for internships and apprenticeships
• Number of new small businesses registered annually
• Small business survival rate (percentage of small businesses operating after three and
five years)
• Number of business incubators and accelerators supporting startups
• Amount of funding and loans provided to small businesses
• Number of small businesses receiving grants or financial assistance
• Number of workshops, training sessions, and networking events for small business
owners
• Business satisfaction with the regulatory environment (survey results)
• Number of regulatory reforms implemented to support small business growth
• Percentage of the economy represented by different sectors
• Number of research and development (R&D) initiatives and projects funded
• Investment in technology infrastructure and innovation hubs
• Investment in infrastructure improvements to enhance economic resiliency
Agriculture and Food Systems
Goal Agriculture is a robust, diversified sector that addresses food security and includes a broad
range of agricultural-based businesses that highlight value.
Objectives 46. Increase access to land for active food production.
47. Increase interagency coordination, programs, and policy initiatives that improve local
agriculture infrastructure.
Example
Indicators • Percentage of public lands allocated for agricultural use
• Percentage of land zoned for agricultural purposes
• Number of new farmers accessing land through land trusts, cooperatives, or
government programs
• Investment in agricultural infrastructure (e.g., irrigation systems, storage facilities,
processing plants)
• Number of new policies or regulations enacted to support local agriculture
• Number of government programs supporting local agriculture (e.g., grants, loans,
technical assistance)
• Number of new or upgraded agricultural infrastructure projects completed annually
• Number of farmers’ markets, community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, and
farm-to-school initiatives
• Volume and value of local food sales
• Percentage of food consumed locally that is produced within the county
• Volume and variety of crops produced locally
• Investment in research and development for local agriculture
• Availability of extension services and technical assistance programs
• Number of programs aimed at improving the resilience of the local food system (e.g.,
disaster preparedness, climate adaptation)
• Investment in resilience-building infrastructure and initiatives
• Number of educational programs and workshops on sustainable farming and food
production
• Participation rates in agricultural education and outreach programs
230
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Visitor Industry
Goal A high quality of life for residents is maintained when a regenerative visitor industry balances
the preservation of natural and cultural resources with responsible visitation.
Objectives 48. Support the visitor industry investment in the connection with communities, the ʻāina,
and our historic and multicultural heritage.
49. Increase authentic Hawaiʻi Island visitor experiences by developing community
engagement strategies that are informed by community subject matter experts.
Example
Indicators • Increase in interpretive programs
• Number of community-based tourism initiatives and partnerships
• Investment in cultural heritage sites and programs by the visitor industry
• Number of tourism businesses adopting sustainable and regenerative practices
• Number of educational programs and tours focused on local culture, history, and
environment
• Visitor feedback on educational components of their tourism experience (survey
results)
• Percentage of tourism businesses offering authentic local experiences
• Visitor spending on local products and services
• Number of guided tours and activities focusing on local culture and heritage
• Percentage of visitors participating in cultural and heritage tours
• Availability of multilingual and culturally sensitive educational resources
231
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
6.4.4 Implementation Table
Table 53: Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship
Action Agency Type
1.a Develop buffer policies to protect native forests, wildlife, rivers, streams,
coastal waters, and other native habitats.
PD, DLNR Project
1.b Seek partnership opportunities to support wetland identification and
assessments.
PD, DLNR Project
1.c Review tree survey requirements and amend the Code to incorporate as
part of site planning.
PD Code
Amendment
1.d Consider the establishment of clearing limits within the Code and increase
tree removal mitigation requirements, limiting the clearing of native
vegetation during development.
PD, DPW Code
Amendment
1.e Revise floodplain management requirements to require consideration of
nature-based solutions as alternatives for all projects that have the
potential to affect floodplains or wetlands.
DPW Project
1.f Develop a regulatory list of invasive species for Hawaiʻi County. PD, DLNR Project
1.g Develop priorities for the management of fire-prone invasive species. DPW, PD,
DLNR
Project
1.h Amend the Code to include an appropriate list of invasive species to be
removed during development activities, to the extent feasible.
PD, DPW Code
Amendment
1.i Support programs designed to prevent the introduction and
establishment of invasive species and the control and eradication of
invasive species; particularly those that serve as disease vectors.
PD, DPW,
DLNR
Program
1.j Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in
upland watershed areas with an emphasis on native forest species.
PD, DPW,
RPT Program
1.k Identify partners and support a public awareness and education campaign
to elevate recognition of the value of urban trees as essential
infrastructure.
PD, DPR,
DPW
Project
1.l Amend the landscape standards in Rule or Code to require the use of
native plants for screening or landscaping.
PD, DPW Project
1.m Amend the Code to incentivize the establishment of threatened and
endangered endemic plant species within their habitable ranges during
development approvals.
PD, DPW Code
Amendment
1.n Review the Code and consider amendments to encourage site clustering
of development in order to avoid critical environmental areas and assets.
PD Project
232
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
1.o Develop and establish Open Space Network Overlay for natural landscape
features, such as beaches and dunes, forests, streams, floodplains,
wetlands, estuaries, or recharge areas that have the inherent capacity to
avoid, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change.
PD Project
1.p Study, develop and establish Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zones, either
separately or as an overlay district, to guide development within native
forests through regulatory measures and economic incentives.
PD, DPW Project
1.q Maintain a program for acquiring and/or restoring wetlands, estuaries,
and anchialine pools.
PD, DPW,
DLNR
Program
1.r Develop comprehensive programs and policies and provide resources for
enhancing urban forestry canopy cover.
PD, DPW Program
1.s Improve urban and community forest management, maintenance, and
arboricultural practices.
PD, DPW,
DRD
Program
1.t Increase funding and grants for urban and community forestry. PD, DF, DRD Program
1.u Support programs to prevent harmful invasive species from becoming
established.
PD, DPW,
DLNR
Program
1.v Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to develop a program for the identification and
protection of plant species of special status, including plants significant for
cultural practitioners.
PD, DPW Program
1.w Support seedbanks of native and endemic plant species, especially
species that are threatened or endangered.
PD, DPW,
DRD
Project
1.x Partner with community groups to apply for funding to restore native habitats including marine, wetland, shoreline, and native upland systems on County-owned or managed lands.
PD, DRD Project
1.y Prioritize removal of invasive species during maintenance of County-
owned or maintained properties.
PD, DPR,
DPW Project
1.z Assess and prioritize County-owned areas for restoration in
collaboration with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders.
DF, PD, DPW Project
1.aa Review and update the exceptional tree code and inventory to support the
protection of native species and habitats.
DPR, PD Code
Amendment
2.a Review and update the County grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure
that they adequately address potential erosion and runoff problems.
DPW Code
Amendment
2.b Adopt appropriate measures and provide incentives to control point and
non-point sources of pollution.
DPW Project
2.c Identify and establish appropriate riparian buffer protection areas
around streams, ponds, perennial flowing natural springs, and all
springs and reservoirs serving as water supplies.
PD, DPW Project
2.d Support research to identify and refine priority watershed areas meant to
enhance groundwater recharge and improve surface water quantity and
flows.
PD, DPW,
DWS
Project
233
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
2.e Identify and establish appropriate wetland protection areas and regulations
to mitigate impacts of development.
PD Project
2.f Partner with and support land managers to improve infrastructure and grazing management practices for cattle and other livestock to
promote soil and groundwater retention and mitigate fire risk.
PD, DRD Interagency
Coordination
2.g Amend the Special Management Area (SMA) to include wetlands, riparian
areas, and adjacent buffer areas.
PD Project
2.h Build community capacity and agency support for Community Conservation
Areas (CCAs) as part of stewardship-based efforts.
PD, DRD Program
3.a Contribute on a regular basis to State or Federal Geographic Information
System (GIS) data stores and other programs for the collection and
dissemination of basic data concerning natural, historic, or cultural
resources.
PD, DIT, RDR Program
3.b Create special (business) improvement districts to engage in
environmental research, restoration and maintenance, natural resource
management, climate change or sea level rise adaptation or other
purposes to improve environmental conditions and provide community
benefit.
PD, RDR,
OSCER
Project
4.a Seek private-public partnerships to maintain and steward the
preservation of sites, buildings, objects, and landscapes of significant
cultural and historical importance.
PD, SHPD Project
4.b Maintain Certified Local Government status and maximize funding
opportunities.
PD, SHPD Program
4.c Support the identification of Heritage Landscapes, Corridors, Areas, and
Centers.
PD, SHPD Project
4.d Support the development of multi-cultural centers. PD, SHPD Project
4.e Support historic district surveys for our urban centers. PD, SHPD Project
4.f Work with SHPD to establish a framework and database for Cultural
Impact Assessments.
PD, SHPD Interagency
Coordination
4.g Continue the dialogue between State and County agencies to identify
guidance to protect Native Hawaiian customary and traditional practices.
Various Interagency
Coordination
4.h Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to develop design guidelines for designated
communities containing significant historic buildings, sites, or
landscapes.
PD, DPW,
SHPD
Interagency
Coordination
4.i Assess and prioritize County-owned lands for historic site restoration in
collaboration with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders.
PD, DPW,
SHPD Project
4.j Create and maintain a GIS overlay of historic districts. PD, SHPD Project
4.k Educate and encourage property owners, historical societies, preservation
organizations, lineal descendants, and others with close connections to
nominate structures and sites to the State and National Register of
Historic Places. Encourage collaboration among interested entities.
PD, SHPD Program
4.l Support property owners with the preservation of historic structures that
are on the State and National Register of Historic Places.
PD, DPW,
SHPD
Program
234
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
4.m Provide real property tax incentives for historic properties, including
commercial properties.
DF Program
4.n Support the development of a multi-sector public education program
regarding historic and cultural sites that target key partners such as the visitor industry, real estate agents, site developers, consultants, schools,
youth groups, and civic organizations.
PD, SHPD Program
5.a Prioritize maintaining the views at scenic overlooks with a frequently
maintained vegetation management program which includes eradication
of invasive species. Coordinate this work with a regular roadway
vegetation management maintenance program.
PD, DPW Program
5.b Develop and establish view plane criteria, rankings, and regulations to
preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes and/or
corridors from specific locations and coastal aesthetics.
PD, DPW Project
5.c Develop a process for reviewing and revising guidelines for designating
Natural Beauty Sites.
PD, PONC,
DPR
Project
5.d Establish a Scenic Resources Protection Program to identify, inventory,
and protect areas of significant beauty. The program could include
recommendations from the Scenic Resources Inventory and Mapping
Project (2016).
PD, DPW Program
5.e Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Aliʻi Drive (Mamalahoa Bypass
Highway) between Keauhou and Captain Cook, with limited access and
without commercial development.
PD Program
5.f Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Akoni Pule Highway between
Kawaihae and Puakea, with limited access and without commercial
development.
PD Program
Table 54: Climate Change
Action Agency Type
6.a Increase transparency of government actions by creating a climate change dashboard and portal to track the implementation of climate action.
OSCER Project
6.b Engage communities by incorporating place-based knowledge and
qualitative data to guide implementation priorities and decision-making. PD, OSCER Program
6.c Promote funding opportunities for LMI communities to implement
climate action, including interactive videos and workshops that meet
communities where they are.
OSCER, DF Project
7.a Develop and provide incentives for new development/redevelopment to
pursue certification for “green” site planning, construction, and post-
construction practices.
DPW, PD,
OSCER
Project
7.b Adopt policies and strategies across all County departments to reduce
GHGs and become more resilient to the impacts of climate change.
OSCER,
DRD
Project
7.c Develop a County purchasing policy to prioritize products with low
emissions over their lifecycle and resiliency to the impacts of climate
change.
DF Project
7.d Develop and implement incentives for energy-efficient or green design
standards.
DPW Project
235
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
7.e Prioritize urban tree inventories for primary urban areas such as
Downtown Hilo, Waimea, and Kailua-Kona.
DPR, PD Project
7.f Develop procedures to include street trees as part of public capital
improvement projects.
DPW Project
7.g Develop energy benchmarking standards for County buildings. DPW, DF Project
7.h Develop and implement an electric vehicle charging plan with a station
network map that identifies regional gaps in service.
DRD Project
7.i Create a fleet transformation plan for each County department. OSCER, DF Project
7.j Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to increase community-wide awareness and
accessibility regarding reducing transportation costs and emissions (e.g., the impact of keeping tires inflated on the efficiency of cars) through education awareness programs.
OSCER,
DPW
Interagency
Coordination
7.k Develop and implement a streamlined framework to report annual
energy use of all County facilities and all new County vehicle purchases.
DPW, DF Project
8.a Conduct detailed vulnerability mapping of existing and planned
infrastructure.
Various Project
8.b Support and partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders on research for adaptive policies
and technology that increase resilience.
OSCER Interagency
Coordination
8.c Incorporate appropriate green building or climate-resilient specifications
into competitive bids.
DF, DPW Program
8.d Adopt a land acquisition program with potential leaseback options for
the purchase of hazard-prone locations or those with beneficial attributes
for climate adaptation and mitigation.
DF Program
8.e Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other
stakeholders to implement environmentally beneficial upgrades for
wastewater, irrigation, and/or landscaping, including sea level rise, storm,
and other climate change considerations.
DEM, DPW,
DPR
Interagency
Coordination
Table 55: Land Use
Action Agency Type
9.a Develop a process for County-initiated State land use boundary
reclassification to best align State Land Use with County long-range
plans.
PD, OPSD Project
9.b Create village plans for unique urban areas that include considerations
for urban design, aesthetic quality, and the protection of amenities in
adjacent areas through landscaping, open space, and buffer areas.
PD Project
9.c Develop subdivision standards that make a distinction between
agricultural, rural, and urban land uses.
PD Project
9.d Define the types of open space that are sought to be protected and
establish standards to be applied to ensure its protection.
PD, DPR Project
9.e Conduct a review and re-evaluation of the real property tax structure to
simplify and assure compatibility with land use goals and policies. PD, DF Project
236
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
9.f Study the feasibility, issues, and opportunities related to the development
of a TDR program to strategically preserve open space and achieve
density to remain consistent with the land use pattern in accordance with
the General Plan Land Use Maps.
