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Home My WebLink AboutPD Background Report (PL-SPP-2025-000107)1 BWHCAmendSPP 03.23.2026 COUNTY OF HAWAIʻI PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT WHC LTD. SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION (PL-SPP-2025-000107/AMEND SPP NO. 724) (LUC DOCKET NO. 90-374) WHC LTD. requests to amend Special Permit No. 724, originally approved to allow a quarry and related uses on approximately 143.48 acres within the State Land Use Agricultural District. The applicant proposes to expand the existing quarry area from approximately 143.48 acres to 223.829 acres by adding approximately 80.349 acres from TMK (3) 6-7-001:025 (portion), and to amend Condition No. 5 (Life of the Permit) to extend the permit term, coterminous with the proposed lease extension, through September 30, 2057, with potential option(s) to extend the lease agreement for an additional twenty (20) years. The subject property is located approximately 3.7 miles northeast of the Māmalahoa Highway/Waikiʻi Road intersection, Waikōloa, South Kohala, Hawaiʻi, TMK (3) 6-7-001:034 (formerly 6-7-001:portion of 025). APPLICANT’S REQUEST 1. Applicant’s Request: WHC, Ltd., dba West Hawaiʻi Concrete (WHC), through its landowner PR Mauna Kea LLC, requests an amendment to Special Permit No. 724 (LUC Docket No. 90-374) to allow for:  Expansion of the existing quarry area from approximately 143.48 acres (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034) by adding approximately 80.349 acres from an adjacent parcel (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025), for a total quarry area of approximately 223.829 acres; and  Extension of the life of the Special Permit, by amending Condition No. 5 (Life of the Permit), to allow the permit to run coterminous with a proposed lease extension between the landowner and WHC through September 30, 2057, with the potential for additional extensions subject to further approvals. 2 • Reasons for the Request: According to the applicant, the amendment is requested to allow continued operation and expansion of the existing quarry, ensuring a long-term, reliable source of aggregate materials for the Hawaiʻi Island construction industry. The quarry has been operational for several decades and supplies aggregate used in concrete production and other construction activities. The proposed expansion and extension of the permit term through 2057 would allow for continued extraction of approximately 6.4 million tons of remaining material at rates similar to current operations, helping to meet ongoing demand. Continued operations would maintain a consistent local supply of aggregate and reduce reliance on imported materials, as WHC currently sources all its concrete aggregate from this quarry; therefore, ceasing operations could disrupt the local construction market. The applicant also states that the site contains a unique rock source that does not produce alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) in finished concrete, a condition that can occur when concrete is exposed to moisture over time, causing expansion and potential structural failure. 2. Hours of Operation: Condition No. 5 of Special Permit No. 724 allows quarry operations between the hours of 5:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Monday through Saturday. According to the applicant, current operations typically occur between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., Monday through Saturday, depending on production needs. Quarry activities include extraction, crushing, and stockpiling of materials using loaders, excavators, and related equipment. The applicant indicates that operations within the proposed expansion area would occur at similar hours and intensity as existing operations, with no anticipated increase in traffic or public access to the site. 3. Employees: According to the applicant, approximately eight to ten employees and one independent contractor are involved in daily quarry operations at the site. The application also notes that the number of personnel on-site may vary depending on operational needs. 4. Landowner: PR Mauna Kea LLC. 5. Supportive Information: The applicant has submitted the attached in support of the request: (Planning Department Exhibit 1 – Special Permit Amendment Request with Attachments dated October 7, 2025) 3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION: 6. Special Permit Authority: Pursuant to HRS §205-6, a Special Permit is required to allow certain unusual and reasonable uses within the State Land Use Agricultural and Rural Districts. The County Planning Commission is authorized to approve Special Permits for areas of 15 acres or less. For requests involving 15 acres or more, the Commission’s action constitutes a recommendation to the State Land Use Commission (LUC), which has final authority to approve or deny the permit. HISTORICAL INFORMATION: 7. 1945: Quarry operations on the subject parcel commenced in 1945, as represented by the applicant. 8. November 1976: A Special Permit application was filed (SPP No. 77-260/SP 357) to authorize the continued operation of five existing nonconforming quarry sites, including the subject parcel (Site No. 4), which encompassed approximately 30 acres and had been in continuous operation since 1945. 9. November 1977: The LUC approved Special Permit No. 357 (SPP No. 77-260) for all five quarry sites. The subject parcel (Site No. 4) was limited to a maximum area of 30 acres, with permitted activities restricted to dynamiting, portable crushing, loading, and limited stockpiling. 10. January 18, 1990: An application was submitted to amend SPP No. 77-260 by removing the subject parcel (Site No. 4) from the permit and concurrently approved a new Special Permit (SPP No. 90-374/SP 909) for the subject parcel. This action authorized an expansion of the permitted area by an additional 61.827 acres, for a total of 91.827 acres. 11. February 22, 1990: Special Permit No. 90-374 was issued to authorize the continued operation and expansion of quarrying activities on the subject parcel (Site No. 4), formerly one of the five quarry sites governed under SPP No. 77-260. 12. March 16, 1990: Effective date of the Decision and Order (D&O) issued by the LUC) in Docket No. 90-374, approving a Special Permit to allow the continued operation and expansion of an existing quarry and related uses on approximately 91.827 acres for a term of ten (10) years. 4 13. November 5, 1999: The applicant submitted a request to expand the existing quarry operations to approximately 144 acres. 14. May 9, 2000: Effective date of the LUC D&O amending Docket No. 90-374 to authorize expansion of the quarry by an additional 51.653 acres, for a total of 143.48 acres. The D&O further amended Condition Nos. 3, 7, 10, and 11, including extending the term of the permit to be coterminous with the lease between Parker Ranch and WHC Ltd. 15. June 16, 2017: Subdivision No. 17-001692 (Revised) was approved, creating a separate parcel for the quarry area (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034) from the parent parcel (TMK: (3) 6-7-001: portion of 025). 16. July 28, 2017: Carlsmith Ball LLP, on behalf of the applicant, submitted correspondence to the Planning Director indicating that the lease between the applicant and WHC had been extended for an additional twenty (20) years (September 30, 2017, to September 30, 2037), together with a Memorandum of Quarry Lease Agreement in accordance with amended Condition No. 7 of SPP No. 90-374. 17. September 6, 2017: The Planning Director responded, stating that determination of this matter rests with the LUC as the final authority over Special Permits issued by that body, and that the LUC must determine whether the executed lease extension is consistent with the terms and conditions of Docket No. 90-374. 18. October 4, 2018: Effective date of the LUC Decision and Order adopting the Leeward Planning Commission's recommendation to approve a time extension request for Special Permit No. 90-374, extending the term of the permit to run coterminous with the quarry lease through September 30, 2037, and amending certain permit conditions. 19. 2025–Present (Current Request): The applicant seeks to amend Special Permit No. 724 to expand the quarry area by approximately 80.349 acres for a total of 223.829 acres and to extend the term of the permit to be coterminous with a proposed lease extension through September 30, 2057, with additional extension options. 5 STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 20. County Zoning: Agricultural 40-acre (A-40a). 21. State Land Use District: Agricultural. 22. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map Designation: The subject property is designated as mainly Extensive Agriculture, with a portion in the northwest corner identified as Important Agricultural Land. 23. South Kohala Community Development Plan (SKCDP): The SKCDP, adopted by Ordinance No. 08-159 on December 1, 2008, does not specifically address the subject property. 24. Special Management Area: The property is not situated within the Special Management Area (SMA) and is approximately 13 miles from the nearest shoreline. 25. Coastal Zone Management: The entire state of Hawaiʻi lies within the Coastal Zone Management area. 26. Formerly Used Defense Site: The site is identified within Area F and is currently listed as under investigation. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) database, the subject parcel was previously utilized as an artillery firing range where live ammunition and other explosives were deployed. As a result, the property has been identified as having the potential for military munitions and unexploded ordnance. According to correspondence (Planning Department Exhibit 2 – Email dated October 7, 2025) from the USACE FUDS Program, a Remedial Investigation has been completed for the subject area and the site remains under investigation. Based on the available information, the potential for military munitions and unexploded ordnance has been identified and appropriate coordination with USACE shall continue as required. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREAS: 27. Subject Property: The subject property consists of an existing quarry area encompassing approximately 143.48 acres (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034) and a proposed expansion area of approximately 80.349 acres to be added from the adjacent parent parcel (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025), resulting in a total proposed quarry 6 area of approximately 223.829 acres. The quarry area is generally square in shape within the larger parent parcel, which contains approximately 21,091.313 acres. The property is located on the mauka side of Māmalahoa Highway in the South Kohala District, Island of Hawaiʻi. The proposed expansion area is contiguous with the existing quarry and is accessed from Māmalahoa Highway via a private quarry access road. The site is characterized by varied volcanic terrain, including gulches, hills, ridges, and cinder cones, with slopes generally ranging from approximately 6 to 12 percent, and steeper gradients in localized areas. Existing improvements within and adjacent to the quarry include previously disturbed quarry lands, graded access areas, a watering trough, a small temporary pen, and cattle trails. No permanent structures are proposed within the expansion area. 28. