HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0372.001 2024-2026C. Kimo Alameda, Ph.D.
Mayor
William V. Brilhante, Jr.
Managing Director
West Hawaii Office
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740
Phone (808) 323-4770
Fax (808) 327-3563
DATE: June 23, 2025
J SY Of N
re•cF•H t
County of Hawaii
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Jeffrey W. Darrow
Director
Michelle S. Ahn
Deputy Director
East Hawaii Office
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Phone (808) 961-8288
Fax (808) 96.1-8742
FEW,
N
c
TO: Holeka Inaba, Chairperson and Members of the Hawaii County Council 3UJ
From Jeffrey W. Darrow, Planning Director K
SUBJECT: Final Recommended Draft General Plan 2045 (Draft 2) Including the _
Recommendations from the Leeward and Windward Planning Commissions
The Planning Department is pleased to transmit the Final Recommended Draft General Plan 2045
Draft 2), which incorporates majority of the formal recommendations received from both the
Leeward and Windward Planning Commissions.
Most of the recommendations from both Planning Commissions have been included in Draft 2;
however, several items were not included due to unclear direction, conflicting language, or the
need for further interpretation. These remaining items are listed below for your review and
consideration.
Leeward Planning Commission Recommendations Not Incorporated:
2. Add the language related to public access, trails, recreation and scenic resources that were
present in the Draft General Plan released by the Planning Department in 2019 as suggested
by the Hawaii Island Na Ala Hele Advisory Council in their enclosed letter to the
Commission dated February 18, 2025.
8. Page 19, Glossary, amend the definition for Stakeholder to read: "Stakeholder is any
Hawaii County residents, individual, group, or organization that has an interest or concern
in a particular project, decision, or activity and can be affected by its outcomes. They can
influence or be influenced by the objectives, policies, and performance of an organization
or project. Effective stakeholder engagement and management are crucial for the success
and sustainability of any initiative, as it helps ensure that diverse perspectives and interests
are considered."
12. Page 42, Policy 1.17, amend to read: "Allow the redevelopment of existing waterfront
commercial structures consistent with the community character to preserve overwater
views where sea levels rise and/or coastal erosion will have no impact on the property."
Windward Planning_ Commission Recommendations Not Incorporated:
Add a definition for "Incentives" to the Glossary section and provide examples of
incentives throughout the Draft Plan.
plannine(a)hawaiicounty. eov
Note: Duplicate copies are not available of this document due to its size, but it — — - —
may be viewed in the Office of the County Clerk, or on the County's homepage I , y Comm.
by choosing "Our County" then "Council Records" then navigating to the Refm
document.) Ref. ®ate
Chair Holeka Inaba
Hawai'i County Council
June 23, 2025
Page 2
4. Page 19, Glossary section, delete the word "Stakeholder" and replace with "Interested
Parties" to read: "Interested Parties is any individual, group, or organization that has an
interest or concern in a particular project, decision, or activity and can be affected by its
outcomes. Interested parties can include a wide range of entities, such as employees,
customers, suppliers, investors, government agencies, community members, and
nongovernmental organizations. They can influence or be influenced by the objectives,
policies, and performance of an organization or project. Effective interested parties'
engagement and management are crucial for the success and sustainability of any initiative
as it helps ensure that diverse perspectives and interests are considered."
7. Page 42, Policy 1.17, amend to read: "Allow the environmentally safe and responsible
redevelopment of existing waterfront commercial structures consistent with the community
character to preserve overwater views."
11. Page 217, Section 6.2.1 second paragraph under "Community Development Plan
Framework' amend to read: "All communities, including North and South Hilo and North
Kohala, shall have an updated community plan and shall have Community Development
Plan Action Committees."
There was also a recommendation by the Windward Planning Commission to remove
proposed General Plan road alignments shown on Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
DHHL) lands. This was discussed at length during the Windward Planning Commission
meetings, particularly regarding the Puna Makai Alternate Route (PMAR). While there
was significant public testimony requesting removal of alignments in proximity to DHHL
lands, no formal motions were made. Therefore, no changes were made in the revised draft.
The above recommendations were not incorporated to allow the County Council, as the final
authority on the General Plan, to deliberate and determine how best to address them. In some cases,
the recommendations presented conflicting or overlapping guidance. In others, additional
clarification or policy judgment is needed before changes can be implemented.
Should you have any questions, please contact Bethany Morrison of this department at 96.1-8138
or by email at Bethany.morrison@hawaiicounty.gov.
Sincerely,
Jeffreu W. J-)cwow
Jeffrey ktarroMpun 23, 202511:49 HST)
JEFFREY W. DARROW
Planning Director
Enclosures: Final Recommended Draft General Plan 2045 (Draft 2)
Hawaii Island Na Ala Hele Advisory Council Memo dated February 18, 2025
From: Bauer. Jackson M
To: WPCtestimonv; LPCtestimonv
Cc: Terrencoda; Chuck Flaherty Subject:
Testimony for General Plan comprehensive review Date:
Tuesday, February 18, 2025 2:33:31 PM Attachments:
NAH AC FINAL Letter re General Plan.odf Aloha
Windward and Leeward Planning Commissions, On
behalf of the Hawaii Island Na Ala Hele Advisory Council, attached please find written testimony in
regards to the comprehensive review of the General Plan. Jackson
M. Bauer Hawaii
Island Na Ala Hele Trails and Access Specialist, Division
of Forestry and Wildlife, Department
of Land and Natural Resources 19
East Kawili Street Hilo,
Hawai?i 96720 808-
657-8041 iackson.
m.bauerehawaii.gov
NA ALA HELE
Hawaii Trail & Access System
February 18, 2025
To: County of Hawai'i
Windward Planning Commission
c/o Hilo Planning Department Office
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
Hilo, HI 96720
Leeward Planning Commission
c/o Kona Planning Department Office
West Hawaii Civic Center
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Highway,
Building E, 2nd Floor
Kailua-Kona, HI 96740
From: Terrence Noda, Chair 14 '
Hawai'i Island Na Ala Hele Advisory Council
c/o Division of Forestry and Wildlife
19 E. Kawili Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Re.: Testimony on the Hawai'i County Draft General Plan
Aloha Chairs DeFranco and Daniele and members ofthe Leeward and Windward Planning Commissions,
The Hawai'i Island Na Ala Hele Advisory Council (Advisory Council) would like to express its appreciation
for the volunteer service each of the Commissioners provides to Hawai'i Island. In response to Leeward
and Windward Planning Commissions request for further public advice and assistance during their
General Plan comprehensive review process, the Advisory Council would like to assist the county
Planning Commissioners by providing the following comments and recommended amendments.
About the Na Ala Hele Advisory Council
The Na Ala Hele Advisory Councils were established by Hawai'i Revised Statute 198D to provide advice
and assistance to the Department of Land and Natural Resources in implementing the Na Ala Hele
Program.
In addition, Hawai'i Revised Statutes §198D-9, "Other powers and duties of department [Department of
Land and Natural Resources]", provides further guidance: "The department:
Division of Forestry and Wildlife Phone: 808-974-4221 19 E. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720
Department of Land and Natural Resources Fax: 808-974-4226 Email: jackson.m.bauer@hawaii.gov
4) Shall coordinate its activities under this chapter, including its compilation of the inventories and
classifications of trails and accesses, with other public agencies;
5) Shall advise and, when able, assist other public agencies in the development, construction,
operation, maintenance, and regulation of trails and accesses under the other agencies' jurisdiction;...".
Related Hawai'i County Code Chapter 34-4(b):
The location of public shoreline and mountain areas and existing shoreline, coastal and public
mountain trails shall be determined by the [Planning Department] director in consultation with the State
department of land and natural resources and the department of parks and recreation and shall be
established by rule pursuant to chapter 91, Hawai'i Revised Statutes. The director shall solicit such
information from such agencies upon adoption of the ordinance codified in this chapter and from time
to time thereafter. Such rules shall include maps depicting the public -owned areas and the approximate
location of the existing public trails, and may provide for supplementation of listed areas and trails upon
publication of notice in lieu of rule amendment. Provided, that the rules shall be amended not less than
every five years to incorporate any supplemental changes made since prior rule adoption and to allow
public comments on practices and procedures established under such rules."
The Hawai'i Island Na Ala Hele Advisory Council's Review of the Hawaii County General
Plans
At its February 12, 2025 meeting, the Advisory Council reviewed language related to public access, trails,
recreation, and scenic resources in the:
1) current county General Plan adopted in 2005 (current GP),
2) draft General Plan 2040 released by the county Planning Department in 2019 (dGP2040), and
3) current draft General Plan 2045 released by the Planning Department in 2023 (dGP2045).
For your easy reference and comparison, we have excerpted the relevant Objective, Policies, and
Actions and provided then in this letter the specific language reviewed in each of these plans as follows:
1) Appendix A, dGP2040
2) Appendix B, dGP2045
3) Appendix C, current GP
We have also included excerpts from the Ala Kahakai National Trail Memorandum of Understanding as
the MOU directly relates to the county of Hawai'i in Appendix D.
During its review, the Advisory Council noted that both the dGP2040 and dGP2045 are complete
rewrites of the current GP.
Because of this, one focus of our review was to determine the extent to which the dGP2040 and
dGP2045 effectively include the Policies and Actions contained within the current GP. The Advisory
Council found that the dGP2040 effectively includes all Policies and Actions related to public access,
trails, recreation, and scenic resources in the current GP, while the dGP2045 does not.
Another focus was to compare the language within dGP2040 and dGP2045 related to public access,
trails, recreation, and scenic resources.
The Advisory Council found that the dGP2040 contains 23 Policies, 26 Actions, and 6 Agency Actions
related to public access, trails, recreation, and scenic resources, which are presented in a straight-
forward, comprehensive, easy -to -understand, and organized manner.
However, the dGP2045 contains only 10 Policies and 3 Actions related to public access, trails, recreation,
and scenic resources. Because of the lack of organization of these within the plan, the only practical
means to find these was to:
1) go online to access the private contractor Konveio's, online website and software, and
2) learn how to use the software and key word searches.
We found the Policies and Actions are scattered throughout dGP2045, making it nearly impossible for a
member of the public or professional planner to assess the extent to which public access, trails,
recreation, and scenic resources are addressed, much less how to integrate existing laws, rules,
regulations, and programs, when compared to the rationale and actions contained in dGP2040."
Hawai'i Island Na Ala Hele Advisory Council's Recommendations
After its review, the Advisory Council finds that the Objectives, Polices and Actions related to public
access, trails, recreation, and scenic resources contained within dGP2040 are far more comprehensive,
complete, and actionable as compared to the dGP2045.
In addition, the Advisory Council finds that the Policies and Actions in dGP2040:
1) better identify relevant laws, rules, regulations, public involvement, and collaboration
between the county and other agencies, including the Advisory Council, as they relate to
public access, trails, recreation, and scenic resources,
2) better assure implementation of the General Plan as it relates to public access, trails,
recreation, and scenic resources, and
3) contain the Scenic Resources Protection Programs and Strategies resulting from the Hawaii
County Scenic Resources Inventory and Mapping Project, which was specifically prepared and
completed for the General Plan comprehensive review,
For instance, the following Actions in dGP2040 are not listed in dGP2045:
1) Action 4.52, "Actively implement the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail Memorandum of
Understanding" (document attached),
2) Action 4.56, "Establish a County of Hawai'i Public Access and Trail Program with sufficient
staff and resources. Staff will be required to consult/consider recommendations of this
program in all permit reviews." The dGP2040 further lists the specific recommended elements
of this program, and
3) Action 4.93, "Establish a Scenic Resources Protection Program to identify, inventory, and
protect areas of significant beauty." The dGP2040 further lists the specific recommended
elements of this program.
We noted that the Scenic Resources Protection Programs and Strategies are not contained within
dGP2045, but are contained within dGP2040. Therefore, dGP2045 is not nearly as actionable as is
dGP2040.
In Conclusion
The Advisory Council believes these recommendations represent a more comprehensive and rational
approach to the subject of public access and trails. They are more actionable and better address the
serious implementation concerns that members of public continue expressed since dGP2045 was first
released in September 2023.
As such, the Advisory Council urges the Commissions to consider our recommendations for amending
dGP2045 during your decision -making process.
Mahalo for this opportunity to comment.
APPENDIX A
Recommended Amendments to Draft General Plan 2045 (Released in 2023), as Excerpted
from Draft General Plan 2040 (Released in 2019)
PROMOTING ACTIVE LIVING THROUGH RECREATION, TRAILS, & PUBLIC ACCESS
PublicAccess & Trails
SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVE
Number of public access sites created through acquisition or easement or enhanced with
assistance from CZM funding or staff.
POLICY
404. The County of Hawai'i shall establish: public access to and along the shoreline to
significant historic sites, public transit along the top of cliff, streams and other natural
water courses, mauka trails, facilities, and access to sites for gathering, hunting, and
other recreational purposes and in accordance with Hawai'i County Code Chapter 34.
Rationale: Based on existing County Code 34, General Plan Policy 12.3 (I, m), Ka'u CDP
Policy 81, and Hamakua CDP Policy 48]
405. Subdividers of six or more lots, parcels, units, or interests shall be required to
dedicate land for public access for pedestrian travel from a public highway or street to
the land below the high-water mark on any coastal shoreline or to areas in the mountains
where there are existing facilities for hiking, hunting, fruit -picking, ti leaf sliding, and
other recreational purposes, and where there are existing mountain trails.
Rationale: Based on existing HRS 46-6.5 and HCC 34-4(c)).]
406. Prior to disposing of, leasing, or transferring public lands, including public roads or
trails, public access potentials shall be assessed, documented and protected if public
access use is in the public's interest.
Rationale: Based on existing HRS Section 46-1.5, Hamakua CDP Policy 50, and General
Plan 12.3 (n.).]
407. Ensure that publicly owned historic trails and roads are properly identified, and
consultation occurs to protect the public's interests.
Rationale: Based on the Highways Act of 1892, Hamakua CDP Policy 50, and the General
Plan 12.3 (n).]
408. Alignment of coastal trails shall consider flexibility for realignment for sea level rise
and other dynamic shoreline changes. [Climate Change]
Rationale: Based on current status of some impacted coastal areas and research relating
to projected sea level rise impacts on coastal assets. See also California Coastal
Commission Sea Level Rise Policy Guidance.]
409. Determine the location and ownership of historic trails and roads as early as possible
in the land use application process.
Rationale: Based on identified challenges with ownership of historic trails and roads and
the subsequent legal implications. See also General Plan Policy 13.2.3 (q)]
410. Where a subdivision is traversed by a natural water course, drainage way, channel,
or stream, the Planning Director should require a pedestrian, equestrian, and/or bicycle
path when the opportunity exists to connect to existing or future drainage or trail
corridors.
411. Trails may also be used as emergency access routes, where appropriate.
412. Support the development of a Rails to Trails type program to facilitate the
conversion of old railway segments to a public trail network.
413. Seek private -public partnerships to manage and maintain public access to the
shoreline, public trails, hunting areas, scenic places and vistas, and significant historic
sites, buildings, and objects of public interest. [Public Access]
414. Explore options and collaborate with community groups to increase access to
former sugar cane roads to be used as non -motorized trails where feasible and
appropriate.
ACTION
4.49 Amend code to require bicycle and walking path easements be developed in urban
areas to increase walkability and multimodal transportation options. [Code]
4.50 Work with the State and adjacent landowners in establishing old railroad right-of-
ways as pedestrian and bicycle trails.
4.51 Identify by GPS coordinates all existing historic trail alignments that (a) have been
recommended for preservation by SHPD, (b) appear on historic maps and/or are known
by oral tradition, and incorporate these into the County GIS database.
4.52 Actively implement the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail Memorandum of
Understanding.
4.53 Appropriate, finance, allot, and encumber Capital Improvement Projects in support
of trail development as part of a regional trail system.
4.54 Add public access requirements as listed in Hawaii County Code Chapter 34 Public
Access to apply to Chapter 23 Subdivision Code, SMA review, zoning code, special
permits, etc. [Code]
4.55 Develop and implement a public -private program to establish and manage specific
access points and trails.
SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVE
Develop and maintain a public access program that integrates recreation, subsistence,
and cultural access priorities.
POLICY
415. Integrate Public Access into County department priorities in the following ways:
a) Incorporate public access and development into a program overseen by the Planning
Department as per Chapter 34.
b) Integrate PONC property management and maintenance into the Parks and
Recreation code in Chapter 2: Article 11 and Chapter 15: Parks and Recreation.
c) Develop adequate staff to carry out the provisions of Chapter 2 Article 42, relating to
the PONC maintenance fund (as per: Section 2-214.2 (b). Pursuant to section 10-16(c)
of the Charter, the maintenance fund shall be administered and managed by the
department of parks and recreation. Adequate staff to carry out the provisions of this
article and section 10-16 of the Charter shall be provided in the department of parks
and recreation.
Rationale: Based on identified gaps in addressing or applying public access regulations
and procedures consistently between the various County Departments. The County lacks
capacity to fulfill its existing public access objectives without increasing staff capacity,
maintenance capacity, and without having clearer directives between the various
departments to implement a cohesive public access program.]
416. Integrate County public access priorities in all aspects of land use decisions and
permit reviews.
417. Consistently integrate public access development and maintenance into Parks and
Recreation department priorities.
418. Support facility development for access management at access points and along trail
corridors.
ACTION
4.56 Establish a County of Hawaii Public Access and Trail Program with sufficient staff
and resources. Staff will be required to consult/consider recommendations of this
program in all permit reviews. Elements of this program may include:
a) A comprehensive access inventory;
b) A public access rating system to help with prioritization;
c) Comprehensive reviews of projects (on public or private lands) that will affect
public accesses and trails;
d) Inventory of ancient trails, cart roads, and old government roads in coordination
with appropriate State agencies.
e) Public outreach and coordination element.
f) Identify agencies/groups to develop, administer, and maintain public accesses,
including developing County capacity for this purpose;
g) Identify funding sources to purchase and manage public access easement to
priority areas;
h) When public access goals will involve several landowners, acquire the public
access incrementally as opportunities arise to do so;
i) Public accesses that cross private land will be acquired and held until appropriate
management of the accesses is in place,
j) Collaborate with State and Federal agencies on public accesses that require multi -
agency involvement;
k') Develop a standardized template to promote consistency and
comprehensiveness in the public access plans required by landowners;
1) Partner with community organizations capable of assisting with public access
management;
m) Work with State agencies (particularly with DOFAW) to coordinate, survey,
develop, and manage public trails and roads leading to forest reserves;
n) In co-sponsorship with the State when possible, acquire land for public access to
historic sites and objects and to the shoreline where safe transit does not already
exist;
o) Reinstitute a Public Access Wayfinding program managed by the Planning
Department to assist interested community groups in maintaining appropriate
signage at public access points;
p) Provide cultural and safety information at trail heads;
q) Provide for substantive community input to the County Planning Department and
the County Council in order to finalize and accept priority access. Include
community input in program policy.
r) "Whenever the County assumes the responsibility for posting and maintaining
signage and maintaining public accesses and other public infrastructure, a specific
County agency will be identified and assigned the aforementioned
responsibilities. [Code, Public Access]
4.57 Amend the subdivision code to better address public access issues in the following
ways:
a) Revise/Develop enforcement protocols for public access violations,, including
fines for noncompliance and mechanisms to remove private obstructions from
public accesses;
b) Review Hawai'i County Code Chapter 34 requirements for public access
standards, including design that fits into surrounding community, environment,
and conditions. Establish parameters for requiring appropriate right-of-way,
parking, and comfort stations for various types of public accesses/trails and
incorporate these into Chapter 34;
c) Amend Hawaii County Code Chapter 34 to develop a clear methodology to
modify public access routes in order to adapt to sea level rise, landslides and
erosion, and other impacts related to environmental impacts and climate
change;
d) Amend Hawaii County Code Chapter 34, Rule 21, Chapter 23, and Chapter25 CA
1.1.1 to ensure access and trail rights -of -way during subdivision. [County Code]
4.58 Complete an inventory and database of significant natural resource areas with
recreational and trail connectivity value.
4.59 Adopt an on -going program of identification, designation, and acquisition of areas
with existing or potential recreational resources, such as land with sandy beaches and
other prime areas for shoreline recreation in cooperation with appropriate governmental
agencies.
4.60 Develop procedural rules and templates for public access agreements and Grant of
Easement (GOE) to facilitate consistency and to provide mechanisms for tracking, follow-
through, and geographic information system (GIS) identification in County of Hawaii
systems, etc.
4.61 Develop procedural guidelines for renegotiating access agreements.
4.62 Renegotiate public accesses that were developed prior to Chapter 34 to be
consistent with Chapter 34.
4.63 Evaluate and initiate Charter & code amendments related to Public Access, Open
Space and Natural Resource Preservation (PONC). These may include:
a) Clearly distinguish categories of PONC property, such as active or passive use,
conservation, restoration, natural buffer areas, access uses, etc. (for
AGENCY ACTION
4.67 Coordinate with State agencies to improve access and access/trail management
resources (including policies, conditions, identification, cataloguing, enforcement,
maintenance, etc.).
4.68 Consider establishing a working group with surrounding land owners and the user -
community to educate users and manage ATV use to ensure that non -pedestrian
allowances are not permitted within sections of modern trails that overlap, are
congruent, or correspond to ancient or historic trails and its associated features.
4.69 Coordinate with hunting associations and other land stewards, to establish clear
hunting policies and disseminate education regarding these policies.
4.70 To facilitate greater public access to and along the shoreline and elsewhere, amend
Hawai'i Revised Statutes 520, Hawaii's Recreational Use Statute (RUS), to make it less
ambiguous and to discourage frivolous lawsuits.
SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVE
Increase participation in scenic preservation programs (Heritage Corridors, Scenic
Byways, Scenic Corridors and Exceptional Trees)
POLICY
447. Hawaii County shall use the following place types as guidelines for designating sites
and viewsheds that shall be protected:
a) Distinctive and identifiable landforms distinguished as landmarks and/or cultural
landscapes, e.g. Mauna Kea, Waipi'o Valley.
b) Coastline areas of striking contrast, e.g. Laupahoehoe Point
c) Vistas of distinctive features
d) Natural or native vegetation attractive to a particular area.
e) Landscapes that are harmoniously developed, enhanced by man while maintaining
their natural appearance, e.g. Pu'ukohola,'Akaka Falls.
f) Lands with a general slope of 20 percent or more that provide open space amenities
or possess unusual scenic qualities.
Rationale: Based on the Standards from General Plan 7.4 (a-e) and 8.4 (c).]
448. Visual impact assessments shall include photo simulations or balloon tests with
views from various vantage points to show visual impact of a proposed project.
Rationale: Creating visual modeling through photo simulations or balloon tests are
common strategies used in visual impact assessments in other municipalities. These
visual impact assessment tools would help achieve General Plan 7.2 Goals and policies
7.3 (b, e, h, i).]
449. Prioritize maintaining the views at scenic overlooks with a frequently maintained
vegetation management program which includes eradication of invasive species.
Coordinate this work with regular roadway vegetation management maintenance
program.
Rationale: Based on identified challenges with vegetative management of existing scenic
overlook and the prevalence of the views being obstructed by invasive species or other
vegetation. See also Hamakua CDP 38, Kokua Action 9, and General Plan 7.2 (b), 7.3 (a, b,
c, f).]
450. Maintain a continuing program to identify and inventory exceptional trees, forest
areas, or groves/stands of trees.
Rationale: Based on Standards from General Plan 7.3 (g) and policies 7.4 (a-e) 8.3 (j, k,
m.]
451. Maintain the Exceptional Tree Program for the recognition and protection of trees
with significant or unique historical, ecological, cultural and/or aesthetic significance.
Rationale: Based on General Plan policy 7.3 (g).]
452. No variance shall be granted unless appropriate conditions are imposed to minimize
adverse impacts on public views to, from, and along the shoreline.
Rationale: Based on Hamakua CDP Policy 17, General Plan goals 7.2 (a-c), and policies
7.3 (b), 8.3 (c, d). See also HRS 205A.
453. Do not allow incompatible development in areas of natural beauty that have been
identified through the Scenic Resources Protection Program.
Rationale: Based on an identified need to identify natural beauty areas through a scenic
resource protection program and restrict development appropriately to ensure scenic
resources are not lost to development. Based also on General Plan policies 7.3 (h, i).]
Mapping]
454. Applications for Special Permits and environmental assessment reports for proposed
changes of zone on property that may impact open space, viewsheds, and areas of
natural beauty shall include visual impact assessments and propose conditions to
mitigate scenic impacts.
Rationale: Based on identified needs to protect scenic resources, open space and
natural beauty in the special permit process. Also based on Hamakua CDP policy 33 and
ACTION
4.88 Develop and establish viewshed regulations to preserve and protect from
obstruction scenic resources, vistas, viewsheds, open space, prominent landscapes, and
areas of natural beauty identified in the General Plan.
4.89 Develop and maintain a program to identify, inventory, preserve, acquire, and
develop (where appropriate) viewing sites on the island. [Transportation]
4.90 Collaborate with the State to modify zoning on publicly -owned parcels that have
been identified as having special cultural and/or scenic value. [Land Use]
4.91 Identify valued scenic resources in the Coastal Zone Management area. [Land Use,
Mapping]
4.92 Identify and develop scenic lookouts along highways to ensure important views
coastal, mountain, and waterfall) are preserved from development, create various
opportunities to view these scenic resources, and develop a vegetation maintenance
program.
4.93 Establish a Scenic Resources Protection Program to identify, inventory, and protect
areas of significant beauty. The program would include:
a) Rate viewsheds and roadway corridors documented in the Scenic Resources
b) Inventory and Mapping Project (June, 2016)
c) Develop scenic resource and viewshed corridor maps
d) Develop administrative rules to implement Hawaii County Code section 25-6-60
e) Develop Scenic Corridor Management Plan(s) for specific corridors identified. Scenic
Corridor Management Plan(s) should include permit conditions, such as design
guidelines, landscaping, screening, or structural setbacks from major thoroughfares
and highways, to mitigate any visual impacts from development.
f) Prepare Urban Design and Scenic Resource Protection Guidelines
g) Staff and Planning Commission Training;
h) Set Guidelines for Development Compatibility Standards. [Program]
4.94 Develop, maintain, and implement design standards to protect important
viewsheds and ensure structural setbacks from major thoroughfares and highways.
4.95 Develop Scenic Corridor Management Plans.
4.96 Adopt administrative rules to implement Hawaii County Code for Scenic Corridors.
4.97 Perform a feasibility study on developing a scenic route from Waipi'o Valley Lookout
extending mauka to connect Mud Lane at the entrance of Waimea and a scenic park with
a viewing area of Hi'ilawe Falls.
4.98 Coordinate with the State to upgrade the viewing site from the rim of Pololu Valley.
AGENCY ACTION
4.99 Encourage the State to develop and maintain scenic lookouts along highways where
appropriate to ensure ocean, mountain, pastoral, and waterfall views are preserved from
development, and coordinate a regular roadway vegetation maintenance program.
4.100 Consider adding/improving viewing locations and interpretive signage near the
scenic bridges for safe parking and views of the areas' waterfalls and coastline and along
Saddle Road (Route 200) for views of the summit.
APPENDIX B
Relevant Objectives, Policies, and Actions from Draft General Plan 2045
Note: All Objectives, Policies, and Actions related to public access, trails, recreation, and scenic resources
are included in Appendix B in order for the Commissions to easily understand the contrasts between
dGP2040 and dG2045. The Advisory Council determined that public access, trails, recreation, and scenic
resources are not presented in an organized manner and that dGP2045 is clearly insufficient as compared
to dGP2040. dGP2040 isfar more comprehensive and actionable.
2. Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
Objective 2
Preserve and enhance the health and function of watersheds to promote water recharge,
improve water quality, and reduce runoff.
Policy 2.5 Watershed management planning should recognize the ecosystem service
value of watersheds and open space to protect scenic vistas and aesthetic values; water
recharge; carbon sequestration; oxygen production; habitat enhancement and
preservation; fire suppression and fuel load management; soil conservation; preservation
of cultural values; and the potential for additional public access and recreational
opportunities.
Objective 4
The historical integrity, character, scenic assets, and open spaces of our communities are
protected, restored, and treated as unique assets with significant social and economic
value and, managed in perpetuity.
Policy4.2 Increase public access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
Policy4.3 Public access to significant historic sites and objects should be acquired, where
appropriate.
4. Land Use, 1.4 Urban Growth Areas ,
Objective 13
Increase the use of Smart Growth principles to focus development within designated
urban centers.
Policy 13.6 The establishment of urban types of zoning may include additional acreages
to account for acreages utilized for public benefits, such as historic sites, public access,
parks, and open space.
Policy 13.43 Coastal resort developments shall provide public access to and public
parking for beach and shoreline areas.
Policy 13.44 The development or designation of new resort areas should complement the
character of the area; protect the environment and natural beauty; respect existing
lifestyles, cultural practices, and cultural resources; and provide shoreline public access.
4.2.3 Active Living Corridors and Public Access
Objective 17
Increase transportation connectivity.
Policy 17.5 Ensure that existing active living corridors that are publicly owned or available
by easement are properly identified and that their access elements are secured and
documented.
a) Primary examples include but are not limited to historic trails and roads, roads -in -
limbo, 'paper roads', former sugar cane roads, train infrastructure remnants (Rails to
Trails), and pedestrian and bicycling paths.
b) "Acceptance" by the County of the responsibilities detailed in the grant of easements
should require County Council action and a dedicated funding source.
Policy 17.6 Provide public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
Policy 17.7 Establish public access to historic and modern active living corridors and
facilities that provide an island -wide route and connect to major destinations.
Action 17.a Develop and adopt a program to establish public access to historic and
modern active living corridors and facilities that provide an island -wide route and
connect to major destinations.
4. Public Facilities and Services; 4.6 Recreation
Objective 35
Park facilities are located within a 10-minute walk in urban areas and a 10-minute drive in
rural communities.
Policy 35.19 Prioritize park acquisition and improvements that involve under -represented
open recreation and healthy living activities (outside the scope of organized sports), such
as:
a) Walking and biking trails
Action 35.,d Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other
stakeholders to initiate joint agreements for funding, management, and maintenance for
recreation, shared use spaces, hardened shelters, and public access priorities.
Action 35.cc Expand active open recreational opportunities at the Pana`ewa Rainforest
Zoo and Equestrian Center properties such as bike/walking trails, horse trails, dog -
friendly trails, and other outdoor recreation that would complement the Pana`ewa
complex.
5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy;, 4.1 Visitor Industry Goal, Objectives,
Policies, and Actions
Objective 48
Support the visitor industry investment in its connection with communities, the `aina, and
our historic and multicultural heritage.
Policy 48.6 Support the coordination, collaboration, and improvement of public access to
natural and
cultural resources with State agencies and landowners while balancing the need for
protection of these areas.
APPENDIX C'
Relevant Language Excerpts from current General Plan adopted in 2005, as amended
Note: The elements, formatting, organization, and language in the current General Plan were completely
replaced by dGP2040. dGP2045 has completely replaced the elements, formatting, organization and
language of both. The Advisory Council determined that dGP2040 was inclusive of the current GP's
Objective, Policies, and Action, while dGP2045 does not. We also noted that the county Charter lists
standards" in the elements to be contained within any General Plan. However, both dGP2040 and
dGP2045 do not contain the Standards in the current GP. The Advisory Council will defer to the
Commissions to determine whether or not dGP45 should contain Standards.
HISTORIC SITES
6.3 POLICIES
a) Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing knowledge about historic sites should
keep the public apprised of projects.
b) Amend appropriate ordinances to incorporate the stewardship and protection of historic sites,
buildings and objects.
c) Require both public and private developers of land to provide historical and archaeological surveys
and cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when
there are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance.
d) Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be acquired, where appropriate.
e) Embark on a program of restoring significant historic sites on County lands. Assure the protection
and restoration of sites on other public lands through a joint effort with the State.
f) Encourage the restoration of significant sites on private lands.
g) Collect and distribute historic sites information of public interest and keep an inventory of sites.
h) Aid in the development of a program of public education concerning historic sites.
i) Signs explaining historic sites, buildings and objects shall be in keeping with the character of the
area or the cultural aspects of the feature.
j) Develop a continuing program to evaluate the significance of historic sites.
k) Develop policies to protect Hawaiian rights as identified under judicial decisions.
1) Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors.
m) All new historic sites placed on the State or Federal Register after the adoption of the general plan
shall be included in the General Plan.
n) Consider requiring Cultural Assessments for certain developments as part of the rezoning process.
o) Recognize the importance of certain natural features in Hawaiian culture by incorporating the
concept of "cultural landscapes" in land use planning.
6.4 STANDARDS
a) The evaluation of the importance.of specific historic sites is necessary for future action. The
following standards establish a framework for evaluating sites.
b) Importance in the life or activities of a major historic person.
c) Associated with a major group or organization in the history of the island or community.
d) Associated with a major historic event (cultural, economic, military, social, or political).
e) Associated with a major recurring event in the history of the community (such as annual
celebrations).
f) Associated with a past or continuing institution that has contributed substantially to the life of the
community.
g) Unique example of a particular style or period.
h) One of the few of its age remaining.
i) Original materials and/or workmanship that can be valued in themselves.
j) Sites with a preponderance of original materials in context and complexes rather than single isolated
sites unless they are of great significance.
k) Sites of traditional and cultural significance.
6.5 DISTRICTS
Note: All Courses forAction in all nine districts include:
Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors."
Tables 6-1 through 6-8 list "Historic Sites" for each district.
NATURAL BEAUTY
7.3 POLICIES
a) Increase public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
b) Develop and establish view plane regulations to preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent
landscapes from specific locations, and coastal aesthetic values.
c) Maintain a continuing program to identify, acquire and develop viewing sites on the island.
d) Access easement to public or private lands that have natural or scenic value shall be provided or
acquired for the public.
e) Develop standard criteria for natural and scenic beauty as part of design plans.
f) Consider structural setback from major thoroughfares and highways and establish development and
design guidelines to protect important viewplanes.
g) Maintain a continuing program to identify exceptional trees or tree masses.
h) Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully considering the effects of
proposed construction during all land use reviews.
i) Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty.
7.4 STANDARDS
The following standards provide guidelines for designating sites and vistas of extraordinary natural
beauty that shall be protected.
a) Distinctive and identifiable landforms distinguished as landmarks, e.g. Mauna Kea, Waipio Valley.
b) Coastline areas of striking contrast, e.g. Laupahoehoe Point.
c) Vistas of distinctive features.
d) Natural or native vegetation attractive to a particular area.
e) Areas that are harmoniously developed and enhanced by man to appear natural.
Note: Tables 7-1 through 7-16 list "Natural Beauty Sites" and "Exceptional Trees" for each district.
NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINE
8.3 POLICIES
e) Coordinate programs to protect natural resources with other government agencies.
q) Develop policies by which native Hawaiian gathering rights will be protected as
identified under judicial decisions.
r) Ensure public access is provided to the shoreline, public trails and hunting areas, including free public
parking where appropriate.
s) Establish a system of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, cultural, natural, or
recreational values.
RECREATION
12.3 POLICIES
1) Public access to the shoreline shall be provided in accordance with an adopted program of the County
of Hawaii.
m) Develop a network of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, natural or recreational
values. This system of trails shall provide, at a minimum, an islandwide route connecting major parks
and destinations.
n) Establish a program to inventory ancient trails, cart roads and old government roads on the island in
coordination with appropriate State agencies.
o) Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and biking activities.
APPENDIX D
Excerpted Language from the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail Memorandum of
Understanding
Note: It is critical that dGP2045 contain specific reference and compliance requirement within the Ala
Kahakai National Historic Trail Memorandum of Understanding. The MOU requires the parties to the
MOU to meet in September 2025 to discuss whether or not any terms of the A40U should be updated or
amended
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
STATE OF HAWAII, AND
THE COUNTY OF HAWAII FOR
THE IMPLEMENTATION, MANAGEMENT, PROTECTION AND PUBLIC USE OF ALA KAHAKAI
NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL
This Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") is entered into, by and between the United States
Department ofthe Interior National Park Service, ("NPS") the State of Hawaii, by Its Department
of Land and Natural Resources, ("DLNR") and the County of Hawaii ("County") for the purpose
of managing the Ala Kahakai Natk:>nal Historic Trail (Trail).
ARTICLE II: AUTHORITY
A. National Trails System Act of 1968, as amended ("the Act")(16 USC 1241-1252),
B. Hawaii Constitution Art. IX, section 8, Art. XI., sections 1, 2 and 9, Art. XII, section 7; Hawaii
Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapters 6E, 115, 171,183C, 184, 198D, 205A, sections 1-1, 7-1, 46-6.5,
46-12, 226-
11, 264-1; Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) Chapters 13-130, 13-146, 13-221, 13-275 to 13-284,
and 13-300; as may be applicable
C. Hawaii County Code, Chapters 25 and 34
ARTICLE III: STATEMENT OF WORK
D. The appropriate County Departments agree to:
1. Through the County Planning Department:
a. Continue to enforce county and state laws requiring public access to and along the shoreline
as a condition of land use approvals and coastal zone management issues. These trails
may become official components of the Trail.
b. Require that permit applbants identify any historic trails and routes that will be required to be
preserved as part of the land use permitting process and that may become part of the Trail.
Such geospatial information and supplemental documentation shall be in formats utilizing
current industry standards for collection., compilation, processing, analysis and archiving
including Federal Geographic Data Committee [FGDC] compliant metadata). This data
and information may be made available by the County for incorporation into official Trail
records and documentation.
c. Encourage private landowners who have publb access requirements as conditions of a
land use approval to execute an agreement with the NPS to include these areas in the
Trai, where appropriate.
d. Work with the NPS to identify public access easements with potential incorporation
inthe Trail.
e. Work with the NPS to develop a system whereby project applications determined to
have potential impacts on historic trails within the Ala Kahakai corridor are sent to the
Ala Kahakai NHT administration for review and comment. The notification system will
provide approving agencies and applicants clear guidelines on when the Ala Kahakai
NHT should be included in the review process. Such applbations include Subdivisions,
Special Management Area Assessments and Use Permits, Special Permits, Grading,
Project Districts, Rezoning, State Land Use District Boundary Amendments, Leases of
State-owned lands, Environmental Assessments, and Environmental Impact Statements.
The County agrees to contact the NPS regarding thes reviews it a timely manner.
2. Through the County Parks and Recreation Department
Upon notification by NPS, allow NPS access to County Beach Parks for the purpose of
identifying and documenting existing ancient, historic and contemporary trail routes to be
included in Trail design and interpretation; Research, surrey, document and assess other
cultural and natural resources for preservation, planning, interpretation, and the determination
of future potential impacts.
a. Work with the. NPS to identify traisegments through county parks for incorporation into
the Trail.
b. Consider feasibility of permitting NPS led community based management of sections of
the Trail within County Beach Parks.
c. Provide management of the Trail consistent with the NPS Comprehensive
Management Planwhere ittraverses County Beach Parks.
e. Collaborate onthe design of specific signage that identifies the route ofthe Trail,
particularly where ittraverses County Beach Parks.
3. Through the County Department of Finance - Property Management Division
a. Upon notification by NPS, allow NPS access to County lands purchased through Public
Access, Open Space and Natural Resources Preservation Commission {PONC) for the
purpose of identifying and documenting existing ancient, historic and contemporary trail
routes to be included in Trail design and interpretation; Research, survey, document and
assess other cultural and natural resources for preservation, planning, interpretation, and the
determination of future potential impacts.
b. Work with the NPS to identify traH segments through County PONC Lands for
incorporation into the Trail.
c. Consider feasibility of permitting NPS led community based management of sections of
the Trail within County PONC Lands.
d. Collaborate on the design of specific signage that identifies the route of the Trail,
particularly where it traverses County PONC Lands.
e. Provide management of the Trail consistent with the NPS Comprehensive
Management Plan where it traverses County PONC Lands.
ARTICLE IV: TERM OF MOU
This MOU will remain in effect for ten years, beginning on the date of the last signature below. A
meeting at five years from the date of the last signature will be conducted to consider whether any
of the terms of this agreement need to be updated or amended. This MOU may be renewed upon
mutual agreement between the Parties.
ARTICLE V: KEY OFFICIALS
A . Key officials are essential to ensure maximum coordination and communication between
the parties and the work being performed. They are:
For the NPS
AricArakaki, Superintendent
Ala Kahakai National Historic
Trail 73-4786 Kanalani Street,
14.
Kailua-Kona, HI 96740
Telephone: {808) 326-6012
e-mail: aric_arakaki@nps.gov
For DLN
Moana Rowland
Acting Statewide NaAla Hele Program Manager
Department of Land and Natural Resources
1151 Punchbowl Street, Kalanimoku
Building Honolulu, HI 96813 Telephone: (
808) 587-4175 e-
mail: Moana.Rowland@hawaii.gov For
the County Michael
Yee, Planning Director Aupuni Center 101
Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo,
HI 96720 Telephone: (
808) 961-8288 e-
mail: planning@hawaiicounty.gov Roxcie
Waltjen Director
of Parks and Recreation Aupuni Center, 101
Pauahi Street, Suite 6 Hilo,
HI 96720 Telephone: (
808) 961-8311 e-
mail: parks recreation@hawaiicounty.gov Deanna
Sako Director
of Department Of Finance 25 Aupuni Street, Suite 2103 Hilo,
H196720 Telephone: (
808) 961-8234 e-
mail: Deanna.Sako@hawaiicounty.gov
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Acknowledgements
County Agencies
Aging
CDP Action Committees
Civil Defense
Corporation Counsel
County Council
Environmental Mgmt. (Solid
Waste & Wastewater)
Finance
Fire
Housing & Community Devel.
Leeward Planning Commission
Mass Transit
Mayor & Managing Director
Parks & Recreation
Planning
Police
Prosecuting Attorney
Public Works
Research & Development
Water Supply
Windward Planning
Commission
State Agencies
Climate Change Mitigation &
Adaptation Commission
Dept. of Agriculture
Dept. of Health
Dept. of Hawaiian Home Lands
Dept. of Land & Natural
Resources
Dept. of Transportation
Energy Office
Hawaii Emergency
Management Agency
Hawaii Housing Finance & Development
Corp. Office
of Planning & Sustainable
Development Transit
Oriented Development Council
University
of Hawaii at Hilo University
of Hawaii at Manoa u
m" ofn
u
uuu
t uum
uuu
i '. uu rM i mmiu ,uii
uuu . rU
uu i a _..
6. '... -.... _ - uu_. ..fir: u m
kill,
I doh
uIP
uuq u: Federal
Agencies Dept.
of Housing & Urban Devel.
Environmental
Protection Agency
Federal
Housing Assoc. Forest
Service National
Park Service & Ala Kahakai
Consultants
research &
analysis) City
Explained Clarion
Associates Dept.
of Urban & Regional Planning (
UHM) Focused
Planning Solutions Munekiyo
Hiraga Placeways
Planning
Consultants Hawaii Smart
Growth America SMS
Hawaii Research & Marketing
Acknowledgements
ICounty of Hawaii General Plan KIA
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose and Authority of the General Plan
1.2 History of the Plan
1.3 Planning Process
1.4 Sustainability Principles and Practices
1.5 County Planning System and General Plan Framework
1.6 Grounded Vision and Goals
2. Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biocultural Stewardship Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
2.3 Natural Beauty Sites
3. Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Climate Change Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
4. Sustainable Development and Resilient Communities
4.1 Land Use
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Land Use Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
4.1.3 Overview of Land Use Designations and Maps
4.1.4 Urban Growth Areas
4.1.5 Rural
4n2
4.3
40186 Agriculture
Transportation Access and Mobility
40201 Introduction
4.2.2 Transportation Goal, Objective, Policies, and Actions
4.2.3 Active Living Corridors and Public Access
40204 Mass Transit
4.2.5 Roadways
40206 Transportation Terminals: Airports and Harbors
Public Utilities
46361 Introduction
4.3.2 Public Utilities Goal, Objective, Policies, and Actions
24
27
28
29
31
32
34
36
37
40
55
56
G?
72
73
74
79
83
97
103
104
108
110
113
115
122
124
125
Table of Contents I County of Hawaii General Plan
3
40303 Drinking Water Conservation 131
4.3.4 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 135
40385 Stormwater Infiltration and Green Infrastructure 140
4.3.6 Electricity and Renewable Energy 144
4.3.7 Telecommunications and Broadband Connectivity 147
4.4 Public Facilities and Services 151
4.4.1 Introduction 152
4.4.2 Public Facilities and Services Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions 155
4n5
4.4.3 Protective Services 156
4.4.4 Solid Waste Management 161
40485 Education 164
46406 Recreation 168
4.4.7 Community Health and Wellness
Housing for All
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Housing Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
4.6 Integrated Systems
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Integrated Systems Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
5. Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Economic Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
5.3 Agriculture and Food Systems
5.4 Visitor Industry
6. Implementation and Monitoring
6.1 Introduction
6.2 County Planning System
6.3 Capital Improvements Program
6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation
7. References
8. Policy Maps
175
178
179
182
187
188
191
192
197
201
all:7
214
215
216
220
221
256
264
Table of Contents I County of Hawaii General Plan
El
list of Tables
Table 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Table 7:
Table 8:
Table 9:
Table 10:
Table 11:
Table 12:
Table 13:
Table 14:
Table 15:
Table 16:
Table 17:
Table 18:
Table 19:
Table 20:
Table 21:
Table 22:
Table 23:
Table 24:
Table 25:
Table 26:
Table 27:
Table 28:
Table 29:
Table 30:
Table 31:
Table 32:
Table 33:
Table 34:
Table 35:
Table 36:
Table 37:
Table 38:
Table 39:
Table 40:
Table 41:
Biocultural Stewardship Challenges 38
Biocultural Stewardship Opportunities 39
Natural Beauty Sites District of Puna 49
Natural Beauty Sites District of South Hilo 49
Natural Beauty Sites District of North Hilo 51
Natural Beauty Sites District of Ha-ma-kua 51
Natural Beauty Sites District of North Kohala 51
Natural Beauty Sites District of South Kohala 52
Natural Beauty Sites District of North Kona 53
Natural Beauty Sites District of South Kona 53
Natural Beauty Sites - District of Ka"0 54
Climate Mitigation Challenges 64
Climate Adaptation Challenges 65
Climate Mitigation Opportunities 66
Climate Adaptation Opportunities 67
Land Use Key Trends
Land Use Challenges
Land Use Opportunities
General Plan Land Use Designations and Maps
Urban Standard Guidelines-TOD
Urban Standard Guidelines - TND
Urban Standard Guidelines- Urban Neighborhood Center
Urban Standard Guidelines- Industrial Center
Urban Standard Guidelines- Criteria for Industrial Land Conversion to
Commercial/Mixed-Use
Urban Standard Guidelines - Resort Area
Rural Neighborhood Standard Guidelines
Transportation Key Trends
Transportation Challenges
Transportation Opportunities Public
Access Spacing Standards Mass
Transit Level of Service Standards County
Street Typology Definitions Public
Utilities Challenges Public
Utilities Opportunities Water
System Standards Domestic Consumption Guidelines Public
Facilities and Services Challenges Public
Facilities and Services Opportunities Protective
Services Level of Service Standards Park
Standards Affordable
Housing Standard Guidelines Economic
Key Trends 76
77
78
84
91
92
93
94
95
96
99
105
106
107
112
114
121
126
128
134
153
154
160
173
185
193
List
of Tables., Figures., and Maps I County of Hawaii General Plan 5
Table 42:
Table 43:
Table 44:
Table 45:
Table 46:
Table 47:
Table 48:
Economic Challenges
Economic Opportunities
Indicators — Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship
Indicators — Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health
Indicators — Land Use
Indicators— Transportation Access and Mobility
Indicators - Public Utilities
Table 49: Indicators — Public Facilities and Services
Table 50:
Table 51:
Table 52:
Table 53:
Table 54:
Table 55:
Table 56:
Table 57:
Table 58:
Table 59:
Table 60:
Table 61:
Indicators — Housing for All
Indicators - Integrated Systems
Indicators —Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy
Implementation Table — Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship
Implementation Table — Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health
Implementation Table — Land Use
Implementation Table —Transportation Access and Mobility
Implementation Table — Public Utilities
Implementation Table — Public Facilities and Services
Implementation Table — Housing for All
Implementation Table — Integrated Systems
Implementation Table - Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy
list of Figures Figure
1: Figure
2: Figure
3: Figure
4: Figure
5: Figure
6: Figure
7: Timeline
of Hawaii County Long -Range Plans Comprehensive
Review Process County
Planning System Impacts
of Climate Change on Human Health in Hawaii Hawaii County
Sector Overview of MTCO2e for Years 2005, 2015, and 2017 Layers of
Land Use Planning Modal Hierarchy
Figure S:
Summary of Hawaii Island Agricultural Footprint and Changes Between 2015 and
2020 Figure 9:
Figure 10:
Figure 11:
Figure 12:
i Island
Agricultural Footpri Hawai ntIntegratedDestinationManagement
System Pillars County Planning System
Phases of Implementation
List of Maps
Map 1: Districts
and Town Map 2: Draft
General Plan Land Use: Overview Map Map 3: Draft
General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map A 195 196 224
225
225
226
227
227
228
229
229
232
235
236
239
241
244
249
251
251
29
30
32
57
58
75
120
Zoe
203
210
216
222
265
aesel
List
of
Tables.,
Figures, and Maps I County of Hawaii General Plan
Map 4: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map B
Map 5: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map C
Map 6: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map D
Map 7: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map E
Map 8: Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map F
Map 9:
Map 10:
Map 11.
Map 12:
Map 13:
Map 14:
Map 15:
Map 16:
Map 17:
Map 18:
Map 19:
Population Density
State Land Use
Draft General Plan Road Recommendations (Island Wide)
Draft General Plan Road Recommendations (Inset)
Federal -Aid Road Functional Classification (Island Wide) _
Federal -Aid Road Functional Classification (Inset)
County of Hawaii Street Typology (Island Wide)
County of Hawaii Street Typology (Inset)
Harbors, Airports and Transit Facilities (Island Wide)
Harbors, Airports and Transit Facilities (Inset)
Natural Resources
Map 20: Cultural Resources
Map 21:
Map 22:
Map 23:
Map 24:
Map 25:
Map 26:
Map 27:
Map 28:
Map 29:
Map 30:
Map 31:
Map 32:
Map 33:
Map 34:
Map 35:
Map 36:
Map 37:
Map 38:
Map 39:
Map 40:
Aquifers WastewaterFacilities (Island
Wide) Wastewater Facilities (Inset)
Affordable Housing Projects (
Island Wide) Affordable Housing Projects (
Inset) Public Facilities (Island
Wide) Public Facilities (Inset
West) Public Facilities (Inset
East) Critical Facilities Map
A (Island Wide) Critical Facilities Map
A (Inset) Critical Facilities Map
B (Island Wide) Critical Facilities Map
B (Inset) Wildfire Risk Area
Lava Flow Hazard
Zones Flood Hazard Areas (
Island Wide) Flood Hazard Areas (
Inset East) Flood Hazard Areas (
Inset West) Sea Level Rise,
Costal Flood Zone (Island Wide) Sea Level Rise,
Costal Flood Zone (Inset East) _ Sea Level Rise,
Costal Flood Zone (Inset West) Map 41: Dam
Location,, Streams Map 42: Map
43: Map
44: Map
45: Map
46: Tsunami
Evacuation Zone (
Island Wide) Tsunami Evacuation Zone (
Inset East) _ Tsunami Evacuation Zone (
Inset West) DHHL Lands (Island
Wide) DHHL Lands (Inset)
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List
of
Tables.,
Figures, and Maps I County of Hawaii General Plan 7
Glossary
The following list, arranged alphabetically,
provides definitions for planning terms used
throughout this document. The translations for
Hawaiian words are taken and adapted as
necessary from Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic
Library, available online at
https:ZZwehewehe.o a
Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) means a
structure or portion thereof designed and used for
single-family residential purposes and which can
be detached from or attached to an existing
residence, to be used for single-family occupancy
and containing one kitchen.
Action Committee (AC) is a citizen-com posed
committee established for an adopted community
development plan and administered by the
Planning Department.
Actions specify how a planning policy will be
implemented. Actions are meant to be refined
during the process of implementation in
consideration of available resources', more
detailed analysis, feasibility, and other factors.
Thus, these actions are not legally binding but are
meant to provide specific directional guidance for
plan implementation and to be implemented in
good faith.
Active Living Corridor is a planned or existing
linear space within a community designed to
promote physical activity, active transportation,
and community interaction. These corridors often
integrate pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure,
such as sidewalks, bike lanes, and trails,
connecting residential areas with key destinations
like parks, schools, shopping centers', and public
transit stations. The design of active living
corridors prioritizes safety,, accessibility, and
aesthetic appeal, encouraging residents to
engage in walking, jogging, cycling, and other
forms of active recreation as part of their daily
routines. These corridors contribute to public
health by facilitating active lifestyles and reducing
reliance on motor vehicles, thereby promoting
sustainable and vibrant urban environments.
Active Transportation (or non -motorized
transportation) refers to any way of getting from
place to place that is powered by human energy,
such as walking or cycling.
Adaptation is the process of observing changes
in social, environmental, and economic systems
and adjusting operations to meet present and
anticipated future needs.
Affordable Housing consists of dwelling units
that may be rented or purchased at cost levels
that can be afforded by persons or families who
are within the definition of "qualified households"'
and whose total household income is within the
affordable housing income guidelines, as defined
in the Hawaii County Code.
Agricultural Parks are areas set aside by the
State of Hawali, specifically for agricultural activities
to encourage the continuation or initiation
of such agricultural operations. The State s Agricultural
Parks Program makes land available to small
farmers at a reasonable cost with long-term
tenure. Agricultural-Based Commercial
Operations are allowed on lands within the State
Land Use Agricultural District and includes a roadside
standI I retail activities, retail food establishment., farmers' market, and food hub (in
accordance with HRS 205-2(d)(15)).
Agriculture Tourism (or agritourism) is tourism
related to experiencing and appreciating agriculture
products, settings., and lifestyles. Agroforestry
is the intentional integration of
trees and shrubs into crop and animal
farming systems to create environmental, economic., and social benefits.
Ahupua'a is a Native Hawaiian
comprehensive and holistic system of careship of biocultural
and sociopolitical systems and resources that are
inclusive of wao or horizontal bioregions. Aina
is a Hawaiian term that
means land or earth that sustains and feeds the ecosystems
and its communities. Alternative Energy refers to energy
sources
other than fossil fuels. This includes all
renewable sources. Glossary County of Hawaii General Plan
Anchialine Pools are unique and sensitive coastal
groundwater features found in Hawaii and other
volcanic islands. These pools are landlocked
bodies of water that have varying levels of salinity
due to their connection with both freshwater from
precipitation and seawater from the ocean
through underground channels. Anchialine pools
are typically shallow and characterized by their
clear', calm waters', often hosting diverse
ecosystems that include endemic species
adapted to the fluctuating salinity levels. They are
culturally significant in Hawaii and provide habitat
for unique flora and fauna, making their
conservation crucial for biodiversity and local
ecosystems.
Aquaculture is the production of aquatic plant or
animal life for food or fiber within ponds and
other bodies of water, as defined in the Hawaii County
Code. Biofuel
is a fuel that is produced through contemporary
biological processes, such as agriculture
and anaerobic digestion. Biofuels can be
derived directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural,
commercial, domestic,, and/or industrial
wastes. Biosphere
Reserve Buffer Zone (BRBZ) is enacted
either separately or as an overlay district for
the Volcano area, to guide development within the
region"s native forest through regulatory measures
and economic incentives. Brownfield
is an abandoned or underused site where
redevelopment or reuse is complicated by the
presence or perceived presence of contamination.
Bulk
Regulations are standards that govern the
provisions for lots based on housing type
and by zoning district. Bulk regulations include:
Height
limit Minimum
building site area Minimum
building site average width Minimum
yards Setbacks
Floor
area ratio Capital
Improvements comprise all forms of physical
structures intended for long-term use by the
public and include roads, water and sewer systems,
communication systems, flood control structures,
other forms of infrastructure, and facilities
such as active recreation areas and buildings,
meeting rooms, public safety operation centers,
government service centers and other structures
supporting public activities. Capital
Improvements Budget is adopted by ordinance
for the ensuing fiscal year. Capital
Improvements Program (CIP) is a six - year
program of planned capital improvements that
sets forth what improvements will be funded,
when each will be funded, and how much
each will cost. It is provided to Hawaii County
Council for information purposes for the ensuing
six fiscal years. Cesspool
is any buried chamber including but not
limited to any metal tank, perforated concrete vault,
or covered hollow or excavation, which receives
or discharges sanitary sewage from a building
sewer to collect solids or discharge liquids
to the surrounding soil. Cesspools are not an
approved method of sewage disposal under these
regulations and all existing cesspools are substandard.
Climate
Adaptionrefers to actions that adjust to acI I tual
or expected futureclimatewiththegoalofreducing risks from the
harmful effects of climate change and maximizing any
potential benefit opportunities. Climate Change refers
to
the long-term (usually at least 30 years) regional
or even global average of temperature,, humidity, and rainfall
patterns over seasons, years, or decades.
Human -induced climate change is resultingin
global warming, the long-term heating of
Earths surface. Climate Change Impacts refer
to the effect on social., economic., and environmental
systems that are caused by human -
driven climate change including, but not limited
to, increases in natural disaster severity, unstable and
extreme weather patterns, and loss of
native ecosystems. Glossary I County of
Hawaii General Plan
Climate Mitigation means actions and
strategies aimed at reducing the risk of harm
and damage to human communities, natural
ecosystems, infrastructure, and the economy
due to the impacts of climate change. These
actions and strategies include but are not
limited to reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions and removal of greenhouse gases
from the atmosphere.
Climate Resilience is the ability to is the ability
to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to
hazardous events, trends, or disturbances
related to climate change. Improving climate
resilience involves assessing how climate
change will create new, or alter current,
climate -related risks, and taking steps to
better cope with these risks.
Cluster refers to a concentrated grouping of
buildings, activities, or land uses within a
defined area. The concept of clustering is
used to promote efficient land use, enhance
connectivity, and foster synergies among
different functions or uses. Clusters can
include residential, commercial, industrial, or
mixed -use developments that are strategically
located to optimize infrastructure and
resources while minimizing environmental
impacts. Planning for clusters often involves
zoning regulations, design guidelines, and
infrastructure investments to support
compact, walkable, and sustainable
development patterns.
Cluster Plan Development (CPD) refers to a
land use planning strategy where residential
or commercial development is concentrated
in specific areas while preserving larger
portions of the land as open space or natural
areas. In this approach, buildings are
grouped closely together, often in a
compact or clustered manner, rather than
being evenly dispersed across a site. Cluster
development aims to promote efficient land
use, preserve natural resources, and protect
sensitive environmental areas by reducing
overall land disturbance and infrastructure
costs. It can also foster a sense of community
by encouraging shared open spaces and
amenities among residents or businesses within the
development. (See Hawaii County Code 25-6-20)
Clustered Rural Subdivision is a type of land
development where residential lots are grouped
together in compact clusters or nodes within a
larger rural area. This approach contrasts with
traditional rural subdivisions where lots are typically
larger and spread out across the landscape.
Coastal High Hazard Areas include tsunami
inundation, sea level, rise, and special flood
hazard areas.
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Area
encompasses all lands of the State of Hawaii and the
area extending seaward from the shoreline to the
limit of the State's police power and management
authority, including the United States
territorial sea. Coastal
Zone Management (CZM) Program was created
through passage of the Federal CZM Act of
1972. The Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program
is a State program that was enacted to focus
on a common focus for state and county actions
dealing with land and water uses and activities.
As the State"s resource management policy
umbrella, it is the guiding perspective for the
design and implementation of allowable land and
water uses and activities throughout the State.
Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 205A requires the
legal and operational compliance with CZM
objectives and policies. Collaborative Biocultural
Stewardship represents an
approach to sustainable development that
emphasizes collaboration and partnership building
among stakeholders and refers to
the integration of cultural and natural resource management
strategies to promote conservation, sustainability,
and resilience. Community Conservation
Areas are natural or modified ecosystems,,
including significant biodiversity, ecological
services, and cultural values, voluntarily
conserved by local communities through
customary laws or other effective means.
Glossary I
County of Hawaii General Plan 10
Community Development Plan (CDP) is a
regional community plan for a specific planning
area, typically comprising, but not necessarily
bounded by, one or more of the County's judicial
districts.
Community -Based Food System are networks
of farms and food businesses that do business
in order to build community health., wealth,
connection, and capacity, as well as to sustain
themselves financially.
Cottage Industry is a small-scale industry that
can be carried on at home generally by family
members using their own equipment.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design (OPTED) is a multidisciplinary approach
of crime prevention that uses urban and
architectural design and the management of
built and natural environments.
Critical Environmental Areas include but
are not limited to:
Watershed and recharge areas
Wildlife habitats (on land and in
the ocean)
Areas with endangered species of
plants and wildlife
Natural streams and water bodies
Scenic and recreational shoreline
resources
Open space and natural areas
Historic and cultural sites
Areas particularly sensitive to
reduction in water and air quality;
and scenic resources
Lands designated for acquisition
by public agencies for
conservation and natural resource
protection
Lands designated as Conservations
in the State Land Use (SLU), Future
Land Use maps, or Zoning maps
Identified wetlands
Critical Facilities include public and private
facilities that need to be operational during and
after a hazardous event to meet public health and
safety needs, or to speed economic recovery.
Critical Habitat is a specific geographic area that
contains features essential for the conservation of
a threatened o endangered species and that may require
special management and protection. Critical
habitat may include an area that is not currently
occupied by the species but that will be needed
for its recovery. Demand
Management, or Transportation Demand Management,
is a defined set of strategies aimed at
maximizing traveler choices. Development
is the placement or erection of any solid
material, grading, grubbing, or extraction of any
ma terials, changein density or intensity of use of land., orconstruction., reconstruction., demolition.,
or alteration of any structure.
Development Rights are the rights to
develop land by a land owner who maintains
fee simple ownership over the land or by
a party other than the owner who has obtained the
rights to develop. Such rights usually are expressed in
terms of density allowed under existing zoning. (See
Transfer of Development Rights). Director is
the Planning Director unless
otherwise specified. Eco-lnaustrial0 parks include a
community
of firms that exchange and make use
of each other's byproducts. Ecosystem Services include any positive
benefit
that wildlife or ecosystems provide to
people. The benefits can be direct or indirect,
small or large. Eco-Tourisrn in Hawaii refers to
sustainable travel and recreation activities that prioritize the conservation
of Hawai'i's unique natural
environment, cultural heritage, and local communities. It
involves exploring and appreciating Hawai'
i&'s diverse ecosystems, such as
rainforests, coral reefs, and volcanic landscapes, while supporting
efforts to protect these environments. Ecotourism
in Hawaii encourages responsible behaviors among
visitors, such as respecting wildlife, minimizing
waste, and supporting local businesses that prioritize
environmental stewardship and cultural preservation. This
approach aims to ensure that
tourism benefits Hawai`i's natural and
cultural Glossary I County of Hawaii General Plan 11
resources while fostering awareness and
appreciation of its unique island ecosystems.
Embodied Carbon in the building industry refers
to the greenhouse gas emissions arising from the
lifecycle of building materials, including
extraction., manufacturing,, transportation,
installation, maintenance, and disposal.
Endemic Species are native species that are
unique to a defined geographical location. They
are of conservation concern because they are
not widespread and may be confined to only
one or two areas.
Energy Producer is any entity that produces
energy of any kind, including (without limitation)
gas or oil -fueled, coal, nuclear, hydro, chemical
reaction, electromagnetic,, wave or tidal action.,
biofuels-based, geothermal, and renewable
energy production.
Energy Sustainability Standards or certificates
are voluntary guidelines used by producers,
manufacturers, traders, retailers, and service
providers to demonstrate their commitment to
good environmental, social, ethical, and safety
practices. (E.g., LEED)
Environmental Justice means the fair treatment
and meaningful involvement of all people in the
development, implementation, and enforcement
of environmental laws., regulations, and policies.
Environmental Stewardship involves the
responsible use and protection of the natural
environment through conservation and
sustainable practices to enhance ecosystem
resilience and human wellbeing.
Equity means the consideration of cumulative
impacts on lower- and middle -income individuals
and historically marginalized groups during
decision -making.
Firm Generation is energy available on demand,
which can be adjusted as needed.
Food Insecurityis defined as the "limited or
uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate
and safe foods or uncertain ability to acquire
acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways."
Functional Classification describes the process
by which streets and highways are grouped into
classes or systems according to the character of
service they are intended to provide. Functional
Plan is typically a public agency plan that
addresses a specific need, program, or issue usually
prepared by the agency responsible for implementation
that may but is not required to be
adopted by resolution. General
Plan is the County's policy document for the
long-range comprehensive development and 0
preservation
of the Island of Hawaii pursuant to provisions for
its purposes and contents, as set forth in
Hawaii Revised Statutes and the County Charter. Geographic
Information System (
GIS) is a spatial system that creates,
manages, analyzes, and maps all types
of data. Gig Economy is
a labor market that relies heavily on temporary and
part-time positions filled by independent contractors and
freelancers rather than full-time
permanent employees. This segment of the
service economy often involves connecting clients and
customers through an online platform. Green
Infrastructure uses
vegetation, soils, and other elements
and practices to restore some of the
natural processes required to manage water and
create healthier urban environments. Green infrastructure
detains to ter or
directs it to engineered ystems for infiltration
or reediationmat a slower rate before it
enters groundwater, sewer systems, or aquatic
or marine environments. Greenfield Development is
any
kind of real estate development in previously undeveloped
areas. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are
gases in the Earth"s atmosphere that trap heat,
contributing to the greenhouse effect and influencing
Earth's climate. These gases include carbon
dioxide (CO2),, methane CH4)., nitrous oxide (N20)
fluorinated gases, and water vapor. They absorb
and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range,
which warms the planet's surface and
lower atmosphere. Human Glossary I County of
Hawaii General Plan 12
activities., such as burning fossil fuels,
deforestation., and industrial processes, have
significantly increased the concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since
the Industrial Revolution,, leading to global
warming and climate change.
Greenhouse Gas Effect refers to the process by
which greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere
trap heat from the sun, preventing it from
escaping back into space. These gases, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2)., methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N20)., and water vapor, absorb and re -
emit infrared radiation emitted by the Earth"s
surface. This absorption and re -emission of
energy create a warming effect., similar to how a
greenhouse traps heat, hence the term
greenhouse effect,".