PD, DPW, DF Project
10.a Amend the Zoning Code to create a category for lands that should mostly
be kept in a natural state, but that may not be in the Conservation District,
such as certain important view planes, buffer areas, and very steep
slopes. The zoning category should include reasonable land uses.
PD Code
Amendment
10.b Amend the Zoning Code and Subdivision Code to allow CPD’s to be
applied to all zoning districts with appropriate building site standards.
PD Code
Amendment
10.c Collaborate with the State Office of Planning and Sustainable
Development (OPSD) to create criteria to help identify and protect Native
Hawaiian customary and traditional practices.
PD, OPSD Interagency
Coordination
11.a Collaborate with the SHPD to create clear guidance to be used when
reviewing a project related to the identification of cultural sites and
practices.
PD, SHPD Interagency
Coordination
11.b Implement efficiencies to make development decisions predictable, fair,
and cost-effective.
PD Program
11.c Evaluate concurrency requirements that would impose reasonable and
fair infrastructure concurrency requirements on all developments.
PD Program
11.d Amend the Zoning Code to allow for PUD to become administrative
permits and subject to the approval of the Planning Director.
PD Code
Amendment
11.e Provide flexibility within the Zoning Code to accommodate emerging
new industries through Use Permits or allow new uses that do not conflict
with the purpose and intent of the existing zoned district.
PD Code
Amendment
11.f Update traffic impact analysis requirements to include alternative
evaluations to the level of service outcomes, such as vehicle miles
traveled and alternative transportation metrics.
PD, DPW Project
12.a Update the Building Code to maintain cost-effective standards to resist
hazards and reduce carbon footprint.
DPW Code
Amendment
12.b Adopt natural hazard overlay zones and set appropriate conditions for
land use, siting, and design within high-risk hazard zones.
PD Project
12.c Amend the Zoning Code to establish building setbacks for coastal and
inland cliffs.
PD Code
Amendment
12.d Collaborate with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to
regularly update flood studies and refine flood zone designations.
PD, DPW,
CD
Interagency
Coordination
12.e Review and amend land use policies to reduce risk from hazards
including but not limited to floodplains, high surf, tsunami, landslides,
erosion, wildfires, and high-risk volcanic hazard areas.
PD, DPW Code
Amendment
12.f Study the feasibility, issues, and opportunities of a TDR program to
incentivize development away from high-risk hazard areas.
PD, DPW Project
12.g Amend the Zoning Code to include a science-based shoreline setback to
address climate change and sea level rise.
PD Code
Amendment
13.a Incorporate innovations such as “mixed-use zones” into the Zoning Code. PD Code
Amendment
237
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
13.b Incorporate flexibility in codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of
socio-economic housing mix and to permit an aesthetic balance between
residential structures and open spaces.
PD, OHCD Code
Amendment
13.c Amend the Subdivision Code to ensure block sizes are based on land use
and the character of the area.
PD Code
Amendment
13.d Initiate rezonings that promote infill to ensure connectivity and provide
mixed-use opportunities to make the area more pedestrian-oriented. PD Project
13.e Amend Zoning Code to:
i. Establish a TOD overlay zone project district with a minimum size of 15
acres.
ii. Create a TND overlay zone for existing zoned lands within identified
residential and commercial zoning districts.
iii. Allow for residential uses in ML and MCX zoning districts.
iv. Support innovative uses of alternative energy, agriculture, aquaculture,
and others, in MCX zoning districts.
v. Clearly distinguish between general industrial and service industrial
types.
vi. Establish urban open space standards.
Create Industrial Project Districts and Innovation Centers.
PD Code
Amendment
14.a Amend the Zoning Code definition and requirements for Lodges and
reconcile similarities and inconsistencies with the special permit
provisions for Retreats. Clearly articulate in the Code the zoning districts
appropriate for Lodges.
PD Code
Amendment
14.b Amend the zoning districts currently listed as Family Agricultural District
(FA) and the Residential and Agricultural Districts (RA) to be consistent
with the Rural designation and to allow for home occupations that do not
negatively impact rural character.
PD Code
Amendment
14.c Amend the Zoning Code to allow telecommuting and home-based
businesses that rely on the internet as permitted accessory uses to
residential uses when operated in compliance with cottage industry
performance standards.
PD Code
Amendment
14.d Amend the Zoning Code and Subdivision Code to establish Clustered
Rural Subdivision PUD.
PD Code
Amendment
15.a Amend the Zoning Code to develop standards for permitting certified
incubators or commercial kitchens in Rural or Agricultural districts.
PD Code
Amendment
15.b Conduct a study to review a maximum developable area consideration
for properties designated as Productive Agricultural lands.
PD Project
15.c Create and adopt a County Agricultural Tourism program. DRD Program
15.d Amend the County Code to allow agriculture worker housing to be
permitted where the employee’s primary occupation is working on a
specific farm but where the housing and the farm are not on the same
parcel.
PD Code
Amendment
15.e Update the Real Property Tax Code for agricultural land uses that result in
actual production or other public benefits, such as native forestry and the
ecosystem services that result from well-managed rangelands.
PD, DF Code
Amendment
15.f Amend the Zoning Code to require Plan Approval for commercial open
area recreational uses in the Agricultural District.
PD Code
Amendment
238
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
15.g Evaluate the Zoning Code relating to livestock production such as
piggeries, apiaries, and pen feeding based on modern practices and
potential impacts on adjacent uses.
PD Code
Amendment
15.h Develop standards and guidelines for buffer areas located adjacent to
agricultural lands.
PD Project
15.i Develop a program and incentives, including proposed resources (e.g.,
grants, loans, technical assistance, education) that support small-scale
farmers, the lease of public lands, and learn opportunities to become
effective stewards of the land.
PD, DRD, DF Program
15.j Collaborate with USDA and the State to enable farmers to bring local
meat to local markets.
PD Interagency
Collaboration
Table 56: Transportation Access and Mobility
Action Agency Type
16.a Develop a comprehensive, island-wide multimodal transportation plan
that identifies the location and operation of automobile, mass transit,
bicycle, and pedestrian systems, in coordination with appropriate federal
and state agencies.
PD, DPW Project
16.b Develop a planning and financing strategy to fund timely and routine
maintenance of County transportation assets that secures availability and
reliability, independent of CIP activities.
DPW, DF Program
16.c Amend the County Code, Chapters 22, 23, and 24 to increase active
transportation and accommodate emerging micro-mobility solutions.
PD, DPW Code
Amendment
16.d Establish inter-departmental teams to review significant development
projects to evaluate integrated infrastructure requirements, multimodal
options, and private-public collaboration to ensure implementation.
Various Interagency
Coordination
17.a Develop and adopt a program to establish public access to historic and
modern active living corridors and facilities that provide an island-wide
route and connect to major destinations.
PD, DPW Program
17.b Explore the potential of multimodal trails to serve as evacuation routes
during emergencies.
PD, DPW,
CD
Project
17.c Develop standards for active living corridors to assist when reviewing
discretionary permits.
PD Program
17.d Establish a public-private partnership, including financing strategies, for
maintaining public access trails.
PD, FD Program
18.a Develop marketing and public awareness campaign of various services in
collaboration with the airports, cruise ship terminals, and educational
facilities.
PD, DPW Program
18.b Identify, preserve, and/or acquire corridors for future transit use, for high
traffic areas such as the Pahoa-Keaʻau-Hilo route, including but not
limited to multimodal corridors and require new development to provide
rights-of-way (ROWs) to accommodate transit services.
PD, MTA Project
19.a Continue to adopt the County Street design manual as the County’s
complete street design program/policy.
DPW Program
239
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
19.b Amend the County Code to incorporate complete street design. PD, DPW Code
Amendment
19.c Develop an active transportation plan to guide where complete street
improvements should be focused and replace previous pedestrian and
bikeway plans.
PD, DPW Project
19.d Identify all roles for interdepartmental collaboration in delivering a truly
multimodal transportation system.
Various Interagency
Coordination
19.e Update traffic impact analysis requirements to include alternative
evaluations to the level of service outcomes, such as vehicle miles
traveled and alternative transportation metrics.
PD, DPW Project
19.f Increase community engagement and education around active
transportation and alternative transportation options
PD, DPW Program
20.a Create and adopt a performance measure program/policy. DPW Program
20.b Amend the County Code to promote connectivity and discourage
neighborhoods with only one inlet or outlet.
PD, DPW Code
Amendment
20.c Establish a corridor planning/management program that is data- driven
and uses performance-based targets and outcomes.
PD, DPW,
DWS, DEM
Program
20.d Designate new connectivity points for local traffic roads and create
redundant routes for existing highways, utilizing existing routes where
possible, that can also serve as emergency and evacuation routes.
PD, DPW Project
20.e Adopt a Complete Streets ordinance. DPW Code
Amendment
20.f Explore options to incentivize roadway connectivity. PD, DPW Program
21.a Develop green infrastructure standards including right-of-way (ROW)
landscaping, low-impact development (LID), and drainage.
DPW Project
21.b Develop an Adopt-a-Street program. DPW Program
21.c Pursue funding, County capacity, and responsibility to maintain green
infrastructure and native landscaping in the County Rights-of-Ways.
DPW, DF Program
22.a Amend the County Code to incorporate Vision Zero safety
principles and Complete Street design principles.
DPW, PD Code
Amendment
22.b Develop educational programs promoting traffic safety. DPW, PD Program
23.a Create an asset management program. FD Program
23.b Continue the bridge inspection program and expand rehab or
replacement to include active transportation accommodations.
DPW Program
24.a Create a strategic improvement plan, including mapping, for County
owned and/or managed boat harbors and develop an island-wide needs
assessment to better serve regional gaps in ocean accesses.
DPW, DPR Project
24.b Ensure collaboration with State agencies to offer a variety of
transportation options at airports and harbors.
DPW Interagency
Coordination
Table 57: Public Utilities
240
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Action Agency Type
25.a Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of
public utilities. DF Program
26.a In collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), conduct further research on localized rainfall
modeling to accurately assess future precipitation trends.
DWS Project
26.b Expand water conservation programs, primarily aimed at reducing
demand, such as leak detection and rebates for low flow.
DWS Project
26.c Evaluate and amend the fee schedule for water use to take into account
high water use and aquifer recharge projections. Use the funds
generated to pay for conservation measures and infrastructure.
DWS Project
26.d Improve county water conservation practices to lead by example. DWS Program
26.e Maintain the water master plan to consider water yield, present and
future demand, alternative sources of water, guidelines, and policies for
the issuing of water commitments.
DWS Program
26.f Promote the use of groundwater sources to meet DOH water quality
standards.
DWS Project
26.g Seek state and federal funds to assist in financing projects to bring the
County into compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
DWS Project
26.h Explore the feasibility of incentive methods such as property tax
deductions, conservation easements, or transfer of development rights to
protect the defined zone of influence of existing or proposed public and
private wells.
DWS, DF Project
26.i Investigate alternative financing options for expanding water systems to
support infill growth consistent with the County’s desired land use
development pattern.
DWS Project
26.j Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders to develop, improve, and expand
agricultural water systems in appropriate areas on the island.
DWS Interagency
Coordination
26.k Continue to participate in the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
exploratory well drilling program.
DWS Program
26.l Expand programs to provide agricultural irrigation water. DRD, DWS Program
26.m Develop water conservation and stormwater management guidelines for
commercial, industrial, and residential properties.
DPW Project
26.n Codify the administrative structure needed to develop a water resource
program and interdepartmental collaboration framework. DWS Project
26.o Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders to develop and facilitate community
partnerships between upstream and downstream communities.
DWS Interagency
Coordination
26.p Develop public-private partnerships to leverage funding sources. DWS Program
27.a Prioritize areas where on-site wastewater treatment should be converted to sewer and establish financial tools such as improvement districts to aid in implementation.
DEM Program
241
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
27.b Prioritize areas where wastewater treatment facilities are necessary to
facilitate future growth and utilize financing tools such as community
facilities district (CFD) or tax increment financing (TIF) to aid in
implementation.
DEM, DF Program
27.c Review, assess, and amend codes relating to sewer connection
requirements to ensure wastewater issues and requirements are
addressed in a consistent, sustainable, and socially equitable way.
DEM Code
Amendment
27.d Develop a wastewater master plan with a clear prioritization method for
wastewater system expansions and improvements based on criteria
involving land use, projected growth, social equity, and environmental
factors.
DEM Project
27.e Develop plans to improve, connect, or develop new wastewater systems
in unsewered urban coastal communities. DEM Project
27.f Perform a study to assess individual wastewater systems (IWS) in
unsewered urban growth areas to assess the rate of failures/negative
impacts, determine rates of large capacity cesspools still in use, and develop plans to improve, connect, or develop new wastewater systems
for unsewered urban communities.
DEM Project
27.g Proactively seek opportunities for public-private partnerships for
wastewater collection and treatment development. DEM Project
27.h Facilitate the use of infrastructure improvement districts and other types
of localized funding mechanisms to fund improvements.
DEM, DF Project
27.i Streamline the sewer connection loan program. DEM, DF Project
27.j Develop wastewater cost valuation in service fees (similar to the water
model fee structure). DEM Project
27.k Develop a criteria-based infrastructure prioritization tool to develop new
or expand existing municipal wastewater systems. Base these priority
areas on designated urban growth boundaries, urban zoning and density, population trends and anticipated growth, health/safety, and
environmental factors.
DEM Project
27.l Implement innovative wastewater systems at a cost-effective scale for
small communities.
DEM Project
27.m Amend the County Code, Section 21-26-1(a) requiring “all sewer
extensions shall be approved by resolution of the County council” to
read, “all sewer extensions outside of Urban Growth Areas shall be
approved by resolution of the County council.”
DEM Code
Amendment
27.n In collaboration with the DOH Wastewater Branch, reevaluate and clarify
the requirements set forth in section HAR 11-62-31.1(a) (1) (B) and amend
County sewer requirements accordingly to accommodate needed
housing units.
DEM, DOH Interagency
Coordination
/ Code
Amendment
27.o Collaborate with the DOH to advance progressive wastewater technology
and regulations.