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses: Surrounding properties are owned by Parker Ranch and are similarly zoned A-40a by the County and Agricultural by the State. The closest residences are located approximately 1.25 miles to the east in DHHL’s Puʻukapu Pasture Lots Subdivision, and Waimea Town is approximately 5 miles to the north. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural in both zoning and use, supporting cattle pasture and related ranching activities. The broader area includes lands zoned A-40a, A-20a, A-10a, A-5a, RA-1a, RS-10, and CV-7.5; however, most nearby lands remain agricultural in character. The subject property is part of a large parent parcel encompassing the existing quarry and proposed expansion area, providing a substantial buffer from neighboring uses. Commercial and residential development is generally concentrated in and around Waimea Town, while surrounding lands continue to support ranching and quarry-related activities. 29. Archaeological/Historical/Cultural Resources: An archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted for the 1990 Decision and Order found the area unlikely to contain significant archaeological sites. A subsequent survey following the 2000 amendment also identified no archaeological or historic remains within the expansion area. More recently, ASM Affiliates completed an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) in January 2025, based on fieldwork conducted on October 29, 2024, which identified no archaeological or historic features. The AIS 7 concluded that the proposed quarry expansion would result in “no historic properties affected,” and no mitigation measures were recommended. The application notes that prior ranching-related disturbance and existing quarry activities further reduce the likelihood of intact historic properties within the project area. A Kapaʻakai analysis was also prepared for the project to evaluate potential impacts to Native Hawaiian traditional and customary rights and practices pursuant to Article XII, Section 7 of the Hawaiʻi State Constitution. The analysis concluded that the project area does not contain identified cultural or archaeological resources, traditional gathering areas, access routes, or historic properties associated with the exercise of Native Hawaiian rights and practices. Accordingly, the proposed project is not anticipated to result in significant adverse impacts to cultural resources or traditional and customary Native Hawaiian practices. If archaeological resources are encountered during operations, work would cease and the Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD), would be contacted. In a letter dated May 29, 2026, DLNR-SHPD accepted the AIS report and concurred that no historic properties would be affected by the proposed project. 30. Flora/Fauna Resources: A botanical survey titled Botanical Survey Waimea Quarry Expansion of the proposed expansion area was conducted in November 2024 by Geometrician Associates, LLC to document existing vegetation and evaluate the potential presence of rare, threatened, or endangered (T&E) plant species. The approximately 80-acre expansion area is located adjacent to the existing quarry and occurs within a semi-arid environment characterized by moderate rainfall, volcanic soils, and gently sloping terrain. Vegetation within the survey area is predominantly composed of non-native species, with alien grasses such as fountain grass, kikuyu grass, and buffel grass comprising the majority of the ground cover. Native plant species are present in limited and scattered occurrences and include common species such as ʻaʻaliʻi, ʻilima, ʻuhaloa, and ʻaweoweo. The existing vegetation reflects a history of disturbance associated with grazing, wildfire, and invasive species. A total of 16 plant species were identified within the survey area, including four indigenous species and one endemic 8 species. No rare, threatened, or endangered plant species were observed during the survey. In addition, no designated critical habitat for federally listed plant species is located within or in close proximity to the expansion area. 31. USDA Soil Survey Report: Soils in the project area are classified as the Puu Pa Series. The existing quarry is located within the Puu Pa very cobbly medial very fine sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes. The surrounding area proposed for expansion consists of Puu Pa very cobbly medial very fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes. In a representative profile, the surface layer consists of very dark brown, extremely stony very fine sandy loam approximately 6 inches thick. The underlying layer is dark brown to dark yellowish brown, very stony very fine sandy loam extending to approximately 40 inches. This layer is underlain by fragmental ʻaʻā lava. 32. Land Study Bureau’s Overall Productivity Rating: The Land Study Bureau Master Productivity Rating classifies soils within the project area as Class “D” (poor) to Class “E” (very poor) for agricultural productivity. 33. Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaiʻi (ALISH): The ALISH Map designates the project site as “Other” and “Unclassified,” indicating that the soils are not classified under the ALISH system. 34. Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM): The subject property is located outside the 500-year flood plain (Zone X). 35. Public Access: There is no known public access to the mountains or the shoreline that runs through the property. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 36. Access: Access to the property is provided from Māmalahoa Highway, a State- owned and maintained minor arterial roadway consisting of a two-lane paved roadway with an approximately 36-foot pavement width within an approximately 150-foot-wide right-of-way (ROW). Access to the site is via a private 30-foot-wide asphalt concrete driveway on the larger parcel. This driveway connects to the Quarry Access Road, an approximately 30-foot-wide private roadway that extends from an intersection with Māmalahoa Highway to the existing quarry site, including 9 the crushing area. The proposed expansion area will be accessed via this same route through the existing quarry. 37. Traffic: The applicant states that the proposed expansion area and extension of the lease term are not expected to alter existing traffic patterns associated with quarry operations. Current operations generate an estimated three to ten vehicles onsite daily, associated with approximately seven to nine employees and an independent contractor, with most vehicles remaining onsite throughout the day. Occasional trips are made by supervisory or maintenance personnel. In addition, contractors and independent trucking companies with appropriate Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) training access the site to load materials and perform quarry-related functions, such as equipment movement and delivery of supplies. These activities currently generate an average of approximately 50 truck loads per day. The applicant indicates that this level of vehicular activity is expected to remain consistent with the proposed expansion and lease extension. 38. Water: According to the applicant, water for the quarry operation is supplied by Parker Ranch through their private lines which they generally use for cattle. This water is used for washing hands, filling radiators, washing equipment and general spraying around the quarry in compliance with State Clean Air Branch regulations. The use is minimal, approximately five hundred (500) gallons per month. For general dust control in the quarry, West Hawaiʻi Concrete utilizes water from a 2,000-gallon water truck. No new water sources are necessary for continued operation of the quarry. 39. Wastewater: The site is not served by County wastewater facilities. Wastewater demands are therefore addressed through portable toilets. 40. Services: All essential utilities, consisting of generator power and cell phone usage, and emergency services are available to the subject property. AGENCIES’ - COMMENTS 41. Department of Water Supply (Planning Department Exhibit 3 – Memo dated March 12, 2026) 42. Department of Environmental Management (Planning Department Exhibit 4 – Memo dated February 25, 2026) 10 43. State Department of Health (Planning Department Exhibit 5 – Memo dated February 18, 2026) 44. State Department of Transportation (Planning Department Exhibit 6 – Memo dated March 18, 2026) 45. State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development (Planning Department Exhibit 7 – Memo dated March 17, 2026) 46. State Department of Land and Natural Resources – Historic Preservation Division (Planning Department Exhibit 8 – Memo dated May 29, 2026) 47. State Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management (Planning Department Exhibit 9 – Memo dated February 20, 2026) 48. State Department of Land and Natural Resources Engineering Division (Planning Department Exhibit 10 – Memo dated February 17, 2026) AGENCIES’ – NO COMMENTS 49. Police Department. AGENCIES’ – NO RESPONSE 50. County Department of Public Works - Engineering Division; County Department of Public Works - Building Division; Fire; State Land Use Commission; State Department of Agriculture; State Department of Land and Natural Resources – Forestry Division. COMMENTS FROM THE PUBLIC 51. At the time of this writing, the Department has not received any comments or objections from the public or adjacent landowners. SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAI'I PLANNING COMMISSION (Type or legibly print the requested information) Lessee LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST (if not owner): _________________ _ PHONE: (Bus.) 808-329-3561 (Res.) ______ _ (Email) REQUEST: Amend existing Special Permit No. _724_ to allow for the expansion of the existing quarry area along with an extended term and option to extend Applicant's lease. TAX MAP KEY: (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.) ZONING: Ag-40a SIZE OF PROPERTY/ AREA OF REQUESTED USE_· _ ___.._2......,1,....._0_,_91.........._3 ...... 13"--'a .... c ....... re ..... J:......,8..,._,_QL.&.3-'--5"--'a....,,c'-'-'re...._s'----- LANDOWNER(S): PR Mauna Kea LLC FEE SIMPLE LANDOWNER(S) WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION (may be provided by letter with the below statement included): __________________________ DATE�: ___ _ DATE: ------------------------------------ Note: The above written authorization of the landowner(s) gives permission for the applicant/petitioner to file the application/ petition and acknowledges that the landowner(s) and their successors are bound by the Special Permit and its conditions. AGENT:Law Offices of Yeh & Kim Ronald Kim AGENT ADDRESS: 101 Aupuni Street, No. 217, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 PHONE: (Bus.) 808 961-0055 (Res.) ______ _ (Email). Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: WHC Ltd. COPIES: Law Offices of Yeh & Kim THIS SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY THE FOLLOWING: 1. A filing fee of five hundred dollars ($500) to be paid via EPIC. 2. An Original (signed) copy of the completed application. 