Harden (or hardening) refers to physically
changing infrastructure or structures to make
them less susceptible to damage from extreme
wind, flooding., or flying debris. Hardening
improves the durability and stability of facilities,
making them better able to withstand the impacts
of hurricanes and other natural events without
sustaining major damage or losing functionality.
High -Risk Hazard Areas are areas within the
Coastal High Hazard Area or Lava Flow Hazard
Zones 1 or 2.
Historic District is a geographically definable
area, urban or rural, possessing a significant
concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites,
buildings, structures, or objects united by past
events or aesthetically by plan or physical
development. In addition, historic districts consist
of contributing and non-contributing properties.
Historic districts possess a concentration, linkage,
or continuity of the other four types of properties.
Objects, structures, buildings, and sites within a
historic district are usually thematically linked by
architectural style or designer, date of
development, distinctive urban plan, and/or
historic associations. Under Hawaii Revised
Statutes., Chapter 6E., a historic property is an
object, district, structure, site, or building that is
50 years or older. Historic properties that meet
the significance criteria and retain historic
integrity may be eligible for, or listed to, the
Hawaii or National Register of Historic Places. Hub
and Spoke are a centralized location within a specific
service area. The hub generally has various passenger
amenities including information, shelter, benches,,
bicycle storage, restrooms, security, and lighting.
The hubs are served by transit routes or spokes" ,
which are those localized routes providing neighborhood
connections to the hubs. Impact
Fee is a fee levied on the developer or builder
of a project by the County or other public agency
as compensation for otherwise unmitigated impacts
the project will probably produce. Impervious
Surface (or Impervious Area) is any hard -
surfaced, man-made area that does not readily
absorb or retain water. Important
Agricultural Lands (1AL) State Designation,
enacted as Article XI, Section 3, of the
Constitution of the State of Hawaii, the State is required
to conserve and protect agricultural lands., promote
diversified agriculture, increase agricultural self-
sufficiency and assure the availability of
agriculturally suitable lands. Important Agricultural
Lands (IAL) means those lands that: (
1) are capable of producing sustained high agricultural
yields when treated and managed according
to accepted farming methods and
technology; (2) contribute to the State's
economic base and produce agricultural commodities for
export or local consumption; or 3) are
needed to promote the expansion of agricultural activities
and income for the future, even if
currently not in production. Incompatible Development,
or (Incompatible Land Use),
is the transfer over a property line of negative economic
or environmental effects. Indigenous Data
Science applies data science principles to
issues relevant to Indigenous communities while
respecting their knowledge systems and
cultural practices. It emphasizes data sovereignty,
ensuring Indigenous control over data,
and cultural relevance, aligning methodologies with
Indigenous worldviews. The field prioritizes community
engagement, ethical considerations, and capacity
building within Indigenous communities. By
integrating interdisciplinary approaches and
advocating for Glossary I County
of Hawaii General Plan 13
Indigenous rights, Indigenous data science Kuleana is a Hawaiian word that means right,
aims to empower communities and
support their self- determination and
governance.
Infill Development is the development of
vacant land or rehabilitation of existing
structures in already urbanized areas where
infrastructure and services are in place.
Innovative Housing includes the efficient and
creative use of spaces, features, and amenities
both within the overall development and
individual homes. Examples of innovative
housing include factory -built homes and
manufactured housing, modular and
volumetric builds, panelized wall systems,
accessory dwelling units (ADU) nd
alternatives to lumber and wood framing.
Integrated Resource Plans is the identification
of the resources or the mix of resources for
meeting near and long-term consumer energy
needs in an efficient and reliable manner at
the lowest reasonable cost including the need
and timing of any new generation and new
cross -island transmission lines.
Intergenerational Equity refers to the
principle of fairness and justice between
different generations. It emphasizes the
responsibility of current generations to manage
resources and make decisions in ways that do
not compromise the ability of future
generations to meet their needs. This concept is
central to sustainable development, ensuring
that economic, social., and environmental
policies consider long-term impacts.
Intergenerational equity seeks to balance the
needs and rights of present and future
populations, promoting sustainability and
continuity over time.
Invasive Species are alien species that have
been introduced to an area., arriving through
human intervention, and cause or could cause
harm in at least one of three areas: the
environment., the economy, or human health.
K-5kou is the Hawaiian pronoun for we
inclusive, three or more).
privilege, concern., responsibility.
KQpuna is a Hawaiian word that means elders.
Land Study Bureau (LSB) Detailed Land
Classification is based on the Land Study Bureau
of the University of Hawai J
i
I
Is inventory and
evaluation of the St t -' land resources. The
Bureau grouped all lands in the State, except
those in the urban district., into homogeneous
units of land types; described their condition and
environment; rated the land on its overall quality
in terms of agricultural productivity; a ppraised its performance for
selected alternative crops; and delineated the
various land types and groupings based on
soil properties and productive capabilities. Large
Development
is the creation of 25 or more residential units,
or commercial., industrial, or resort space
of 301000 square feet of gross floor area or
any combination greater than 35,000 square feet
of gross floor area. (See Development) Leachate is
formed when rain water filters through wastes
placed in a landfill. When this liquid comes
in contact with buried wastes, it leaches., or
draws out, chemicals or constituents from those
wastes. Level of
Service (LOS) Standard is a measure of the relationship
between service capacity and service demand for public
facilities. Lo"I is a
traditional Hawaiian taro patch., designed specifically for cultivating taro (
kalo) in wetland environments. These patches are
often found in valleys or alt b
I I( here they can beirrigated and flooded to create optimal
growing conditions. Loko 1'a is an
ancestral
Hawaiian fishpond that is a unique aquaculture system that optimizes
natural patterns of watersheds, nutrient cycles,
and fish biology. Loko I'a
feed and connect communities. Low- and Moderate -Income families
earn
less than 80 percent of the area
median income (AMI) for the County of Hawaii, based
on 2010 or 2020 Census data. Glossary I County of Hawaii General
Plan 14
Low -Impact Development (LID) is a general
term for a wide array of site planning principles
and engineered treatment practices used to
manage both water runoff volume and water
quality. (See green infrastructure)
Low -Impact Development (LID) Best Practices
include undisturbed pervious areas, vegetated
filter strips, grass channels, rain gardens, edible
landscapes, stormwater planters, dry wells,
rainwater harvesting, bioretention areas, and dry
swales.
Low -Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) was
created by the United States Tax Reform Act of
1986 and gives state and local agencies the
authority to issue tax credits for the acquisition,
rehabilitation,, or new construction of rental
housing targeted to lower -income households.
Makai is a Hawaiian word that means toward the
ocean. Master
Plan is a private land -use plan focused on one
or more sites within an area that identifies site
access and general improvements and is intended
to guide growth and development over a
number of years, or in several phases. Mauka
is a Hawaiian word that means inland or
toward the upland. Microgrid
is a local energy grid with control capability,
which means it can disconnect from the
traditional grid and operate autonomously. Micromobility
is any small, low -speed, human - or
electric -powered transportation device, including
bicycles, scooters, electric -assist bicycles,,
electric scooters (e-scooters),, and other
small, lightweight, wheeled conveyances.
Missing
Middle Housing is a range of house - scale buildings
with multiple units, compatible in scale
and form with detached single-family homes, located
in a walkable neighborhood. Missing Middle
Housing refers to housing types that fall
somewhere between a single-family home and
mid -rise apartment buildings, such as townhornes duplexes,
triplexes, and courtyard clusters. Mixed -
Use
is a land use pattern that integrates compatible residential,
commercial, industrial, office, institutional,
or other uses. Mixed -Use
Development is a structure with multiple functions,
such as residential and commercial Multimodal
Transportation
describes the practice of
integrating multiple forms of transportation into
the planning process. Examples include
pedestrian, cycling, automobile, and mass
transit. Native Species
include plant and animal species that arrived
in Hawaii without the assistance of humans. Natural Hazards
are
dangerous natural events that can threaten life
and property. Examples include wildfires., earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, floods, landslides., and tsunamis.
Natural Systems Planning
refers to the land use planning process of
working toward the goal of protecting, conserving, and
improving the biodiversity and sustainability
of a region's natural systems. Net
Zero refers
to achieving a balance between the amount of
greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere and the
amount removed from it. This balance is
typically achieved by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
as much as possible and offsetting any
remaining emissions through measures such as
carbon removal or carbon offsetting projects. The
ultimate goal of net zero i1 s to
limit globalwarmingtoalevel considered safe and sustainable., aiming
to stabilize the E th Its climate
by reducingthe overall impact of human activities on the environment.
Achieving net zero emissions is a
critical component of global efforts to combat climate
change and transition towards a sustainable, low -
carbon future. Not In My Backyard (
NIMBY)
describes opposition by residents to proposed
1 1 developments in their
local area, often due to concerns about potential negative impacts
on the environment, property values, and quality
of life. Glossary I County of Hawaii
General Plan 15
One Water is an integrated and holistic
approach to managing all aspects of the water
cycle- drinkingwater, wastewater,
stormwater, and other water resources -as a
single, interconnected system. This framework
emphasizes the interdependence of different
water sources and seeks to maximize the
sustainable use of water resources through
coordinated management and policy -making.
Open Space is largely undeveloped land or
water body which is free of structures and equipment.,
except for those incidental to the
permitted uses. Open space may include the
following: flood protection, creating a sense
of special separation from incompatible
land uses, areas for agricultural operations,
passive recreation, active recreation,
conservation uses, forests., or historical
site preservation. Lands with a general
slope of 20 per cent or more that provide
open space amenities or possess unusual
scenic qualities. Lands necessary for the
preservation of forests, park lands, wilderness
and beach/shoreline areas. Operating
Budget is a complete financial plan
for the current operations of the county and
its agencies and executive agencies in the
ensuing fiscal year, showing all funds and reserves.
Optimal
is most desirable or satisfactory. Overlay
is an area where certain additional requirements
are superimposed upon a base zoning
district or underlying district and where
the requirements of the base or underlying
district mayor may not be altered. Overlay
Zone
is a zoning designation applied to
a specific geographic area that imposes additional
standards on top of the underlying zoning
regulations and are used to address
particular issues or goals that may not be
adequately addressed by the base zoning district
alone. Common purposes of overlay zones
include special management area, promoting
environmental conservation, managing floodplains,
encouraging mixed - use development,
or enhancing design standards. Paratransit is
special transportation services for people with
disabilities and the elderly, often provided as
a supplement to fixed -route bus systems by
public transit agencies. Performance Conditions
are requirements or obligations that
an applicant must complete before certain
rights or obligations can take effect. Permeable
refers to
a pavement system with traditional strength characteristics, but
which allows rainfall to percolate
through it rather than running off. Placemakingis a
multifaceted approach
to planning, design, and management
of public spaces that capitalizes on
a local community's assets, inspiration, and potential
to promote the health., happiness, and well-
being of residents. Planned Unit Development (PUD)
refers to a zoning and development strategy
that allows for flexibility in land use
and design within a defined area. It typically involves
a comprehensive plan for mixed -use development.,
including residential, commercial, and recreational spaces,
with an emphasis on preserving natural
resources and promoting sustainable practices. PUDs
are intended to encourage innovative
land use planning while ensuring compatibility
with surrounding areas and meeting
community needs. Planning Areas are
the
geographical regions that de -fine the community
development plan boundaries. Planning Commission refers
to
either the Leeward Planning Commission or
the Windward Planning Commission. The two
Planning Commissions consist of members
appointed from within each judicial district,
advise the Mayor, County Council., and Planning
Director on land use matters pursuant to law
and the Hawaii County Charter. Pono is a
Hawaiian
word that means goodness, uprightness, morality, moral qualities.,
correct or proper procedure, excellence, well-
being, Glossary I County of
Hawaii General Plan 16
prosperity, welfare, benefit, behalf, equity,
sake, true condition or nature, duty; moral,
fitting, proper., righteous., right, upright, just,
virtuous, fair, beneficial, successful, in
perfect order, used in this plan to describe
an aspirational course of action.
Principle is a professionally accepted practice
or guiding rule used by planning agencies and
professional planners in formulating policies
and standards for community development.
Project District is a comprehensive planning
method which provides for a flexible
planning approach and incorporates a variety
of uses as well as open space, parks, and
other project uses, as further defined in the
Hawai"iCounty Code.
Pu'u is a Hawaiian word that means any
protuberance including a hill, mountain, cone,
peak, or elevation.
Rangeland refers to large, natural landscapes
such as grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, and
deserts that are primarily used for grazing
livestock and wildlife. These areas are
characterized by native vegetation., open
spaces, and minimal human modification.
Rangelands provide essential ecosystem
services, including habitat for wildlife, soil
stabilization, water filtration, and carbon
sequestration. They are managed to balance
the needs of livestock production, conservation,
and recreation while maintaining ecological
health and sustainability.
Regenerative Agriculture is a farming
approach that focuses on restoring and
enhancing soil health, biodiversity, and
ecosystem functions. It employs practices such
as cover cropping, crop rotation, reduced
tillage, and holistic grazing to improve soil
structure, increase organic matter, and
promote beneficial soil microorganisms. This
method aims to sequester carbon, improve
water retention, and reduce reliance on
synthetic inputs, contributing to more resilient
and sustainable agricultural systems.
Regenerative agriculture not only enhances
farm productivity and profitability but also
supports environmental health and climate change
mitigation.
Regenerative Tourism is a movement that seeks
to balance the economics of tourism with the
well- being of communities, natural resources,
and culture. This includes attracting and
educating positive -impact travelers and group
attendees who are mindful of how they respect
and interact with residents, or how their
movement through Hawaii impacts the environment
positively, and of how they value and
respect the Hawaiian culture and other cultures
of Hawaii. Regional
Centers are intended for mixed -use and
higher -density residential, retail, commercial, employment,
and/or regional one -of -a -kind facilities,,
such as major civic, medical, educational,
and entertainment facilities. Renewable
Energy refers to energy derived from natural
resources that are continually replenished on
a human timescale. These resources include sunlight,
wind, rain'.. tides., waves., and geothermal heat.
Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute
to environmental degradation through greenhouse
gas emissions and pollution, renewable energy
sources are considered sustainable and environmentally
friendly. Technologies used to harness
renewable energy, such as solar panels, wind
turbines.? hydropower plants, and geothermal systems,
generate electricity and heat without depleting
natural resources or significantly contributing
to climate change. Embracing renewable
energy plays a crucial role in reducing dependence
on fossil fuels, mitigating climate change
impacts,, and promoting energy security and economic
resilience. Resilience
is the ability to withstand social, environmental,
and economic shocks and stressors
with minimal human, environmental., and economic
costs., risks,, and damages. Resort
Area is an area with facilities to accommodate
the needs and desires primarily of visitors.,
tourists., and transient guests. Roads
in Limbo (RIL) were built or, planned by the State
or the Territorial government. They are classified
into either existing or paper roads. For Glossary
I County of Hawaii General Plan 17
decades, the State and County government
argued over maintenance responsibility
because of limited resources. Typically,
existing roads are referred to as
government roads" or "homestead roads".
Shelter -Burdened, also known as cost -
burdened, are those who pay more than 30
percent of their income for housing and may
have difficulty affording necessities such as
food, clothing, transportation, and medical
care. Severe rent burden is defined as paying
more than 50 percent of one's income on rent.
Shoreline is the upper reaches of the wash of
the waves, other than storm and seismic
waves, at high tide during the season of the
year in which the highest wash of the waves
occurs, usually evidenced by the edge of
vegetation growth, or the upper limit of debris
left by the wash of the waves.
Shoreline Setback Area is the land area
between the shoreline and the shoreline
setback line established by the Planning
Department running inland from and parallel
to the certified shoreline at a horizontal plane.
Silviculture is the development or
maintenance of a forest or wooded preserve.
Silvopasture is the deliberate integration of
trees and grazing livestock operations on the
same land.
Smart Growth is the overall approach to
development that encourages a mix of building
types and uses, diverse housing and
transportation options, development within
existing neighborhoods, and robust community
engagement.
Special Area Plans are plans prepared by a
county department or agency for a specific
area for the purpose of master Planning,,
redevelopment planning, or other purpose
that may but is not required to be adopted by
resolution or ordinance.
Special Management Area (SIVIA) is the area
that extends inland from the shoreline and is
designated for special protections. The State
of Hawaii Office of Planning administers Hawaii
Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 205A, the Coastal
Zone Management (CZM) law, and the purpose
of HRS Chapter 205A is to "provide for the effective
management, beneficial use, protection, and
development of the Coastal Zone." The SMA permitting
system is part of the CZM Program approved
by Federal and State agencies. Sprawl
is low -density land -use patterns that are automobile -
dependent, energy and land consumptive,
and may lead to an inefficient and undesirable
distance between residences and their
needed infrastructure and services. Stakeholder
is any individual, group, or organization
that has an interest or concern in a particular
project, decision, or activity and can be affected
by its outcomes. Stakeholders can include a
wide range of entities, such as employees, customers,
suppliers, investors', government agencies,
community members, and non- governmental
organizations. They can influence or be
influenced by the objectives, policies, and performance
of an organization or project. Effective
stakeholder engagement and management
are crucial for the success and 1
sustainabiiityof any initiative, as it helps ensure that
diverse perspectives and interests are considered.
Sustainabilityis
defined as meeting the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability
requires a balanced approach of managing
present-day environmental, social, and economic
needs to ensure harmony between economic
growth, environmental systems., and social
well-being. Sustainable
Yield., according to Hawaii Revised Statutes
Chapter 174C, is the maximum rate at which
water may be withdrawn from a water source
without impairing the utility or quality of the water source as determined by the
commission. Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is a
public funding method that uses future property tax
increases to pay for community improvements. Time Share
Unit is any multiple -
family dwelling unit or hotel, which is owned,
occupied or possessed, under an ownership and/or
use Glossary I County of Hawaii General
Plan
agreement among various persons for less
than a sixty-day period in any year for any
occupant, and is regulated under the
provisions of chapter 514E, Hawaii
Revised Statutes, as amended.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is
a cumulative body of knowledge, belief, and
practice handed down through generations
and focused on the relationship of plants,
animals, and humans with place -specific
traditional practices and with their
environment.
Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND)
involves compact, mixed -use neighborhood
where residential, commercial, and civic
buildings are within proximity to each other.
Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a
process by which development rights may be
transferred from one parcel of land to another.
See Development Rights)
Transient Accommodation means the
furnishing of a room, apartment., suite, single
family dwelling, or the like to a transient for a
designated period of time that provides living,
sleeping, or housekeeping accommodations.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a
development of high -density mixed land use
that uses a transit facility as a focal point and
thereby seeks to encourage the use of public
transit.
Underserved Subdivisions are characterized
Universal Design Principles aim to create
environments,, products, and services that are
accessible and usable by all people, regardless of
their age, ability, or disability. These principles
emphasize inclusivity ensuring that designs
accommodate a wide range of users with varying
needs and preferences. Key aspects include
I I
simplicity, flexibility, intuitive use, and equitable
41 40
access., which together promote usability and
accessibility for everyone. By integrating universal
I I 1
design principles,aesigners and planners create
more inc1lusive, functional, and user-friendly
1 1 1 1solutionsthatbenefitall members of society.
Urban Development Plan is a plan having a local
scale primarily comprising one or more existing or
proposed urban areas including towns, villages.,
resort -residential nodes and/or suburban residential
neighborhoods where more intensive uses are
contemplated. These may include redevelopment
plans for all or part of such urban areas.
Urban Forestry is the planting, maintenance,
care, and protection of tree populations in urban
settings. Urban forests come in many different
shapes and sizes. They include urban parks, street
trees., landscaped boulevards, gardens, river and
coastal promenades, greenways, river corridors,
wetlands'. nature preserves, shelter belts of trees,
and working trees at former industrial sites.
Urban forests, through planned connections of
green spaces, form the green infrastructure on
which communities depend. Green infrastructure
works at multiple scales from the neighborhood
to the metro area to the regional landscape.
by having: Urban Growth Areas (UGA) are established as
Lot sizes that do not conform to land that is envisioned for future areas of urban
State or County standards or other use and should include only those lands that
zoning criteria; meet the following criteria:
At least 10 lots; and Are characterized by urban development
Limited access to public that can be efficiently and cost-effectively
infrastructure and services; and served by roads, water, sanitary sewer and
High lot vacancy rates or a pattern storm drainage, schools,, and other urban
of "leapfrog" development; and governmental services within the next 20-
Lot sizes too small for agricultural 40 years
development (1/2 to 3 acres ); and Respect topographical features that form
A location outside County a natural edge,, such as watercourses and
designated preferred development ridgelines
areas Are sufficiently free of environmental
Glossary I County of Hawaii General Plan
19
constraints to be able to support
urban growth without major
environmental impacts
Do not unnecessarily overlap with
State Land Use Agricultural
Shall not overlap with State Land Use
Conservation District
Urban Heat Island Effect is a phenomenon
where the metropolitan areas are generally hotter
than the surrounding countryside. Without as
many trees and green cover, the impervious
surfaces of man-made structures absorb sunlight
and convert it into heat energy.
Urban Service Area defines the geographical
limits of government-supplied public facilities and services. Variable
Generation is
energy that may not always be
available or controllable. Variance, in the
context of planning permits, is a
legal authorization that allows a property owner
to deviate from the requirements of local
zoning ordinances or land use regulations.
It grants permission to use the land
in a way that does not strictly comply with the
existing zoning rules, typically due to
unique circumstances or hardships specific to
the property. Vehicle Miles Traveled (
VMT) is defined by the United States
Department of Transportation as the
total annual miles of vehicle travel divided
by the total population in a state
or in an urbanized area. This metric, along with travel
times and costs, to measure vehicle travel demand
and make policy decisions regarding roadways
and other transportation infrastructure. Viewshed
is the
area within view from a defined observation point
typically used to define a view
scenic quality such as a pu'u hill) or the
coastline. Village Plan is
a strategic document that guides the development
and management of a specific
community or village. It outlines goals and
policies related to land use, infrastructure, environmental
conservation', community services,
transportation, economic development,
and community character. Developed
through collaboration with stakeholders,
village plans serve as blueprints
to ensure orderly growth, preserve natural resources,
enhance community services., and maintain
or enhance the unique identity of the
village over time. Regular updates ensure alignment with
evolving community needs and priorities. Wahi
Pana means
living space and place of ecological, cultural and/
or historical significance. Wahi Pana may
also mean legendary place. Waste -to -Energy (
WtE) is a process in solid waste management that
involves converting non - recyclable waste materials
into usable forms of energy, such as
electricity., heat, or fuel, and reduces the volume
of waste sent to landfills, minimizes greenhouse gas
emissions, and provides a sustainable
energy source, contributing to environmental
protection and energy sUStainability. This
is achieved through various technologies., including: Incineration: Burning
waste at high
temperatures to produce steam, which
can then be used to drive
turbines and generate electricity. The heat generated can
also be used for district heating. Gasification:
Converting organic or fossil -
based materials into carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, and carbon dioxide by
reacting the material at high temperatures with a
controlled amount of oxygen or steam. The
resulting syngas can be used to generate
electricity or produce fuels. Pyrolysis: Decomposing organic
materials at high temperatures
in the absence of oxygen,
producing a mixture of solids (char), liquids
tar and pyrolysis oil), and gases (syngas).
These by-products can be utilized as
fuels or raw materials for chemical processes. Anaerobic Digestion:
Breaking down organic waste in
the absence of oxygen to
produce biogas (primarily methane and carbon dioxide), which
can be used for electricity
and heat generation, or upgraded to biomethane
for use as a renewable natural
gas. Glossary I County of Hawaii General
Plan
20
Watershed is an area of land that collects
rainwater and directs it to a common outlet,
such as a stream, lake, or ocean.
Water Systems is any water system, whether
publicly or privately owned and managed,
that provides water for human consumption
to at least 15 connections or regularly serves
at least 25 individuals.
Yes In My Backyard (YIMBY) refers to a
movement that describes advocates who
support housing development as a response
to the outcomes of restrictive zoning and
planning policies.
Zone of Influence in the context of
drinking water refers to the area surrounding
a water source, such as a well or a reservoir,
where the extraction of water affects the
local groundwater levels or flow patterns.
This zone is crucial for managing and
protecting drinking water supplies, as it
delineates the region where human
activities, such as pumping, can impact the
quality and quantity of water available.
Properly understanding and managing the
zone of influence helps ensure sustainable
water extraction, prevents contamination,,
and protects the integrity of the drinking
water source.
Glossary I County of Hawaii General Plan 21
Acronyms and
CRS Community Rating System
Cv Village Commercial District
Abbreviations CzlVI Coastal Zone Management Area
DBEDT Department of Business., Economic
The following list, arranged alphabetically, Development, and Tourism
provides acronyms, abbreviations, and their
corresponding definitions used throughout this DEM Department of Environmental
document. Management
DF Department of Finance
A Agricultural District
DHHL Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
AC Action Committee
DHR Department of Human Resources
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
DIT Department of Information
ADU Accessory Dwelling Unit
Technology
AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land DLNR Department of Land and Natural
Use Resources
ALICE Asset Limited, Income Constrained., DOA Department of Agriculture
Employed (ALICE) households earn
above the Federal Poverty Level but DOE Department of Education
cannot afford the basic cost of living.
Despite struggling to make ends
DOH Department of Health
meet., ALICE households often do not DPR Department ofParks and Recreation quality for
public assistance. DPW Department
of Public Works AMI Area
Median Income DRD Department
of Research and APD Agricultural
Project District Development BRBZ Biosphere
Reserve Buffer Zone DU Dwelling Unit CD Civil
Defense Agency D WS Departmentof Water Supply CDHDowntownHiloCommercial District EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency CDPCommunity
Development Plan FA Family Agricultural District CERT Community Emergency
Response GHG Greenhouse Gas Team GIS Geographic Information
System CFD Community Facilities District H+T
Housing
and Transportation CG General
Commercial District Affordability Index
CIP Capital Improvement Program HELCO
Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. CN
Neighborhood Commercial District HFD Hawaii Fire Department COH County of Hawaii
HIDEC Hawaii Island Digital Equity Coalition CPD Cluster Plan
Development HPD Hawaii Police Department CPTED Crime Prevention Through HRS Hawaii
Revised Statutes Environmental Design Acronyms and Abbreviations I
County of Hawaii General Plan 22
PC Planning Commission
HUD Department of Housing and Urban
Development PCs Public Charter School
1AL Important Agriculture Land PD Project District
ICT Information and Communication PONC Public Access, Open Space,, & Natural
Technologies Resource Preservation Commission
1WS Individual Wastewater System PUD Planned Unit Development
LID Low -Impact Development RA Residential and Agricultural District
LIHTC Low -Income Housing Tax Credit RCX Residential-Commercial Mixed -Use District LMI Low- and Moderate -
Income
RD Double -Family Residential District
LOS Level of Service RM
Multiple -Family Residential District
LSB Land Study Bureau RS
Single -Family Residential District
LSB Land Study Bureau Detailed
Land Classification SHPD State Historic Preservation
Division MCX Industrial -Commercial Mixed District
SLU State Land Use MG General Industrial District SMA
Special Management Area ML Limited Industrial TDR Transfer
of Development Rights MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer
TIF Tax Increment Financing System TMK Tax Map Key
MTA
Mass Transit Agency TND
Traditional Neighborhood MTCO2e Metric
Tons of Carbon
Dioxide Development Equivalent TOD Transit Oriented Development
NELHA
Natural Energy Laboratory of
Hawaii Authority UGA Urban Growth Areas
NFIP
National Flood Insurance Program
UGB Urban Growth Boundary NIMBY Not In My Backyard
UH University of Hawaii O Open District UHH University
of Hawaii at Hilo CIA Office of Aging UNV
University District OHCD Office
of Housing and
Community USDA United States Department of Development Agriculture OPA Office of
Prosecuting Attorney
USGS United States Geological Survey OPSD Office of Planning and
Sustainable V Resort -Hotel District Development VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled
OSCER Office of Sustainability, Climate,
Equity, and Resilience OTEC Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion
Acronyms and Abbreviations I County
of Hawaii General Plan 23
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1.
0 Introduction I County of Hawaii General Plan 24
The County of Hawaii encompasses the Island of
Hawaii, which is the southeastern -most and
youngest island of the Hawaiian archipelago.
Hawaii Island is nearly twice the combined land
area of the remainder of the State and has a diverse
climate and topography.
Navigating Growth on Hawaii Is land
Hawaii Island is unique in the world. Hawaii Island is
a community of rooted heritage, constant change,
and unique beauty. As our community navigates
our future, integrating a sustainable balance
between environmental stewardship, social
and community equity, and economic sufficiency
is paramount. We should be confident in
our ability to meet our current needs and the needs
of our future generations to come, ensuring that
our keiki are able to stay here and raise their keiki.
We must be ready, willing, and able to consistently
pursue bold actions that address our challenges
and help us arrive at a better future. Navigating
our island's future growth requires hearing
the voices of our diverse population and balancing
their needs. Effective growth plans evaluate
the past, incorporate current realities, assess
future challenges,, and craft meaningful solutions.
Careful
consideration of these factors are intended to
result in successful long-range planning and the application
of Native Hawaiian ahupua i
a
framework
in all planning and development analyses.
This section should articulate the critical importance
of the Native Hawaiian ahupua 6
a
framework
in all planning and development analyses.
Advancing
Hawaii Island Together In
an increasingly polarized world, the importance of
collaborating to navigate through a variety of situations
should be of utmost importance. Recognizing
and embracing our diversity, as well as
our individual and communal sense of kuleana is
where we find our strengths. Steering our island in
the right direction takes all of us. Setting the best path
for our future relies on ensuring buy -in for solutions
and accurately and collectively representing
community sentiments. Hawaii Island is an
exemplary leader with healthy and resilient communities that
are built by sustainable development, a
thriving and diversified local economy, and
collaborative environmental stewardship. The
General Plan serves as a 25-year blueprint for
the long-term growth and sustainable development of
Hawaii County. It envisions a future that
balances growth with the preservation f the
CounLy S unique natural and cultural resources. A
sustainable future is not a distant dream but
an attainable reality. A reality that can only be
achieved through the powerful combination of government and community
collaboration. The task ahead of
us is substantial, and it calls for unity,
vision, and unwavering dedication. Fill .. ". a 9 b
40
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1.0
Introduction I
County
of Hawaii General Plan 25
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Zoning & Land Use Regulations
Update regulations to align with the goals of the General Plan.
Public -Private Partnerships
Collaborate with private entities to achieve mutual development and
conservation objectives.
Community Engagement
Continuously engage residents and stakeholders in the decision -
making process.
Investment
Prioritize funding for projects that align with the General Plan's vision
and goals.
Monitoring & Evaluation
Regularly review and assess the implementation of the plan to ensure
its effectiveness and relevance.
0 YVON- d• J
D Introduction I County a awai'i General Pic
0
161 Purpose and Authority of the
ieneral Plan
The County of Hawai'i's General Plan is the policy a) The general plan shall contain a
document for the long-range comprehensive statement of development objectives,
development of the island of Hawaii. The standards and principles with respect to
purposes of the General Plan are to: the most desirable use of land within
Guide the pattern of future development the county for residential., recreational.,
in this County based on long-term goals; agricultural,
commercial, industrial and Identify
the visions, values, and priorities other
purposes which shall be important
to the people of this County; consistent
with proper conservation of natural
resources and the preservation Providetheframeworkforregulatorydecisions,
capital improvement priorities, of
our natural beauty and historical acquisition
strategies, and other pertinent sites;
the most desirable density of government
programs within the County population in the several parts of the organization
and coordinated with State county;
a system of principal thoroughfares, highways, streets,
public and Federal programs. Improve the physical
environment of the access to the
shorelines, and other County as a
setting for human activities; to open spaces; the
general locations, relocations and1 improvement
of public make it more
functional, beautiful, buildings, the general location and healthful, interesting, and
efficient. extent of public
utilities and terminals, Promote and safeguard
the public interest whether publicly or
privately owned, for and the interest
of the County as a whole. water, sewers, light,
power, transit, and Facilitate the democratic
determination of other pur1 poses;
the extent
and
location community policies concerning the
of public housing projects; adequate utilization of its natural,
man-made., and drainage facilities and control; air human resources. poiiion;utand such other matter
as may,,
Effectpolitical and technical coordination in the council'
s judgement, promote the in community improvement and general welfare, health, and
prosperity development. of its people. Inject long-range considerations
into the b) The
council shall enact zoning., determination of short-range actions and subdivision., and
such other ordinances implementation. which shall contain the necessary The 2045
General Plan is the primary policy
provisions to carry out the purpose of document for county agencies, planning the general plan.
commissions., elected officials, landowners., c) No public improvement or
project, or developers, and citizens to guide land use policy subdivision
or zoning ordinance, shall decisions for the Island of Hawaii. Section 3-15
of be initiated or adopted unless the same the Hawaii County Charter states: conforms to and implements
the The county council shall adopt by ordinance a general plan
which shall set forth the council's long-
range policy for the comprehensive physical, economic, environmental, and
sociocultural well- being of the county.
general plan. d dments
t the general plan may b
initiated by
the council or the planning director. " 1.
0 Introduction I County of Hawaii General
Plan 27
Pursuant to the Section 226-52 and 58 of the
Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS),, as well as
Section3-15 of the County Charter, the General
Plan includes overall themes, goals, principles,
objectives, and policies, as well as
implementation priorities and actions to carry out
policies including, but not limited to, land use
maps, programs, projects., regulatory measures,,
standards and principles, and interagency
coordination. Neither the HRS nor the County
Charter clearly define all the terms above, so for
the purposes of the 2045 General Plan, they are
defined in this section using references from
professional planning practice. The authority of
the General Plan includes three fundamental
types: directional, regulatory, and programmatic.
Authority Limits of the General Plan
The 2045 General Plan often relies on further
implementation actions, such as zoning and
budget ordinances, to move Hawaii Island in the
direction of our goals. Further, it contains no
authority to change previously existing subdivisions or
zoning, and no authority over lands governed by
the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL).
The Hawaiian Homes Commission has the
ultimate control over uses of the Hawaiian home lands
leased to Native Hawaiians. 1.2
The 2002
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the
County and DHHL is formally referenced in
the General Plan and included as an appendix to
ensure institutional knowledge of DHHL"s
land use authority over its lands. Achieving our
island's vision will require collective long-term
commitments that build on this plan. History of
the Plan 0 General
PlanstudiesintheCountyofHawaiiwereinitiatedin
the late 1950s and were limited to particular regions
of the island such as the Hilo., Kona, Kohalal
Ha-ma-kua., and Puna Districts. As such, these
initial plans lacked a comprehensive, coordinated, and
integrated overview of the
entire County. The first of these studies, "A Plan
for Kona".. was completed in 1960 and encompassed
the districts of North and South Kona. "
A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo"
was completed in 1961 for the districts of South
Hilo and Puna. "The Kohala- H5m5kua Region General
Plan" was completed in 1963 and
covered part of the district of North Kona and the
districts of North and South Kohalal H5m5kua,, and
North Hilo. These regional plans were
adopted by Ordinance No. 317 in July
1965, as the General Plan for the County. The district
of Ka 6 u wasthe
only area in the County no
t coveredby this plan. The first General Plan
document to be completed after the ratification of
the County Charter in 1968 was adopted by ordinance
on December 15, 1971 by the County Council.
Upon adoption of the General Plan in 19711
the Council laid the foundation for establishing a
comprehensive planning program for the
County of Hawaii. This program consists of a hierarchical
set of plans and activities. The initial development of
the General Plan program, undertaken between 1968
and 1970, was funded through an
agreement between the County of Hawaii and
the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development through
the former State of Hawaii Department
of Planning 1.0 Introduction I County
of Hawaii General Plan
and Economic Development (currently the
State Department of Business, Economic
Development and Tourism). The initial General
Plan study program was conducted over a 36-
month period and completed by the Planning
Department with the technical assistance of
professional consultants in the fields of drainage
and flood control, historic sites, sewerage,
economics', and water.
The General Plan program is structured to
investigate, analyze, and evaluate concurrently
all aspects of the County under a common or
standard methodology. The preparation of the
General Plan involves the process of planning
and provides the opportunity to broaden the
base of citizen participation, review, and
understanding. The 1971 General Plan required
five- and ten-year comprehensive reviews and
updates. The reviews and updates are intended
to maintain the dynamism and flexibility of the
General Plan and to accommodate major
changes and trends that may occur within the
County.
The County initiated a review of the Land Use Pattern
Allocation Guide Map in 1978 that led to several
changes to the map. Other changes included the
addition of an Energy element and amendments to
procedures for the comprehensive reviews and
proposals for specific amendments to the General
Plan.
Figure 1 provides a glimpse into the CounLyI S historicallong-
range
planning initiatives.
Since 1971, there have been two subsequent comprehensive
reviews of the General Plan. The first
was adopted in 1989 and the second was in 2005.
The adoption of the 2005 General Plan identified the preparation
of Community Development Plans to further
guide implementation efforts. Significant public input
helped guide the development and 2008 adoption
of the Kona Community Development Plan, Puna
Community Development Plan, North Kohala
Community Development Plan, and South
Kohala Community Development Plan. The Ka'
u- Community Development Plan followed in 2017.,
and the Ha-Arna-kua Community Development Plan in 2018.
Figure 1 Timeline of
Hawaii County Long -Range Plans 1959 1961 1971 1970s
1989 200.5 17-2,018 2022-2,00 RC910rin- w , Iiif
b
eta
it i i,
LLL I 1"" P ia n Sf0,J° C0rl) p rt1V01i---)r%npreherlsive 0 rcom, pI reheo siv 0 a G0 I'm"
Lrev1(?W01,11 I'll( L UVAlk:e of PIC,",' Soutt) K&Ma. view 0 r"e f the ithe %.elsGeneral r Vs
t• C-.- Plan
r raGeneralPlan
1e3 Planning Process Sincethe adoption
of the 2005
General Plan, Hawaii Island has seen a lot
of change., including population growth, natural disasters., technological advancements,,
and sustainability efforts. These topics
have been considered in the
General Plan 2045. On February 6, 2015J. the
Planning Director initiated the comprehensive review of the
2005 General Plan. The comprehensive review process
involves many different stages, including collecting
community feedback, examining the effectiveness of the previous
plan, and research and analysis
of existing conditions and trends. The comprehensive
planning process requires a systems approach in order
to effectively integrate key elements
and develop a path for implementation. Throughout
the review process., an overarching intention was to
create an open 1.0
Introduction I County of Hawaii General Plan 29
forum for discussion, reflect community input and
values, encourage interagency coordination and
participation, and direct growth patterns in ways
that benefit our population and protect our unique
island environment.
I
aI,
fir¢
uiC
IN
f IfIMUli
1 w w I1 rotl
I t-
t` M mFICIly
II
li,i V h4 f ud
l ur
Community engagement event in 2019,
Cataloguing and reviewing community input.
Comprehensive
Review Initiated
Review Input &
Prepare
Recommended
Amendments
Figure 2 Comprehensive Review Process
Public Review
of Initial Draft
Use Public Input
to Prepare
Recommended
Plan
HIM a
r ate y
I
M P ,
k i
ti
I
Public workshop event in 2023,
Public workshop event in 2024.
Public Review
of Recommended
Plan
Planning
Commission
Review*
County Council
Review & Action
The Planning Commissions are responsible for reviewing and providing recommendations on the General Plan.
Final approval and adoption of the General Plan rests solely with the Hawaii County Council.
1.0 Introduction County of Hawaii General Plan
30
16j4Sustainability Princi ples and
Practices
Integrating sustainability into the General Plan is
crucial for fostering long-term resilience and
prosperity. There is a common need to improve
the planning process across the State of Hawaii.
This includes increasing the effectiveness of
government and private actions, improving
coordination among various agencies and levels of
government, and providing guidance for the use of
our precious natural and cultural resources. for
sustainable development that balances
environmental, social, and economic goals. The
General Plan recognizes this need and aligns with
the Hawaii 2050 Sustainability Plan', which sets a
strategic framework for achieving a sustainable
future. By embedding sustainability principles into
its core, this Plan sets forth a cohesive and forward -
thinking strategy that addresses key challenges
and anticipates future needs.
SOC16al &Cultural
Eq u ity
Economic G rowt h
r Environmental Protection
1
OPSDJ, Hawaii 2050 Sustainability
Plan TenYear MeasurementUpdate (2018) https://Planning.
hawaii.gov/sustainabilitV/hawaii2050/ 1.0 Introduction I County of Hawaii General Plan 31
1.5 County Planning System and
i(3eneral Plan Framework
County Planning System
The planning system, as illustrated in Figure 3,
consists of a comprehensive County -wide General
Plan, and includes Community Development
Plans, Special Area Plans and Urban Development
Plans, and Agency Functional or Strategic Plans as
implementation mechanisms that carry out the
goals, objectives, policies or standards, and
actions of the General Plan. The General Plan
represents the first level of the County planning
system and encompasses long-range goals,
objectives, policies, and courses of action for the
entire County. The General Plan also provides the
legal basis for all the other elements of the
County's planning structure. As such, the Plan is the
highest order, or "umbrella" plan. It establishes the
boundaries within which the County must operate.
The second level consists of short and middle
range plans that further define the long-range
goals and policies of the General Plan. These plans
are related to specific regions or districts (Hilo,
Kona., Kohalal Ka 6
u., etc.), functions (recreation,
agriculture., drainage, highways., etc.),, and specific
areas within a region (Kailua-Kona, Downtown Hilo,
etc.).
Directional Vision,, Goals,, Objectives,, and
Standard Guidelines The
General Plan vision statement, goals, and objectives
provide a high-level integrated direction
for the community and a holistic perspective.
The Plan also incorporates standard guidelines
to serve as strategic directions and standards
to inform decisions regarding topics such
as land use, infrastructure, housing, and resource
management. These standard guidelines help
to ensure consistency in planning and implementation,
promoting sustainable growth, environmental
stewardship, and community well- bei
ng. The
third level consists of specific mechanisms to implement
the two higher levels of the planning hierarchy.
These include regulatory measures such as the
Zoning and Subdivision Codes, and the operating and
Capital Improvements Program (CIP) budgets. Figure
3 County Planning System Vision:
Theability to plan for thefuture with creativity and wisdom in alignmentwith community values.
Goal: A desired state of affairs
to which
planned effort is directed. Objective: Measurable, achievable, and
time -bound milestones toward
achieving a goal. Standard
Guideline: A stated course of action
that
shall take precedence when addressing areas
of concern and should be 1.
0 Introduction I County of Hawaii General
Plan 32
followed., unless a determination is made
that it is not the most desirable in a
particular case;thus, a guideline may be
deviated from without penalty or sanction.'
Regulatory Implementing Actions
Regulatory implementing actions are one of two
types of approaches used in the General Plan to
pursue the vision, goals, and objectives.
Regulatory actions are controlling in that they
define boundaries., development parameters, and
measures intended to implement goals or
objectives. The three regulatory implementing
actions in the Plan include:
General Plan Land Use Map: A map that
graphically delineates the areas of
intended future land use types.
Policy: A general rule for action focused on
a specific issue, derived from more general
goa IS.3
Standard: A regulatory measure that
defines the meaning, quality, or quantity of
a policy by providing a way to measure its
attainment.
In the General Plan, future land use maps, policies,
and standards are specific to the actions through
which zoning ordinances, subdivisions, and public
improvements or projects are initiated or adopted
because, as they must conform to and implement
the general plan in accordance with the County
Charter, Section 3-15.
2 HRSJ, Section 226-2
3 American Planning Association, A Planners Dictionary (2004)
4 American Planning Association, A Planners Dictionary (2004)
Non -Regulatory Implementing Actions
The second approach of implementing actions is
not regulatory or controlling and requires
subsequent decisions and/or the allocation of
resources. The following types of actions are
intended to support and advance the goals and
objectives of the plan without the enforcement
power of laws or regulations. Non -regulatory
implementing actions typically involve community
engagement, education and outreach, partnership
development, and resource allocation to encourage compliance
and proactive efforts. This approach allows
for flexibility and innovation in achieving the
Plan's vision. Throughout the
General Plan, the objectives and policies are
followed by a set of implementing actions. There
are three types: Program: An
action, activity,, or strategy carried out
in response to adopted policy to achieve a
specific goal or objective. 4 Project: An
enterprise that is carefully planned and
designed to achieve a particular purpose.
Interagency Coordination:
A program or project that
requires collaboration among organizations, including
those external to the County.
1.0
Introduction I County of Hawaii General Plan 33
1.6 Grounded Vision and Goals
As we navigate our future, maintaining a
sustainable balance between environmental
stewardship, social equity, andeconomic sufficiency is
paramount. The values articulated by our community
in the adopted Community Development Plans (
CDP) are synthesized to form a singular
vision statement for Hawaii Island. This vision statement
represents the ability to plan for the future
in alignment with community values. The goals
of the General Plan were formulated by incorporating concepts
and value statements from the 2005
General Plan and the various CDPs. These foundational documents
provided a comprehensive understanding
of the community's priorities and
aspirations. By integrating those established values
and principles, the General Plan ensures continuity
and reflects the collective vision of Hawaii
Island residents, guiding sustainable development while honoring
our unique cultural and environmental heritage.
These goals are listed alongside the chapter
they pertain to. The four primary chapters of
the Plan encompass the sustainability pillars of
environment, community, and economy., as
outlined in the Hawaii State Planning Act Goals (
HRS, Section 226-4). General Plan Vision
Statement Hawaii Island is
an exemplary leader with healthy and resilient communities that are built
by sustainable development, a thriving and diversified local economy, and collaborative
biocultural stewardship. General Plan Chapter
Goal Collaborative Biocultural Natural
and cultural resources are thriving and sustainably managed, Stewardship preserved, and
restored to maintain our unique and diverse environment. Addressing Climate Ensure
a just transition to a climate resilient island by addressing the causes Change for Island -
Wide and impacts of climate change through incorporating equitable climate Health mitigation and
adaptation priorities into policies, programs, infrastructure, and decision -making.
Sustainable We strategically
apply progressive land use strategies incorporating Development & indigenous and
contemporary knowledge and place -based practices to Resilient Communities direct
and manage growth for the health, safety, and emergency response and preparedness services
for our communities. Each community is
connected by a multimodal and modernized transportation network that
provides a system for safe, efficient, and comfortable movement of
people and goods. 1.0 Introduction
I County of Hawaii General Plan 34
Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public
infrastructure, utilities, and services based on existing and future growth
needs., sound design principles, and effective maintenance practices.
Our communities are safe and protected, and have access to integrative
health, education, and social services to support a high quality of life for all
residents.
Residents have access to adequate and affordable housing to meet the
needs of the population and provide equitable opportunities for household
flexibility and mobility.
We employ integrated systems that are efficient, equitable, and organized to
facilitate coordination and collaboration.
Thriving, Diversified, & Our economy is diverse, regenerative, and innovative, improving and
Regenerative Economy maintaining the financial well-being of our residents with a focus on
increasing local economic opportunities.
Agriculture is a robust, diversified sector that addresses food security and
includes a broad range of agricultural-based businesses that highlight value. A high quality
of life for residents is maintained when a regenerative visitor industry balances the
preservation of natural and cultural resources with responsible visitation. 1.
0 Introduction
County of Hawaii General Plan 35
A)=
0
0 COLLABORATIVE
STEWARDSHIIItI.Irt FtAi,I=1 P
Ir 'AM'
IL
m
0M, J1 Nr4ar, V
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
36
261 Introduction
Collaborative biocultural stewardship is an
approach to sustainable development that
emphasizes collaboration and partnership
building among stakeholders and integrates natural
and cultural resource management strategies to promote
conservation, sustainability, and resilience. This
framework is foundational to the General Plan
as it seeks to balance economic., social, and environmental
goals. Cooperative efforts aimed at
achieving sustainable management of ecological systems
are crucial for protecting our natural and
built environments. Land use planning and
management should be holistic, inclusive, and adaptive
to reflect community values, knowledge, and
aspirations. The General Plan provides
key strategies to achieve biocultural stewardship, including
community engagement, partnership building,
collaborative decision -making, and
collective action. Environmental and social
systems
are complex and dynamic. These systems will
require adaptive management and continuous learning
as we navigate the future. The
policies presented in this section seek to foster
partnerships that are based on mutual respect, trust,
and shared values. The community engagement process must
be inclusive to incorporate diverse perspectives
and knowledge systems into conservation and development
strategies. Following such practices can promote
the co -creation of knowledge,
the sharing of resources, and the empowerment of
communities. By leveraging the strengths and resources
of different stakeholders, we can enhance
the capacity of communities to manage natural
and cultural resources sustainably. We can also
facilitate the creation of new networks and
alliances, promoting social cohesion and resilience. Ultimately, the
collaborative biocultural stewardship approach can
foster a more integrated, inclusive,
and equitable approach to conservation and
development that reflects the aspirations and
needs of local communities. This fundamental
element of the Plan strives to
cultivate a sense of place and connection to
the environment and recognizes that the management f natural
and cultural resources requires the participation
of diverse actors, including communities, governments,, non -
governmental organizations, and private sectorentities. By
promoting collaborative decision -making
and collective action, we can enhance
the effectiveness, equity,, and legitimacy
of conservation and development policies. By
promoting community -based conservation and
restoration strategies, we can enhance
ecological integrity., promote biodiversity, and
preserve cultural heritage and scenic landscapes.
Blocultural stewardship acknowledges the role
of cultural diversity in shaping
environmental perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. It
recognizes that cultural practices arising
from traditional ecological knowledge are
integral to maintaining ecosystem services and
biological diversity. 2.0 Collaborative Biocultural
Stewardship I County of Hawaii
General Plan
37
Table le. B'10cultural Stewardship Challenges
Native Habitat • Hawai'i has been known as the extinction capital of the world.
Climate change and sea level rise pose threats to existing habitats for native flora and fauna.
Longer and/or more severe weather and climate change may increase the likelihood of
wildfires.
Invasive species continue to pose a threat to native and endemic species as well economic,
environmental, and human health.
The carrying capacity of our resources is not comprehensively modeled and monitored.
The County lacks specific regulations for wetlands, riparian ecosystems, or other valuable
habitats.
Watersheds • Sea level rise has and will continue to impact freshwater resources through saltwater infiltration.
The island's coastal waters are affected by an increase in pollution, such as marine debris and
plastics, as well as effluents, pollutants, and toxins from nearshore sources such as cesspools,
septic systems, and injection wells.
There is a lack of water quality monitoring on the island.
Green infrastructure planning has not been institutionalized.
Watershed protection and management require collaboration and coordination across all
levels of government and must include effective community engagement.
Stewardship • The County has a limited budget for its large-scale geographic responsibility for the protection
of public trust natural and cultural resources.
Hawai'i Island has a large variation of unique biomes and ecosystems.
The difference between traditional and modern practices along with varying mauka to makai
ownership makes it difficult to comprehensively steward natural resources.
Cultural & Historic • The County's role and involvement in cultural and historic resources can be difficult to discern.
Assets . Miscommunication between different stakeholder groups can lead to conflict over community
values.
Restoration and reformation of cultural and historic resources are complex and incentives for
remediation and conservation are limited.
There is a lack of cultural understanding and `aina-based identity (e.g., place names) across the
general population.
Identification of cultural and historic resources rarely occurs unless triggered by a development
permitting application, making it difficult to plan comprehensively.
Scenic Character • The County has not developed a scenic resources protection program, including view impact
procedures, criteria, and standards.
The uncontrollable growth of and inability to eradicate invasive species (e.g., Albizia) obstruct
viewsheds or can change the character of a scenic resource.
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
Table 2e. B*10cultural Stewardship Opportunities Native
Habitat • The County can collaborate with the State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development to create
models for monitoring the carrying capacity of natural resources. Ongoing
conservation work can continue to evolve from species -specific conservation (e.g., Albizia
eradication) to focus on ecosystem restoration across multiple land ownership to protect Hawai'
i"s biodiversity. Maintaining
healthy, native -dominant forests offers immense savings of biocultural and water resources
that might otherwise be lost to the impacts of climate change and invasive species. Conservation
lands hold significant value in the water resources they represent. Incentivizing
and developing regenerative land uses, such as agroforestry, can provide sustainable
opportunities to ecosystems and communities. Hawai'
i can become a statewide adaptation and resiliency leader by focusing on its unique strengths
and diversity to evolve with changing realities. Urban
forestry can be prioritized or incentivized in the County Code. Watersheds •
Establish more place -based watershed partnerships to create unique management plans that incorporate
the generational knowledge of those water systems and protect our island's watersheds.
Strengthen
the integration of Hawaiian biocultural resource management and traditional ecological
knowledge across County government. Practice
an integrated approach to ecosystem -based collaborative management that considers the
entire ecosystem. Watershed
protection and management require collaboration and coordination across all levels of
government and must include effective community engagement. Stewardship •
Hawai'i Island has a large variation of its unique natural biomes and ecosystems. Ongoing
interagency coordination, including consultation with place -based land stewards, cultural
and historical advisory groups, and other stakeholders. The
County can take a more proactive role in exercising its protective public trust role for natural and
cultural resources. Maintain
and increase involvement with existing partnerships and identify new partners that help promote
and enhance biocultural stewardship. Collaborate
to complete additional EPA -approved watershed plans to increase eligibility for future
conservation funding. Cultural &
Historic • Preservation of historic properties can enhance the educational, cultural, economic and general Assets
welfare of the island. Community
Development Plans (CDP) can uplift community values and heritage character. Consult
with place -based culture and history advisory groups as well as other organizations that continue
to elevate, protect,, and maintain community values, heritage, culture, and history. Scenic
Character • The County has a strong policy foundation for scenic resources. Scenic
resources include historic buildings that contribute to community character and preserve the
history of the area. The
scenic resources inventory and mapping project can be further developed into a program. 2.
0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan 39
262 Eliocultural Stewardship Goal,
3k)Jectives, Policies, and Actions Goal: Natural and cultural
resources are thriving and sustainably managed,, preserved, and restored to
maintain our unique and diverse environment. Increase the biodiversity and
resilience of native habitats. Policies 101 Minimize and
mitigate
significant impacts, such as degradation, incompatible uses, or other threats, to Native Hawaiian
habitats and public trust resources. 192 Strive to improve
the health of the island's forests, rangelands, watersheds, nearshore environments, riparian areas, and
reefs. lo3 Encourage the preservation
and restoration of natural landscape features, such as reefs, beaches and dunes., forests., rangelands,
streams, floodplains, wetlands, and aquifer recharge areas that have the inherent capacity
to prevent, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change. lo4 Maintain the shoreline
for recreational, cultural, educational., and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective and respectful
of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. lo5 Increase collaborative efforts
to improve coordination to conserve and manage wetlands., streams, and watersheds. 196 Encourage
the preservation
of native vegetation and open space during development activities. lo7 Improve the use
of native or non-native plants of cultural or environmental importance. lo8 Prioritize native landscaping
for all County projects. 109 Limit the introduction
and establishment of invasive species. 1010 Maintain a program
to identify and protect exceptional trees, groves, or stands of trees. loll Encourage and incentivize
green belts, tree plantings, and landscape plans and designs in urban areas. lo12 Increase collaborative
efforts
to create and maintain community forests, food forests, silvopasture, and other agroforestry. lo13
Incentivize private land
management practices that protect and enhance natural resource values and., when appropriate, pursue
the acquisition of lands for the protection of natural resources. 1014 Partner with government,
private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to: 2.0 Collaborative Biocultural
Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
a) Implement the Hawaii State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP)
b) Better understand and model carrying capacities of the island's habitats and resources
c) Improve the inventory of forested lands and associated ecosystem services
d) Encourage the continued identification and inclusion of unique wildlife habitat areas of Native
Hawaiian habitat within the Natural Area Reserve System
e) Anticipate future habitat migration, especially wetlands and coastal ecosystems
f) Prioritize quantitative wetland assessment to identify wetlands
g) Expand native and/or endemic forest cover
h) Improve enforcement for illegal activities that harm or degrade endemic habitats
1015 Any development will not adversely impact the following resource asset(s):
a) Rivers, streams, springs, and other naturally flowing surface water bodies
b) Anchialine pools and estuaries
c) Shoreline setback areas, beaches, and dunes
1.16 Maintain shoreline setbacks to protect:
a) Natural shoreline vegetation;
b) Marine turtle nesting beaches/areas;
c) Nearshore water quality;
d) Structures from the effects of long-term sea level rise; and
e) Beaches and shorelines from erosion.
1.17 Allow the redevelopment of existing waterfront commercial structures consistent with the
community character to preserve overwater views.
1918 Landscaping and irrigation shall be designed to maximize water use efficiency and native plants.
Actions
lea Develop buffer policies to protect native forests, wildlife, rivers, streams, coastal waters, and other
native habitats.
i a b Seek partnership opportunities to support wetland identification and assessments.
1.c Review tree survey requirements and amend the Code to incorporate as part of site planning.
led Consider the establishment of clearing limits within the Code and increase tree removal mitigation
requirements, limiting the clearing of native vegetation during development.
lee Revise floodplain management requirements to require consideration of nature -based solutions
as alternatives for all projects that have the potential to affect floodplains or wetlands.
lef Develop a regulatory list of invasive species for Hawaii County.
leg Develop priorities for the management of fire -prone invasive species.
1.h Amend the Code to include an appropriate list of invasive species to be removed during
development activities, to the extent feasible.
lei Support programs designed to prevent the introduction and establishment of invasive species and
the control and eradication of invasive species; particularly those that serve as disease vectors.
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
41
lei Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in upland watershed areas
with an emphasis on native forest species.
1.k Identify partners and support a public awareness and education campaign to elevate recognition
of the value of urban trees as essential infrastructure.
181 Amend the landscape standards in Rule or Code to require the use of native plants for screening
or landscaping.
1.m Amend the Code to incentivize the establishment of threatened and endangered endemic plant
species within their habitable ranges during development approvals.
1.n Review the Code and consider amendments to encourage site clustering of development in order
to avoid critical environmental areas and assets.
1.0 Develop and establish Open Space Network Overlay for natural landscape features, such as
beaches and dunes, forests, streams, floodplains, wetlands, estuaries, or recharge areas that have
the inherent capacity to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change.
1.p Study, develop, and establish Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zones, either separately or as an overlay
district, to guide development within native forests through regulatory measures and economic
incentives.
l.q Maintain a program for acquiring and/or restoring wetlands, estuaries, and anchialine pools.
1.r Develop comprehensive programs and policies and provide resources for enhancing urban
forestry canopy cover.
Ls Improve urban and community forest management, maintenance, and arboricultural practices.
Ia t Increase funding and grants for urban and community forestry.
1.u Support programs to prevent harmful invasive species from becoming established.
1.v Partner with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
develop a program for the identification and protection of plant species of special status, including
plants significant for cultural practitioners.
I.W Support seedbanks of native and endemic plant species, especially species that are threatened or
endangered.
1.x Partner with community groups to apply for funding to restore native habitats including marine,
wetland, shoreline, and native upland systems on County -owned or managed lands.
Ly Prioritize removal of invasive species during maintenance of County -owned or maintained
properties.
Lz Assess and prioritize County -owned areas for restoration in collaboration with government, private
and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders.
Laa Review and update the exceptional tree code and inventory to support the protection of native
species and habitats.
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
42
Objective 2
Apply the Native Hawaiian ahupua'a framework to preserve and enhance the health
and function of watersheds to promote water recharge, improve water quality, and
reduce runoff.
Policies
291 Engage in comprehensive watershed planning to protect all watersheds and identify priority
watershed areas to develop or complete watershed management plans and projects.
2e2 Address water best management practices and implement plans for non -point source discharges,
such as irrigation flows and agricultural or urban runoff.
2.3 Prioritize forest and land management above 2,500 to 3,000 feet elevation to ensure effective
groundwater recharge.
2e4 Within Arnauka areas of high rainfall/fog-drip belt, ground disturbing activities such as excessive
soil compaction and excessive removal of vegetative cover should be minimized and mitigated
consistent with management strategies that encourage the retention of existing forested and
pasture areas, reforestation, minimal coverage by impervious surfaces and other strategies that
encourage effective infiltration to groundwater.
2e5 Watershed management planning should recognize the ecosystem service value of watersheds
and open space to protect scenic vistas and aesthetic values; water recharge; carbon
sequestration; oxygen production; habitat enhancement and preservation; fire suppression and
fuel load management; soil conservation; preservation of cultural values; and the potential for
additional public access and recreational opportunities.
2w6 Maintain participation in the development and implementation of the Ocean Resources
Management Plan (ORIVIP), marine zoning plans,, Marine Managed Areas (MMAs), or other
appropriate tools.
2w7 Partner with government., private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to:
a) Implement a comprehensive conservation plan that identifies priority watershed areas for
habitat restoration and enhancement.
b) Review and designate forest, river corridors, and watershed areas into the conservation district
during State land use boundary comprehensive reviews.
c) Monitor nearshore water quality and impacts to reefs and marine environments and address
land -based sources of impacts.
d) Protect and restore wetlands and riparian corridors to ensure more pristine water quality,
decrease erosion,, and increase sediment management,, groundwater infiltration,
nutrient/pollutant uptake, soil moisture retention, stormwater abatement,, and cultural/community
connections. e) Develop
reasonable standards to improve stream and coastal water quality monitoring and encourage local
communities to develop such projects. 2.0
Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan 43
Actions
2.a Review and update the County grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure that they adequately
address potential erosion and runoff problems.
20b Adopt appropriate measures and provide incentives to control point and non -point sources of
pollution.
2.c Identify and establish appropriate riparian buffer protection areas around streams, ponds,
perennial flowing natural springs, and all springs and reservoirs serving as water supplies.
26d Support research to identify and refine priority watershed areas meant to enhance groundwater
recharge and improve surface water quantity and flows.
2.e Identify and establish appropriate wetland protection areas and regulations to mitigate impacts of
development.
2of Partner with and support land managers to improve infrastructure and grazing management
practices for cattle and other livestock to promote soil and groundwater retention and mitigate
fire risk.
2.g Amend the Special Management Area (SIVIA) to include wetlands, riparian areas, and adjacent
buffer areas.
26h Build community capacity and agency support for Community Conservation Areas (CCAs) as part
of stewardship -based efforts.
Objective 3
Increase direct community restoration and collaborative efforts to conserve and
nourish the island's bi'ocultural resources.
Policies
3al Encourage an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawai 6
1 'Fs resources by protecting, preserving,
and conserving critical and significant natural resources.
392 Foster educational activities that promote the importance and value of Hawai'i"s unique and limited
environmental resources.
3.3 Integrate progressive strategies incorporating indigenous and contemporary knowledge and
practices to maintain environmental quality at the highest standards'. address a changing climate,
protect natural resources, and restore ecosystem health for the benefit of present and future
generations.
3e4 Promote and protect traditional exercised rights and customs of Native Hawaiians.
3e5 Promote resource management that is sustainable, responsible, and data driven.
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
3w6 Require the management of natural resources in a manner that fully minimizes adverse effects on
the environment and depletion of energy and natural resources.
3e7 Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damage natural resources.
368 Increase community -based stewardship that focuses on management responsibilities and
promote community education and shared learning.
3w9 Improve community planning capacity -building efforts toward coordination, leadership, effective
action, connectivity, and impact.
3.10 Contribute to programs for the collection and dissemination of data concerning natural or cultural
resources.
3.11 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities., and other stakeholders to:
a) Protect special areas, structures, and elements that are an integral and functional part of
Hawai 4
1 .
0s
ethnic and cultural heritage. b)
Identify and protect wahi pana. c)
Promote the preservation and restoration of significant natural and historic resources. d)
Aid in programmatic education concerning historic sites. e)
Maintain the shoreline area for recreational, cultural, educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner
that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the public. f)
Encourage the documentation and preservation of traditional ecological knowledge, identifying
best management practices for integration. Actions
3.
a Contribute on a regular basis to state or federal Geographic Information System (GIS) data stores and
other programs for the collection and dissemination of basic data concerning natural, historic, or
cultural resources. 30b
Create special (business) improvement districts to engage in environmental research, restoration and
maintenance, natural resource management, climate change or sea level rise adaptation, or other
purposes to improve environmental conditions and provide community benefit. Objective
4 The historical
integrity, character, scenic assets, and open spaces of our 40 communities
are
protected, restored, and treated as unique assets with significant social and economic
value and managed in perpetuity. 2.0 Collaborative
Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan 45
Policies
4al
4e2
Require public and private developers to provide historical and archaeological surveys and
cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there
are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance.
Increase public access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
4.3 Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be determined on a case -by -case basis in
consultation with lineal descendants, those with kuleana to that site or object, or other local sources
such as cultural or historic groups.
4w4 Encourage the restoration of significant sites on a case -by -case basis in consultation with lineal
descendants, those with kuleana to that site or object,, or other local sources such as cultural or historic
groups.
4w5 The County shall use and promote the use of interpretive signs and/or other appropriate methods
that are in keeping with the character of the area to recognize landscapes, sites, buildings, and
objects of historic and cultural significance.
4w6 Historic preservation shall represent the full range and diversity of the multi -cultural heritage of
0HawaiiIsland. 4e7
Maintain an inventory of significant cultural and historic sites and districts compatible with that of the
State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD). 498
Ensure that projects requiring preservation plans are identified on subdivision maps and plan approval
site plans. 4e9
The County shall develop a comprehensive management plan for historic and cultural resources that
are on County -owned or managed properties. 4.
10 Maintain the character of County -owned historic structures and bridges, as appropriate. 4.
11 Identify outstanding natural or cultural features, such as water courses, fine groves of trees, heiau, and
historical sites and structures on subdivision preliminary plat maps. 4.
12 Original place names should be restored wherever possible. Actions
4.
a Seek private -public partnerships to maintain and steward the preservation of sites, buildings,, objects,
and landscapes of significant cultural and historical importance. 40b
Maintain Certified Local Government status and maximize funding opportunities. 4.
c Support the identification of Heritage Landscapes, Corridors, Areas, and Centers. 46d
Support the development of multi -cultural centers. 4.
e Support historic district surveys for our urban centers. 4ef
Work with SHPD to establish a framework and database for Cultural Impact Assessments. 4.
g Continue the dialogue between State and County agencies to identify guidance to protect Native Hawaiian
customary and traditional practices. 40h
Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to develop
design guidelines for designated communities containing significant historic buildings, sites,
or landscapes. 2.
0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
4ei Assess and prioritize County -owned lands for historic site restoration in collaboration with
government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities., and other stakeholders.
4ej Create and maintain a GIS overlay of historic districts.
46k Educate and encourage property owners, historical societies, preservation organizations, lineal
descendants and others with close connections to nominate structures and sites to the State and
National Register of Historic Places. Encourage collaboration among interested entities.
4el Support property owners with the preservation of historic structures that are on the State and
National Register of Historic Places.
4.m Provide real property tax incentives for historic properties, including commercial properties.