DEM, DOH Interagency
Coordination
27.p In collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, develop a water
resource strategy for efficient agricultural water use and reuse.
DEM, DOA Project
242
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
27.q Install non-potable systems, such as reclaimed wastewater, brackish
groundwater, and untreated surface water in proximity to priority UGAs
for non-potable water uses.
DEM, DWS,
DPW
Project
27.r Conduct supply and demand studies to determine a level of service for
non-potable water needs.
DEM, DWS Project
27.s Facilitate greywater reuse systems through code amendments and
through partnering with DOH for regulatory changes and incentives.
DEM, DOH Code
Amendment
28.a Adopt LID practices to address small-scale stormwater management. DPW Project
28.b Conduct a feasibility study to create a County Stormwater Utility before
the county reaches MS4 requirements.
DPW Project
28.c Update the DPW Storm Drainage Standards to reflect current data and to
incorporate strategies and standards of green infrastructure and low-
impact development.
DPW Project
28.d Develop drainage master plans from a watershed perspective that
considers nonstructural alternatives, minimizes channelization, protects
wetlands that serve drainage functions, coordinates the regulation of
construction and agricultural operation, and encourages the
establishment of floodplains as public greenways.
DPW Project
28.e Explore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage
systems and reduce potential flood inundation areas.
DPW, DF Project
28.f Create a green infrastructure dedication standard. DPW Project
28.g Create a pilot study for a watershed-based drainage study. DPW Project
28.h Develop a monitoring and evaluation program for impervious surface
coverage.
PD, DPW Program
28.i Promote and provide incentives for participation in the Soil and Water
Conservation Districts' conservation programs for developments on
agricultural and conservation lands.
PD, DPW Program
28.j Establish guidelines for Adopt-a-Corridor Program for flood corridors. DPW Project
28.k Evaluate ownership and/or maintenance responsibility for flood corridors
that serve multiple regional benefits.
DPW Project
28.l Identify County parks and recreation, rights-of-way, and other County
owned sites for green infrastructure demonstration projects.
DPW, DPR Project
29.a Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders for the research and development of
alternative/renewable energy resources.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
29.b Develop standards and principles for reviewing PUC applications. DRD Project
29.c Support Net-Metering (NEM), Feed-in-Tariff (FIT), and other programs
designed to lower costs and diversify power sources.
DRD Program
29.d Conduct a feasibility report for using renewable sources to generate
power for public utility infrastructure.
DRD Project
30.a Support refurbishment, upcycling, recycling, and reuse of computers and
other devices.
DRD, DEM Program
243
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
30.b Develop standards for the siting and construction of wireless
telecommunication facilities.
PD Project
30.c Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders to create and maintain an inventory
and mapping of communications infrastructure, including but not limited
to wireline, wireless, cell tower locations, and known proposed facilities.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
30.d Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities and other stakeholders to seek funding , identify and
remove regulatory barriers to complete and improve the island’s fiber
optic loop in an environmentally and economically appropriate manner.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
30.e Advocate for provider and consumer incentives to address last-mile
installation and/or service plans.
DRD Program
30.f Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders to progressively improve
broadband speeds to keep pace with technological advances.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
30.g Collaborate with broadband service providers to ensure all users have
efficient service.
DRD Program
30.h Collaborate with the telecommunications industry to increase the
availability of emergency telephones throughout the island.
DRD Program
30.i Pursue partnerships and funding for broadband initiatives and
deployments.
DRD Program
30.j Support the coordination of infrastructure projects between the public
and private sectors to create areas for the deployment of broadband
zones.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
30.k Seek federal and other opportunities for the funding of broadband
infrastructure.
DRD Program
30.l Support the State to develop a broadband dashboard to track progress
and gaps that will inform decision-making in economic development on
Hawaiʻi Island.
DRD Project
30.m Foster public-private partnerships to support the development and
expansion of broadband infrastructure, including community networks.
DRD Project
Table 58: Public Facilities and Services
Action Agency Type
31.a Create an asset management program. DF Project
31.b Continue a facility inspection program. Various Program
31.c Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of
County services and facilities.
DF, PD, DPW Code
Amendment
32.a Support the development of private common access-distribution systems
of private catchment water for firefighting purposes in rural catchment
communities.
HFD Program
32.b Prioritize budgets for technology improvements for emergency services; including hazardous material service, 4x4 vehicles, and other equipment
or software to improve emergency response times.
HFD, HPD, DF Program
244
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
32.c Review county lighting and landscaping ordinances to implement
CPTED.
HPD Code
Amendment
32.d Develop a public safety audit checklist and conduct urban neighborhood
and downtown safety walks to identify potential crime spots or unsafe
areas.
HPD Program
32.e Educate the public regarding disaster preparedness and response,
especially proper responses for sudden-impact hazards. CD Program
32.f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and the
involved landowners to support wildfire control and reclamation.
HFD Program
32.g Define and map critical facilities, necessary for community disaster
response and recovery that are too important to fail.
CD Project
32.h Monitor and address known hazards along transportation routes. CD, DPW Project
32.i Partner with the Hawaiʻi Emergency Management Agency to regularly
review and address warning siren coverage.
CD Interagency
Coordination
32.j Install emergency phones along roadways in isolated areas of lower
cellular connectivity.
DPW, CD Project
32.k Support the use of the Best Available Refuge Areas within existing
buildings.
CD, DPW Program
32.l Provide technical assistance to communities developing emergency
response and evacuation plans. CD Program
32.m Maintain and update the public education and communications program
regarding disaster preparedness and response, especially proper
responses for sudden impact hazards (e.g., CERT, resilience hubs, and
first aid training).
CD Program
32.n Develop and maintain a Post-Disaster Redevelopment Plan which
specifies the following:
i. Roles and responsibilities ii. Procedures for implementing programs for immediate clean-up,
repair, design, and replacement
iii. Long-term rebuilding and redevelopment
iv. Procedures for the identification of damaged infrastructure and
consideration of alternatives to its repair or replacement
v. Evaluation of climate impacts
DPW, PD, CD Program
32.o Seek funding and support continued scientific research relating to
hazards (e.g., research on erosion rates, slumping rates, slope stability
studies, sea level rise rates, tsunami inundation mapping, coastal stream
flood mapping, fire and wildfire, etc.).
CD, PD,
OSCER
Project
32.p Prepare and implement wildfire protection and prevention plans. HFD Program
32.q Develop community-specific hazard mitigation plans. CD Program
32.r Develop a standard for requiring an emergency response plan. CD Program
32.s Amend the County Code, Chapter 25 to require emergency and hazard information to be prominently displayed in all transient accommodations.
This information should include information regarding the monthly Civil
Defense siren tests, evacuation routes, and directives to reach
appropriate services and agencies.
PD, CD Code
Amendment
245
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
32.t Adopt incentives, such as tax deductions, to encourage retrofitting of
existing structures for resilience against earthquakes, hurricanes,
tsunamis, floods, and fire and wildfire.
HFD, CD,
DPW, DF
Program
33.a Evaluate and amend the County Code to integrate strategies to maximize
landfill diversion and handle materials:
i. Develop a Source Separation Ordinance
ii. Prohibit organic material (green waste) disposal in the landfill
iii. Construction & Demolition (C & D) Recycling Ordinance
iv. Consider Take-back Ordinances (for items that are difficult to recycle or
compost)
v. Require recycling at all County offices, facilities, and base yards.
vi. Continue the transition to eliminate the sale or use of polystyrene foam
(Styrofoam) and single-use plastic food containers and other single-use
plastics.
DEM, DPW Program
33.b Develop programs to require advance disposal fees for specific products
such as new electronics and new vehicles purchased in or shipped to
Hawaiʻi. The fees from this should be used to fund resource management
and disposal costs.
DEM Programs
33.c Conduct pilot studies to facilitate waste recovery and increase
diversion rates. Recommended pilot programs include curbside waste,
recycling, and resource pick-up in priority urban areas
DEM Programs
33.d Partner and coordinate to facilitate the private use of large recycling roll-
off bins in rural areas.
DEM Program
33.e Reevaluate and initiate code changes to the fee structure for solid waste
for residential and commercial uses.
DEM Code
Amendment
33.f Facilitate University of Hawaiʻi and/or Forest Service to complete
necessary studies on local materials for use in construction.
DRD, DPW Program
33.g Implement an education and social marketing program to educate the
public and business community about landfill diversion initiatives,
preventing and reporting litter and illegal dumping, and other
responsible waste management opportunities.
DEM Program
33.h Develop a county clean-up program for special waste areas, such as junkyards, to ensure the proactive removal of materials that pose environmental and public health hazards.
DEM Program
33.i Develop and promote take-back programs for appliances and other
difficult to dispose of materials.
DEM Program
33.j Support expansions to the organic material (green waste) recycling
program to include drop-off and pick-up locations at all rural transfer
stations.
DEM Program
33.k Adopt EPA’s Comprehensive Procurement Guideline program as a
model for purchasing products that use materials recovered through
recycling.
DEM Program
34.a Implement a Safe Routes to School (SR2S) program for all schools. DPW Program
34.b Ensure County makes necessary improvements to co-located facilities,
such as gymnasiums, parks, and playgrounds.
P&R Program
246
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
35.a Provide funding for planning and acquisition, if necessary, of key corridor
segments after corridor-zone plans are adopted.
DF, PD, DPW,
DEM, DWS
Program
35.b Revise the park dedication code requiring subdivisions to provide land
area for park and recreational use or contribute to a maintenance fund in
lieu of an impact fees ordinance.
DPR, PD Code
Amendment
35.c Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other
stakeholders to increase funding sources for park, recreation, and trail
development and maintenance.
DPR, PD,
DPW Program
35.d Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other
stakeholders to initiate joint agreements for funding, management, and
maintenance for recreation, shared use spaces, hardened shelters, and
public access priorities.
DPR, PD,
DPW
Program
35.e Support the U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service’s
expansion plans for the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes, Puʻukoholā National Historic
Park, Puʻuhonua O Hōnaunau National Historic Parks, Ala Kahakai
National Historic Trail, and Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historic Park.
PD, DPR Interagency
Coordination
35.f Update the County of Hawaiʻi Recreation Plan to reflect newly identified
recreational priorities.
DPR Project
35.g Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with
the General Plan.
DLNR, DPR Program
35.h Develop a recreation information dissemination system for the public’s
use.
DPR Program
35.i Develop best management practices for the development and
maintenance of golf courses in collaboration with government, private
and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders.
DPR, PD Program
35.j Develop local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning,
maintenance, and programming.
DPR Program
35.k Maintain an on-going program of identification, designation, and
acquisition of areas with existing or potential recreational resources, such
as land with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline
recreation in collaboration with government, private and nonprofit
agencies, and other stakeholders.
DPR, PONC,
PD
Program
35.l Perform a review and audit of the inventory resulting from the subdivision
requirements within Code,(reservation for parks, playgrounds, and public
building sites).
PD, DPR Code
Amendment
35.m Amend Code to ensure that land area is not only set aside for
recreational or public use but that there are funds or a funding
mechanism to develop the land for its intended purpose.
PD, DPR, DF Code
Amendment
35.n Enter into partnership agreements with the State and private groups (e.g.,
Friends of the Park) to make improvements and assist in the maintenance
of essential but inadequately maintained parks
DPR, DLNR Program
35.o Expand and map Friends of the Park programs to manage and improve
County parks and facilities.
DPR Program
35.p Support hunting and fishing activities where authorized on public and
private property.
DPR, PD Program
247
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
35.q Identify shoreline areas suitable for coastal access points, including boat
launches and small boat harbors.
PD Project
35.r Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the siting of future
cemeteries.
DPR Project
35.s Analyze under-represented open recreation and healthy living activities
to be included in Park Standards.
DPR, PD Program
35.t Create new or enhance sports facilities to encourage and attract regional
tournaments to our island.
DPR Project
35.u Implement interpretive signage through collaboration with community
groups at appropriate locations.
DPR, PD Program
35.v Conduct Park facilities condition assessments and keep the County of
Hawaiʻi Recreation Plan updated to reflect newly identified recreational
priorities. The updated Recreation Plan should develop a strategic
management plan for upgrading facilities and establish a level of service
standards for parks.
DPR Project
35.w Plan, manage, and maintain parks to ensure that the quality of recreation
areas does not diminish with heavy usage.
DPR Project
35.x Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and
biking activities.
DPR, DPW,
PD
Project
35.y Amend the Code to better address park and recreation issues in the
following ways:
i. Amend subdivision code to be consistent with Dedication of Land code
(Ch. 8) Code in providing land area for park and recreational use or pay a
fee in lieu thereof.
ii. Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance
iii. Amend Dedication of Land code to include “net useable acreage.”
PD, DPR Code
Amendment
35.z Develop a center/complex for major cultural, educational, and
recreational activities in underserved population centers, such as Kona. DPR, PD Program
35.aa Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for multimodal use such as
walking, jogging, and biking activities.
DPR, DPW,
PD
Project
35.bb Develop walking paths around existing ballparks and other park grounds,
as feasible. These walking paths should be level footpaths that meet
accessibility requirements whenever possible.
DPR Project
35.cc Expand active open recreational opportunities at the Pana‘ewa Rainforest
Zoo and Equestrian Center properties such as bike/walking trails, horse
trails, dog-friendly trails, and other outdoor recreation that would
complement the Pana‘ewa complex.
DPR Project
36.a Establish an Aging and Disability Resource Center in Kailua-Kona. OA Project
36.b Develop a medical center TOD master plan and rezone it as a Regional
Center TOD.
PD Project
36.c Develop public showers and restroom facilities in strategic locations to
serve the homeless and meet public sanitation needs.
OHCD, DPR,
DPW
Project
36.d Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders to establish a One-Stop Community
OHCD, DRD Interagency
Coordination
248
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Resource Center to serve as a point of community access for information
and referral for health, education, and social services.
36.e Expand the use of mobile health centers and services (e.g., screening
vision, and dental) to rotate through the rural communities regularly.