3. A written narrative, including the following background information on the subject request: A. Detailed written description of the proposed use, a statement of objectives and reasons for the request, including proposed hours of operation and number of employees/clientele. B. Description of the subject property in sufficient detail to precisely locate the property. Describe existing uses, structures, and topography. If portion of property to be used, state use of remainder of property. C. State/County Plans affecting the subject request: State Land Use Boundary designation, General Plan designation,Zoning, Special Management Area and Community Development Plans. D. Surrounding zoning and land uses. E. Flood Insurance Rate Map(FIRM) designation (contact Department ofPublic Works - Engineering Division). F. Archaeological and Historic Resources: Describe and show on the plot plan any known historic and archaeological resources on the property. Examples include human skeletal remains, structural remains, sand deposits, midden deposits, and lava tubes. The application may be provided to the State Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division SHPD) for a determination of whether the project will affect archaeological/historic resources. Please be aware that a hearing before the Planning Commission may not be held until SHPD and the Planning Department determines resources on the property are adequately identified, recorded, mitigated and/or preserved. G. Valued Cultural Resources: Identify any traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights that are exercised in the area; the extent in which the proposed development will affect these rights; and feasible action to be taken to protect native Hawaiian rights if they exist. Examples include areas oftraditional collection ofterrestrial resources (IJ leaf, aho chord, thatch, medicinal plants, and ferns) or marine or riparian resources (limn, `opae, `o`opu, hihiwai)used for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes. Traditional and customary rights may also include rights of access to the archaeological and historical resources of the property. H. Floral and Faunal Resources. I. Public Access: Existing public access to and along the shoreline or to mountain areas and knowledge of whether public access is being used. J. Description of access(es) to the area (e.g., width, type of surface and condition ofroadway). If a private roadway, submit evidence of legal access rights. K. Traffic impacts - assessment of existing traffic conditions, anticipated increase in traffic and traffic impacts from proposed use(a formal study may be requested by Department of Public Works or State Department of Transportation during the review process). L. Availability of utilities: Water, telephone, electricity, solid waste and sewage disposal. 4. A written narrative including the following: A. A statement of the reasons for the granting of the Special Permit citing how the proposed use would promote the effectiveness and objectives of chapter 205, HRS (which, for the Agricultural and Rural Districts, seeks to preserve or keep lands of high agricultural potential in agricultural use), and why the proposal is an unusual and reasonable use of the land. The following criteria shall also be addressed: 1. Discussion of how the desired use shall not adversely affect the surrounding properties. 2. Discussion of how such use shall not unreasonably burden public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewers, water, drainage, school improvements, and police and fire protection. 3. Discussion of unusual conditions, trends, and needs have arisen since the district boundaries and regulations were established. 4. Discussion of how the land upon which the proposed use is sought is unsuited for the uses permitted within the district. 5. Discussion of how the proposed use will not substantially alter or change the essential character of the land and the present use. 6. Discussion of how the proposed use will not be contrary to the goals, policies and standards of the General Plan and other applicable documents such as community development plans and design plans. (Note: The General Plan and Community Development Plans are available on the Planning Department website at https://www.planning.hawaiicounty.gov). 5. A scale-drawn plot plan ofthe property showing property lines and measurements; all existing and proposed structures with elevations, uses and improvements; and reference points such as roadways, shoreline,etc. 6. A list ofthe names, addresses, and tax map keys of all owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice. 7. Any other plans or additional information relevant to this application may be requested by the Planning Director to facilitate processing of this request. Rev. 121812022 BACKGROUND INFORMATION WHC, LTD. SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION 3A. Detailed written description of the proposed use, a statement of objectives and reasons for the request, including proposed hours of operation and number of employees/clientele. WHC, Ltd., dba West Hawaii Concrete ("Applicant") requests the Leeward Planning Commission's approval to amend Special Permit No. 724: a) to allow for the expansion of Applicant's existing quarry site currently permitted to operate on approximately 143.48 acres situated on a lot designated as TMK No. (3) 6-7-001:034 ("existing quarry")by adding approximately 80.349 acres ("Expansion Area") of adjacent property from a larger surrounding parcel designated as TMK No. (3) 6-7-001:025 ("Property"), as shown on the map attached to this application, and b) to extend the life of the Special Permit co-terminus with a proposed lease extension yet to be negotiated with landowner PR Mauna Kea LLC ("PRMK") that will include quarry use of the existing quarry and Expansion Area up until September 30, 2057, with the potential for an option or options to extend the Lease Agreement an additional twenty years. The Lease Agreement from PRMK for the existing quarry runs through 2037 and Applicant and PRMK intend to amend the Lease Agreement to allow for an additional twenty years if the Leeward Planning Commission and State Land Use Commission approve the present request. PRMK has not yet agreed to any options to extend the Lease Agreement beyond 2057, but PRMK is willing to consider including an option or options to extend in negotiating the amendment of the Lease Agreement. Applicant accordingly seeks to have the Special Permit amended to run coterminous with any option or options to extend the term of the Lease Agreement agreed to by PRMK. Applicant's request is consistent with PRMK's draft Preamble'and Ho`omau2, as the Applicant has historically shared and will continue to share PRMK's commitment to premier stewardship of the `aina supporting PRMK's ranching Paniolo heritage and Paniolo worldview towards the future of Waimea and the Island of Hawai`i. Quarry operations have co-existed with 1 Preamble: Parker Ranch will be revered as the premier ranching and land stewardship brand in the world.We are grounded in the virtues and values of the Hawaiian Paniolo and molded by the rich history ofHawaii. 2 Ho'omau: For nearly 200 years,the Hawaiian Paniolo has served as the exemplar for cattle ranchers across the globe leading the way in horsemanship,quality animal husbandry,and a commitment to the stewardship oftheir `aina(land).In today's world,Paniolo continues to be synonymous with excellence,and it is the collective responsibility ofall Parker Ranch staff from cowboy to welder,accountant to waterman,to strive for mutual excellence,riding for the brand,and continuing the legacy of the Paniolo that preceded us and the wishes of our benefactor,Mr.Richard Smart.Furthermore,the purpose and vision of Parker Ranch,Inc. and the business partners we choose must reflect the Paniolo heritage and create a cohesive vision for the future of Waimea. While there may be instability in the world and economic fragility within our enterprise, we will ho'omau,focusing on developing this strategic reset and preparing Parker Ranch for a trajectory ofsuccess that advances the organization and improves the lives ofall ofits people. 1 and supported the operations of Paniolo on the Property and surrounding areas for decades. Quarry operations have existed within the site of the existing quarry since 1945 to eventually expand to the presently existing quarry, while the Property surrounding the existing quarry has continued to be used for cattle ranching along with other quarrying activities. The quarrying activities on the Property and Applicant's other operations have supported Paniolo by providing material needed for ranch roads and concrete slabs and platforms for ranching activities. In the present request, Applicant seeks to amend the Special Permit to expand the site of the existing quarry and extend and potentially provide an option to further extend the term of the Lease Agreement in order to provide a long-term supply of raw material which Applicant will process on-site or off-site to produce aggregates and crushed stone needed to supply the constant and growing current and future demands of the island's construction industry. There are presently no permanent structures on the Property and Applicant has no plans to erect any structures within the Expansion Area. Applicant will only use earth-moving equipment and portable crushers or screening plants in the Expansion Area. If the Special Permit is amended to allow for the extension of the Lease Agreement term through 2057, Applicant estimates that it will remove a total of 6,400,000 tons of material from the Expansion Area from 2037-2057. This estimated extraction will be at the same rate as current quarry operations. Applicant operates the existing quarry and would continue operating in the Expansion Area from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, six days a week, with approximately eight to ten individuals employees and an independent contractor) responsible for quarry operations accessing the existing quarry and Expansion Area daily. Applicant's request to expand quarry operations will not result in any increase of existing traffic to the site. The existing quarry is not accessed by the general public and the Expansion Area will not be accessed by the general public. Certain contractors and independent trucking companies with the requisite Mining and Safety Health Administration training access the existing quarry to load materials and occasionally perform functions related to quarry operations such as equipment movement and delivery of vendor supplies. Applicant's Trucking Division along with contractors and independent trucking companies currently access the existing quarry to remove an average of 50 truckloads of quarried materials a day, and each load averages approximately 23 tons. If this request is approved Applicant anticipates that the existing traffic to the site will remain the same through the Extended Term. 3B. Description of the subject property in sufficient detail to precisely locate the property. Describe existing uses, structures and topography. If portion property to be used, state use of remainder of property. The Expansion Area is part of a larger parcel designated as TMK No. (3) 6-7-001:025 with the address of 67-1611 Mamalahoa Highway ("Property") which surrounds the existing quarry and contains approximately 21,091.313 acres. The existing quarry was subdivided from the larger Property and then further expanded to lease the existing quarry site to Applicant. The Expansion Area is adjacent to the existing quarry and the Property and existing quarry are located on the mauka side of Mamalahoa Highway, Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawaii. 