4.n Support the development of a multi -sector public education program regarding historic and
cultural sites that target key partners such as the visitor industry, real estate agents, site developers,
consultants, schools, youth groups, and civic organizations.
Objective 5
Protect, restore, and enhance our communities' unique scenic character.
Policies
5al Consider structural setbacks from major thoroughfares and highways and establish development
and design guidelines to protect important view planes.
5e2 Preserve transportation corridors that have important scenic, historic, recreational, natural and/or
cultural resources that enhance the character and scenic resources of communities.
5.3 Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully considering the effects of
proposed construction and compatibility during all land use reviews.
5e4 Encourage the design of developments and activities that complement the natural beauty of the
island.
5w5 Maintain a program to identify and protect viewing sites on the island.
5e6 Preserve and protect culturally significant lava tubes, caves, or other geologic features determined
to be significant by a governmental agency or plan.
Actions
5.a Prioritize maintaining the views at scenic overlooks with a frequently maintained vegetation
management program which includes eradication of invasive species. Coordinate this work with a
regular roadway vegetation management maintenance program.
50b Develop and establish view plane criteria, rankings, and regulations to preserve and enhance
views of scenic or prominent landscapes and/or corridors from specific locations and coastal
aesthetics.
5.c Develop a process for reviewing and revising guidelines for designating Natural Beauty Sites.
56d Establish a Scenic Resources Protection Program to identify, inventory., and protect areas of
significant beauty. The program could include recommendations from the Scenic Resources
Inventory and Mapping Project (2016).
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
47
5.e Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Ali"i Drive (Mamalahoa Bypass Highway) between Keauhou and
Captain Cook, with limited access and without commercial development.
5of Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Akoni Pule Highway between Kawaihae and Puakea., with limited
access and without commercial development.
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
2e3 rqatu ra 113eaut V Sites
Table 3@. District of Puna
Site
Viewplane from P5hoa-Kalapana
Highway looking makai
Kehena Black Sand Beach
Viewpoint -Shoreline
1955 Lava Flow (lilewa Cone)
Ironwood Groves along Kapoho-Kalapana Road
Viewpoint -Shoreline
MacKenzie Park
Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road
Keahialaka Spring & Pond
Shoreline
Viewpoint (Pu'u Kukae)
Kapela Bay (Black Sand Beach)
Viewpoint -Shoreline (Hilo & Puna)
Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.)
Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park
Viewpoint -Shoreline (Honolulu Landing)
Mango Grove along Kapoho-Honolulu Landing Road
Viewpoint -Shoreline
Cove with Stone Beach
Royal Palms fronting Kea'au Intermediate School
View of Mauna Kea & Mauna Loa from P5hoa-Kea'au,,
Volcano-Kea'au Roads, & various Puna subdivisions
Pu'u 'O`o Lava Flow Region
Ahu jail5'au (Fissure S)
Table 4e. District of South Hilo
Site
Banyan Drive Scenic Area
Lili'uokalani Gardens
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay area with Mauna Kea in Background
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay with Mauna Kea in Background
Tax Map Key Ahupua'a or Region
1-2-004100610 007.1 009
1-2-009:021 Kehena
1-2-009:022 Kekeekee
1-2-010:001 Kamaili
1-3-003:005; Kauaea; Malama-Ki
1-3-007:006's 026
1-3-004:071 Opihikao
1-3-007:026 Malarna-Ki
1-3-008:004's 005 Pohoiki
1-3-008:015 Keahialaka
1-3-008:015 Keahialaka
1-4-002:002 Kapoho
1-4-003:013 Kahuwai
1-4-003:013 Kahuwai
1-4-003:013 Kahuwai
1-4-003:018 Nanawale
1-4-003:019 Honolulu
1-4-003.1 004 Kahuwai & Halepuaa
1-5-063:001 to 004 Waiakahuila
1-6-001:025 Keaa u
1-6-002 Kea `a u
Various Various
Various Various
Various Various
Tax Map Key Ahupuaa or Region
2-1-001.1 003.1 005 Wai5kea
2-1-003:002 Wai5kea
2-1-003:002 Wai5kea
2-1-003:017 Wai5kea
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
Coconut Isle (Mokuola) 2-1-003:019 Wai5kea
Reeds Bay (Shoreline) 2-1-005:001 Wai5kea
Ice Pond 2-1-006:010 Wai5kea
Viewpoint -Shoreline (Leleiwi Point) 2-1-011:005 Wai5kea
Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-013:005 Wai5kea
Viewpoint -Shoreline (KCa6kea Point) 2-1-014:013 Wai5kea
Lihikai (Onekahakaha) Beach Park shoreline 2-1-014:013 Wai5kea
Wai5hole Fish Pond 2-1-015:001 Wai5kea
Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-015:042 Wai5kea
Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-016 to 019 Wai5kea
Lokoaka Pond., Akahi Pond,, & Kionakapahu Pond 2-1-016:001 Wai5kea
Viewpoint -Shoreline (Waiuli Point) 2-1-019:009 Wai5kea
Wailoa River Area: Wai5kea
Hoakimau Fish Pond; 2-2-013:003;
Mohouli Fish Pond; 2-2-029:027;
Wai5kea Fish Pond 2-2-031:001
Pu'u o H51a 6
1 2-3-022 Ponahawai
Rainbow Falls & Area (Wailuku River Park) 2-3-027:001,P 002 Pi'ihonua
Kaimukanaka Falls & Area 2-3-027:003.0 005 Pi'ihonua
Boiling Pots & Area 2-3-029:012 Pi'ihonua
Viewpoint on hilltop looking over Hilo Bay 2-3-037 Ponahawai
Wai'ale Falls & Area 2-5-009:004 Pi'ihonua
Pe'epe'e Falls & Area 2-5-010:001 Pi'ihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridge looking makai 2-6-002 Pi'ihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridge looking mauka 2-6-003 Pi'ihonua
Ale`Ale`a Point looking towards Hilo Bay 2-6-015:001 Wailua
Keakanini Falls 2-6-018:004 Pi'ihonua
Hawaii Falls 2-6-018:004 Pi'ihonua
Honoli'i Beach Area and Stream 2-6-024:001 to 004 Alae,
Onomea Bay Area 2-7-009:0011 002.0 Kahalii-Onomea
026;
2-7-010:001
Onomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-010:001 Onomea
Akaka & Kahu-n5 Falls 2-8-010:034 Honomu
Kolekole, Gulch 2-8-015.0 Kuhua-Kaiwiki
2-9-003
Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-002.0 Hakalaunui-Kamae
3-1-001
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
50
Table 5e. District of North Hilo
Site Tax Map Key Ahupua'a or Region
Viewpoint of Umauma Gulch (makai from bridge) 3-1-001:0011 024 Wailua
Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma Gulch (mauka from bridge) 3-1-001:023.1 030 Wailua
Nanue Gulch-Makai 3-2-001:00111 008 Nanue
Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and stream) 3-2-001:0111 017 Nanue
Maulua Gulch 3-4-04:0091 Oil's 012 Maulua Iki
Kaiwilahilahi Gulch 3-5-003 Kaiwilahilahi
Manawaiopae Gulch 3-5-004 Manawaiopae
Kihalani Gulch 3-5-004 Kihalani
Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-004 Kihalani
Kilau Gulch 3-6-001 Laup5hoehoe
Scenic Lookout-Laup5hoehoe Point 3-6-001:009 Alaea
Laup5hoehoe Gulch 3-6-004 Laup5hoehoe
Ka'awali'i Gulch 3-6-005; Waipunalei-Humuula
3-9-001
Table 6e. District of H5m5kua
Site Tax Map Key Ahupua'a or Region
Kal6p5 State Park 4-4-014:001 Kal6p5
Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-016:003 Ka'ohe
Ahualoa Road 4-5-010 Kaao-Nienie
Nienie (Native forest) 4-6-012:025 Nienie
Viewpoint Lookout Waipi j
o Valley, Kukuihaele 4-8-004:017 Lalakea
Windward Valley System: 4-9-001 to 015 Waipi'o, Muliwai-Awini,
Muliwai to Awini; Waimanu
Waimanu Valley Area;
Waepro Valley Area
Hi'ilawe Falls 4-9-009 Waipi C
o
Table 7e. District of North Kohala
Site Tax Map Key Ahupua'a or Region
Windward Valley System: 5-1-001s 002 Awini, Pololu-
Honokane Valley; Islands
off Awini Valley; Pololu
Valley Viewpoint-
Pololu- Valley 5-2-001:001 Pololu- Akoakoa
Point 5-2-001:007 Wai 4 apuka
Nanue
Bay Area 5-2-001:007.1 008 Wai 4 apuka
Kapanaia
Bay Area 5-2-001:014; Makapala, Aamakao 5-
2-007 2.
0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan 51
Keokea Beach & Kalalae Point 5-2-001:014 to 016
Kauhola Point 5-3-007:001
Upolu Point 5-5-006:007
Old Honoipu Landing 5-6-002
Ka pa'a Park 5-6-001:060
M5hukona Harbor and Park 5-7-003:003's 0041 014
Keawanui
Bay Area 5-8-001 Kaiopae
Point 5-9-001:006 Waiakailio
Bay Area 5-9-001:008 Coastline
view plane from `Akoni-Pule Highway Various Coastline
view plane from Kohala Mountain Road Various Table
8: District of South Kohala Site
Tax Map Key Viewpoint (
Pu'u Makela) 6-2-001:025 Mau'
umae Bay/Beach 6-2-002 Kauna
6 oa
Bay/Beach 6-2-002:004 Kaluhiikanu
Beach 6-2-002:006 Ohai`
ula Beach (Spencer Park) 6-2-002:008 Upper
Waipi'o Lookout 6-3-001:004 View
of Kohala Mountain 6-5-001 Na
Pu'u (Waimea): Pu'u La'ela'e; H6ku-'ula; Pu'uiki 6-5-001 Waimea
Church Row and Surrounding Churches 6-5-004:001 to 0061 008
H5puna
Bay/Beach 6-6-001:008 Kauna'
oa Point 6-6-002:038 Waimea
Nature Park (Ulu La'au) 6-6-003:007 Scenic
countryside around Waikii 6-7-001:003 Makaiwa
Bay and Pond, Keawanui 6-8-022 Pauoa
Bay Area 6-8-022 Puak6
Bay Area 6-9-001:002; 6-
9-002:007 008 Anaeho`
omalu Bay Area 6-9-001:013 Wailea
Bay Area 6-9-002:002 Viewplane
along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway looking mauka Various makai
Table
go. District of North Kona Site
Tax Map Key Makapala
Kukuiwaluhia
Kokoiki-
Upolu Puakea
Ka
pa'a M5hukona-
Hihiu Kehena.,
Puanui Waiaka
Kahualiilii
Various
Various
Ahupua'
a or Region Kawaihae
2nd Kawaihae
2nd ouli
Kawaihae
2nd Kawaihae
2nd Wa
i POro Waiauia
Keoniki-
Puuiki Waik6loa (
Waimea) Waik6loa
Kalahuipuaa
Kalahuipuaa
L515milo
Anaeho`
omalu L515milo
Various
Ahupua'
r Region 2.
0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan 52
Pu'u Wa'awa
6
a 7-1-001:004 Pu'uwa
6
awa
6
a
K-1holo Bay/Beach Area 7-1-002:008 Pu'uwa
6
awa
6
a
Keawaiki 7-1-002:008; Pu uwa
6
awa
6
a,@ Pu uanahulu
7-1-003:002
Hual5lai 7-2-001; Ka upu- lehu
7-8-001
Ka'u- p u- I e h u 7-2-003:001.1 002 Ka'u- pulehu
Kua Bay Area 7-2-004 Manini 6owali
Opae, Ula Pond 7-2-004:001 Makalawena
Makalawena 7-2-004:001 Makalawena
Kahoiawa 7-2-004:0031? 004 Awakee
Ka ka pa Bay Area 7-2-004:004 Kukio 2nd
Kukio Bay/Beach Area 7-2-004:005 Kukio Ist
Mahai'ula Bay/Beach Area 7-2-005:003 Mahai'ula
Kaloko Pond 7-3-009:002 Kaloko
Honok6hau Fish Pond 7-4-008 Kealakehe
Honok6hau coastline 7-4-008:0041? 003 Honok6hau-Kealakehe
Aimakapa 7-4-008:010 Honok6hau
White Sand Beach 7-4-008:010 Honok6hau
White Sand Beach 7-5-005:007 Keahuolu
Viewplane from Kuakini Highway going mauka & makai 7-7 and 7-8 H61ualoa-Keauhou
Viewplane from Kamehameha III Road going mauka & makai 7-8-010 Kahalu'u-Keauhou
Keauhou 7-8-012 Keauhou 1 & 2
Kahalu'u Bay Area 7-8-014 Kahalu'u 2
Viewplane along Queen Kaahumanu Highway going mauka Various Various
makai
Table 10e. District of South Kona
Site
Kealakekua Bay from Ka'awaloa Road & Lower Government
Road
Viewpoint
Cove
White Sand Beach
Viewpoint (Paleman6 Point)
H6naunau Bay & Scenic View from Ke Ala O Keawe Road
Kealia Beach
Ki'ilae
Tax Map Key
8-1-007:001;
8-1-010:001.1 002;
8-1-011;
8-2-002, 004
F6,01SM011%
c iI LI[iI LI
c iI T[iI LI
8-3-004:005
8-4-011.1 012.1 013
8-5-005:001
8-5-005:019
Ahupua'a or Region
Keo-puka, Ka'awaloa,
Kealakekua
Kahauloa (2)
Ke'e i (1)
Ke j
e 1 (1)
Ke'e i (1)
H6naunau, Keokea
Kealia
Ki'ilae
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
53
Ho'okena-Kauhak6 Bay Area
Miloli'i area
Lava flows of 1950., 1926 and 1919
Table 11e. District of Ka'U
Site
Manuk5 Bay
P6hue Bay
Volcano area including National Park
South Point (Ka Lae)
Mahana Bay
Waiakukini
Ka'a I u'a I u Bay
Honu'apo
K5w5 (Kawaa) Bay & Spring
N-Inole Cove & Springs
Punalu'u Black Sand Beach
Lava Flows of 1868., 18871? & 1907
View of Mauna Loa from Volcano-Ka'u- Highway
Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala & Punalu'u
Wai'6hinu Park
Na Pu'u: Enuhe,, Makanau, Kaiholena & One
8-6-013.1 014 Ho'okena., Kauhak.6
8-9-004 Miloli'i
Various Various
Tax Map Key Ahupua'a or Region
9-1-001:003 Manuk5
9-2-001:001 Kahuku
9-2-001:004; Kahuku., Keauhou
9-9-001
9-3-001:001-0031 Pakini Ikil Kamaoa
0071009
9-3-001:002 Kamaoa
9-3-001:006 Pakini-nui
9-4-001: 012.$ 014 Kiolaka'a
9-5-014:001.1 007 Honu'apo
9-5-016:020; Kaalaiki., Hilea Nui
9-5-017:007
9-5-019:012 N-Inole
9-6-001 Punalu'u
Various Various
Various Various
Various Various
Various Various
Various Various
2.0 Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship I County of Hawaii General Plan
54
3. ADDRESSING CIM IMATE CHANGE FOR ISLAND-
WIDE HEALTH AL2iMur r • " i? m • x w
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Awlow
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w 3.0AddressingClimateChangefor
Island -
Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 55
361 Introduction
The climate change section of the General Plan is
intended to be used as a policy guide for the
coordinated climate mitigation and adaptation
efforts on Hawaii Island. This element provides a
high-level policy framework, building on the
scientific knowledge and government-level strategies
and actions developed in the Integrated Action
Plan (ICAP) for the island of Hawaii. The ICAP establishes
the County"s strategic roadmap for implementing
climate action by identifying actions the
County government can take to mitigate and
adapt to climate change. The research collected,
challenges identified, and strategies proposed
in the ICAP provide a foundation for
the General Plan. Recognizing the purpose and
scope of the ICAP, the General Plan contains overarching
policies and implementing actions to
help the County achieve the following climate action
objectives, in alignment with existing State
and County priorities. Climate change
refers to the long-term regional or global average
of temperature,, humidity, and rainfall patterns
over seasons, years, or decades. Human -induced
climate change is resulting in global warming,
or the long-term average heating of the
Earth's surface. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change IPCC) has
concluded in its most recent report that human activities
have unequivocally caused global warming.' Climate
change is already impacting the lands and
waters on which we live and the health of our
communities. Island communities such as those on
Hawaii Island are at the forefront of climate change
due to impacts, such as sea level rise. Our
small population and island geography mean that
a single climate change event has cascading effects
that significantly impact the health of
the land and people. 3.1.
1 The Impacts of Climate Change The islands
of Hawaii are especially vulnerable to the effects of
climate change due to our isolated geography. The County
faces a unique set of challenges and opportunities
as we plan for a sustainable future. Among
the most pressing issues is the
impact of climate change on public health., as illustrated
in Figure S. As global temperatures rise, our
communities will continue to experience rising
sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events,
wildfires, increased coastal erosion, biodiversity loss,
and other shifting ecological patterns. Residents
will be directly impacted as critical
infrastructure, homes, and other community assets
along the coastline are exposed to coastal
hazards exacerbated by sea level rise. Sea
level rise also jeopardizes shallow groundwater aquifers used
for drinking water wells and degrades water
lines and wastewater systems, 1 United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment (AR6) Summary for Policy Makers (2023) https://
report.ipcc.ch/ar6syr/pdf/iPCC AR6 SYR SPM.pdf 3.0 Addressing
Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 56
which leak into groundwater aquifers and coastal
ecosystems. These changes pose significant risks
to our food and water sources., ecosystems, air
quality, cultural connections to `aina, agriculture
and visitor industries, and overall health and well-
being.
The threats to public health from the climate crisis
are extensive and may affect some areas and
populations more than others. The Hawaii County
General Plan recognizes the critical need to
address these vulnerabilities through
comprehensive, proactive strategies. By
integrating climate resilience intoplanning processes,
we aim to protect our communities, ensure
the availability of clean water and air, and promote
sustainable development practices. Our approach
emphasizes collaboration across sectors,
community engagement, and the use of scientific
data to guide decision -making. Incorporating
climate change considerations into our
planning processes not only safeguards public health
but also strengthens the resilience of our communities.
Through adaptive measures and innovative
solutions', we are committed to fostering a
healthy, thriving environment for current and future
generations. Figure
4 Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Hawai 1i2 Air
Poliutibn & Increasing Allergens di5
a5e: Impacts of YOG & decreasing fro m a
Heat H
t related illness., death., a dr t ion., d
ec r: Sao % P, dlea rning, i ncreasecl viollen,ce, occupational
hazards am
W
e ir supply tmpacts, decreased air
quality Environmental
Degradation MMLATII
I el S,. civI I C 0rlflict, loss f C'u I tur a tics
to la r.it. , Ions otourism econorny Wildfires & Wildfire
Smoke n l..
0ri , f a toI Ft es, loss of k onn, cardlovascuiarand respiratory diseases.
o pounded 6y, IMP005 of VOG decreasing trade
winds Degraded Living
ti Social Inequi4i
xuicr 6a
fio n of soc,ial vu I nern i Ii tJs 0118Risk of Invasive
Vectors Dengue, c i
kun u no, Zika,, Malaria? West Mile it
S Food System Impacts
Molnu-trition,od
insecurity, i r prices, food6orne 1,
11ness'. fragile i'rnport Supply chainSevere
Weather & Floods
Injuries, drowning, loss
Of kome Indoor fungi and maid,
exposure,to chemi,cal W-a-44--
r—Qi-alffilty Impaft, Harmfulalgol, 1611ooms,
compylo6octeriosils, cr ypt ospori
dioSi'sV Ietpiri drinking, water quality degr,adatlon 36102
Climate Action in Hawaii
County The County has a dual
role to play: climate mitigation and climate adaptation. Climate
mitigation refers to actions that
reduce the flow of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the
atmosphere, either by reducing sources of
these gases or enhancing the sinks that accumulate
and store these gases. Mitigation serves to
ensure that future climate change is as moderate
and manageable as possible. Climate adaptation refers to
actions to help people adjust to the
current and future effects of climate change. Adaptation primarily
responds to and manages climate change
that cannot be 2 State of Hawaii Department
of Health (DOH), Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response (HEER) Office, Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in Hawaii (Adapted from
California Department of Public Health and CDC). 3.0 Addressing Climate Change
for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 57
prevented. Both climate mitigation and adaptation
are complementary and work in conjunction to
Climate Mitigation The natural
carbon cycle includes sources that emit GHGs and
sinks that sequester GHGs. Greenhouse gases include
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and
fluorinated gases. The greenhouse gas effect occurs
when GHGs trap heat by reducing the release of
infrared light waves back into the atmosphere. In
2017, Hawaii County produced 217791683 metric
tons of GHG S.3 As of 2023., GHG sources in
Hawaii County include emissions from burning of
fossil fuels and biofuels for energy and transportation and
from decomposition of organic and inorganic
waste. GHGs are emitted to support community systems
such as electricity, transportation, waste,
and industries from agriculture t
Simultaneously, including
land
2 healthcare
to
tourism. the cycles
of land development, abandonment, have
led to protect communities
from the harms of climate change. deforestation
and
biodiversity loss, decreasing natural carbon
sinks on Hawaii Island. The early 20tn century expansion of plantation
and cattle industries followed by the
contraction of farming and ranching in the
21st century were major drivers of these impacts. Emissions
are expected to
grow in all sectors with population growth, increases in
electricity use and vehicle miles traveled (VIVIT),
waste production., and new development.' As the
effects of climate change emerge,, so does the
urgency to understand how to reduce emissions and ensure
equity while pursuing solutions. While Hawaii County'
s contribution to global emissions may be
small by proportion, it's essential that we take
responsibility for our contribution to global climate
change and reduce our sources of emissions
alongside the rest of the world. Figure 5 Hawai'
i
County Sector Overview of IVITCO2e Emissions for Years 2005, 2015, and 2017 a s, M"p -
11 LIsbectorfi t0goal1.5 r
QIN
w f Co
nini ;
rca
Ire .UStr },r Resk fell l91. ,-1 C'.1) 1, Ile Lnergy E, neT, e r a n Vastes,%lateF S c
I i d' Vu'-,
q s
te AF211 Jf R •F-ri ic ti'
c Ii i_`1" PI •r1L L SIB a Source: Integrated Climate Action Plan for theIsland of Hawaii, County
of Hawaii (2023) 3 COHI Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (2021) https://www.
hawaiicounty.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/304504/637834584810900000. Note: Emissions calculations
do not include emissions from volcanic eruptions, although these emissions amplify the impacts of human -
caused emissions on health. 4 COHI Integrated Climate Action Plan for the Island of Hawaii (
2023) 3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health County of
Hawaii General Plan
40Transportation
Transportation is the primary source of emissions
for Hawaii County, with a total of 11742 191 metric
tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e)
released per year, as shown in Figure 6. In Hawaii,
transportation emissions are generated from
ground, air., and marine transportation. Ground
transportation contributes 16.8 percent of
emissions annually on Hawaii Islands Due to the rural
geography of the island and the distance between
urban socioeconomic hubs and residential
areas, many residents have long commutes.
The visitor industry adds to the use of vehicles
on the island, as visitors rent cars and drive to
popular attractions around the island. With increasing
population and commercial activity, ground
transportation emissions increased 17.31 percent
from 2015 to 2017 and are expected to continue
to increase.' Airline transportation also contributes
significantly to GHG emissions, accounting
for 54 percent of total annual emissions.
Airline travel is essential to residential., commercial.,
and visitor industry activity on island. Interisland
commutes are a standard part of many industries.,
including construction. Increasing population
and commercial activity amplify the need
for flights and imported goods, so airline emissions
are expected to increase. On a local level.,
reducing emissions that are generated from the
transportation sector involves expanding opportunities
for and access to multimodal options as
well as prioritizing active transportation in planning
and design processes. The General Plan further
discusses strategies for decreasing vehicle reliance
and improving commutes in the Transportation Access and Mobility
section. Energy and Electricity On-
and off -grid
energy production and electricity use make up the
second largest source of emissions on Hawaii Island.,
with a total of 959,900 IVITCO2e released per year.'
Energy production provides electricity, air conditioning,
and heat. Our heavy reliance on fossil
fuels for electricity generation and transportation, along
with inefficient energy use, are
contributing to increasing amounts of GHGs. Reducing
fossil fuel use can relieve the burden
of energy and fuel costs, especially in the face
of global shocks and t that increase the price
of imported fossil fuels. Homes in Hawaii use
40
percent less electricity on average than the national average .8
However, the State of Hawaii has the highest
energy cost of any state in the country, at 42.
37 cents per kilowatt- hour (kWh), compared to the national
average of 12.52 cents.9 These high
prices stem from the State's dependence on energy importation,,
as Hawaii uses 12 times more energy
than it produces and pricing structures are dependent
on the cost of foreign oil, even
for renewable energy generation. Foreign oil generates about 60
percent of Hawaici's energy. The
County can reduce its footprint
b y increasing the percentageof renewable fuel used to powerpublic facilitiesand infrastructure, reducingVIVIT, andestablishingmore energy efficient buildings. One
of the most cost-effective ways of reducing
energy emissions is by making buildings
more energy efficient, as improving energy
standards costs less than 1 cent per kWh saved.
Building energy efficiency refers to how effectively
infrastructure uses energy generated. For pie,
buildings that are designed with natural cooling systems, such
as windows and doors that allow
for cross -ventilation or siding
that better reflects sunlight, require fewer fans or small
air conditioning units. Upgrading appliances such as light bulbs,, refrigerators,
and washing machines also reduces electricity usage. New
building development inevitably increases GHG emissions 5 COHJ,
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (
2021) 6 COH., Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Inventory for 2017 (2021) COH Greenhouse
Gas Emissions Inventory for 2017 (
2021) U.S. Energy Information Administration, Hawaii State Energy
Profile https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=
Hl 9 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Average
Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End -Use Sector https://www,eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm table
grapher.php?t=epmt 5 6 a 3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I
County of Hawaii General Plan 59
by adding load on or off the grid. New
development also includes embodied emissions,
also referred to as embodied carbon, from
harvesting, transportation., and construction of
materials. The General Plan expands on the
opportunities for increasing renewable sources of
energy and energy efficiency in the Public Utilities
section.
Waste and Wastewater
The third and fourth highest contributing sectors
for Hawaii County emissions are solid waste and
wastewater., accounting for 8.79 percent of
emissions.10 In 2022, Hawaii County collected 2031872
tons of waste in its landfill. Solid waste produces
emissions through the process of decomposition,
which releases nitrogen gases and methane.
Additionally, transporting waste to and from
transfer stations and the landfill produces additional
emissions. Wastewater (sewage) produces
GHG emissions during treatment processes,
including nitrification and denitrification.
Waste management is especially important
for an island community, which has limited
land for waste disposal and watersheds that are
easily polluted. Residential., commercial, and industrial
activity add to waste production on the island
through materials used in construction, agriculture,
and the visitor industry. Without finding
ways to repurpose and reduce waste, waste production
will continue to grow as population expands
and economic activity increases. The County
can divert waste from the landfill or incinerator
through integrated waste management activities,
including reducing, reusing, recycling, or composting
waste. Waste minimization feeds into economic
development, cesspool management, and
toxic leakage. The General Plan explores opportunities
for reducing waste in the Public Utilities
and Public Facilities and Services sections.
Agriculture,
Forestry, and Other Land Use Agriculture,
forestry, and other land use serve as carbon
sinks, which absorb a substantial amount of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. Hawaii Island forests
are the largest source of carbon sequestration in
the State."- Forests are also essential components
of our watersheds. At higher elevations, forests
catch and collect water that then travels down
to lower elevations, providing fresh water from
Arnauka to Arnakai. As forests and shrublands are
converted for commercial and residential activities,
ranching and agriculture, essential natural
carbon sinks, and vital cultural resources disappear.
Deforestation and degradation of native forests
can reduce the availability of fresh water,
impacting potable water supply, agriculture, and ecosystem
health. Moreover, the proliferation of
invasive species can decrease groundwater recharge and
have diminished the dominance of
native ecosystems in 10 COH., Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory for 2017 (2021) 11 DOH, Hawaii Greenhouse
Gas Emissions Report for 2017 (2021) https://health.hawaii.gov/cab/files/2021/04/2017-inventory Final -Report April- 202 1. pdf 3.
0Addressing Climate
Change for Island -Wide Health County of Hawaii General Plan
Hawaii. Given that increased development,
deforestation, and certain land management
practices can become carbon sources, the County
will need to preserve open spaces and forested
lands to maintain carbon sinks. The General Plan
expands on opportunities for climate -conscious
land development in the Land Use section.
Climate Adaptation Climate adaptation
refers to actions to increase resilience to
climate change impacts. Adaptation actions adjust
to the actual or expected future climate to
reduce risks from the harmful effects of climate change
and maximize any potential benefit opportunities. The
effects of climate change that are already
starting to impact Hawaii Island include increased
air and sea surface temperature, drought, extreme
rainfall., sea level rise., and increased hurricanes.
These hazards exacerbate and are
exacerbated by other hazards including wildfire, flooding.,
landslides,, and high winds. Climate change
poses a threat to ecosystem and community health.
Climate change also endangers critical infrastructure
and services, including structures, roads,,
bridges, potable water and watersheds', wastewater,
parks, and emergency services. Human
and
Environmental Health Rising GHG
emissions result in higher air and sea surface temperatures
and greater absorption of carbon dioxide
in the ocean, which increases ocean acidity.
Coastal communities are especially susceptible to
increased temperatures, with longer stretches of
temperatures well above 80 °F. Higher temperatures alon
health of
humans Higher temperatui
cycles of
our p temperatures can
can be
dangerous for the and other
living organisms. s also
change the natural net. For
example, higher effect how
the atmosphere retains water.,
leading to increased rain in some areas and
drought in others. High temperatures can be
hazardous, particularly for vulnerable populations and
those exposed for long durations. Kupuna and
keiki are even more susceptible to the effects of
extreme heat. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat
can cause heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and
death., as well as exacerbate preexisting chronic conditions such
as respiratory, cerebral, and cardiovascular diseases .
12 Plants., birds., and other
living organisms will migrate and likely be
more stressed with rising air temperature. Increased air temperature
will affect the behavioral patterns of
species on Hawaii Island. For instance, avian mosquitoes
are migrating Arnauka with warmer air temperatures,,
harming native bird populations that live
at higher elevations.13 While some plant species
may benefit from higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon
dioxide, other factors essential to plants'
growth such as nutrients, temperature., and water
may limit growth. For example, the seed production
of koa decreases in response to higher temperatures.
There are various ways plant and
animal species can adapt to increased temperature. In
alpine ecosystems throughout the Pacific, species have
been migrating to higher elevations in
response to climate change.14 Higher temperature intensify
drought conditions by increasing evaporation, which
can lead to higher tree
mortality and contribute to forest decline.15 Urban
areas often lack tree canopies and green spaces
that absorb heat and provide shade. Instead., structures
such as buildings and roads elevate the surrounding
temperature, leading to an urban heat
island effect. 12 National Institutes of Environmental
Health, Climate
and Human Health (2022) https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/
climatechange/health impacts/heat/index.cfm#:^':text=Prolonged%20exposure%20to%20extreme% 20heat,%2C%20cerebral%2C%20and%20cardiovascular%20diseases
13 L. B. Fortinil L. R. Kaiser,
D. A. LaPointe., Fostering real-time climate adaptation: Analyzing past, current, and forecast temperature to understand the dynamic risk to Hawaiian honeycreepers from
avian malaria. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 23, e01069 (2020). 14 Frazier., A. G., & Brewington, L. (2020).
Current Changes in Alpine Ecosystems of Pacific Islands. In M. I. Goldstein & D. A. DellaSala (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes (pp.
607-619). Oxford: Elsevier. 15 Brodribb., T.J., Powers, J., Cochardl
H. and Choat., B. (2020). Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought. Science, 368(6488), pp.261-266. 3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -
Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 61
Water Resources
A warmer ocean and more acidic ocean stresses
reef ecosystems from increased rainfall and runoff
containing sewage, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Rising sea surface temperature,, also associated
with increasing storm intensity., can cause similar
damage. This impacts fish populations, the food
web in marine ecosystems, and the communities
who depend on them. Hawaii is impacted not only
by global ocean acidification, but also coastal
acidification resulting from localized land -based
pollution, such as runoff and cesspools."
Further., wastewater and water line segments as
well as on -site disposal systems are exposed to sea
level rise. Saltwater intrusion from sea level rise into
shallow coastal aquifers impacts potable water
supply from shallow coastal groundwater wells and
underground infrastructure. Underground
infrastructure may become corroded and
contaminate freshwater and nearshore waters. The
General Plan promotes One Water strategies in the
Public Utilities section.
Agriculture and Native Ecosystems
Extended droughts can have cascading effects on
native ecosystems, the economy, agriculture, and
public health. Drought reduces stream flow, which
decreases the water available to support stream
and wetland habitats, agricultural irrigation,
cultural practices, and aquifer recharge and
freshwater supplies. 1-7 Rain -fed fields and pastures
are the most vulnerable to drought impacts in
Hawaii. If droughts persist, irrigated areas can become
vulnerable as well.18 Additionally, higher temperatures
and drought degrade native forests through
increasing tree mortality and accelerating grass
invasion. Together, these factors can reduce the
cover of high -quality forest and heighten vulnerability
to fire impacts. Future drying with climate
change will shift speak fire risk to higher elevations,
endangering native forests mauka. Freshwater
ecosystems are especially vulnerable to
drought. Stream wildlife is adversely impacted by
reductions in stream flow through the limited availability
of freshwater habitat, loss of hydrological
connectivity, and impaired water quality.
Reduced surface water and groundwater inputs
into nearshore environments may also have negative
impacts on organisms in brackish and marine
environments. Groundwater -dependent ecosystems,
including fish ponds, anchialine pools,
and coastal springs, are culturally and ecologically
significant systems that are affected by drought
and exacerbated by unsustainable water use.
Longer and more frequent droughts increase the
demand for potable and non -potable water for municipal
and agricultural uses. Water supply from County,
private, and individual systems will be impacted
by drought conditions and increased water
use to support residents', agriculture, ranching,
and tourism. Improving water infrastructure
and conservation by increasing water
storage capacity, reducing leakages from water
systems, providingbackup water systems, using stormwater to recharge
groundwater aquifers, integrating groundwater -dependent
ecosystem needs in sustainable
water yield analysis, and conducting education
and outreach activities are some of
the key pre -drought management actions needed in
a changing climate. The Collaborative Biocultural
Stewardship section of the
General Plan promotes balanced and resilient approach
to managing land and resources. Critical Infrastructure
Severe rainfall
events., compounded
by flooding and landslides, jeopardize critical
infrastructure, communities, and coastal ecosystems.
Runoff and flooding are some of
the most disastrous impacts 16 State of Hawaii,
Ocean Acidification Action Plan 2021 - 2031 (2021) https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/
dar/files/2021/09/State of Hawaii CIA Action Plan.pdf 17 COHJ, Multi -Hazard
Mitigation Plan (2020) https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/departments/civil-defense/multi-hazard-mitigation-plan-2020 18 Frazier, A.G.;
Giardina, C.P.; Giambelluca, T.W.; Brewington, L.; Chen, Y.-L.; Chu, P.-S.; Berio Fortini., L.; Hall, D.; Helweg, D.A.; Keener, V.W.; et al., 2022). A Century of
Drought in Hawaii: Geospatial Analysis and Synthesis across Hydrological, Ecological, and Socioeconomic Scales. Sustainability 2022#4 141 12023.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sul4l9l2O23 3.0 Addressing Climate
Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 62
of severe rainfall events. As stream flows and
velocities change,, erosion patterns also change,
altering channel shapes and depths, potentially increasing
sedimentation behind dams and affecting
habitat and water quality. Changes in watershed
vegetation and soil moisture conditions also
change runoff and recharge patterns. Additionally,
deforestation adds to the impact of extreme
rainfall events. When forests are removed from
a watershed, stream flows can easily double. Increased
sediment prevents streambeds from carrying
the increased discharge, causing floodplains and floodplain
elevations to increase. Numerous County roads,
bridges., and structures are exposed to
severe rainfall events and compounding hazards. Sea
level rise affects critical infrastructure including hazard
materials and waste storage facilities, wastewater
treatment facilities, and transportation, communication,
energy, safety, and securitysystems. Structures along
the coastline in South Hilo., North Kona,
and South Kohala have the greatest sea level
rise exposure. Disruptions to emergency services can occur
due to the impacts on roads., utility
lines, and other critical infrastructure. More severe flood events
will increase the number of brown water
advisories that carry land -based sediment and
contaminants, including sewage, dead animals, and pesticides,
to the shoreline, beaches,, and coastal waters,
posing risks to public safety and coastal
ecosystem health. The General Plan further expands on
strategies to increase resilience in the Transportation Access
and Mobility, Public Utilities, and Public
Facilities and Services sections. Energy Resilience
Increased air temperature places
greater demand
on energy consumption. A greater dependency
on air conditioners will be necessary for
organizations including hospitals and schools. Moreover, technology
such as data servers require
immense amounts of cooling, which will increase energy demand as
temperatures and technology use rise. Disasters from
climate change can also increase energy demand
as power sources go out and need
t be replaced with fossil fuel. Greater energy demand
further increases GHG emissions, especially without renewable and
reliable energy sources. The General
Plan expands on renewable energy in
the Public Utilities section. 3.0 Addressing
Climate Change for Island -Wide Health
I County of Hawaii General Plan 63
Table 12. Climate Mitigation Challenges
Climate mitigation in Hawaii County faces a range of challenges due to its unique geographic, socio-
economic, and environmental contexts. Mitigation focuses on the root cause of climate change: heat -trapping
greenhouse gases that are added to the atmosphere at a faster rate than the planet can absorb them.
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving collaboration between government
agencies,, the private sector, community groups, and other stakeholders. Investment in research, innovation,
and education, as well as robust policy frameworks and financial mechanisms, are essential components of
effective climate mitigation strategies.
Geographic • Hawai'i depends heavily on imported fossil fuels for energy generation and transportation,
Isolation & making the transition to renewable energy sources both crucial and challenging.
Dependence on • Geographic isolation leads to supply chain vulnerability, resulting in higher costs and logistical
Imports difficulties in obtaining renewable energy technologies and infrastructure materials.
High Energy Costs • The cost of energy in Hawaii is among the highest in the country, which can be a barrier to implementing
and sustaining renewable energy projects. Increased
temperatures associated with climate change places greater demand on energy systems.
Tourism -
Driven • The visitor industryis a significant contributor to the local economy, but also a substantial source Economy
of carbon emissions, making balancing economic growth with sustainable practices difficult. Infrastructure •
Material -making and building methods require a lot of energy, increasing the carbon footprint Limitations of
infrastructure construction. Aging energy
infrastructure is inadequate and the need for upgrades to support renewable energy sources (
e.g., solar, wind, and geothermal) requires substantial investment. The grid'
s capacity to integrate intermittent renewable energy sources without compromising reliability is
a technical challenge. Natural Disasters & •
Susceptibility to natural disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, wildfires, and volcanic activity Climate can
disrupt energy infrastructure and impede mitigation efforts. Vulnerability • Rising
sea levels and increased frequency of extreme weather events pose risks to water resources, infrastructure,
and communities. Biodiversity & • Efforts
to expand renewable energy must consider the preservation of unique and diverse Ecosystem ecosystems,
avoiding negative impacts on wildlife and natural habitats. Considerations • Deforestation
and degradation of native ecosystems and open spaces reduce carbon sinks. Economic & Social •
Ensuring that climate mitigation efforts are equitable and do not disproportionately affect Equity vulnerable
communities is essential. Programs must be designed to include these populations in both
the benefits and decision -making processes. Engaging the
public about the importance of climate mitigation and encouraging behavioral changes is
crucial. Public resistance or apathy can slow down the adoption of necessary measures. Regulatory &
Policy •
Developing and enforcing effective policies that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, Frameworks and
sustainability practices while navigating political and bureaucratic hurdles can be challenging. Coordinating
between
state and local governments, communities, and the private sector, is necessary for
coherent and effective climate action. Financial • Securing
funding for large-scale renewable energy projects and other mitigation initiatives can Constraints be
difficult, especially in a small, isolated economy. Balancing the
need for affordable housing with the implementation of sustainable development practices requires
innovative solutions that address the high costs of construction, land, and utilities while
reducing carbon emissions and promoting resilience. 3.0
Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan
Table 13. Climate Adaptation Challenges
Complementary to mitigation, climate adaptation is intended to be proactive. These efforts focus on building
systems to withstand not only current but future climate change impacts. Approaches to adaptation include
a wide range of solutions. Some examples may include building or retrofitting infrastructure to better manage
increased flooding or natural solutions such as habitat restoration. Adaptation may also be associated with
behavior and policy changes, such as public awareness campaigns and updating regulatory codes.
Sea Level Rise & • Rising sea levels threaten coastal infrastructure, including roads, homes, and businesses.
Coastal Erosion Erosion and flooding can lead to significant damage and displacement.
Coastal ecosystems, such as wetlands and reefs, are at risk, impacting biodiversity and the
natural protection these systems provide against storms.
Increased Rising global air and sea surface temperatures are changing rainfall patterns which may impact
Frequency & the frequency and intensity of future drought and extreme rainfall events.
Intensity of More frequent and intense storms can cause extensive damage to buildings, infrastructure, and
Severe Weather agricultural lands. Severe rainfall events, compounded by flooding and landslides, increase risks
Events to critical infrastructure and communities and disrupt emergency services.
Tropical cyclones are becoming more powerful and possibly more frequent due to climate
change, which compounds risks from other hazards. Tropical cyclones and storm surges pose
risks to infrastructure and jeopardize public safety.
Enhancing emergency response and preparedness capabilities to manage more frequent
extreme weather events is a significant challenge.
Temperature • Temperature changes can affect crop yields and livestock health, impacting the island's
Changes agricultural sector, which is a key part of the local economy and food security.
Native plant and animal species may face stress due to altered temperatures, potentially leading
to shifts in ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.
Higher temperatures and prolonged dry periods increase the risk of wildfires, which can
devastate large areas, threaten communities, and degrade air quality.
Water Resources • Altered rainfall patterns and increased evaporation rates can lead to droughts, affecting water
Management supply for residential, agricultural, and industrial use. Drought has cascading effects on
agriculture, native ecosystems, social systems, and the economy.
Ensuring the sustainable recharge of aquifers, which are critical for freshwater supply, becomes
more challenging with changing precipitation patterns.
Impact on • The visitor industry, a major economic driver, can be severely affected by the loss of beaches,
Tourism reefs, cultural and historic sites, which are major attractions.
Tourists' perceptions of climate risk may influence their decision to visit, impacting local
businesses.
Cultural & Social • Rising sea levels and extreme weather events may displace communities, particularly those
Challenges located in vulnerable coastal areas.
Coastal ecosystems as well as many cultural and historical sites are at risk from coastal flooding and
storm surge. Governance & •
Effective climate adaptation requires coordinated efforts across various levels of government Policy
and adequate funding, which can be challenging to secure and manage. Implementation .
Ensuring community involvement in planning and decision -making processes is essential for successful
adaptation strategies. 3.
0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 65
Table 14. Climate Mitigation Opportunities
By focusing on the following areas, Hawaii County can make significant strides in reducing its greenhouse
gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Transportation • Promoting the use of electric vehicles through expanding charging infrastructure.
Enhancing public transportation options to reduce reliance on personal vehicles.
Developing greater opportunities for active transportation.
Support the production of alternative fuels, such as hydrogen and biofuels, for transportation needs.
Renewable • Generating energy locally can create more well -paying jobs in the energy field.
Energy • Increasing the use of green technology will increase the energy independence of individuals and
businesses on the island.
Supporting renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, ocean thermal energy conversion
OTEC), and geothermal.
Land Use & • Well -planned development can increase individual agency and access to multimodal transportation.
the Built • Implementing smart growth strategies can reduce urban sprawl and create more walkable
Environment communities.
Developing a County building code that balances health and safety, affordability, and carbon
footprint.
Encouraging the construction of energy -efficient buildings and retrofitting existing buildings.
Promoting regenerative agriculture practices that reduce emissions and enhance carbon
sequestration.
Greening urban areas increases the availability of cool areas for residents to live and recreate.
Integrating energy savings and waste management provides an opportunity to mitigate greenhouse
gas emissions in new development.
Waste • Pursuing innovative solutions, such as OTEC and waste -to -energy technology, to help achieve waste
Management management goals.
Reducing waste decreases toxic runoff and water table pollution, supporting healthy watersheds and
soil.
Improving wastewater treatment technologies can protect reefs and therefore the industries and
species that rely on them.
Increasing the repurposing of waste can create local jobs and support businesses.
Expanding recycling programs to reduce landfill waste and promote the circular economy.
Increasing composting of organic waste to reduce methane emissions from landfills.
Conservation • Protecting reefs and marine ecosystems that act as carbon sinks.
Implementing a One Water strategy and other water -saving technologies and practices can reduce
the energy required for water treatment and distribution.
Conserving natural habitats to preserve biodiversity and enhance ecosystem resilience to climate
change.
Conservation of forest canopy and reforestation increases the recharge of aquifers.
Efforts to expand renewable energy can consider the preservation of unique and diverse ecosystems,
avoiding negative impacts on wildlife and natural habitats.
Economic • Diversified economic activities can improve resiliency for the visitor and agriculture industries.
Resilience • Climate mitigation strategies can develop new industries and increase economic opportunities.
Additional • Improving public engagement about climate change and encouraging sustainable practices.
Measures • Implementing policies and regulations that support climate mitigation efforts.
Supporting research into new technologies and approaches for reducing emissions and enhancing
resilience.
3.0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan
T*O
Table 15. Climate Adaptation Opportunities
0
By leveraging the following opportunities'. Hawaii County can build resilience against the impacts of climate change,
protect its natural resources, and ensure the well-being of its residents. Water
Resources • Protecting and restoring watersheds will improve water quality and availability. Management •
Promoting a One Water strategy can create cross -agency collaboration to identify and address overlapping challenges
in adapting to sea level rise and building more resiliency into infrastructure across water, wastewater
and stormwater sectors. Agriculture & •
Encouraging the cultivation of climate -resilient and diversified crops to enhance food security. Food
Security Promoting agroforestry practices in agricultural areas can improve soil health and crop resilience. Regenerative
agriculture practices can reduce dependency on external inputs and improve soil health. Infrastructure &
Retrofitting or relocating bridges and roads provides an opportunity to reduce GHG emissions by reducing Urban
Planning miles traveled. Retrofitting
can be accomplished within existing maintenance schedules of County facilities for increased resilience.
Reducing
the risks of flooding, landslides, and fire reduces the cost and GHG emissions associated with the reconstruction
of infrastructure and need for alternative routes, which increase emissions during road and bridge
outages. Increasing
access to multimodal transportation options can help reduce VMT. Proactive
maintenance of parks and recreational areas can continue to provide equitable access to resources in
the face of changing landscapes. Limiting
new development in fire -prone areas would reduce economic loss to landowners and businesses. Fire
risk reduction around communities potentially limits fire spreading into upland areas, reducing fire - driven
forest loss. Build
and upgrade infrastructure to withstand increased flooding and sea level rise. Incorporate
green infrastructure solutions such as permeable pavements and urban green spaces to manage stormwater
and reduce the urban heat island effect. Implement
zoning and land use planning policies that consider climate risks and promote sustainable development.
Social
Equity • Engage communities in planning and decision -making processes to ensure that adaptation measures are socially
inclusive and culturally appropriate. Increasing
equitable resilience to climate hazards will benefit historically marginalized and frontline communities
and those that are vulnerable to climate change impacts. Energy &
Invest in renewable energy sources to reduce GHG emissions and increase energy resilience. Transportation
Promote energy efficiency in buildings and transportation to reduce overall energy consumption. Enhance
public transit systems and infrastructure for active transportation to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and
improve air quality. Biodiversity & •
Managed retreat strategies and new shoreline setback regulations would expand open space along the Ecosystems
shoreline to support coastal ecosystems such as anchialine pools. Supporting
conservation programs can help protect native species and habitats from climate change impacts.
Strengthening
measures to control and eradicate invasive species can help protect local ecosystems. Enhance
habitat connectivity to allow species to migrate in response to changing environmental conditions. Education & •
Build capacity for local government agencies by providing training and resources that improve their ability Capacity
to plan and implement climate adaptation initiatives. Building •
Collaborate and coordinate with the County's Office of Sustainability, Climate, Equity, and Resilience OSCER).
Support
research and monitoring efforts to better understand climate impacts and the effectiveness of adaptation
measures. Develop
and implement educational programs to raise awareness about climate change and adaptation strategies.
3.
0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 67
3.:Z Climate Change Goal, IC11jectives,
Policies, and Actions
Goals. Ensure a just transition to a climate resilient island by addressing the
causes and impacts of climate change through incorporating equitable climate
mitigationand adaptation priorities into policies, programs, infrastructure, and decision -making. Objective 6 Ensure that climate actions are equitable
and uplift
marginalized and
disadvantaged communities. Policies 6al Prioritize and support community -based organizations, businesses,
and
programs
through County purchasing and procurement policies. 6e2 Prioritize and support Low- and
Moderate -Income (LIVII) communities
through tax incentives, grants, and financial support provided to community members, organizations, and
other related groups. 6.3 Prioritize projects in communities that experience disproportionate
impacts
of climate change. 6e4 Consider financial and time barriers, geographic constraints, and language
accessibility when conducting community outreach. 6e5 Improve the communication of climate risks
and opportunities for
adaptation efforts. 6e6 Support communities to become fire -adapted as they prepare
for climate change. 6w7 Expand urban forestry benefits to disadvantaged communities. 6e8 Support
social science research and applications to help address
environmental justice and intergenerational equity. 6e9 Integrate Native Hawaiian traditional knowledge and practices
in planning
for the impacts of climate change. Actions 6.a Increase transparency of government actions
by creating
a
climate change dashboard and portal to track the implementation of climate action. 66b Engage communities
by incorporating place -based knowledge and qualitative
data to guide implementation priorities and decision -making. 3.0 Addressing Climate Change
for Island -Wide Health I
County of Hawaii General Plan
6.c Promote funding opportunities for LIVII communities to implement climate action, including
interactive videos and workshops that meet communities where they are.
Objective 7 Reduce
the County government's carbon footprint to net zero em40 10 issions
by 20450 Achieve
a 100 percent renewable -powered County fleet by 20350 Support
the statewide effort to achieve 100 percent renewable transportation
and 100 percent renewable energy by 2045o Policies
7al
Incentivize efficiencies that integrate affordable housing and carbon neutrality. ground
7w2
Require energy -efficient designs in all new County facilities and upgrade existing facilities with energy -
efficient systems. 7.
3 Support building code updates that incentivize energy -efficient designs and climate -neutral building
methods and materials. 7e4
Encourage and incentivize the use of technologies, techniques, and materials in building design, construction,
and removal that minimize the ecological footprint over the life cycle of the structure. 7e5
Encourage and incentivize large developments to meet energy sustainability certification standards.
706
Strive for energy sustainability certification for new County buildings or when renovating existing buildings
for County use. 7e7
Prioritize energy -efficient designs, energy -efficient systems, and waste reduction and/or reuse at County
facilities. 7e8
Evaluate Capital Improvement Projects for energy efficiency and carbon reduction, including the cost
savings related to improved design. 7w9
Partner with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to develop
comprehensive and coordinated strategies promoting energy and water conservation to strive
for climate resilience. 7.
10 When evaluating public investments, including acquisition, siting, and design, consider the potential
of natural areas for carbon sequestration and provide climate adaptation and mitigation opportunities.
7.
11. Integrate and incentivize urban forestry into all scales of planning where feasible and compatible with
infrastructure. 7.
12 Develop carbon -emission standards and an incentive program aimed at achieving County carbon emission
goals. 7013
All County facilities shall report energy usage annually. 7614
Program the upgrading of the County vehicle fleet and equipment to net zero emissions. 7015
The Mass Transit Agency shall operate a net zero emissions fleet by 2035. 3.
0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan eve
7.16 Prioritize the installation of electric vehicle chargers at community facilities, for both County
vehicles and public parking.
7.17 All new County vehicle purchases, including average mpg, emissions equivalent per gallon of fuel
or kWh), and estimated annual operation and maintenance costs shall be reported annually.
7.18 Prioritize the accommodation of active transportation options as part of the planning and design
of all roadway improvements to encourage non -motorized forms of transit.
Actions
Ta Develop and provide incentives for new development/redevelopment to pursue certification for
green" site planning, construction, and post -construction practices.
70b Adopt policies and strategies across all County departments to reduce GHGs and become more
resilient to the impacts of climate change.
Tc Develop a County purchasing policy to prioritize products with low emissions over their lifecycle
and resiliency to the impacts of climate change.
76d Develop and implement incentives for energy -efficient or green design standards.
Te Prioritize urban tree inventories for primary urban areas such as Downtown Hilo, Waimea, and
Kailua-Kona.
7of Develop procedures to include street trees as part of public capital improvement projects.
76g Develop energy benchmarking standards for County buildings.
70h Develop and implement an electric vehicle charging plan with a station network map that identifies
regional gaps in service.
7ei Create a fleet transformation plan for each County department.
7ej Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
increase community -wide awareness and accessibility regarding reducing transportation costs
and emissions (e.g., the impact of keeping tires inflated on the efficiency of cars) through
education awareness programs.
76k Develop and implement a streamlined framework to report annual energy use of all County
facilities and all new County vehicle purchases.
Objective Improve
the identif40 icationof climate change threats, consequences,
and evaluation of aadptation options. Policies
Climate
change threats assessment
of potential 8al
Use accurate and up-to-date,, peer -reviewed scientific predictions and observations related to climate
change impacts to guide adaptation policy and land use decisions. 8e2
Support local and regional climate change modeling and monitoring programs. 3.
0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 70
8.3 Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to monitor impacts that may be specific to Hawaii County due to its unique exposure to
climate change and sea level rise impacts. 8w4
Improve assessments of climate change threats and potential consequences to determine specific geographic
areas impacted and projected financial cost. Assessment
of consequences 8e5
Climate change adaptation strategies shall be considered in County budgetary, land use, water stewardship,
fire mitigation, and other decision -making processes. 8w6
Implement sea level rise planning and policies for public infrastructure projects and other projects with
a low tolerance for risk. 8e7
Prioritize the preservation and restoration of natural landscape features, such as reefs, beaches and
dunes, forests, rangelands, streams, floodplains, wetlands, and aquifer recharge areas that have
the inherent capacity to prevent, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change. Evaluation
of adaptation 8e8
Develop adaptation strategies (e.g.., protection, accommodation, managed retreat, and preservation)
for capital improvements to ensure that the project's useful life and service expectations
can be met in the face of projected climate change impacts. 809
Design and maintain infrastructure, including roads, buildings, and stream crossings, to accommodate
increases in flooding and geologic hazards such as landslides. 8.
10 Partner with communities to develop adaptation strategies (e.g., protection, accommodation, managed
retreat., and preservation) for vulnerable areas including conducting vulnerability assessments
and assessing land use and land availability. 8.
11 Partner with government (e.g., State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development [OPSD]), private
and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to analyze conservation buffers
to accommodate shifting native habitats impacted by climate change, particularly wetlands and
high -elevation forests. 8.
12 County departments should integrate economic development,, equity, and sustainability outcomes
into their annual goals and reports to the Mayor. Actions
8.
a Conduct detailed vulnerability mapping of existing and planned infrastructure. 80b
Support and partner with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
on research for adaptive policies and technology that increase resilience. 8.
c Incorporate appropriate green building or climate -resilient specifications into competitive bids. 86d
Adopt a land acquisition program with potential leaseback options for the purchase of hazard - prone
locations or those with beneficial attributes for climate adaptation and mitigation. 8.
e Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
to implement environmentally beneficial upgrades for wastewater, irrigation, and/or landscaping,
including sea level rise, storm, and other climate change considerations. 3.
0 Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health I County of Hawaii General Plan 71
I A At D
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4.2 Transportation Access and
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404 Public Facilities and Services
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4al Land Use
40101 Introduction
40102 Goal, Objectives, Policies,
and Actions
4.1.3 Overview of Land Use
Designations and Maps
4.1.4 Urban Growth Areas
4,1,5 Rural
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46161 Introduction
On Hawaii Island'. land use planning plays a vital
role in balancing the needs of the environment,
community, and economy. The island's unique
natural beauty and delicate ecosystems,, including
its diverse forests, coastal areas, and volcanic
landscapes, require careful consideration and
responsible stewardship to ensure their
preservation for future generations. Land use
refers to the allocation', management, and
development of land resources in a particular area.
This involves determining how land is utilized for
various purposes, such as residential, commercial,
agricultural, industrial, or conservation. Land use
planning, on the other hand, is the process of
guiding and regulating land use decisions to
achieve sustainable development and create
healthy and resilient communities.
Sustainable development is a key objective of land
use planning for the County. By strategically
designating areas for different land uses, such as
promoting agriculture in fertile regions,
developing commercial areas in appropriate
locations, and preserving native ecosystems, land
use planning helps to create a balance that
supports economic growth while protecting our
natural and cultural resources. Land use planning
is essential for cultivating healthy and resilient
communities on Hawaii Island. This process involves
considering factors such as access to healthcare,
transportation infrastructure, recreational spaces, public services,
and affordable housing. By promoting
mixed -use developments and compact urban
planning, land use planning aims to
create Live -Work -Play communities, or livable neighborhoods
that minimize commuting, encourage physical
activity, and enhance social interactions.
Additionally, land use planning
is critical to disaster resilience. Given our vulnerability
to natural hazards and the impacts
of climate change, responsible land use decisions
can help reduce the risk and impact
of such events. Land use regulations, such as County
zoning and General Plan designations, among others,
can promote the preservation of natural buffers
and contain development where sensible, ensuring
that communities are better prepared
for and protected against potential disasters. The land
use element of the
General Plan is intended to be used as a
policy guide for coordinated growth and sustainable development across
our island. As required by
the State Planning Act, this section contains goals, policies,
standards, and implementation priority actions to define
patterns of future growth and guide
the location and density of land uses within
the County. The land use section seeks to establish
the most desirable use of land for residential,
recreational, agricultural, commercial, industrial, and other purposes
which shall be consistent with
the proper conservation of natural resources and the
preservation of our natural beauty and
historical sites. The land use section is
a
land -based synthesis of the values, goals, and objectives of
the other sections comprising this Plan. This componenL
guides where and how land uses,
infrastructure, and services should be directed to
promote and protect the values of the people
of Hawaii Island and to best achieve the goals
and objectives outlined in the various elements of
the Plan. 4.1 Land Use I County
of Hawaii General Plan 74
Figure 6 Layers of Land Use Planning
County of Hawaii General Plan Figure
4 illustrates the interconnected layers of land use planning, emphasizing their interdependence and overlap
to achieve the General Plan's comprehensive goals. Natural
and Cultural Resource Planning forms the foundation, integrating conservation and hazard considerations.
Infrastructure
Planning builds on this foundation, focusing on essential components such as water, wastewater, stormwater.,
transportation, and other public utilities that complement natural resource planning and
pave the way for economic opportunities. Economic Opportunity
Planning is the next layer, which leverages natural assets and infrastructure to drive
key industries such as agriculture, housing, education and other growth sectors. Community Placemaking
sits at the top, demonstrating how these layers collectively enhance the quality of
life in the community. Each layer
depends on and supports the others, much like the weave of sustainability, highlighting their crucial interrelationship.
4.1
Land Use County of Hawaii General Plan 75
Table 16s. Land Use Key Trends'
Population • Population centers are both rural and urban. Low population density exists in both rural and urban areas
Centers & throughout the island. There is an average of 1,488 people living in every square mile of urban areas and an
Density average of 18 persons per square mile in rural areas.
The 2020 Census identified 3 urban areas based on population: Hilo, Kailua-Kona, and Waikoloa.
The majority (approximately 60%) of the County's population lives in rural areas - no change is expected through
2045. In contrast, nationwide, 20% of the population lives in rural areas.
Changing & • Over the next 25 years, the population growth rate is expected to decline from an average of 2.3% per annum to
Aging about 0.9% per annum. In 2045, the resident population is forecast to be approximately 273,232, which is a 35%
Population increase since 2018,
During the last two decades, there has been an average of 2,338 births and 1,458 deaths per year in the County,
resulting in a net increase of almost 880 people annually.
About 90% of the growth on average is through in -migration.
In 20181 671293 Hawaii State residents moved to the mainland; they were partially replaced by 54,074
mainlanders who moved to the State for a net out -migration from Hawaii of 13,219.2
The population over age 65 is expected to grow by 44% by the year 2045. In 2020, the largest cohort of the
population was between the ages of 60 to 69.
Housing • In 20101 42% of owner- households with a mortgage and 45% of all renter-households were paying more than Affordability & 30% of
their income for housing. By 2020, this had decreased slightly to 39% and 43%, respectively. A majority Choice of those
could be considered severely shelter -burdened. Nationally, 30% of
households paid more than 30% of their income on housing in 2020. The State of Hawaii continuously ranks in
the top 3 highest shares of shelter -burdened, nationally. Approximately 43% of
the housing units were deemed unaffordable in 2020. Hawai'i has
one of the highest overcrowding rates in the country, at 7.7%. The level of overcrowding varies across the island with
Ka'01 Waimea, South Kona., and Upper Puna experiencing overcrowding rates in the double digits. However, on average,
Hawaii County's overcrowding rate is still the lowest among all HawaiTs counties. Relative to the
countywide average, the rural communities have the largest percentages of housing that are affordable. In contrast,
the North Hilo-Ha-ma-kua Coast Villagesand North Kohala have the lowest percentages of affordable housing. Most
of the County's total stock of affordable housing is in Puna (24.2%), Hilo (21.7%), and North Kona (23.
3%). However, these numbers do not address the needed capacity of affordable housing based on demand. Shifting
Visitor • Most
visitor units are in South Kohala and North Kona. Accommodation . With the
upward trend in visitor arrivals expected to increase through 2045, increasing demand for visitor units Types is expected.
With this growth comes the challenge of planning for their impact on the local economy, especially regarding visitor accommodation
rentals. The number of
transient accommodation rental units is beginning to trend higher than hotel units that once dominated the visitor
accommodation industry. There is also
a shift in the type of visitors away from the major resort areas, which may put stress on the environment and infrastructure
of other areas. Job Availability • The
average annual growth rate for jobs averaged 1.4% since 2005, mirroring population trends, and it is Growth expected to
mirror population trends experiencing a slight decrease in the growth rate for the next several decades., The three
primary
economic sectors of the County's economy are the services producing sector, the goods producing sector, and
agriculture. The services producing sector (e.g... government, education, health, accommodation, entertainment, food,
etc.) is by far the largest, representing over 85% of employment. Roughly 9% of employees
work in goods -producing jobs (construction and manufacturing). The agriculture sector represents about 6.
5% of employment. More than two-
thirds of workers are employed in one of five key industries: educational service, healthcare, and social assistance (about
18%); arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services (about 15%); retail trade (about
10%); professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste management (about 9%); and construction (
about 7%). In 2020, 14%
of the County's population was below the poverty line. State and national statistics were nearly 9.3% and 11.4%,,
respectively. 1 SMS Hawaii,
COH General Plan Comprehensive Review (2022) and the corresponding Key Findings Trends and Forecasts Report. 2 University of
Hawaii Economic Research Organization (UHERO), Aloha `Oe: Population Migration Between Hawaii and the U.S. Mainland (2020) 4.1 Land
Use I County of Hawaii General Plan 76
Table 17s. Land Use Challenges
Infrastructur
Regulations
Funding &
Financing
Market
Conditions
Land Use
Compatibility
Public
Engagement
A lack of existing infrastructure with low capacity, limited service areas, and aging facilities, in addition to the
ehigh costs of developing new systems, presents significant challenges.
State land use designations and related requirements within or adjacent to Urban Growth Areas (UGA) limit
the ability to increase densities.
Existing single-family dwellings and lot sizes fail to achieve the desired density.
Landowners and developers may incur the costs of constructing and operating private systems or upgrades
due to the insufficiency and lack of wastewater systems in many areas. The shortage of licensed operators
also increases operating costs and makes it more difficult to establish new private systems.
County roadway standards are not modernized or flexible and remain a major cost to development.
Pervasive strip mall infrastructure and minimal transit -oriented developments paired with disconnected
routes create congestion issues for commercial areas.
Building code requirements affect construction costs and the ability to create multi -use buildings.
Multiple layers of land use control and review require coordination between government agencies at the
state and county levels.
There are varying layers of code that are conflicting or inconsistent. Code requirements are also limited
in integrating climate mitigation goals around reduced building materials and non -car -centric design.
The State Land Use Commission must preside over boundary amendments that exceed 15 acres, which limits
the efficiency of ensuring consistency in the land use pattern.
Zoning must be updated in certain areas to reflect shifting trends and land use preferences.
There is no Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) program to preserve open space and achieve density
to remain consistent with the desired land use pattern.
The State-s historic review process has been cumbersome, inefficient, and delays projects unnecessarily.
There is a need for gap financing that exceeds what a single lender or incentive program can fill.
Additional capacity in development financing and specific community development financing is needed
to increase the production of projects in the County.
There is high demand for a limited pool of incentives and financing subsidies for affordable housing.
Affordable housing projects in the County face higher financing gaps than projects elsewhere in the State.
There are inconsistencies between development costs and prices the market can support.
Greenfield development in areas such as Puna is significantly
cheaper than infill development in existing urban areas.
Lower household incomes result in lower purchasing power,
makes underserved subdivisions the primary market for
homebuyers.
which
many
Challenging site characteristics such as soil conditions and
topography increase development costs.
Market cycles and permitting requirements often do not coincide resulting in uncertainty and increases in
processing times and costs. These challenges are exacerbated by performance conditions based on time
versus appropriate mitigation conditions.
Legacy zoning, such as industrial lands from the sugar plantation era, is not always consistent with the
community's vision.
Productive agricultural land use designations often do not coincide with productive agricultural activities.
There is a common perception that all development is contrary to protecting natural and cultural resources.
NIMBYism can present barriers to collaborative
processes.
General misunderstanding and misinformation
about land use policies can delay and disrupt
strategic land use patterns.
Public hearing processes can become political
rather than regulatory processes.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
77
Table 18. Land Use Opportunities
Infrastructure • County departments are encouraged to develop a collaborative infrastructure capacity plan with prioritization of
projects in their respective functional plans and based on desired growth areas and preferred density as identified by
the General Plan.
Coordinate with the Department of Health (DOH) to address unique land use situations on the island related to
individual wastewater systems (IWS) and prioritization of resources.