OHCD, DRD Interagency
Coordination
36.f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to develop a consolidated services facility plan for
the victim and offender treatment, counseling, and other rehabilitation
services (and other social services) in major urban centers (Hilo, Kailua-
Kona, Waimea).
OPA, OHCD Interagency
Coordination
36.g Support the distribution of telehealth support services, particularly to
unserved and underserved communities.
OA, DRD,
OPA
Interagency
Coordination
36.h Amend County zoning and building codes as necessary to accommodate
home and community-based care elderly care, elderly care, and care for
those with disabilities.
PD Code
Amendment
36.i Amend the County Code to include land uses for substance abuse,
mental health, and medical rehabilitative facilities and determine
appropriate criteria for siting in communities.
PD Code
Amendment
36.j Amend the County Code to designate a lead agency for coordinating
and responding to outbreaks of life-threatening, highly communicable
diseases pursuant to the DOH direction.
CD Code
Amendment
Table 59: Housing for All
Action Agency Type
37.a Establish interdepartmental procedures to collaboratively Identify, prioritize and build infrastructure that supports housing in or near mixed- use areas and transit centers in urban areas.
OHCD, DPW,
PD, DWS,
DEM, DPR
Interagency
Coordination
37.b Review the State housing inventory every 5 years and conduct scenario
modeling to identify existing housing types, housing needs, and land use
and building code updates that will provide for diversified housing, a mix
of development types, and efficient and alternative construction methods
in urban areas.
OHCD Project
37.c Assess and amend the land use and building regulations and explore
fiscal opportunities to support universal design principles and ADA
accessibility for more physically accessible housing.
DPW, PD Code
Amendment
37.d Advocate for the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing
around State education facilities and established urban centers with
transit.
DOE, OHCD Interagency
Coordination
37.e Advocate for the State to provide staff housing around State health care
facilities and established urban centers with transit.
DOH, OHCD Interagency
Coordination
37.f Initiate collaboration and learning opportunities among communities,
nonprofits, and housing developers as it relates to housing and
community development projects.
OHCD, PD,
DRD
Program
37.g Amend the zoning and building regulations to allow affordability of
various housing types, particularly the “missing middle” in urban areas.
DPW, PD Code
Amendments
249
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
37.h Develop and implement various incentives to facilitate smaller house
designs or multi-family housing options such as expedited permitting,
fee waivers, and tax incentives.
DPW Code
Amendments
38.a Perform existing housing inventory data analysis to identify structural
conditions and needs for rehabilitation or demolition. OHCD Program
38.b Review and amend the zoning and building regulations to support the
adaptive reuse of non-residential spaces for residential housing units. DPW, PD Code
Amendments
38.c Amend building regulations to allow for as-built permits and new
renovation permits for less than 50 percent of an existing structure to
conform with the building code of the year the main structure was
permitted, excluding electrical and other critical life safety codes.
DPW Code
Amendments
38.d Create, aid, and encourage programs to maintain and rehabilitate the
existing housing inventory, including consideration for self-help
programs.
OHCD Program
38.e Perform ongoing analysis of available housing assistance programs for
public and private stakeholders.
OHCD Program
38.f Develop and maintain an outreach program to disseminate information
and educate stakeholders about housing assistance programs.
OHCD Program
38.g Amend the Real Property Tax Code to incentivize long term occupied
housing.
FD Code
Amendment
39.a Review and amend zoning and building codes to allow for innovative
housing solutions for the homeless such as permanent supportive
housing, transitional housing/camps, micro-housing communities,
emergency, and temporary shelters.
DPW, PD Code
Amendment
39.b Amend the housing code to require and maintain the long-term
affordability of affordable housing developments. OHCD Code
Amendment
39.c Amend land use and building regulations to reduce costs and streamline
the processing of affordable housing applications and facilitate
concurrent applications when possible.
DPW, PD Code
Amendment
39.d Revise financial mechanisms and property tax provisions to allow for
creative finance solutions to incentivize new construction and
rehabilitation of affordable housing.
OHCD, DF Program
39.e Form an Affordable Housing Advisory Committee to complete an island-
wide Affordable Housing Strategic Plan and that prioritizes home
ownership for local families to build equity
OHCD Program
39.f Establish an internal County housing working group to include OHCD,
Planning, DPW, DWS, DEM, Finance, and DPR at a minimum to
coordinate planning and infrastructure that supports affordable housing.
OHCD Interagency
Coordination
39.g Adopt a County affordable housing program, similar to HRS §201H, that
encourages development, reduces cost, and simplifies permitting
OHCD Program
39.h Coordinate with the State and Federal agencies to provide housing programs for low- to moderate-income households, educate families about the opportunities, and ensure equitable access.
OHCD Program
39.i Partner with government and private housing entities and housing trusts
to fund and support community-based non-profit organizations to provide adequate and equitable affordable housing.
OHCD Program
250
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
39.j Amend land use and development regulations to incentivize new
workforce and retirement communities and to require large new
developments to provide affordable housing suitable for employees in or
near the development.
DPW, PD Code
Amendment
Table 60: Integrated Systems
Action Agency Type
41.a Develop a working group to plan for large infrastructure investment
needs such as the Metropolitan Planning Organization and the Municipal
Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4).
PD, DPW,
DPR, DEM,
DWS
Program
41.b Create a fiscal impact statement for the interdepartmental project FIS. PD, DF Program
41.c Develop a countywide facility condition inventory and maintenance
schedule.
DF Program
41.d Conduct cost-benefit analysis for new facilities and replacements. DF Program
41.e Establish memorandums of agreement to partner with community groups for
facility improvements and ongoing maintenance opportunities.
PD, DPW,
DPR, DEM,
DWS
Program
42.a Provide technical assistance for financing options for infrastructure in
underserved areas.
PD, DPW,
DPR, DEM,
DWS, DRD
Program
42.b Provide technical assistance for financing districts for new facilities and
services in areas designated as urban growth areas.
DF Program
42.c Develop and adopt an impact fees ordinance that considers district specific
needs and excludes urban core areas where infill is encouraged.
DF, PD, DPW,
DPR, DEM,
DWS
Program
42.d Develop a framework for a transition plan for changes in administrative
leadership to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of operations.
Various Program
42.e Develop a community engagement framework to be used across county
departments and agencies to provide direction and ensure effective civic
participation.
PD, DRD,
OHCD, DPR,
DPW
Program
Table 61: Thriving, Diverse, Regenerative Economy
Action Agency Type
43.a Continue to support a centralized County demographic and socioeconomic
data resource base.
DRD Program
43.b Continue to provide or expand County services and/or programs for
workforce development and technical assistance.
DRD Program
43.c Expand offerings for mentorship and networking DRD Program
43.d Develop an apprenticeship program for the County. DHR Program
43.e Provide business planning assistance, career planning, entrepreneurial
training, incubation, and assistance with permitting, licensing, and regulatory
issues.
DRD Program
251
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
43.f Develop and maintain partnerships with the higher education system
and other organizations to support education and workforce
development opportunities.
DRD Program
43.g Coordinate educational and workforce development programs with
local high schools, community college campuses, trade unions, and other groups.
DRD Program
44.a Promote liaison services with the private sector with respect to the
County’s requirements for establishing businesses on the island. DRD Project
44.b Utilize County facilities and funds to support shared affordable
workspaces, maker spaces, and equipment for small businesses to utilize.
DRD Program
44.c Complete a feasibility analysis for the County to provide access to tools
such as industrial development bonds, tax abatement, and low-interest
loan programs.
DF Project
44.d Develop business improvement districts and Main Street programs to
fund revitalization efforts.
PD Program
44.e Educate businesses on financial planning and funding sources for hazard
preparedness and recovery, including insurance options for business
interruption, natural disasters, and other unexpected occurrences.
DRD Program
44.f Partner with business associations, realtors, and the chamber of
commerce to recruit small-scale manufacturers to establish retail
locations in village and town centers to support reinvestment and match
potential tenants with local landowners.
DRD Program
44.g Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders (e.g., University of Hawaiʻi, business associations,
etc.) to convene business development events island-wide.
DRD Program
45.a Collaborate with emerging industry leaders to identify needed
infrastructure and services to support economic diversification.
DRD Program
45.b Monitor trends and identify business needs, strengthen existing
industries, and diversify the economy by attracting emerging industries.
DRD Program
45.c Collaborate with the private sector to identify business needs, strengthen
existing industries, and diversify the economy by attracting new
endeavors.
DRD Program
45.d Remove regulatory barriers that restrict entrepreneurial endeavors, such
as zoning restrictions for home-based businesses that do not negatively
impact the infrastructure network or the character of the neighborhood.
PD Code
Amendment
45.e Build capacity for implementation and economic development in the target industry clusters identified by the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS).
DRD Program
45.f Promote cross-sector linkages between Hawaiʻi Island’s anchor and
opportunity industries to grow the market for local products and services. DRD Program
45.g Expand the research and development for energy and technology
industries.
DRD Program
45.h Assist in the expansion of emerging industries through the development
of marketing plans and programs.
DRD Program
45.i Develop a market strategy that includes housing, a skilled workforce, quality of life, and a healthy regulatory environment to attract emerging industries.
DRD Project
252
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
45.j Assist in the development of a film and creative industries program to
market Hawaiʻi Island sites and coordinate activities.
DRD Program
45.k Partner with government (e.g., DOT, DBEDT, etc.), private and nonprofit
agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to monitor export
capacity for Hawaiʻi Island.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
45.l Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies (e.g., business
associations, realtors, chambers of commerce, etc.), communities, and
other stakeholders to streamline regulatory processes and create
incentives for urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment
programs in collaboration with communities, businesses, and
government agencies.
DRD, PD Program
45.m Program regular collaboration with the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hawaiʻi Community College, the Natural Energy Laboratory at Hawaiʻi
Authority (NELHA), and other agencies to expand the research and
development industry for sustainable and equitable economic
development.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
45.n Increase grant writing capacity and management and pursue grant
funding to supplement County critical needs.
DRD Program
46.a Advocate for the State legislature to amend the Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes
to include green waste, composting, and fertilizer yards for commercial
use as permitted uses on agriculturally zoned land.
PD Interagency
Coordination
46.b Advocate for the State DOH to streamline the composting permitting
process.
DEM, DPW,
DOH
Interagency
Coordination
46.c Support the use of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
assistance.
DRD Program
46.d Advocate for the State to incentivize local food production through
expanded tax credits.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
46.e Support training and capacity building related to the requirements of the
Food Safety Modernization Act.
DRD Program
46.f Invest in a crop suitability tool, including existing and projected water
demand.
DRD Project
46.g Develop a food self-sufficiency strategy, including community-based food
system assessments and monitoring local food production and
consumption.
DRD Project
46.h Develop and implement an emergency food plan that could be deployed
in the event of a natural or economic disaster.
PD Project
46.i Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders for carrying capacity studies of fisheries and the establishment of State community-based subsistence fishing areas.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
46.j Coordinate with the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa College of Tropical
Agriculture and Human Resources to expand the farm food safety
education program.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
46.k Support the State Department of Agriculture programs for the
prevention, early detection, rapid response, and control of harmful
invasive species from becoming established and impacting commercial
agriculture.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
253
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
46.l Support State Department of Education Farm to School programs and
other programs designed to provide locally produced food to schools.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
46.m Adopt procedures to allow for the development of community gardens
and edible landscaping on public lands (e.g., through Friends of the Park
agreements).
DRD, PD Project
46.n Provide services and frameworks to support the formation of new
commodity groups and other organizations, such as farmer cooperatives. DRD Project
46.o Amend the Code to expand the designated list of parks authorized to
allow farmers’ market permits to include parks in rural areas that lack
appropriate commercial-zoned lands for farmers’ markets.
DRD, PD Code
Amendment
46.p Support and advocate for streamlined, long-term leases for agricultural
parks.
PD, DF Program
46.q Continue to evaluate and update the County’s tax reduction programs to
ensure that tax incentives for agricultural land use result in actual public
benefits and promote local agricultural production where possible.
PD, DF, DRD Code
Amendment
46.r Create a real property tax exemption for farmers entitled to federal crop
loss insurance.
DF Code
Amendment
46.s Support and invest in all cultural food programs, including food
preservation.
47.a Map existing and proposed agricultural infrastructure and facilities. DRD, PD Project
47.b Expand programs and options to allow for agricultural irrigation water. DWS Program
47.c Develop criteria to determine appropriate places for agricultural parks,
including the availability of potable water.
PD Project
47.d Account for verified agricultural water usage in the County Water Use
Development Plan.
DWS Project
47.e Support the expansion of State agricultural water systems in productive
agricultural areas.
PD Interagency
Coordination
47.f Investigate the restoration of ditch systems to meet future agricultural
needs.
DRD Project
47.g Amend bulk regulations, including building materials for agricultural
facilities and infrastructure.
PD Code
Amendment
47.h Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to study the feasibility of building code
amendments and structural integrity testing for locally produced building
materials, prioritizing non-native plant species.
DRD, DPW,
UHH
Interagency
Coordination
47.i Evaluate grubbing and grading ordinances as they pertain to agriculture,
including the creation of exemption categories for water storage and
aquaculture.
DPW Code
Amendment
47.j Seek State legislation or rulemaking to allow local agricultural producers
to make direct sales to consumers at County-designated farmers’ markets
at a lower general excise tax rate.
DRD Interagency
Coordination
47.k Evaluate the Code and statutory amendments to allow farmworker
housing to be developed without requiring the housing be sited on the
same parcel (i.e., TMK) of the working subject farm.
PD Code
Amendment
254
6.0 Implementation | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
47.l Amend the Code to remove barriers to allow for off-site directional
signage to promote local farms engaged in direct sales and other
permitted visitor-related businesses while minimizing scenic impacts.
DPW Code
Amendment
47.m Amend the Code to include provisions for suitable agricultural
infrastructure projects financed by County bonds and liens on real
property of participating agricultural stakeholders, whether such
assessments on TMKs involve contiguous parcels of lands encumbered
under an “Agricultural Improvement District”.
PD Code
Amendment
47.n Incentivize and streamline the process to develop agricultural worker
housing on and off-site.