2 PRMK is the fee owner of the Property which presently leases the majority of the Property to Parker Ranch, Inc. ("PRI") for cattle ranching pasture but also allows other existing quarrying operations on the property and leases the existing quarry to Applicant. PRMK has recently updated its Preamble and Ho`omau to emphasize its Paniolo heritage and worldview as the premier ranching and land stewardship brand. The Property and Expansion Area have been used by Paniolo for cattle ranching in modern times. The Expansion Area contains a watering trough, small temporary pen, cattle trails, and graded areas to provide vehicular access to those features There are no existing structures on the Property and the topography is varied, transected by gulches and includes hills and cindercones or pu`u. The existing quarry and Expansion Area are situated on a raised area of Laupahoehoe volcanic terrain, rising approximately 100 to 200 feet above the surrounding area. The terrain is uneven and varied, with slopes ranging from six to twelve percent, small hills, ridges and an area with a dip which accommodates runoff across the Expansion Area. If the Leeward Planning Commission approves of Applicant's request to amend the Special Permit to expand the existing quarry to include the Expansion Area, then PRI's pasture lease will be amended to remove the Expansion Area while the remainder of the Property will continue to be used for cattle pasture and other quarrying. Quarry uses and cattle ranching have co-existed on the Property for decades and the quarry uses have been beneficial in providing materials Paniolo needed for ranching infrastructure. Upon approval of the request to amend the Special Permit, PRMK has agreed in principle for the expanded area to be separated from the Property and consolidated with the existing quarry (combined existing quarry and Expansion Area referred to as "proposed quarry"). 3C. State/County Plans Affecting the Subject Request The Property is within the State Land Use Agricultural District and zoned Agriculture 40- acre ("A-40a"). The existing LUPAG Map of the General Plan (2005) designates the Property as a mix of Extensive Agriculture, Important Agricultural Lands, and Industrial and the updated General Plan (2045) similarly designates the Property as a mix of Extensive Agriculture, Productive Agriculture, and Light Industrial; in both versions of the General Plan the Expansion Area is wholly within a portion of the Property designated as Extensive Agriculture. The existing quarry where Applicant conducts quarry operations pursuant to a Special Permit in the State Land Use Agricultural District is also primarily designated as Extensive Agriculture, but a small portion of the existing quarry located on the opposite side of the Expansion Area includes a portion of Important Agricultural Lands or Productive Agriculture in the updated General Plan. The Property is not located within the Special Management Area ("SMA"). The South Kohala Community Development Plan (2008) does not provide specific discussion or concerns about the Property or surrounding area. 3D. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses. Due to the large area of the Property, the zoning and uses of the surrounding area are quite varied and include lands zoned Ag-40a, Ag-20a, Ag-1 Oa, Ag-5a, RA-1 a, RS-10, CV-7.5; however, the majority of the surrounding land is zoned Agricultural. Most of the surrounding 3 land zoned Agricultural is used for cattle pasture. The commercial and residential zoned properties have uses corresponding to their zoning and are located in or near Waimea Town. The Property is mainly used for cattle pasture along with other quarry activities. If the request is approved, then the large size of the Property will continue to offer a buffer to neighboring properties. The Property will surround the existing quarry and Expansion Area while allowing for the existing uses of cattle ranching and other quarrying operations to continue on the remainder of the Property. 3E. Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designation. The Property is in Zone X on the FIRM (area of minimal flood hazard/0.2 % annual chance of flood hazard). 3F. Archaeological Resources. ASM Affiliates completed an Archaeological Inventory Survey ("AIS") of the Expansion Area in January 2025. ASM Affiliates conducted research and a field survey throughout the Expansion Area on October 29, 2024, and discovered no archaeological or historic features. The AIS noted that modern impacts within the Expansion Area such as ranching activities including the creation of ranching infrastructure and grading activities to facilitate access to said infrastructure in the western portion of the Expansion Area further diminished the likelihood of encountering intact historic properties. The AIS recommended determination of effect for the proposed quarry expansion is that there are "no historic properties affected"with no historic preservation recommended prior to permit issuance or subsequent development activities within the Expansion Area. If Applicant discovers significant archaeological resources, then quarrying activities will cease in the area of discovery and Applicant will contact DLNR-SHPD. As of the date of this Application, SHPD has been requested to issue a"no-effect" letter. No response has yet been provided. 3G. Floral and Faunal Resources. 1.Flora. A biological survey of the Expansion Area found that the proposed expansion would have no potential to adversely affect threatened or endangered plant species. No rare, uniquely valuable, threatened, or endangered plant species were found in the Expansion Area and there is no existing or proposed federally designated critical plant habitat on or near the Expansion Area. The Expansion Area is mostly covered by various alien grasses: fountain grass, low kikuyu grass, and buffel grass, along with the invasive fireweed Senecio madagascariensis. All native plant species found in the Expansion Area are common in the region, on the Island of Hawai`i, and throughout the State. The survey found some low, struggling a`all`i and ilima, along with a few `uhaloa, and very infrequent `aweoweo. A single koali `awa vine was also found. The survey noted that there are numerous patches of similar native plant habitat in the region to help preserve ecosystems. 4 See Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii (November, 2024) for further details. 2.Fauna. The proposed expansion and extended term will have no or negligible effects on native fauna or any listed threatened or endangered species. During the survey of the Expansion Area three bird species were observed: two non-native bird species (Eurasian skylark and Erckel's francolin) and the native migratory winter resident golden plover or kolea. It is doubtful that any listed native forest birds, including the Hawaiian hawk, will visit the Expansion Area due to the dry grassy habitat of the Expansion Area with no trees or nearby forests. The Hawaiian endemic sub-species of the short-eared owl or pueo is regularly seen within the grasslands of South Kohala and may hunt in the area. The kolea and pueo are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The survey only took place during daylight so the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat was not detected but may use the Expansion Area for the capture of insect prey on a seasonal basis as the bat is periodically present in most areas on the island of Hawaii. Bats are vulnerable during the pupping season from June 1 to September 15 while they roost in woody vegetation over 15 feet in height; however, there are no trees or tall shrubs present in the Expansion Area where bats would roost. Although also not seen during the survey, the listed endangered Hawaiian petrel, the threatened Hawaiian sub-species of Newell's shearwater, and the endangered band-rumped storm-petrel overfly various areas on Hawaii Island at night between late April and the middle of December each year and may overfly the Expansion Area. There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the Expansion Area for any of those birds. A significant cause of mortality for these birds are collisions with manmade structures after becoming disoriented by exterior lighting. The proposed quarry will not have operations that will use exterior night lighting or have manmade structures that could jeopardize those birds. The threatened Hawaiian goose or nene is now common on Hawai`i Island but the Expansion Area's dry grass and lack of permanent water bodies make the Expansion Area unsuitable habitat for nene foraging or nesting. The Blackburn's sphinx moth is found at lower elevations of Waikoloa; however, there is no suitable habitat for the moth in the Expansion Area as there are no plants on which the adult moth and moth larvae feed present in the Expansion Area. There are no significant effects to native land birds expected to be caused by the Commission allowing quarrying in the Expansion Area. Only the pueo would have a possibility of nesting in the Expansion Area and Applicant will cease any operations in the Expansion Area that affect any pueo observed until they have fledged. There are no anticipated effects to native seabirds with no night lighting, towers or overhead electrical lines. See Opinion Letter re: Effects to Protected Native Fauna from Proposed 80-acre Waimea Quarry Expansion, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii (December 2024) for further details. 