Increase housing density by utilizing additional dwelling units (ADU) in existing residential districts served by adequate
utilities.
Facilitate innovative public and private partnerships in infrastructure investment for targeted growth areas.
County departments can provide greater flexibility in privately owned and maintained infrastructure concurrency
requirements.
Regulations • Remove barriers to residential development in the appropriate districts to reduce development timelines, increase
housing stock availability, and increase affordability.
Review and update the Building and Zoning Codes to allow for more flexibility.
Collaborate across State and County agencies to facilitate efficient and effective land use processes.
Advocate allowing for County -initiated State Land Use Commission District Boundary Amendments to meet the
preferred land use patterns consistent with the General Plan Land Use Maps.
Program the initiation of rezoning in targeted growth areas.
Support and streamline the process of infill development.
The most direct role the County plays in economic development is through land use regulation (e.g., permitting
efficiency, transparency, predictability, and certainty) and property tax policy.
Invest in the provision of strategic infrastructure including roads, water, and/or wastewater improvements to encourage
higher density development in UGAs.
Work with the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) to determine when there is a need to review a project related
to the identification of cultural sites and practices.
Work with SHPD to create standards related to the assessment of a project's effects on cultural sites and practices.
Establish a framework for cultural impact assessments including recognizing findings and recommendations of prior
cultural impact assessments within the same ahupua`a for new projects.
Funding & • Partner with the State and other counties to create acapacity-building plan for County departments, local developers, Financing
and community stakeholders. Leverage
different financing mechanisms to support development and redevelopment, including Business/Community Improvement
Districts, Tax Increment Financing, Community Facilities Districts, and Opportunity Zones. Seek
and pursue additional mix of funding opportunities and tax incentives for (re)development. Market •
Diversify economic drivers by exploring and growing the county's range of sectors and markets. Conditions •
Utilize creative solutions and partnerships to encourage, support, and prioritize infill development before expanding to greenfield
areas. Make
vacant and underutilized government-owned lands available for affordable housing or other (re)development, especially in
or adjacent to urbanized areas with adequate or expandable infrastructure. Seek to
acquire land for affordable housing developments and other redevelopment opportunities. Land Use •
Eliminate unpermitted non -conforming uses and develop proper land use patterns to ensure urban areas are used Compatibility accordingly.
Strategically use
zoning to ensure proximate compatible and complementary uses that improve the vitality of urban areas. Regularly
evaluate
supply and demand to prioritize needed land use challenges. Demonstrate smart
growth development. Public • Encourage
affordable housing projects to meet the Engagement needs
of neighborhoods (YIMBY). Apply strategies
to engage community and stakeholders that
go beyond legal notice requirements. Reinforce
the
alignment between community values and
the General Plan and Community Development Plans.
4.1
Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
46162 Land Use Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Arwtions Goals.
We strategically apply progressive land use strategies incorporating indigenous
and contemporary knowledge and place -based practices to direct and
manage growth for the health, safety, and emergency response and preparedness
services for our communities. Objective
9 Maintain
community character and land use compatibility. Policies
901
The development of commercial facilities should be designed to reflect the character of the community
while providing desired services and mitigating impacts on the surrounding environment.
9e2
In those cases where provisions of the zoning and subdivision code are inconsistent with the character
of surrounding neighborhoods, variances, or Planned Unit Developments (PUD) that maintain
consistent village/town character should be encouraged. 9.
3 Zoning, subdivision, and other applicable ordinances shall provide for and protect open space areas.
9e4
Support mechanisms, such as PUD and Cluster Plan Development (CPD), that group parcel density to
preserve open space, recreational areas, scenic viewsheds, or cultural or historic sites. 9e5
Discretionary permit applications for uses that may impact view planes to and along the coastline, and
areas of natural beauty should take into consideration visual impact assessments and propose conditions
to mitigate scenic impacts where appropriate. 9e6
In the review of discretionary permits, consider land use compatibility to ensure proximate compatible
and complementary uses and appropriate mitigation measures. 9e7
Encourage developers of new urban areas to place utilities underground. 9e8
Route selection for high -voltage transmission lines should include consideration for setbacks from major
thoroughfares and residential areas. Where feasible, delineate energy corridors for such high -
voltage transmission lines. Actions
9.
a Develop a process for County -initiated State land use boundary reclassification to best align State Land
Use with County long-range plans. gob
Create village plans for unique urban areas that include considerations for urban design, aesthetic quality,
and the protection of amenities in adjacent areas through landscaping, open space, and buffer
areas. 4.
1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan 79
9.c Develop subdivision standards that make a distinction between agricultural, rural, and urban land
uses.
god Define the types of open space that are sought to be protected and establish standards to be
applied to ensure its protection.
9.e Conduct a review and re-evaluation of the real property tax structure to simplify and assure
compatibility with land use goals and policies.
gef Study the feasibility, issues, and opportunities related to the development of a TDR program to
strategically preserve open space and achieve density to remain consistent with the land use
pattern in accordance with the General Plan Land Use Maps.
Objective 10
Increase the integration of natural systems plann10ing including the Native Hawaiian
ahuP'auaframework. Policies
10.
1 Protect and enhance Hawai C i
y
s
beaches,, shoreline., open spaces, and scenic resources. 10.
2 During discretionary permit applications, the Planning Director may require a pedestrian, equestrian,
and/or bicycle path when it is possible and safe to connect to existing or future open space,
drainage, or active living corridors. 1083
Proposed discretionary permits for large development projects (200+ units) in the North Kohala, South
KohalaJ, North Kona, South Kona, and Ka'u- Districts should be designed to be as water neutral
as reasonably possible through water conservation, recharge, and reuse measures to reduce
the water footprint. 10.
4 Identify outstanding natural or cultural features, such as water courses, fine groves of trees, heiau, and
historical sites and structures on subdivision preliminary plat maps. Actions
10.
a Amend the Zoning Code to create a category for lands that should mostly be kept in a natural state,
but that may not be in the Conservation District., such as certain important view planes, buffer areas,
and very steep slopes. The zoning category should include reasonable land uses. 10.
b Amend the Zoning Code and Subdivision Code to allow CPDs to be applied to all zoning districts with
appropriate building site standards. 1.
0.c Collaborate with the State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development (OPSD) to create criteria
to help identify and protect Native Hawaiian customary and traditional practices. Objective
11 Increase equitable
planning and decision -making processes. Policies 1181
Ensure
there is necessary and adequate on -site infrastructure for development projects may include but
not limited to water, wastewater., and multimodal infrastructure. 4.1
Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan F6181EI
11.2 Ensure affordable housing requirements that meet the demand created by the development.
1103 The County may impose incremental and conditional zoning based on performance conditions
that focus on addressing the impacts of the proposed development.
1164 Concurrency reviews should incorporate reduction in vehicle miles traveled to mitigate traffic
impacts and achieve sustainability and demand management goals.
1185 County agencies recognize that land use decisions on DHHL lands are determined by the Hawaiian
Homes Commission (HHC) and should coordinate accordingly.
1106 DHHL Plans (DHHL General Plan., DHHL Hawaii Island Plan, DHHL Regional Plans) will be the
authority on land use that will guide County policy regarding land uses and projects surrounding
DHHL lands to prevent land uses that may negatively impact homestead communities.
Actions
11.a
116b
Iled
Collaborate with the SHPD to create clear guidance to be used when reviewing a project related
to the identification of cultural sites and practices.
Implement efficiencies to make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective.
Evaluate concurrency requirements that would
concurrency requirements on all developments.
impose reasonable and fair infrastructure
Amend the Zoning Code to allow for PUD to become administrative permits and subject to the
approval of the Planning Director.
11.e Provide flexibility within the Zoning Code to accommodate emerging new industries through Use
Permits or allow new uses that do not conflict with the purpose and intent of the existing zoned
district.
I 1.f Update traffic impact analysis requirements to include alternative evaluations to the level of service
outcomes, such as vehicle miles traveled and alternative transportation metrics.
Objective 12 Reduce
the threat to life and property from natural hazards and disasters. Policies
1201
Enact additional land use and building structure regulations in areas vulnerable to severe damage due
to the impact of waves or inundation. 1262
Review land use policy as it relates to floodplains, high surf, and tsunami hazard areas. 1203
Consider natural hazards in all land use planning and permitting. 1284
Discourage intensive residential development in areas of high volcanic hazard. 1205
Discourage public investment/infrastructure that supports increases in density in high -risk hazard areas ,
while allowing such investment to support existing residents and facilities. 1266
Reduce development intensity in identified high -risk hazard areas. 12.
7 Incorporate hazard mitigation strategies into policies and planning decisions using the most conservative
models in delineating hazard areas. 4.
1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan E
II
1208 Encourage the development and implementation of Community Wildfire Protection Plans,
Firewise Community Certification, and public education programs for communities with high
wildfire risk.
1209 Encourage the use of natural features such as sand dunes, xeriscape, or native plants to provide
buffers from hazards.
1.2.1.0 Traditional ecological knowledge and methodologies should be considered to mitigate, adapt,
and restore areas prone to natural hazards and disasters.
12.11 Utilize multimodal trails for firebreaks and possibly emergency evacuation routes where feasible.
12.12 Power distribution should be placed underground when and where practical.
Actions
12.a Update the Building Code to maintain cost-effective standards to resist hazards and reduce carbon
footprint.
128b Adopt natural hazard overlay zones and set appropriate conditions for land use, siting, and design
within high -risk hazard zones.
12.c Amend the Zoning Code to establish building setbacks for coastal and inland cliffs.
12.d Collaborate with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to regularly update flood
studies and refine flood zone designations.
12.e Review and amend land use policies to reduce risk from hazards including but not limited to
floodplains, high surf, tsunami, landslides, erosion, wildfires, and high -risk volcanic hazard areas.
1.2.f Study the feasibility, issues, and opportunities of a TDR program to incentivize development away
from high -risk hazard areas.
12.g Amend the Zoning Code to include a science -based shoreline setback to address climate change
and sea level rise.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
46103 Overview of Land
Use Designations and
Maps Purpose
and Authority of the General Plan
Land Use Map The
designated land uses are delineated on the General
Plan Land Use Map. The broad -brush boundaries
indicated are graphic expressions of the
General Plan policies, particularly those relating
to land use. They are forward -looking, long-
range guides to the general location and will be
subject to a) existing zoning; and b) the State Land Use
District. While some future actions must be consistent
with the Plan,, it is not retroactive and does not
change existing subdivisions or zoning. Similarly, the
acreages allocated represent alternatives for
the various levels of economic activity and
supporting functions, such as resort, residential, commercial,
and industrial activities. The land
use pattern is a broad, flexible design intended to
guide the direction and quality of future developments
in a coordinated and rational manner. The
General Plan Land Use Map indicates the general
location of various land uses in relation to each
other. Interpretation Interpretation
of
the General Plan Land Use Map should be
reviewed against the following criteria: parcel boundaries,
census block groups, place types, County
zoning designations., State land use designations, and
Community Development Plan CDP) guidance.
Because of the scale of the land use maps,
the location of designated Natural lands should be
verified by more detailed mapping when considering
specific land use decisions. In the event
of questions related to the General Plan land use designation of
a parcel or area,, the Planning Director will utilize
the above criteria and any other relevant research
and information available at the time
to provide a clear interpretation of the General
Plan Land Use Maps. Standard Guidelines In each section
of the
land use designations outlined in this chapter, standard
guidelines give examples and additional details regarding
the intent of each land use
designation. They are meant to be a design
framework and used as general guidance and best practices.
4.1 Land Use I
County of Hawaii General Plan
Table 19e General Plan Land Use Designations and Maps
Urban land Use
GP DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
High -Density General commercial, industrial -commercial mixed, multiple -family residential, and related services
Urban (HDU) including Transit Oriented Developments (TOD). Confined to Urban Growth Areas (UGA). Compatible
Zoning may include CG, MCX, PD, RM, CDH.
Medium -Density Village and neighborhood commercial, light service industrial, and single-family and multiple -family
Urban (MDU) residential and related functions including TODs or Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND).
Confined to UGAs. Compatible Zoning may include CV, CN, PD, RM, RD, RS.
Low -Density Residential., with ancillary community and public uses, and convenience -type commercial uses,
Urban (LDU) including TND. Compatible Zoning may include RS, RCX, RA.
Urban Expansion
UE)
Light/Service
Industrial (LI)
Heavy Industrial
HI)
University (UNI)
Resort (RES
Rural Land Use
GP DESIGNATION
Allows for a mix of high -density, medium -density, low -density, industrial -commercial mix, and/or natural
designations in areas where growth may be desirable, but where specific settlement and infrastructure have
not yet been determined. Compatible Zoning may include RS, RD, RM, RCX, CN, CGJ, CV, MCX, PD, CDH',
OPEN.
Uses include but are not limited to business parks, research and development centers, product assembly,
distribution centers, laboratories., cottage industries, and light service industrial uses. Compatible Zoning may
include MLY MCX.
Uses include but are not limited to landfills, quarries, chemical plants, heavy equipment base yards, towing
yards, and other uses with the potential to create public nuisance conditions (e.g., noise, environmental
impacts). Compatible Zoning may include MG, ML, MCX.
Public university, including ancillary public uses, residential, and support commercial uses. Compatible
Zoning may include UNV.
Uses include a mix of visitor -related uses such as hotels, condominium hotels (condominiums developed
and/or operated as hotels), single-family and multiple -family residential units, golf courses and other typical
resort recreational facilities, resort commercial complexes, and other support services. Compatible Zoning
may include V.
DESCRIPTION
Rural (RU) Situated outside of UGAs. Except where noted, these areas should retain their rural character with low -
density residential development, supporting small-scale commercial development, and agricultural land
uses. Rural areas should not be targeted with the development of major public infrastructure or the
extension of public sewer service except where a documented health, safety, and/or welfare condition
warrants such an expansion. Compatible Zoning may include RA, FA, A, OPEN.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
Agriculture and Natural Land Use
GP DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
Productive Lands with better potential for sustained high agricultural yields because of soil type,, climate, topography.,
Agriculture (PA) or other factors. (5-acre minimum lot size) Productive agricultural lands were determined by including the
following lands:
Lands outside of UGAs identified as "Important Agricultural Lands" on the 2005 General Plan Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide maps.
Lands outside of UGAs identified in the Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH)
classification system as "Prime" or "Unique".
Lands outside of UGAs classified by the Land Study Bureau's Soil Survey Report as Class B "Good" soils. There are
no Class A lands on the Island of Hawaii) Lands classified as at least "fair" for two or more crops, on
an irrigated basis, by the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service's study of suitability for various
crops. In North
and South Kona, the " coffee belt,". is a continuous band defined by elevation, according to input from
area farmers and the 2020 Update to the Hawaii Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline Report. State
agricultural
parks. Compatible Zoning
may include FA, A. Extensive Lands
that are not capable of producing sustained, high agricultural yields without the intensive application Agriculture (EA)
of modern farming methods and technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition, slope, tillable
by machine, and climate. These lands are better suited for other less intensive agricultural uses such
as grazing and pasture and can support additional residential densities when situated near UGAs. Compatible Zoning
may include RA, FA, A. Natural (NAT)
Lands to be kept in a largely natural state with minimal facilities consistent with open space uses along with agricultural land
uses. Includes areas vulnerable to natural hazards, steep slopes, lava fields, and areas set aside for
cultural and/or natural resource preservation purposes that are not necessarily under active management. Compatible
Zoning may include RA,, FA,, A,, OPEN. Open Space
Land Use GP DESIGNATION
DESCRIPTION Recreation (REC)
Parks, open space, and other recreational areas, such as golf courses, and shoreline setback areas not already in
SLU Conservation. Compatible Zoning may include OPEN and adjoining Zonings. Conservation (CON)
Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, areas in active management for conservation purposes, areas
to be kept in a largely natural state with minimal facilities consistent with open space uses, such
as picnic pavilions and comfort stations, and lands within the SLU Conservation District. Compatible Zoning
may include OPEN. Note: The
General Plan Land Use Maps can be found at the end of this document. 4.1
Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
46164 Urban Growth
Areas
The Urban Growth Areas (UGA) include high -
density Transit Oriented Development (TOD),
medium -density Traditional Neighborhood
Development (TND), and low -density Urban
Neighborhood Centers. These centers provide
physical., social, governmental., and economic
concentrations and easier access to services.,
recreation., and employment activities.
To integrate land use planning and infrastructure
planning, the urban centers have been designated
based on Smart Growth principles 3. This ensures
that land use patterns and infrastructure availability
help us achieve our intentional sustainable
development goals. More specifically, urban
centers have been designed to create compact,
walkable, mixed -use spaces with a purposeful
density that helps reduce the need for driving.
Infrastructure costs less when new residential areas
are located near existing roadways, water and
sewer lines, and employment centers. The location
of urban uses should continue to be evaluated
from the standpoint of how each use serves
existing and future population growth of the
surrounding area. It is also worth noting that
shopping patterns have changed, resulting in
fewer brick -and -mortar types of structures. This
should continue to be evaluated to consider
flexibility and mixed uses with performance
standards to protect residential areas from
potentially noxious uses.
The value of establishing UGAs lies in the ability to
manage growth effectively, preserve natural and
cultural resources., plan infrastructure efficiently,
stimulate economic development, and foster
strong, cohesive communities. UGAs present a
strategic approach to urban planning that
balances the needs of a growing population with
the preservation of Hawaii Island's unique
character and heritage.
3 Smart Growth America https://smartgrowthamerica.org/what-is-smart-growth/
Nam,
The urban land use objectives are directed toward
making UGAs more efficient, livable, and safe.
Growth should be encouraged in terms of
renewing older areas or developing new urban
areas consistent with the land use map. The
General Plan Land Use Map designates areas
reserved for urban expansion.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
Objective 13
Increase the use of Smart Growth principles to focus development within designated
urban centers.
Policies
1.3.1 Encourage flexibility in the design of residential sites, buildings, and related facilities to achieve a
diversity of socio-economic housing mix and innovative means of meeting the market
requirements.
1.3.2 Prioritize increase in density, rehabilitation., and redevelopment within existing zoned urban areas
already served by basic infrastructure,, or close to such areas.
13.3 Incentivize rehabilitation and adaptive reuse of existing buildings rather than demolition in urban
areas characterized by vacant, abandoned, and underutilized older buildings.
1384 Encourage the rehabilitation and/or utilization of maximum density in multi -family residential
areas.
1305 Rezonings that promote infill are encouraged and should be conditioned to ensure connectivity
to the surrounding developments and, where applicable, to provide mixed -use opportunities to
make the area more pedestrian -oriented.
13.6 The establishment of urban types of zoning may include additional acreages to account for
acreages utilized for public benefits, such as historic sites, public access, parks, and open space.
1367 Within the "high- and medium -density"' area, commercial development shall be focused on major
streets, while interior blocks should be zoned primarily for small lot single-family and multi -family
residential use.
1368 Focus on medium- and high -density residential and commercial uses in communities that can
sustain a higher intensity of uses and where consistent with General Plan Land Use Map and
existing town character.
1369 Support the rezoning of land to multiple residential near places of employment, retail, utilities, and
educational, recreational, cultural, and public facilities.
13.10 Development of TODs and TNDs, are encouraged within locations of the urban centers shown on
the General Plan Land Use Map. These locations are approximate and become fixed during
rezoning.
13.11 Plan for and identify appropriate areas for business incubation/innovation districts and
industrial/business parks.
13.12 Urban renewal, rehabilitation,, and/or redevelopment programs should be undertaken in
cooperation with communities, businesses, and governmental agencies.
13.13 Support master planning by public and private institutions and landowners which emphasize TOD,
affordable housing, and mixed -use development.
13.14 Low- to medium -density residential development and/or low -impact office uses within urban areas
should serve as transitional densities between lower -density neighborhoods and more intensive
commercial and residential uses.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
13.15 Encourage the use of more innovative types of housing development with respect to geologic and
topographic conditions, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments.
13.16 Lots within proposed single-family residential subdivisions should not have direct vehicular access
from major collector streets or higher based on Federal Highway Administration classifications.
13.17 Large,, oversized blocks in new subdivisions should be avoided in favor of smaller blocks and
enhanced pedestrian networks. The determination of block size should be based on land use and
the urban or rural character of the area.
Commercial
13.18 Support the redevelopment of aging and high vacancy shopping centers and strip -type
developments into mixed -use developments with housing and public recreation facilities.
13.19 Encourage the concentration of commercial uses within and surrounding a central core area
adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other essential infrastructure.
13.20 Infrastructure and design elements shall be incorporated into the review of commercial
developments.
13.21. Encourage a mix of uses near affordable housing and access to commercial and recreational
opportunities.
13.22 Industrial and commercial mixed -use districts may be provided in urban centers.
13.23 Distribution of commercial areas shall meet the demands of neighborhood, community, and
regional needs in accordance with Smart Growth principles.
13.24 Discourage strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the UGAs.
13.25 Discretionary permit applications for regional retail uses, including big box and regional shopping
centers located adjacent to areas designated for low -density residential and rural uses, should be
buffered to mitigate impacts.
13.26 Encourage small-scale manufacturing and processing within retail establishments that enhance
and are consistent with the surrounding community.
13.27 Support the flexible design of commercial spaces to allow for transitional uses that serve the
evolving needs of its users.
13.28 Discretionary permit applications for new commercial developments adjacent to or within existing
industrial designated lands shall be reviewed for the criteria of conversion from industrial lands.
Industrial
13.29 Industrial development shall be in areas adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other
essential infrastructure or adjacent to unique resources and/or projects.
13.30 Support the creation of industrial uses in appropriate locations as part of mixed -use districts and
developments.
13.31 Support Industrial Project District zoning and flexibility of uses and lot sizes, depending on the
needs of the industries and the communities.
13.32 Encourage Industrial Project Districts and Innovation Centers within the UGAs.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
13.33 Industrial -commercial mixed -use districts should serve as transitional areas in accordance with the
General Plan Land Use Map and Community Development Plan.
13.34 Support land uses that locate regional -scaled industrial and warehouse sites near major
transportation corridors, airports, and harbors.
13.35 Support the development of recycling operations near transfer stations and County landfills.
13.36 Industrial uses may be permitted outside UGAs through Special Permits only when there is a clear
community benefit or consistent with County, State, and Federal sustainability objectives.
13.37 Encourage the rehabilitation of existing service -oriented industrial areas.
13.38 Mitigate impacts of industrial development on surrounding uses by requiring landscaping, trees,
open spaces, buffer zones, and other appropriate conditions.
13.39 Future land uses in the vicinity of industrial areas, including airports, should have an adequate
open space buffer and/or be compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that
vicinity.
13.40 Heavy Industrial and residential uses should be separated by other transitional uses or sufficient
open space.
Resort
13.41 Resorts, hotels, visitor attractions, and related development shall be in areas adequately served by
transportation, utilities, and other essential infrastructure.
13.42 Promote and prioritize the rehabilitation and the optimum utilization of resort areas that are
presently serviced by basic facilities and utilities before allowing new resorts.
13.43 Coastal resort developments shall provide public access to and public parking for beach and
shoreline areas.
13.44 The development or designation of new resort areas should complement the character of the area;
protect the environment and natural beauty; respect existing lifestyles, cultural practices, and
cultural resources; and provide shoreline public access.
13.45 Do not allow new Resort (V) zoning development along the ocean side of Ali'i Drive.
13.46 Resort development should be in balance with the social and physical goals as well as the
economic desires of the residents of the area.
13.47 Encourage new developments to be water neutral by balancing water supply and demand.
13.48 Retreat Resort uses may be permitted outside UGAs through Special Permits only when there is a
clear community benefit or consistent with County, State, and Federal sustainability objectives. .
13.49 On -site affordable housing and workforce units shall be excluded from the total permitted visitor
unit counts for existing and new resort developments.
13.50 Encourage the addition of workforce housing opportunities within existing and proposed resort
areas.
13.51 Incorporate open and natural spaces within existing and future resort areas.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
Actions
13.a Incorporate innovations such as "mixed -use zones," into the Zoning Code.
13.b Incorporate flexibility in codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing
mix and to permit an aesthetic balance between residential structures and open spaces.
13.c Amend the Subdivision Code to ensure block sizes are based on land use and the character of the
area.
136d Initiate rezonings that promote infill to ensure connectivity and provide mixed -use opportunities
to make the area more pedestrian -oriented.
13.e Amend Zoning Code too.
i. Establish a TOD overlay zone project district with a minimum size of 15 acres.
ii. Create a TND overlay zone for existing zoned lands within identified residential and
commercial zoning districts.
iii. Allow for residential uses in EVIL and MCX zoning districts.
iv. Support innovative uses of alternative energy, agriculture, aquaculture, and others, in MCX
zoning districts.
v. Clearly distinguish between general industrial and service industrial types.
vi. Establish urban open space standards.
vii. Create Industrial Project Districts and Innovation Centers.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
ce
Guidelines
Table 20. Transit -Oriented Development (TOD) Standard Guidelines
Service Area 201000 - 501000 residents (approx. radius of X to Y2mile)
Population
Approximate 15 acres
Commercial Land
Area
Example Locations Downtown Hilo, Kailua Village, Waimea, Waikoloa
GP Land Use Medium or High -Density Urban
Number of 40+
Commercial
Establishments
Typical Uses Mixed uses and higher density residential, multi -family residential, retail,
commercial, light industrial uses, regional shopping centers with full-size
department stores and a full range of merchandise and services; theater;
outdoor events area.
Compatible Zoning RMY CGI MCXJ, PDJ, CDH
Access
Range of Possible
Services
Access to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without direct
driveway access to highway; complete streets, multimodal transport, active
living corridors; transit hub; walkable
District park, regional park; schools (all grades); community hall elderly or other
special needs housing; medical facility with emergency room; police and fire
station
Character • Vernacular architecture that respects the historic context and scale of the
community,, usually subject to design criteria
Urban Grid Street Network
Limited driveway access
On -street parking
Public off-street parking
Landscaping (including street trees) commensurate with environment/water
availability.
Sidewalks and/or walking or bike paths.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
91
Table 21e Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) Standard Guidelines
Service Area 10,1000 - 20,,000 residents
Population
Example Locations Volcano Village, Laupa-hoehoe Ha-w-i,, Captain Cook, Pahala
Approximate 10 - 15 acres
Commercial Land
Area
GP Land Use Medium Density Urban
Number of 20-40
Commercial
Establishments
Typical Uses Neighborhood-oriented retail uses and mixed uses; variety or junior department
stores; convenience goods, "soft line" items (e.g., clothing), "hard line""
items (e.g., hardware and small appliances); outdoor events area; bed - and -breakfast
homes and small inns. Compatible Zoning
RSY R DY R M ICN.0CV'? P D Access Access
to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without direct driveway access
to a highway where feasible; walking and bicycling paths; transit stop
Range of
Possible District park, community park, elementary or middle school, child and adult Services care
facilities, community center, elderly or other special needs housing, medical clinic
Character • Informal.,
vernacular architecture that utilizes natural exterior material and earth -toned
colors Limited driveway
access On -street
parking Public off-
street parking Landscaping (including
street trees) commensurate with environment/water availability Sidewalks
and/
or walking or bike paths 4.1
Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan 92
Table 22e. Urban Neighborhood Center Standard Guidelines
Service Area 3,000 - 10,000 residents
Population
Approximate U p to 10 acres
Commercial Land
Area
Example Locations Kaumanal Wainakul Keauhou,, Hawaiian Ocean View Estates, Hawaiian
Paradise Park
GP Land Use Low or Medium Density Urban
Optimal Residential 3 — 12 DU/Acre
Density
Number of 5-20
Commercial
Establishments
Typical Uses Neighborhood and convenience -type retail and personal services
Possible Compatible RSJ, RD., RCXI CNI CV, RA
Zoning
Access Access to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without
direct driveway access to a highway where feasible; connections to walking
and bicycling paths; transit (or paratransit) stops
Range of Possible Community park., neighborhood park, elementary school, multi -purpose
Services meeting room or (minimum) place to congregate or post community notices,
outdoor events area (e.g., barbeques and farmer's markets)
Character . Informal, vernacular architecture that is small in scale and reflects a
residence ambiance, utilizes natural exterior material and earth -toned
colors
Limited driveway access
On -street parking
Landscaping (including street trees) commensurate with
environment/water availability
Sidewalks and/or walking or bike paths
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
93
Table 23s. Industrial Center Standard Guidelines
GENERAL INDUSTRIAL AND
INNOVATION
Existing Shipman Industrial Park, Locations
Kanoelehua Industrial Areal Hilo Airport,
Haina, Kawaihae and Hilo Harbors,
Keahole Airport, West Hawaii
Business Park GP
Land Use Heavy Industrial Typical
Uses Landfills, quarries,, chemical plants,
heavy equipment base yards,
towing yards, etc. Compatible
MG Zoning
Access
Convenient automobile access to one
or more paved roads, on -site parking
Character •
Located close to raw materials or
key resources, generally considered
to be offensive and
noxious. Noxious,
heavy industrial uses should
be separated from residential
and other incompatible
uses with buffer zones.
Topography
of industrial land shall
be reasonably level. Direction
of wind patterns and the
absence of trade winds shall
be considered in the siting.
SERVICE
AND INNOVATION Pahoa
Hilo Iron Works, Waiakea House Lots, Laupa-
hoehoe/Papa'aloa, Ha-w-il Waimea, Waikoloa, Kainaliu-
Honalol Kona Industrial Center., Honoko-hau,, Natural
Energy Lab, Kealakekua-Captain Cook, Na'
alehul Kaloko Industrial Area. Light
Industrial Business
parks, research and development centers,, product
assembly, distribution centers, laboratories, cottage
industries, small-scale distilleries/breweries, etc.
M
LJ# Access
to one or more paved roads, on -street parking,
street trees and sidewalks, walking and bicycle
paths, transit (or paratransit) stop Located
close to population centers, for business and
industrial uses (not considered noxious or heavy
industrial) that are generally in support of, but
not necessarily compatible with activities and uses
in other commercial districts. Topography
of industrial land shall be reasonably
level. Direction
of wind patterns and the absence of trade
winds shall be considered in the siting 4.
1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
Table 24e Criteria for Industrial Land Conversion to Commercial/Mixed-Use EXISTING
INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
APPROPRIATE FOR CONVERSION
Transportation
Proximity to freight and/or port Proximity to transit facilities
High Vehicle Miles Travelled for workers Low
Vehicle Miles Travelled for on industrial land workers
on industrial land Economy
Production or related High -density non -production employment
employment Proximity
to business Proximity to markets/customers clusters/
suppliers/markets Limited linkages to local economy Critical
supplier to local Industry in decline businesses
Industry
stable or growing Equity
Offers middle -wage jobs for Potential for affordable housing less -
skilled workers Land
Use/Zoning Surrounded by medium/heavy Adjacent to existing residential and/or Compatibility
industrial zoning commercial areas. Environment
Brownfield site., remediation Environmental health hazards from infeasible
industries starting to impact surrounding communities (
especially if historically disadvantaged)
Can
be remediated Adequacy
of In areas with a projected deficit In areas with a projected surplus of Supply
of industrial land industrial land Low
vacancy rates for industrial High vacancy rates for industrial buildings
buildings 4.
1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan 95
Table 25s. Resort Area Standard Guidelines
MAJOR RESORT INTERMEDIATE MINOR RESORT RETREAT RESORT
AREA RESORT AREA AREA AREA
Example Waikoloal Keauhou., Waiakea Peninsula', Keaukahal Wainaku Kalani Honua., etc.
Locations Kaupulehu-Kukio, Punaluu
Mauna Kea Beach
Hotel., Mauna Lani.
Typical 31000 units 11500 units 500 units 40 units, without individual
Visitor Units kitchens.
Approximate Resort Acreage: 90 Resort Acreage: 45 acres Resort Acreage: N25 Resort Acreage: N15 acres
Land Area acres minimum minimum acres
GP Land Use Resort Resort Resort Various
Active and 50 acres minimum 25 acres minimum Provide active and Provide active and passive
Passive passive recreation recreation areas
Recreation areas commensurate commensurate with the
with the scale of scale of development.
development.
Typical Uses Self-contained resort Self-contained resort Small resort Area that provides the user
destination area that destination area that destination area that with rest, quiet, and
provides basic and provides basic and relies on the nearby isolation for an
support facilities for support facilities for the community for environmental experience.
the needs of the needs of the entire amenities and
entire development. development on a smaller support facilities.
scale than a major resort
area Compatible
V V V V. or by Special Permit Zoning
Access
Access to one or Access to one or more Access to one or Access to one or more more
public roads; public roads; commercial more public roads; paved roads; Shall not be commercial
or public or public uses without commercial or public accessed through uses
without direct direct driveway access to uses without direct substandard roads or driveway
access to highway driveway access to roads -in -limbo unless highway
Walkable highway meeting fire safety and not Walkable
Walking and bicycling Walkable impacting traffic within the Walking
and paths Walking and existing neighborhood; bicycling
paths Transit Hub bicycling paths Transit (or paratransit) Transit
Hub Public access to and Transit Hub stops; Public
access to and parking for beach and Public access to and Public access to and parking
for beach shoreline areas parking for beach parking for beach and and shoreline areas
and shoreline areas shoreline areas Workforce Housing Character
Meet
affordable
housing
requirements of
the
Hawaii County Housing
Code Consistent
with the
surrounding area's
quality, ambiance, and
character Meet
affordable housing
requirements of the
Hawaii County Housing
Code Consistent with the
surrounding
area's quality,
ambiance, and character
Meet affordable housing
requirements
of the
Hawaii
County Housing Code
Consistent with
the surrounding
area's quality,
ambiance, and character
Meet affordable
housing requirements
of the Hawaii
County Housing Code Consistent with
the surrounding area'
s quality, ambiance,
and character 4.1
Land Use I
County of Hawaii General Plan gel
46105 Rural
Hawaii Island is widely considered rural, yet the State
Land Use Rural District comprises just 807 acres
or less than one percent of the island's total land
area. The Rural District was defined after the original
district boundaries were established upon the
request of small landowners. In the establishment
of the original district boundaries in 1963
to 1964, plantation towns and rural centers were
designated Urban, although urban land use and
development standards are inappropriate for use
in the context of rural settlements and rural infrastructure.
All working and open lands not designated
as Conservation were designated Agricultural,
even if they had little agricultural resource
value. Consequently, many of our rural areas
are still designated State Land Use Agricultural with
Agricultural County Zoning. Rural areas
are situated outside of the UGAsl where a city -
like concentration of people, structures, streets, and
urban level of services are limited, and where small
farms are intermixed with low -density residential development.
These areas should retain their
rural character with low -density residential development.,
supporting small-scale commercial development,
and agricultural land uses. It
is worth noting that Rural and Agricultural land uses
are not interchangeable and have distinct outcomes.
Residents value
the natural sr acesl or areas., and small-
scale agricultural activities that rural living provides.
The history and character of the island's
rural communities are irreplaceable. Well- defined rural
areas that are distinct from agricultural areas
can address the demand for rural lifestyles on
marginal agricultural land while reducing the
pressures to develop important agricultural land
for non-agricultural purposes. Minimizing sprawl
and greenfield development can be
challenging when rural residences have been among
the most affordable homeownership options on
Hawaii Island for decades. Rural subdivisions., such as
Hawaiian Paradise Park and Hawaiian Oceanview Estates,
have been two of the fastest -growing
residential areas on the island because lots have
been the most affordable. Many rural subdivisions
have also been the most underserved areas., in
terms of infrastructure and services. These communities
may lack essential in-C frastructure
and services
such as healthcare facilities, schools, and
transportation options. The distance from urban
centers and the dispersed nature of rural
settlements makes it challenging to provide adequate
services to these areas. m L n
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vvDespite
these challenges,
rural communities often exhibit strong social
col esion and self-sufficiency. Preserving rural character
and lifestyle allows residents to maintain
a sense of community and fosters resilience in
times of adversity, such as natural disasters or
disruptions to external supply chains. Rural areas
often retain strong ties to the island's cultural
heritage, which helps maintain traditional practices and
values that are important to communities. By
maximizing rural lands, there are opportunities to
support small-scale farming and promote agricultural
self-sufficiency. The General Plan recognizes
the value of utilizing Rural as a land
use designation to clearly define and characterize its role
on our island. 4.1 Land
Use County of Hawaii General Plan 97
0jctebeve 14
Maximize the use of Rural designated lands to preserve rural character and lifestyle.
Policies
14.1 Support the State Land Use reclassification to Rural in alignment with the General Plan Rural
designation.
14.2 Support reclassification/rezoning of appropriate General Plan Rural designated areas where an
intermediate land use and a well-defined buffer between Urban and Productive Agricultural areas
are consistent with the surrounding uses and rural character.
1.403 Support General Plan amendments and rezoning applications for the development of new Rural
Neighborhood Centers with adequate infrastructure, as necessary, in or near presently
underserved subdivisions, beginning with those experiencing higher rates of population growth.
1404 Rural -style residential-agricultural developments,, such as new small-scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities,
should be incentivized to cluster in appropriate locations. 1405 Support the development of
small-scale visitor accommodations with heritage, agriculture, wellness, or similar themes in
rural areas and near points of interest. 14.6 Provide flexibility in
discretionary permit applications to maintain health and safety for rural small- scale visitor accommodations not serviced
by public infrastructure. Actions 14.a Amend the
Zoning
Code definition and requirements for Lodges and reconcile similarities and inconsistencies with the special permit
provisions for Retreats. Clearly articulate in the Code the zoning districts appropriate for Lodges.
140b Amend the zoning districts
currently listed as Family Agricultural District (FA) and the Residential and Agricultural Districts (RA) to
be consistent with the Rural designation and to allow for home occupations that do not negatively
impact rural character. 14.c Amend the Zoning
Code to allow telecommuting and home -based businesses that rely on the Internet as permitted accessory uses
to residential uses when operated in compliance with cottage industry performance standards. 146d Amend
the Zoning Code
and Subdivision Code to establish Clustered Rural Subdivision PUD. 4.1 Land Use I
County of Hawaii General Plan
Table 26a Rural Neighborhood Standard Guidelines
Service Area Up to 31000 residents
Population
Approximate Land 1- 5 acres
Area
GP Land Use Low -Density Urban, Rural
Example Locations Kurtistown,, Holualoa., Hokulia., Hawaiian Ocean View Estates., Volcano Village,
Hawaiian Paradise Park, Kaumana City
Number of 1-5
Commercial
Establishments
Typical Uses Primarily low -density residential. Limited neigh borhood-serving businesses may be
allowed to providedgoos and services for dilay needs and community gathering
spots. Civic uses (e.g., fire stations, schools, churches, etc.) and additional dwelling
units may also be allowed provided such uses are oriented toward serving the
needs of rural., low -density neighborhoods.
Compatible Zoning RS,, RCX,, RA
Access Access to one or more paved roads; commercial or public uses without direct
driveway access to a highway where feasible; connections to walking and bicycling
paths; transit (or paratransit) stops.
Range of Possible Typical services may include retail and personal services, neighborhood park,
Services elementary school, multi -purpose meeting room or (minimum) place to congregate
or post community notices, and outdoor events area (e.g., barbeques and farmer's
markets).
Character • Informal, vernacular architecture that is small in scale and reflects a residence
ambiance., utilizes natural exterior material and earth -toned colors
Limited driveway access, on -street parking, public off-street parking
Landscaping (including street trees) commensurate with environment/water
availability
Sidewalks and/or walking or bike paths
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
ce
4.1.6 Agriculture
Agriculture, including but not limited to farming,,
ranching,, forestry, nursery,, and aquaculture
operations, holds a crucial role in Hawaii for its
significance in the economy, food security,
environmental sustainability, and cultural
heritage. Land use planning policies directly
impact agricultural land and activity, shaping the
future of farming practices, food production, and
the overall agricultural landscape on Hawaii
Island.
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The State Land Use Agricultural District
encompasses 1,184,599 acres or 46 percent of
the island's total land area. However, during the
original designation of lands, all working and
open lands not designated as Conservation were
designated Agricultural, even if they had little
agricultural resource value. Since then, there
have been efforts to better define lands well -
suited for productive agricultural uses based on
soil data, rainfall, and other factors. Ensuring
appropriate agricultural land uses is a priority of
the State and County of Hawaii. The General Plan
further works to define and protect productive
agricultural land through establishing policies
and guidelines that support and enhance
agricultural activities while promoting
responsible land use practices.
One of the primary challenges to the
maximization o agricultural production is access
to affordable land. Productive agricultural land
values have risen beyond their value for
agricultural purposes due to increases in non-
agricultural residential uses. Other impediments
to agricultural production include labor cost,,
labor availability, and limited market access. The
agricultural industry is constantly evolving and
has shifted away from larger -scale production
and now includes value-added processing and
agricultural tourism. This shift has resulted in the
need to manage large tracts of otherwise
unmanaged agricultural lands. Unmanaged
lands are often full of fire -prone grasses and
shrubs which create dangerous conditions for
wildfires. The land use regulatory system should
encourage the management of all agriculural
lands and must be flexible to adapt and allow the
agricultural industry to make changes that help it
to succeed.
The General Plan provides planning tools to
incentivize the highest and best use of productive
agricultural lands. The an icies and actions
are aimed at maintaining the viability of the
agricultural sector by preserving productive agricultural
land, promoting local food production,
supporting sustainable farming and ranching
practices, mitigating urban encroachment.,
strengthening the local economy, and
contributing to the conservation of the island'
s biodiversity. 4.
1 Land Use County of Hawaii General Plan 100
Objective 15
Support the active use of Productive Agricultural lands.
Policies
15.1 Development in Productive Agriculture and Extensive Agriculture areas should include agricultural
uses, related economic infrastructure and cottage industries, compatible renewable energy, open
area recreational uses, community facilities, and compatible agriculture worker housing.
15.2 Special permit applications within Productive Agriculture designated land should support primary
agriculture use.
1503 Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between Productive Agriculture and adjacent other
uses of land to mitigate unintended agriculture externalities such as machine/animal noise, odors,
fertilizer/pesticide drift, and related impacts.
1504 Preserve agricultural character, including the open space preserved by agricultural land.
1565 Support the development of small-scale visitor accommodations that directly promote the
agriculture industry, health and wellness industry directly related to agriculture, or are near points
of interest that support agriculture.
1.5.6 Any subdivision or agriculture worker housing complex developed on Productive Agricultural
Lands should be clustered to minimize impact.
1507 Encourage and aid the agricultural industry in continuing to provide agriculture worker housing.
1508 Encourage the use of agriculture, ranch, and forestry land preservation programs.
1509 Promote the preservation and restoration of indigenous agricultural systems.
15.10 Provide flexibility to allow adjacent compatible uses for agriculture with industrial components,
such as carbon sequestration,, timber, or food processing.
15.11 Encourage agroforestry as a viable industry, which can utilize less productive agricultural lands
and contribute to carbon sequestration.
Actions
15.a Amend the Zoning Code to develop standards for permitting certified incubators or commercial
kitchens in Rural or Agricultural districts.
15.b Conduct a study to review a maximum developable area consideration for properties designated
as Productive Agricultural lands.
15.c Create and adopt a County Agricultural Tourism program.
15.d Amend the County Code to allow agriculture worker housing to be permitted where the
employee's primary occupation is working on a specific farm but where the housing and the farm
are not on the same parcel.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
101
15.e Update the Real Property Tax Code for agricultural land uses that result in actual production or
other public benefits, such as native forestry and the ecosystem services that result from well -
managed rangelands.
159f Amend the Zoning Code to require Plan Approval for commercial open area recreational uses in
the Agricultural District.
15.g Evaluate the Zoning Code relating to livestock production such as piggeries, apiaries, and pen
feeding based on modern practices and potential impacts on adjacent uses.
158h Develop standards and guidelines for buffer areas located adjacent to agricultural lands.
15ni Develop a program and incentives, including proposed resources (e.g., grants, loans, technical
assistance, education) that support small-scale farmers, the lease of public lands, and learn
opportunities to become effective stewards of the land.
15.j Collaborate with USDA and the State to enable farmers to bring local meat to local markets.
4.1 Land Use I County of Hawaii General Plan
102
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4e2 Transportation Access and Mobility
4,2,1 Introduction
40202 Goal, Objectives., Policies, and Actions
40203 Active Living Corridors
4.2.4 Mass Transit
4.2.5 Roadways
4.2.6 Transportation Terminals: Airports and
Harbors
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49201 Introduction
Transportation access and mobility are vital
elements of any thriving community. These
concepts encompass how individuals, goods, and
services move within and beyond Hawaii Island.
This element of the General Plan examines various
modes of transportation., including roadways.,
public transit, biking and walking paths, and air
and sea transport. These networks enable people
to commute to work,, access essential services,
connect with natural and cultural attractions, and
facilitate the movement of goods and services that
sustain our local economy. The County recognizes
the significance of transportation infrastructure in
advancing economic growth', enhancing the
quality of life, and preserving our unique natural
and cultural assets.
As the largest and most ecologically diverse island
in the State., the County faces various challenges
and opportunities in ensuring efficient,
sustainable., and equitable transportation systems.
The Plan aims to improve connectivity, reduce
carbon emissions, alleviate traffic congestion, and
enhance energy efficiency. This approach not only
minimizes the environmental impact of
transportation but also promotes a healthier and
more livable community for all residents. This
section sets the stage for comprehensive and
forward -thinking policies that will help guide
transportation infrastructure development,
promote alternative modes of transportation, and
address the evolving needs of residents., visitors.,
and businesses across the island.
Resilience, on the other hand, is the capacity of a
community to adapt, withstand, and recover from
shocks and stressors such as natural disasters and
economic fluctuations. Accessible and resilient
transportation infrastructure is vital during emergencies,
enabling efficient evacuation, emergency
response, and the restoration of critical services.
By investing in resilient transportation systems,
the County strengthens its ability to confront
and recover from adversities, ensuring the
well-being and safety of its residents in times of crisis.
Transportation
planning focuses on providing safe, efficient, andaffordable modes of
mobility for people and goods that achieve
our sustainability goals and establish resilient responses
to climatic and economic challenges. The traditional
traffic perspective evaluates transportation system performance
according to vehicle speeds.,
delays, level of service., and operating
costs. Contemporary perspectives broaden evaluation to
mobility costs and transit times
of a variety of transportation modes and accessibility for
people and businesses to reach desired
services and goods. This broadened view of
active transportation considers the movement of
people through human -powered means, such
as walking or cycling,, small-scale motorized
and traditional vehicular solutions, such as electric
scooters, and communal offerings such as ridesharing
or mass transit. The Plan is focused
on
improving connectivity within and between communities, enhancing
multimodal transportation options, prioritizing health
and safety, reducing congestion,
and minimizing the environmental impact of
transportation systems. This section leverages
emerging technologies, incorporates sustainable practices,
and considers the County'
s long-term goals for resilience and adaptation
to climate change. ma 4.2 Transportation
Access and
Mobility
I County of Hawaii General Plan 104
Table 27. Transportation Key Trends
Job and Population Generally, about 42% of jobs in Hawaii County are in Hilo, nearly 25% in North Kona,
Centers Mismatch' approximately 7% in the Waikoloa and Waimea areas, and about 1 to 7% in each of the
other population centers.
The Census measure of "mean travel time to work" has increased from 24.5 minutes in 2000
to 26.8 in 20201 reflecting an increase in population centers outside of job centers.
Investment in Electric As of 2024J. the statewide percentage of registered vehicles that are electric is 2.9%.
VehicleS2 There is a total of 32,187registered electric vehicles in the state.
There are 385 charging stations statewide.
Growing Interest in Between 2016 and 20201 10.1% of workers were commuting by active transportation in the
Active Transportation state.
The County of Hawaii Mode Share as of 2017 included: o
Pedestrian 2.3% o
Bicycle 0.44% o
Transit 1.2% Generally,
an increase in active transportation can be achieved with improvements in connectivity
to a defined Active Transportation Network. At
its peak in 2012, Hele-On provided service to 1.2 million passengers and by 2018, ridership
dropped by a third, and the primary cause is believed to be decreased reliability of
service. a,
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V dr
Wit-
1
SMSY COH General Plan Comprehensive Review (2022) and the corresponding Key Findings Trends and Forecasts Report. 2
Hawai'i EV Association. https:
Hhawaiiev.0 /#.rNj:text=EV`/`20Adoption`/`20in`/`2OHawaii`/`20`/`2D%2ONow,About%20public%20charging%20in%2OHawaii%E2%80%A60Now,About%20public%20charging%20in%20Hawaii%E2%80%A6 4.
2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 105
Table 28. Transportation Challenges
Continuing, Transportation requirements identified in County plans require interdepartmental collaboration on
Comprehensive, & projects from ideation to implementation to be fully realized.
Cooperative Active transportation planning requires gathering data and analyzing demand for all modes of
Planning transportation to support the desired movement of people and goods sustainably and equitably.
Increasing roadway capacity to relieve congestion induces more congestion in the long run when
not countered with traffic demand management.
Emerging technologies increase the demand for new and evolving transportation needs.
Financing Increased fuel -efficient and electric vehicles challenge the stability of gas tax contributions to
highway funding.
Public Access
Mass Transit
Roadways
Terminals:
Airports & Harbors
Current operating budget funding and asset condition information are not adequate to maintain
existing transportation assets.
Current Capital Improvements Program (CIP) demands for new transportation facilities and services
far exceed the County's ability to fund these activities on an annual basis.
County codes and procedures do not adequately address criteria, planning, implementation,
dedication standards, and authority requirements for public access elements.
0
Public access requires collaboration and can be complicated when working with public and private
landowners, community members, and local, state, and federal agencies.
Environmental hazards and the uncertainty of climate change impacts pose risks to the quality and
safety of public access.
Declines in ridership have reduced funding for operation and maintenance as well as expansion of
services.
Fleet conditions, and onboard services need to be updated or upgraded to improve rider
perceptions of comfort, safety, and place -making.
Route schedules and status are not readily available in real-time while riders are in transit.
Multimodal roadway planning is complex, requires relevant data, and is difficult to secure across
essential interdepartmental processes.
Forms of transportation that utilize roadways are changing in technology (e.g., electric vehicles,
autonomous vehicles) and scale (e.g., micro -mobility, mobility as service). Design standards must
be responsive to these changes.
The location of urban areas along the island's perimeter increases transportation demands to meet
employment and livability requirements.
Aging roadway systems, structurally deficient bridges, and roads -in -limbo increase maintenance
requirements and decrease service levels.
Roadway fatalities remain high in comparison to other counties in Hawaii. Thelack
of transportation and mobility options in certain areas creates long daily commutes for residents while
contributing to a high vehicle count on many roads. Parking requirements
can be an impediment to (re)development and infill due to high vehicle reliance. Pre-
COVID-
191 tourism accounted for approximately 15% of vehicle miles traveled (VIVIT), with rental cars
as the primary means of transportation for tourists. Major airports
and harbors are owned and operated by the State Department of Transportation. The location
of some major airports and harbors makes it difficult to use active or alternative transportation. 4.
2
Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 106
Table 29. Transportation Opportunities
Continuing, Establish metrics for evaluating transportation solutions and implement data capture (including
Comprehensive, & emerging technology) and analysis procedures that should inform changes in planning strategies and
Cooperative policies.
Planning Improve interagency collaboration to define processes for project creation, scoping, design, and
construction.
Collaborate with the State Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish a transportation planning
organization using State Research and Planning grants to initially fund planning activities including
data management.
Promote transportation polices found in the existing plans that can expand access to jobs, health care,
and other services and can create more equitable and safe choices of transportation.
Allow market conditions to determine actual usage and future infrastructure to determine the best
means of transportation needs and related issues.
Financing 0 Prepare projects that are qualified for funding under the Bi-Partisan Infrastructure Act.
Evaluate alternative financing strategies that consider property tax, fees, and cost -sharing solutions
with new development.
Establish an Asset Management Program to define the appropriate maintenance strategy and funding
required secure level of service and asset availability.
Public Access 0 Standardize interagency agreements for standards, maintenance mapping, and enforcement.
Amend ordinances, laws., and codes to be inclusive of and address public access concerns.
Apply designated Special Management Area(s) (SMA) to support the public's access to and along the
shoreline.
Hawai'i County Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resource Preservation Commission (PONC)
can further support public access.
Mass Transit Partner with alternative fuel providers to determine fleet vehicles to be purchased to replenish the bus
fleet and to optimize purchase and operation costs.
Provide a variety of transit options and amenities on mass transit that broaden the appeal to potential
riders.
Re-evaluate mass transit routes to meet ridership demands, connect to active transportation solutions
for the first and last mile, and be co -located with other services of interest.
Roadways Collect and analyze data required to propose multimodal solutions to accommodate cross -island and
localized transportation demands.
Define collaborative procedures for cross -department identification of multimodal projects with
integration into the CIP planning process.
Improve the integration of transportation and land use planning to optimize the use, efficiency, and
accessibility of existing and proposed transit systems.
Coordinate other infrastructure elements (e.g., water, sewer, power, broadband, public transit) where
possible to connect follow-on services and funding.
Reduce traffic -related injuries and fatalities through roadway design and community awareness.
Promote the visioning of public right-of-way (ROW) as a public space and used for place -making.
Optimize repaving projects to retrofit multimodal design in existing ROW.
Terminals: • The integration of mass transit., ridesharing, ride -hailing, and other shared -use mobility options at
Airports & airports and harbors can help reduce reliance on rental cars.
Harbors • Applying Destination Management Plan actions can help bridge the alternative transportation gap.
There are Transit -Oriented Development (TOD) opportunities around airports and harbors.
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility County of Hawaii General Plan
107
49262 Transportation Goal, Objective, Policies, and Actions
Goals. Each
community is connected by a multimodal and modernized transportation network
that provides a system for safe, efficient, and comfortable movement
of people and goods. Objective 16
Achieve a
transportation system that is consistent with and will accommodate planned growth.
Policies 1601
Encourage
transportation systems that serve to accommodate the present and future development needs
of communities. 16.2
Encourage safe and convenient use of low-cost, energy -efficient, non-polluting means of transportation. 1603
Encourage
the diversification of transportation modes and infrastructure to promote alternate fuels and
energy efficiency. 1.6.
4 Transportation and land use planning shall be integrated to optimize the use, efficiency, and accessibility of
existing mass transportation systems and future demand. 1.6.
5 Establish a framework of transportation facilities that will influence desired land use and promote multimodal options.
1.666
Provide for present traffic and future demands, including the development of mass transit programs for
high -growth areas by both the private and public sectors. 1607 Implement
procedures for County departments to collaborate on defining short- and long-term transportation CIP
projects in terms of scope, timing, proposed funding, and project performance measures required
to optimally achieve transportation ambitions stated in County plans, standards, and
laws. 1.6.
8 Prioritize CIP investments consistent with General Plan goals and objectives with consideration for multimodal transportation
demands, walking and cycling infrastructure, and safety features for our most vulnerable
roadway users., for all roadway repaving, rehabilitation,, and reconstruction. 16.9
Support the design of all transportation facilities, including airports, harbors., and mass transit stations, to
reflect local and/or Hawaiian architecture. 16.10
Identify and evaluate transportation strategies to address energy and climate issues. 16.11
Prioritize public and private transportation investments to expand the multimodal transportation system. 4.
2 Transportation
Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan
16.12 Require new developments to contribute their pro rata share of local and regional infrastructure
16.13 There shall be coordinated planning of transportation systems for the funding of projects in areas
of anticipated growth and to meet program goals of other elements such as historic, recreational,
environmental quality, and land use.
Actions
16.a Develop a comprehensive., island -wide multimodal transportation plan that identifies the location
and operation of automobile, mass transit, bicycle, and pedestrian systems, in coordination with
appropriate federal and state agencies.
168b Develop a planning and financing strategy to fund timely and routine maintenance of County
transportation assets that secures availability and reliability, independent of CIP activities.
1.6.c Amend the County Code, Chapters 22, 23, and 24, to increase active transportation and
accommodate emerging micro -mobility solutions.
16.d Establish interdepartmental teams to review significant development projects to evaluate integrated
infrastructure requirements, multimodal options, and private -public collaboration to ensure
implementation. 4.
2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 109
4.2.3 Active Living Corridors and Pub1iA ess
Access to coastal and mountain areas was
traditionally and is currently an essential element of
island life that provides for gathering resources
and transportation, as well as engaging in activities
of cultural significance, recreation, and ancestral
legacy. In 1995, the Public Access Shoreline
Hawaii (PASH) decision by the Supreme Court of
Hawaii validated customary rights of certain types
of access to conduct cultural traditions and
practices on lands where those activities had been
conducted in the past.
Today, historic trails can serve as a foundational
pattern upon which modern-day public access
should be planned, designed, and built in relation
to the natural and sociocultural landscape. With
intentions to preserve and protect historic trails
and their networks., and in the context of
establishing active living corridors, land use
planning can identify modern connections in an
open space network that includes County roadways and
public transit services as an extension of
traditional mobility that preserves and honors historic
trails and the cultural landscape as part of
transportation. Establishing these
active living corridors in an open space network
requires a combination of identifying and
mapping historical and potential trails and
connections, ensuring that continuity Arnauka to
makai and laterally around the island is not interrupted
by development activities, planning for
extended bike and pedestrian trails, and connecting
roadway and public services. 4.2
Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 110
0jctebeve 17
Increase transportation connectivity.
Policies
1701 Ensure Native Hawaiian access rights are clearly expressed in County code, policies, and
procedures., while also protecting sacred sites and burials in accordance with applicable state laws
and state historic preservation laws.
1702 Programmatically support the open space network concept with a methodology that includes
criteria for establishing County department and other agency responsibilities, mapping
requirements, financing strategies for implementation and maintenance, and standards for
facilities that enhance the community experience.
1763 Prior to disposing of, leasing, or transferring public lands through County Property Management
procedures, the County shall assess, document, and protect access to existing active living
corridors that are located on County -owned parcels.
1.764 Land use applications shall identify as early as possible any existing or potential active living
corridors that should be incorporated into the County's open space network.
1705 Ensure that existing active living corridors that are publicly owned or available by easement are
properly identified and that their access elements are secured and documented.
a) Primary examples include but are not limited to historic trails and roads, roads -in -limbo, 'paper
roads".. former sugar cane roads, train infrastructure remnants (Rails to Trails), and pedestrian
and bicycling paths.
b) "Acceptance" by the County of the responsibilities detailed in the grant of easements should
require County Council action and a dedicated funding source.
17.6 Provide public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
17.7 Establish public access to historic and modern active living corridors and facilities that provide an
island -wide route and connect to major destinations.
Actions
17.a Develop and adopt a program to establish public access to historic and modern active living
corridors and facilities that provide an island -wide route and connect to major destinations.
170b Explore the potential of multimodal trails to serve as evacuation routes during emergencies.
1.7.c Develop standards for active living corridors to assist when reviewing discretionary permits.
1.7.d Establish a public -private partnership, including financing strategies, for maintaining public access trails.
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan
ill
Table 30s. Public Access Spacing Standards
RESOURCE TYPE GP LAND USE DESIGNATION
Shoreline For lands in the RS., RDI RM, V., CGII
CN and CV districts
For lands within a destination resort
community or a major, intermediate,
or minor resort area as defined in th e
general plan and determined by the
director, regardless of the zone
district designation(s)
For lands within the A districts
For lands in the O and U districts
High Cliff
Mountain For all zone districts
DESIRED SPACING
800 to 1,000 feet apart
11000 to 21000 feet apart, provided that the
planning commission may extend the
spacing to a maximum of 2,500 feet where
deemed warranted by site conditions
11000 to 21500 feet apart for A-1al
11500 to 21500 feet apart for all other zoned
districts
21000 to 21500 feet apart
21000 to 21500 feet apart unless a resource
needs additional access
As determined by the director to provide
reasonable means to access public trail
sections and public facilities
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan
112
462.4 Mass Transit
Hawaii County is committed to providing residents with
a public transportation system that is safe, affordable,
accessible, efficient, and reliable. Mass transit
systems aim to reduce congestion,, promote sustainable
mobility, and provide equitable access to
transportation options. Implementing and expanding
mass transit on Hawaii Island can have significant
impacts on building resilient communities.
Mass
transit systems may offer an efficient alternative
to private vehicles, reducing congestion
on roadways. With reliable mass transit,
residents, including those without cars or with
limited mobility, have an alternative means of transportation
to access employment opportunities,
education, essential services, commercial
centers, recreation, andother activities. Improved mobility
through public transit can enhance community
connectivity and social cohesion while promoting
pedestrian activities and active lifestyles.
The Hawaii County
Transit and Multimodal Transportation Master Plan was
adopted in August 2018. The Master Plan
provides a deeper review of the County's transportation
system and identifies policies and standards for
the delivery of service. The General Plan recognizes
the need to reflect the island's shared vision
for high quality Arnuitimodal transportation and strives to
uplift the goals and strategies for achieving this
vision. Mass transit can play
a key role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
combating climate change. By encouraging a
shift from individual car usage to shared transportation,
mass transit helps decrease overall vehicle miles
traveled (VIVIT), resulting in lower carbon
emissions and improved air quality. This promotes
a healthier environment and protects the natural
beauty and resources of our island. A well -
planned mass
transit system can stimulate economic growth and resilience.
It creates employment opportunities during the
construction and operation phases, fostering
local job creation. Mass transit can also
attract businesses and investments to areas with
reliable transportation infrastructure, supporting economic development
and revitalization of communities
along transit corridors. Considering our vulnerability
to natural disasters such as hurricanes,
earthquakes, wildfires., and volcanic activity,
mass transit can contribute to disaster resilience
by providing evacuation routes and transportation
options during emergencies. Having a
resilient mass transit system in place ensures
that residents have reliable means of transportation
to evacuate affected areas efficiently and
reach safe zones or emergency shelters. Mass transit
enhances social
equity by improving access to transportation for
all residents, regardless of income, age, or
physical abilities. These systems help bridge transportation
gaps and reduce transportation -related barriers,
ensuring that underserved communities have
affordable and convenient mobility options.
Mass transit can enhance equity by
providing reliable transportation to essential services like
healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and job
centers. 4.2 Transportation Access and
Mobility County of Hawaii General Plan 113
0jctebeve 18
Increase mass transit ridership by 50 percent by 20458
Policies
18.1 Ensure transit routes connect with other modes of active transportation consistent with the County
Street Design Manual.
18.2 Provide more equitable mobility for youth, low-income, elderly, and people with disabilities.
1883 Maximize regular and paratransit service to the following:
a) Town centers, commercial districts, and employment centers.
b) Airports and cruise ship terminals.
c) University and adult education centers.
d) Accommodate school schedules such as after -school activities and sports.
18.4 Bus maintenance facilities should be developed at or near appropriate transit hubs.
18.5 Adopt hub and spoke system including alternative first and last mile or door-to-door services.
1886 Transit infrastructure (e.g.,, bus stops, bus pullouts, waiting benches and shelters, and signs) shall
be adequate and upgraded along existing and future transit routes.
18.7 Data shall be collected and analyzed to optimize mass transit planning, operation, and overall
performance.
18.8 Improve and expand public transportation in communities with the highest socioeconomic needs.
1809 The County's public transit system assets shall be available to assist in transportation in emergency
situations.
Actions
18.a Develop marketing and public awareness campaign of various services in collaboration with the
airports, cruise ship terminals., and educational facilities.
180b Identify,, preserve, and/or acquire corridors for future transit use, for high traffic areas such as the
Pahoa-Kea'au-Hilo route, including but not limited to multimodal corridors and require new
development to provide rights -of -way (ROWS) to accommodate transit services.
Table 31.0 Mass Transit Level of Service Standards Level
of Service for Route • Urban Centers: Every 30 minutes Intervals •
Connecting Urban Areas: Every 60 minutes Rural
Areas: Based on peak demand Service
Coverage Type of transit services based on frequency fixed route vs rural services
Bus
Stop Spacing • Urban: Xmile walking distance of a stop Rural:
1/2 - 2 miles 4.
2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 114
46205 Roadways
Vehicle transportation remains the primary mode
of mobility in Hawaii County, with total vehicle miles
traveled (VMT) continuing to increase. As of 202011
VMT in the State grew by about 15% since 2009
in response to general economic growth and increased
tourism .3 Much of the VMT occurred in single
occupancy vehicles, which increases fuel consumption
and carbon emissions. In addition, pedestrian
and vehicular fatalities and injuries increase
as more vehicles are added to roadways and
total VMT grows. In response, transportation planning
policy has evolved to prioritize active transportation,
encourage demand management solutions,
and establish street design standards and
safety strategies to eliminate traffic fatalities and
severe injuries. Active
transportation places priority on pedestrian, public
transit', and bicycle modes of mobility over the
automobile. To effectively implement this priority,
changes in land use zoning, street design standards,
and defining and prioritizing infrastructure
capital investments are required. Moreover,
implementing active transportation requires
coordinated planning and prioritizing of capital
investments across planning, public works, parks
and recreation, and public transit departments to
achieve short- and long-term design goals.
0 In
November
2020., the County of Hawaii adopted by resolution a
Street Design Manual to set standards for how
County streets should support all modes of
traffic. For each street type found in the County, this
manual illustrates how the right-of- way should allocate
space for multimodal activities following active transportation
priorities. These design standards are
essential for new development and infrastructure rejuvenation
projects to achieve active
transportation solutions in each step of
modernizing the County's transportation system properly and
adequately. As of December 311
20211 the State of Hawai 6 iy s traffic fatalities continue to
rise and the County of Hawai 6 1 ys
figures per
capita
remain the highest in the state.4 The County
Vision Zero Action Plan, adopted in September 2020, provides
a deeper understanding of the varying impact
on Hawaii Island communities regarding drivers versus cyclists
and pedestrians, roadway conditions (e.
g., visibility, peak traffic hours), and behavioral
factors e.g., speeding, impairment) that contribute
to the persistent presence of traffic fatalities and
injuries on our island. The General Plan
acknowledges the recommendations of the Vision Zero Action
Plan to I I 1 establish strategies that
increase sa-CIfety, health, and equitable mobility for
all. In
combination, active transportation and demand
management strategies, street standards., data - driven
planning, and a focus on Vision
Zero safety goals create a modern approach to transportation
planning that aims to secure equitable and
affordable mobility opportunities for the island's
communities to connect to work., family,, education,,
and recreational opportunities. This approach to planning
roadways is essential to ensure safe
experiences for all residents and to promote
healthy and resilient communities. 3 State of
Hawaii Climate Change Portal,
Buses and Bikes and Things That Go: A Proposed Action Framework for Encouraging Active Transportation - Transit in Hawaii (2020) https://climate.hawaii.
gov/hi-news/hi-blog/activetransportation/ 4 DOT., Preliminary Year -End State of
Hawaii Traffic Fatality Data for 2021 (2022) https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/preliminary-year-end-state-of- hawaii-traffic-fatality-data-for-2021/ 4.