PD Code
Amendment
48.a Identify and invest in opportunities to partner with and influence the
visitor industry to encourage malama ʻāina activities. DRD, PD Program
48.b Identify and recommend opportunities for installing or improving
informational signage to educate about and protect significant sites.
DRD, PD Program
48.c Update and maintain the Hawaiʻi Island Tourism Strategic Plan through
collaboration between community and industry leaders, inclusive of the
Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority.
DRD Project
48.d Develop a community-based stewardship program to identify wahi pana
status and implement interpretive programs.
PD Program
49.a Streamline processes for community-based programs, festivals, and
events.
PD, DPW Project
49.b Support efforts to revise HRS, Section 226-8 “Hawaiʻi State Planning Act
Objectives and Policies for the Economy – Visitor Industry” to incorporate
a regenerative tourism framework.
PD Project
49.c Maintain monitoring of resident sentiment towards the visitor industry. DRD Project
49.d Continue to seek funds from the State Capital Improvement Program to
support facilities, including restrooms, parking, and road improvements. DRD, PD Interagency
Coordination
49.e Provide technical support for local businesses to promote or further
develop their products, services, and activities in the visitor industry.
DRD Program
49.f Identify and reduce barriers that hinder visitor industry companies from
buying local Hawaiʻi Island products.
R&D Project
49.g Explore the feasibility of creating a multi-use facility to accommodate
athletic-exhibition-conference activities.
Various
agencies
Project
49.h Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to develop and support place-based educational
programs and workforce training within the visitor industry.
R&D Program
49.i Support programs that conduct outreach to students in the fields of
Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) and Indigenous Data Science and connect them to living-wage careers in the
visitor industry.
R&D Program
49.j Develop a toolkit and incentives for businesses to promote regenerative
tourism and the Island of Hawaiʻi Pono Pledge.
R&D Program
255
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
References
1. A. C. Medeiros, E. I. von Allmen, C. G. Chimera.
(2014). “Dry Forest Restoration and Unassisted
Native Tree Seedling Recruitment at Auwahi, Maui,”
Pacific Science, 68(1), 33-45.
2. Adapting to climate change. (n.d.).
https://planning.hawaii.gov/czm/initiatives/adaptin
g-to-climate-change-2/
3. Aloha Challenge. (n.d.).
https://alohachallenge.hawaii.gov/
4. American Planning Association. (2004). A Planners
Dictionary. American Planning Association.
5. American Planning Association. (2017). Regional
Green Infrastructure at the Landscape Scale.
American Planning Association.
6. Arnold, C. (2007). Fair and Healthy Land Use:
Environmental Justice and Planning. Retrieved from
American Planning Association website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/report/902
6874/
7. Bahm, J., et al. (2014). Aging Community Policy
Guide. American Planning Association.
8. Barton, K.E., Westerband, A., Ostertag, R., Stacy, E.,
Winter, K., Drake, D.R., Fortini, L.B., Litton, C.M.,
Cordell, S., Krushelnycky, P. and Kawelo, K. (2021).
Hawaiʻi forest review: synthesizing the ecology,
evolution, and conservation of a model system.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and
Systematics, 52, p.125631.
9. Biden, J. (2021). U. S. Executive Order 13985,
Advancing Racial Equity and Support for
Underserved Communities Through the Federal
Government. Retrieved from The White House
website:
https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/equity/
10. Bremer, L.L., DeMaagd, N., Wada, C.A. and Burnett,
K.M. (2021). Priority watershed management areas
for groundwater recharge and drinking water
protection: A case study from Hawaiʻi Island. Journal
of Environmental Management, 286, p.111622.
11. Brodribb, T.J., Powers, J., Cochard, H. and Choat, B.
(2020). Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought.
Science, 368(6488), pp.261-266.
12. Brooks, A., et al. (2019). Housing Policy Guide.
American Planning Association.
13. Bucchin, M. & Tuley, A. (2022). Planning for Climate
Mitigation and Adaptation. Retrieved from
American Planning Association website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/report/925
0330/
14. California Legislative Information. (2013). SB-743
Environmental quality: transit oriented infill
projects, judicial review streamlining for
environmental leadership development projects,
and entertainment and sports center in the City of
Sacramento. Retrieved from California Legislative
Information website:
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient
.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB743
15. Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO.
(2022). Hawaiʻi DOT wants plastic waste to hit the
road. Retrieved from Center for Environmental
Excellence by AASHTO website:
https://environment.transportation.org/news/hawa
ii-dot-wants-plastic-waste-to-hit-the-road/
16. Cesanek, W., Elmer, V., & Graeff, J. (2017). Planners
and Water. Retrieved from American Planning
Association website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/report/913
1532/
17. Chapple, K., et al., UC Berkeley. (2017). The
Conversion of Industrially Zoned Land. Center for
Community Innovation Industrial Land and Jobs
Study for the San Francisco Bay Area.
256
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
18. City and County of Honolulu, Department of
Planning and Permitting. (2017). Storm Water BMP
Guide for New and Redevelopment for the City and
County of Honolulu.
19. City and County of Honolulu. (n.d.). Chapter 2
Design of Gravity Sewers. Retrieved from
Honolulu.gov website:
https://www.honolulu.gov/env/wastewater-design-
standards-details/
20. City of Phoenix. (2024). Adaptive Reuse Program.
Retrieved from Phoenix website:
https://www.phoenix.gov/pdd/services/permitservi
ces/arp
21. Climate Change & Health - HAZARD EVALUATION &
EMERGENCY RESPONSE (HEER) OFFICE. (2024,
November 19). HAZARD EVALUATION &
EMERGENCY RESPONSE (HEER) OFFICE.
https://health.hawaii.gov/heer/climate-and-health/
22. Coffman, L. (2009). Low-Impact Development.
Retrieved from American Planning Associates
website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/document/
9007620/
23. County of Hawaiʻi & PATH. (2020). Hawaiʻi Island
Vision Zero Action Plan.
24. County of Hawaiʻi, County Council. (2011). Hawaiʻi
County Resolution 171-11, A Resolution Supporting
the Establishment of a Complete Streets Policy for
the County of Hawaiʻi.
25. County of Hawaiʻi, County Council. (2015). Hawaii
County Resolution 257-15.
https://records.hawaiicounty.gov/WebLink/1/edoc/
139705/Table%20of%20Contents,%20Resolutions%
20%20Responses.pdf
26. County of Hawaiʻi, County Council. (2023). Hawaii
County Ordinance 23-56.
https://records.hawaiicounty.gov/WebLink/0/doc/1
060449/Page1.aspx
27. County of Hawaiʻi, Department of Research and
Development. (2017). Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Inventory for 2017. Updated March 2021.
28. County of Hawaiʻi, Department of Water Supply.
(2010). Hawaiʻi County Water Use And Development
Plan.
29. County of Hawaiʻi, Planning Department & The
South Kohala Community. (2008). South Kohala
Community Development Plan.
30. County of Hawaiʻi. (2005). County of Hawaiʻi
General Plan, Amended February 2005.
31. County of Hawaiʻi. (2018). Hāmākua Community
Development Plan.
32. County of Hawaiʻi. (2019). County of Hawaiʻi
General Plan 2040, August 2019 Draft.
33. County of Hawaiʻi. (2020) Multi-Hazard Mitigation
Plan. https://hawaii-county-civil-defense-agency-
hawaiicountygis.hub.arcgis.com/pages/mhmp
34. County of Hawaiʻi. (2020). County of Hawaiʻi Street
Design Manual.
35. County of Hawaiʻi. (2021). Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory for 2017.
https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/home/showpublishe
ddocument/304504/637834584810900000
36. County of Hawaiʻi. (2023). Integrated Climate Action
Plan for the Island of Hawaii.
https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/home/showpublishe
ddocument/308256/638618168911000000
37. County of Hawaiʻi. (n.d.). Hawaii County Code,
Chapter 37 Sustainability, Climate, Equity, and
Resilience.
https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/home/showpublishe
ddocument/306566/638603649187130000
38. County of Hawaiʻi. (n.d.). Hawaiʻi County Code.
Retrieved from County of Hawaiʻi website:
https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/our-
county/legislative/office-of-the-county-
clerk/county-code
257
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
39. County of Maui, Planning Department, Long Range
Division. (2012). Maui Island Plan, General Plan
2030. Retrieved from County of Maui website:
https://www.mauicounty.gov/1503/Maui-Island-
Plan
40. Dulai, H., C. M. Smith, D. W. Amato, V. Gibson, and
L. L. Bremer. (2021). Risk to native marine
macroalgae from land-use and climate change-
related modifications to groundwater discharge in
Hawaiʻi. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 8: 141– 153.
doi:10.1002/lol2.10232
41. Frazier, A. G., & Brewington, L. (2020). Current
Changes in Alpine Ecosystems of Pacific Islands. In
M. I. Goldstein & D. A. DellaSala (Eds.), Encyclopedia
of the World's Biomes (pp. 607-619). Oxford:
Elsevier.
42. Frazier, A.G.; Giardina, C.P.; Giambelluca, T.W.;
Brewington, L.; Chen, Y.-L.; Chu, P.-S.; Berio Fortini,
L.; Hall, D.; Helweg, D.A.; Keener, V.W.; et al., (2022).
A Century of Drought in Hawaiʻi: Geospatial Analysis
and Synthesis across Hydrological, Ecological, and
Socioeconomic Scales. Sustainability 2022, 14,
12023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912023
43. Frey, H., Yim, S., & Troumbley, R. (2011). Hawaiʻi
2060: Visioning Hawaiʻi’s Adaptation to Climate
Change.
44. Gagorik, S., Alexandra, K., Murray, M., & Capogrossi,
A. (2010). EnVision Downtown Hilo 2025: A
Community-Based Vision and Living Action Plan 5-
Year Action Plan Update Draft.
45. Garvin, E. & Madden, M. (2022). Zoning Practice -
Zoning for Office-to-Housing Conversions. Retrieved
from American Planning Association website:
https://planning.org/publications/document/92288
86/
46. Gerken, T., Wiegner, T. N., & Economy, L. M. (2022).
A comparison of soil Staphylococcus aureus and
fecal indicator bacteria concentrations across land
uses in a Hawaiian watershed. Journal of
environmental quality, 51(5), 916–929.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20380
47. Gon SM, Tom SL, Woodside U. ʻĀina Momona,
Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World:
Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural
Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i.
Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3420.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103420
48. H.B. 226, 24th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Haw. 2007).
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session20
07/bills/GM1005_.PDF
49. Hawaiʻi Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Initiative, Haw. Rev. Stat. §225P.
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_C
h0201-0257/HRS0225P/HRS_0225P-.htm
50. Hawaiʻi Island Development Board. (2022). Our
Island, Our Economy, Our Future. 2022 Hawaiʻi
County Comprehensive Economic Development
Strategy.
51. Hawaiʻi State Energy Office. (n.d.). Hawaiʻi Clean
Energy Initiative. Retrieved from Hawaiʻi State
Energy Office website:
https://energy.hawaii.gov/hawaii-clean-energy-
initiative/
52. Hawaiʻi State Legislature. (n.d.). Article XII, Hawaiian
Affairs, Section 7. Retrieved from Legislative
Reference Bureau website:
https://lrb.hawaii.gov/constitution/#articlexii
53. Hawaiʻi State Legislature. (n.d.). Hawaiʻi Revised
Statutes. Retrieved from Hawaiʻi State Legislature
website:
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/
54. Hawaiʻi State Planning Act – Climate Change
Adaptation Priority Guidelines, Haw. Rev. Stat. §226-
109.
https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_C
h0201-0257/HRS0226/HRS_0226-0109.htm
55. Hawaiian Electric. (2023). Hawaiʻi Powered
Integrated Grid Plan.
56. Healthcare Association of Hawaiʻi. (2015). Hawaiʻi
County Community Health Needs Assessment North
Hawaiʻi Community Hospital.
258
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
57. Henaghan, J. (2018). Public Art and Planning.
Retrieved from American Planning Association
website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/document/
9163722/
58. Hodgson, K., et al. (2011). Urban Agriculture:
Growing Healthy, Sustainable Places. Retrieved from
American Planning Association website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/report/902
6887/
59. Kagawa, A., Sack, L., Duarte, K.E. and James, S.
(2009). Hawaiian native forest conserves water
relative to timber plantation: species and stand
traits influence water use. Ecological Applications,
19(6), pp.1429-1443.
60. Kauaʻi County. (2018). Kauaʻi Kākou, Kauaʻi County
General Plan.
61. Kent, B. & UCLA Law. (2023). Pritzker Briefs, Pritzker
Environmental Law and Policy Briefs. Increasing
Access to Green Space and Affordable Housing in
Los Angeles through Joint Development Projects.
62. Kober, Hanssen, Mitchell Architects. (2010). Kona
International Airport at Keahole Airport Master
Plan.
63. L. B. Fortini, L. R. Kaiser, D. A. LaPointe, Fostering
real-time climate adaptation: Analyzing past,
current, and forecast temperature to understand
the dynamic risk to Hawaiian honeycreepers from
avian malaria. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 23, e01069
(2020).
64. LA Thrives & Los Angeles Regional Open Space and
Affordable Housing. (n.d.). Pathway to Parks &
Affordable Housing Joint Development.
65. Laitinen, D. (2007). Community Wildfire Protection
Plan for Northwest Hawaiʻi Island.
66. Lucas, M. (2017). Spatially quantifying and
attributing 17 years of vegetation and land cover
transitions across Hawai`i. MSc Thesis. University of
Hawaii at Manoa
67. Mak, J., & Tyndall, J. (2020). Aloha ʻOe: Population
Migration Between Hawaiʻi and the U.S. Mainland.
Retrieved from the University of Hawaiʻi Economic
Research Organization website:
https://uhero.hawaii.edu/aloha-oe-population-
migration-between-hawaii-and-the-u-s-mainland/
68. Mallon, S., Kanawa, R. T., Collinge, R., Balram, N.,
Hutton, G., Carkeek, T. W., & Kapeliela, K. (2017).