5 3H. Valued Cultural Resources. Identify any traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights that are exercised in the area; the extent in which the proposed development will affect these rights; and feasible action to be taken to protect native Hawaiian rights if they exist. In modern times the existing quarry and Expansion Area have not been used for the exercise of traditional or customary native Hawaiian rights. ASM Affiliates conducted a Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina Analysis as to the proposed expansion and found that the expansion would not effect cultural, historical, or natural resources in the Expansion Area. The report found no culturally significant natural features within the Expansion Area and that the proposed expansion would not affect any culturally significant features outside of the Expansion Area. ASM Affiliates conducted a comprehensive archival investigation to identify cultural, historical, and natural resources within the project area and to assess the presence and extent of traditional and customary practices. ASM Affiliates also undertook efforts to identify and consult with individuals with direct knowledge of potential historical and ongoing customary and traditional practices associated with the Property but did not receive responses to those outreach attempts. Documented traditional practices in the general area of Waimea surrounding the Property included bird hunting, agriculture and ranching but those traditional practices were not found within the Expansion Area, so would not be impacted by the quarry expansion. Traditional bird hunting was not a dominant activity in the immediate area and has not been actively practiced in the region since the early 1800s, archaeological assessments found no traditional agricultural features or evidence of historical farming within the Expansion Area, and all documented ranching infrastructure within the Expansion Area is of modern origin and quarrying activities had been ongoing with ranching activities for decades. The Applicant has not received any requests, claims, or complaints for the exercise of traditional or customary native Hawaiian rights in the existing quarry or Expansion Area but would certainly honor such requests. No features are known to exist in the Expansion Area that would affect or be the subject of traditional or customary rights. No native plant species exist to any degree which would be the subject of native gathering rights. The Archaeological Survey did not identify any archaeological features in the Expansion area. 3I. Public Access: Existing public access to and along the shoreline or to mountain areas and knowledge of whether public access is being used. There is no existing public access to or along the shoreline or mountain areas within or affected by the Expansion area or the existing quarry. M. Description of access(es) to the area (e.g. width, type of surface and condition of roadway). If a private roadway, submit evidence of access rights. The existing quarry is accessed over the Quarry Access Road, which is an approximately 30-foot-wide private roadway on the Property that leads from an improved intersection with Mamalahoa Highway to the existing quarry. The Expansion Area will be accessed through this route and the existing quarry. The enclosed Quarry Lease Agreement confirms Applicant's right to use the private Quarry Access Road and existing quarry for access. 6 3K. Traffic impacts - assessment of existing traffic conditions, anticipated increase in traffic and traffic impacts from proposed use (a formal study may be requested by Department of Public Works or Department of Transportation during the review process). Applicant does not anticipate that there will be any traffic impacts attributable to the proposed use of the Expansion Area or extension of the lease term. The existing quarry does not significantly affect any existing traffic conditions, and it is not anticipated that the proposed expansion or extended term will cause any increase in or have any other impact on the existing traffic attributable to the quarry. The existing quarry results in anywhere from three to ten vehicles being onsite each day for seven to nine employees and an independent contractor. The majority of those vehicles remain onsite throughout the day. On occasion a supervisor, mechanic, or welder may enter and exit the existing quarry one to two times per day. Certain contractors and independent trucking companies with the requisite Mining and Safety Health Administration training also access the existing quarry to load materials and occasionally perform quarry related functions such as moving equipment and delivering vendor supplies. Applicant's Trucking Division, said contractors and independent trucking companies currently access the site with an average of 50 truckloads per day. It is anticipated that the level of vehicular use will remain unchanged if Applicant is allowed to conduct quarrying activities in the Expansion Area for the extended term. 3L. Availability of Utilities: Water, telephone, electricity, sewage disposal. The existing quarry operates without public utilities which are not available, and quarrying use of the Expansion Area for an extended term will similarly not require the use of any public utilities. The Applicant hauls its own water to the existing quarry from an exterior source for the existing quarry's operations and Applicant's water usage requirements will not increase due to the proposed expansion for an extended term. The Applicant uses cellular phones for telephone communication onsite at the existing quarry. The Applicant also generates electricity as needed onsite. A local vendor supplies and maintains portable restrooms. If this request is approved Applicant will continue to operate in the Expansion Area for an extended term in a self-sufficient manner without the use of public utilities. 3M. FAA Regulations. Applicant does not know of any existing FAA Regulations triggered by the operations of the existing quarry or Expansion Area. The existing quarry site is approximately 3.18 miles away from Waimea-Kohala Airport and the Expansion Area will be further away. The overall Property itself is large, but a portion of the Property over three miles away from the quarry site borders the Waimea-Kohala Airport. If the airport is ever expanded or found to have a noise zone that affects the existing quarry or Expansion Area, quarry uses appear to be listed by FAA Regulations as compatible with airport noise as mining, and/or resource production and extraction uses. 14 C.F.R. § A150.101 (Table 1). 7 4. HOW THE REQUEST FULFILLS SPECIAL PERMIT CRITERIA 4A. The granting of this request promotes the effectiveness and objectives of Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes ("HRS"), as amended. Granting the requests to expand the existing quarry's operating area and extend the term of quarry use will promote the effectiveness and objectives of HRS Chapter 205. HRS Chapter 205 has the objectives of preserving agricultural lands with a high capacity for intensive cultivation while also recognizing that agricultural districts "include areas that are not used for, or that are not suited to, agricultural and ancillary activities by reason of topography, soils, and other related characteristics." HRS § 205-2. HRS Chapter 205 accordingly lists uses permitted as of right in the State Land Use Agricultural District but also provides that Special Permits may allow for other "reasonable and unusual uses" in the State Land Use Agricultural District. HRS 205-21 2054.5, 205-6. In other words, the focus of State Land Use Law is to ensure that lands capable of intensive agricultural cultivation are not"urbanized" while also allowing for the reasonable and unusual uses of agricultural lands, as not all of the lands in the State Land Use Agricultural District are suited for intensive agricultural cultivation. The existing quarry supplies raw material which Applicant processes to produce aggregates and crushed stone needed to meet the constant and growing demands of the local construction industry. The proposed expansion of the existing quarry and extended term will help Applicant ensure that is able to provide a long-term supply of this raw material vital to the construction industry. The Expansion Area does not include any lands designated as important agricultural lands and the landowner and/or any other lessee's agricultural activities will remain undisturbed and ongoing throughout the remainder of the large Property and surrounding areas. The Expansion Area does not include any land designated as important agricultural lands and the soil in the Expansion Area is deemed to be poor for agriculture. If the existing quarry use expands to the Expansion Area for an extended term the landowner's and/or lessee's agricultural activities will continue without interruption on the vast remainder of the Property and surrounding areas. Cattle ranching around the quarry site can continue and the quarry can continue to supply materials needed for ranch roads and concrete slabs needed for ranching. Approving the expanded quarry and extended term will not circumvent the essential purpose of the State Land Use law or lead to the urbanization of the Property or Agricultural District. Again, the intent of HRS Chapter 205 for the Agricultural District is to preserve or keep lands of high agricultural potential in agricultural use, and the Expansion Area does not include such lands of high agricultural potential. The proposed Expansion Area will be within an area with soils classified as "D" or"Poor"by the Land Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating and unclassified by the Department of Agriculture's ALISH Map. The LUPAG Map for both the current and updated General Plan do not designate the Expansion Area as containing Important Agricultural Lands. The proposed expansion of the existing quarry and extended term would be a reasonable and unusual use of agricultural land in the Expansion Area which is not well-suited for intensive agricultural cultivation. The approval of the expansion of the existing quarry into the Expansion Area and extended term also will not lead to the urbanization of the Agricultural District as quarrying is not an urban activity. The Applicant will minimize any long-term impacts of quarrying operations as the lease with the landowner and existing Special Permit conditions require the Applicant to grade and revegetate areas where operations are 8 terminated or abandoned to blend with the surrounding areas and leave the site in a nonhazardous condition. The proposed expansion of the existing quarry and extended term is not detrimental in any way to agriculture, does not disrupt the agricultural uses and ambience of the surrounding area, and will not change the essential Paniolo use and character of the Property. The existing quarry has been in operation and gradually expanded for 80 years while the landowner has conducted and allowed Paniolo cattle ranching to be conducted on the Property and surrounding areas. The Expansion Area is adjacent to the existing quarry so the proposed quarry will be consistent with the existing quarry use, which has co-existed with surrounding cattle ranching for decades. Further, the quarry supplies materials that provide essential infrastructure for modern ranching such as roads and concrete slabs and can continue supplying those materials with expansion and an extended term. There is clearly no significant impact to the agricultural inventory due to the removal of the Expansion Area from the Property. The Expansion Area consists of approximately 80.349 acres which would be taken out of the much larger Property that is a parcel with a total area of approximately 21,091.31 acres. The proposed Expansion Area is approximately 0.38% of the Property's total area, which will not significantly affect the agricultural inventory resources available on the Property itself, surrounding area, or the entirety of Hawai`i island. The proposed quarry use will be confined to the Expansion Area which is not suitable for intensive agricultural cultivation and located adjacent to the existing quarry with no additional surrounding lands being developed by the Applicant. Further, once Applicant has completed quarrying operations it will grade and revegetate the existing quarry and Expansion Area to blend with surrounding areas, which will allow for those areas to be used for agricultural activities. The proposed amendment to allow for quarrying activities in the Expansion Area for an extended term will not affect any other resources protected by State Land Use law. The Property is not near any shoreline or other public access. The Expansion Area is approximately 12.8 miles away from the shoreline at the nearest points between the two, and the Property is not in the Special Management Area. The use of the Expansion Area will not affect scenic or open space resources, or coastal view planes. The existing quarry and Expansion Area are in a remote location on the vast Property and not visible from the public road or any residential or commercial properties. No detrimental effect has been observed upon coastal ecosystems due to the operations of the existing quarry and it is anticipated that operations in the Expansion Area and for an extended term will similarly have no detrimental effect upon coastal ecosystems. Applicant will continue to operate the existing quarry and is planning to operate the expanded quarry using its own utilities. 