2 Transportation Access and Mobility I
County of Hawaii General Plan 115
Objective 19
Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT).
Policies
1901 Encourage collaboration between the Planning Department,, the Department of Public Works'. the
Department of Parks and Recreation, and the Mass Transit Agency to define the scope and priority
of capital investment projects that achieve active transportation objectives and goals.
19.2 Increase arterial capacity through prioritization of alternative means of transportation,, such as mass
transit, bicycle, and pedestrian systems.
1.9.3 Incorporate bicycle routes, lanes, and paths within road rights -of -way.
19.4 Increase mobility for minors, non -licensed adults, low-income, elderly, and people with mobility
limitations through prioritization of alternative means of transportation.
1905 Roadway designs and improvements made by the Department of Public Works shall
accommodate pedestrian -friendly, multimodal design,, and on -street parking evaluations, to the
fullest extent possible .
19.6 Use traffic demand management to aid in reducing traffic congestion by targeting an increase of
active transportation mode share to 10 percent (bicycling, walking, micro -mobility).
1907 Concurrency reviews should incorporate reduction in vehicle miles traveled to mitigate traffic
impacts (e.g. the level of service) and achieve sustainability and demand management goals.
Actions
19.a Continue to adopt the County Street design manual as the County's complete street design
program/policy.
190b Amend the County Code to incorporate complete street design.
19.c Develop an active transportation plan to guide where complete street improvements should be
focused and replace previous pedestrian and bikeway plans.
19.d Identify all roles for interdepartmental collaboration in delivering a truly multimodal transportation
system. 19.
e Update traffic impact analysis requirements to include alternative evaluations to the level of service outcomes,
such as vehicle miles traveled and alternative transportation metrics. 19.
f Increase community engagement and education around active transportation and alternative transportation
options. 4.
2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 116
Objective 20
Achieve a transportation system that employs all modes of transportation
at a community scale.
Policies
20.1 Encourage the application of the County of Hawaii Street Design Manual when necessary to preserve
the character of an area while maintaining a pedestrian and bicycle friendly design and desired
landscaping solutions. 20.
2 In planning, designing, and constructing new roadways or modernizing improvements, transportation
agencies should balance the conservation of the area's natural, historic, and scenic qualities
with transportation safety objectives for traffic speed, safety, and traffic calming. 20.
3 Support and provide technical assistance to assist in the development of road improvement districts
to finance road improvements. 20.
4 Preserve the unique character of an area by allowing flexibility in existing roadway improvements and
maintenance while seeking a pedestrian -friendly design and desired landscaping solutions. 20.
5 Incentivize subdivision roadway connectivity. 2006
A corridor planning/management program shall be maintained to help prioritize various active transportation
projects. Actions
20.
a Create and adopt a performance measure program/policy. 20.
b Amend the County Code to promote connectivity and discourage neighborhoods with only one inlet
or outlet. 20.
c Establish a corridor planning/management program that is data -driven and uses performance - based
targets and outcomes. 200d
Designate new connectivity points for local traffic roads and create redundant routes for existing highways,
utilizing existing routes where possible, that can also serve as emergency and evacuation
routes. 20.
e Adopt a Complete Streets ordinance. 206f
Explore options to incentivize roadway connectivity. Objective
21 Incorporate green
infrastructure to reduce storm water runoff. Policies 21.1
Incorporate
low -impact development (LID), green infrastructure strategies, and pollution prevention procedures to
address drainage in roadway design and update operation and maintenance methods to
retain integrity of these solutions. 21.2 Prioritize
roadway drainage improvements in flood -prone areas. 4.2 Transportation
Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 117
2163 Use native vegetation when viable and maintainable to achieve the County Street Design Manual
standards.
21.4 Maintain an Adopt -a -Street program to encourage civic participation where moderate
landscaping and roadside cleaning can be done by community groups.
2105 At a minimum, the County shall plan, site, and develop roads, bridges, and highways to:
a) Protect areas that provide important water quality benefits or are particularly susceptible to
erosion or sediment loss;
b) Limit land disturbance such as clearing, grading, and cut and fill to reduce erosion and
sediment loss; and
c) Limit disturbance of natural drainage features and vegetation, including mitigating impacts of
stream crossings.
Actions
21.a Develop green infrastructure standards including right-of-way (ROW) landscaping, low -impact
development (LID), and drainage.
210b Develop an Adopt -a -Street program.
21.c Pursue funding, County capacity,, and responsibility to maintain green infrastructure and native
landscaping in the County Rights -of -Ways.
Objective 22 Increase
transportation safety for transportation's most vulnerable users and reduce traffic
fatalities. Policies
22.
1 Human life and public health are prioritized within all aspects of the transportation system. 22.
2 Safety solutions should be prioritized in areas with the most vulnerable populations. 2203
Engage communities in defining issues and developing solutions for their community, with a particular
focus on prioritizing disadvantaged and vulnerable populations. 22.
4 Prioritize interdepartmental coordination and accountability of traffic safety through education, enforcement,
engineering, encouragement, and evaluation. Focus on policies, practices, staffing, and
programs to improve road and pedestrian safety. 2265
Incorporate traffic -calming features into arterial road and street designs to include vertical deflections.,
horizontal shifts, roadway narrowing, and closures to reduce speeding and increase safety.
These may include techniques such as roundabouts, median barriers, speed humps, raised intersections,
and other transportation industry practices. 2206
Commit to an equitable approach and outcomes, including prioritizing engagement and investments
in traditionally under -served communities and adopting equitable traffic enforcement practices.
4.
2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 118
2267 Develop roadway standards to accommodate emerging technology for connected and automated
vehicles.
22.8 Maintain dedicated roadway standards that are appropriate to roadway type and achieve active
transportation and safety goals.
2209 Engage and collaborate with the owners of private roads and local community groups to help
identify and develop road management agreements that mitigate road closures to provide
emergency evacuation routes.
Actions
22.a Amend the County Code to incorporate Vision Zero safety principles and Complete Street design
principles.
220b Develop educational programs promoting traffic safety.
Objective
Adequately maintain public transportation systems.
Policies
23.1 Maintain an Asset Management Program aimed at utilizing maintenance plans for pavement,
bridges, and other road infrastructure to prolong the life of our transportation system as well as
reduce its whole -life cost.
23.2 Maintain the unique features of historic bridges, while balancing safety needs and preserving
historic and scenic character.
23.3 Prioritize the replacement of deficient and inadequate bridges and maintain pedestrian/bicycle
access across bridges.
23.4 Design new bridges and bridge improvements to accommodate and not negatively impede
identified scenic resources.
2305 Evaluate freight routes identified in the State Freight Master Plan for required improvements to
meet roadway standards.
2386 Encourage the adoption of innovative materials and methods that improve roadway sustainability
and resilience.
Actions
23.a Create an asset management program.
23.b Continue the bridge inspection program and expand rehab or replacement to include active
transportation accommodations.
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan
119
Roadway Standards
The County adheres to several federal and industry
standards for roadway design. These include the
AASHTO Green Book and Roadside Design Guide,
the MUTCD, the NACTOY and the Highway
Capacity Manual.' Examples of topics, addressed
by these guidelines include road geometry (e.g.,
curves, sight distance), safety within ROWS
adjacent to travel ways, design speeds, level of
service., signs/striping/signaling, and urban transit.
In addition to these sources., the County adheres to
the following locally defined standards.
Street Standards
Highways shall not be wider than four through
travel lanes that accommodate single occupancy
vehicles and should be limited to the most
populated areas typically connecting residential
areas with employment centers.
Integrate transportation networks to prioritize the most
vulnerable roadways users and the greenest modes of
travel through a Multimodal Hierarchy (Figure 7) that
prioritizes investments in the following order:
1. Pedestrian
2. Public Transit
3. Bicycle
4. Auto
The minimum roadway width standards to
accommodate the County Roadway Classifications
were adopted in Resolution 779-20. The following
provides an overview of this standard with
reference to the Federal Highway Administration
FHWA) Functional Classification system.
Figure 7 Multimodal Hierarchy
5 AASHTO -American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials. MUTCD -Manual on Uniform Control Devices. NACTO -National Association of City
Transportation Officials.
4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan
120
Table 32. County Street Typology Definitions
Street Type Designation/Function Examples Characteristics Optimal Modal FHWA
ROW Hierarchy FC
Parkway Connects regions and Volcano Highway Lanes 2-5 300 ft. See note 0
towns; includes dividing Route 11), Queen Traffic Volume: High below island
or median strip Ka'ahumanu Highway (
Route 19) D 1
rt
MMI
Primary
Arterial Connects regions and towns M5malahoa Lanes 2-5 120 ft. See note Highway (
Route Traffic Volume: High below 11).$
Hawaii
Belt Road Route
19) Secondary
Arterial Serves local and visitor traffic Henry Street, Lanes: 2-5 86-90 ft. Ped with fewer
accesspoints Waikoloa Road Traffic Volume: High 'Transit `o o than Collector
Streets. May y Bike carryheavy
truck traffic. m Auto rt • 0 0
1 Connector
Street
Serves mostly local traffic; Kilauea Avenue, Lanes: 2-4 64-78 ft. Ped serves mixed -
use Kino'ole Street'. Traffic Volume: Transit `oMMI destinations; more access Wainaku StreetMedium Bike0
points than Arterial Streets. Auto • 0 Business
Street Serves through and local
Keawe
Street', Ali'i Lanes: 2-3 66-70 ft. Ped o functions, typically found in Drive, P5hoa Traffic
Volume: Bike m town cores and village Village Road Medium r+ Auto o centers
with a higher Transit pedestrian volume Industrial Street
Serves industrial
and heavy Halekauila Street,
Lanes: 2-
3 64-
66 ft. Ped commercial areas; serves Melekahiwa Street Traffic Volume: Low Transit/Freight o larger
vehicles to High Bike n o CD Autor+ Minor Street Serves
residential, low- Alu Street., `Iwalani Lanes:
2
50-52
ft41 0 o density development, and Street Traffic Volume: Low agriculturer+ Local Rural
Road
Serves
very low -volume, low- Lanes: 2 40-
52
fte non -dedicated) speed, local travel needs, Traffic Volume: Very rt maintains aesthetic
Lowr+ fD m preferences Cul-de-Sac & Dead- Serves very
low -volume, low- Lanes:
1-
2
50 ft End Streets speed, and local travel Traffic Volume: Very min needs Low
Green Alleyway6 Serves residential, or Lanes: 1 20-28 ft.
commercial development,
Traffic Volume: Very as shared streets with the Low potential
to be pedestrian/bike only
Modal Hierarchy not applicable to Parkway
and Primary Arterial
as they are
primarily under DOTjurisdiction. 6 NACTO, Urban Street Design Guide https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-
design-wide/streets/green-alley/ 4.2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan
121
46206 Transportation
Terminals: Airports
and Harbors
As a major hub for tourism, commerce, and
connectivity, Hawaii County recognizes the importance of
effective planning and management of its
airports and harbors. These key infrastructure components serve
as lifelines that facilitate economic growth,
enhance regional connectivity, and provide
essential services for residents and visitors. Airports
and harbors connect the County to the
rest of the world, allowing for the efficient movement of
goods, people, and ideas. They are essential nodes
within the transportation network, acting as
important economic drivers for the region. Efficient
airports and harbors directly contribute to
the success of various industries, including tourism.,
agriculture, trade, and logistics. Moreover, they
are instrumental in supporting emergency response
efforts, disaster management, and ensuring
the overall resilience of the region"
s transportation system. The principal concerns
of planning for transportation terminals involve a
comprehensive approach that addresses various
aspects, including location, zoning of
adjacent land, infrastructure development, capacity management.,
safety and security
measures, environmental sustainability, integration with
other modes of transportation, and
financing and programming of improvements and
services through capital improvement projects.
While the State of Hawaii Department
of Transportation DOT) is responsible for the
actual design, construction, and operation of terminals
and supporting facilities., the General Plan
addresses the location of these facilities
in relation to the pattern of overall land uses.
There are two deep draft harbors on the island.,
one in Hilo and another in Kawaihae. While improvements continue
to be
made, both harbor terminals lack adequate docking
and support facilities. Cargo volume at
Kawaihae Harbor has increased significantly as
the population and development in West
Hawaii continue to grow. In 2011, the
Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2035 Master Plan was developed
by the State to accommodate the future needs
of facilities. A ir terminals that service
inter -
islandtransportation are in Hilo, Waimea, Upolu,
and Kona. The terminals atHilo and Kona are overseas facilities.
Oversea flights at the Kona International Airport at Keahole
will continue to increase with the growth
of resort areas in Kona and Kohala. Overseas
flights through Hilo International Airport have been important for
agriculture in East Hawaii. Since 2011,
the DOT has embarked on a $2.3 billion
Hawaii Airports Modernization Program to improve the safety, capacity, and
efficiency of our major passenger and cargo
airports. As the population becomes more mobile and
as resident and visitor populations
increase, there will b greater demand for new
and expanded transportation facilities that are adjacent
to compatible land uses and include alternative
and active transportation connections to decrease
the demand for cars and reliance on
fossil fuels. P s T.T
P W i r 4.2 Transportation Access
and
Mobility
ICountyof Hawaii
GeneralPlan
122
Objective 24
40
Improve accessibility to airports, harbor systems, and support facilities.
Policies
2481 Encourage the programmed improvement of existing terminals, including adequate provisions for
control of pollution and appropriate and adequate covered storage facilities for agricultural
products.
2482 The State Department of Transportation should continue to implement its plans for transportation
terminals and related facilities to promote and follow desired land use policies.
2403 Transportation terminals should be developed in conjunction with the different elements of the
overall transportation system.
24.4 Encourage maximum use of the island's airport and harbor facilities.
2405 Encourage the development, maintenance, and enhancement of Hilo and Kawaihae Harbors as
detailed within the States Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2035 Master Plan. 2406
Support the State's objectives to acquire rights within the runway clear -zones, limit heights within approach
zones, and restrict noise -sensitive uses within designated noise contours determined by the
State. 2407
Future land uses in the vicinity of airports and harbors should have an adequate open space buffer and/
or be compatible with the anticipated noise exposure and industrial nature in the vicinity. 2408
Encourage pedestrian -oriented connectivity around harbors and small boat harbors. 2409
Encourage master planning of small boat harbors to accommodate commercial and recreational fishing,
tour boats, as well as business and recreational ocean activities, that balance economic vitality
and environmental sensitivity. Actions
24.
a Create a strategic improvement plan, including mapping, for County owned and/or managed boat harbors
and develop an island -wide needs assessment to better serve regional gaps in ocean accesses.
24.
b Ensure collaboration with State agencies to offer a variety of transportation options at airports and harbors.
4.
2 Transportation Access and Mobility I County of Hawaii General Plan 123
41.3 Public Utilities
46301 Introduction
4.3.2 Goal, Objectives, Policies, and
Actions
46303 Drinking Water Conservation
4.3.4 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 4.3.5 Stormwater Infiltration and
Green
Infrastructure 4.3.6 Electricity and
Renewable Energy
4.3.7 Telecommunications and Broadband
Connectivity
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46361 Introduction In Hawaii County 1ps pursuit of a
prosperous and resilient future, publicutilities stand as pillars of essential
infrastructure. These are services regulated by the government
and provided in response to
existing and prospective patterns of development. Changes
in land use, population density, and development
usually generate changes in the demand
and supply of utilities. As
the backbone of modern society, public utilities encompass a
wide range of vital services that support
the health, safety, and sustainability of our communities.
This critical infrastructure allows us to function
in many ways, including the ability
to maintain healthy living conditions, proper sanitation, and access
reliable energy to power our homes
and businesses. Public utilities play a key
role in forming the
foundation upon which social, economic, and environmental progress is
built. Such essential services enhance the
quality of life for residents, visitors,
and businesses while safeguarding the natural resources and
cultural heritage of our island. The
significance of public utilities can be understood
through their contributions in the areas of environmental
sustainability economic prosperity, and social well-
being. Public utilities drive environmental
stewardship by promoting clean energy
generation, efficient water management,, waste
reduction, and recycling initiatives. Through the
application of sustainable practices and
technologies, public utilities protect our fragile
ecosystems, mitigate climate change impacts,
and preserve the beauty of our
island for future generations. Additionally, robust and
reliable infrastructure attracts investment, supports economic growth,
and fosters job creation. From
powering local industries to enabling
efficient transportation networks, public utilities are
catalysts for economic development, makingour
communities more resilient in the face
of challenges. Access to
safe and affordable utilities is a fundamental
right of every individual. Public utilities ensure equitable
distribution of resources, allowing residents of
all socioeconomic backgrounds to enjoy
necessities such as clean water., affordable
energy, and accessible Internet -based
services. These services enhance public health, education,
and overall quality of life,
fostering thriving and inclusive communities. Given
the unique challenges posed by our geography
and vulnerable
ecosystem, the General Plan aims to effectively
guide the development, maintenance, and
improvement of these critical services. This section
of the Plan is primarily
concerned with the planning aspects of our., water., wastewater.,
stormwater., electricity., and telecommunications systems. Planning for
the location of utility facilities
such as reservoirs, pumping stations,
and sewage treatment plants is an important aspect
of the land planning process, as it
makes way for development opportunities. Unintegrated utilities can
burden developments with lower levels of service
and may limit or even
prevent development. The integration and availability of public utilities in
priority growth areas are imperative.
Changes in the intensity of land use
greatly influence the quantitative design of utilities and
services, particularly their design capaCity. There may
be distinctions in the type of services
offered for each utility as land use intensities vary. These
distinctions also depend on local codes and ordinances,
health and sanitary considerations, and practices
followed by utility companies. 4.3 Public
Utilities I County of Hawaii
General Plan 125
Table 33s. Public Utilities Challenges
General Funding and financing the development, conversion, repair, operations, and maintenance of
public utilities are central challenges for communities, developers, and county government.
Any large infrastructure expansions are paid for by developers and the costs are not to scale
for financing.
Geographical variability and obstacles require creative solutions for utility buildout.
Aging public utility infrastructure must become more resilient to natural hazards, extreme
weather events, and climate change impacts.
Absent., aging, or dilapidated infrastructure limits new development where it is needed,
consistent with strategic land use patterns and inhibits existing development.
Outdated utility systems and practices can pose environmental and health concerns and are
expensive to change.
Drinking Water Disputes over water source capacity can prevent development where it is needed and
consistent with desired development patterns.
Water commitments have been assigned to parcels that are not being developed or lack
development potential.
Guidelines for assigning water units per system need to be updated.
Modeling of water demand and potential demand needs to be closely aligned to land use.
The water systems serving, North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona,, and Puna will require
additional water source development.
On -site wastewater disposal can adversely impact groundwater resources.
Wastewater Wastewater planning and policy primarily focus on maintaining and servicing existing systems
and do not proactively plan for developing new systems to accommodate growth or to extend
existing lines to align with urban zoning.
County policy has largely relied on private developers to develop commercial and private
wastewater systems for new development, which ultimately leaves significant municipal service
gaps in urban areas.
Many County wastewater systems may not be able to accommodate unserved, existing zoned
capacity and projected growth.
Landowners and developers may incur the costs of constructing private systems or upgrades
due to the insufficiency and lack of wastewater systems in many areas.
Wastewater requirements hinder the redevelopment or rehabilitation of existing structures
and are often seen as an affordable housing issue.
Treated wastewater is typically discharged into ocean waters or injected into the ground and
is not generally reused.
Wastewater infrastructure improvement and development costs are not fiscally planned for,
either in the County budget or through County wastewater fee valuation.
Individual wastewater systems (IWS) are associated with limitations and regulations. Currently,
the Department of Health's rules do not allow single-family dwellings and additional dwelling
units (ADU) on a single IWS system.
Reliance on IWS is an impediment to compact development due to minimum lot size
requirements for IWS, thereby contributing to sprawl.
Coastal residential neighborhoods without centralized wastewater are contaminating near -
shore waters with pollution from IWS.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
126
The looming deadline to convert cesspools to sewer or other IWS may create lack of local
expertise to meet demand if not properly planned.
Stormwater The future impacts of climate change on future rainfall volumes are uncertain.
Outdated codes limit the effectiveness of stormwater infrastructure and stormwater-related
practices.
Water quality changes caused by non -point source pollution, human activities, erosion, and
sediment transport can negatively impact environmental systems and processes.
A lack of incentives and flexibility exists in the permitting process for stormwater and green
infrastructure.
There is a lack of a dedicated funding source for public systems.
Electricity & Energy 0 There is a heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels for power generation.
The State of Hawaii has the highest electricity rates in the United States.
Building codes, design perspectives, and construction practices can increase electrical
demand.
There is a constant need to update and renovate electrical systems and infrastructure.
The adoption of renewable energy practices may offload environmental costs to other distant
communities, which can offset positive climate action.
Renewable energy developments can be controversial, such as geothermal and wind turbines.
Telecommunications Inadequate access disrupts efficiency and productivity and is a barrier to accessing public
Broadband services and information.
Last mile infrastructure is often the most costly and difficult segment to deploy, especially for
rural areas where distances from a central distribution point are greater and population density
doesn't economically promote the deployment.
Consistent and accurate service data is needed to provide a constantly improving network for
the island.
Providers seeking to deploy broadband infrastructure face multiple layers of permitting and
approvals at both the State and County level, in addition to community opposition regarding
the installation of telecommunications towers.
Limited competition in broadband service providers and transpacific backhaul providers
means high consumer rates due to a lack of competition within the market.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
127
Table 34s. Public Utilities Opportunities
General Pursue creative funding and financing tools such as Community Facilities Districts (CFD)
and Improvement Districts, for utility development, conversion, repair, operations, and
maintenance.
Ensure that utility development matches desirable development priorities.
Streamline the process of utility infrastructure development to achieve the highest possible
level of service for our communities.
Lead the charge in resource conservation and assess creative solutions to incentivize
resource conservation for the public.
Prioritize the conversion and modernization of outdated utility systems and practices.
Use an integrated approach to value all water as a resource (e.g., drinking water,
wastewater, stormwater).
Collaborate with asset management (e.g., road resurfacing and utility upgrades).
Explore public -private partnership opportunities to create circular systems.
Increase partnerships and enhance collaboration with government, private and nonprofit
agencies, and other stakeholders.
Drinking Water Explore innovative ways to fund water infrastructure improvements to attract development
that is consistent with desired density and the land use pattern.
Seek creative funding for significant expansion of water systems to reach new customers in
non -service areas.
Promote and practice water conservation practices to maximize efficient water use.
Adopt One Water recommendations to standardize interagency collaboration in planning
for and managing water resources.
Rainfall collection can provide additional water capacity even where we have Department
of Water Supply (DWS) systems.
Align the Water Use Development Plan, Master Plan, General Plan, DWS Capital
Improvements Program (CIP), DWS guidelines, DWS water commitments, and private
improvements to the DWS system.
Exercise some controls over the permitted uses within the defined zone of influence for
downstream deep well sources.
Encourage groundwater recharge from regional scale master planning to on -site best
management practices such as low -impact development (LID).
Wastewater Increase opportunities for recycled water.
Prioritize sewer for sensitive urban areas.
Proactively seek grant funding to assist with wastewater development.
Advocate for expanding cesspool conversion tax credit to all cesspool conversions.
Explore opportunities for public -private partnerships as well as those for technology
upgrades and innovation.
Promote the expanded use of greywater for landscape irrigation and groundwater
recharge via rules for new construction and retrofits
Advocate to the Department of Health (DOH) to adopt appropriately scaled requirements
and standards and develop flexible guidelines for designing and permitting wastewater
systems that meet environmental objectives.
Low-pressure systems should be prioritized for retrofitting instead of gravity flow.
Higher -density development can contribute more to a centralized system.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
128
Increase availability and access to information about private wastewater treatment plant
capacities or expansion opportunities.
Stormwater Prioritize resiliency measures that support climate change impact scenarios.
Regularly amend County codes to be as current and innovative as possible.
Be a leader in prioritizing green infrastructure over gray infrastructure.
Ensure that stormwater infrastructure decisions align with related plans and the CIP
budget.
Green infrastructure practices may provide opportunities for creating or expanding
industry.
Prioritize the use of native plants in landscaping.
Electricity & Energy 0 Promote and support the development of alternative energy production facilities.
Be a net power producer with hydrogen and waste management.
Hawai'i Island has the highest renewable energy percentage in the State and can continue
to support renewable energy projects to decarbonize our energy system and stabilize
electricity costs.
Telecommunications Support the County's Broadband Initiative and coordination with the State to facilitate
Broadband digital equity efforts (e.g., establishing broadband as a public utility, infrastructure
deployment, providing training support, and coordinating funding strategies for
broadband and telecommunication services).
Compact development and higher population densities where appropriate are favorable
for commercial service providers as they contribute to more economically viable market
conditions.
Providing consistent and accurate digital literacy data will promote a desirable level of
service for all residents.
Increasing digital inclusion efforts, which focus on ensuring both access to and ability to
use a range of technologies, will contribute to better outcomes for health, public safety,
economic opportunity, and civic participation.
Streamlining permitting and approval processes will improve the efficiency of broadband
and telecommunication development and delivery.
Pursue partnerships to develop public spaces with broadband access.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
129
46302 Public Utilities Goal, Objective,Poliies.,
and Actions
Goal: Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public
infrastructure, utilities, and services based on existing and future growth needs,
sound design principles, and effective maintenance practices.
Objective 25
Improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of essential infrastructure
systems.
Policies
25.1 Public utility facilities shall be designed at a scale that meets the needs of future development.
25.2 Provide utilities and service facilities that minimize total cost to the public and effectively serve
the needs of the community.
2503 Utility facilities shall be designed to complement adjacent land uses and minimize pollution or
disturbance of the natural environment and natural resources.
2504 Improvement of existing utility services shall be encouraged to meet the needs of users.
2505 Encourage the clustering of developments to reduce the cost of providing utilities.
2586 Develop short- and long-range capital improvements programs and plans for public utilities
within its jurisdiction that are consistent with the General Plan.
25.7 Maintain an Asset Management Program aimed at utilizing maintenance plans to prolong the
life of our utilities as well as reduce whole -life costs.
Actions
25.a Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of public utilities.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
130
46303 Drinking Water Conservation
The Hawaii State Constitution provides that all
public natural resources, including water, are held
in trust by the State for the benefit of the people.
The State Constitution further maintains that "the
State has an obligation to protect, control, and
regulate the use of Hawai'i's water resources for
the benefit of its people."" Water availability is
crucial to any type of development, whether urban,
rural., or agricultural. Water availability is based on
the sustainable yields of the groundwater
hydrologic units established through the State
Water Code.'
Land use allocation must be closely related to
water availability, including the quantity and
quality of the water, and the adequacy of the
transmission and distribution system. The General
Plan requires an understanding of water availability
and capacity, current demands., and future
demands based on planned and anticipated future
growth and land uses.
The Countys Department of Water Supply (DWS)
is the primary agency that manages, controls, and
operates the water supplies of the County and its
properties. There are 23 individual water systems
distributed throughout the island. Water demand
is directly related to population and industry usage
and is expressed as gallons per day (gpd) or
million gallons per day (mgd). Demand does not
represent domestic consumption alone, but also
includes all agricultural, industrial, and commercial
uses, fire protection., and other uses. In some areas,
however, non -domestic users are likely to create
the major demand, and careful attention must
therefore be given in any study of probable future
water needs.
In Hawaii, there are a multitude of public agencies
that are either actively tasked with regulating water
resources or whose policies affect water use. There
are also a number of private entities that use and
manage water resources. Over the decades, water
management has become segregated in a way that
has created disjointed, mechanical approaches to a
naturally continuous resource. The disconnection
has included narrow perspectives that fail to see the
larger picture. Hawaii County aspires to achieve
water resource management that is free from the
limitations and issues of siloed practices, processes,
agencies, and government bodies. Achieving a One
Water approach in Hawaii County includes
actionable steps that can be adapted and adjusted
to localize the One Water strategies.
Lh
1 HRS, Chapter 174C https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vo103 Ch0121-0200D/HRS0174C/HRS 0174C-.htm
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
131
Objective 26
Increase the protection of existing and potential sources of drinking water.
Policies
26.1 All public water systems shall be designed and built to the DWS dedication standards. All other
systems shall meet all relevant health and safety regulations and be designed and constructed by
a licensed engineer.
26.2 Water sources shall be protected to prevent depletion and contamination from natural and man-
made occurrences or events.
2603 An effort by County, State,, and private interests shall be coordinated to identify sources of
additional water supply to be implemented and ensure the development of sufficient quantities of
water for existing and future needs of high -growth areas and agricultural production.
26.4 Installation or rehabilitation of water distributions shall be sized to adequately meet fire protection.
2665 Ensure the highest quality of water is reserved for the most valuable end -use.
2606 Encourage the design of large development projects (200+ units) in the North Kohala, South
Kohalal North Kona, South Kona, and Ka 6
u Districts to be as water neutral as reasonably possible
through water conservation, recharge, and reuse measures to reduce the water footprint.
26.7 Promote best practices in sustainable water collection and use for private water systems.
26.8 Water system improvements, including exploratory wells, shall correlate with the County's desired
land use development pattern.
2609 The DWS shall prioritize infill development and focus source development to serve designated
Urban Growth Areas.
26.10 Water demand projections shall include all consumptive and non -consumptive demands.
26.11 The DWS and the Planning Department shall coordinate priorities before the adoption of any new
water development or County land use plans.
26.12 All County potable water systems should have backup standby sources.
One Water
26.13 Treat all water as a valuable resource in community design, and integrate designs for drinking
water, stormwater, and recreational water needs.
26.14 Manage water, stormwater., and wastewater as the same natural resource in collaboration with the
DWS, DEM. DPW, and DOH.
26.15 New developments should be designed to reduce water demand, retain runoff, decrease
flooding, and recharge groundwater.
26.16 Support localized, small-scale solutions to water reuse and on -site systems.
Actions
26.a In collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), conduct
further research on localized rainfall modeling to accurately assess future precipitation trends.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
132
268b Expand water conservation programs, primarily aimed at reducing demand, such as leak
detection., and rebates for low flow.
26.c Evaluate and amend the fee schedule for water use to take into account high water use and aquifer
recharge projections. Use the funds generated to pay for conservation measures and
infrastructure.
268d Improve County water conservation practices to lead by example.
26.e Maintain the water master plan to consider water yield, present and future demand, alternative
sources of water, guidelines, and policies for the issuing of water commitments.
268f Promote the use of groundwater sources to meet DOH water quality standards.
26.g Seek state and federal funds to assist in financing projects to bring the County into compliance
with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
268h Explore the feasibility of incentive methods such as property tax deductions, conservation
easements, or transfer of development rights to protect the defined zone of influence of existing
or proposed public and private wells.
26ni Investigate alternative financing options for expanding water systems to support infill growth
consistent with the County's desired land use development pattern.
26.j Collaborate with government., private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
to develop, improve, and expand agricultural water systems in appropriate areas on the
island. 26A
Continue to participate in the United States Geological Survey (USGS) exploratory well drilling program.
26al
Expand programs to provide agricultural irrigation water. One
Water 26.
Arn Develop water conservation and stormwater management guidelines for commercial, industrial, and
residential properties. 26.
n Codify the administrative structure needed to develop a water resource program and interdepartmental
collaboration framework. 26.
o Collaborate with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
to develop and facilitate community partnerships between upstream and downstream
communities. 26.
p Develop public -private partnerships to leverage funding sources. 4.
3 Public Utilities County of Hawaii General Plan 133
Table 35. Water System Standards Domestic Consumption Guidelines
Zoning Designation
Residential:
Single -Family or Duplex
Multi -Family
Commercial
Resort
Light Industry
Schools and Parks
Agriculture
Average Daily Demand
400 gals/unit
400 gals/unit
3000 gals/acre
400 gals/unit or 17,000 gal/acre
4000 gals/acre
4000 gals/acre or 60 gals/student
3400 gals/acre
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
134
46364 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
The General Plan recognizes the significance of
wastewater treatment and reuse as essential
components of the County's comprehensive water
management strategy. Adequate sewer systems
are vital to maintain public health and protect the
environment. As communities generate
wastewater through various sources such as
residential, commercial, and industrial activities,
effective treatment is necessary to remove harmful
pollutants and contaminants before the water is
discharged back into the environment. Improperly
treated wastewater can have detrimental effects on
marine ecosystems, coastal waters, and freshwater
resources, jeopardizing both human and ecological health.
lid, L
r . 4
An
adequate
system minimizes contamination of both the
groundwater supply and coastal waters, beaches, and
waterborne recreational areas and is not a
visual and odor nuisance. Land development plans for
resort -residential complexes located in shoreline areas
pose a potential water quality problem for
adjacent near -shore waters. Adequate treatment facilities
are essential prerequisites for development. Wastewater
reuse,
also known as water recycling or reclaimed
water, involves treating wastewater to a level
suitable for non -potable uses. Reusing treated wastewater
provides an opportunity to conserve precious
freshwater resources and reduce the
strain on existing water supplies. For Hawaii Island,
where freshwater resources are limited and
vulnerable to climate change impacts, the implementation
of wastewater reuse projects becomes vital
for ensuring water sustainability. By implementing appropriate
treatment processes, treated wastewater
can be used fora range of purposes, including irrigation
of agricultural lands, landscape irrigation, industrial
processes., and groundwater recharge. This
practice helps meet non -drinking water
needs, reducing the reliance on freshwater sources
for non -potable purposes and leaving more
available for essential uses like drinking water. The
County operates
municipal sewerage in Hilo, Pa pa 6
i ko
u, Kapehu, Pepe'ekeol H o n oka'a., Kealakehel and Kaloko.
The remaining communities are served
by private wastewater treatment facilities or
individual facilities, such as cesspools or septic
tanks. In 2017, the Hawaii State Legislature passed Act
125, mandating that all Hawai'i"s
cesspools be replaced b 2050. Cesspools are substandard
sewage disposal systems as they do
not treat wastewater. According to the latest report
on the Hawaii Cesspool Hazard Assessment and Prioritization Tool,
Hawaii Island contains an estimated 48,
596 cesspools. Sewerage disposal system designs must
be examined with the particular region in
mind. Of critical importance in an examination of
sewerage disposal for a community is the cost
of the system, including construction and operation costs.
These costs vary with the characteristics of
each area. The Safe Drinking Water
Act of 1974 legislated the protection of all aquifers
or portions of aquifers currently serving as drinking
water sources and any other aquifer capable of
yielding consumable water. This mandate was
based on a national concern for the quality
of the groundwater and the increasing evidence o contamination
o is valuable resource. In 1976J.
the State
Legislature enacted Act 84, relating to safe drinking
water, which requires the State Department of Health (
DOH) to establish an underground injection control program
to protect the quality of the
State"s underground sources of drinking water. Because of
the importance of 4.3 Public Utilities
I County of Hawaii General Plan 135
groundwater as a source of municipal water
supplies, the underground injection control
program is considered a beneficial approach in the
identification of aquifers that should be protected
from subsurface disposal of wastewater through
injection wells.
The protection of these aquifers is established by
designating areas currently being used or will be
used in the future for drinking water supply. The
Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDW)
will be protected from pollution by prohibiting the
construction of new injection wells that may pollute
the USDW. Injection wells are allowed in exempted
areas. The boundary lines between the USDW and
the exempted areas have been developed. Under
Chapter 621, Wastewater Systems', the DOH
adopted a 1,000-foot setback of wastewater
systems from all public drinking water wells and
springs.
In compliance with the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-
500) the DOH and the County jointly prepared the
Water Quality Management Plan for Hawaii
County in 1978 and subsequently updated the
plan in 1980. In 1979, the County Council adopted
the plan through a resolution to serve as the
planning guide for the development of regional
waste treatment systems and the control of non -
point sources of pollution. To implement the
management plan, the County has prepared
facility plans for various areas on the island. Facility
plans are developed by the County to satisfy a
requirement for the application of loans from the
State to develop wastewater treatment facilities.
The facility plans identify problems, potential
solutions., and costs.
In 19851 the State Legislature enacted Act 282,
Relating to Environmental Quality, which reassigns
the County, effective July 1, 1987, or upon receipt
of State funds, to assume complete administration
and implementation for the regulation of sewerage
and wastewater treatment system programs.
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Source: Hawaii News Now (2022).
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
136
0jctebeve 27
Planned and developed municipal sewer capacity
49
is expanded to serve our Urban
Growth Areas and reduce sewage -related impacts on water quality.
Policies
27.1 A Sewerage Study for All Urban Areas, including appropriate water quality management
strategies., shall be completed and used as guides for the general planning of sewerage disposal
systems.
27.2 Private treatment systems shall be installed by land developers for major resorts and other
developments along shorelines and sensitive higher inland areas, except where connection to
nearby treatment facilities is feasible and compatible with the County's long-range plans, and in
conformance with State and County requirements.
2703 Immediate steps shall be taken to designate treatment plant sites,, sewerage pump station sites,
and sewer easements according to the facility plans to facilitate their acquisition.
2784 The County shall obtain State and Federal funds to finance the construction of proposed sewer
systems and improve existing systems.
2785 Plans for wastewater reclamation and reuse for irrigation and biosolids composting (remaining
solids from the treatment of wastewater are processed into a reusable organic material) shall be
utilized where topographically feasible and needed for landscaping, agricultural purposes, or fire
protection.
Wastewater and Environmental Quality Prioritization
27.6 Pollution shall be prevented, abated, and controlled at levels that will protect and preserve public
health and well-being through the enforcement of appropriate Federal., State, and County
standards.
2707 Ensure municipal wastewater systems serve designated Urban Growth Areas (UGA) with the
capacity to accommodate projected population growth.
2708 The Department of Environmental Management and the Planning Department shall coordinate
priorities before the adoption of any new wastewater development or land use plans.
2769 Prioritize developing a multipronged approach to wastewater infrastructure funding, including
proactively seeking grant funding for wastewater system expansion., improvements, and new
development.
27.10 Ensure wastewater fees reflect actual costs for service., maintenance., and future improvements.
27.11 Ensure that wastewater systems and improvements are designed and functioning to maximize
system efficiencies, prevent accidental leaks or spills, and provide sanitary, reliable wastewater
treatment that is not negatively impacting natural resources.
One Water -Recycled Water Expansion
27.12 Strive for an integrated approach to stormwater and wastewater, and water resource management
that is comprehensive and as efficient as possible.
27.13 Encourage on -site water reuse solutions for large developments.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
137
27.14 Encourage and incentivize the collection of rainfall for potable and non -potable use.
27.15 Prioritize the use of gray water in areas connected to County water and not connected to County
wastewater.
Actions
Wastewater and Environmental Quality Prioritization
27.a Prioritize areas where on -site wastewater treatment should be converted to sewer and establish
financial tools such as improvement districts to aid in implementation.
27.b Prioritize areas where wastewater treatment facilities are necessary to facilitate future growth and
utilize financing tools such as community facilities district (CFD) or tax increment financing (TIF) to
aid in implementation.
27.c Review., assess., and amend Codes relating to sewer connection requirements to ensure
wastewater issues and requirements are addressed in a consistent,, sustainable, and socially
equitable way.
276d Develop a wastewater master plan with a clear prioritization method for wastewater system
expansions and improvements based on criteria involving land use, projected growth, social
equity, and environmental factors.
27.e Develop plans to improve,, connect, or develop new wastewater systems in unsewered urban
coastal communities.
27.f Perform a study to assess individual wastewater systems (IWS) in unsewered urban growth areas
to assess the rate of failures/negative impacts, determine rates of large capacity cesspools still in use.,
and develop plans to improve, connect, or develop new wastewater systems for unsewered urban
communities. 27.
g Proactively seek opportunities for public -private partnerships for wastewater collection and treatment
development. 27.
h Facilitate the use of infrastructure improvement districts and other types of localized funding mechanisms
to fund improvements. 27ei
Streamline the sewer connection loan program. 276j
Develop wastewater cost valuation in service fees (similar to the water model fee structure). 276k
Develop a criteria -based infrastructure prioritization tool to develop new or expand existing municipal
wastewater systems. Base these priority areas on designated urban growth boundaries, urban
zoning and density, population trends and anticipated growth, health/safety, and environmental
factors. 27al
Implement innovative wastewater systems at a cost-effective scale for small communities. 27.
Arn Amend the County Code, Section 21-26-1(a) requiring "all sewer extensions shall be approved by resolution
of the County council" to read, "all sewer extensions outside of Urban Growth Areas shall
be approved by resolution of the County council." 4.
3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan 138
27.n In collaboration with the DOH Wastewater Branch, reevaluate and clarify the requirements set forth
in Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Section 11-62-31.1(a) (1) (B) and amend County sewer requirements
accordingly to accommodate needed housing units. 27.
o Collaborate with the DOH to advance progressive wastewater technology and regulations. One
Water -Recycled Water Expansion 27.
p In collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, develop a water resource strategy for efficient agricultural
water use and reuse. 27.
q Install non -potable systems, such as reclaimed wastewater, brackish groundwater, and untreated surface
water in proximity to priority UGAs for non -potable water uses. 27.
r Conduct supply and demand studies to determine a level of service for non -potable water needs. 27.
s Facilitate greywater reuse systems through code amendments and through partnering with DOH for
regulatory changes and incentives. 4.
3 Public Utilities County of Hawaii General Plan 139
46365 Stormwater Infiltration and Green Infrastructure Stormwater management
and the implementation of green
infrastructure are critical elements of the General Plan
for their vital role in sustainability on Hawaii Island.
As an island ecosystem with limited freshwater resources
and vulnerable coastal areas, managing stormwater
effectively and integrating green infrastructure
practices are essential for preserving our
water resources and ensuring environmental sustainability.
Stormwater refers
to the runoff from precipitation that fliows
over Iand surfaces, eventually entering water bodies such
as streams, rivers, and oceans. Stormwater is a
crucial element of the island's overall water landscape.
While precipitation may be an obvious
contributor to stormwater, all the phases of the
hydrologic cycle are related to stormwater and are
influenced by public utility decisions made in
the built environment. Precipitation and surface
runoff are often the phases of the
hydrologic cycle that people recognize as stormwater,
whereas evaporation, transpiration, and condensation
are not as easily observed processes. Uncontrolled
stormwater runoff
can lead to various detrimental effects on
water resources and ecosystems. Polluted runoff,
also known as nonpoint source pollution,
from agriculture, urban development, forestry, recreational
boating, marinas, and hydromodification activities
is the leading cause of water
pollution in waters across the country and in
Hawaii. Uncontrolled stormwater runoff can also lead
to localized flooding, causing damage to infrastructure,,
property, and even loss of
life. Implementing stormwater management strategies helps to
control the flow of stormwater.,
reducing the risk of flooding and associated hazards. Moreover,
excessive stormwater runoff can cause
soil erosion, leading to the loss of
fertile topsoil, sedimentation in water bodies', and degradation
of natural habitats. Proper stormwater management practices,
including erosion control measures, help
minimize erosion and preserve the
island's natural resources. Stormwater is a prime
example of
the unavoidable connections that exist between the built
environment and the natural environment. Increasing
the opportunities for infiltration and
transpiration can reduce the amount of
evaporation that surface runoff requires. The
social., environmental, and economic impacts of
stormwater infrastructure have meaningful implications for
our overall island sustainability
as water is one of the most
precious resources. Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution Engineering
efficiency in conveying stormwater runoff
using impervious surfaces (e.g.,
paved swales, channelized streams) must be balanced
against environmental considerations. If the drainage
is directed to streams, excessive
freshwater volumes and sediment loads may
impact coastal water resources (e.g.,
degrade water quality and smother coral reefs).
If the drainage is directed to injection wells,
more studies are needed to determine the
impact of storm runoff on groundwater quality. Sediment
basins, wetlands, or less impervious methods
of conveyance (e.g., grass swales) should
be considered wherefeasible to reduce nonpoint source pollution of
the coastal waters from stormwater runoff
and filter infiltrating water. Green infrastructure refers
to the network of natural or
engineered features that manage stormwater while providing
additional benefits to the environment and
community. Such features may include rain
gardens, permeable pavement, bioswales, and vegetated
buffers. Green infrastructure i s crucial
for stormwater management, asitcaptures and absorbs
runoff, reducingthe volume and rate of
runoff. By mimicking natural hydrological processes like
sediment filtration and biorernediationY it helps to recharge
groundwater, replenish streams, and 4.
3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii
General Plan 140
reduce stress on our water resources during
periods of heavy rainfall.
By retaining and infiltrating storarnwater'. green
infrastructure reduces the reliance on freshwater
sources for irrigation, thus conserving water
resources. This is particularly important for our
island communities where freshwater availability is
limited. Green infrastructure features may also
provide habitats for native plants and wildlife. They
contribute to biodiversity conservation and help
restore and enhance Hawaii Island's natural
ecosystems. Green infrastructure plays a key part
in mitigating the impacts of climate change by
reducing the urban heat island effect, moderating
temperatures, and increasing resilience to extreme
weather events. These measures align with the
County's sustainability goals and efforts to adapt to
climate change.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
141
Objective 28
Increase green infrastructure practices.
Policies
28.1 Design to collect stormwater from streets, sidewalks, and other hard surfaces before it can enter
the sewer system or cause local flooding; reduce the amount of stormwater that flows into the Sewer
System. 28.
2 Control stormwater by using it as a resource rather than a waste. 2803
The "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii" should be updated every 20 years for urban centers
to incorporate new studies and reflect newly identified priorities. 2804
Encourage vegetated shoulder and Swale roadside design where climate and grade are conducive.
2885
Where applicable, natural drainage patterns shall be improved/restored to increase their capacity with
special consideration for the practices of proper soil conservation, and grassland and forestry management.
2886
Implement nature -based solutions that manage stormwater on -site to reduce the burden on the storm
sewer system and reduce flooding. 28.
7 Prioritize drainage and flood studies for high -risk urban areas within the Urban Growth Area. 2888
Drainage standards shall incorporate cumulative upslope development patterns. Storm
Water Management 2889
Develop an island -wide stormwater management program compatible with the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Phase II program.
28.
10 The County shall ensure sites are planned, designed, and developed to: a)
Protect, restore, or mimic the natural water cycle within built environments by retaining, detaining,
and/or treating stormwater runoff. b)
Mitigate direct impacts of the land development process through the use of green infrastructure
or low -impact site planning techniques. c)
Protect areas that provide important water quality benefits and/or are particularly susceptible to
erosion and sediment loss. d)
Optimize the integration of the existing landscape into green infrastructure solutions. e)
Manage post -construction stormwater runoff rates, through the use of green infrastructure or low -
impact development stormwater management practices. 28.
11 The County shall ensure that golf course developments develop and implement grading and site preparation
plans to: a)
Develop nutrient management guidelines appropriate to Hawaii for qualified superintendents to
implement so that nutrients are applied at rates necessary to establish and maintain vegetation
without causing leaching into ground and surface waters. 4.
3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan 142
b) Develop and implement an integrated pest management plan. Follow EPA guidelines for the
proper storage and disposal of pesticides.
c) Develop and implement irrigation management practices to match the water needs of the turf.
28.12 The County shall minimize impervious areas on
County property, development sites, and parking
areas and promote the use of permeable surfaces
and landscaped areas in project designs
including:
a) Porous materials
b) Natural drainage
c) Filtration pits
d) Infiltration basins, vegetated bioswales, permeable/porous paving
Actions
28.a Adopt LID practices to address small-scale stormwater management.
280b Conduct a feasibility study to create a County Stormwater Utility before the County reaches IVIS4
requirements.
28.c Update the DPW Storm Drainage Standards to reflect current data and to incorporate strategies
and standards of green infrastructure and low -impact development.
288d Develop drainage master plans from a watershed perspective that considers non-structural
alternatives, minimizes channelizationY protects wetlands that serve drainage functions,
coordinates the regulation of construction and agricultural operation, and encourages the
establishment of floodplains as public greenways,
28.e Explore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage systems and reduce
potential flood inundation areas.
28.f Create a green infrastructure dedication standard.
28ag Create a pilot study for a watershed -based drainage study.
28. h Develop a monitoring and evaluation program for impervious surface coverage.
28ei Promote and provide incentives for participation in the Soil and Water Conservation Districts'
conservation programs for developments on agricultural and conservation lands.
28.j Establish guidelines for Adopt -a -Corridor Program for flood corridors.
286k Evaluate ownership and/or maintenance responsibility for flood corridors that serve multiple
regional benefits.
28al Identify County parks and recreation, rights -of -way, and other County owned sites for green
infrastructure demonstration projects.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
143
46306 Elertricity and Renewable Energy
Hawaii Island's communities and economy rely on the
constant availability of energy. The fossil fuels consumed
in Hawaii are predominantly used for transportation or
used to produce electricity. However, our
energy needs today are being met with an
increasingly cleaner combination of energy sources. Hawaii
possesses an abundance of natural resources, including
wind, solar, flowing water, wave., bioenergy
and geothermal, that can be used to
produce energy. Harnessing these resources while reducing
the use of non- renewable sources., such
as petroleum, coal, and fossil -based natural
gas is key to achieving our State's clean
energy goals. Hawaii County is focused on electricity transformation
to renewable energy. This transition supports
greater resiliency for our island, independent
of imports when a natural disaster or shortage
occurs. The existing electric distribution
system consists of several different voltage levels:
2.4kV, 4.16kV, 7.2kVJ, 12.47kV.
and 13.8kV. The distribution system consists of both
underground systems and overhead pole lines,, yet
overhead pole lines are more common because of
Hawaii Island's topography. The use of underground
systems has mostly been in West Hawai'
i's newer subdivisions and developments. The Hawaii Electric
Light Company, Inc. (HELLO) supplies electricity for
2 Hawaiian Electric., Integrated Grid Plan (
2023) Hawaii Island and operates major switching
stations (used to transfer the flow of
power between different transmission circuits) at critical locations
around the island. These transmission switching
stations provide greater system flexibility and
increase system reliability in supplying power
to the various distribution substations and eventually,
to customers. Distribution substations, which transform
voltages to distribution voltages, are
also located island -wide in proximity
to communities and other developments. In June 20151
the State of Hawaii
became the first state in the country to commit to 100
percent clean energy. Governor Ige signed into law House Bill
623 which calls for the State of Hawaii
to produce 100 percent of its electricity from renewable sources
by the year 2045. As a result,
renewable energy production hasbeen prioritized. Today, approximately 32 percent
of the State's total energy
generation comes from renewables. Renewable energy comes from
a range of local sources
using various technologies and each island has a
unique composition of clean energy generation.
The renewable portfolio standard RPS) represents the renewable
energy used by customers as
a percentage of total utility sales. In
2022., Hawaii Island had a mix of renewable sources
including customer -sited solar (15.8 percent), geothermal (15.
7 percent), wind (10.6 percent), biofuel (
3.5 percent), hydro -energy (2.1 percent),
and grid -scale solar (0.3 percent). 2 Overall,
the County leads the State in renewable 0 a
energy generation., at 48 percent. While Hawaii is
in the
process of building its renewable energy, it remains the
most energy -insecure state in the nation and most
dependent on fossil fuels. Electricity sales have been
trending down over the past decade, mainly
due to the decrease in commercial customers and
commercial sales. Electricity consumption by streetlights has also
been declining. In 2022, H
E LCO" s power 4.3
Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan 144
generation system had a total firm capacity of using less energy than comparable businesses on
280.5 megawatts (MW). The approximate non -firm the continent. In the face of international oil
capacity was about 168.6 MW. shortages or economic disruptions, the
The island's electric grid is only 40 percent
dependence on foreign oil will continue to
dependent on foreign oil when all its renewable
increase the costs of living and operating
power plants are runnin9oweverH, the grid does businesses on the island. Hawaii residents have
not account for propane use, meaning Hawaii already experienced increased costs of electricity Island is
more dependent on foreign fuel than as a
result of the 2023 Ukraine -Russia war. reflected by
the grid. Therefore, operation costs are higher
for businesses in Hawaii even when 4.3
Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan 145
Objective 29
Strive towards energy self-sufficiency.
Policies
29.1 Increase partnerships and interagency collaboration to ensure that energy facility production and
distribution is adequate, efficient, and dependably available to each community to support
present and future demands.
29.2 Promote and encourage the creation of a modern grid to support the use of distributed generation
such as private photovoltaic systems connected to the grid.
2903 The County shall remove barriers to energy systems that improve independence and resiliency,
such as Arnicrogrids, combined heat and power (CHP), backup generation and storage, and other
decentralized electricity systems.
29.4 Maintain tax incentives for renewable energy improvements and continue to revise incentives as
energy technologies progress.
29.5 Continue to participate at the State level to provide feedback on all energy -related initiatives and
proposed revisions to comprehensive Integrated Resource Plans.
29.6 Advocate to the Public Utility Commission (PUC) in support of the following types of strategies and
initiatives:
a) Programs and fee structures that promote renewable energy
b) Consumer incentives to utilize renewable alternatives
c) Social Equity analysis of proposed energy projects to ensure residents are protected as energy
consumers regarding rates, grid planning, utility compensation, and energy project siting
2967 Encourage and incentivize alternative energy sources including off grid or distributed power
sources to increase resiliency.
Actions
29.a Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
for the research and development of alternative/renewable energy resources.
296b Develop standards and principles for reviewing PUC applications.
29.c Support Net -Metering (NEM), Feed -in -Tariff (FIT), and other programs designed to lower costs and
diversify power sources.
290d Conduct a feasibility report for using renewable sources to generate power for public utility
infrastructure.
4.3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan
146
46367 Telecommunications and Broadband Connectivity
Hawaii Island has seen an acceleration in the development
of telecommunication technology and
a transformation of the telecommunications industry.
Technological advancements and industry
competition have made wireless communication
more affordable and accessible to the
public. As
of August 7, 1998, the entire island of Hawaii had 100
percent digital switching. Digital switching is significant
because it enables the existing telephone infrastructure
to accommodate high- speed data
transfers and access to many of the latest telecommunication
services and features. In 19981 the
last rural areas restricted to party line service were
upgraded with additional telephone cables allowing
single line services island wide. Advances in
fiber optic technology provide the backbone for
the island's high -capacity broadband requirements
and the necessary services for
specialized users such a s the telescopes atop Mauna
Kea. Advances in telecommunications
are not without cost or concerns.
One such concern is the construction and location
of telecommunication towers. Telecommunication towers
are the physical structures to
which antennas are attached to facilitate wireless
communication. Because of the need for
a clear line -of -site, telecommunication towers are usually
located in areas with minimum obstructions between the
tower and its area of service. Line -of -
site refers to the imaginary line between a mobile
phone antenna and a telecommunication tower. If
there are impediments between the mobile
phone antenna and the telecommunication tower,
there may be signal degradation or signal
loss. For example,, the loss of line -of -
sight occurs when a person uses a mobile phone while driving
through a tunnel. Most often, communication is lost
or unclear. The line - of -sight requirement often
necessitates the conspicuous location of many telecommunication
towers. The State Public Utilities
Commission PUC) regulates telephone service statewide.
Broadband service and its critical
infrastructure are increasingly becoming part of the
class of essential utilities as many aspects of
life and work are online. The goals of the County'
s Broadband Initiative are to identify gaps in Internet
service, provide open access files for broadband mapping,
and support digital equity and inclusion across
Hawaii Island communities by providing connections to resources
such as digital literacy, education,
training, telehealthl funding opportunities, and a
space for community partners to collaborate.
Hawaii requires an expansive range of
infrastructure and technology to ensure broadband connectivity throughout the
islands and with the rest
of the world. Broadband networks
rely on physical infrastructure such as cables, wires, servers,
routers, and wireless towers, to provide users with
high-speed Internet access. The construction', connection,
and maintenance of this infrastructure entail a
complex process of acquiring necessary permits
and easements, siting the facilities, and
labor-intensive activities to ensure the
adequate functioning of equipment across infrastructure components.
Internet access requires a fixed or
mobile wireless connection which may
be achieved through a range of technologies.
According to the 2022 American Community Survey (ACS)
data
released by the U.S. Census
Bureau, roughly 17 percent of Hawaii residents live within
covered household S3 J. with percentages varying across
the counties. The statewide totalhas grown over
the past several years, with the 2015 to
2019 5-year ACS data indicating that 14 percent of
Hawaii residents live within covered households. In both data sets,,
Hawaii County shows the highest 3 Covered
households are defined by the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA) as individuals who live in households with income below 150% of the poverty threshold. 4.3 Public
Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan 147
incidence, with over one -fifth (22 percent) of the
population living within covered households.
In May 2023, HawaiiCounty launched the Hawaii Digital
Equity Coalition (HIDEC)4 bringing together Hawaii
Island partners committed to bridging the digital
divide within the community. A user-friendly Storymap
5published by Hawaii County captures the landscape
of digital equity and Internet services on
the island. The counties of Oahu, Kauai, and
Maui have since followed suit, each creating their
own Digital Equity Coalitions modeled after
HIDEC. Hawaii Island is estimated to have
more than 11000 households without or limited to
Internet access. The effects are disproportionately felt
by students, adults, ku-puna, people living
with disabilities, farmers, small businesses, and
remote workers living in rural areas. Efforts
are being made by HIDEC to reduce this gap
by increasing services. w I
NL_
T__ MI m y
n Broadband
community
outreach session. The County
completed a fiber ring in 2022, which serves as
a backbone to connect County departments with
telecommunication services. From January
2022 to October 2022, there were approximately 5,
300 subscribers and 440 internet- connected devices
through the Affordable Connectivity Program
AC which is a federal program that
assists low-income households with the costs
of broadband service and internet- connected devices.
As of February 2023, there are 5 County
locations with public Wi-Fi Internet locations provided
at no cost to the commun ity.6 Broadband information
session led by County R&D representatives. Broadband is
foundational to economic development, job
creation, global competition, and the
ability to engage in society. Similar to the way electricity
revolutionized life around the world, broadband is
fueling entire new industries and generating innovative
solutions for accessing, organizing, and
sharing information. Broadband as a public
utility plays a vital role in accessing and providing education
and health services., managing energy,
preserving public safety, and engaging with
the government. Connect K5kou
is the statewide broadband initiative., spearheaded by Governor
Josh Green's office, to ensure that communities across Hawaii have
access to reliable and affordable high-speed Internet .' Featured in
this photo are two Hawaii Island broadband leaders. Source: Office
of The Lieutenant Governor 4 COH,
Broadband Initiative https://www.rd.hawaiicountV.gov/economic-development/broadband 5 COHJ,
Exploring the Landscape of Broadband Equity and Inclusion httDS://eis.
hawa iicou ntv.eov/a rceisaortal/abbs/storvmaas/stories/8d085a980d034517849990a13bed 1b48 6 COH., Broadband Initiative Connect K5kou https://
www.connectkakou.or 4.
3 Public Utilities I County of
Hawaii General Plan
Objective 30
Advance policies, programs, and initiatives for public and/or private investment i4'n
broadband and telecommunications infrastructure.
Policies
30.1 Treat broadband access as a basic utility that is available to all communities.
30.2 Develop and support a program of free, public -use broadband services at appropriate County -
owned facilities, mass transit facilities, and other community anchor institutions.
30.3 Collaborate with utility companies to incentivize the underground siting of electrical and
telecommunications facilities within public rights -of -way.
30.4 Continuously improve the use of broadband communications and digital technology to educate
and provide public services with a focus on digital access.
30.5 Siting of new communications facilities shall comply with performance standards and site co -
location as stated in the Code.
30.6 Support projects that address service gaps in Hawai'i's broadband infrastructure.
30.7 Advocate for connectivity to businesses to protect the viability of businesses and the livelihoods
of residents.
30.8 Promote and incentivize the landing of transpacific submarine fiber optic cables.
30.9 Alleviate barriers and assist broadband projects with navigating through the regulatory permitting
process.
30.10 Encourage and support maintenance and improvement of cyber security and informational
security of telecommunication facilities.
30.11 Advocate for service diversity, redundant network capacity, and provide improved communications to outlying
rural areas and other underserved or unserved communities. 30.12 Plan
for broadband infrastructure to support smart grid development. 4.3 Public
Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan 149
Actions
30.a Support refurbishment., upcycling, recycling, and reuse of computers and other devices.
30. b Develop standards for the siting and construction of wireless telecommunication facilities.
30.c Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to create and maintain an inventory and mapping of communications infrastructure.,
including but not limited to wireline, wireless., cell tower locations, and known proposed facilities.
30.d Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to seek funding, identify and remove regulatory barriers to complete and improve
the island's fiber optic loop in an environmentally and economically appropriate manner.
30.e Advocate for provider and consumer incentives to address last -mile installation and/or service
plans.
30.f Collaborate with government., private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to progressively improve broadband speeds to keep pace with technological
advances.
30.g Collaborate with broadband service providers to ensure all users have efficient service.
30. h Collaborate with the telecommunications industry to increase the availability of emergency
telephones throughout the island.
30ei Pursue partnerships and funding for broadband initiatives and deployments.
30.j Support the coordination of infrastructure projects between the public and private sectors to
create areas for the deployment of broadband zones.
30. k Seek federal and other opportunities for the funding of broadband infrastructure.
30al Support the State to develop a broadband dashboard to track progress and gaps that will inform
decision -making in economic development on Hawaii Island. 30.
Arn Foster public -private partnerships to support the development and expansion of broadband infrastructure,
including community networks. 4.
3 Public Utilities I County of Hawaii General Plan 150
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4 Public Facilities
and Services
4.4.1 Introduction
40402 Goal, Objectives,
Policies, and
Actions
4,43 Protective Services
40404 Solid Waste
Management
46465 Education
4,4,6
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Facilities and
Services I County ot Hawaii General P12
46401 Introduction
Public facilities and services are both essential
components of public infrastructure, however, it is
important to recognize the distinction in their
nature and purpose. Public facilities refer to
physical structures or spaces that are provided,
staffed, and maintained by the government to
serve the needs of Hawaii Island residents. These
facilities are usually open to everyone and offer
access to various resources and amenities. The
primary function of public facilities is to provide
physical infrastructure and spaces that cater to the
basic needs., welfare, and quality of life of the
community. Public services encompass a wide
range of intangible activities and functions
provided by the government to meet the needs of
the public. These services focus on delivering
essential support, assistance, and governance to
residents', addressing their diverse needs, and
aimed at promoting health, safety, and social well-
being.
Public facilities are often ideally located in larger
towns or centrally situated areas that are near the
commercial., industrial, and cultural activities of
established communities. Public facilities are
funded through the Capital Improvements Program (CIP).
Capital improvement projects have the potential
to influence where growth occurs., to distribute County
services more equitably, and to promote important
objectives such as affordable housing. Most
public
facilities that service the residents of this County
are managed by the State and County. For example.,
the State operates the public school system, libraries,
and public hospitals. The County provides police
and fire protection and solid waste management. Staffing
and service programs provided within
these facilities are funded by the County operating
budget using real property taxes. Additionally,
both the State and County maintain administrative
offices on the island to serve the
residents' needs. It is
necessary to carefully coordinate the provision of public
facilities to use them most effectively and to maximize
the effect of the public dollar. It is equally necessary
to realize that the type, quality, capacity and
location of facilities and services have a significant
impact on the community, the people, and the
total environment. This section of the General Plan
comprises public facilities and services within
law enforcement and public safety, sanitation, education,
parks and recreation, and community health
and wellness. 4.4
Public Facilities and Services County of Hawaii General Plan 152
Table 36s. Public Facilities and Services Challenges
General 0 Funding and financing the development, repair, and maintenance of public facilities is often complicated
and can burden communities, developers, and the County.
Deferred maintenance often requires capital improvement interventions.
The island's geography paired with sprawled population creates challenges and inefficiencies in service
coverage and maintenance.
Climate change impacts pose threats to all public facilities and services.
Public Safety 0 Protective services are often under -funded and over -burdened.
The development, repair, and maintenance of these facilities are largely dependent on other
departments priorities, schedules, and resources.
Barriers to access (e.g., gated communities, substandard road infrastructure, etc.) can limit emergency
routes and access to services.
Solid Waste . Illegal dumping of solid waste is a continuous issue that poses human and environmental health hazards.
Recoverable materials are lost to the landfill because there is no facility or program for recoverable
materials.
Local recycled materials markets are underdeveloped, and access to out-of-state markets is expensive
due to Hawai'i"s isolated geography.
Source reduction is challenging due to the current economic model and heavy reliance on imports.
Education Access to affordable housing options within proximity to educational facilities is limited.
Access to educational facilities is generally vehicle -dependent and long commute distances contribute
to traffic congestion.
Educational facilities are often located along major highways, which makes multimodal safe routes to
school difficult to implement.
Planning for school facilities by the State Department of Education is disconnected from County long-
range plans and overall growth demand, and short-term solutions can compound mobility issues.
State Land Use Boundary amendments receive conditions for school mitigation but are done on a case -
by -case basis which is not continuous or comprehensive in meeting future needs.
Siting for educational facilities can become complicated when the community is not engaged and faces
unwanted changes.
Charter schools have a difficult time meeting regulations in rural communities.
Recreation 0 Access to recreational facilities is generally vehicle-dependent, which is a barrier for the non -driving population. In
some
rural areas, the lack of convenient public transportation makes it difficult to take advantage of recreational facilities
and programs. Existing parks
have failing infrastructure. Trending population
growth areas and the location of established recreational sites are not always in alignment. The
lack
of community needs assessments contributes to the gap between community needs and the services provided.
Sewage, industrial
waste, and other pollutants have infiltrated some swimming, surfing, fishing, and boating areas,
reducing the availability and/or quality of these areas for recreation. Health . The
rural nature of the island's communities exacerbates healthcare challenges, leading to greater healthcare inequity.
Aging health
facilities pose a challenge to providers in providing robust healthcare services. The lack
of affordable housing is one of the biggest barriers to recruiting and retaining healthcare professionals. There
is
a severe shortage of physicians, nurses, certified nursing assistants, and community health workers. The
rising
cost of living and access to healthy lifestyle options are obstacles to health for communities. 4.4
Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 153
Table 37s. Public Facilities and Services Opportunities
General Improve collaboration and coordination across agencies, as well as explore opportunities for public -
private partnerships for supplementing resources, funding, and expertise.
Enhance community engagement through programs and initiatives to foster stronger partnerships
between County agencies and the community.
Conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential vulnerabilities and areas of
improvement.
Leverage multiple sources of funding.
Create special assessment districts for new facilities and services.
Consolidate services for joint -use facilities.
Public Safety Ensure protective services facilities are maintained to optimize health and resilience.
Upgrade communication systems and infrastructure to ensure seamless and reliable communication
among agencies, as well as with the public during emergencies.
Explore opportunities to leverage technology for improved public safety services.
Solid Waste Adopt ordinances to maximize waste diversion.