The ‘ahu ‘ula and mahiole of Kalani ‘ōpu ‘u: A
journey of chiefly adornments. Tuhinga, 4.
69. Maui Metropolitan Planning Organization (2024).
Hele Mai Maui 2024. Retrieved from Maui
Metropolitan Planning Organization website:
https://mauimpo.org/hele-mai-maui-2040%C2%A0
70. McCann, B. & Rynne, S. (2010). Complete Streets:
Best Policy and Implementation Practices. Retrieved
from American Planning Association website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/report/902
6883/
71. McCann, B., Boutros, A., & Biton, A. (2023).
Complete Streets: Prioritizing Safety for All Road
Users. Retrieved from U.S. Department of
Transportation Federal Highway Administration
website: https://highways.dot.gov/public-
roads/winter-2023/complete-streets-prioritizing-
safety-all-road-users
72. Meter, K., & Goldenberg, M. P. (2017). Crossroads
Resource Center (Minneapolis) Hawaiʻi’s Food
System: Food for All.
73. Mitigation and Adaptation - NASA Science. (n.d.).
https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-
mitigation/
74. Morley, D. (2019). Adaptive Reuse. Retrieved from
American Planning Association website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/document/
9177526/
75. Morris, M. (2006). Integrating Planning and Public
Health: Tools and Strategies to Create Healthy
Places. Retrieved from American Planning
Association website:
259
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
https://www.planning.org/publications/report/902
6867/
76. Morris, M. (2006). Planning Active Communities.
Retrieved from American Planning Association
website:
https://www.planning.org/publications/report/902
6870/
77. NYC Environmental Protection. (2023). One Water
NYC: 2023 Water Demand Management Plan.
78. Olohana Foundation (n.d.). Indigenous Knowledge
Systems. Retrieved from Olohana Foundation
website: https://olohana.org/index.php/indigenous-
knowledge-systems/
79. Parametrix & Wesley R. Segawa and Associates, Inc.
(2019). 2019 Integrated Solid Waste Management
Plan Update.
80. Perroy, R. & Collier, E. (2020). 2020 Update to the
Hawaiʻi Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline.
81. Portland.gov (2020). 2035 Comprehensive Plan.
Retrieved from City of Portland, Oregon website:
https://www.portland.gov/bps/planning/comp-
plan-2035
82. Recycle Hawaiʻi. (2009). Zero Waste Implementation
Plan for the County of Hawaiʻi.
83. Recycle Hawaiʻi. (2021). Hawaiʻi County Zero Waste
Plan.
84. Resilience Office. (2020). One Water Panel.
Retrieved from City and County of Honolulu, Office
of Climate Change, Sustainability and Resiliency
website: https://www.resilientoahu.org/onewater
85. Smart Growth America. (n.d.). Made in Place Small-
scale manufacturing and neighborhood
revitalization.
86. SMS Hawaiʻi. (2020). Hawaiʻi Housing Planning
Study, 2019.
87. SMS Hawaiʻi. (2022). County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
Comprehensive Review.
88. SSFM International, Inc. (2018). County of Hawaiʻi
Transit and Multi-Modal Transportation Master
Plan.
89. SSFM International, Inc. (2018). Downtown Hilo
Multimodal Master Plan Final.
90. State of Hawaiʻi Department of Business, Economic
Development and Tourism. (2018). Population and
Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to
2045.
https://labor.hawaii.gov/wdc/files/2019/11/Handou
t-2-DBEDT-2045-long-range-forecast-p1-16.pdf
91. State of Hawaiʻi Department of Health. (2021).
Hawaii Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report for 2017.
https://health.hawaii.gov/cab/files/2021/04/2017-
Inventory_Final-Report_April-2021.pdf
92. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism. (2022). 2022 Annual
Visitor Research Report.
93. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism. (2022). The State of
Hawaiʻi Data Book 2022.
94. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism. (2023). 2023 Visitor Plant
Inventory.
95. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism. (2023). Self-Sufficiency
Income Standard Estimates for the State of Hawaiʻi
and Counties 2022.
96. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism. (2023). Visitor Satisfaction
Study Quarter 4, 2023.
97. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism, Hawaiʻi Broadband &
Digital Equity. (2024). Hawaiʻi Digital Equity Plan.
98. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism, Office of Planning and
Sustainable Development; Coastal Zone
Management Program. (2006). Low Impact
Development A Practitioner’s Guide.
260
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
99. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism, Office of Planning and
Sustainable Development; Coastal Zone
Management Program. (2018). Hawaiʻi Community
Stewardship Directory.
100. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism, Research and Economic
Analysis Division. (2019). Hawaiʻi Migration Flows:
2013-2017.
101. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism, Research and Economic
Analysis Division. (2021). Brain Drain:
Characteristics of Hawaiʻi-Born Adults on the U.S.
Mainland.
102. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism, Research and Economic
Analysis Division. (2024). Population and Economic
Projections for the State of Hawaiʻi to 2050.
103. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Business, Economic
Development & Tourism, Research and Economic
Analysis Division. (2024). Urban and Rural Areas in
the State of Hawaiʻi: 2020.
104. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Health, Clean Water
Branch. (n.d.). Protecting State Waters: The NPDES
MS4 Program.
105. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Health. (n.d.).
Healthy Hawaiʻi Strategic Plan 2030.
106. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Boating and Ocean
Recreation. (n.d.). Modernizing Ocean Recreation
Management in Hawaiʻi, Strategic Action Plan –
2019.
107. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Transportation,
Harbors Division. (2011). Hawaiʻi Island Commercial
Harbors 2035 Master Plan Update.
108. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Transportation.
(2022). Storm Water Post-Construction Best
Management Practices Manual.
109. State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Transportation.
(n.d.). Hawaiʻi Statewide Freight Plan.
110. State of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules.
(2021). Department of Health, Chapter 11-54, Water
Quality Standards.
111. State of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority. (n.d.).
Hawaiʻi Island Destination Management Action Plan
2021 – 2023.
112. State of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority. (n.d.).
Monthly Visitor Statistics. Retrieved from Hawaiʻi
Tourism Authority website:
https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/research/
monthly-visitor-statistics/
113. State of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority. (n.d.).
Strategic Plan 2020 – 2025.
114. State of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority. (n.d.).
The Brand Story of The Hawaiian Islands.
115. State of Hawaiʻi, Office of Planning and Sustainable
Development. (2018). Hawaiʻi 2050 Sustainability
Plan Ten Year Measurement Update (2008-2017).
116. State of Hawaiʻi, Senate, Twenty-Fifth Legislature.
(2009). S.B. 718 SD1 HD1, Complete Streets.
117. State of Hawaiʻi. (n.d.). Ocean Acidification Action
Plan 2021-2031.
https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/files/2021/09/State_of_
Hawaii_OA_Action_Plan.pdf
118. Stender, Y.; Jokiel, P.L.; Rodgers, K.S. (2014). ”Thirty
Years of Coral Reef Change in Relation to Coastal
Construction and Increased Sedimentation at
Pelekane Bay, Hawaiʻi.“ PeerJ 2014, 2, e300.
119. Strauch, A.M., Giardina, C.P., MacKenzie, R.A. et al.
(2017). Modeled Effects of Climate Change and
Plant Invasion on Watershed Function Across a
Steep Tropical Rainfall Gradient. Ecosystems 20,
583–600 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0038-
3
120. Strauch, A.M.; MacKenzie, R.A.; Bruland, G.L.;
Tingley, R.; Giardina, C.P. (2014). Climate Change
261
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
and Land Use Drivers of Fecal Bacteria in Tropical
Hawaiian Rivers. J. Environ. Qual. 2014, 43, 1475
121. Tayabji, S. (2016). FHWA Project R05 IAP Funded
Project Case Study: Hawaiʻi Interstate H1 Precast
Concrete Pavement Demonstration Project. United
States Department of Transportation, Federal
Highway Administration.
122. Tayabji, S., Smith, K., & Van Dam, T. (2010).
Advanced High-Performance Materials for Highway
Applications: A Report on the State of Technology.
United States Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration.
123. Temperature-related death and illness. (n.d.).
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/clim
atechange/health_impacts/heat/index.cfm#:~:text=
Prolonged%20exposure%20to%20extreme%20heat,
%2C%20cerebral%2C%20and%20cardiovascular%20
diseases
124. Tetra Tech. (2020). County of Hawaiʻi Multi-Hazard
Mitigation Plan.
125. The costs of the vehicle economy in Hawaii |
Ulupono Initiative. (n.d.). Ulupono Initiative.
https://ulupono.com/project-list/the-costs-of-the-
vehicle-economy-in-hawaii/
126. The Daily Bulletin. (1892). The Highways Act, 1892.
127. The Financial Health Network. (2019). Hawaiʻi
Financial Health Pulse: 2019 Survey Results.
128. Timmons, G. and Gon III, S. (2016) The Last Stand:
The Vanishing Hawaiian Forest. The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaiʻi.
https://www.nature.org/media/hawaii/last_stand_
web_lo.pdf
129. Tyner, P., & Shepard, A. (2019). Shifting from LOS to
VMT as the Measure of Transportation Impact
Assessment. Caltrans Division of Research,
Innovation and System Information.
130. U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2024).
Hawaii State Energy Profile.
https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=HI
131. U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.).
Electric Power Monthly.
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table
_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_a
132. United States Department of Homeland Security.
(2024). Community Rating System. Retrieved from
FEMA Floodplain Management website:
https://www.fema.gov/floodplain-
management/community-rating-system
133. United States Department of Housing and Urban
Development. (n.d.). Fair Housing Accessibility First.
Retrieved from Department of Housing and Urban
Development website:
https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/fair_housing
_equal_opp/accessibility_first_home
134. United States Department of Housing and Urban
Development. (n.d.). HOME and CDBG Guidebook.
135. United States Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration. (2010). Advanced
High- Performance Materials for Highway
Applications, A report on the state of technology.
Report No. FHWA-HIF-10-002.
136. United States Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration. (2016). Honolulu
Interstate H1 Precast Concrete Pavement
Demonstration Project. Report No. FHWA-HIF-17-
001.
137. United States Department of Transportation. (2022).
National Scenic Byways Program. Retrieved from
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway
Administration website:
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/scenic_byways/
138. United States Department of Transportation. (n.d.).
Areas of Persistent Poverty Program. Retrieved from
United States Department of Transportation Federal
Transit Administration website:
https://www.transit.dot.gov/grant-programs/areas-
persistent-poverty-program
262
References | County of Hawaiʻi General Plan
139. United States Department of Transportation. (n.d.).
Automated Vehicle Activities and Resources.
Retrieved from United States Department of
Transportation Federal Transit Administration
website: https://highways.dot.gov/automation
140. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
(2024). Smart Growth and Affordable Housing.
Retrieved from United States Environmental
Protection Agency website:
https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/smart-growth-
and-affordable-housing
141. United States General Services Administration.
(2023). Universal Design and Accessibility. Retrieved
from General Services Administration
Section508.gov website:
https://www.section508.gov/develop/universal-
design/
142. University of Hawaiʻi and Mānoa, Office of Public
Health Studies, Healthy Hawaiʻi Initiative Evaluation
Team. (n.d.). Food Insecurity in Hawaiʻi Using a
Population-Based Sample: A Data Brief.
143. University of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi Research Center for
Futures Studies & University of Hawaiʻi, College of
Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources, et al.
(2011). Visioning Hawaiʻi’s Adaptation to Climate
Change, Hawaiʻi Ocean Resources Management
Plan (ORMP) Partners.
144. University of Hawaiʻi. (n.d.). Center for Maunakea
Stewardship. Retrieved from University of Hawaiʻi at
Hilo website: https://hilo.hawaii.edu/maunakea/
145. US Water Alliance. (n.d.) Vision for a One Water
Future. Retrieved from US Water Alliance website:
https://uswateralliance.org/about-us/vision-for-a-
one-water-
future/#:~:text=Our%20Vision%3A%20A%20sustain
able%2C%20One,nation's%20most%20pressing%20
water%20challenges.
146. Volcano Community Association, Long Range
Planning Committee. (2015). Volcano Long Range
Plan.
147. Weller, S.G., Cabin, R.J., Lorence, D.H., Perlman, S.,
Wood, K., Flynn, T. and Sakai, A.K. (2011). Alien
plant invasions, introduced ungulates, and
alternative states in a mesic forest in Hawaii.
Restoration Ecology, 19(5), pp.671-680.