4B. The desired use shall not adversely affect the surrounding properties. Quarry operations have existed on the Property since 1945. Since that time Applicant is not aware of any complaints being made about quarry operations. PRMK owns the large Property surrounding the existing and proposed quarry along with surrounding properties, which helps to keep the agricultural nature and use of the area intact and offer a large buffer to minimize any potential impacts to neighboring properties. The Property is primarily used for cattle ranching that is not adversely affected by the existing quarry or other quarries on the Property. Potential impacts are minimal because of the relatively remote location of the 9 Expansion Area, as access to the proposed quarry will be from Mamalahoa Highway over privately maintained roads on the Property. The entrance to the quarry is approximately 6 miles south of Waimea Town. There are no other property owners or residents near the perimeter of the boundary of the Expansion Area as the Expansion Area and existing quarry are surrounded by the Property. Dust and air-borne particles from Applicant's quarrying operations have and will be mitigated through Applicant's standard operating procedures and compliance with regulations of the Department of Health. Further, from a visual and public safety standpoint, the lease with the landowner and existing Special Permit both require Applicant to grade and revegetate quarried areas where operations have been abandoned or terminated to blend back in with the surrounding topography of the area, and to leave those areas in a nonhazardous condition. Clearly, the Property itself is of sufficient size to allow for adequate setbacks and offers a buffer to absorb and minimize any physical, social, or other impacts from this expanded quarry use for a longer term. 4C. Such use shall not unreasonably burden public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewers, water, drainage, school improvements, and police and fire protection. The existing quarry use is self-sufficient and does not burden public agencies to provide services for roads and streets, sewers, water, drainage, school improvements, or police and fire; Applicant does not anticipate that the proposed quarry in the Expansion Area will cause any burden. The existing quarry is off-the-grid and does not use any public utilities. The Applicant hauls in its own water for the existing quarry from an exterior source and does not anticipate that water usage will increase due to the expansion. The Applicant generates electricity that it needs onsite. A local vendor supplies and maintains portable restrooms for the existing quarry. The existing quarry currently generates minimal traffic, and Applicant does not anticipate that the proposed expansion or extended term will cause any increase in current traffic levels to or from the existing quarry. There are presently eight to ten full-time employees based at the existing quarry site who use vehicles to access the site and usually remain onsite throughout the day with only one to two occasional additional trips to the existing quarry. Traffic conditions at the ingress and egress to Mamalahoa Highway should not be impacted due to the proposed expansion or extended term. The Property is well drained, and the soil consists of Class D soil. No flooding exists in the area, and the existing quarry's operations or improvements have not created drainage issues. The proposed expansion and extended term similarly should not create drainage issues. The longstanding existing quarry operations have not resulted in the need for police or fire services, nor will the expansion or extended term proposed quarry use. 4D. Unusual conditions, trends, and needs have arisen since the district boundaries and regulations were established. The continued rapid growth experienced in West Hawai`i has fueled a continued and growing demand from the construction industry for natural resources such as those provided by the existing quarry. Allowing the expansion of the existing quarry into the Expansion Area for an extended term will help to ensure a long-term supply of this material crucially needed for the 10 island's new housing and other growth. Existing or proposed areas for agricultural activities will not be significantly curtailed or diminished as a result of quarrying in the Expansion Area. Many other undeveloped areas are still available for agricultural use and development and the removal of 80.349 acres of land from the agricultural inventory will not have a detrimental impact on the agricultural resources of the Property itself, surrounding area or the County of Hawai`i. Further, the existing quarry has successfully co-existed with agricultural activities on the surrounding Property for eight decades. 4E. The land upon which the proposed use is sought is unsuited for the uses permitted within the district. The land in the Expansion Area is not well-suited for intensive agriculture as the soil is rated Class D. The Property has historically been used for cattle pasture and quarry operations for a number of years. The existing quarry has been in operation for decades and the adjacent Expansion Area is well-suited to accommodate the expansion of the existing quarry. Given the circumstances above, the Expansion Area is not well-suited for intensive agriculture on an economically viable scale and is better suited for the expansion of the existing quarry. 4F. The proposed use will not substantially alter or change the essential character of the land and the present use. The existing quarry operations are screened from the view of public roads or residential or commercial areas due to the size of the surrounding Property. The Expansion Area will be similarly screened. The proposed quarry use also will not substantially alter or change the essential character of the land and the present use as shown by various quarrying operations, including the existing quarry, having co-existed with Paniolo cattle ranching for decades. Although the proposed use will initially alter the topography of the land, the Applicant will restore areas where quarry operations have been terminated or abandoned by grading and re- vegetating those areas to blend with surrounding areas. 4G. The proposed use will not be contrary to the goals, policies and standards of the General Plan and other applicable documents such as community development plans and design plans. (Note: Copies of the General Plan document and other plans are available at the Hawaii County Planning Department or at public libraries). Approval of this request will not be contrary to the goals, policies, and standards of the current or updated General Plan and other applicable documents, as the proposed expansion of the existing quarry with an extended term is consistent with the goals, policies and standards in the Land Use, Economic, and Natural Resources Elements of the General Plan. The LUPAG Map of the current General Plan(2005) designates portions of the Property as Extensive Agriculture, Important Agricultural Lands, and Industrial. Although portions of the Property are designated as Important Agricultural Land, the Expansion Area is only designated 11 as suitable for Extensive Agricultural Use. The current General Plan defines lands designated for Extensive Agricultural Use as agricultural lands: "not classified as Important Agricultural Land. Includes lands that are not capable of producing sustained, high agricultural yields without the intensive application of modern farming methods and technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition, slope, machine tillability and climate. Other less intensive agricultural uses such as grazing and pasture may be included in the Extensive Agriculture category." General Plan, Land Use, Section 14.1.1. The discussion on Agricultural lands in the Land Use Element of the current General Plan extensively discusses the need to protect Important Agricultural Land, in contradistinction to lands such as the Expansion Area designated as suitable for Extensive Agriculture use. See General Plan Section 14.2. The request to expand the existing quarry and extend the term of use is a reasonable and unusual use of the Expansion Area which is not Important Agricultural Land and not well-suited to intensive agriculture. The request is also not contrary to the updated General Plan(2045). The updated LUPAG designates portions of the Property as Light Industrial, Extensive Agriculture, and Productive Agriculture. The Expansion Area is still only designated as suitable for Extensive Agricultural Use in the updated LUPAG Map. The updated definition of Extensive Agriculture is similar to the prior version of the 2005 General Plan, and the updated General Plan is also focused on the protection and preservation of Productive Agriculture in distinction to Extensive Agriculture. The current General Plan's specific application of the Land Use Element to the South Kohala District also supports expanding the existing quarry into the Expansion Area and extending the term of use. The General Plan's Land Use Element states that there are established quarry operations existing within the South Kohala District. General Plan, Land Use, Section 14.4.5.6.1. The recommended courses of action for the South Kohala District include (a) centralizing limited industrial activities in Waimea, (b) harmonizing industrial development with surrounding uses and the environment, and (c) identifying sites suitable for future industrial activities as the need arises. General Plan, Land Use, Section 14.4.5.6.2. The Land Use Element of the General Plan also states that industrial activities may be located close to raw materials or key resources and that industrial areas should be designated and allocated"in appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environment of the County." General Plan, Land Use, Sections 14.4.2. 