County procurement policies can help reduce waste.
Investigate and implement innovative waste management technologies and practices, which may
include exploring advancements in waste sorting and processing, waste -to -energy conversion, or
the use of renewable materials.
Education 0 Support a mix of zoning to support the concept of live -work -play near educational facilities.
Effectuate equitable transportation routes to and from educational facilities that serve to connect
people with facilities, while reducing traffic.
Educational facilities can serve as digital literacy and equity hubs that enhance community well-
being.
Seek to acquire public lands to support consistent land uses surrounding educational facilities.
Ensure consistency between long-range plans and overall growth demands.
Recreation 0 Adoption of green infrastructure best practices can aid in protecting park assets and developing new
park assets.
Community volunteer opportunities (e.g., Friends of the Park Program) can support the maintenance
of parks and recreation areas.
Implement interpretive signage through collaboration with community groups.
A preventative and deferred maintenance schedule can be adopted as a proactive approach to park
and recreation maintenance.
Needs assessments and other methodologies can help to determine park typologies for
communities, which may reduce the demand for maintenance.
Health Increase care providers in or transportation options to rural areas for residents to have access to
preventative care.
Invest in housing first and permanent supportive housing/social housing
Increase active transportation opportunities for greater accessibility and promote physical activity.
Increase effective education on low-cost and free health services.
Investment in public health isn't limited to healthcare facilities but includes investment in the healthy
built environment
4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan
154
48462 Public Facilities and Services Goal, Objectives,
Policies, and Actions
Goals:
Our communities are safe and protected, and have access to integrative
health, education, and social services to support a high quality of life for all
residents.
Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public
infrastructure, Utilities,, and services based on existing and future growth needs,
sound design principles, and effective maintenance practices.
Active 31
Adequately maintain public facilities.
Policies
31.1 Maintain an Asset Management Program aimed at utilizing maintenance plans to prolong the life
of our facilities as well as reduce whole -life costs.
31.2 Maintain the unique features of historic structures, while balancing maintenance and safety needs.
31.3 Prioritize the replacement of deficient and inadequate facilities.
31.4 Encourage the adoption of innovative materials and methods that improve facility resilience.
3105 The development of County facilities should be designed to fit into the locale with minimal
intrusion while providing the desired services. Implement protocols for receiving community input
during capital improvement project siting and design.
3166 Explore and encourage adaptive reuse of former facilities such as airports (e.g., Maka'eo Park) and
fire stations (e.g., Kawailani Fire Station).
Actions
31.a Create an asset management program.
31.b Continue a facility inspection program. 31.
c Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of County services and facilities. 4.
4
Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 155
46403 Protective Services
A comprehensive system of protective services is
necessary to ensure safety, well-being, and
emergency response for residents and visitors of
Hawaii Island. Protective services within the
County consist of the Police Department, Fire
Department, Emergency Medical Services.,
Disaster Management,, and Detention and
Correction agencies. The General Plan recognizes
infrastructure concerns and related impacts on the
County"s protective services, as access and
connectivity enable emergency responders to
perform their duties at a standard level of service.
Supporting our protective services through land
use policy i's imperative for public health and safety
and efficiency of these services.
As the County's law enforcement agency, the
Hawaii Police Department, plays a crucial role in
maintaining public safety. They enforce laws,
prevent crime, respond to emergencies, and work
towards fostering a secure environment for all
residents. The County adheres to the State's
guidance for crime and criminal justice.- Hawaii Island
is divided into east and west operations bureaus
that include investigative and patrol operations.
Each of the districts is served by a main police
station headed by a Captain. There are five substations (
Kea 6 au,
Laupa-hoehoe, Hawaiian Ocean
View Estates., Mauna Lani., and Captain Cook).
Based on population., the islandwide average
is about 2.5 officers per 1,000 residents. Police
response is primarily mobilized through their
vehicles. Fire
and Emergency Medical Services are another essential
component of the island's protective services.
The Hawaii Fire Department provides 24- hour
firefighting services in cooperation with the Department
of Forestry and Wildlife., the National Park
Service., the State Airports Division, and Po-
hakuloa Training Area Fire. In addition to fire suppression,
the Fire Department provides rescue services,
911 emergency medical response, hazardous
materials response, and ocean safety response
services. The Fire Department works diligently
to prevent and mitigate fires, respond to medical
services, conduct search and rescue operations,
and provide educational programs to promote
fire safety within the community. Given
our geographical location and exposure to natural
hazards, disaster management is of utmost importance
on Hawaii Island. The Civil Defense Agency identifies
hazards (human -caused, natural, and technological)
that pose a threat to the island and prepares
the County to respond to and quickly recover from
the impact of those hazards should they materialize.
The Agency's three primary functions are
to prepare the County government, businesses, and
residents for disasters', to provide public information
and warning, and to coordinate disaster response
and recovery. Hawaii County Civil Defense works
closely with other agencies to follow the guidance
of federal and state laws, standards, and frameworks.
The State Department
of Public Safety operates correctional facilities for
the confinement of pretrial inmates and convicted
offenders, and intake service centers for
the supervision of offenders. An array of rehabilitative
programs is available through the correctional
facilities and intake service centers. The Hawaii Intake Service
Center., the Hawaii Community Correctional Center, and
its annex are located in Hilo. A
minimum -security facility (Kulani Correctional Facility) is located at
the end of K lani Stainback Highway on
the lower slopes of Mauna Loa. Police facilities in
Hilo and Kealakehe also have holding cells for overnight
detention. HRSJ, Section 226-105 https://www.
capitol.
hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vo104 Ch0201-0257/HRS0226/HRS 0226-0105.HTM 4.4 Public Facilities and Services I
County of Hawaii General Plan 156
Objective 32
Protect the health and well-being of residents and visitors.
Policies
Planning/Siting Protective Services Facilities
32.1 Police and fire stations should be co -located whenever feasible.
32.2 The establishment of a police/fire facility shall consider site size and locations that permit quick
and efficient vehicular access.
32.3 Strategically plan and locate volunteer fire facilities, which may include co -existing with full-time
Fire/EMS stations.
32.4 Police headquarters shall be near the geographic center of the service area and near
concentrations of commercial and industrial use.
32.5 Hardened shelters shall be located within reasonable proximity to population centers.
32.6 Lifeguard stations should be located at all County and State beach parks.
Level of Service
32.7 Adequately support, fund, and expand volunteer fire facilities and capacity.
32.8 Maintain a level of service for response time that is consistent with National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) standards.
32.9 Ensure Hazardous Material service for both the windward and leeward sides of the island.
32.10 All fire stations should provide Emergency Medical Services (EMS).
32.11 Stations in rural areas should be based on the population to be served and response time rather
than on geographic districts.
Preventative Approaches
32.12 Accommodate flexibility in design and provisions for alternate water sources for fire protection
when adequate public water is not available.
32.13 Incentivize the development of large, dedicated catchment tanks for firefighting access.
32.14 The Fire Department shall participate with other related
governmental agencies and the involved landowners in
the preparation of fire protection and prevention plans.
32.15 Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (OPTED)
should be incorporated into planning and design.
32.16 Business Improvement Districts or other organizational
tools., such as partnerships with local businesses, should
be used to enhance security and orderliness in downtown
areas.
32.17 Support bicycle patrol programs in urban areas.
4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan
157
32.18 Encourage the further development and expansion of community policing programs, school
resource officers., and neighborhood/farm watch programs. 32.19
Ensure adequate training and capacity building for emergency response. 32.20
Prioritize to establish., map, and maintain alternative and emergency evacuation routes in each high - risk hazard
area. 32.21
Prioritize to develop and/or improve secondary access roads for those communities with only one means of
ingress/egress. 32.22
Continue to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Community Rating System CRS) to
the maximum extent possible and shall seek to improve its current CRS Class rating (to the maximum
extent feasible to reduce insurance costs). Emergency Facilities
and Communication Systems 32.23
Ensure emergency warning sirens and communications coverage is adequate for each community. 32.24
All emergency response critical facilities and communication systems shall be designed and maintained to
be resilient and remain operational during hazard events. 32.25
All new emergency facilities shall be designed to minimize and prevent loss. 32.26
In collaboration with State agencies, maintain shelter capacity and condition records to ensure that evacuation shelters
are adequate for each community. Public Education
Program 32.27
Increase public education related to hazard zones, including evacuation routes and procedures for visitor
accommodations. 32.28
Develop the capacity for hazard preparedness of non -governmental organizations, businesses, and neighborhood
groups, such as Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) and Medical Reserve Corps (
MRC). 32.29
Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to assess and
plan for alternative routes and possible relocation of coastal roads. Actions 32.
a
Support the development of private common access -distribution systems of private catchment water for
firefighting purposes in rural catchment communities. 32.b
Prioritize budgets for technology improvements for emergency services; including hazardous material service.,
4x4 vehicles, and other equipment or software to improve emergency response times. 32.
c
Review county lighting and landscaping ordinances to implement CPTED. 32.d
Develop a public safety audit checklist and conduct urban neighborhood and downtown safety walks to
identify potential crime spots or unsafe areas. 32.e
Educate the public regarding disaster preparedness and response, especially proper responses for sudden -
impact hazards. 4.4
Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 158
32.f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and the involved landowners to support
wildfire control and reclamation.
32.g Define and map critical facilities necessary for community disaster response and recovery that are
too important to fail.
32.h Monitor and address known hazards along transportation routes.
32ei Partner with Hawaii Emergency Management Agency to regularly review and address warning
siren coverage.
32.j Install emergency phones along roadways in isolated areas of lower cellular connectivity. 32A
Support the use of the Best Available Refuge Areas within existing buildings. 32al
Provide technical assistance to communities developing emergency response and evacuation plans.
32.
Arn Maintain and update the public education and communications program regarding disaster preparedness
and response, especially proper responses for sudden impact hazards. (e.g., CERT, resilience
hubs, and first aid training) 32.
n Develop and maintain a Post -Disaster Redevelopment Plan which specifies the following: i.
Roles and responsibilities ii.
Procedures for implementing programs for immediate clean-up, repair, design, and replacement
iii.
Long-term rebuilding and redevelopment iv.
Procedures for the identification of damaged infrastructure and consideration of alternatives to
its repair or replacement v.
Evaluation of climate impacts 32.
o Seek funding and support continued scientific research relating to hazards (e.g., research on erosion
rates., slumping rates, slope stability studies, sea level rise rates, tsunami inundation mapping,
coastal stream flood mapping, fire and wildfire, etc.). 32.
p Prepare and implement wildfire protection and prevention plans. 32.
q Develop community -specific hazard mitigation plans. 32.
r Develop a standard for requiring an emergency response plan. 32.
s Amend the County Code, Chapter 25 to require emergency and hazard information to be prominently
displayed in all transient accommodations. This information should include information
regarding the monthly Civil Defense siren tests, evacuation routes, and directives to reach
appropriate services and agencies. 32A
Adopt incentives, such as tax deductions,, to encourage retrofitting of existing structures for resilience
against earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, and fire and wildfire. 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 159
Table 38. Protective Services Level of Service Standards
Police
Fire
Emergency Medical
Services
Lifeguards
2.5 police officers per 1,000 resident population in Urban areas
1.8 firefighters per 1.1000 resident population
3.6 paramedics per ambulance
3.6 EMTs per ambulance
4.2 lifeguards per lifeguard tower with 1 supervisory or support position
per 5 lifeguards
imp
r
a,
9
T Wln
4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan
160
46404 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management has significant effects on
environmental and public health, aesthetic
qualities and land valuation, and the general land
use characteristics of a community. Managing
waste properly is essential for creating sustainable
and livable communities. The handling of solid
waste on Hawaii Island has undergone significant
changes in the past few decades, and to maintain
the environmental health of our island community,
it is important to shift from a focus on waste
management to a focus on resource management.
In 20211 the County updated the Zero Waste Plan 2
and since then has implemented various programs
aimed at more efficient resource management,
including reducing waste, waste diversion, and
product reuse. Further technical innovations,
optimization of efficiencies in directing the waste
stream, and effective waste programs focused on
increasing rates of reducing, reusing, and recycling
products will advance the County toward meeting
its Zero Waste goals.
The County of Hawaii currently manages the West Hawaii
Sanitary Landfill (WHSL) located southwest of
Waikoloa at Pu'uanahulu in the North Kona District.
The WHSL is operated by Waste Management
of Hawaii under a contract with the County. The
County Department of Environmental Management (DEM)
l The WHSL has an estimated lifespan of
20 to 25 years with current recycling rates., as
determined by the County in 2023. Higher rates of
waste reduction, reuse, and recycling in the community may
extend life expectancy beyond 25 years. The
County
currently operates a network of recycling and
transfer stations that accept household refuse. The County
does not provide curbside recycling or garbage
pickup. Residents take their solid waste
to any one of the transfer stations around the island
and in some areas, residents pay private haulers
to pick up their refuse 2 Recycle Hawaii, Hawaii
County Zero Waste Plan (2021) from their residences for
disposal at the landfill. The County is presently
expanding recycling activities at the recycling
and transfer stations by creating recycling and reuse
centers (RRCs). Since 20091 the County
has expanded its green waste program. The County
manages two green waste facilities: the West
Hawaii Organics Facility in Pu 6 uanahulu (
WHOP) and the
East Hawaii Organics Facility in Hilo (EHOF).
The two green waste facilities accept yard trimmings
and untreated wood pallets but do
not accept food waste. In April 2017, EHOF
began processing and distributing enhanced mulch that has
been processed through a 60-day "
curing" period to kill invasive species. Green waste bins
have been added to various recycling and
transfer stations. Scrap metal is often the
largest and heaviest material collected at the County"
s recycling and transfer facilities. Recycling scrap metal
will not only conserve limited landfill space
but also preserves natural resources by replacing
the need for raw materials with recycled
scrap metal to produce new metal goods. W
tl 4 W w
n
4.4
Public
Facilities and
Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 161
Objective 33
Achieve Zero Waste ion Hawaii County by 2045.
Policies
33.1 Appropriately designed and cost-effective solid waste transfer station sites shall be located in
areas of convenience and easy access to the public.
33.2 Implement waste stream technology, such as recycling and upcycling and waste -to -energy to
reduce the flow of refuse deposited in landfills.
33.3 Proactively pursue funding that will ensure continued progression toward zero -waste goals.
33.4 Optimize recoverable material diversion from landfill disposal by increasing percentage rates for
diversion through waste reduction, recycling, and reuse.
33.5 Encourage and support composting at farms and at distribution sites around the island for public
use.
33.6 Encourage salvage and reuse of building materials and elements when demolition is necessary or
appropriate.
33.7 Continue to develop and implement a green waste recycling program.
33.8 Incentivize opportunities for a circular economy, primarily upcycling and waste reuse by
developing Resource Recovery Parks.
33.9 Ensure that redesign plans for landfill and transfer stations provide adequate space for Resource
Recovery (RR) Stations.
33.10 Ensure waste and resource recovery facilities and equipment do not harbor, spread, or introduce
harmful or invasive species.
33.11 Site new solid waste/resource recovery facilities in appropriate areas that serve the needs of
population centers and minimize and mitigate negative impacts on
surrounding neighborhood.
33.1.2 Reduce illegal dumping and littering.
33.13 Minimize the amount of waste generated by County facilities.
Actions
the environment or
33.a Evaluate and amend the County Code to integrate strategies to maximize landfill diversion and
handle materials:
i. Develop a Source Separation Ordinance
ii. Prohibit organic material (green waste) disposal in the landfill
iii. Construction & Demolition (C & D) Recycling Ordinance
iv. Consider Take -back Ordinances (for items that are difficult to recycle or compost)
v. Require recycling at all County offices, facilities, and base yards.
vi. Continue the transition to eliminate the sale or use of polystyrene foam (Styrofoam) and single -
use plastic food containers and other single -use plastics
4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan
162
338b Develop programs to require advance disposal fees for specific products such as new electronics
and new vehicles purchased in or shipped to Hawaii. The fees from this should be used to fund
resource management and disposal costs.
33.c Conduct pilot studies to facilitate waste recovery and increase diversion rates. Recommended pilot
programs include curbside waste, recycling, and resource pick-up in priority urban areas.
33.d Partner and coordinate to facilitate the private use of large recycling roll -off bins in rural areas.
33.e Reevaluate and initiate code changes to the fee structure for solid waste for residential and
commercial uses.
33.f Facilitate University of Hawaii and/or Forest Service to complete necessary studies on local
materials for use in construction.
33.g Implement an education and social marketing program to educate the public and business
community about landfill diversion initiatives, preventing and reporting litter and illegal dumping,
and other responsible waste management opportunities.
33.h Develop a County clean-up program for special waste areas, such as junkyards, to ensure the
proactive removal of materials that pose environmental and public health hazards.
338i Develop and promote take -back programs for appliances and other difficult to dispose of
materials.
33-j Support expansions to the organic material (green waste) recycling program to include drop-off
and pick-up locations at all rural transfer stations.
33.k Adopt the EPA's, Comprehensive Procurement Guideline program as a model for purchasing
products that use materials recovered through recycling.
4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan
163
49465 Education Access
to educational facilities and services plays a
pivotal role in fostering community development
and ensuring a bright future for the residents
of Hawaii Island. Education provides opportunities
for individuals to acquire vital skills and
knowledge that are essential for personal growth
and economic prosperity. Quality education
empowers residents to explore their potential,
pursue their passions, and develop the skills
necessary for a wide range of careers. Access
to education facilities and services is particularly
crucial in rural and remote areas of the
island. The island's geography presents challenges
for transportation and connectivity, making
it difficult for some communities to access educational
resources. The availability of schools, community
centers, libraries, and other facilities in
these areas can help alleviate geographical barriers
to accessing quality education. The increasing
potential for remote learning (also called
distance learning or e-learning) opportunities
has also enhanced access to education.
This opens doors to new opportunities,
helps bridge socioeconomic gaps, and
ensures a more equitable distribution of resources
across the island. One
significant component of education on Hawaii
Island is the emphasis on preserving and promoting
indigenous knowledge and traditions. Native
Hawaiian cultural practices and values are deeply
rooted in the land. Education facilities and services
provide a key pathway that allows ancestral
wisdom, language, and customs to be passed
down to younger generations', ensuring the
continuity of Native Hawaiian heritage. Education
facilities also serve as community hubs, fostering
social interaction, and promoting unity among
the diverse populations of Hawaii Island. Schools
often host cultural events,, extracurricular activities.,
and community gatherings,, creating spaces
where people can come together., share experiences,
and build relationships. These connections
strengthen the fabric of the community,
creating a sense of belonging and promoting
social cohesion. Education facilities and
services contribute to the overall well-being of
the island's communities. They not only focus on
academic learning but also address various aspects
of personal development, including physical
health, mental wellness, and social skills. Access
to comprehensive educational resources helps
individuals develop resilience, critical thinking
abilities, and a sense of civic responsibility,
enabling them to navigate challenges
and actively participate i n the betterment of their
communities. Although educational facilities
in Hawaii County are generally under
the jurisdiction of either the State or private
entities, the County has a responsibility toward ensuring
the optimal performance of educational
facilities as they relate to the
overall well-being of our communities. Education services
consist of Hawaii Island's
schools., public libraries, and post -secondary facilities (community
college and University of Hawaii facilities).
Hawaii County adheres to the State guidance'
for quality education. Ensuring the optimal performance
of educational facilities means that the
County can strategically plan for the interrelationships
between people, the physical and digital
environments', facilities', and infrastructure. In 1999,
the State Legislature of
Hawaii passed Act 62., or "The New Century Charter
Schools'" law. Charter schools receive public funds but
are excluded from many State laws and department
rules and regulations, which affords them more
autonomy and greater flexibility in decision - making.
Charter schools must still meet all
applicable federal., state., and county requirements and
are not exempt from collective bargaining, discriminatory
practice laws, health 3 HRS, Section 226-
107 https://www.capitol.hawaii.
gov/hrscurrent/Vo104 Ch0201-0257/HRS0226/HRS 0226-0107.htm 4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of
Hawaii General Plan 164
and safety laws and standards, and the
0implementationoftheHawaiicontent and performance
standards. As
of August 2022, Hawaii Island has 14 Public Charter
Schools (PCS) with a total enrollment of 41310
students. The charter schools range in size from
46 students at Ke Ana La'ahana PCS to 711 students
at Hawaii Academy of Arts and Science PCS.
Each charter school is responsible for selecting
its sites. If a public school has space available,
a charter school may seek to enter an arrangement
with the Department of Education for
the use of a portion of the school's facilities. School
complexes with limited enrollment have not
always been able to maximize educational opportunities
in comparison with the ability of larger
facilities to provide a wider scope of educational
opportunities. Some older schools lack
adequate parking facilities and sufficient area
for expansion, and some have infrastructure and
traffic problems. The
State Department of Education enrollment records
for the 2022 to 2023 school year included 41
public schools on Hawaii Island with a total enrollment of
22,945 students from kindergarten through 12t''
grade. The previous school year had a total enrollment
of 23,113 students. There are 14 licensed private
regular education schools, and the 2020-
2021 Hawaii Association of Independent Schools Private School
Enrollment Report includes a total
of 3,287 students from early childhood education through
the 12tn grade. Regarding post -secondary facilities
on
island, the University of Hawaii at Hilo (
UHH) provides higher educational opportunities within the
University of Hawaii (UH) system
through its variety of high -quality certificate, baccalaureate,
master's, and doctoral degree programs.
UHH is designed through a "spine" concept that
organizes all campus structuresalong amain pedestrian accessway
and assures that future development would continue
in relation to the various existing
structures. UHH continues to lack sufficient student
and faculty housing options. Hawaii Community College
provides access to higher education, and
workforce training through on -site programs
and distance education technologies. Hawaii Community
College offers an extensive program of
certificate and associate degree programs in
technical fields as well as the first
two years of a baccalaureate degree. The college also
offers extensive options for short- term training programs
throughout Hawaii Island. P-lamanui is the
West Hawaii campus of Hawa0
ii
Community College and opened for students in August 2015. Pa-lamanui offers associate
degree and certificate programs,, while also serving
as a University of Hawaii Center that
delivers more than 60 certificates, bachelor's degrees,
and graduate degrees from campuses across the
UH system. Located in North Kona, Pa-
lamanui is about five miles from the
Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA), which
may accommodate synergistic and innovative opportunities as
both UH and NELHA are under
the State's authority. Overall,
Pa-lamanui"s presence in West Hawaii increases
educational opportunities for Hawaii Island's residents. A
recent serendipitous increase in the number
of technology professionals and executives along the Kona-
Kohala coast presents opportunities for innovative pursuits
by our residents. The Hawaii
Library District is comprised of 12 libraries.
Library size is described by
the collection size or number of volumes (books.,
periodicals, etc.) and ranges from 206,770
volumes in Hilo to 9,627 volumes
at Na'alehu. Library facilities will require
continual improvements. The General Plans educational policies relate to the
provision of facilities rather than
programs,
which are the province of the State.
Nonetheless, it is recognized that the facilities
and programs are indispensable tools to advance total
educational service. 4.4 Public Facilities and Services
I County of Hawaii General Plan 165
Objective 34
Each community has access to a wide range of educational opportunities.
Policies
Planning and siting facilities
34.1 Ensure educational facilities meet the needs of Hawaii County.
34.2 In proposed communities, sufficient acreage, as determined by the Board of Education enrollment
guidelines, shall be reserved for school facilities.
34.3 Education sites shall be free from flooding and drainage problems, and excessive slope and shall
incorporate appropriate street and driveway design and location to minimize traffic interference,
pedestrian hazard, and enable safe and easy access for vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians.
34.4 Continuous joint pre -planning of educational facilities shall be coordinated with the County,
Department of Education., and the UH to ensure compatibility with public services, supporting
infrastructure, and equitable mobility access so that facilities are community -centered, designed
for multiple uses, and serve as anchor institutions in the community.
34.5 School facilities, such as playgrounds and gyms, should be combined with County parks to allow
for afterschool use by the community for recreational, cultural, and other compatible uses.
34.6 The Hawaii State Library System should co -locate public library facilities in public school libraries
where a separate public library may not be feasible, promoting intentional proximity to other
community facilities and assets that contribute to a high quality of life.
34.7 School buildings should be designed, or at times retrofitted., to serve as emergency shelters.
34.8 The County should facilitate the use of libraries to disseminate public information and engage civic
participation.
34.9 Advocate to the State and private agencies to use educational facilities to offer place -based and
distance education opportunities to adults.
34.10 Educational programs should be developed to provide opportunities in diversified industries and
develop practices in sustainability and resiliency.
34.11 Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing around UH sites.
34.12 Support the continued expansion of the UHH, Hawaii Community College, and Pa-lamanui
campuses, as well as encourage continuing education programs throughout the community.
34.13 Support and encourage the strengthening of the UHH through the transfer of appropriate colleges
and departments from the University of Hawaii at Ma-noa to the UHH. 34.
14 Encourage and support the active implementation of State and UH plans for post -secondary educational
facilities, including the "Research and Technology Park," on Hawaii Island. 34.15
Encourage the expansion of digital access and equity through the resilient buildout of broadband infrastructure and
facilities. 4.4
Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 166
Safe Routes to School
34.16 Prioritize active transportation through the development of sidewalks, pedestrian walkways, and
bike paths to and from educational facilities to increase walkability and pedestrian safety.
34.17 Require new developments in the vicinity of schools to provide safe pedestrian facilities and
additional school zone signage.
Actions
34.a Implement a Safe Routes to School (SR2S) program for all schools.
34. b Ensure County makes necessary improvements to co -located facilities, such as gymnasiums, parks,
and playgrounds.
4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan
167
464e6 Recreation
Parks and recreation areas hold significant value
within the General Plan. These areas serve as
essential assets to our island, as they not only
beautify communities but playa central role in overall
well-being and quality of life. Access to these
spaces for recreational and cultural purposes is
vital to Hawaii Island residents. Education and stewardship
are integral to maintaining safe access to
parks and recreation areas. The General Plan aims
to provide the proper planning and policy direction
to help ensure the sustainable development
and maintenance of the Countys parks
and recreation sites, as well as safe and equitable
access to these areas. Well -
sited and planned recreational sites are often communal
spaces where people can come together
for events, festivals, and social gatherings. They foster
a sense of community by providing a venue
for residents to connect, contributing to the
social fabric of our island's communities and enhancing
community cohesion. Parks and recreation
also support the natural, historic, and cultural
character of our unique communities. Hawaii Island'
s parks and recreation areas often encompass
diverse ecosystems, natural landmarks, and culturally significant
sites. Proper planning helps protect and
preserve these natural and cultural resources for
generations to come. With the implementation of
sustainable management practices, conservation efforts, and
educational programs, these areas can
serve as living classrooms that promote environmental
stewardship and cultural appreciation. Parks
and recreation areas play
a key role in climate resiliency, hazard mitigation, and
overall environmental sustainability. They may provide
green spaces that help mitigate
the urban heat island effect in our urban
growth areas, improve air quality, and support biodiversity by
providing habitats for native plant and
animal species. Responsible planning can incorporate sustainable
design features, such as energy -
efficient infrastructure, water conservation measures, and
the use of native plants,
to minimize the ecological footprint of these areas. It
is worth noting that well - designed parks and recreation areas
may have positive economic impacts on the
surrounding communities. They often attract visitors,
stimulate local businesses, and generate revenue
through various mechanisms. Strategic planning of
parks and recreation areas can help
ensure that economic potential is balanced with
the community's needs and environmental
stewardship. Community engagement is criticalto the planning of parks
and recreation sites to effectively
serve community needs and priorities. These areas
and facilities should be accessible to all accommodating
groups with disabilities or other special needs.
Recreation sites should be complementary to
surrounding land uses, such as schools
and senior centers, to support an
ecosystem of services that maximize the area'
s potential to promote interactivity between community
members of all ages. Additional considerations should be
made for the hardening 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I
County of Hawaii General Plan ffleelol
of recreational facilities to shelter people during
emergency events. The General Plan aims to
address disparities and promote equal opportunities
for all residents to enjoy the benefits of
these spaces. To
uphold the public interest, convenience, health, welfare,
and safety, the County Code, Section 8- 6(
a) calls for a minimum of five acres of land for park
purposes for each one thousand persons in every
district. Housing developers should not bear a
disproportionate burden, or be forced to contribute
more than their fair share., as inequitable
requirements could deter needed housing
development. Park
dedication and development must also be met
with the appropriate departmental capacity to maintain
and improve recreational sites to not overburden
the County and underserve our communities.
It is necessary to dedication
with maintenance and and
consider the maintenance typology
of parks being dedicated. Objectives
35 integrate
park improvements
demand
and Parks
and Recreational 4
AreasinHawaiiCounty National
Parks 5 State
Parks 14 County
Parks 146 Public
Cemeteries 13 Park
facilities are located within a 10-mor inutewalk in urban areas and a 10-mi'nute drive
in rural communities. Policies
Parks
and Recreation Funding 35.
1 Diversify funding sources for recreational facilities. 35.
2 State and County CIPs should continue to be coordinated to reflect recreational priorities. 35.
3 Equitably allocate park dedications and in -lieu fees among the districts relative to the population. Interagency
Collaboration and Public Engagement 35.
4 Continue to improve parks and recreation outreach efforts to ensure program and facility information
is adequately available, promoted online through accessible websites and other mediums,
and kept up to date to facilitate maximum community participation. Recreation
Facilities Siting and Planning 3505
Recreational facilities shall reflect the natural, historic, and cultural character of the area. 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 169
35.6 Equitably allocate facility -based parks among the districts relative to population, with public input
to determine the locations and types of facilities.
35.7 Existing and new parks should be designed with features that accommodate and encourage
meaningful levels of physical activity according to the level of service criteria.
35.8 Recreational facilities shall be assessed for dual use as emergency shelters and hardened as
needed.
3509 Establish., in cooperation with the State Department of Education,, joint use of schoolyards, County
parks, and other public facilities for community use for recreational, cultural, and other compatible
uses.
35.10 Recreational facilities should be planned and located where they will best facilitate and support
active -living communities.
35.11 Recreational sites should be planned and located within a 1.0-minute walk from residences in
population centers, and serve with a minimum of five acres of land for park purposes per I.,000
resident population in non -population centers of Hawaii Island. 35.
12 Facilitate and prioritize the co -location of schools, parks, and senior centers to promote interactivity
between community members of all ages. Recreational
Facilities Maintenance and Improvement 35.
13 Public lands with unique recreational and natural resources shall be maintained for public use. 35.
1.4 Maintain and/or improve park facilities and programs based on community needs assessments to ensure
County services are meeting the social, recreational, and activity needs of our communities. 35.
15 Implement a proactive maintenance program to ensure that park facilities and trails are safely maintained
for optimum usage. 35.
16 Prioritize maintenance and necessary improvements at existing park facilities over developing new park
facilities within each district (this does not preclude accepting lands for future park development
or acquiring properties for the intent of preserving open space, scenic areas, natural hazard
areas, or cultural/historic areas from development). 35.
17 Combine recreation facility improvement projects with other needed facility improvements (e.g., ADA
improvements with facility hardening, etc.) Recreational
Services 35.
18 Provide facilities and a broad recreational program for all age groups, with special considerations for
the handicapped, the elderly, and young children. 35.
19 Prioritize park acquisition and improvements that involve under -represented open recreation and healthy
living activities (outside the scope of organized sports), such as: a)
Walking and biking trails b)
Skate/roller blade parks c)
Dog -friendly parks d)
Parks that offer camping opportunities e)
Botanical and community garden parks, pocket and art parks 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 170
f) Equestrian/rodeo arenas
g) Archery and shooting ranges
h) ATV and motorized recreation areas
i) Other types of active and passive recreation that enhance the quality of life for residents and
visitors.
35.20 Support and enhance recreational facilities by developing additional recreational offerings in
underutilized areas of County properties, such as the Pana 6
ewa Recreation Complex.
35.21 Private and public cemeteries shall be compatible with surrounding land uses and provided with
adequate access and drainage systems.
Actions
Parks and Recreation Funding
35.a Provide funding for planning and acquisition, if necessary, of key corridor segments after corridor -
zone plans are adopted.
35.b Revise the park dedication code requiring subdivisions to provide land area for park and
recreational use or contribute to a maintenance fund in lieu of an impact fee ordinance.
Interagency Collaboration and Public Engagement
35.c Partner with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders to increase
funding sources for park, recreation, and trail development and maintenance.
35.d Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders to initiate joint
agreements for funding, management,, and maintenance for recreation, shared use spaces,
hardened shelters, and public access priorities.
35.e Support the U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service's expansion plans for the Hawaii Volcanoes,
Pu 6 ukohola
National Historic Park, Pu 6 uhonua
O Honaunau National Historic Parks'. Ala Kahakai
National Historic Trail, and Kaloko-Honoko-hau National Historic Park. 35.
f Update the County of Hawaii Recreation Plan to reflect newly identified recreational priorities. 35mg
Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with the General Plan. 35.
h Develop a recreation information dissemination system for the public's use. 35ei
Develop best management practices for the development and maintenance of golf courses in collaboration
with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders. 35.
jDevelop local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning, maintenance, and programming. 35A
Maintain
an on -going program of identification, designation, and acquisition of areas with existing or potential
recreational resources, such as land with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline recreation
in collaboration with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders. 35al
Perform
a review and audit of the inventory resulting from the subdivision requirements within Code, (reservation
for parks, playgrounds, and public building sites). 4.4
Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 171
35.Arn Amend Code to ensure that land area is not only set aside for recreational or public use but that
there are funds or a funding mechanism to develop the land for its intended purpose.
35.n Enter into partnership agreements with the State and private groups (e.g., Friends of the Park) to
make improvements and assist in the maintenance of essential but inadequately maintained parks.
35.o Expand and map Friends of the Park programs to manage and improve County parks and facilities.
35.p Support hunting and fishing activities where authorized on public and private property.
Recreational Facilateies siting and Planning 35.
q Identify shoreline areas suitable for coastal access points, including boat launches and small boat harbors.
35.
r Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the siting of future cemeteries. 35.
s Analyze under -represented open recreation and healthy living activities to be included in Park Standards.
358t
Create new or enhance sports facilities to encourage and attract regional tournaments to our island.
Recreational
Facilities Maintenance and Improvement 35.
0 Implement interpretive signage through collaboration with community groups at appropriate locations.
35.
v Conduct Park facilities condition assessments and keep the County of Hawaii Recreation Plan updated
to reflect newly identified recreational priorities. The updated Recreation Plan should develop
a strategic management plan for upgrading facilities and establish a level of service standards
for parks. 35.
w Plan, manage, and maintain parks to ensure that the quality of recreation areas does not diminish with
heavy usage. 35.
x Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and biking activities. 35.
y Amend the Code to better address park and recreation issues in the following ways: i.
Amend Subdivision Code to be consistent with Dedication of Land Code in providing land area
for park and recreational use or pay a fee in lieu thereof. ii.
Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance iii.
Amend Dedication of Land code to include "net useable acreage."' Recreational
Services 35.
z Develop a center/complex for major cultural, educational, and recreational activities in underserved
population centers, such as Kona. 35.
aa Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for multimodal use such as walking, jogging, and biking
activities. 35.
bb Develop walking paths around existing ballparks and other park grounds, as feasible. These walking
paths should be level footpaths that meet accessibility requirements whenever possible. 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 172
35.cc Expand active open recreational opportunities at the Pana 6
ewa Rainforest Zoo and Equestrian
Center properties such as bike/walking trails, horse trails, dog -friendly trails, and other outdoor
recreation that would complement the Pana'ewa complex.
39. Park Standards
Regional Parks
Park Description Major recreation area serving several districts and providing indoor and outdoor activities. A major
center for spectator sports and cultural activities. May include features of historic, geological, and horticultural interests.
Approximate Size 50 acres
Service Area Vicinity of major populated areas. 5acres/1,000 persons per HCC, Chapter 8 Population
Facilities
Include Multi -purpose building, auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool, adequate parking areas, and
facilities for spectator sports: football., baseball., softball, track field, tennis, basketball, and
volleyball. District
Parks Park
Description Offer diversified types of recreational activities to an entire district that include indoor and outdoor sports.
Approximate
Size 10 to 30 acres Service
Area Within a district consisting of several populated communities. Population
Facilities
Include Gymnasium with office, storage, restrooms, and showers; a center for community and recreational
programs; swimming pool (if justifiable); play area and equipment for young children;
courts for basketball, tennis, and volleyball; ball fields for soccer, baseball, softball, and
football; night lights; and an adequate parking area. Community
Parks Park
Description Community recreation area serving surrounding urban areas, and entire community in rural areas. Provides
active and passive activities. Approximate
Size 4 to 8 acres Service
Area Within the center of the community or several neighborhoods Population
Facilities
Include Multi -purpose building; gymnasium (where not serviceable from a district park); courts for basketball.,
volleyball, and tennis; ballfields for softball/baseball, soccer, and football; play area
and equipment for young children; walking and jogging paths; picnic and passive area; night
lights and an adequate parking area. 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 173
Neighborhood Parks
Park Description Provide open space in urbanizing areas for the general aesthetic enjoyment of the outdoors,
play areas for young children, and a social gathering place for the neighborhood.
Approximate Size Up to 4 acres
Service Area Within the center of the neighborhood and preferably adjacent to a school.
Population
Facilities Include Restrooms; drinking water; walking and jogging paths (bike and skating paths); courts for
basketball, volleyball, and tennis; ballfields for tetherball, baseball/softball, and soccer; play
area and equipment for young children; and an adequate parking area.
Community Centers
Park Description Major center for spectator sports, and cultural and social activities.
Approximate Size Size depends on the facilities proposed and accessory uses.
Service Area Varies
Population
Facilities Include Multi -purpose building; auditorium; gymnasium; facilities for spectator sports; swimming
facility; and an adequate parking area.
Resource -Based Parks
Park Description Centered around a major natural asset, such as a sandy beach, a prime forest, or a volcanic
feature, and includes historic sites whenever feasible.
Approximate Size Varies. Every section of the island should be adequately served.
Service Area Designed to accommodate users from throughout the County.
Population
Facilities Include Beach parks should include restrooms with showers; picnic facilities; a defined tent camping
area when allowed; drinking water; adequate parking; pavilions of various sizes; and
lifeguard facilities. Trails and unimproved roads; designated hunting and fishing areas;
designated conservation areas for nature study and other passive activities; and wilderness
campsites.
4.4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan
174
4.4.7 Community Health and Wellness
The interconnectedness of community health and
well-being and the environment has become
increasingly apparent. The vision for Hawaii Island
prioritizes the health and resilience of communities
through enhancing the natural, built, and social
environments while adapting to the impacts of
climate change. Recognizing the vital role of public
health in shaping the future of our island, the
General Plan aims to integrate policies and actions
that promote health and well-being in its various
elements.
There are a host of conditions that influence the
ability to lead a healthy life. Communities thrive
when they have reliable access to essential
resources such as quality and affordable housing,
healthy foods, recreational areas, spaces for
religious and cultural practices, medical care,
living -wage jobs, safe neighborhoods, and
educational opportunities. The land use policies
established in the General Plan play a crucial role
in shaping public health. Policies that prioritize
mixed -use development., encourage the creation
of parks and open spaces, and support the
availability of affordable and attainable housing
contribute to healthier communities. By promoting
walkability., accessibility to services., and a sense of
community, land use policies can enhance physical
and mental wellness.
Land use policies can also impact access to healthy
food options. Encouraging the establishment of
farmers' markets., community gardens, and a range
of agricultural activities can promote local food
production and improve access to fresh and
nutritious food. Additionally, in underserved areas
of the island, policies that promote the
development of grocery stores and food co-ops
can help address the challenge of food deserts and
support community health.
Infrastructure planning is critical for promoting
active transportation options, such as walking,
cycling, and public transit. Designing communities
with pedestrian -oriented sidewalks, bike lanes,
and trails encourages physical activity while
reducing reliance on automobiles. Accessible and
well-connected transportation networks contribute
to improved community health by facilitating
regular physical activity and reducing traffic
congestion and air pollution. The provision of
parks, green spaces, and recreational facilities are
also critical infrastructure for community health
and wellness. These spaces provide opportunities
for physical activity, social interaction, and relaxation, contributing to overall
health outcomes for residents of all
ages. Affordable and safe housing
is another fundamental aspect of community
health. The General Plan addresses housing
affordability and availability by promoting diverse
housing options and mixed -income neighborhoods.
The Plan also incorporates environmental sustainability measures
that promote community
health. By advocating for renewable energy
generation, green building practices, and
climate resilience strategies, the General Plan
can guide the mitigation of environmental risk
and improve overall environmental quality. This
further enhances public health outcomes
and reduces vulnerability to climate -related
hazards. Although the planning of
most health programs and facilities is the
direct administrative responsibility of the State,
the County is responsible for thegeneral welfare of
the island's communities and must continue to make
every effort to support their ability to
live healthily. The General Plan recognizes that advancing health
4.4 Public Facilities and Services
I County of Hawaii General Plan 175
equity across the island requires a concerted effort
across sectors and agency accountability. The Plan
supports the provision of accessible healthcare
services and facilities. Planning for healthcare
infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and
community health centers, ensures that residents
have adequate access to medical care and
Objective 36
preventative services. Coordinating
healthcare providers and organizations
integrate
decisions
health.
health considerations into
can
land
with
help
use
and strengthen overall community
Each community has access to healthcare facilities, programs, or community -based
care.
Policies
36.1 Ensure regular health service assessments identify and address the unique needs of the medically
underserved population, especially in rural areas.
36.2 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other stakeholders to ensure
equitable access to healthcare services.
36.3 Ensure healthy communities through aligned land use and infrastructure policies.
36.4 Active living considerations should be integrated into the design of communities.
36.5 Advocate to the State to continue the operation of the rural hospitals.
36.6 Support the establishment of centrally located, 24-hour, full -service medical facilities, with trauma
care, to service rural areas.
3667 Hospitals should be on sites capable of handling moderate expansion of facilities. Quiet
surroundings, convenient and adequate access, and compatibility with adjoining uses shall be
required.
3668 Hospitals shall be served by a public sewerage system or have self-contained sewerage systems.
36.9 Ensure that hospitals are sufficiently hardened to remain ineffective use through natural disasters. 36.
10 Establish a comprehensive network of health and wellness services. 36.
11 Integrate community health concerns in community planning. 36.
12 Advocate for programs serving the elderly, disabled, and homeless persons. 36.
13 Improve coordination and integration of services. 36.
14 Support the establishment of home and community -based services (HCBS) that operate consistent with
community character. 36.
15 Increase opportunities and support for home -based care for aging in place. Actions
36.
a Establish an Aging and Disability Resource Center in Kailua-Kona. 36.
b Develop a medical center TOD master plan and rezone it as a Regional Center TOD. 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 176
36.c Develop public showers and restroom facilities in strategic locations to serve the homeless and
meet public sanitation needs.
36.d Collaborate with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other
stakeholders to establish a One -Stop Community Resource Center to serve as a point of
community access for information and referral for health, education, and social services.
36.e Expand the use of mobile health centers and services (e.g., screening, vision, and dental) to rotate
through the rural communities regularly.
36.f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to
develop a consolidated services facility plan for the victim and offender treatment,, counseling, and
other rehabilitation services (and other social services) in major urban centers (Hilo, Kailua-Kona,
Waimea).
36-g Support the distribution of telehealth support services, particularly to unserved and underserved
communities.
36.h Amend County zoning and building codes as necessary to accommodate home and community -
based care, elderly care, and care for those with disabilities.
36ni Amend the County Code to include land uses for substance abuse, mental health, and medical
rehabilitative facilities and determine appropriate criteria for siting in communities.
36.j Amend the County Code to designate a lead agency for coordinating and responding to outbreaks
of life -threatening, highly communicable diseases pursuant to the DOH direction. 4.
4 Public Facilities and Services I County of Hawaii General Plan 177
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46561 Introduction
Population and housing are inseparable in
planning for both the growth and renewal of our
towns and villages in the years ahead. Transportation
systems, allowing vehicular connections between housing
and multiple urban areas, are also
inextricably linked. All housing requires transportation access,
albeit in more flexible, subjective, and
individual ways among households. The geography
of
our housing is expansive: 90,500 housing
units for just over 200 000 residents, spread throughout
a vast, 200-mile length of a
low -density population settlement band that nearly
encircles Hawaii Island. The planning and guiding
of both the densities and directions of expected
population and housing growth are especially
important due to the exposure to multiple
natural hazards, their unique types and probabilities
within the state, and the requirement for local
government to deliver a physical span of
diverse emergency and protective services that is
unequaled within this state. Diversity and Expansion
of Housing Availability The supply and
mix
of types of additional, modified, and replaced housing
units needed in the planning period is
a function of population growth, where that growth
occurs, and the characteristics of the persons
who make up that growth. A growth pattern
of disparate suburban and rural neighborhoods will
result in a different type and size range
of dwellings and accessory structures than would result
from a pattern of centralized, higher -density urban
infill supported by nearby, accessible public
and private services and facilities. Amou nt
With an
estimated populationincrease
from 202.1263 (2018) to approximately 273
232 (2045)., a 35 percent increase, there will be
a demand for an additional 171,000 resident housing units
over the next 25 years. Demographic trends Planning
for the design,
sizing, and locations
of the future housing supply should consider demographic trends.,
in that 44 percent of
the population will be over age 65 by
2045. There is an increased need to accommodate seniors with mobility
limitations where support services are reasonably
convenient without the necessity of a
household automobile. Further, statistics reveal that almost
one out of every ten
households is crowded, and many are multi-generational, which
indicates a need for small dwelling units for
young adults or ohana units for retired parents and/
or grandparents. Managing Existing Housing Inventory Housing in Hawaii
County
has predominantly been characterized
by single-family residential units,, noting 18,
449 acres are used for single-
family residential, compared to only 3,403 acres for
multi -family residential. Housing demand has outpaced housing development
on Hawaii Island for decades, which
could be addressed, in part, through
the intentional use of single-family residential developments.
In reality, the County 11 s single-
family residential dwellings are often occupiedby multiple
generations at one time, which is
a natural response to the low housing
supply and high demand. Rehabilitation,, renewal, or redevelopment will
be required in many of the
older single-family residential neighborhoods. 4.5 Housing for
All I County of Hawaii
General Plan 179
Production Shortfall
Census Bureau statistics and recent housing
studies conducted for State and County housing
agencies show that the number of housing units
constructed annually in Hawaii County has not
kept pace with the growth of the resident
population, and therefore with its housing needs.
As of 2020., there was a shortfall of approximately
5,534 housing units for those who were doubled
up, hidden homeless, and other forms of pent-up
demand. Recent forecasts estimate we need an
average of 900 new housing units per year to
accommodate past and future growth through
20450
Preserving and Creating Affordable
Housing
One of the most significant concerns regarding
housing within the County is the lack of
affordability and the resulting homelessness that
can occur. Our existing affordable housing stock
includes public housing that is managed by the
Hawaii Public Housing Authority and consists of 84
projects containing 5,997 housing units. Also
included are the subsidized or income -restricted
housing programs managed by the County,
averaging 2,055 households. Further, affordable
housing includes those affordable at market rate.
The US Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) housing guidelines suggest
that households should devote no more than 30
percent of their income to pay monthly housing
expenses; otherwise, a household is considered
shelter burdened" and may have difficulty
affording necessities such as food, clothing,
transportation, and medical care. Households
spending more than 50 percent of their income on
housing are considered severely shelter burdened.
I n 2020 39 percent of owner households
with a mortgage and 43 percent of all renter
households were paying more than 30 percent
of their income for housing, compared with
a national average of 30 percent. The State of Hawaii
is continuously ranked in the top three highest
of shelter burdened, nationally. A
more accurate gauge of affordability also looks at
transportation costs. The Center forNeighborhood Technology provides a
housing and transportation affordability index (
H+T) which sets a benchmark of
no more than 45 percent of household income. Hawaii County
housing costs an average of 41
percent of a household budget while transportation costs at
28 percent for a total H+T of 69
percent. The 2019 Hawaii Housing
Study shows that median sales and rental prices
of housing in the County have substantially exceeded levels
affordable to families earning median incomes, according
to affordability ratios established by HUD.
As a result, a large percentage
of residents earning median or below -median incomes are
unable to either obtain the amount of
mortgage financing necessary to purchase a housing unit
or afford the rental payments for newly constructed
rental housing. Public discussions at the State
and County
levels, regarding the high cost of housing, commonly
assert unnecessary time and expense to obtain
land use and permit approvals as driving
up housing costs. High land costs are also
cited as a major cost component responsible for the failure
of private developers or public agencies to
deliver new affordable housing units. Investing in Homelessness
Response In 20221 the
County Council approved Ordinance
2022-026., which allocates no less than
75 percent of the property tax collected each year
from Tier 2 residential properties. These properties are second luxury
homes with a value of $2
million or more. The ordinance, as approved, took effect on
July 1, 2022, and will be in place
until June 30, 2027. It is estimated the program will generate
about $9 million in the first fiscal year.
Each year of the program, these funds are to be used
exclusively for county -sponsored programs to address housing
and homelessness. 4.5 Housing for
All I County of
Hawaii General Plan
Housing Challenges
Low infrastructure and services capacity in urban
growth areas deters new development and limits
rehabilitation or expansion of existing
development due to high cost.
Local communities rarely support new housing
and homeless solutions in their immediate and
nearby neighborhoods.
Land and material costs, land use, building code,
and permit requirements do not encourage the
private housing market to invest adequately in
low- and middle -income housing options.
Building code changes are not evaluated for their
impact on housing cost and availability, and the
embodied carbon impact of required materials.
Homeownership solely for investment purposes
that are kept vacant or used for transient
accommodation rentals reduces available stock
for long-term local resident ownership and rental
opportunities.
Due to a lack of proximate and affordable housing
options, many residents who are employed within
large resort and employment areas endure long
commutes., which contributes to increased
greenhouse gas emissions., vehicle counts, roadway congestion,
and a lack of healthy work - life balance.
The locations
where local residents can typically afford a
single-family home are often away from mixed -use
commercial centers that provide employment and
daily goods and services for families. Housing
Opportunities
Create subsidies
like Low -Income Housing Tax Credit (
LIHTC) for the missing middle of affordable housing (
80%-140% AMI)e Collaborate with
private and non-profit organizations to
increase affordable housing including workforce
and elderly housing. Affordable housing
developments can better address
the housing needs and affordability for
ALICE households. Embrace universal
design principles and Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility for
new construction and rehabilitation projects.
Explore creative
financing solutions to meet housing and
infrastructure demands. Encourage the
adaptive reuse of underutilized commercial
spaces. Encourage resort
communities and large employers to
include on -site workforce housing options.
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Housing for ACounty of Hawaii General Plan 181
46562 Housing Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions Goals.
Residents have access to adequate and affordable housing to meet the needs
of the population and provide equitable opportunities for household flexibility
and mobility. Objective
37 (Diversify and Expand Housing) Increase
the number and variety of newly constructed housing units for rent and sale that
addresses a range of Area Median Income (AMI). Policies 37.
1
County departments shall collaborate to identify and prioritize infrastructure needs such as roads, water, and
wastewater and public -private partnerships that support the desired density of housing types near
mixed -use centers and transit hubs in urban growth areas. 37.2
Incentivize a mix of diverse housing types, including missing middle housing, smaller house designs, and
mixed -income communities. 3703 Prioritize
new housing including the missing middle in or near mixed -use developments., urban growth areas
with infrastructure, and near existing and proposed transit centers. 37.4
Support experimental housing, energy efficiency, and compact housing communities in accordance with
HRSJ, Section 46-15. 37.5
Incentivize the use of universal design principles and ADA accessibility in new construction to create physically
accessible housing for children, the aging, and those with mobility limitations. 37.6
Vacant lands in the urban growth boundary (UGB) should be prioritized for residential and supportive uses
before additional agricultural lands outside the UGB are converted into urban uses. Actions
37.
a
Establish interdepartmental procedures to collaboratively identify, prioritize, and build infrastructure that
supports housing in or near mixed -use areas and transit centers in urban areas. 37.b
Review the State housing inventory every 5 years and conduct scenario modeling to identify existing housing
types, housing needs, and land use and building code updates that will provide for diversified
housing, a mix of development types., and efficient and alternative construction methods in
urban areas. 37.c
Assess and amend the land use and building regulations and explore fiscal opportunities to support universal
design principles and ADA accessibility for more physically accessible housing. 4.5
Housing for All I County of Hawaii General Plan 182
37.d Advocate for the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing around State education
facilities and established urban centers with transit.
37.e Advocate for the State to provide staff housing around State health care facilities and established
urban centers with transit.
37.f Initiate collaboration and learning opportunities among communities, nonprofits, and housing
developers as it relates to housing and community development projects.
37.g Amend the zoning and building regulations to allow affordability of various housing types,
particularly the missing middle in urban areas.
37.h Develop and implement various incentives to facilitate smaller house designs or multi -family
housing options such as expedited permitting, fee waivers, and tax incentives.
Objective 3(Mana8geExistongHou
a
ng)
Monitor, conserve, and improve the existing housing stock.
Policies
38.1 Enable data -driven research to support and maintain a housing inventory program that monitors
existing housing.
38.2 Incentivize the use of universal design principles and ADA improvements for the rehabilitation of
existing housing and to create physical accessibility for those with mobility limitations.
38.3 Encourage the adaptive reuse of non-residential spaces for residential purposes in urban growth
areas where supporting infrastructure exists.
38.4 Identify and support federal, state, and local housing assistance programs to rehabilitate existing
housing for very low- to moderate -income residents.
Actions
38.a Perform existing housing inventory data analysis to identify structural conditions and needs for
rehabilitation or demolition.
38.b Review and amend the zoning and building regulations to support the adaptive reuse of non-
residential spaces for residential housing units.
38.c Amend building regulations to allow for as -built permits and new renovation permits for less than
50 percent of an existing structure to conform with the building code of the year the main structure
was permitted, excluding electrical and other critical life safety codes.
38.d Create, aid, and encourage programs to maintain and rehabilitate the existing housing inventory,
including consideration for self-help programs.
38.e Perform ongoing analysis of available housing assistance programs for public and private
stakeholders.
38.f Develop and maintain an outreach program to disseminate information and educate stakeholders
about housing assistance programs.
38.g Amend the Real Property Tax Code to incentivize long term occupied housing.
4.5 Housing for All I County of Hawaii General Plan
183
Objective 39 (Create Housing Affordability)
Prioritize providing quality affordable housing for Hawat`i's residents. Policies 39.1 Support affordable housing
developments
for all users including but not limited to the following groups: middle -income workforce, elderly, minimum
wage workers, agriculture workers, individuals with special needs, individuals with
disabilities, homeless, and retired individuals. 39.2 Support innovative and experimental
housing types that address homelessness located near services, job centers., and transit hubs,
while providing support services such as rent assistance. 39.3 All affordable housing projects
that receive development benefits from the County, such as land use/zoning approvals, special approvals (including
HRS, Section 201-H), conditional uses, and density bonuses', shall be required to
maintain the affordable rental units for not less than 20 years pursuant to deed restrictions or other
mechanisms specified in the HCC. 39.4 Reduce the cost and
time of processing land use and construction applications, particularly for affordable housing projects. 39.5 Allow
for and apply
property tax and land use regulations to incentivize private property owners to provide affordable housing units in
mixed -use and urban areas and to disincentivize the land banking of unimproved properties. 39.6
Encourage public agencies and
private organizations to participate in federal, state., and private programs to provide new and rehabilitated
housing and rental opportunities for low- and moderate -income households. 39.7 Enable
housing programs that
implement a land trust strategy for publicly owned parcels. 39.8 Encourage the development of
workforce housing within or near urban growth areas and employment centers and require large new
developments that create a demand for housing to provide affordable workforce housing. 3969 Enable
and encourage the development
of affordable retirement communities and aging -in -place opportunities that are located near services
and activities for seniors. 39.10 Affordable housing projects should
have sufficient open space and recreational amenities or be located near public facilities. Actions 39.
a Review and amend
zoning
and building codes to allow for innovative housing solutions for the homeless such as permanent supportive housing,
transitional housing/camps, micro -housing communities, emergency, and temporary shelters. 39.
b Amend the housing code
to require and maintain the long-term affordability of affordable housing developments. 39.c Amend land use
and
building regulations to reduce costs and streamline the processing of affordable housing applications and facilitate concurrent
applications when possible. 4.5 Housing for All I
County of Hawaii General Plan ff
39.d Revise financial mechanisms and property tax provisions to allow for creative finance solutions to
incentivize new construction and rehabilitation of affordable housing.
39.e Form an Affordable Housing Advisory Committee to complete an island -wide Affordable Housing
Strategic Plan and that prioritizes home ownership for local families to build equity.
39.f Establish an internal County housing working group to include OHCD,, Planning,, DPW, DWS, DEM,
Finance, and DPR at a minimum to coordinate planning and infrastructure that supports affordable
housing.
39.g Adopt a County affordable housing program, similar to HRS, Section 201H, that encourages
development, reduces cost, and simplifies permitting.
39.h Coordinate with the State and Federal agencies to provide housing programs for low- to
moderate -income households., educate families about the opportunities, and ensure equitable
access.
39ei Partner with government and private housing entities and housing trusts to fund and support
community -based non-profit organizations to provide adequate and equitable affordable
housing.
39.j Amend land use and development regulations to incentivize new workforce and retirement
communities and to require large new developments to provide affordable housing suitable for
employees in or near the development.
Table 40e Affordable Housing Standard Guidelines Affordable
housing developments should provide a minimum of the following: Health &
Safety Viable, safe, and sanitary housing communities with quality living environments. Equity
Opportunities for families of various socio-economic levels. Household
A mix of housing types when possible, such as multifamily, duplex, townhomes, etc. Types
Additional
Provide adequate broadband. Infrastructure
Recreational •
Open space and outdoor recreational amenities, such as playgrounds, courts, Amenities
pavilion, etc. Indoor
community spaces, such as community kitchens, gathering areas,, etc. Location •
Ideally located in proximity to and integrated into existing and proposed urban and
rural centers, to ensure easy access to necessary goods and services, employment
centers, recreation, and other quality of life amenities. 4.
5 Housing for All I County of Hawaii General Plan 185
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4.
6 Integrated Systems ICountyofHawaiiGeneral
Plan
46601 Introduction
The General Plan highlights the need for effective
collaboration and integrated systems across our
county government to promote efficiency, achieve
shared goals, and ensure optimal service delivery
to the community. Integrated government systems
refer to a network of interconnected systems and
databases that allow different government
departments and agencies to share information
and work collaboratively. The need for integrated
government systems arises from the fact that our
County has numerous departments, agencies, and
functions that require coordination and information sharing to
ensure efficient and effective service delivery.
Integrated systems are key to achieving
consistency across administrations. By fostering
collaboration
among different departments, such as
planning, public works, parks and recreation, and
finance, the County can leverage the collective
expertise and resources of these departments. Integrated
systems play a vital role in facilitating
efficient and coordinated governance. When different
departments and agencies are connected
through integrated systems, it enables the seamless
exchange of information, enhances communication., and improves
decision -making processes. For
example, an integrated system can
enable the sharing of data between planning
and public works departments, ensuring that infrastructure
development aligns with land use
plans and regulations. The following benefits demonstrate
why
integrated government systems are needed
in Hawaii County: Improved Service Delivery
and Public
Engagement Integrated government systems help
to
improve service delivery by enabling different
government agencies to share information, which
helps to reduce duplication of effort and
increase the speed of service delivery. For
example, an integrated system for health and
social services can help ensure that individuals receive
coordinated and comprehensive care. Cost Savings
Integrated government systems
can help
to save costs by reducing duplication of
effort and by providing a more streamlined approach
to service delivery. When different government departments
are working together, they can
pool resources and avoid the need for redundant
systems. Enhanced Efficiency Integrated government systems
help to
enhance efficiency by reducing the time
and resources needed to access information. This
can help to reduce bureaucracy and speed up
decision - making. Improved Data Management Integrated
government
systems can help
to improve data management by providing
a centralized repository of information that
can be accessed by different government departments.
This can help to ensure
that data is accurate,, up-to- date, and easily accessible. Better
Policy Development Integrated government
systems can help
to facilitate better policy development by
providing policyErnakers with access to comprehensive
and accurate data. This can help
to ensure that policies are evidence -based and effective.
Overall., integrated systems are essential
for Hawaii County to provide efficient,
effective, and coordinated services to our citizens.
4.6 Integrated Systems I
County of Hawaii General Plan 187
46662 Integrated Systems Goal, Objectives,, Policies,
and Actions
Goals. We employ integrated systems that are efficient, equitable, and organized
to facilitate coordination and collaboration.
Objective 40
Increase collaborat00
10 40 dP dP
ion and cooperation for efficiency, effectiveness,
s'
responsiveness.
Policies
and
40.1 Maintain and adequately fund County government services at the level necessary to be effective.
40.2 Ensure that government attitudes, actions, and services are sensitive to community needs and
concerns.
40.3 Sufficiently fund, and facilitate the timely preparation, maintenance, and update of public policies
and plans to guide County programs and regulatory responsibilities.
40.4 Expand the adoption of technology across all County agencies to achieve greater efficiency,
accessibility, and accountability to the general public throughout government operations.
40.5 Continue to seek ways of improving public service through the coordination of service and
maximizing the use of personnel and facilities.
40.6 Promote alignment and consolidation of State and County functions whenever more efficient and
effective delivery of government programs and services may be achieved.
40.7 Collaborate with appropriate State agencies for the provision of public facilities to serve the needs
of the community.
40.8 Require all County departments to collaborate with the County Office of Sustainability, Climate,
Equity, and Resilience (OSCER) as the lead agency to ensure the integration of the County's goals
of sustainability, climate resilience, and equity into all county operations and planning initiatives.
Objective Maintain
fiscal integrity, responsibility, and efficiency,. Policies
4101
Provide for a balanced budget. 4.
6 Integrated Systems I County of Hawaii General Plan W618F618
41.2 Allocate fiscal resources to efficiently implement the objectives of the General Plan in addition to
essential government operations.
4103 Ensure accountability in government operations.
41.4 Calculate the cost of the different County services provided.
4165 Continue regular review of the County fee and fine schedules.
41.6 Maintain a debt financing plan to schedule bond authorization.
4167 Leverage multiple sources of funding as part of the Capital Improvements Program (CIP).
4108 Encourage financing tools like Community Facilities Districts (CFD) to help fund off -site
infrastructure improvements.
41.09 Develop short and long-range capital improvements program and operating budgets for public
facilities and services.
41.10 Capital projects shall be analyzed for overlapping scopes.
41.11 Projects involving more than one Department's assets shall be coordinated to define scoping,
design, and construction needs.
41.12 Improve the effectiveness of the Capital Improvements Program to maintain transparency of the
status of all County CIP projects.
Actions
41.a Develop a working group to plan for large infrastructure investment needs such as the
Metropolitan Planning Organization and the Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4).
410b Create a fiscal impact statement for the interdepartmental project FIS.
41..c Develop a countywide facility condition inventory and maintenance schedule.
41.d Conduct cost -benefit analysis for new facilities and replacements.
41.e Establish memorandums of agreement to partner with community groups for facility
improvements and ongoing maintenance opportunities.
Achieve equitable outcomes for County programs, policies, and allocat40ion of
resources.
Policies
42.1 Promote policies that actively address and reduce disparate outcomes for historically underserved
communities.
42.2 Seek equitable distribution of County investments towards promoting employment opportunities,
infrastructure, and other community benefits.
4263 Provide resources for County employees to understand and actively advance equity solutions
within all agencies of County government.
4.6 Integrated Systems I County of Hawaii General Plan
42.4 Consider financial and time barriers, geographic constraints, and language accessibility when
conducting community outreach.
4285 Research and develop an `Aina Kupuna program that would exempt 100% of real property taxes of
qualifying kuleana landowners as referenced by the Kuleana Act of 1850.
Actions
42.a Provide technical assistance for financing options for infrastructure in underserved areas.
42. b Provide technical assistance for financing districts for new facilities and services in areas
designated as urban growth areas.
42.c Develop and adopt an impact fees ordinance that considers district specific needs and excludes
urban core areas where infill is encouraged.
428d Develop a framework for a transition plan for changes in administrative leadership to ensure a
smooth transition and continuity of operations.
42.e Develop a community engagement framework to be used across county departments and
agencies to provide direction and ensure effective civic participation.
4.6 Integrated Systems I County of Hawaii General Plan
190
5. THRIVING, DIVERSE, AND REGENERATIVE
IC ONOMY w 5.0
Thriving,, Diverse,
and Regenerative
Economy
I County of Hawaii General Plan 191
Sol Introduction
Hawaii Island is a unique and vibrant place, known
for its natural beauty, cultural heritage, and
diverse ecosystems. Considering the natural abundance
and limited resources that exist, economic
development must be balanced with preserving
the island's unique character and assets
as we navigate the future. The General Plan aims
to guide the creation of an economy that not only
generates prosperity but nurtures the well- being
of our communities and respects the delicate
ecological balance of the island. The planning
process is geared towards the achievement of
a high quality of life for the residents of
the County. Working towards the goals, objectives,
policies, and actions of the economic element
is only one aspect of accomplishing this
desired end. Though sustainability
is a key guiding principle for this
Plan, we emphasize the importance of regenerative practices
in our economic pursuits. This means
going beyond sustainability to actively restore
and enhance our natural resources and
ecosystems. The Plan prioritizes initiatives that
promote renewable energy, regenerative agriculture
and tourism, and the conservation of
natural resources. Embracing regenerative practices
in economic development can help
to ensure the long-term health our environment and
communities while realizing the economic benefits.
Diversification is
an essential aspect of the Plans economic strategy.
Hawai'i's history demonstrates the
risks and detriment that an over -reliance
on a single industry has on our island's
communities and natural resources. The Plan strives
to foster a diverse range of sectors that can
support a resilient and robust economy. By investing
in and nurturing key growth sectors,, Hawaii County
can create a more stable economic foundation
and reduce vulnerability to external shocks.
Sound economic
development policy supports household stability
as a key factor for determining the quality
of life for all Hawaii Island residents. The term "
economic development"" means that we take
a community -centered approach. The key is
to ensure that economic policy creates opportunities for
our residents while protecting our resources
for future generations. The well- being of
our island's residents relies on the availability of
meaningful and well -paying jobs., attainable and
affordable housing', viable transportation systems,
and a healthy environment for
generations to come. Economic development
policy is intrinsically tied to and
influenced by other aspects of the General Plan. The
establishment and growth of urban job centers are
influenced by a multitude of factors. They are
often created through a type of economic ecology
where surrounding industry clusters can
create reciprocal relationships between similar
business types. These job centers are
typically sustainedthrough infrastructure and utility development', such
as access to water., transportation, and
wastewater treatment. Job centers may also
be proximate to nearby natural features or resources,
often those that attract visitors. A common
example is roadside stands and food trucks
located in areas where there are a lot
of visitors and foot traffic. Consequently, land use and economic
policies both respond to and influence
the location, density, and sustainability of future
economic growth. 5.0 Thriving,, Diverse,
and
Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 192
Table 41. Economic Key Trends'
Poverty Persists 0 The median household income in Hawaii County trended up in 2020 to $65,401.