148. Woetzel, L., et al. (2017). Housing affordability: A
supply-side tool kit for cities. Retrieved from
McKinsey & Company website:
https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-
insights/future-of-cities/housing-affordability-a-
supply-side-tool-kit-for-cities
263
GENERAL PLAN POLICY MAPS
264
North K ohala
HamakuaSouthKohala
North Hilo
North K ona
Kau
Sout h Hilo
Puna
South
K ona
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
Districts and Towns
Map 1
S
W E
N
0 1 0 205Miles
7/26/2024265
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
A
B
C
D
E
F
S
W E
N
0 10 20
Miles
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
Conservation
Recreation
Natural
Extensive Agriculture
Productive Agriculture
Rural
Resort
University
Heavy Industrial
Light Industrial
Urban Expansion
Low-Density Urban
Medium-Density Urban
High-Density Urban
Draft General Plan Land Use: Overview Map
Map 2 266
Map 3 267
Map 4 268
Map 5 269
Map 6 270
Map 7 271
Map 8 272
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
Small
Large
7rDan #reas 6owns
1,642 - 3,906
1,065 - 1,642
568 - 1,065
207 - 568
6 - 207
&ensit[ oH Population per 5S Mi
5ource 75 Census $ureau '54+
S
W E
N
0 10 205
LKNGU
Map 273
274
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Hōnaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkalaPaʻauilo
Pahala
Pāhoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
Map 11
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
*Source: County of Hawaiʻi
General Plan Road Recommendations
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
6/9/2025
Widen
New
Improve
Extension
Work Type
Removed
275
HA
W
I
R
D
KAWAIHAE RD
M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N R
D
K
O
H
A
L
A
PA
N
I
O
L
O
AV
E
LI
N
D
S
E
Y
R
D
MAMALAHOA HWY
AK
ON
I
P
U
L
E
H
W
Y
HAW
AII
B
E
L
T
R
D
K A A H U M A N U H W Y
Q U E E N
WAIKOLOA RD
Map 12
HIN A L A N I S T
KUA
KIN
I H
W
Y
K A IMIN A N I D R
KAIWIST
HS
P
A
L
A
N
I R
D
RD
HUALALAI
Q
U
E
E
N
K
A
A
H
U
MA
N
U
H
W
Y
MA
MA
L
A
H
O
A
H
W
Y
H
A
W
A
II
B
E
L
T
R
D
KAM
E
H
A
M
E
H
A
III RD
KEALAKEHEPKWY
ALII DR
K
AUMANA DR
A V E
K A ME H A ME H A
A V EWAIANUE N U E
K
O
MO
H
A
N
A ST
D
RAINAOLA
PAHOA RD
KEAAU
LELEPL
KUPULAU RD
HAIHAI ST
WAINAKU
ST
S
TMA
N
O
N
O
W PUAINAKO ST
KINOOLE
ST
KUPULAUPL
KUHIO ST
KILAUEA
AVE
KALA N IA N A O L E S T
VOLCANO RD
MOHOULI
ST
K
AN
OELEHUA
AVE
KEAAU BYPASS RD
DANIEL KINOUYE HWY
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
31
2
276
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
*Source: Federal Highway Administration
Local Street, N/A
Minor Collector
Major Collector
Minor Arterial
Principal Arterial The U.S. DOT's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) classifies our Nation's urban
and rural roadways by road function. Each function class is based on the type of
service the road provides to the motoring public, and the designation is used for
data and planning purposes. Design standards are tied to function class. Each class
has a range of allowable lane widths, shoulder widths, curve radii, etc. The following
photos and information illustrate the four major road function classifications:Interstates, Other Arterials, Collectors, and Local roads. The amount of mobility and
land access offered by these road types differs greatly.
Federal-Aid Road Functional Classification*
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
Map 13 277
B E LT R DHAWAII
KAWAIHAE RD
M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
R
D
K
O
H
A
L
A
AVE
PANIOLO
LI
N
D
S
E
Y
R
D
MAMALAHOA HWY
HAWAII
B
E
L
T
R
D
WAIKOLOA RD
LANI ST
HINA
K
U
A
K
I
N
I H
W
Y
HALEKII
ST
KAIMINANI DR
R
D
N
A
P
O
O
P
O
O
KA
I
W
I
ST SH
K E A W E RDKE A L A O
RD
PALANI
LO
W
E
R
NAP
O
O
P
O
O
R
D
QUEEN KAAHUMANU HWY
M
A
MALAHOA HWY
HAWAII BELT RD
HAWAII BELT RDA
N
E
K
E
O
H
O
K
A
L
O
L
E
H
W
Y
KA
M
E
H
A
M
E
H
A
III
R
D
A
L
I
I
D
R
KAUMANA DR
KAMEHAMEHA AVE
KO
M
O
H
A
N
A
ST
DRAINAOLA
LE
L
E
PL
KU
P
U
L
A
U
R
D
HAIHAI ST
WAILUKU
DR
WAINAKU ST
MANOST
W PUAINAKO
ST
S
T
K
I
N
O
O
L
E
KUPU
L
A
U
PL
W A I A N UENUE AVE
BELT RD
H
AWAII
E LANIKAULA ST
KU
H
I
O
S
T
KI
L
A
U
E
A
A
V
E
MOHO
U
L
I
S
T
AVE
KANOELEHUA
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
31
2
Map 14 278
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
Map 15
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
*Source: County of Hawaiʻi
County of Hawaii Street Typology
n/a - Privately Owned/
Maintained
n/a - Road in Limbo
n/a - Federal Road
n/a - State DHHL
n/a - State Road
Minor Street
Industrial Street
Business Street
Minor Connector
Major Connector
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
279
Map 16
B E LT R DHAWAII
K A W A IH A E R D
MOU
NTAIN
R
D
K
O
H
ALA
A
V
E
P
A
N
IO
L
O
LINDSEYRD
MA
MA
L
A
H
O
A
H
W
Y
HAWAII BELT RD
W AIKOLO A RD
L A N I ST
H INA
KUA
KIN
I H
W
Y
HALEKIIST
K A IMIN A N I D R
RD
NAPOOPOO
KAIWIST SH
KEA W E R DKE A L A O
R
D
P
A
L
A
N
I
LOWERNAPOOPOO RD
Q
U
E
E
N
K
A
A
H
U
MA
N
U
H
W
Y
MA
MA
L
A
H
O
A
H
W
Y
H
A
W
A
II
B
E
L
T
R
D
H
A
W
A
I
I
B
E
L
T
R
DANE KEOHOKALOLE HWY
KAM
E
H
A
M
E
H
A
III RD
A
LII D
R
K
AU
MANA DR
KA ME H A ME H A A V E
KOM
O
H
A
N
A
ST
DRAINAOLA
LELEPL
KUPULAU RD
HAIHAI ST
WAILUKUDR
W
A
IN
A
K
U
S
T
MANOST
W PUAINAKO
ST
S
T
K
I
N
O
O
L
E
KUPU
L
A
U
PL
W A I A N UENUE AVE
BELT RD
H
AWAII
E LANIKAULA ST
KU
H
I
O
S
T
KI
L
A
U
E
A
A
V
E
MOHO
U
L
I
S
T
AVE
KANOELEHUA
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
31
2
280
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
*Source: County of Hawaiʻi
Harbors, Airports and Transit
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
Bus Routes
Commercial Harbors
Airports
Map 17 281
LI
N
D
S
E
Y
R
D
K
O
H
A
L
A
M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
R
D
MA
M
A
L
A
H
O
A
HW
Y
KAWAIHAE RD
HA
W
I
R
D
A
K
O
N
I P
U
L
E
H
W
Y
KAAHUMANU HWY
QUEEN
KAIMINANI DR
KA
I
W
I
ST
H IN A L ANI ST
HALEKII
ST
KEALAKEHE
PKWY
LO
W
E
R
NAP
O
O
P
O
O
R
D
MAMALAHOA HWY
PALANI RD
HUA
L
A
L
A
I
R
D
KA
M
E
H
A
M
E
H
A
III
R
D
HAW
AI
I
B
E
L
T
R
D
A
LII
D
R
QUEEN KAAHUMANU HWY
K
U
A
K
I
N
I H
W
Y
KEAWE RDKE ALA O
R
D
N
A
P
O
O
P
O
O
H A W A II B E L T R D
A VEWAIANUENUE LE
L
E
PL
KAMEHAME
H
A
A
V
E
KAUMANA DR
KUPU
L
A
U
PL HAIHAI
ST
MANONO ST
KOMOHANA ST
MOHO
U
L
I
ST
KI
L
A
U
E
A
A
V
E
WAINAKU ST
A
V
E
KA
N
O
E
L
E
H
U
A
B
ELT RD
H
AWA
II
KALANIANAOLE ST
DRAINAOLA
K
I
N
O
O
L
E ST
VOLCANO RD
B
Y
P
A
S
S RD
K
E
A
A
U
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
31
2
Map 18 282
Natural Resources
--Ahupua'a
-Coral Reefs
Map19
Big Island Critical Habitat
Twelve Species
Public Access, Open Space,
Natural Resources
Preservation (PONC)
Streamlines (NHD)
l:':/::_-:.--_:.J Waterbody (NHD)
-Natural Reserves
D Marine Managed Areas
(DAR)
Natural Beauty Sites
(aggregated by number of sites
per ahupua'a)
" 1
i s
i 10
-N
� Miles {' 5 10 , 20
Urban Areas, Towns
• Large e Small
283
237
128
108
86
55
53
40
33
33
32
21
17
11
11
10
98
7
6
6
4
2
2
Hilo
Puna
Hām
ā
k
u
a
Ko
h
a
l
a
K
o
n
a
Kaʻū
Hilo
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
S
W E
N
0 2010
Miles
Kailua-Kona
(aggregated by number of sites
per ahupuaʻa)
Ahupuaʻa
Moku
Na Ala Hele Trails
Streams with Cultural
Resources (HSA)
Cultural Resources
State Historic Preservation
Division (SHPD) Sites
Culturally significant resources, sites, and land
divisions around the Island of Hawaiʻi.
Sources include Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), State
Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), Na Ala Hele Trail
Specialists at the Department of Forestry and Wildlife
(DOFAW), and Department of Land and Natural Resources
(DLNR) Commission on Water Resource Management.
Map 20 284
285
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
*Source: County of Hawaiʻi
Wastewater Facilities
Discharge
County Discharge
Non-County Discharge
Pumps
County Pump
Non-County Pump
Mains
County Main
Non-County Main
Laterals
County Lateral
Non-County Lateral
Treatment Plants and Pump
Stations
County Pump Station
Non-County Pump Station
County Treatment Plant
Non-County Treatment
Plant
Cesspools
Priority 1
Priority 2
Priority 3
Undefined
Large Capacity Cesspools
Map 22 286
H I N A L A NI ST
K
U
A
K
I
N
I
H
W
Y
HALEKII
ST
HAWAII BELT RD
KAIMINANI DR
R
D
N
A
P
O
O
P
O
O
KA
I
W
I
S
T
K E A W E RDKE A L A O
PALANI RD
HUAL
A
L
A
I
R
D
LO
W
E
R
NAP
O
O
P
O
O
R
D
QUEEN KAAHUM
A
N
U
H
W
Y
MAMALAHOA HWY
KA
M
E
H
A
M
E
H
A
III
R
D
KEALAKEHE
PKWY
A
LII D
R
HAWAII BELT RD
BYPASS
R
D
KEAAU
KAUMANA DR
KAMEHAME
H
A
A
V
E
E PUAINAKO
ST
AVEWAIANUENUE
KOMOHANA ST
DRAINAOLA
L
E
L
E
PL
ST
WAINAKU
ST
MANONO
KUPU
L
A
U
PL
B
E
L
T
R
D
H
A
W
AII
KILAUEA AVE
K A L A N I ANAOLE ST
MOHO
U
L
I
ST
K
A
N
O
E
L
E
H
U
A
A
V
E
0 21
Miles
0 105
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
31
2
Map 23 287
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honomū
Kalapana
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahoa
Volcano
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
Map 24
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
Affordable Housing Project Locations*
Affordable Housing Projects
*Source: Hawaiʻi County Office of Housing
and Community Development (July 2024)
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
288
Map 25
K A W A I H A E R D
MOUNTAIN RD
KOHALA
MA
MA
L
A
H
O
A
H
W
Y
PULE HWY
AKONI
QUEEN
KAAHUM
A
N
U
H
W
Y
W A IKOLOA RD
HAWAII BELT RD
HINA L A N I ST
KU
AK
INI H
W
Y
HALEKIIST
K A IMIN A N I D R
KAIWIST
KEAW E R DKE A L A O
PALANIRD
LOWERNAPOOPOO RD
MA
MA
L
A
H
O
A
H
W
Y
Q UEEN KAAHU
MANU
H
W
Y
H
A
W
A
I
I
B
E
L
T
R
D
H
A
W
A
II
B
E
L
T
R
D
KEALAKEHEPKWY
ALII DR
KAUMANA DR
KAMEHAMEHA AVE
KOM
O
H
A
N
A
ST
DRAINAOLA
LELE PL
KUPULAU RD
W
A
IN
A
K
U
S
T
HAIHAI ST
MA
N
O
N
O
S
T
S TW P U A I N A K O
KINOOLE
ST
KUPULAUPL
W AIA N U E N U E A V E
KANOELEHUA
AVE
B
E
L
T
R
D
H
A
W
A
I
I
W KAWAILANI ST
K
IL
A
U
E
A
A
V
E
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
2
1 3
289
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
Nāʻālehu
Ocean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Waimea
A
N
M
L
K
JI
H
GF
0 105
Miles
Map 26
State Parks
County Parks
Cemetary
Penitentiary
Courthouse
Police Stations
Military Base
Volunteer Fire Stations
Fire Stations
USPS Facility
Recreation center
Gymnasium
Community center
School
Library
Hospital
Public Facilities
Small
Large
Urban Areas/Towns
S
W E
N
E
D
C B
O
290
9
11
12
Map 23
Map 27
HA
W
I
R
D
AKONI
P
U
L
E
H
W
Y
Hāwī
Kapaʻau
KAWAIHAE RD
MA
M
A
L
A
H
O
A HW
Y
LI
N
D
S
E
Y
R
D
Waimea
A
V
E
P
A
N
I
O
L
O
WAIK O L O A R D
QUE
E
N
KAA
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
Waikōloa
M
A
M
A
L
A
H
O
A
HW
Y
HINA LANI ST
K
U
A
KINI HWY
KAIMINANI DR
STKAIWI
HE
N
R
Y
ST
PALANI RD
RD
HUALALAI
Q
U
E
E
N
K
A
A
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
A
L
I
I
D
R
HAWAII BELT RD
A
N
E
K
E
O
H
O
K
A
L
O
L
E
H
W
Y
PKWYKEALAKEHE
Hōlualoa
Kailua-Kona
H
A
W
A
I
I
B
E
L
T
R
D
HWY
MAM
ALAHOA K
U
A
K
I
N
I
H
W
Y
ALII DR
Captain Cook
Kealakekua
Keauhou
0 10.5
Mile
0 10.5
Mile
0 10.5
Mile
0 10.5
Mile
0 21
Miles
A
B
C
D
E
291
Keaʻau
Kurtistown
Mountain View
Pahoa
Kalapana
Laupāhoehoe
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
1 2 5
8
Map 28 7/26/2024
MAM
A
N
E
S
T
BELT RDHAWAII
LE
H
U
A
ST
PLU
M
E
R
I
A ST
Honokaʻa
K A U M A N A D R
KAMEHAMEHA
AVE
KOMOHANA ST
AV EWAIANUENUE
AINAOL A D R
LE
L
E
P
L
KU
P
U
L
A
U
RD
ST
WAINAKU
HAIHAI ST
SM
ANON
KIN
O
O
L
E
S
T
KUPU
L
A
U
PL
BE
L
T
RD
H
AWAI
I
KU
H
I
O
S
T
AVE
KILAUEA
KALANIANAOLE ST
AV
E
KANO
E
L
E
H
U
A
MOHO
U
L
I
ST
Hilo
BELT RD
HAWAII
Honomū
VOL CAN O RD
HAWAII BELT
R
D
Volcano
HAWAII BELT RDPahala
MAMALAHOA HWY
Nāʻālehu
0 0.50.25
Mile
0 52.5
Miles
0 21
Miles
0 10.5
Mile
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 0.50.25
Mile
0 0.50.25
Mile
0 52.5
Miles
0 31.5
Miles
O
N
M
L
K J
I
H
G F
Ocean View
292
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
*Source: Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense Agency
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
Health and Medical
Safety and Security
Food, Water and Sheltering
Critical Facilities Map A*
Map 29 293
KAWAIHAE RD
M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N R