14.4.4(b). Approving the request to amend the Special Permit will further the current General Plan Land Use Element's policies, goals, and courses of action for the South Kohala District by keeping the expansion of the existing quarry activity, which the General Plan acknowledges to be an established industrial type of activity in the South Kohala District, centralized near the existing quarry and located close to raw materials and key resources. The Expansion Area is a proposed use in appropriate proportion with the agricultural cattle pasture use of the large Property and appropriately situated in an area where this quarrying use has been in harmony with surrounding agricultural use and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environment of the County for decades. The policies and goals of the Economic Element of the current General Plan further support Applicant's request to expand the existing quarry and extend the term. The Economic 12 Element notes that the County's industries include "[s]econdary industries, such as construction, supported by County"s vast quantities of natural resources and land...As the primary sectors of the economy expand, the expansion of the secondary economic sectors will follow accordingly." General Plan, Economic, Section 2.1. The Economic Element also list goals that include providing residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life through economic development that enhances the County's natural and social environments; balancing economic development and improvement with the physical, social, and cultural environments of Hawaii Island; provide an economic environment that allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities compatible with the County's cultural, natural, and social environment; and strive to diversify the economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors. General Plan, Economic, Section 2.2 (a), (b), (d), and(f). Clearly, Applicant's proposed use of the Expansion Area for an extended term is aligned with the current Economic Element as an appropriate use of the County's vast natural resources and land vitally necessary to support the "secondary industry" of construction, which has been expanding as the County and its economy correspondingly grow. Allowing the existing quarry to expand and operate for an extended term will further the goals of the Economic Element as residents will be given opportunities to improve their quality of life and benefit from economic development that is in balance with and enhances the County's environment while supporting sustainable growth and strengthening existing industries. The goals, policies, and standards of the current Natural Resources Element also support the request to expand the existing quarry and extend the term of use. The goals of the Natural Resources Element include providing opportunities for economic needs without despoiling or endangering natural resources; ensuring that alterations to existing land forms, vegetation, and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of earthquake; and protecting unique, fragile and significant environmental and natural resources, rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawaii, and open space, watersheds, shoreline, and natural areas. General Plan, Natural Resources, Section 8.2. The policies of the Natural Resources Element include requiring users of natural resources to conduct their activities in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment, promoting the sound management and development of land resources for potential economic benefit, and protecting the shoreline, critical and significant resources, watersheds, forests, native Hawaiian gathering rights and public access. General Plan, Natural Resources, Section 8.3. The Natural Resources Element also provides standards to protect and conserve endangered wildlife, natural ecosystems, forests, watersheds, beaches, and shorelines. General Plan,Natural Resources, Section 8.4. Allowing the existing quarry to expand and operate for an extended term aligns with the current Natural Resources Element of the General Plan to provide opportunities for economic needs without despoiling natural resources while promoting the sound management and development of land resources for economic benefits. The current conditions of the Special Permit minimize the existing quarry's potentially adverse effects by requiring Applicant to grade and re-vegetate areas where quarry use has been terminated or abandoned so those areas blend with the surrounding areas, and Applicant is not seeking this condition to be changed. Further, the raw material being quarried is abundant in the area and throughout the island, and not unique, fragile, or environmentally significant. The Expansion Area is well-suited for quarry use and 13 this use will not cause adverse environmental effects. The existing and proposed quarry use does not threaten rare or endangered floral or faunal species or habitats native to Hawai`i, nor will this use adversely affect open space, watersheds, shorelines, forests, beaches, native Hawaiian gathering rights, or public access. As shown above, granting Applicant's request to expand the existing quarry and extend the term of use is consistent with the goals, policies, and/or standards of the Land Use, Economic, and Natural Resources Elements of the current General Plan. 4H. The proposed use is an unusual and reasonable use of land,which would not be contrary to the objectives to be sought by the Land Use Law and Regulations,which, for the Agricultural and Rural Districts, seeks to preserve or keep lands of high agricultural potential in agricultural use. The proposed quarry expansion and extended term of use is a proposed land use that is unusual, reasonable and particularly suitable for the Expansion Area. Allowing quarrying in the Expansion Area is not contrary to the objectives of preserving or keeping lands of high agricultural potential in agricultural use. The Expansion Area is not land of high agricultural potential or well-suited for intensive agriculture, consisting of Class D soils and not designated as Important Agricultural Lands in the General Plan. Further, the existing quarry operations have not diminished ongoing agricultural activities nor diminished the agricultural potential of the surrounding Property or area. The existing quarry has operated in co-existence with cattle ranching operations on the surrounding Property and area for decades, showing that the quarry operations may continue and reasonably expand while the agricultural character and use of the surrounding land, particularly the surrounding Property, will be preserved consistent with the Paniolo worldview of the Property's owner. The quarry also provides materials used for infrastructure essential for modern ranching. The large size of the Property has offered and, if this request is approved, will offer a sizeable buffer for agricultural cattle pasture use to continue undisturbed on the Property by the existing or proposed quarry. The Expansion Area is only approximately 0.3 8% of the Property's total area, which will not noticeably reduce the total inventory of agricultural land available on just the Property, much less the surrounding area or island at large. Potential impacts of quarry operations are further minimized as the Applicant will restore and revegetate areas where it has terminated or abandoned quarrying to blend those areas with surrounding areas. The existing quarry has not and will not lead to an urbanization of the area as quarrying is not an"urban"use and the existing quarry has not contributed to an urbanization" of the area in any way. The existing quarry has maintained and proposed quarry will maintain the agricultural character and use of the remaining Property and surrounding area. As stated above, the existing and proposed quarry uses are consistent with and comply with the objectives of State and County Land Use Laws and Regulations which focus on preserving or keeping lands of high agricultural potential in agricultural use. 14 RONALD N.W.KIM Law Offices of Yeh & Kim OfCounsel: A Limited Liability Law Company THOMAS L.H.YEH JOHN MUKAI 101 Aupuni Street,Hilo,Hawaii 96720 oneTeleh 808 961-0055 JILL RAZNov p February 27, 2025 Jessica Puff Administrator State Historic Preservation Division 601 Kamokila Boulevard, Suite 555 Kapolei, HI 96707-203 7 Re: State Historic Preservation Review of Effect Determination- HAR §§ 13-284-5 and/or 13-284-7 for Quarry Expansion of WHC, Ltd., dba West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Ahupua`a, District of South Kohala, Island of Hawaii TMK No.: (3) 6-7-001:025 Dear Ms. Puff: Pursuant to the above Rules, please consider this request for your division's review of the below project summary for WHC, Ltd., dba West Hawaii Concrete ("WHC") at the above- referenced property ("Property"), in conjunction with a request for your division's determination that no historic properties will be affected by the proposed use. Project Summary The proposed use is expanding the site of an adjacent quarry located on the property designated as TMK No. (3) 6-7-001:034 to add approximately 80.349 acres ("expansion area from the Property. The Property is located within a primarily agricultural setting on a total of 21,091.313 acres of land. A map showing the existing quarry and expansion area is attached hereto as Exhibit "A". Quarry operations have existed within the site of the existing quarry since 1945 and progressively expanded to the present existing quarry, while the Property surrounding the existing quarry has continued to be used for cattle pasture and other quarrying activities. WHC seeks to amend the existing Special Permit allowing for quarry use on Agricultural land to expand the existing quarry and extend the term of quarry use in order to provide a long-term supply of raw materials, aggregates, and crushed stone needed to supply the constant and growing current and future demands of the island's construction industry. The enclosed draft Archaeological Inventory Survey ("AIS") prepared by ASM Affiliates in January 2025 found only modern impacts of ranching activities in the expansion area such as ranching infrastructure and grading activities which facilitated access to the infrastructure. See Ms. Jessica Puff February 27, 2025 Draft AIS, enclosed as Exhibit "B". Significance Determination ASM Affiliates conducted research and a field survey throughout the expansion area, and found no archaeological or historic features throughout the expansion area, noting that modern ranching activities had diminished the likelihood of encountering intact historic properties. The AIS is being submitted to your office for SHPD review concurrently with this letter dated February 27, 2025. Effect Determination The AIS recommended determination of effect for the proposed quarry expansion is that there are "no historic properties affected" with no historic preservation mitigation measures recommended prior to permit issuance or subsequent development activities within the Expansion Area. As such, on behalf of WHC, we respectfully request your division's determination that no significant historic property will be affected by the proposed quarry expansion. Thank you for this opportunity to seek your determination as to the above request. Your timely review and comments would be greatly appreciated. In the meantime, should you be in need of additional information at this time, please do not hesitate to let us know. Sincerely, LAW OFFICES OF YEH & KIM RONALD N.W. KIM 133 4 000 ' 9= HO W I- 37Y O S ON 3n 8 l a.CN Lo 2 2, 21 U' K C) 20 0., z om CQ 5 P; 6 CD Lu 04 ' L, c Z1 - - K( 3 4 O UG cs 133 3 00 9 = HD N I I 370 n S V-. H1 8 O N 3n d l j Q = O O m o A C) Lo 1J0 L2 R uj L2 RW ZC C N R Q:IZ) L2 uJ P P 1• o N QQ OQ r z ) or CN a": 181 oi el C' 4- j it r< c C) LJ 4- 01 LC J z 3- CL Z S Z bin' . - " \ \ z LL 2 U- Lo Q' L 6zo- Q) L2 Nr) k Q) II I i 4 r L uE: 11' c LU— 2 S1 j. 11it YL Q: 19 014; Lo U o Z5 oc I I c u R2 II C It u C4 ct it o. E Az TZ 322 ial- ki k till , , AN q)q) Ra q)SE em Z, 01- 2 n- 0 uj. 9 r ba N-Ilz r: An Archaeologi*cal A the West Concrete Wai*mea Quarry Expans i*on Project TMK: 3 6-7-001:025 (por.) Waik0-loa Ahupua'a South Kohala District Island of Hawai'i DRAFT VERSION Prepared By: Ir.William Gardner,Ph.D. Evangeline Lemieux,B.A., and Matthew R. Clark,M.A. Prepared For: West taeeswai`1 Concrete P.O. Box 1390 Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 k 4 44 153:f xryl S'`a 3 ,.. M% i''.;,1 J+ 1`a y r :,4 r ye J(F r+`'i sf z ..