The poverty rate in the County has fluctuated from a low of 13.1% in 2007 to a record high of
19.5% in 2015. In 2020, the percentage of poverty was 14%. In contrast, the poverty rate
nationwide was 11.4%, and statewide it was nearly 9.3%.
The cost of living in Hawaii continues to be among the highest in the nation, compounding impacts on
those that are already struggling to meet basic needs. Self -Sufficiency
is In 2020, the County had the lowest overall self-sufficiency income requirements in the state Out of
Reach for ($74,030 for a family of four, including one preschooler and one school -aged child), but that Many income
is well above the poverty line. A family of four needed to earn a combined hourly wage of $
35.05 (or $17.53 each on average) to be economically self-sufficient. That was 76.2%
above the state minimum wage level and 1.45.7% above the federal poverty threshold for Hawa
i1i.2 Almost one -
quarter (23%) of employed survey respondents in Hawaii work more than one job. Approximately 30%
of part-time workers have multiple jobs, and one -fifth (20%) of full- time workers are
working second and third jobs a 3 Brain Drain
From
2017 to 2019J. the population in Hawaii decreased, in large part due to a high rate of net domestic outmigration.
Of primary concern for economic growth, these outmigrants are more likely to
be young, college -educated workers, a phenomenon often referred to as brain drain".4
Domestic outmigrants (as
defined by migration status over the past 12 months) were disproportionately younger adults (
aged 18-34) and educated (have bachelor's degree or higher).5 Job
Growth The
average annual growth rate for jobs averaged 1.4% since 2005, mirroring population Mirrors Population trends,
and it is expected to mirror population trends experiencing a slight decrease in the Growth growth rate
for the next several decades. Job Market The
three primary economic sectors of the Hawaii Island economy are the services producing Characteristics sector (education,
health, accommodation, entertainment, food, professional, financial, real estate, public, etc.),
goods producing sector (construction and manufacturing), and agriculture. In 2020,
85.
4% of employment was in one of the industries classified as within the services producing sector. The
agriculture sector represents about 6.5% of employment. Tourism drives the
arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services industries and much
of the retail trade, representing a large portion of employment. Employment in the
construction industry continues to be the most volatile among the top industries, with notable
spikes and dips in employment that generally correspond to fluctuations in the
housing market. Top Growth • The
top five growth sectors in the DBEDT 2045 forecast are educational services, business Sectors services, health
services, eating and drinking, and professional services. Job & Population In
general, about 42% of jobs are in Hilo, another quarter are in North Kona, 7% are in the Centers Mismatch, Waikoloa
and Waimea areas, and about 1 to 7% in each of the other population centers. 1 SMS Hawaii,
COH General Plan Comprehensive Review (2022) and the corresponding Key Findings Trends and Forecasts Report. 2 DBEDT1 Self -
Sufficiency Income Standard: Estimates for Hawaii 2020 (2021) 3 Financial Health
Network, Hawaii Financial Health Pulse: 201-9 Survey Results 4 DBEDTY Brain
Drain: Characteristics of Hawaii -Born Adults on the US Mainland (2021) 5 DBEDTY Hawaii
Migration Flows: 2013-2017 (2019) 5.0 Thriving,,
Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 193
Resulting in There are notable mismatches between locations of high population density and job centers.
Longer Commutes For example, Hilo has a surplus of jobs relative to the population, reflecting the fact that
residents commute there from other communities. In contrast, the Hawaiian Paradise Park-
Orchidland area has a working population that far exceeds the number of nearby jobs.
These mismatches are reflected in the Census Bureau's measure of mean travel time to work
from 24.5 minutes in 2000 to 26.8 in 2020.
Local Competitive The greatest number of jobs are in government (18.6%); retail (12.5%); business,
Advantages Vary professional, and other services (3-2.7%); health and social assistance (3-0.7%); dining (9.8%);
and hotels (8.6%).
Job data are geographically linked to the place of employment and can be used to identify
characteristics of job centers.
There is a greater concentration of agricultural jobs relative to the state as a whole.
The information sector in the County is underrepresented as compared to the rest of the
state, and employment in the finance and insurance industry has also been relatively low in
the County compared to the State.
5.0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan
194
Table 42e hallengesEconomicC
General • Economic activities are challenged by regulatory barriers, shipping costs, and energy costs.
Large disparities between wages and cost of living reduce the quality of life and the ability to
attract and retain labor.
A greater diversity of training programs and educational opportunities is needed to retain
and develop the workforce pipeline.
Financial instability makes it challenging for people to take risks such as starting a new job or
business.
Climate change impacts continue to threaten infrastructure and the viability of coastal and
inland properties (residential, commercial, and civic).
Rural job centers lack the infrastructure to support economic development.
There is a lack of affordable and attainable workforce housing near employment centers.
Agriculture & Food • Limited availability of land, water, transportation, housing, and labor, along with costly
Systems operations and maintenance contribute to high agricultural costs.
Minimal and expensive farmworker housing, along with narrow profit margins and high entry
costs, negatively impacts the agricultural industry's ability to attract and retain labor.
Inadequate infrastructure availability for agriculture operations can limit production. For
example, there is a lack of facilities and resources to process value-added products.
There is a lack of capacity and access to training, skillsets, and network building to scale up
small agricultural businesses to handle their administrative needs.
Limited access to financing and capital.
Some regulations can limit opportunities for agriculture and the local food system.
It is increasingly difficult for farmers to support themselves in agricultural activities alone.
Visitor Industry • Career advancement opportunities within the visitor industry can be limited.
It is often difficult to keep tourism dollars circulating on the island.
There is a lack of understanding that our island is more than just a tourist destination.
Measuring visitor impacts and tracking data, including natural resources.
Transportation is difficult given the size of the island and the lack of options.
There is a need to increase resident satisfaction with the visitor industry.
Greater funding is needed for parks as well as better planning and management of public
spaces.
There are mixed viewpoints about the appropriate location of visitor accommodations.
5.0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan
195
Table 43e Economic Opportunities
General • Support the expansion into industries such as astronomy, renewable energy, diversified
agriculture, and aquaculture.
Promote technology and innovation to address economic challenges, such as opportunities
for waste -to -energy and agriculture advancements.
Improve land use regulations, development regulations, and property tax policy to support
economic development.
Pursue opportunities to underwrite risks through a variety of mechanisms, such as industrial
development bonds, tax abatement, and low -interest loan programs.
Create small business incubators or innovation centers to reduce barriers.
Invest in and provide the infrastructure that increases the competitiveness and performance
of local businesses.
Increase broadband infrastructure to provide opportunities for participation in the digital
economy.
The gig economy and virtual work provide flexibility and highlight the potential for outside
capital to enter the local economy.
Collaborate with the business community and the University system to identify industry needs
and solutions to further diversification and growth.
Interagency coordination is essential for economic development problem -solving.
Agriculture & Food • Explore market niches to expand agricultural opportunities. The increasing demand for
Systems crops, such as cacao, spirulina, kaval and noni, can help diversify the market while uplifting
local products.
Support sustainable food production and regenerative agriculture to help address climate
change and restore soil and ecosystem health.
Collaborate with the agriculture and food system industry to develop methods to utilize
agricultural by-products.
Pursue property tax incentives to lease land for agricultural uses.
Promote education around appropriate crop suitability and available programs.
Maximize the potential of agriculture through the cooperation of large corporations,
entrepreneurs, small independent farmers, and government agencies.
Establish clear guidelines, requirements, and programs that encourage and support
participation in agricultural tourism.
Visitor Industry • Diversify the visitor services offered and continue to pursue authentic experiences on the
island.
Increasing natural and cultural resource management training and programs can help to
educate visitors about the necessity and significance of respecting, maintaining, and
sustaining resources.
Support educational tourism opportunities to promote culture, history, and social or
language learning.
5.0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan
196
so2 Economic Goal, Objectives, Policies, and Actions
Goals. Our
economy is diverse, regenerative, and innovative, improving and maintaining the
financial well-being of our residents with a focus on increasing local economic
opportunities. Objective 43
Improve access
at all levels for education and training,.10 Policies
43.
1
Support all levels and forms of education. 43.2
Support programs and infrastructure that enable employees to telecommute or work in satellite locations. 4303
Support
apprenticeships and workforce training to strengthen leadership and entrepreneurial skillsets and
networks. 43.4
Support County apprenticeships, fellowships, and internships to strengthen skillsets, networks, and innovation.
Actions 43.
a
Continue to support a centralized County demographic and socioeconomic data resource base. 43.
b
Continue to provide or expand County services and/or programs for workforce development and technical
assistance. 43.c
Expand offerings for Arnentorship and networking. 438d Develop
an apprenticeship program for the County. 43.e
Provide business planning assistance, career planning, entrepreneurial training, incubation, and assistance
with permitting, licensing, and regulatory issues. 43.f
Develop and maintain partnerships with the higher education system and other organizations to support
education and workforce development opportunities. 43.g
Coordinate educational and workforce development programs with local high schools, community college
campuses, trade unions, and other groups. 5.0
Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 197
Objective 44
Increase the growth and health of small businesses.
Policies
44.1 Establish Hawaii Island as a business -friendly place.
44.2 Streamline regulatory processes associated with starting and operating a business.
44.3 Shared workspaces, including certified kitchens and industrial co -work buildings, shall be
supported.
44.4 Initiate and/or support programs to revitalize town centers and increase the patronage of local
businesses.
4485 Maintain strong partnerships and effective communication with the business community to
identify barriers and actions to improve the business climate.
44.6 Support the creation of shared facilities and resources that can be utilized by multiple
opportunity clusters,, such as creative industries and technical services.
4407 Promote creative industries through collaboration with local artists on the design and creation
of public, livable spaces.
44.8 Support programs and initiatives that encourage manufacturing and support Hawaii Island's
small-scale independent manufacturers.
44.9 Support business development programs by reducing underwriting risks for the private sector
such as industrial development bonds., tax abatement, and low -interest loan programs.
44.10 Support access to capital for small businesses and start-ups.
44.11 Promote the use of the incentives offered by federal and state programs such as opportunity
zones and enterprise zones partnership programs to attract businesses.
44.12 Encourage the development of the Technology, Creative, Agribusiness, Health and Wellness,
and Education targeted sectors.
Actions
44.a Promote liaison services with the private sector with respect to the County quirements for
establishing businesses on the island.
44.b Utilize County facilities and funds to support shared affordable workspaces, maker spaces, and
equipment for small businesses to utilize.
44.c Complete a feasibility analysis for the County to provide access to tools such as industrial
development bonds., tax abatement., and low -interest loan programs.
44.d Develop business improvement districts and Main Street programs to fund revitalization efforts.
44.e Educate businesses on financial planning and funding sources for hazard preparedness and
recovery, including insurance options for business interruption,, natural disasters, and other
unexpected occurrences.
5.0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan
0 T0618
440f Partner with business associations, realtors., and the chamber of commerce to recruit small-scale
manufacturers to establish retail locations in village and town centers to support reinvestment
and match potential tenants with local landowners.
440g Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities., and other stakeholders
e.g.,, University of Hawaii, business associations, etc.) to convene business development events island -
wide. Objective
Incorporate resiliency,
diversity, and innovation in County programs, plans, and IN research
tosupporthealthyeconomicdevelopmentandrevitalization. Policies 4501
Increase
County resources and actions devoted to strategic planning, interagency coordination, training
and expertise, and capital improvements. 45.2
The Capital Improvements Program (CIP) shall improve and increase the capacity of existing and future
commercial and industrial areas. 4503 Maintain
a program for updating the zoning code to accommodate emerging industries and technologies consistent
with other goals, objectives, and policies of the General Plan. 45.4
Support lease terms and extensions on State and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) lands that
provide opportunities to improve or rehabilitate existing commercial and industrial zoned areas.
4595 Encourage
land uses that allow for small-scale manufacturers in retail establishments that enhance and
are balanced with the County"s natural, cultural, and social environments. 45.6
Maintain plans and programs to foster sustainable business development opportunities focusing on
regenerative agriculture, green technologies and building, innovation and technology, creative
industries, and regenerative tourism. 45.7
Improve opportunities for multimodal transit that improve the quality of access to existing job centers. 4508
Provide technological infrastructure
that increases the competitiveness of businesses and allows them to thrive
in all parts of the island. 4509 Expand opportunities for
innovation and tech -based businesses. 45.10 Promote a
distinctive brand for the island of Hawaii including distinctive, regional identities as an entity unique within
the State of Hawali. 45.11 Encourage the development
of economic opportunities through the utilization of by-products from various industries. 45.12
Continue to encourage
the research, development, and technologies and processes. 45.1.
3 Promote Hawaii
Island as a center for natural scientific research. implementation of advanced 5.0
Thriving,, Diverse, and
Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 199
45.14 County departments should integrate economic development, equity, and sustainability
outcomes into their annual goals and reports to the Mayor.
Actions
45.a Collaborate with emerging industry leaders to identify needed infrastructure and services to
support economic diversification.
450b Monitor trends and identify business needs, strengthen existing industries, and diversify the
economy by attracting emerging industries.
45.c Collaborate with the private sector to identify business needs, strengthen existing industries,
and diversify the economy by attracting new endeavors.
45od Remove regulatory barriers that restrict entrepreneurial endeavors., such as zoning restrictions
for home -based businesses that do not negatively impact the infrastructure network or the
character of the neighborhood.
45.e Build capacity for implementation and economic development in the target industry clusters
identified by the Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS).
45.f Promote cross -sector linkages between Hawaii Island's anchor and opportunity industries to
grow the market for local products and services.
45.g Expand the research and development for energy and technology industries.
456h Assist in the expansion of emerging industries through the development of marketing plans
and programs.
45oi Develop a market strategy that includes housing, a skilled workforce, quality of life, and a
healthy regulatory environment to attract emerging industries.
45.j Assist in the development of a film and creative industries program to market Hawaii Island sites
and coordinate activities. 45.
k Partner with government (e.g., DOT, DBEDT, etc.), private and nonprofit agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to monitor export capacity for Hawaii Island. 45ol Partner
with government,, private and nonprofit agencies (e.g., business associations, realtors, chambers of
commerce., etc.), communities., and other stakeholders to streamline regulatory processes and
create incentives for urban renewal, rehabilitation,, and/or redevelopment programs in
collaboration with communities, businesses, and government agencies. 45.Arn
Program regular collaboration with the University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hawaii Community College, the
Natural Energy Laboratory at Hawaii Authority (NELHA)l and other agencies to expand the research
and development industry for sustainable and equitable economic development. 45. n
Increase
grant writing capacity and management and pursue grant funding to supplement County critical needs.
5.0 Thriving,,
Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 200
563 Agriculture and Food Systems
As the General Plan envisions a prosperous
future for Hawaii Island, the economic section
sheds light on the pivotal role of agriculture and
our local food system. Agriculture holds a special
place in Hawai'i's history and continues to
represent a vital economic sector of Hawaii Island.
The agriculture sector encompasses the growing
of crops, raising livestock, aquaculture, and
forestry. These businesses and organizations are
all dependent upon good management of the
natural resources on which they depend, not only
for their benefit as agricultural enterprises but
more importantly for the long-term health and
future productivity of these resources for the benefit
of both the broader community and future
generations who continue to be the boots on
the ground stewarding these precious resources.
A
sustainable local food system is fueled by strong
investments in the agricultural sector and ongoing
partnerships among farmers, ranchers, processors,
retailers, communities, government, and
non -government organizations. This section is
centered on supporting the regenerative agricultural
sector to sustain local food systems that
enhance the environmental, economic, and social
health of the island. t
7
a r
u
ro
G r us
r Over
the years, several key trends have emerged in
our agricultural landscape, reflecting the evolving
needs of the local economy. First., there is
a growing emphasis on sustainable and regenerative
practices. Farmers, ranchers, and food
producers recognize the importance and necessity
of preserving the island's delicate ecosystems
while maintaining productivity. Furthermore,
Hawaii Island has witnessed a resurgence of
small-scale farming and diversified agricultural enterprises.
As consumers increasingly prioritize
local, organic, and culturally significant
food options, a network of farmers' markets,
farm -to -table initiatives, and community -supported
agriculture programs have flourished. This
trend promotes food sovereignty, strengthens local
supply chains, and fosters a connection
between producers and consumers. In recent
years,
the island's food systems have also experienced a
renaissance driven by agricultural tourism and
the burgeoning farm -to - fork movement. Visitors
and residents alike seek immersive experiences that
celebrate the island's rich agricultural and
paniolo heritage. From farm and ranch tours
and agritourism ventures to farm -to -table
restaurants and food festivals, Hawaii Island's
food systems have attracted those seeking authentic
and sustainable experiences. As the
General
Plan charts the economic course for the future.,
it recognizes the immense potential of agriculture
and food systems on Hawaii Island. The
Plan seeks to bolster and diversify agricultural businesses,
encourage innovation and technology
adoption, support value-added processing,
and promote market access for local
producers. By fostering collaboration among stakeholders, investing
in infrastructure., and embracing regenerative
practices, the Plan envisions
a vibrant agricultural sector that sustains livelihoods,
strengthens the 5.0 Thriving, Diverse,
and Regenerative Economy County of Hawaii General Plan 201
local economy, enhances the flow of ecosystem
services from our working lands, and preserves
the unique heritage of the island.
Local Production and Consumption
Since 2015., agriculture on the island has faced
numerous challenges, including a volcanic
eruption in the Puna district, flooding and
damage from Hurricane Lane in 2018, and the
discovery of coffee leaf rust in October 2020.
These incidents., along with ongoing issues
impacting pastures and cropland, such as
invasive pests., all contribute to the hardships
experienced by ranchers and farmers. Despite
such trials, Hawaii Island continues to be the
State's primary producer for a variety of
important crops., including coffee, flowers,
foliage, landscape, cattle, macadamia nuts,
papaya, and tropical fruit. These commodities
and others have growth potential. There are new
high -value crops that have the potential to be
successfully cultivated. One such high -value crop
is Kava (Awa), a medicinal plant that has the
potential to be a viable cash crop. Locally, small
growers as well as a few large growers are
producing Kava. Vanilla beans., cacao, nutraceuticais,, hardwood
forestry products, and medicinal plants
are other types of high -value crops that
hold much promise for growth. Hawaii Island holds most
of the States acreage in commercial forestry (20
921 acres) and pasture 552,PO91)8
Figure 8 Summary
of Hawaii Island Agricultural Footprint and Changes Between 2015 and 20206 Change (2015 to
2020) Crop Type Diversified
Crop I
age Flowe
rs olandsca eMaiaNuts Sugarcane
3,0266 40.
34.
2121,, 14 14 N/
A lrep'
ic-L l ruits
HI P a IP id
ID
6 2020
Update to the
Hawaii Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline, UHH https:Hhdoa.hawaii.gov/saIubreports/ 5.0 Thriving, Diverse, and
Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 202
Figure 9 Hawai'i Island Agricultural Footprint
Important Agricultural Lands
On Hawaii Island., there are 561772 acres
designated as Important Agricultural Lands (IAL)
by the State Land Use Commission. Of these,
about 96% (54,555 acres) were in active
agriculture in 2020. Pasture comprises over 90%
of these lands (49,812 acres) and commercial
forestry (4,743 acres) the remainder. Within the
IAL designation zone, there are no cropped fields
of any type.
0TodistinguishHawaiiIsland's important agricultural
lands from the State IAL designation, the
General Plan Land Use Map"s Agriculture land use
designations include Productive Agriculture and
Extensive Agriculture. Agricultural
Parks On
Hawaii Island, there are four active agricultural parks (
Ha-ma-kua, Kea -hole, Pa-hoa, and Pana'
ewa) equaling 1,571 leased acres as of 2020. Of
these leased acres of land, more than half (887
acres) were mapped as being in active UHHJ# 2020
Update to the Hawaii Statewide Agricultural Land Use Baseline Faro- _ cuff",
ll airy
r1r-,
ifi
Laildscape MMEEN
M
M cultivationin
2020. Of these, 44 percent (390 acres) were
in flowers/foliage/landscape, 40 percent (355
acres) in pasture,, and the remainder dispersed across
other crop types. ' Food Insecurity
In general,
food insecure households are uncertain about
having, or unable to acquire enough food
to meet household needs, largely due to
not having enough money for food. Food iinsecuritys complex
and multifaceted and often exists on a
spectrum, varying in severity from anxiety about having
adequate food in a household to disrupted
eating patterns and reduced intake of
food. In 2018, approximately one in five
people living in Hawaii reported that the food they bought
did not last and they lacked the money to buy
more. According to a 2020 study conducted by the
University of Hawaii Office of Public Health
Studies, Hawaii County had the highest food insecurity
in the State at 31 percent. The overall State food
insecurity was estimated to be 22 percent.
5.0 Thriving,, Diverse, and
Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 203
Food security is critical to the General Plan and
economic development in the County for many
reasons. Ensuring food security improves overall
public health, reducing healthcare costs and
increasing the well-being and prod uctivity of residents.
A stable and secure food supply supports
local agriculture, creating jobs, stimulating
local economies, and reducing dependency
on imported food. A secure food system
makes the County more resilient to natural
disasters and economic disruptions by ensuring
a reliable food supply. Promoting food security
aligns with the Plan's sustainable development
goals by encouraging local food production
and reducing the environmental impact
associated with importing food. Importantly,
addressing food security promotes social
equity by ensuring all residents have access
to nutritious food, which is vital for a fair and
just society. m.
s"• ,^ awr
e AA -
01 5.
0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy County of Hawaii General Plan 204
56301 Agriculture and Food Systems Goal, Objectives, Policies,
and Actions Goal:
Agriculture is a robust, diversified sector that addresses food security and
includes a broad range of agricultural -based businesses that highlight value.
Objective
46 Increase access
to land for active food production. Policies 46.
1
Support urban agriculture uses including on -site home occupation sales. 46.2
Support innovative agriculture demonstration projects. 4603 Assist
in the expansion of the agricultural industry through the efficient use of productive agricultural lands,
capital improvements,, and continued cooperation with appropriate state and federal agencies.
46.4
Assist in the promotion of Hawaii Island branding and labeling for local produce, meat and fish, dairy, and
other agricultural products. 4685 Collaborate
across County departments to engage in food systems planning, including the elimination of
food deserts. 4606 Assist
in cooperative marketing and distribution endeavors to expand opportunities for local agricultural products
for the local market as well as for exports. 46.7
Explore opportunities and methods to utilize local materials and by-products from agriculture, forestry, agroforestry,
silviculture, and aquaculture. 46.8
Support the research and development of the agriculture technology industry in collaboration with agriculture
applications to optimize production. 46.9
Support and invest in regenerative agricultural practices and restoration involving traditional ecological knowledge
systems and practices through revitalization of the Ahupua 6 a system,
0 restoration of
ancient
Lo J 1 11 LO
ko I`a, traditional agricultural field and water systems, with decision -making through
leadership of culturally informed land stewards, agriculturalists, scientists,, etc., to
advance and perpetuate cultural practices and food security. 46.10 Support
the development of private,, county., and state agricultural parks to make land available and distributed equitably
and proximate to infrastructure and housing. 46.1.1.
Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,, and other stakeholders for programs, training,
and building community capacity in the promotion of the agricultural industry. 5.0
Thriving,,
Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 205
46.12 Increase public -private partnerships to develop and support community -based food systems.
46.1.3 Support the development of agricultural worker housing.
Actions
46.a Advocate for the State legislature to amend the Hawaii Revised Statutes to include green waste,
composting, and fertilizer yards for commercial use as permitted uses on agriculturally zoned
land.
46. b Advocate for the State DOH to streamline the composting permitting process.
46.c Support the use of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service assistance.
46.d Advocate for the State to incentivize local food production through expanded tax credits.
46.e Support training and capacity building related to the requirements of the Food Safety
Modernization Act.
46.f Invest in a crop suitability tool, including existing and projected water demand.
46.g Develop a food self-sufficiency strategy, including community -based food system assessments
and monitoring local food production and consumption.
46. h Develop and implement an emergency food plan that could be deployed in the event of a
natural or economic disaster.
46mi Partner with government., private and nonprofit agencies, communities, and other stakeholders
for carrying capacity studies of fisheries and the establishment of State community -based
subsistence fishing areas.
46.j Coordinate with the University of Hawaii at Ma-noa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human
Resources to expand the farm food safety education program.
46. k Support the State Department of Agriculture programs for the prevention, early detection,
rapid response, and control of harmful invasive species from becoming established and
impacting commercial agriculture.
46al Support State Department of Education Farm to School programs and other programs
designed to provide locally produced food to schools.
46.Arn Adopt procedures to allow for the development of community gardens and edible landscaping
on public lands (e.g., through Friends of the Park agreements).
46. n Provide services and frameworks to support the formation of new commodity groups and other
organizations, such as farmer cooperatives.
46.o Amend the Code to expand the designated list of parks authorized to allow farmers' market
permits to include parks in rural areas that lack appropriate commercial -zoned lands for
farmers' markets.
46. p Support and advocate for streamlined long-term leases for agricultural parks.
46.q Continue to evaluate and update the County's tax reduction programs to ensure that tax
incentives for agricultural land use result in actual public benefits and promote local agricultural
production where possible.
46. r Create a real property tax exemption for farmers entitled to federal crop loss insurance.
46.s Support and invest in all cultural food programs, including food preservation.
5.0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan
206
0jctebeve 47
Increase interagency coordination,, programs, and policy initiatives that improve
local agriculture infrastructure.
Policies
47.1 Support the creation of water cooperatives supported with financial sources, such as
community facilities districts (CFD). Cooperative users should be responsible for the
development, maintenance, and repair of agricultural non -potable water systems.
4782 Where the County has replaced surface water sources with groundwater sources to meet Safe
Drinking Water standards., the County should consider repurposing the surface water sources
for agricultural use where the allocation is supportive of the ecosystem.
47.3 Advocate for more flexible and innovative wastewater systems to serve agriculture facilities.
47.4 Support the adaptive reuse or rehabilitation of existing infrastructure or buildings for
agricultural processing, including but not limited to the development of commercial kitchens,
processing, storage, or distribution facilities.
4705 Promote the development of a locally grown building material industry through streamlined
permitting or building code flexibility.
47.6 Support research and development that promotes local produce while removing interstate
marketing restrictions.
4787 Encourage the use and optimization of the export capacity of airports and harbors for local
goods.
4708 Support research and development of viable biofuel projects that will supply renewable
transportation fuels or power for Hawaii Island in ways that are community -supported, sustainable,
ecologically sound, and complementary to food production. 4709
Support the continued operation of the USDA Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research
Center facility. 47.
10 Support the development of processing and manufacturing facilities. Actions
47.
a Map existing and proposed agricultural infrastructure and facilities. 470b
Expand programs and options to allow for agricultural irrigation water. 47.
c Develop criteria to determine appropriate places for agricultural parks, including the availability of
potable water. 470d
Account for verified agricultural water usage in the County Water Use Development Plan. 47.
e Support the expansion of State agricultural water systems in productive agricultural areas 47-
f Investigate the restoration of ditch systems to meet future agricultural needs. 47.
g Amend bulk regulations including building materials for agricultural facilities and infrastructure. 5.
0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 207
47. h Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities,, and other stakeholders
to study the feasibility of building code amendments and structural integrity testing for locally
produced building materials, prioritizing non-native plant species.
47ei Evaluate grubbing and grading ordinances as they pertain to agriculture including the creation
of exemption categories for water storage and aquaculture.
47.j Seek State legislation or rulernaking to allow local agricultural producers to make direct sales
to consumers at County -designated farmers' markets at a lower general excise tax rate.
47. k Evaluate the Code and statutory amendments to allow fararnworker housing to be developed
without requiring the housing be sited on the same parcel (i.e., TMK) of the working subject
farm. 47ol
Amend the Code to remove barriers to allow for off -site directional signage to promote local farms
engaged in direct sales and other permitted visitor -related businesses while minimizing scenic
impacts. 47.
Arn Amend the Code to include provisions for suitable agricultural infrastructure projects financed by
County bonds and liens on real property of participating agricultural stakeholders, whether such
assessments on TMKs involve contiguous parcels of lands encumbered under an Agricultural
Improvement District. 47.
n Incentivize and streamline the process to develop agricultural worker housing on - and off -site. 5.
0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan
5.41 Visitor Industry
The visitor industry has played a pivotal role in
economic development on Hawaii Island, providing
employment opportunities, generating revenue.,
and supporting local businesses. The growth
and evolution of the industry have presented
significant challenges and opportunities,
necessitating a shift towards regenerative
tourism as part of the community's vision.
To uplift this vision, the General Plan's outlook
on the visitor industry emphasizes a collective
future that puts the health of Hawaii Island and
its people first. As the comprehensive economic element
of this Plan, the policies and actions contained
within this section are primarily concerned with
minimizing the visitor industry footprint and
sustaining the shared positive benefits of
tourism. This section supports other elements of
the Plan', which provide further policy direction regarding
land use, infrastructure, and biocultural resource
stewardship as related to visitor industry
impacts. IAI OW
A
regenerative
visitor industry seeks to balance the economics
of tourism with the well-being of our communities,
natural resources., and culture. The intention
of this approach is to attract and inform positive -
impact travelers who are mindful of how
they interact with residents, o how their actions impact
the environment, and of how they value
and respect the Hawaiian culture and other cultures
of Hawaii. The commitment to regenerative tourism requires
collaboration with responsible agencies, communities,
and other stakeholders to advocate
for solutions to the negative effects of
tourism, such as overcrowded sites, overtaxed infrastructure,
cultural misrepresentation, and other
related issues. dij The Hawaii
Tourism
Authority (HTA) has established four interacting
pillars to strategically manage tourism in
a sustainable manner consistent with economic
goals, cultural values, preservation of natural
resources, community desires, and visitor
industry needs. The General Plan recognizes the
value of supporting an integrated destination management
system to guide a balanced
relationship between `aina, communities, and visitors.
5.0 Thriving,,
Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 209
Figure 10 Integrated Destination Management System PillarS8
Wahel Pana
The HTA"s Hawaii Island Destination Management
Action Plan (DIVIAP) 2021-2023 highlighted
several places that attract visitor activity.
Wahi pana are celebrated and storied places
in the cultural traditions of Hawaii, including
heiau., royal birthing sites, legendary sites,
and places of significance for the people who
live there. These sacred places have Arnana, Waalpero
Valley or
spiritual power, and are treated with honor and
reverence. Many of these wahi pana are popular
due to their unique natural features that
exemplify what makes Hawaii Island special.
These qualities and the attention they receive
also call for increased maintenance and protection.
The following places were carried forward
from the Hawaii Island Tourism Strategic
Plan as well as community engagement
efforts by the HTA. Ka
6 u - Papakolea/Green Sands Beach South
Kona - Ho'okena., Miloli'i Kahalu'
u Kumukahi
Keaukaha
Maunakea
Punalu
6 u
Ali'
i Drive PololO
Valley M5hukona
Kalae (
South Point) 8
HTA, Strategic Plan 2020-2025 https://www.hawaiitourismauthoritv.org/who-we-are/our-strategic-plan/ 5.
0 Thriving,, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 210
Kailua Pier
Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park
Ho'okena Beach
La'aloa Beach (Magic Sands Beach)
Akaka Falls State Park
Keauhou Bay
Banyan Drive
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
H6naunau Bay,, Captain Cook Monument
Wailuku River State Park
H5puna Beach State Recreation Area
Kiholo State Park Reserve
Trends in Visitor Unit Inventory and
Visitor Arrivals
Historically, hotel rooms accounted for the
majority of the visitor accommodation units in
the County of Hawaii (59 percent), followed by visitor
rental units (16 percent), and timeshare units (
15 percent). When the annual Visitor Plant
Inventory (VPI) report began publishing a supplemental
analysis of visitor units in 2016, a more
comprehensive representation of individual
vacation rental unitsarose, indicating that visitor rental
units outnumbered hotel rooms. The Visitor
Plant Inventory (2023) reported the overall visitor
unit count on Hawaii Island totaled 111119
units., an increase of 5.4 percent
compared to the previous year. The total number of
units in the state for 2023 was 81881 visitor units,
a 1 percent increase compared to 2022. Of
the state total,, 13.6 percent were located on
Hawaii Island. The forecast for visitor
arrivals mirrors the DBEDT 2045 forecast in
which the number of arrivals increases steadily to
approximately 2.6 million in 2045. This
projection reflects the known trends for visitor
arrivals from all ten of Hawai'i's Major
Market Areas as well as the expected impact of Hawai'
i's visitor industry development strategy, which includes
shifting visitor arrivals from Oahu
to other islands. In 2023, over 1.
7 million people visited Hawaii Island, with an average daily
census of approximately 38,207 visitors.9
Research shows that many visitors are drawn
to the island's famous landmarks and natural beauty."
9 HTAJ, Visitor Statistics 2023 -
Hawai'i County Overview https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/media/12261/hawaii-island-fact-sheet-with-dec- 2023-data.pdf 10 DBEDT
Visitor Satisfaction Study
Quarter 4 (2023) 5.0 Thriving,, Diverse, and
Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 211
56461 Visitor Industry Goal, Objectives,Poliies,,
and Actions
Goal: A high quality of life for residents is maintained when a regenerative
visitor industry balances the preservation of natural and cultural resources
with responsible visitation.
Objective 48
Support the visitor industry investment
ai40 na,
and our historic and multicultural Policies
in
i40 40
ts connection
with communities, the heritage. 48.
1
Continue to monitor and adopt trends and standards for regenerative tourism. 48.2
Identify partnerships and resources with the visitor industry to ensure balance with the social, physical, and
economic goals of the County. 48.3
Prioritize the maintenance of County properties and establish appropriate protocols for the protection of
wahi pana. 48.4
Ensure and expand equitable access to interpretive information about wahi pana. 4895 Support
the coordination, collaboration, and improvement of public transportation services as well as
eco-friendly options. 48.6
Support the coordination, collaboration, and improvement of public access to natural and cultural resources
with State agencies and landowners while balancing the need for protection of these
areas. 48.7
Support partnerships to evaluate visitor industry impacts, develop mitigation strategies, and incorporate educational
programs on Native Hawaiian and community -based pono practices. Actions 48.
a
Identify and invest in opportunities to partner with and influence the visitor industry to encourage Arnalama `
aina activities. 48. b
Identify and recommend opportunities for installing or improving informational signage to educate about
and protect significant sites. 48.c
Update and maintain the Hawaii Island Tourism Strategic Plan through collaboration between community and
industry leaders, inclusive of the Hawaii Tourism Authority. 48.d Develop
a community -based stewardship program to identify wahi pana status and implement interpretive programs. 5.
0 Thriving,
Diverse, and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 212
Objective 49
Increase authentic Hawaii Island visitor experiences by developing community
engagement strategies that are informed by community subject matter experts.
Policies
4981 Integrate `aina- place -based values into Hawaii Island's identity. 49.
2 Strengthen the accessibility of creative industries and Hawaii Island -made products such as fashion,
food, and the arts to the visitor industry. 49.
3 Sustain a visitor industry that promotes small business development. 4904
Encourage agricultural, educational, and ecological tourism as regional opportunities. 49.
5 Strategically guide regenerative tourism efforts that promote a high quality of life for residents. 49.
6 Collaboratively create initiatives and improve existing efforts to provide social benefits through transportation,
community assets, and housing. 49.
7 Support the promotion and development of community -based programs, festivals, and events that
celebrate our communities. 4908
Support and facilitate dialogue among community groups, visitor and tour operators, and industry
leaders to ensure `aina-and place -based values are respected and Arn Actions 49.a
Streamline
processes for community -based programs, festivals, and events. 49. b Support
efforts to revise HRS, Section 226-8 "Hawai`0 i State Planning
Act Objectives and Policies for the Economy -
Visitor Industry" to incorporate a regenerative tourism framework. 49.c Maintain
monitoring of resident sentiment towards the visitor industry. 49.d Continue
to seek funds from the State Capital Improvements Program to support facilities, including restrooms, parking,
and road improvements. 49.e Provide
technical support for local businesses to promote or further develop their products, services, and activities
in the visitor industry. 49.f Identify
and reduce barriers that hinder visitor industry companies from buying local Hawaii Island products. 49ag
Explore the
feasibility of creating a multi -use facility to accommodate athletic -exhibition - conference activities. 49.
h Partner
with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities., and other stakeholders to develop and
support place -based educational programs and workforce training within the visitor industry. 49ei
Support programs
that conduct outreach to students in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and
Mathematics (STEAM) and Indigenous Data Science and connect them to living -wage
careers in the visitor industry. 49.j Develop
a toolkit and incentives for businesses to promote regenerative tourism and the Island of Hawaii Pono
Pledge. 5.0 Thriving,, Diverse,
and Regenerative Economy I County of Hawaii General Plan 213
0`..,I=|90 D
At ll Ll 10
Organization
6al Introduction
682 County Planning System
6,3 Capital Improvements
Progra m
604 `..'...'. a -. .'a',.`'
hill 1mrflementation I Countv c Rnarai Pi;
6.1 Introduction
The General Plan sets forth broad goals,
objectives, and policies. Implementation requires
translating these broad statements to specific
actions, systematically evaluating progress., and
effective community engagement. Follow-up
planning efforts will involve the interconnected
components of the County planning system,
including the Community Development Plans
CDP), Capital Improvements Program (CIP), and
ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
Additionally, implementation of the General Plan
will require systemic understanding, decisive
leadership, and unprecedented collaboration. The
General Plan elevates key challenges to be
addressed with strategic and coordinated action,
presenting a path for the future of Hawaii Island.
Implementation will also require follow-up
legislative actions such as ordinances and budget
decisions.
The purpose of the County planning system is to
serve as a guide for the long-range development,
and economic, environmental, and socio-cultural
well-being of the County in keeping with the values
and priorities significant to the people. The intent
of this framework includes:
1. Local Engagement
Foster grassroots participation and balancing
of interests by providing opportunities for
active civic engagement, where citizens have
the means to collaborate with the County and
are empowered to effect positive change
consistent with plans developed under this
chapter.
2. Long -Term and Holistic Approach
Address a broad scope of issues and long-term
trends that affect the land and communities,
including environmental and cultural -historic
protections., natural resources, built
environments,, infrastructure development,
social issues., and the economy.
3. Consistent Policies and
Implementation
Ensure consistency among the General Plan
and respective regional plans, as well as
consistency among the General Plans policies
and implementation measures such as
regulations in the Hawaii County Code, land
acquisition priorities, and capital
improvements.
4. Interagency Collaboration
Facilitate collaboration among County agencies in
fulfilling the objectives, policies, and actions
set forth in the General Plan's developed under
this chapter. Facilitate collaboration with
state and federal agencies through clarity,
consistency and prioritization of common
goals and objectives. 5. Implementation
System Establish an
implementation system that is based on
county -wide, regional, and agency levels of
responsibility and accountability to carry out
the plan(s), such as the identification and prioritization
of actions, timeframes, responsible agents
and stakeholders, funding requirements, funding
sources, and allocations. Key Areas for
Collaborative
Focus The General Plan outlines
policy guidance for directing the County growth
and development. While the Plan is
comprehensive and can provide a holistic and integrated
approach, it is limited in terms of scope and
enforceability. This General Plan is grounded in
the understanding that many of the County's
greatest challenges cannot be solved with policy, regulation,
or independent action. It greatly impacts
the daily lives of Hawaii Island residents by shaping community
development, infrastructure, and resource management.
The General Plan guides decisions on
housing., transportation, and public services, ensuring
that they align with the island'
s unique cultural, environmental, and economic needs. 6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii
General Plan 215
Through strategic planning, the General Plan aims
to enhance residents' quality of life by promoting
sustainable growth., protecting natural and cultural
resources, and fostering a vibrant, resilient community. Successful
implementation
requires robust collaboration amongvarious stakeholders, including
government agencies, community organizations,
private and non-profit
groups, and the general public. Key areas
of focus include fostering public -private partnerships, ensuring
6.2 community engagement and
input,, securing
funding, and coordinating priorities. Regular
and continuous monitoring is essential to
respond to changing conditions and emerging challenges.
The emphasis on a collaborative
approach in the implementation of the General Plan
is intended to ensure shared responsibility and collective
action s we work toward achieving
our vision. The Integrated Systems section provides the
policy direction for Strengthening collaboration and
coordination across the County. County Planning
System The planning system
is designed to
ensure that all its components fit together and serve
their intended purpose. This section further defines
each of these components and the
relationships between them. The diagram above displays
a feedback process in which the different
aspects of the planning system inform one another
and the lines between them represent opportunities for
community participation throughout the process. Chapter
16 of the Hawaii County
Code details the legal framework for the planning system,
with an explanation of these components, the legal
requirements, and this framework. Figure 11
County Planning System 6.
0 Implementation I County of
Hawaii General Plan 216
6.2.1 Community Development Plans (CDP)
The Community Development Plans translate
broad General Plan Arn to specific actions.,
as they apply to specific geographical areas. They serve to
provide a forum for community input to reflect the
character of each community. These plans create
a vision for future growth, and direct physical development
and public improvements within a
specific area. If there is a direct conflict between the
CDP and the General Plan, the General Plan
shall be controlling. The Planning Director or
County Council mayinitiate a CDP. The goal
of planning is to maximize the health, safety, and
economic well-being of all people living in
our communities,, as well as the land itself. Community planning
is the process where community members
come together to take intentional collective
action and generate solutions to common
problems to improve social, economic, physical,, and
environmental well-being while preserving valuable
aspects of the culture of and vision for
a particular geographic area. Community Development
Plan Framework During
the
General Plan Comprehensive Review process, existing
community plans were used to guide the
CDP framework. From the adoption of the Kona.,
Puna., North and South Kohala CDPs in 2008 Ka
6 uCDP
in 2017 and Ha-ma-kua CDP in 2018, there
has been much to learn and grow from as we
look to the future. The General Plan also benefited from
years of collective participation in CDP implementation
efforts through regional committees that
implement their respective CDP. To build
on these lessons learned, future CDPs shall be
drafted to follow the basic layout of the Hawaii County
General Plan. This creates consistency across all districts of
the County to ensure that the language, goals,
objectives,, policies, and actions under various
subject matters can be easily identified by
government agencies, community members, and other stakeholders.
The purpose of a CDP
is threefold: 1. Translate the General Plan
broad statements and community development guidelines to
actions specific to the planning
area to address regional issues and opportunities. 2.
Improve and advance communities
and community resilience through the acknowledgment
and development of community
capacity and in support
of Native Hawaiian ahupua 6 a frameworks.
3. Provide
a
process for
citizens to engage in civic dialogue and contribute to the
identification of community priorities. The CDP process
should identify:
1. Recommended Governmental Improvements Community
Development Plans may
recommend
amendments to various requirements
and incentives built into
codes, plans,, or processes. Such amendments
should be consistent with the General
Plan, otherwise, amendments to the General Plan
should be recommended. 2. Advocacy Strategies Advocacy
strategies
are effective means
to advance community priorities through coordinated
efforts by County and
non -County agencies and organizations. This requires
that the community,, County agencies, and
elected officials work in collaboration with
other organizations to advance the CDP&
s advocacy program. 3. Acquisition Priorities Community
Development
Plans may identify
priority acquisition properties for consideration
in the County Public Access,
Open Space, and Natural Resources Preservation Program. Candidate
parcels for this program include those
that feature historic and culturally significant
sites and natural resources in need
of protection. 6.0 Implementation I County
of Hawaii
General Plan 217
4. Capital Projects
The County Charter stipulates that Capital
Improvements shall be prioritized based on
criteria aligned with the General Plan and
Community Development Plans. Providing a
clear direction on where various community
Capital Improvement priorities are needed
creates a reference for them to be easily
incorporated into the County budget process
and Functional Plans for government agencies.
The General Plan should focus on major, multi -
district level infrastructure projects such as
wastewater, water., and roads. Whereas
Community Development Plans should focus
on capital improvement projects as they relate
directly to the character and community
amenities in their respective district - examples
of this include parks, transit hubs, and
community centers. If additional capital improvement projects
are identified in the review process
for a Community Development Plan revision,
the General Plan may be amended to
include them. S. Programs
and Community Actions Community Development
Plans shall be prioritized, adequately
resourced, and shall identify desired
programs and the community's role in
planning and implementing the programs. They
should
focus on proactive, community - based, collaborative
actions. Community planning is
a collective effort that benefits from proactive leadership
and actions that enrich the community.
Examples of this include after - school youth
programs, neighborhood watch, environmental advocacy
groups, and collaborative small
business events (such as farmers markets
or co-ops). 6. Social
Capital and Community Network Mapping
During the process
of reviewing a Community Development Plan, instances
where community needsare not met may
be identified. Examples of this may include
a need for community gathering spaces such as
parks or recreation hubs. Community Development Plans
may identify such needs and
outline a plan of action for community members
and other stakeholders to coordinate efforts, combine
and collect resources, and connect
public and private sector agents to
advocate for such enhancements to their community.
66262 Urban Development Plans Urban Development
Plans are a means
of implementing the policies and objectives of
the General Plan and/or Community Development
Plans within towns, villages, and other
areas of existing urban development or within areas
specifically intended for new or more
intensified urban development. They comprise a minor
portion of a larger, regional community
planning area. They shall be consistent with
and implement the visions, objectives, and policies
of the General Plan and applicable community
development plans. If there is a
direct conflict between the Urban Development Plan and
the General Plan, the General Plan shall
be controlling. An Urban Development Plan is
initiated by or through the Planning Director
or County Council. The Urban Development Plan process
should identify: 1. An analysis of
problems,, needs'.
and opportunities 2. Appropriate planning standards
Public services
and transportation Housing unit
densities, urban design Streetscaping
and landscaping design A statement
ofproposedconsiderations for historic or
archaeological features in the proximity of
the plan's area, which may
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General
Plan 218
consider restoration., access., buffers., and
other measures as appropriate.
3. Sequencing and phasing of
development or
redevelopment, public
facilit40
40
ies, infrastructure
Examples include roads., water., wastewater,,
parks, educational sites, and public safety
facilities.
68263 Special Area Plans
Special area plans provide the basis for regionally
scaled programs for the protection, restoration, or
recreational and educational use of specific,
natural, and/or cultural and historic resources and
features identified in the General Plan or an
encompassing Community Development Plan as
highly valued community natural assets. A Special
Area Plan is initiated by or through the Planning
Director or County Council.
The Special Area Plan process should identify:
1. An analysis of the needs
and opportunities
Concerning the purposes and objectives of the
special area plan area.
4. Implementation program
CIP., financial considerations, and schedule.
2. A statement of planning standards and
principles
Land uses
Environmental protocols, principles,
objectives, and standards
Proposed considerations for historic and/or
archaeological features, which may
consider restoration, access, buffers, and
other measures as appropriate.
3. Sequenc49 ing and phasing of
development or redevelopment40 ,
public facilities, infrastructure
4. Implementation program
CIPY financial considerations, and schedule.
66264 Public Agency Functional Plans and Programs
Functional Plans set forth the policies, statewide
guidelines, and priorities within a specific field of
activity, when such activity or program is proposed,
administered, or funded by any agency of the
State. Functional plans are developed by the
agency primarily responsible for a given functional
area and must identify priority issues and specific
needs of the agency responsible for implementation.
They may, but are not required to, be
adopted by ordinance or resolution. The
Functional Plan should contain objectives, policies,
and implementing actions consistent with the
visions, goals, and objectives of the General Plan
and Community Development Plans to address
the priority issues and needs identified to help
inform the Capital Improvements and Operating
Program. Each department and agency of
the County that prepares a Functional Plan should
present the construction and operation of infrastructure,
facilities, and programs. Actions may
include organizational or management initiatives,
facility or physical infrastructure development
initiatives, initiatives for programs and
services, or legislative proposals. 6.
0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 219
663 Capital Improvements Program (CIP) Capital Improvement
projects are an important vehicle for
ensuring community needs can be implemented. The
County Charter sets forth the procedure for
the submittal and adoption of the CIP budget.
663al Prioritization
of Capital Improvements Projects Achieving What We Appropriate The
CIP is a 6-
year schedule of improvements - it sets forth the greatest infrastructure
needs of the County, anticipated funding, and timing
of the projects. However, in practice, the
County is only able to fund about 30
percent of the projects that are appropriated into the CIP
budget. Several factors influence the urgency and
sequencing of CIP projects. According to the
County Charter, Section 10-6(a)(2),, "
Capital improvements shall be prioritized based on criteria aligned
with the General Plan, Community Development Plans,
emergency expenditures and other pertinent
functional plans". This speaks to
the need to coordinate infrastructure priorities through our
Planning System, creating avenues for
interagency collaboration, and providing clear criteria
to guide the prioritization of projects. For
the CIP to comprehensively
prioritize and allocate the financial resources available
to the County within the context of
the General Plan, the CIP will be prepared as
follows: The CIP will be based
on clear priority criteria; The CIP will integrate several
sources of funding improvements, including the fuel
tax.; The CIP will coordinate County
projects with State CIP projects and available
Federal funding; The total County costs
for
the projects selected for the CIP will not
exceed an amount that could be prudently financed taking
into consideration the debt service capacity
of the County; Where additional studies are
needed toprioritize
projects from an island -wide or
regional perspective, functional plans may be funded
through the CIP; and A system
will be established to monitor
the status of projects. To prioritize the lists of
proposed capital improvements
contemplated by County agencies as required by
the Charter, the Planning Director
shall consider: 1. Funding Source The capacity of
a funding
source available for
a proposed improvement may be a factor in determining
priority. Potential funding sources include general obligation
bonds, general revenues, special funds,
land -secured financing, State revolving
fund., block grants, federal sources, or other
reliable sources. The capital budget shall
not exceed prudent debt service limits for
general obligation and other sources that affect
the borrowing capacity of the County. 2.
Health and Safety The budget should be
proportional to
adequately address health and
safety needs. 3. Long -Range ProdP
ject Delivery All phases of a
project,, including planning, landacquisition, design,
construction, equipment., and furnishing, shall be addressed in
the multi- year Capital
Improvements Program. Priority shall b nsidered to complete
projects that are ready to
be constructed while planning phases are needed
for future priority projects. 6.0 Implementation
I County of Hawaii General Plan 220
4. Nonrecurring Rehabilitation
extreme deferred maintenance)
Deferred maintenance of existing facilities, as
determined by the responsible agency, should
be considered a high priority for those facilities
intended by the responsible agency to remain
in active, long-term service. Regular
maintenance needs to be included in the
operating budget.
5. Cost -Benefit Analysis
Cost -benefit analyses are used to weigh the
benefits of the project against the costs. Costs
can address issues such as increased
maintenance costs, liability,, improper
prioritization (other important projects not
being funded), and equity concerns. Whereas
benefits can address community priorities,
environmental improvements,, reduced
maintenance costs., and reduced legal
compliance costs.
6. Level of Service
The General Plan's Level of Service standards
hould be considered to address eqUity and realize
the delivery of services among the planning areas.
7. Land
Use Policies Higher priority
may be given to 41 improvements that
influence growth
patterns consistent with the General Plan
or Community Development Plans. 6.41
Monitoring
andE vaI uation 6e4el Implementation Priorities
and Phases As shown in
the figure below., implementation will occur over several
phases that build upon the work completed in the
previous phases. The first phase is the consistency
phase and will require a hard look at our
policy and planning framework to ensure consistency with
this General Plan. It includes implementation actions
such as auditing codes to determine
needed updates and updating our Community Development
Plans and other relevant plans. The
second phase will require code updates, capital improvement
planning, and funding, a review
of the County's organizational structure to support
the mandated Charter review, and possible interim
amendments to the General Plan to address
any strategic or procedural gaps identified in the
first phase. The third phase is where implementation continues
to occur mainly through land use
and infrastructure decisions. The comprehensive update to
the General Plan will also be initiated
during this phase. Finally, the fourth phase is
where the General Plan comprehensive update will
be completed, and it is anticipated that another
cycle of similar implementation phases will
begin. Priority implementation actions (e.g.,
programs, projects, and interagency coordination) generally
fall into the first phase. However,
other factors could drive implementation priorities such as
available funding. A complete list
of all the implementation actions can be found
in the implementation table. 6.0 Implementation I
County of Hawaii General Plan 221
Code amendments Operational
programs Initiate
CDP & functional
plan updates
CIP
Coordination
framework &
adoption
Organizational
IFF"
review (charter Revamp
of CIP review) process
Priority
actions _ CDP updates N
F
MI5
i
tl
Utl ""II r i1'
1i
titiilrtf rl,ier e,
Interim
General Plan
amendments Intiatiate
planning studies
for General Plan
update r.................... _ ... ...
a
d.
u
IV 4r -
6 n ray o-' ww
a _ vm
m
mr . b f
1t f f
I
y.;
W Comprehensive
update
adoption r
1
h.
0 Implementation I County ot Hawaii General ME
6e462 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
Purpose Comprehensive Review and Update
Provide regular and predictable ways of measuring
Schedule
progress and preparing for updates.
The Planning Director shall initiate a
comprehensive review of the General Plan and
Monitoring Mechanisms prepare a set of recommended amendments for independent review
by the Windward and Measurable indicators,
or performance measures, Leeward Planning
Commissions and then will 1:,:) d
t .1 monitor progress toward the adoption by the CountyCouncil. The objectives. Examples
of indicators that can be used comprehensive review
shall be initiated not more to monitor the
progress of implementation have than fifteen (15)
years after the date of adoption of
been provided in the table below. However, it is important
to note that indicators may vary over the previous
amendments resulting from a comprehensive review and submitted
to the time as progress is
made and each department is planning
Commission to start the adoption process responsible for reporting
on the indicators that are not more
than twenty (20) years after the date of
relevant. adoption of the previous amendments resulting Progress Reports from
acomprehensive review. This
allows for regular updates and adequate
implementation Mayor's Annual Report time between updates. As
part of the Mayor's
Annual Report, the County Departments will prepare
an implementation status report annually serving to monitor progress towards
achieving the goals and objectives
identified within the General Plan. To the
extent possible, the report should contain
measurable indicators related to the goals and objectives
of the plans that make up
the County Planning System. 5-year Implementation Status Report
The Planning Director will include a 5-year
status report as part of
the Mayor's Annual Report. This status report shall
include the status of any urban development plans, functional plans,
special area plans, master plans, community development plans, and
related priority implementation actions. The director
may also provide information regarding
the implementation of private development master
plans in the 5-year implementation
status report. 6.0 Implementation
I County of Hawaii General Plan 223
66403 Implementation Indicators
The General Plan is a comprehensive framework
designed to guide sustainable development
patterns, direct future opportunities, and
determine public investments. The Plan
establishes a set of goals and objectives aimed at
preserving and protecting the island's unique
environment, enhancing the quality of life for
residents, and promoting a vibrant and resilient
economy. To support monitoring and evaluation
efforts, the General Plan includes the following
tables (organized by section of the Plan), which
present a range of example indictors associated
with each goal and its corresponding objectives.
Indicators are quantitative or qualitative measures
used to assess progress towards each objective.
Indicators provide concrete evidence of change,
help track trends over time, identify areas needing
improvement'. and may be used to guide policy
decisions. From these indicators., more detailed
metrics may be developed to offer precise data
points that can be regularly monitored and
reported. To ensure the goals and objectives of the
General Plan are effectively monitored and
achieved, these indicators serve as a vital tool for
assessing the effectiveness of policies, programs.,
and initiatives outlined in the Plan. By regularly
tracking these measures, the County can make
data -driven decisions, adjust strategies as needed,
and transparently report progress to the
community.
The tables are intended to provide a clear and
concise reference for agencies, policyArnakers,
communities, and other stakeholders. A systematic
and transparent process is key to the
implementation of the General Plan and to
fostering accountability and continuous
improvement.
Table 44e. Collaborative B'iocultural Stewardship Indicators
Goal Natural and cultural resources are thriving and sustainably managed, preserved, and
restored to maintain our unique and diverse environment.
Objectives 1. Increase the biodiversity and resilience of native habitats.
2. Apply the Native Hawaiian ahupua
6
a framework to preserve and enhance the
health and function of watersheds to promote water recharge, improve water
quality and reduce runoff.
3. Increase direct community restoration and collaborative efforts to conserve and nourish
the island's biocultural resources.
4. The historical integrity,, character, scenic assets, and open spaces of our communities
are protected, restored, and treated as unique assets with significant social and
economic value and managed in perpetuity.
5. Protect, restore, and enhance our communities' unique scenic character.
Example Increase in native habitat coverage
Indicators Population trends of native species
Area of coastal habitats protected
Incidents of coastal erosion
Number of water bodies meeting clean water standards
Frequency and severity of water contamination incidents
Groundwater levels and quality
Number of historic sites and structures preserved or restored
Participation rates in cultural activities and events
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
224
Increase in percentage of County of budget for restoration
Funding allocated for cultural and natural resource management programs
Number of community groups involved in stewardship
Number of enforcement actions related to resource protection regulations
Table 45s Addressing Climate Change for Island -Wide Health Indicators
Goal Ensure a joust transition to a climate resilient island by addressing the causes and impacts of
climate change through incorporating equitable climate mitigation and adaptation priorities
into policies, programs,, infrastructure, and decision -making.
Objectives 6. Ensure that climate actions are equitable and uplift marginalized and disadvantaged
communities.
7. Reduce the County government's carbon footprint to net zero emissions by 2045.
Achieve a 100 percent renewable -powered County fleet by 2035.
Support the statewide effort to achieve 100 percent renewable ground
transportation and 100 percent renewable energy by 2045.
8. Improve the identification of climate change threats, assessment of potential
consequences, and evaluation of adaptation options.
Example Routine measurement of GHG emissions from various sectors
Indicators Reduction in County GHG emissions
Percentage or total energy consumption from renewable sources
Number of projects aimed at reducing emissions (e.g., renewable energy installations,
energy efficiency upgrades)
Percentage of buildings complying with energy efficiency standards
Increase in public transit ridership
Length of bike lanes and pedestrian pathways constructed annually
Percentage of waste diverted from landfills
Number of green infrastructure projects implemented
Annual changes in groundwater levels and surface water availability
Number of public awareness campaigns on climate adaptation strategies
Number of climate adaptation research and development projects supported
Table 46s. Land Use Indicators
Goal We strategically apply progressive land use strategies incorporating indigenous and
contemporary knowledge and place -based practices to direct and manage growth for the
health', safety', and emergency response and preparedness services for our communities.
Objectives 9. Maintain community character and land use compatibility.
1.0. Increase the integration of natural systems planning including the Native Hawaiian
ahupua'a framework.
1.1. Increase equitable planning and decision -making processes.
12. Reduce the threat to life and property from natural hazards and disasters.
1.3. Increase the use of Smart Growth principles to focus development within designated
urban centers.
1.4. Maximize the use of Rural designated lands to preserve rural character and lifestyle.
1.5. Support the active use of Productive Agricultural lands.
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
225
Example • Number of developments that follow Standard Guidelines
Indicators • Increase in residential and commercial densities within urban areas
Increase of SLU Rural
Acres of Agriculture property tax class
Percentage of land area covered by tree canopy in urban areas
Number of new developments within a specified distance from major transit hubs
Percentage of new development occurring on infill sites
Acreage of protected open space and green areas
Number of mixed -use developments
Table 47e. Transportation Access and Mobility Indicators
Goal Each communityis connected by a multimodal and modernized transportation network that
provides a system for safe, efficient, and comfortable movement of people and goods.
Objectives 16. Achieve a transportation system that is consistent with and will accommodate planned
growth.
17. Increase transportation connectivity.
18. Increase mass transit ridership by 50 percent by 20450
19. Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VIVIT).
20. Achieve a transportation system that employs all modes of transportation at a
community scale.
21. Incorporate green infrastructure to reduce stormwater runoff.
22. Increase transportation safety for transportation's most vulnerable users and reduce
traffic fatalities.
23. Adequately maintain public transportation systems.
24. Improve accessibility to airports, harbor systems, and support facilities.
Example Reduction in VIVIT
Indicators Increase in mass transit ridership
Length of bike lanes and public access
Increase of bike lanes and public access
Number of traffic related accidents and fatalities per year
Percentage of transit hubs with integrated connections to other modes of
transportation
Average distance to the nearest transit stops for residents and businesses
Total mileage of interconnected multimodal transportation networks
Percentage of key destinations (e.g., schools, hospitals, retail centers) accessible via
multimodal transportation
Number of bike parking facilities and bike -share stations installed
Number of pedestrian crossings and safety enhancements implemented
Percentage of sidewalks and bike paths meeting ADA accessibility standards
Average wait time for transit services
Annual budget and expenditure on road maintenance and improvements
Average travel time during peak hours on major roads
Percentage of road projects incorporating green infrastructure (e.g., permeable
pavements, stormwater management)
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
226
Table 48. Public Utilities Indicators
Goal Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public infrastructure,,
utilities, and services based on existing and future growth needs, sound design principles,
and effective maintenance practices.
Objectives 25. Improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of essential infrastructure systems.
26. Increase the protection of existing and potential sources of drinking water.
27. Planned and developed municipal sewer capacity is expanded to serve our Urban
Growth Areas and reduce sewage -related impacts on water quality.
28. Increase green infrastructure practices.
29. Strive towards energy self-sufficiency.
30. Advance policies.? programs, and initiatives for public and/or private investment in
broadband and telecommunications infrastructure.
Example Frequency and severity of water contamination incidents
Indicators Percentage reduction in water usage through conservation measures
Average downtime for water service disruptions
Annual funding allocated for green infrastructure initiatives
Percentage of new development projects including green infrastructure elements
Percentage of impervious surfaces replaced with permeable materials
Percentage reduction in energy consumption through efficiency measures
Number of power outages and average duration per year
Investment in grid modernization and resilience projects
Percentage of households with access to high-speed broadband
Number of public Wi-Fi hotspots installed and utilized
Annual investment in broadband infrastructure expansion and upgrades
Number of partnerships with private sector and community organizations to enhance
connectivity
Table 49e PublicFaca la taes and Services In dacators
Goal Our communities are safe and protected, and have access to quality, integrative health,
education., and social services to support a high quality of life for all residents.
Our communities are adequately served by sustainable and efficient public infrastructure,
utilities, and services based on existing and future growth needs, sound design principles,
and effective maintenance practices.
Objectives 31. Adequately maintain public facilities
32. Protect the health and well-being of residents and visitors.
33. Achieve Zero Waste in Hawaii County by 2045.
34. Each community has access to a wide range of educational opportunities.
35. Park facilities are located within a 10-minute walk in urban areas and a 10-minute drive
in rural communities.
36. Each community has access to healthcare facilities, programs, or community -based
care.
Example Percentage change in crime rates year -over -year
Indicators Average response time to emergency calls
Number of community policing initiatives and programs
Number of neighborhood watch programs and participation rates
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
227
Number of fire prevention programs and public education activities held
Percentage of waste diverted from landfills
Volume of recyclables and compostables collected annually
Public participation rates in recycling and composting programs
Average distance to the nearest waste collection facility or drop-off point
0 Average waste generation per capita
Number of public education campaigns on waste reduction and recycling
Public participation rates in recycling and composting programs
Graduation rates for high schools
Student -to -teacher ratios in classrooms
Average distance to the nearest school for students
Percentage of schools with up-to-date technology and infrastructure
Teacher retention rates
Prevalence of chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease)
Healthcare provider retention rates
Number of public health campaigns and programs
Participation rates in preventive health screenings and vaccinations
Tbiae 50: Housing for All Indicators
Goal Residents have access to adequate and affordable housing to meet the needs of the
population and provide equitable opportunities for household flexibility and mobility.
Objectives 37. Increase the number and variety of newly constructed housing units for rent and sale
that addresses a range of Area Median Income (AMI).
38. Monitor, conserve, and improve the existing housing stock.
39. Prioritize providing quality affordable housing for Hawai'i"s residents.
Example Number and variety of newly constructed housing units for rent and sale
Indicators Availability of different housing types
Percentage increase in total housing stock year -over -year
Percentage of new developments incorporating mixed -use housing
Number of vacant and abandoned properties
Average time properties remain on the market before being sold or rented
Annual investment in housing rehabilitation programs
Median home sale price
Median monthly rent
Percentage of households spending more than 30% of their income on housing (cost -
burdened households)
Number of new affordable housing units built annually
Percentage of total housing stock that is affordable to low- and moderate -income
households
Number of households receiving housing assistance (e.g., Section 8 vouchers., public
housing)
Amount of funding allocated to affordable housing programs
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
228
Table 51s. Integrated Systems Indicators
Goal We employ integrated systems that are efficient, equitable,, and organized to facilitate
coordination and collaboration.
Objectives 40. Increase collaboration and cooperation for efficiency, effectiveness, and
responsiveness.
41. Maintain fiscal integrity, responsibility, and efficiency.
42. Achieve equitable outcomes for County programs, policies, and allocation of resources.
Example Number of joint initiatives or projects between different government departments
Indicators Percentage of projects completed through interdepartmental collaboration
Number of partnerships with state and federal agencies
Number of community -based projects funded or supported through partnerships
Number of community feedback and input sessions incorporated into policy and
project planning
Annual reduction in operational costs through efficiency measures
Percentage of budget saved through cost -saving initiatives
Cost savings from shared services or joint procurement processes
Savings achieved through energy efficiency and sustainability projects
Annual increase in revenue from non -tax sources (e.g., grants, public -private
partnerships)
Number of new revenue sources identified and implemented
Annual growth rate of revenue streams
Public accessibility of financial statements and budget reports
Investment in technology upgrades and innovations
Number of government services available online
Average response time for service requests and complaints
Employee satisfaction and retention rates
Number of training and professional development programs offered
Average time to process permits., licenses., and applications
Public satisfaction with government services (survey results)
Percentage of residents with access to essential services within a specified distance
Availability and utilization rates of translation and interpretation services
Table 52. Thriving, Diverse, and Regenerative Economy IndicatorsOverarching Goal
Our
economy
is diverse, regenerative, and innovative, improving and maintaining the financial well-
being of our residents with a focus on increasing local economic opportunities. Objectives 43.