D
K
O
H
A
L
A
PA
N
I
O
L
O
A
VE
MA
M
A
L
A
H
O
A HW
Y
LI
N
D
S
E
Y
R
D
HAWAII BELT RD
P
U
L
E
H
W
Y
A
K
O
NI
QU
E
E
N
KA
A
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
WAIKOLOA RD
BELT RD
HAWAII
LANI ST
HINA
K
U
A
K
I
N
I
H
W
Y
HALEKII ST
KAIMINANI DR
N
A
P
O
O
P
O
O RD
HAAWIN
A
ST
KA
I
W
I
S
T
HE
N
RY
ST
PALANI RD
RD
HUALALAI
Q
U
E
E
N
K
A
A
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
MA
M
A
L
A
H
O
A
HW
Y
HAWAII BELT RD
H
W
Y
A
N
E
K
E
O
H
O
K
A
L
O
L
E
PK W YKEALA K E H E
III RD
KAMEHAMEHA
A
LII
D
R
KAUMANA DR
KAMEHAMEHA AVE
KO
M
O
H
A
N
A
ST
DRAINAOLA
LE
L
E
P
L
KU
P
U
L
A
U
R
D
HAIHAI ST
WAILUKU
DR
WAINAKU ST
MANO
ST
W PUAINAKO
ST
KUPU
L
A
U
PL
W A I A NUENUE AVE
BELT RD
HAWAII
E LANIKAULA ST
KI
L
A
U
E
A
A
V
E
K A L A N IA N A O L E S T
V
O
L
C
A
N
O
R
D
MOHO
U
L
I
S
T
K
A
N
O
E
L
E
H
U
A
A
V
E
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
2
1 3
Map 30 294
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
1
23
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
*Source: Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense Agency
Small
Large
Urban Areas / Towns
Hazardous Materials
Energy
Communications
Bridges
Critical Facilities Map B*
Map 31 295
KAWAIHAE RD
M
O
U
N
T
AIN
R
D
K
O
H
A
L
A
PA
N
I
O
L
O
A
VE
MA
M
A
L
A
H
O
A HW
Y
LI
N
D
S
E
Y
R
D
HAWAII BELT RD
P
U
L
E H
W
Y
A
K
O
N
I
QU
E
E
N
KA
A
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
WAIKOLOA RD
BELT RD
HAWAII
LANI ST
HINA
K
U
A
K
IN
I H
W
Y
HALEKII ST
KAIMINANI DR
N
A
P
O
O
P
O
O RD
HAAWIN
A
ST
KA
I
W
I
S
T
HE
N
RY
ST
PALANI RD
RD
HUALALAI
Q
U
E
E
N
K
A
A
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
MA
M
A
L
A
H
O
A
HW
Y
HAWAII BELT RD
H
W
Y
A
N
E
K
E
O
H
O
K
A
L
O
L
E
PKW YKEALA K E H E
III RD
KAMEHAMEHA
A
LII D
R
KAUMANA DR
KAMEHAMEHA AVE
KO
M
O
H
A
N
A
ST
DRAINAOLA
L
E
L
E
PL
KU
P
U
L
A
U
R
D
HAIHAI ST
WAILUKU
DR
WAINAKU ST
W PUAINAKO
ST
KUPU
L
A
U
PL
W A IA N UENUE AVE
BE
LT RD
HAWAII
E LANIKAULA ST
KI
L
A
U
E
A
A
V
E
K A L A N I A N A O L E S T
V
O
L
C
A
N
O
R
D
MOHO
U
L
I
S
T
K
A
N
O
E
L
E
H
U
A
A
V
E
0 21
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
2
1 3
Map 32 296
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
Small
Large
7rDan #reas 6owns
*Source: Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of
Forestry and Wildlife, Fire Management Program, 2007.
ACUGFQPVJGIWKFGNKPGUFGXGNQRGFD[VJGMCVKQPCN#UUQEKCVKQPQH5VCVG
EQTGUVGTUKPIWPGVJG&KXKUKQPQHEQTGUVT[CPF9KNFNKHGKFGPVKHKGFCV
TKUMYKNFNCPFWTDCPKPVGTHCEGEQOOWPKVKGUKPVJGOCLQT*CYCKKCPKUNCPFU
CPFTCVGFGCEJEQOOWPKV[ UTKUMHTQOYKNFNCPFHKTGU&CVCYGTGEQNNGEVGF
CPFEQORNGVGFFWTKPIVJG[GCTUCPF6JKUFCVCDCUGYKNNDG
WUGFVQFGXGNQR%QOOWPKV[9KNFHKTGOTQVGEVKQPONCPU
TGHGTGPEG JVVRU IGQRQTVCNJCYCKKIQXFCVCUGVU*K5VCVG)+5 HKTGTKUM
CTGCUCDQWV
WilFHire 4isk #rea
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
N/A
Low
Medium
High
Risk Rating
Map 33 297
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
MAUNA KEA
MAUNA LOA
KILAUEA
*Source: U.S. Department of the Interior / Geological Survey
"Hazard zone boundaries are approximate and
gradational. These boundaries are not specific
enough to determine the absolute degree of
danger at any particular site. Lava flow hazard maps
are designed to show relative hazard across the
Island of Hawaii and are meant to be used for
general planning purposes only."
Lava Flow Hazard Zones*
Map 34
6nDmm
MDshH
Urban Areas / Towns
MpZHtu5Ltl
+LhiHtu5Ltl
S
W E
N
0 10 205
Miles
298
299
.................. ...,.'I. .............. . ••••••••••••••••..................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................. ................................................ ................................................................................ ................................ ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................ ...............................
1
3
........... ::::::::-:--:::.
H: Iiiih9'.fui ::'::::::::::::::�::::. ,. .................... . .............................................. ....................... ..............................................
t:J
l
::�Miles
0 2.5
.__ _ _.I Miles
0 4.75 9.5
Map 36
••••••••••••••••••• ................... •••••••••••••••••••• .................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .......................
2
I;;!?! I I i�U=p= i�=oehoe ••••••••••••·•••• -·······-······· :::::::::::::::::::::e::::::::::: .,, ................................ ..........................................................................................................•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.........................................................................................................•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••...............................................................................................................................................................................jr:: 11: 1lt � � � � � IH� t jj jj j j j j j j ................................... ........................., ......................... .................................................................................... .............................. .............................. .............................. ............................... ............................................................... ............................... .............................. .............................. ............................... . .............................. .. ............................ . .............................. . ............................ .. ............................ . . ............................ .. ............................ . . ........................... . . ........................... . . .......................... . . .......................... . . ........................... .. .......................... . . .......................... . . .......................... .. .......................... .••••••••·••••••••·•··••• .. ...................... . . ........................ . iii i ! i ! i �oii:i)1n ;� i . ......................... . . .......................... .. .......................... . . .......................... . . .......................... . . ........................... . ............................ . ......................... . . ......................... . . ........................ . . ......................... ............................ . ........................ . . ........................ . . ........................ . . ......................... .. ........................ . . ......................... . . .......................... . . .......................... . 1HiiiiiH::::::::rn�1; • : : =�=::::: =�-¥�:::::: 9?::::: •. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
......................................................................•••••••••••••••. ............. .••••••••••••••••................................
�=.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.=.;.;.;.;.;��i],:,i s:::::
·=:=1111 lllllllllllllllllllllltillli====· .............................. ............................ ·:)!;!!;;!;i;;;!Kafa'::ana·::::::::::: ...
..........
/. v:��LHjil[l?; ehu.... . .................. . ................... •'••·············· � �'·�. �·�t � � � � � � � � � � •...............
6
7
8
300
12
�Miles
2.5 0 2 5 5 Map 37 301
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
Sea Level Rise, Coastal Flood Zone*
Small
Large
Urban Areas, Towns
The State of Hawai‘i 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan incorporated the results of modeling and anassessment of vulnerability to coastal flooding from storm-induced wave events with sea level
rise (Tetra Tech Inc., 2018). The 1% annual-chance-coastal flood zone with sea level rise
(1%CFZ) was modeled to estimate coastal flood extents and wave heights for wave-generating
events with sea level rise.
Modeling was conducted by Sobis Inc. under State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural
Resources Contract No: 64064. The 1%CFZ with 3.2 feet of sea level rise was utilized to assess
vulnerability to coastal event- based flooding in mid to - late century.
https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::1-coastal-flood-zone-with-3-2-ft-sea-level-
rise-hawaii-island/about
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 10 205
Miles
1% Coastal Flood Zone
with 3.2 ft Sea Level Rise
*Source: Tetra Tech, Inc. for the State of Hawaii 2018 Hazard
Mitigation Plan, Hawaii Emergency Management Agency.
Map 38 302
H
A
W
A
II
B
E
L
T
R
D
HAWAII
B
E
L
T
R
D
KAMEHAMEHA
AVE
WAINAKUST
K
I
N
O
O
L
E
S
T
KOMOHANA
ST
HAWAII
BELTRD
KU
H
I
O
ST
W
KAWILI S T
K
IL
A
U
E
A
A
V
E
KALANIANAOL E S T
KA
N
O
E
L
E
H
U
A
AV
E
MOHO
U
L
I
ST
WAINAKUST
HA
W
A
I
I
B
E
L
T
R
D
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
8
0 52.5
Miles
0 0.50.25
Miles
MLOHV
0 10.5
Miles
0 0.50.25
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 9.54.75
Miles
LCR303
Hōlualoa
Keauhou
Kailua-Kona
HALEKII
ST
R
D
N
A
P
O
O
P
O
O
KE ALA O K
E
A
W
E
R
D
HAWAII BELT RD
LO
W
E
R
NAP
O
O
P
O
O
R
D
K
U
A
KI
N
I
H
W
YKA
M
E
H
A
M
E
H
A
III
R
D
A
LII DR
M
A
M
A
L
A
H
O
A
H
W
Y
AVE
P
A
N
IOLO
KAWAIHAE RD
P
U
L
E H
W
Y
A
K
O
NI
WAI
K
O
L
O
A
RD
QU
E
E
N
K
A
A
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
9
10
11
12
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5 Miles
0 4.52.25
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
Map 40 304
Map 41 305
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hāwī
Hōlualoa
Honaunau
Honokaʻa
Honomū
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Laupāhoehoe
Mountain View
NāʻālehuOcean View
ʻŌʻōkala
Paʻauilo
Pahala
Pahoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikōloa
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
Tsunami Safe Zone
Map 42
Tsunami Evacuation Zone
Tsunami Evacuation Zones*
Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone
Small
Large
Towns
"Tsunami Evacuation Zone: is used for most tsunami warnings. This zone is based onhistorical tsunami impacts over the past 100 years. These areas are shown in RED on the
map. For this evacuation, you are considered safe when you have reached the YELLOW or
TAN zones.
Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone: If an earthquake happens in the Eastern Aleutian
Islands with a magnitude 9.0 or greater, it will cause a rare, more extreme tsunami eventthat would result in much more extensive flooding. In this rare case, officials may advise
evacuating further inland. These areas are shown in YELLOW on the map. For this
evacuation, you are considered safe when you have reached the GREEN zone."
*Source: Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense/Pacific Disaster Center
A
B
C
D E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
0 10 205
Miles
306
307
Hōlualoa
Keauhou
Kailua-Kona
HALEKII
ST
RD
NAP
O
O
P
O
O
KEA WE R DKE A L A O
HA
WA
II B
E
LT R
D
KUA
KIN
I
H
WY
KAMEH
A
M
E
H
A
III RD
A
LII
D
R
MAMALA
H
O
A
H
W
Y
Captain Cook
Honaunau
Kealakekua
Keauhou
Hāwī Kapaʻau
AV
E
P
A
N
IOLO
KAWAIHAE RD
P
U
L
E H
W
Y
A
K
O
NI
WAI
K
O
L
O
A
RD
QU
E
E
N
K
A
A
H
U
M
A
N
U
H
W
Y
Kawaihae
Waikōloa
Map 44
I
J
K
L
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
0 52.5
Miles
308
Hilo
Kailua-Kona
Waimea
Captain Cook
Hakalau
Hw
Hlualoa
Hna unau
Honokaʻa
Honom
Kainaliu
Kalapana
Kapaʻau
Kawaihae
Keaʻau
Kealakekua
Kurtistown
Lauphoehoe
Mountain View
N ʻlehuOcean View
ʻʻkalaPaʻauilo
Pahala
Phoa
Volcano
Keauhou
Waikloa
A
B
C
D
E
G
S
W E
N
0 5 10
Miles
F
DHHL Land
Inventory
Parcels
Department of Hawaiian
Homelands (DHHL)
Land Inventory*
Map 45
*Lands owned by the State of Hawaii department
of Hawaiian Homelands within the County of
Hawaii - from the Department of Hawaiian
Homelands as of October 29, 2022.
For more information, please refer to
metadata summary at
https://les.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/gis/
data/dhhl_lands_general.pdf
Source: State of Hawaii Department of
Hawaiian Homelands, November 8, 2022.
Website: https://planning.hawaii.gov/gis
Small
Large
Urban Areas, Towns
309
310