Improve access at all levels for education and training. 44. Increase
the growth and health of small businesses. 45. Incorporate
resiliency, diversity, and innovation in County programs, plans, and research to
support healthy economic development and revitalization. Example High
school graduation rates Indicators Enrollment
rates in higher education institutions and vocational training programs Percentage of
residents with high school diplomas, associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, and
advanced degrees Number of
workforce training and development programs offered annually 0 Participation
rates in workforce training programs 6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 229
Availability of online learning platforms and courses
Number of technical and vocational education programs offered
Industry partnerships with educational institutions for internships and apprenticeships
Number of new small businesses registered annually
Small business survival rate (percentage of small businesses operating after three and
fiveyears) Number
of business incubators and accelerators supporting startups Amount
of funding and loans provided to small businesses Number
of small businesses receiving grants or financial assistance Number
of workshops, training sessions, and networking events for small business owners
Business
satisfaction with the regulatory environment (survey results) Number
of regulatory reforms implemented to support small business growth Percentage
of the economy represented by different sectors Number
of research and development (R&D) initiatives and projects funded Investment
in technology infrastructure and innovation hubs Investment
in infrastructure improvements to enhance economic resiliency Agriculture
and Food Systems Goal
Agriculture is a robust, diversified sector that addresses food security and includes a broad range
of agricultural -based businesses that highlight value. Objectives
46. Increase access to land for active food production. 47.
Increase interagency coordination, programs, and policy initiatives that improve local agriculture
infrastructure. Example
Percentage of public lands allocated for agricultural use Indicators
Percentage of land zoned for agricultural purposes Number
of new farmers accessing land through land trusts, cooperatives,, or government
programs Investment
in agricultural infrastructure (e.g., irrigation systems, storage facilities, processing
plants) Number
of new policies or regulations enacted to support local agriculture Number
of government programs supporting local agriculture (e.g., grants, loans, technical
assistance) Number
of new or upgraded agricultural infrastructure projects completed annually Number
of farmers' markets, community -supported agriculture (CSA) programs, and farm -
to -school initiatives Volume
and value of local food sales Percentage
of food consumed locally that is produced within the county Volume
and variety of crops produced locally Investment
in research and development for local agriculture Availability
of extension services and technical assistance programs Number
of programs aimed at improving the resilience of the local food system (e.g., disaster
preparedness, climate adaptation) Investment
in resilience -building infrastructure and initiatives Number
of educational programs and workshops on sustainable farming and food production
Participation
rates in agricultural education and outreach programs 6.
0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 230
Visitor Industry
Goal A high quality of life for residents is maintained when a regenerative visitor industry balances
the preservation of natural and cultural resources with responsible visitation.
Objectives 48. Support the visitor industry investment in the connection with communities, the a i n a.,
and our historic and multicultural heritage.
49. Increase authentic Hawaii Island visitor experiences by developing community
engagement strategies that are informed by community subject matter experts.
Example Increase in interpretive programs
Indicators Number of community -based tourism initiatives and partnerships
Investment in cultural heritage sites and programs by the visitor industry
Number of tourism businesses adopting sustainable and regenerative practices
Number of educational programs and tours focused on local culture, history, and
environment
Visitor feedback on educational components of their tourism experience (survey
results)
Percentage of tourism businesses offering authentic local experiences
Visitor spending on local products and services
Number of guided tours and activities focusing on local culture and heritage
Percentage of visitors participating in cultural and heritage tours
Availability of multilingual and culturally sensitive educational resources
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
231
66464 Implementation Table
Table 53. Collaborative Biocultural Stewardship
Action Agency Type
lea Develop buffer policies to protect native forests, wildlife, rivers, streams,, PD., DLNR Project
coastal waters, and other native habitats.
Lb Seek partnership opportunities to support wetland identification and PD., DLNR Project
assessments.
Lc Review tree survey requirements and amend the Code to incorporate as PD Code
part of site planning. Amendment
led Consider the establishment of clearing limits within the Code and increase PD, DPW Code tree
removal mitigation requirements, limiting the clearing of native Amendment vegetation
during development. lee
Revise floodplain management requirements to require consideration of DPW Project nature -
based solutions as alternatives for all projects that have the potential
to affect floodplains or wetlands. lef
Develop a regulatory list of invasive species for Hawaii County. PD, DLNR Project leg
Develop priorities for the management of fire -prone invasive species. DPW., PD., Project DLN
R 1.
h Amend the Code to include an appropriate list of invasive species to be PD., DPW Code removed
during development activities,, to the extent feasible. Amendment lei
Support programs designed to prevent the introduction and PD, DPW, Program establishmentof invasive species
and the control and eradication of DLNR invasive species; particularly those that
serve as disease vectors. lei Create incentives for landowners
to retain and re-establish forest cover in PD, DPW, Program upland watershed areas with an emphasis
on native forest species. RPT 1.k Identify partners and support
a public awareness and education campaign PD, DPR, Project to elevate recognition of the value
of urban trees as essential DPW infrastructure. 161 Amend the landscape standards
in
Rule or Code to require the use of PD., DPW Project native plants for screening or landscaping.
1.m Amend the Code to
incentivize the establishment of threatened and PD., DPW Code endangered endemic plant species within their
habitable ranges during Amendment development approvals. 1.n Review the
Code and
consider amendments to encourage site clustering PD Project of development in order to avoid
critical environmental areas and assets. 6.0 Implementation I County of
Hawaii General Plan 232
Lo Develop and establish Open Space Network Overlay for natural landscape PD Project
features., such as beaches and dunes., forests., streams., floodplains,
wetlands, estuaries., or recharge areas that have the inherent capacity to
avoid., minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change.
1.p Study, develop and establish Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zones, either PD., DPW Project
separately or as an overlay district, to guide development within native
forests through regulatory measures and economic incentives.
laq Maintain a program for acquiring and/or restoring wetlands, estuaries, PD, DPW., Program and
anchialine pools. DLN R 1.
r Develop comprehensive programs and policies and provide resources for PD., DPW Program enhancing urban
forestry canopy cover. Ls Improve
urban and community forest management, maintenance, and PD., DPW, Program arboricultural practices. DRD
lot Increase funding
and grants for urban and community forestry. PD., DF1 DRD Program 1.u Support programs
to prevent harmful invasive species from becoming PD., DPW, Program established. DLN R 1.v
Partner with government,
private and nonprofit agencies, communities., PD., DPW Program and other stakeholders to develop a
program for the identification and protection of plant species of special
status., including plants significant for cultural practitioners. Lw Support seedbanks, of
native and
endemic plant species, especially PD, DPW., Project species that are threatened or endangered.
DRD 1.x Partner with community groups
to apply for funding to restore native PD., DRD Project habitats including marine, wetland, shoreline, and
native upland systems on County -owned or managed lands.
Ly Prioritize removal of invasive species
during maintenance of County- PD, D P RIP Project owned or maintained properties. DPWLz Assess
and prioritize County -owned areas
for restoration in DF1 PD, DPW Project collaboration with government,, private and nonprofit agencies,
communities, and other stakeholders. Laa Review and
update the exceptional tree
code and inventory to support the DPRJ, PD Code protection of native species and habitats. Amendment
2.a Review and update the County
grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure DPW Code that they adequately address potential erosion and
runoff problems. Amendment 2.b Adopt appropriate measures and provide
incentives to control point and DPW Project non -point sources of pollution. 2.c
Identify and establish appropriate riparian
buffer protection areas PD., DPW Project around streams', ponds, perennial flowing natural springs,
and all springs and reservoirs serving as water supplies.
26d Support research to identify and refine
priority watershed areas meant to PD, DPW., Project enhance groundwater recharge and improve surface water
quantity and DWS flows. 6.0 Implementation I County of
Hawaii
General Plan 233
2.e Identify and establish appropriate wetland protection areas and regulations PD Project
to mitigate impacts of development.
28f Partner with and support land managers to improve infrastructure and PD., DRD Interagency
grazing management practices for cattle and other livestock to Coordination
promote soil and groundwater retention and mitigate fire risk.
2.g Amend the Special Management Area (SIVIA) to include wetlands, riparian PD Project
areas., and adjacent buffer areas.
29h Build community capacity and agency support for Community Conservation PD, DRD Program Areas (
CCAs) as part of stewardship -based efforts. 3.
a Contribute on a regular basis to State or Federal Geographic Information PD., DIT., RDR Program System (GIS)
data stores and other programs for the collection and dissemination of
basic data concerning natural, historic, or cultural resources. 30b
Create special (business)
improvement districts to engage in PD, RDR, Project environmental research, restoration and
maintenance, natural resource OSCE R management, climate change or
sea level rise adaptation or other purposes to improve environmental
conditions and provide community benefit. 4.a Seek
private -
public partnerships to maintain and steward the PD, SHPD Project preservation of sites, buildings,
objects, and landscapes of significant cultural and historical importance.
49b Maintain Certified Local
Government status and maximize funding PD., SHPD Program opportunities. 4.c Support the
identification
of Heritage Landscapes, Corridors,, Areas, and PD., SHPD Project Centers. 48d Support the development
of
multi -cultural centers. PD., SHPD Project 4.e Support historic district
surveys for our urban centers. PD., SHPD Project 49f Work with SHPD to
establish a framework and database for Cultural PD., SHPD Interagency Impact Assessments. Coordination 4.g
Continue the dialogue
between State and County agencies to identify Various Interagency guidance to protect Native Hawaiian
customary and traditional practices. Coordination 48h Partner with government, private
and nonprofit agencies, communities, PD, DPW., Interagency and other stakeholders to develop
design guidelines for designated SHPD Coordination communities containing significant historic buildings,
sites, or landscapes. 48i Assess and prioritize
County -
owned lands for historic site restoration in PD, DPW, Project collaboration with government, private andnonprofit agencies,
SHPD communities., and other stakeholders. 48j Create and
maintain a GIS overlay
of historic districts. PD., SHPD Project 4.k Educate and encourage property owners,
historical societies, preservation PD., SHPD Program organizations, lineal descendants, and others with close connections
to nominate structures and sites to the State and
National Register of Historic Places. Encourage collaboration among interested entities. 4,
1 Support property owners with the preservation
of historic structures that PD, DPW, Program are on the State and National Register of Historic
Places. SHPD 6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
234
4,m Provide real property tax incentives for historic properties, including DF Program
commercial properties.
4,n Support the development of a multi -sector public education program PD., SHPD Program
regarding historic and cultural sites that target key partners such as the
visitor industry., real estate agents, site developers,, consultants,, schools,
youth groups, and civic organizations.
5.a Prioritize maintaining the views at scenic overlooks with a frequently PD., DPW Program
maintained vegetation management program which includes eradication
of invasive species. Coordinate this work with a regular roadway
vegetation management maintenance program.
50b Develop and establish view plane criteria, rankings, and regulations to PD., DPW Project
preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes and/or
corridors from specific locations and coastal aesthetics.
5.c Develop a process for reviewing and revising guidelines for designating PD., PONC., Project
Natural Beauty Sites. DPR
58d Establish a Scenic Resources Protection Program to identify, inventory, PD., DPW Program
and protect areas of significant beauty. The program could include
recommendations from the Scenic Resources Inventory and Mapping
Project (2016).
5.e Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Ali'i Drive (Mamalahoa Bypass PD Program
Highway) between Keauhou and Captain Cook, with limited access and
without commercial development.
56f Utilize the Scenic Corridor Program for Akoni Pule Highway between PD Program
Kawaihae and Puakea., with limited access and without commercial
development.
Table 54s. Climate Change
Action I AgencyType 6.a
Increase transparency of government actions by creating a climate OSCER Project change dashboard
and portal to track the implementation of climate action. 68b
Engage
communities by incorporating place -based knowledge and PD., OSCER Program qualitative data
to guide implementation priorities and decision-making. 6.c Promote
funding opportunities for LMI communities to implement OSCER, DF Project climate action., including
interactive videos and workshops that meet communities where they
are. 7.a Develop
and provide incentives for new development/redevelopment to DPW, PD, Project pursue certification for "
green" site planning, construction,, and post- OSCER construction practices. 7.b
Adopt policies
and strategies across all County departments to reduce OSCER, Project GHGs and become more
resilient to the impacts of climate change. DRD 7.c Develop a
County purchasing policy to prioritize products with low DF Project emissions over their lifecycle
and resiliency to the impacts of climate change. 76d Develop and
implement
incentives for energy -efficient or green design DPW Project standards. 6.0 Implementation
I
County of Hawaii General Plan 235
7.e Prioritize urban tree inventories for primary urban areas such as DPR, PD Project
Downtown Hilo, Waimea., and Kailua-Kona.
78f Develop procedures to include street trees as part of public capital DPW Project
improvement projects.
7.g Develop energy benchmarking standards for County buildings. DPW, DF Project
70h Develop and implement an electric vehicle charging plan with a station DRD Project
network map that identifies regional gaps in service.
79i Create a fleet transformation plan for each County department. OSCER, DF Project
7.j Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, OSCER., Interagency
and other stakeholders to increase community -wide awareness and DPW Coordination
accessibility regarding reducing transportation costs and emissions (e.g.,
the impact of keeping tires inflated on the efficiency of cars) through
education awareness programs.
76k Develop and implement a streamlined framework to report annual DPW, DF Project
energy use of all County facilities and all new County vehicle purchases.
8.a Conduct detailed vulnerability mapping of existing and planned Various Project
infrastructure.
89b Support and partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, OSCER Interagency
communities', and other stakeholders on research for adaptive policies Coordination
and technology that increase resilience.
8.c Incorporate appropriate green building or climate -resilient specifications DF., DPW Program into
competitive bids. 86d
Adopt a land acquisition program with potential leaseback options for DF Program the purchase
of hazard -prone locations or those with beneficial attributes for climate
adaptation and mitigation. 8.e
Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other DEMY DPW., Interagency stakeholders to
implement environmentally beneficial upgrades for DPR Coordination wastewater, irrigation,
and/or landscaping, including sea level rise, storm, and other
climate change considerations. Table 55e.
Land Use Action Agency
Type 9.a
Develop a process for County -initiated State land use boundary PD, OPSD Project reclassification to
best align State Land Use with County long-range plans. gob
Create
village plans for unique urban areas that include considerations PD Project for urban
design, aesthetic quality, and the protection of amenities in adjacent areas
through landscaping, open space, and buffer areas. 9.c
Develop subdivision standards that make a distinction between PD Project agricultural, rural,
and urban land uses. god Define
the types of open space that are sought to be protected and PD, DPR Project establish standards
to be applied to ensure its protection. 9.e
Conduct a review and re-evaluation of the real property tax structure to PD., DF Project simplify and
assure compatibility with land use goals and policies. 6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 236
96f Study the feasibility, issues., and opportunities related to the development PD., DPW, DF Project
of a TDR program to strategically preserve open space and achieve
density to remain consistent with the land use pattern in accordance with
the General Plan Land Use Maps.
10.a Amend the Zoning Code to create a category for lands that should mostly PD Code
be kept in a natural state, but that may not be in the Conservation District, Amendment
such as certain important view planes, buffer areas, and very steep
slopes. The zoning category should include reasonable land uses.
lo. b Amend the Zoning Code and Subdivision Code to allow CPD`s to be PD Code
applied to all zoning districts with appropriate building site standards. Amendment
10.c Collaborate with the State Office of Planning and Sustainable PD., OPSD Interagency
Development (OPSD) to create criteria to help identify and protect Native Coordination
Hawaiian customary and traditional practices.
11.a Collaborate with the SHPD to create clear guidance to be used when PD., SHPD Interagency
reviewing a project related to the identification of cultural sites and Coordination
practices.
116b Implement efficiencies to make development decisions predictable, fair., PD Program and
cost-effective. 11.
c Evaluate concurrency requirements that would impose reasonable and PD Program fair infrastructure
concurrency requirements on all developments. 116d Amend
the Zoning Code to allow for PUD to become administrative PD Code permits and
subject to the approval of the Planning Director. Amendment 11.e
Provideflexibility within the Zoning Code to accommodate emerging PD Code new industries through
Use Permits or allow new uses that do not conflict Amendment with the purpose
and intent of the existing zoned district. lief Update traffic
impact analysis requirements to include alternative PD., DPW Project evaluations to the
level of service outcomes., such as vehicle miles traveled and alternative
transportation metrics. 12.a Update
the Building Code to maintain cost-effective standards to resist DPW Code hazards and reduce
carbon footprint. Amendment 120b Adopt natural
hazard overlay zones and set appropriate conditions for PD Project land use, siting,
and design within high -risk hazard zones. 12.c Amend
the Zoning Code to establish building setbacks for coastal and PD Code inland cliffs. Amendment
126d Collaborate with
the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEIVIA) to PD., DPW, Interagency regularly update flood
studies and refine flood zone designations. CD Coordination 12.e Review
and amend land use policies to reduce risk from hazards PD., DPW Code including but not
limited to floodplains, high surf, tsunami, landslides, Amendment erosion, wildfires, and
high -risk volcanic hazard areas. 126f Study the
feasibility, issues, and opportunities of a TDR program to PD., DPW Project incentivize development away
from high -risk hazard areas. 12.g Amend
the Zoning Code to include a science -based shoreline setback to PD Code address climate change
and sea level rise. Amendment 13.a Incorporate
innovations such as "mixed -use zones" into the Zoning Code. PD Code Amendment 6.0
Implementation
I County of Hawaii General Plan 237
130b Incorporate flexibility in codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of PD., OHCD Code
socio-economic housing mix and to permit an aesthetic balance between Amendment
residential structures and open spaces.
13.c Amend the Subdivision Code to ensure block sizes are based on land use PD Code
and the character of the area. Amendment
138d Initiate rezonings that promote infill to ensure connectivity and provide PD Project
mixed -use opportunities to make the area more pedestrian -oriented.
13.e Amend Zoning Code to: PD Code
i. Establish a TOD overlay zone project district with a minimum size of 15 Amendment
acres.
ii. Create a TND overlay zone for existing zoned lands within identified
residential and commercial zoning districts.
iii. Allow for residential uses in ML and MCX zoning districts.
iv. Support innovative uses of alternative energy, agriculture, aquaculture,
and others., in MCX zoning districts.
v. Clearly distinguish between general industrial and service industrial
types.
vi. Establish urban open space standards.
Create Industrial Project Districts and Innovation Centers.
14.a Amend the Zoning Code definition and requirements for Lodges and PD Code
reconcile similarities and inconsistencies with the special permit Amendment
provisions for Retreats. Clearly articulate in the Code the zoning districts
appropriate for Lodges.
140 b Amend the zoning districts currently listed as Family Agricultural District PD Code
FA) and the Residential and Agricultural Districts (RA) to be consistent Amendment
with the Rural designation and to allow for home occupations that do not
negatively impact rural character.
14.c Amend the Zoning Code to allow telecommuting and home -based PD Code
businesses that rely on the Internet as permitted accessory uses to Amendment
residential uses when operated in compliance with cottage industry
performance standards.
146d Amend the Zoning Code and Subdivision Code to establish Clustered PD Code
Rural Subdivision PUD. Amendment
15.a Amend the Zoning Code to develop standards for permitting certified PD Code
incubators or commercial kitchens in Rural or Agricultural districts. Amendment
158b Conduct a study to review a maximum developable area consideration PD Project
for properties designated as Productive Agricultural lands.
1.5.c Create and adopt a County Agricultural Tourism program. DRD Program 158d
Amend the County Code to allow agriculture worker housing to be PD Code permitted
where the employee's primary occupation is working on a Amendment specific
farm but where the housing and the farm are not on the same parcel.
15.
e Update the Real Property Tax Code for agricultural land uses that result in PD, DF Code actual production
or other public benefits, such as native forestry and the Amendment ecosystem services
that result from well -managed rangelands. 158f Amend
the Zoning Code to require Plan Approval for commercial open PD Code area recreational
uses in the Agricultural District. Amendment 6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 238
15.g Evaluate the Zoning Code relating to livestock production such as PD Code
piggeries, apiaries, and pen feeding based on modern practices and Amendment
potential impacts on adjacent uses.
150h Develop standards and guidelines for buffer areas located adjacent to PD Project
agricultural lands.
158i Develop a program and incentives, including proposed resources (e.g., PD., DRD., DF Program grants,
loans, technical assistance, education) that support small-scale farmers,
the lease of public lands, and learn opportunities to become effective
stewards of the land. 158j
Collaborate with USDA and the State to enable farmers to bring local PD Interagency meat
to local markets. Collaboration Table
56. Transportation Access and Mobility Action
Agency Type 16.
a Develop a comprehensive, island -wide multimodal transportation plan PD., DPW Project that
identifies the location and operation of automobile, mass transit, bicycle,
and pedestrian systems, in coordination with appropriate federal and
state agencies. 160b
Develop a planning and financing strategy to fund timely and routine DPW, DF Program maintenance of
County transportation assets that secures availability and reliability, independent
of CIP activities. 16.c
Amend the County Code, Chapters 22, 23., and 24 to increase active PD., DPW Code transportation and
accommodate emerging micro -mobility solutions. Amendment 166d Establish
inter -departmental teams to review significant development Various Interagency projects to
evaluate integrated infrastructure requirements, multimodal Coordination options, and
private -public collaboration to ensure implementation. 17.a
Develop and adopt a program to establish public access to historic and PD., DPW Program modern active living
corridors and facilities that provide an island -wide route and connect
to major destinations. 170b Explore the
potential of multimodal trails to serve as evacuation routes PD, DPW, Project during emergencies. CD
17.c Develop
standards for active living corridors to assist when reviewing PD Program discretionary permits. 176d Establish
a public -
private partnership, including financing strategies, for PD, F D Program maintainingpublic access trails. 18.a
Develop marketing and public
awareness campaign of various services in PD, DPW Program collaboration with the airports, cruise ship terminals, and
educational facilities. 180 b Identify, preserve, and/or acquire
corridors
for future transit use, for high PD, MTA Project traffic areas such as the Pahoa-Kea"au-Hilo
route, including but not limited to multimodal corridors and require new development to
provide rights -of -way (ROWs) to accommodate transit services. 19.
a Continue to adopt the County Street design
manual as the County's DPW Program complete street design program/policy. 6.0 Implementation I County
of Hawaii General Plan 239
196b Amend the County Code to incorporate complete street design. PD., DPW Code
Amendment
19.c Develop an active transportation plan to guide where complete street PD., DPW Project
improvements should be focused and replace previous pedestrian and
bikeway plans.
198d Identify all roles for interdepartmental collaboration in delivering a truly Various Interagency
multimodal transportation system. Coordination
19.e Update traffic impact analysis requirements to include alternative PD., DPW Project
evaluations to the level of service outcomes', such as vehicle miles
traveled and alternative transportation metrics.
196f Increase community engagement and education around active PD., DPW Program transportation
and alternative transportation options 20.
a Create and adopt a performance measure program/policy. DPW Program 200 b
Amend the County Code to promote connectivity and discourage PD., DPW Code neighborhoods with
only one inlet or outlet. Amendment 20.c
Establish a corridor planning/management program that is data- driven PD, DPW, Program and uses performance -basedtargets and outcomes.
DWS., DEM 206d Designate new connectivity points for local
traffic roads and create PD., DPW Project redundant routes for existing highways, utilizing existing
routes where possible, that can also serve as emergency
and evacuation routes. 20.e Adopt a Complete Streets ordinance.
DPW Code Amendment 20J Explore options to incentivize roadway
connectivity.
PD., DPW Program 21.a Develop green infrastructure standards including right-
of-way (ROW) DPW Project landscaping, low -impact development (LID),, and drainage. 21,
b Develop an Adopt -a -Street program.
DPW Program 21.c Pursue funding, County capacity, and responsibility to
maintain green DPW, DF Program infrastructure and native landscaping in the County Rights -of -Ways.
22.a Amend the County Code to incorporate Vision Zero
safety DPW, PD Code principles and Complete Street design principles. Amendment 228b Develop educational
programs promoting traffic safety. DPW, PD Program
23.a Create an asset management program. FD Program 230b Continue
the bridge inspection program and expand rehab or DPW Program
replacement to include active transportation accommodations. 24.a Create a strategic improvement plan,
including mapping, for County DPW., DPR
Project owned and/or managed boat harbors and develop an island -wide needs assessment
to better serve regional gaps in ocean accesses. 240 b Ensure collaboration
with State agencies to offer a variety of DPW
Interagency transportation options at airports and harbors. Coordination Table 57. Public Utilities 6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
240
Action Agency Type
25.a Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of DF Program
public utilities.
26.a In collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric DWS Project
Administration (NOAA),, conduct further research on localized rainfall
modeling to accurately assess future precipitation trends.
260b Expand water conservation programs, primarily aimed at reducing DWS Project
demand, such as leak detection and rebates for low flow.
26.c Evaluate and amend the fee schedule for water use to take into account DWS Project
high water use and aquifer recharge projections. Use the funds
generated to pay for conservation measures and infrastructure.
268d Improve county water conservation practices to lead by example. DWS Program
26.e Maintain the water master plan to consider water yield, present and DWS Program
future demand, alternative sources of water, guidelines, and policies for
the issuing of water commitments.
266f Promote the use of groundwater sources to meet DOH water quality DWS Project
standards.
26.g Seek state and federal funds to assist in financing projects to bring the DWS Project
County into compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
260h Explore the feasibility of incentive methods such as property tax DWS, DF Project
deductions, conservation easements, or transfer of development rights to
protect the defined zone of influence of existing or proposed public and
private wells.
260i Investigate alternative financing options for expanding water systems to DWS Project
support infill growth consistent with the County's desired land use
development pattern.
266j Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, DWS Interagency
communities, and other stakeholders to develop, improve, and expand Coordination
agricultural water systems in appropriate areas on the island.
26A Continue to participate in the United States Geological Survey (USGS) DWS Program
exploratory well drilling program.
2681 Expand programs to provide agricultural irrigation water. DRD.0 DWS Program
26.m Develop water conservation and stormwater management guidelines for DPW Project
commercial, industrial, and residential properties.
26.n Codify the administrative structure needed to develop a water resource DWS Project
program and interdepartmental collaboration framework.
26.o Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, DWS Interagency
communities, and other stakeholders to develop and facilitate community Coordination
partnerships between upstream and downstream communities.
26.p Develop public -private partnerships to leverage funding sources. DWS Program
27.a Prioritize areas where on -site wastewater treatment should be converted DEM Program
to sewer and establish financial tools such as improvement districts to aid
in implementation.
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
241
27eb Prioritize areas where wastewater treatment facilities are necessary to DEM, DF Program
facilitate future growth and utilize financing tools such as community
facilities district (CFD) or tax increment financing (TIF) to aid in
implementation.
27.c Review, assess', and amend codes relating to sewer connection DEM Code
requirements to ensure wastewater issues and requirements are Amendment
addressed in a consistent, sustainable., and socially equitable way.
276d Develop a wastewater master plan with a clear prioritization method for DEM Project
wastewater system expansions and improvements based on criteria
involving land use, projected growth, social equity, and environmental
factors. 27.e
Develop plans to improve,, connect,, or develop new wastewater systems DEM Project in unsewered
urban coastal communities. 276f Perform
a study to assess individual wastewater systems (IWS) in DEM Project unsewered urban
growth areas to assess the rate of failures/negative impacts, determine
rates of large capacity cesspools still in use, and develop plans
to improve., connect,, or develop new wastewater systems for unsewered
urban communities. 27.g
Proactively seek opportunities for public -private partnerships for DEM Project wastewater collection
and treatment development. 270h Facilitate
the use of infrastructure improvement districts and other types DEM., DF Project of localized
funding mechanisms to fund improvements. 278i Streamline
the sewer connection loan program. DEM, DF Project 276j Develop
wastewater cost valuation in service fees (similar to the water DEM Project model fee
structure). 278k Develop
a criteria -based infrastructure prioritization tool to develop new DEM Project or expand
existing municipal wastewater systems. Base these priority areas on
designated urban growth boundaries, urban zoning and density, population
trends and anticipated growth, health/safety, and environmental factors.
2701 Implement
innovative wastewater systems at a cost-effective scale for DEM Project small communities.
27, m
Amend the County Code, Section 21-26-1(a) requiring "all sewer DEM Code extensions shall
be approved by resolution of the County council"' to Amendment read, "all
sewer extensions outside of Urban Growth Areas shall be approved by
resolution of the County council."' 27,n
In collaboration with the DOH Wastewater Branch., reevaluate and clarify DEM., DOH Interagency the requirements
set forth in section HAR 11-62-31.1(a) (1) (B) and amend Coordination County sewer
requirements accordingly to accommodate needed Code housing units.
Amendment 27.o
Collaborate with the DOH to advance progressive wastewater technology DEM., DOH Interagency and regulations.
Coordination 27.p
In collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, develop a water DEM., DOA Project resource strategy
for efficient agricultural water use and reuse. 6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 242
27.q Install non -potable systems, such as reclaimed wastewater, brackish DEMY DWS., Project
groundwater, and untreated surface water in proximity to priority UGAs DPW
for non -potable water uses.
27,r Conduct supply and demand studies to determine a level of service for DEM., DWS Project
non -potable water needs.
27.s Facilitate greywater reuse systems through code amendments and DEM., DOH Code
through partnering with DOH for regulatory changes and incentives. Amendment
28.a Adopt LID practices to address small-scale stormwater management. DPW Project
288 b Conduct a feasibility study to create a County Stormwater Utility before DPW Project
the county reaches MS4 requirements.
28.c Update the DPW Storm Drainage Standards to reflect current data and to DPW Project
incorporate strategies and standards of green infrastructure and low -
impact development.
286d Develop drainage master plans from a watershed perspective that DPW Project
considers nonstructural alternatives., minimizes channelization,, protects
wetlands that serve drainage functions, coordinates the regulation of
construction and agricultural operation, and encourages the
establishment of floodplains as public greenways.
28.e Explore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage DPW, DF Project
systems and reduce potential flood inundation areas.
286f Create a green infrastructure dedication standard. DPW Project
28.g Create a pilot study for a watershed -based drainage study. DPW Project
28, h Develop a monitoring and evaluation program for impervious surface PD., DPW Program
coverage.
288i Promote and provide incentives for participation in the Soil and Water PD., DPW Program
Conservation Districts' conservation programs for developments on
agricultural and conservation lands.
286j Establish guidelines for Adopt -a -Corridor Program for flood corridors. DPW Project
280 k Evaluate ownership and/or maintenance responsibility for flood corridors DPW Project
that serve multiple regional benefits.
2891 Identify County parks and recreation, rights -of -way, and other County DPW, DPR Project
owned sites for green infrastructure demonstration projects.
29.a Partner with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, DRD Interagency
and other stakeholders for the research and development of Coordination
alternative/renewable energy resources.
29, b Develop standards and principles for reviewing PUC applications. DRD Project
29.c Support Net -Metering (NEM),, Feed -in -Tariff (FIT), and other programs DRD Program
designed to lower costs and diversify power sources.
29A Conduct a feasibility report for using renewable sources to generate DRD Project
power for public utility infrastructure.
30.a Support refurbishment, upcycling, recycling, and reuse of computers and DRD, DEMProgram other devices.
6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 243
30a b Develop standards for the siting and construction of wireless PD Project
telecommunication facilities.
30.c Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, DRD Interagency
communities., and other stakeholders to create and maintain an inventory Coordination
and mapping of communications infrastructure, including but not limited
to wireline, wireless, cell tower locations, and known proposed facilities.
300d Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, DRD Interagency
communities and other stakeholders to seek funding, identify and Coordination
remove regulatory barriers to complete and improve the island's fiber
optic loop in an environmentally and economically appropriate manner.
30.e Advocate for provider and consumer incentives to address last -mile DRD Program
installation and/or service plans.
308f Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit agencies, DRD Interagency
communities., and other stakeholders to progressively improve Coordination
broadband speeds to keep pace with technological advances.
30.g Collaborate with broadband service providers to ensure all users have DRD Program
efficient service.
300 h Collaborate with the telecommunications industry to increase the DRD Program
availability of emergency telephones throughout the island.
306 i Pursue partnerships and funding for broadband initiatives and DRD Program
deployments.
306j Support the coordination of infrastructure projects between the public DRD Interagency
and private sectors to create areas for the deployment of broadband Coordination
zones.
309 k Seek federal and other opportunities for the funding of broadband DRD Program
infrastructure.
3001 Support the State to develop a broadband dashboard to track progress DRD Project
and gaps that will inform decision -making in economic development on
Hawaii Island.
30.m Foster public -private partnerships to support the development and DRD Project
expansion of broadband infrastructure, including community networks.
Table 58s. Public Facilities and Services
Action Agency Type
31.a Create an asset management program. DF Project
310b Continue a facility inspection program. Various Program
31.c Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance to aide in the expansion of DF, PD, DPW Code
County services and facilities. Amendment
32.a Support the development of private common access -distribution systems HFD Program
of private catchment water for firefighting purposes in rural catchment
communities.
320b Prioritize budgets for technology improvements for emergency services; HFDY HPD1 DF Program
including hazardous material service, 4x4 vehicles, and other equipment
or software to improve emergency response times.
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
244
32.c Review county lighting and landscaping ordinances to implement HPD Code
CPTED. Amendment
326d Develop a public safety audit checklist and conduct urban neighborhood HPD Program
and downtown safety walks to identify potential crime spots or unsafe
areas.
32.e Educate the public regarding disaster preparedness and response, CID Program
especially proper responses for sudden -impact hazards.
326f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and the HFD Program
involved landowners to support wildfire control and reclamation.
32.g Define and map critical facilities, necessary for community disaster CID Project
response and recovery that are too important to fail.
328h Monitor and address known hazards along transportation routes. CD, DPW Project
32J Partner with the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency to regularly CID Interagency
review and address warning siren coverage. Coordination
328j Install emergency phones along roadways in isolated areas of lower DPW., CD Project
cellular connectivity.
326k Support the use of the Best Available Refuge Areas within existing CD, DPW Program
buildings.
3201 Provide technical assistance to communities developing emergency CID Program
response and evacuation plans.
32,m Maintain and update the public education and communications program CID Program
regarding disaster preparedness and response, especially proper
responses for sudden impact hazards (e.g., CERT, resilience hubs, and
first aid training).
32,n Develop and maintain a Post -Disaster Redevelopment Plan which DPW, PD1 CD Program
specifies the following:
i. Roles and responsibilities
ii. Procedures for implementing programs for immediate clean-up,
repair, design, and replacement
iii. Long-term rebuilding and redevelopment
iv. Procedures for the identification of damaged infrastructure and
consideration of alternatives to its repair or replacement
v. Evaluation of climate impacts
32.o Seek funding and support continued scientific research relating to CD, P DY Project hazards (
e.g., research on erosion rates, slumping rates, slope stability OSCER studies,
sea level rise rates, tsunami inundation mapping, coastal stream flood
mapping, fire and wildfire, etc.). 326p
Prepare and implement wildfire protection and prevention plans. HFD Program 32eq
Develop community -specific hazard mitigation plans. CID Program 32,
r Develop a standard for requiring an emergency response plan. CID Program 32.
s Amend the County Code, Chapter 25 to require emergency and hazard PD., CD Code information
to be prominently displayed in all transient accommodations. Amendment This
information should include information regarding the monthly Civil Defense
siren tests., evacuation routes, and directives to reach appropriate
services and agencies. 6.
0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 245
326t Adopt incentives, such as tax deductions, to encourage retrofitting of HFDJ, CD, Program
existing structures for resilience against earthquakes, hurricanes, DPW, DF
tsunamis., floods., and fire and wildfire.
33.a Evaluate and amend the County Code to integrate strategies to maximize DEM., DPW Program
landfill diversion and handle materials:
i. Develop a Source Separation Ordinance
H. Prohibit organic material (green waste) disposal in the landfill
iii. Construction & Demolition (C & D) Recycling Ordinance
iv. Consider Take -back Ordinances (for items that are difficult to recycle or
compost) v. Require
recycling at all County offices, facilities, and base yards. vi. Continue
the transition to eliminate the sale or use of polystyrene foam Styrofoam) and
single -use plastic food containers and other single -use plastics. 338b
Develop
programs to require advance disposal fees for specific products DEM Programs such as
new electronics and new vehicles purchased in or shipped to Hawaii. The
fees from this should be used to fund resource management and disposal
costs. 33.c
Conduct pilot studies to facilitate waste recovery and increase DEM Programs diversion rates.
Recommended pilot programs include curbside waste, recycling, and
resource pick-up in priority urban areas 338d Partner
and coordinate to facilitate the private use of large recycling roll- DEM Program off bins
in rural areas. 33.e
Reevaluate and initiate code changes to the fee structure for solid waste DEM Code for residential
and commercial uses. Amendment 336f Facilitate
University of Hawaii and/or Forest Service to complete DRDY DPW Program necessary studies on
local materials for use in construction. 33.g Implement
an education and social marketing program to educate the DEM Program public and business
community about landfill diversion initiatives, preventing and reporting
litter and illegal dumping, and other responsible waste management
opportunities. 338h Develop a
county clean-up program for special waste areas, such as DEM Program junkyards, to ensure
the proactive removal of materials that pose environmental and public
health hazards. 336i Develop and
promote take -back programs for appliances and other DEM Program difficult to dispose
of materials. 336j Support expansions
to the organic material (green waste) recycling DEM Program program to include
drop-off and pick-up locations at all rural transfer stations. 33,k
Adopt
EPA"s Comprehensive Procurement Guideline program as a DEM Program model for purchasing
products that use materials recovered through recycling. 34.a
Implement
a Safe Routes to School (SR2S) program for all schools. DPW Program 340 b Ensure
County makes necessary improvements to co -located facilities, P&R Program such as gymnasiums,
parks, and playgrounds. 6.0 Implementation
I County of Hawaii General Plan 246
35.a Provide funding for planning and acquisition, if necessary, of key corridor DF., PD., DPW, Program
segments after corridor -zone plans are adopted. DEM., DWS
35ob Revise the park dedication code requiring subdivisions to provide land DPR, PD Code
area for park and recreational use or contribute to a maintenance fund in Amendment
lieu of an impact fees ordinance.
35.c Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other DPR, PD, Program
stakeholders to increase funding sources for park, recreation, and trail DPW
development and maintenance.
358d Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, and other DPR, PD., Program
stakeholders to initiate joint agreements for funding,, management, and DPW
maintenance for recreation, shared use spaces, hardened shelters, and
public access priorities.
35.e Support the U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service's PD, DPR Interagency
expansion plans for the Hawaii Volcanoes., Pu'ukohol5 National Historic Coordination Park.,
Pu'uhonua O H6naunau National Historic Parks., Ala Kahakai National
Historic Trail, and Kaloko-Honok6hau National Historic Park. 356f
Update the County of Hawaii RecreationPlan to reflect newly identified DPR Project recreational priorities.
35.g
Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with DLNRY DPR Program the General
Plan. 350h Develop
a recreation information dissemination system for the public's DPR Program use. 358i
Develop
best management practices for the development and DPR, PD Program maintenance of
golf courses in collaboration with government,, private and nonprofit
agencies, and other stakeholders. 356j Develop
local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning, DPR Program maintenance, and
programming. 356k Maintain
an on -going program of identification, designation, and DPR, PONCY Program acquisition of
areas with existing or potential recreational resources, such PD as land
with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline recreation in
collaboration with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, and
other stakeholders. 3581 Perform
a review and audit of the inventory resulting from the subdivision PD., DPR Code requirements within
Code, (reservation for parks, playgrounds, and public Amendment building sites).
35.m
Amend Code to ensure that land area is not only set aside for PD, DPR, DF Code recreational or
public use but that there are funds or a funding Amendment mechanism to
develop the land for its intended purpose. 35.n
Enter into partnership agreements with the State and private groups (e.g., DPR, DLNR Program Friends of
the Park) to make improvements and assist in the maintenance of essential
but inadequately maintained parks 35.o
Expand and map Friends of the Park programs to manage and improve DPR Program County parks
and facilities. 35.p
Support hunting and fishing activities where authorized on public and DPR, PD Program private property.
6.0
Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 247
35.q Identify shoreline areas suitable for coastal access points, including boat PD Project
launches and small boat harbors.
35.r Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the siting of future DPR Project
cemeteries.
35.s Analyze under-represented open recreation and healthy living activities DPR, PD Program to be included
in Park Standards. 350t Create new
or enhance sports facilities to encourage and attract regional DPR Project tournaments to our
island. 35.0 Implement
interpretive signage through collaboration with community DPR, PD Program groups at appropriate
locations. 35.v Conduct
Park facilities condition assessments and keep the County of DPR Project Hawaii Recreation Plan
updated to reflect newly identified recreational priorities. The updated
Recreation Plan should develop a strategic management plan for
upgrading facilities and establish a level of service standards for parks.
35.w Plan',
manage, and maintain parks to ensure that the quality of recreation DPR Project areas does not
diminish with heavy usage. 35.x Develop
facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and DPR, DPW, Project bikingactivities. PD 35.y Amend
the Code to
better address park and recreation issues in the PD., DPR Code following ways: Amendment i. Amend subdivision
code to be
consistent with Dedication of Land code Ch. 8) Code in providing land area
for park and recreational use or pay a fee in lieu thereof. ii. Develop and
adopt an Impact Fees
Ordinance iii. Amend Dedication of Land code to
include "net useable acreage."" 35.z Develop a center/complex for
major cultural, educational, and DPR, PD Program recreational activities in underserved population centers, such
as Kona. 35.aa Develop facilities and safe pathway
systems for multimodal use such as DPR, DPW, Project walking, jogging, and biking activities. PD 35.
bb Develop walking paths around existing
ballparks and other park grounds, DPR Project as feasible. These walking paths should be
level footpaths that meet accessibility requirements whenever possible. 35.cc Expand
active open recreational opportunities
at the Pana"ewa Rainforest DPR Project Zoo and Equestrian Center properties such as
bike/walking trails, horse trails., dog -friendly trails, and other outdoor
recreation that would complement the Pana'ewa complex. 36.a
Establish an Aging and Disability
Resource Center in Kailua-Kona. OA Project 368b Develop a medical center TOD master
plan and rezone it as a Regional PD Project Center TOD. 36.c Develop public showers
and restroom
facilities in strategic locations to OHCD, DPR, Project serve the homeless and meet public sanitation
needs. DPW 360d Collaborate with government, private and nonprofit
agencies, OHCD, DRD Interagency communities', and other stakeholders to establish a
One -Stop Community Coordination 6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii
General Plan
Resource Center to serve as a point of community access for information
and referral for health, education, and social services.
36.e Expand the use of mobile health centers and services (e.g., screening OHCD, DRD Interagency
vision, and dental) to rotate through the rural communities regularly. Coordination
366f Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, OPAJ, OHCD Interagency
and other stakeholders to develop a consolidated services facility plan for Coordination
the victim and offender treatment, counseling, and other rehabilitation
services (and other social services) in major urban centers (Hilo, Kailua-
Kona., Waimea).
36.g Support the distribution of telehealth support services, particularly to OAJ# DRD, Interagencyunserved and
underserved communities. OPA Coordination 366h Amend
County zoning and building codes as necessary to accommodate PD Code home and
community -based care elderly care, elderly care., and care for Amendment those with
disabilities. 369i Amend
the County Code to include land uses for substance abuse'. PD Code mental health.,
and medical rehabilitative facilities and determine Amendment appropriate criteria
for siting in communities. 36ej Amend
the County Code to designate a lead agency for coordinating CID Code and responding
to outbreaks of life -threatening, highly communicable Amendment diseases pursuant
to the DOH direction. Table 59:
Housing for All Action Agency
Type 37.a
Establish interdepartmental procedures to collaboratively Identify, OHCD,, DPW, Interagency prioritize and
build infrastructure that supports housing in or near mixed- PD, DWSY Coordination use areas and
transit centers in urban areas. DEM., DPR 370b Review the
State housing inventory every 5 years and conduct scenario OHCD Project modeling to identify
existing housing types, housing needs, and land use and building code
updates that will provide for diversified housing, a mix of development types,
and efficient and alternative construction methods in urban areas.
37.c Assess
and amend the land use and building regulations and explore DPW, PD Code fiscal opportunities to
support universal design principles and ADA Amendment accessibility for more
physically accessible housing. 378d Advocate for
the State to provide student., faculty, and staff housing DOE, OHCD Interagency around State education
facilities and established urban centers with Coordination transit. 37.e
Advocate
for the State to provide staff housing around State health care DOH, OHCD Interagency facilities and established
urban centers with transit. Coordination 376f Initiate collaboration
and learning opportunities among communities, OHCD, PD., Program nonprofits, and housing
developers as it relates to housing and DRD community development projects.
37.g Amend
the zoning and building regulations to allow affordability of DPW., PD Code various housing types,
particularly the "missing middle" in urban areas. Amendments 6.0 Implementation
I County of Hawaii General Plan 249
376h Develop and implement various incentives to facilitate smaller house DPW Code
designs or multi -family housing options such as expedited permitting, Amendments
fee waivers, and tax incentives.
38.a Perform existing housing inventory data analysis to identify structural OHCD Program
conditions and needs for rehabilitation or demolition.
388 b Review and amend the zoning and building regulations to support the DPW, PD Code
adaptive reuse of non-residential spaces for residential housing units. Amendments
38.c Amend building regulations to allow for as -built permits and new DPW Code
renovation permits for less than 50 percent of an existing structure to Amendments
conform with the building code of the year the main structure was
permitted, excluding electrical and other critical life safety codes.
386d Create', aid, and encourage programs to maintain and rehabilitate the OHCD Program
existing housing inventory, including consideration for self-help
programs.
38.e Perform ongoing analysis of available housing assistance programs for OHCD Program
public and private stakeholders.
386f Develop and maintain an outreach program to disseminate information OHCD Program
and educate stakeholders about housing assistance programs.
38.g Amend the Real Property Tax Code to incentivize long term occupied FD Code
housing. Amendment
39.a Review and amend zoning and building codes to allow for innovative DPW, PD Code
housing solutions for the homeless such as permanent supportive Amendment
housing, transitional housing/camps, micro -housing communities,
emergency, and temporary shelters.
390b Amend the housing code to require and maintain the long-term OHCD Code
affordability of affordable housing developments. Amendment
39.c Amend land use and building regulations to reduce costs and streamline DPW, PD Code
the processing of affordable housing applications and facilitate Amendment
concurrent applications when possible.
398d Revise financial mechanisms and property tax provisions to allow for OHCD, DF Program
creative finance solutions to incentivize new construction and
rehabilitation of affordable housing.
39.e Form an Affordable Housing Advisory Committee to complete an island- OHCD Program
wide Affordable Housing Strategic Plan and that prioritizes home
ownership for local families to build equity
396f Establish an internal County housing working group to include OHCD, OHCD Interagency
Planning, DPW, DWS., DEM, Finance, and DPR at a minimum to Coordination
coordinate planning and infrastructure that supports affordable housing.
39.g Adopt a County affordable housing program, similar to HRS §201H, that OHCD Program
encourages development, reduces cost, and simplifies permitting
39, h Coordinate with the State and Federal agencies to provide housing OHCD Program
programs for low- to moderate -income households, educate families
about the opportunities, and ensure equitable access.
396i Partner with government and private housing entities and housing trusts OHCD Program
to fund and support community -based non-profit organizations to
provide adequate and equitable affordable housing.
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
250
39ej Amend land use and development regulations to incentivize new DPW, PD Code
workforce and retirement communities and to require large new Amendment
developments to provide affordable housing suitable for employees in or
near the development.
Table 60s. Integrated Systems
Action Agency Type
41.a Develop a working group to plan for large infrastructure investment PD., DPW, Program
needs such as the Metropolitan Planning Organization and the Municipal DPRJ, DEM.
Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4). DWS
41ob Create a fiscal impact statement for the interdepartmental project FIS. PD, D F Program 41.
c Develop a countywide facility condition inventory and maintenance DF Program schedule.
418d
Conduct cost -benefit analysis for new facilities and replacements. DF Program 41.
e Establish memorandums of agreement to partner with community groups for PD., DPW, Program facility
improvements and ongoing maintenance opportunities. DPRY DEM., DWS
42.
a Provide technical assistance for financing options for infrastructure in PD, DPW., Program underserved
areas. DPRY DEM., DWS,
DRD 426b
Provide technical assistance for financing districts for new facilities and DF Program services
in areas designated as urban growth areas. 42.
c Develop and adopt an impact fees ordinance that considers district specific DF, PD, DPW, Program needs
and excludes urban core areas where infill is encouraged. DPRJ, DEM., DWS
426d
Develop a framework for a transition plan for changes in administrative Various Program leadership
to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of operations. 42.
e Develop a community engagement framework to be used across county PD, DRD, Program departments
and agencies to provide direction and ensure effective civic OHCD, DPR, participation.
DPW Table
61. Thriving,, Diverse,, Regenerative Economy Action
Agency Type 43.
a Continue to support a centralized County demographic and socioeconomic DRD Program data
resource base. 438b
Continue to provide or expand County services and/or programs for DRD Program workforce
development and technical assistance. 43.
c Expand offerings for mentorship and networking DRD Program 438d
Develop an apprenticeship program for the County. DHR Program 43.
e Provide business planning assistance, career planning, entrepreneurial DRD Program training,
incubation, and assistance with permitting, licensing, and regulatory issues.
6.
0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan 251
43of Develop and maintain partnerships with the higher education system DRD Program
and other organizations to support education and workforce
development opportunities.
43.g Coordinate educational and workforce development programs with DRD Program
local high schools, community college campuses, trade unions, and
other groups.
44.a Promote liaison services with the private sector with respect to the DRD Project
County's requirements for establishing businesses on the island.
449 b Utilize County facilities and funds to support shared affordable DRD Program
workspaces, maker spaces, and equipment for small businesses to utilize.
44.c Complete a feasibility analysis for the County to provide access to tools DF Project
such as industrial development bonds,, tax abatement, and low -interest
loan programs.
440d Develop business improvement districts and Main Street programs to PD Program
fund revitalization efforts.
44.e Educate businesses on financial planning and funding sources for hazard DRD Program
preparedness and recovery, including insurance options for business
interruption., natural disasters, and other unexpected occurrences.
446f Partner with business associations, realtors, and the chamber of DRD Program
commerce to recruit small-scale manufacturers to establish retail
locations in village and town centers to support reinvestment and match
potential tenants with local landowners.
44.g Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, DRD Program
and other stakeholders (e.g., University of Hawaii, business associations,
etc.) to convene business development events island -wide.
45.a Collaborate with emerging industry leaders to identify needed DRD Program
infrastructure and services to support economic diversification.
450b Monitor trends and identify business needs, strengthen existing DRD Program
industries, and diversify the economy by attracting emerging industries.
45.c Collaborate with the private sector to identify business needs, strengthen DRD Program
existing industries, and diversify the economy by attracting new
endeavors.
458d Remove regulatory barriers that restrict entrepreneurial endeavors, such PD Code
as zoning restrictions for home -based businesses that do not negatively Amendment
impact the infrastructure network or the character of the neighborhood.
45.e Build capacity for implementation and economic development in the DRD Program
target industry clusters identified by the Comprehensive Economic
Development Strategy (CEDS).
456f Promote cross -sector linkages between Hawaii Island's anchor and DRD Program
opportunity industries to grow the market for local products and services.
45.g Expand the research and development for energy and technology DRD Program
industries.
458h Assist in the expansion of emerging industries through the development DRD Program
of marketing plans and programs.
450i Develop a market strategy that includes housing, a skilled workforce, DRD Project
quality of life, and a healthy regulatory environment to attract emerging
industries.
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
252
45.j Assist in the development of a film and creative industries program to DRD Program
market Hawaii Island sites and coordinate activities.
456k Partner with government (e.g., DOT, DBEDT, etc.), private and nonprofit DRD Interagency
agencies, communities, and other stakeholders to monitor export Coordination
capacity for Hawaii Island.
4581 Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies (e.g., business DRD., PD Program
associations., realtors, chambers of commerce, etc.), communities, and
other stakeholders to streamline regulatory processes and create
incentives for urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment
programs in collaboration with communities, businesses, and
government agencies.
45,m Program regular collaboration with the University of Hawaii at Hilo, DRD Interagency
Hawaii Community College, the Natural Energy Laboratory at Hawaii Coordination
Authority (NELHA), and other agencies to expand the research and
development industry for sustainable and equitable economic
development.
45,n Increase grant writing capacity and management and pursue grant DRD Program
funding to supplement County critical needs.
46.a Advocate for the State legislature to amend the Hawaii Revised Statutes PD Interagency
to include green waste, composting, and fertilizer yards for commercial Coordination
use as permitted uses on agriculturally zoned land.
460b Advocate for the State DOH to streamline the composting permitting DEMY DPW., Interagency
process. DOH Coordination
46.c Support the use of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service DRD Program
assistance.
466d Advocate for the State to incentivize local food production through DRD Interagency
expanded tax credits. Coordination
46.e Support training and capacity building related to the requirements of the DRD Program
Food Safety Modernization Act.
468f Invest in a crop suitability tool, including existing and projected water DRD Project
demand.
46.g Develop a food self-sufficiency strategy, including community -based food DRD Project
system assessments and monitoring local food production and
consumption.
466h Develop and implement an emergency food plan that could be deployed PD Project
in the event of a natural or economic disaster.
466i Partner with government, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, DRD Interagency
and other stakeholders for carrying capacity studies of fisheries and the Coordination
establishment of State community -based subsistence fishing areas.
468j Coordinate with the University of Hawaii at M5noa College of Tropical DRD Interagency
Agriculture and Human Resources to expand the farm food safety Coordination
education program.
468k Support the State Department of Agriculture programs for the DRD Interagency
prevention, early detection, rapid response, and control of harmful Coordination
invasive species from becoming established and impacting commercial
agriculture.
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
253
46al Support State Department of Education Farm to School programs and DRD Interagency
other programs designed to provide locally produced food to schools. Coordination
46.m Adopt procedures to allow for the development of community gardens DRD, PD Projectand edible
landscaping on public lands (e.g., through Friends of the Park agreements). 46.
n
Provide services and frameworks to support the formation of new DRD Project commodity groups
and other organizations, such as farmer cooperatives. 46.o
Amend the Code to expand the designated list of parks authorized to DRD, P DCodeallow farmers' market permits
to include parks in rural areas that lack Amendment appropriate commercial -zoned lands
for farmers' markets. 46.p Support and
advocate for streamlined, long-term leases for agricultural PD., DF Program parks. 46.q Continue
to evaluate
and update the County"s tax reduction programs to PD, DF, DRD Code ensure that tax incentives for
agricultural land use result in actual public Amendment benefits and promote local agricultural
production where possible. 46. r Create a real
property tax exemption for farmers entitled to federal crop DF Code loss insurance. Amendment 46.s
Support and invest
in all cultural food programs, including food preservation. 47.a Map existing
and
proposed agricultural infrastructure and facilities. DRD, PD Project 470b Expand programs and options
to allow for agricultural irrigation water. DWS Program 47.c Develop criteria to
determine appropriate places for agricultural parks, PD Project including the availability of potable
water. 476d Account for verified agricultural
water usage in the County Water Use DWS Project Development Plan. 47.e Support
the expansion
of State agricultural water systems in productive PD Interagency agricultural areas. Coordination 476f Investigate
the restoration of
ditch systems to meet future agricultural DRD Project needs. 47.g Amend bulk
regulations,
including building materials for agricultural PD Code facilities and infrastructure. Amendment 478h
Partner with government, private
and nonprofit agencies, communities, DRD., DPW, Interagency and other stakeholders to study
the feasibility of building code UHH Coordination amendments and structural integrity testing
for locally produced building materials, prioritizing non-native plant
species. 470i Evaluate grubbing and grading
ordinances as they pertain to agriculture,, DPW Code including the creation of exemption
categories for water storage and Amendment aquaculture. 478j Seek State legislation
or
rulemaking to allow local agricultural producers DRD Interagency to make direct sales to
consumers at County -designated farmers' markets Coordination at a lower general excise
tax rate. 478k Evaluate the Code and
statutory amendments to allow farmworker PD Code housing to be developed without
requiring the housing be sited on the Amendment same parcel (i.e., TMK)
of the working subject farm. 6.0 Implementation I County
of Hawaii General Plan 254
47al Amend the Code to remove barriers to allow for off -site directional DPW Code
signage to promote local farms engaged in direct sales and other Amendment
permitted visitor -related businesses while minimizing scenic impacts.
47.m Amend the Code to include provisions for suitable agricultural PD Code
infrastructure projects financed by County bonds and liens on real Amendment
property of participating agricultural stakeholders, whether such
assessments on TMKs involve contiguous parcels of lands encumbered
under an "Agricultural Improvement District"".
47,n Incentivize and streamline the process to develop agricultural worker PD Code
housing on and off -site. Amendment
48.a Identify and invest in opportunities to partner with and influence the DRD, PD Program
visitor industry to encourage malama `aina activities.
488b Identify and recommend opportunities for installing or improving DRD., PD Program
informational signage to educate about and protect significant sites.
48.c Update and maintain the Hawaii Island Tourism Strategic Plan through DRD Project
collaboration between community and industry leaders, inclusive of the
Hawaii Tourism Authority.
480d Develop a community -based stewardship program to identify wahi pana PD Program
status and implement interpretive programs.
49.a Streamline processes for community -based programs, festivals, and PD., DPW Project
events.
490b Support efforts to revise HRS, Section 226-8 "Hawai`i State Planning Act PD Project
Objectives and Policies for the Economy - Visitor Industry' to incorporate
a regenerative tourism framework.
49.c Maintain monitoring of resident sentiment towards the visitor industry. DRD Project
498d Continue to seek funds from the State Capital Improvement Program to DRD., PD Interagency
support facilities, including restrooms, parking, and road improvements. Coordination
49.e Provide technical support for local businesses to promote or further DRD Program
develop their products, services, and activities in the visitor industry.
496f Identify and reduce barriers that hinder visitor industry companies from R&D Project
buying local Hawaii Island products.
49.g Explore the feasibility of creating a multi -use facility to accommodate Various Project
athletic -exhibition -conference activities. agencies
490h Partner with government,, private and nonprofit agencies, communities, R&D Program
and other stakeholders to develop and support place -based educational
programs and workforce training within the visitor industry.
49J Support programs that conduct outreach to students in the fields of R&D Program
Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) and
Indigenous Data Science and connect them to living -wage careers in the
visitor industry.
49.j Develop a toolkit and incentives for businesses to promote regenerative R&D Program
tourism and the Island of Hawaii Pono Pledge.
6.0 Implementation I County of Hawaii General Plan
255
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264
Districts and Towns
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Map 1 7/26/2024
N
Draft General Plan Land Use: Overview Map
High -Density Urban Heavy Industrial Extensive Agriculture
Medium -Density Urban
Low -Density Urban
Urban Expansion
University Natural
Resort I Recreation
Rural Conservation
E
7 1 1 Miles
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Small
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Map 2
266
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I
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Draft General Plan Land Use.* Detailed Map A
High -Density Urban Heavy Industrial Extensive Agriculture
Medium -Density Urban University Natural
Low -Density Urban Resort Recreation
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M MIR," In
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O Large
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W7W71",zrW"
Map 3 267
Im
L - ilL A^
Draft General Plan Land Use: De#ailed Map B
High -Density Urban Heavy Industrial Extensive, Agriculture
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r, /
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e*,_.e.._.+" v.r.=~` Natural
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a
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a
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Draft General Plan Land Use: Detailed Map D
High -Density Urban Heavy Industrial Extensive Agriculture
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M
01011
46
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I
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Map 6 270
Map 7 271
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Draft General Plan Land Use: Detal*led Map F
UUUUn .g.De_.`_rb^, .-^^~ ..*`,^_st,, Extensive Agriculture
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v, 7/17
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Productive Agriculture._' . Urban Growth Boundary
Urban Areas, / Towns
Large
0 Small
Map 9 273
N
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0
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AIAM
Honaunauv'.'
State Land Use
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Waik6lo)
oa auon"I
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1,
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C Small
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m
S,
A
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Map 10 274
Map 11 6/9/2025
275
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Map 12 276
Map 13
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N
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1111444
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County of Hawaii Street Typology
Major Connector
Minor Connector
Business Street
Industrial Street
Minor Street
0' n/a -State Road
1"*/ n/a -State DHHL
n/a - Federal Road
Honoka'a
Pa au i lo
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Road
in
Limbo n/a - Privately Owned/
Maintained W 0 5
10
Urban
Areas /Towns Large
0 Small S
E
Miles 20
Source:
County
of
Hawaii
Map 15 279
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Map 16
2 2.5 5
Map 17
281
1 Upolu Airport
Kawa*Ihae
Harbor \
2KAWAIHAERDkP F
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ga Miles
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at) Keahole Airport
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a.
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Natural Resources
Ahupua'a
Coral Reefs
Big Island Critical Habitat
Twelve Species
Public Access, Open Space,
Natural Resources
Preservation (PONQ
40
N-'alehu
Streamlines (NHD)
Waterbody (NHD) Natural Reserves
Marine Managed
Areas DAR) Natural
Beauty
Sites aggregated by
number of sites per ahupua'
a) 1 4,
5
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Ll
iff N
Iistownur MouMa
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Areas,
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Map
19
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KID UEA
L
I
L.uituraiiy signincant resources, sites, ana Tana
divisions around the Island of Hawai"i.
Sources include Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), State
Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), Na Ala Hele Trail
Specialists at the Department of Forestry and Wildlife
DOFAW), and Department of Land and Natural Resources
DLNR) Commission on Water Resource Management.
Map 20 284
N
Waver i2pa a u
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0 Small
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A
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Aquifer Sector Area and (smaller, sub -region) Aquifer System, Area boundaries, as determined/defined by
the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Commission on Water Resource Management to
provide a consistent basis for managing ground water resources. Aquifer sector and system area
boundaries were adopted to provide a consistent method by which to reference and describe ground
I
water resources and to assist in vari - ou s water planning efforts. These baundaries are not meant to be
interpreted as absolute hydrologic boundaries., For more *information on aquifer area boundaries, aquifer
descriptions, and sustainable yields, please refer to the Hawaii Water Plan, Water Resource Protection
Plan Update, 2019.
6HawaiiourceS a e o Dept. of Landand Natural received updated layer, August 2022.
Map 21 285
Map 22 286
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Map 24
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Map 29 293
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Ihu
Wildfire Risk Area*
Risk Rating Urban Areas /Town
High Low O Large
Medium l N/A 0 Small
Source: Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of
Forestry and Wildlife, Fire Management Program, 2007.
Laupahoehoe
V61can
KILAUE
Hakalau
kHonomu
M
KI na
0 14
1
IM
S
L
Miles
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Based on the guidelines developed by the National Association of State
Foresters in June 2003, the Division of Forestry and Wildlife identified at -
risk wildland-urban interface communities in the major Hawaiian islands
and rated each community's risk from wild -land fires. Data were collected
and completed during the years 2006 and 2007. This database will be
used to develop Community Wildfire Protection Plans..
reference: https://geoportal.hawadi.goaldatasets/HiStateGlS::fire-risksk
areas/about
297
I
VAW,^ Pill01Kapa
Hjwi
Konoka'a
Kawaihae Pa'auilo
imea
0 016 ka I N
M11'-we
Flow H rd Zones*
Highest Risk) __` 6
2 M 7
3 8
EM 4 9(Lowest Risk)
5
Urban Areas / Towns
Laro, e.
small
M
Laup hoehoe
Hakalau
6 T
A
Miles
A 5 10 20
Hazard zone boundaries are approximate and
gradational. These boundaries are not specific
enough .. determine the absolute degree -'
danger at any particular site. Lava flow hazard maps
are designed to show relative hazard across the
Island of Hawaii and are meant, to be used for
general planning purposes only.
It
S.Department . the Interior . Geological Survey
Map 34
298
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0,
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20 Flood Hazard Areas
for the County of Hawaii - downloaded from FfMA Flood Map Service Center, May 1,
202 1. The National Flood. Hazard Layer (NFHL} data incorporates all FIQod Insurance, Rate Map (
FIRM) databases published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMAj, and any
Letters, of Map Revision (LDMRs) that have been issued against those databases since their publication
date. It is updated on a monthly basis.The FIRM Database is the digital, geospatial version of
t he flood hazardinformation shown on the published paper F1RlVls:' For additional information,
please refer, to rinetadatia summary at'https://files.haw,aii.gov/dbedt/`` op/gis/data-
i Is—flid—hazi—ar—state.pcif Interactive map: Cittps://
wvuw.fema.gDWlflaQd-maps Source: Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMAj Map 35 7/
26/ 242 2
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Map 38
302
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Map 39 303
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OWAIHAE RD
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Map 40 304
I
1 ,,Kana au
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Kw ihae
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II III
b.
N-
O-% Waik6loa,,
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Keal akekua
Captain Cook,
0 a 1
0
S* cm io s, re
Perennial Streams
Non -Perennial Streams
Dams
Urban Areas, Towns
Large
Small
Source: Hawai`i State Dept. of Land Use and Natural Resources,
Division of Aquatic Resources as of 2Q0B
Honoka a
i A Paa u *11oWe
O'oka. Ia
Alp'
A
s aC' J111
MORE "Is. A
0
PRO
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44*
0
A
Miles
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Streams (perennial and non -perennial} of the State of Hawaii as of 2a08.'
Source: USGS Digital Line Graphs, 1983 version; CRM Hawaii Stream
Assessment database, 1993; QLhIR Division of Aquatic Resources, 2404,
20Q8. For more information, please see http:l/files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/
g i sld ata/st rep m s dar.l:)df Regulated darns in
Hawaii as of November 2023. Provided by the State Department of Land
and Natural Resources, Engineering Division, November 27, 20Z3.
For attribute definitions, please see https;H files.hawaii.gov/
dbedtloplgisldata/ NID Hawaii_DataDiCtionary_
ZDZ31 127.pdf Map 41 305
r Wa-lk6loa
NeaiaKeKua
0 1CaptainCook
Honaunau
Tsunami Evacuation Zones*
Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone
Tsunami Evacuation Zone
Tsunami Safe Zone
Honoka"a
Pa'auilo
O'okala
Pahala
y
1
Laup5hoehoe
Hakalau
C 4 I
HonomCi
FI.I L I Miles
0 5 10 20
Tsunami Evacuation Zone: is used for most tsunami warnings. This zone is based on
historical tsunami impacts over the past 100 years. These areas are shown in RED on the
Towns map. For this evacuation, you are considered safe when you have reached the YELLOW or
TAN zones.
Large
Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zone: If an earthquake happens in the Eastern Aleutian
Small Islands with a magnitude 9.0 or greater, it will cause a rare, more extreme tsunami event
that would result in much more extensive flooding. In this rare case, officials may advise
evacuating further inland. These areas are shown in YELLOW on the map. For this
evacuation, you are considered safe when you have reached the GREEN zone."
Source: Hawaii County Civil Defense/Pacific Disaster Center
Map 42
306
Wa'imea
Miles
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a Iau
e
10
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Miles
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x.
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i e§
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Ocean View
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eV
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MA
v
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It
Map 43
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