# . t ix\ r +a.1 h,'t.m!+ S j„ys y +V W L,i r xr L.£ P.% 't , .f=9 r.. ty• R 1i R.}y •rf f r,,'^• yF' tea C ( ay i ' '.5!,"tn 7l ri, a J iwrK,^y^y ' h f'al, 71'.P rt;.xp i', i kd 5 `y"•,tigr `,- .y n r r January 2025 aff Mates p Archaeology-History•Anthropology•Architectural History Hilo Office:(808)969-6066 Fax:.(808)443-00165 507-A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Honolulu Office:(808)439-8089 Fax:(808)439-8087 ASM Project Number 47300.00 820 Mililani street,Suite 700,Honolulu,HI 96813 EXHIBIT B EXHIBIT B An Archaeological Assessment for West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project TMK: (3) 6-7-001 :025 (por.) Waikoloa Ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawaii ASM EXHIBIT B EXHIBIT B Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of West Hawaii Concrete (WHC), ASM Affiliates (ASM) conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) of a roughly 80.38-acre project area located on Tax Map Key (TMK): (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.), in Waik6loa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District,Island ofHawaii.WHC currently operates a gravel quarry on a 143.48- acre adjacent parcel (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034). The current project is being conducted in advance of an anticipated expansion of the current quarry facility to an 80.38-acre portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025. The proposed expansion flanks the existing quarry to the southeast and southwest.Currently,the greater 21,091.31-acre TMK:(3)6-7-001:025 is owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea,LLC and is classified as agricultural land. As part of the expansion,WHC is seeking a Special Use Permit(SUP)from the County of Hawaii Department of Planning(CoH-DP)and the State of Hawaii Land Use Commission (HLUC) to allow rock quarrying activities on the lands. The current study was conducted in anticipation ofthe Chapter 6E-42 Hawaii Revised Statutes(HRS)review ofCoH-PD and HLUS Special Use Permit application associated with the development of the proposed quarry expansion. The current study was conducted in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-284 and was performed in compliance with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in Hawaii Administrative Rules§13-276.Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements ofboth the Department ofLand and Natural Resources— State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR—SHPD)and the CoH-DP.According to HAR§13-284-5(b)(5)(A),when no archaeological sites are found during an AIS, the results of the AIS shall be reported through an Archaeological Assessment. The current field survey did not identify any historic properties within the 80.3 8-acre project area.Therefore,with respect to the Chapter 6E-42 historic preservation review process of the DLNR—SHPD,pursuant to HAR§13-284-7, the recommended determination of effect for the development of the proposed WHC quarry expansion project is"no historic properties affected."No further historic preservation work is recommended prior to permit issuance or during any subsequent development activities within the project area. In the unlikely event that significant archaeological resources are discovered during the proposed activities, work should cease in the area of the discovery and DLNR- SHPD contacted pursuant to HAR§13-284-12 and-280. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii i EXHIBIT B EXHIBIT B Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................5 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION................................................................................ 9 2. BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................13 CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT....................................................................... 13 Traditional Land Use Practices .............................................................................. 14 Land Use in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries............................................ 16 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES........................................................... 18 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS.............................................................................20 4. FIELDWORK..............................................................................................................21 FIELDMETHODS ...................................................................................................... 21 FIELDRESULTS ........................................................................................................ 21 5. RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................22 REFERENCES CITED...................................................................................................23 FIGURES Page 1. Current satellite image of the project area and existing quarry.................................................................6 2. USGS map of project area vicinity with project area in red. ....................................................................7 3. TMK(3) 6-7-001 map with project area...................................................................................................8 4. Geology in the vicinity of the project area................................................................................................9 5. Tailings piles from the existing WHC quarry,photo facing to the north...................... 6. Example of modern ranching infrastructure in the project area,photo facing southeast........................ 10 7. Temporary animal pen associated with ranching activities,photo to the southeast................................ 11 8. Example of a cattle trail in the project area,photo to the east. ............................................................... 11 9. Grading and animal disturbance associated with ranching activities,photo to the northeast................. 12 10. Soil map of the project area. ................................................................................................................. 12 11. Registered Map No. 574 showing Waik6loa,the kalana of Waimea, and the approximate location of the study area(prepared by Kaelemakule, n.d.). ................................................................. 15 12. Previously conducted archaeological studies (note that Nees 1995 was plotted based on SHPD ArcGIS shapefiles and is not an accurate location as the project covered the existing quarry area denoted by the black hashed area)......................................................................................................... 19 TABLES Page 1. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area.............................. 18 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawai`i iii EXHIBIT B EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of West Hawaii Concrete (WHC), ASM Affiliates (ASM) conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) of a roughly 80.38-acre project area located on Tax Map Key (TMK): (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.), in Waikoloa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii(Figures 1,2, and 3).WHC currently operates a gravel quarry on a 143.48-acre adjacent parcel (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034). The current project is being conducted in advance of an anticipated expansion of the current quarry facility to an 80.38-acre portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025. The proposed expansion flanks the existing quarry to the southeast and southwest(see Figures 1). Currently, the greater 21,091.31-acre TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 parcel is owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea, LLC and is classified as agricultural land.As part of the expansion,WHC is seeking a Special Use Permit(SUP)from the County of Hawaii Department of Planning (CoH-DP) and State of Hawaii Land Use Commission (HLUC) to allow rock quarrying activities on the lands.The current study was conducted in anticipation of the Chapter 6E-42 Hawaii Revised Statutes HRS)review of CoH-PD and HLUS Special Use Permit application associated with the development ofthe proposed quarry expansion. The current study was conducted in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-284 and was performed in compliance with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in Hawaii Administrative Rules§13-276.Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department ofLand and Natural Resources— State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR—SHPD)and the CoH-DP.According to HAR§13-284-5(b)(5)(A),when no archaeological sites are found during an AIS, the results of the AIS shall be reported through an Archaeological Assessment. This Archaeological Assessment report contains information on the project area, as set forth in HAR 13-284-5(a) in regard to the background information outlining the study area's physical and cultural contexts, a presentation ofprevious archaeological work in the vicinity ofthe project area,and current survey expectations based on that previous work. Also presented are an explanation of the project's methods and a description of the findings, followed by recommendations and a determination of effect for the proposed project. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 5 EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction Area of Detail ID I 771 l i l i l ll J n,.r r v a!E r yr. i s; N 9 a a a, IP p L 3 Projecl.lrk2;t APRx:47300 Waimca uarry Lavout:Imagery. Figure 1. Current satellite image of the project area and existing quarry. 6 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction T. a Area of Detail b r, 0 2100 Km q Y Crjon VIM a Y n n r w f r yy 4 Wa,.• y w w e t x9 v i e I' Fxi',LinIT,Q11Lin-Y Meters 0 350 r, PL'Clkm A1':il APRX,47300 WN11l11k k,IQLl'Wf\ USGS 7.5'QLLAningle FaOLUIckary Layout:USGS Figure 2.USGS map of project area vicinity with project area in red. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 7 EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction J71fy., ''//1F1F t Y h r h W / II ' 1 g I IIIIII II r 4111 k. qq TIFj 1 s-rr o'• 00 w A- i ZY65 re)II u a M 4 I CL CL 0 1 Ilk 4 V f1i drtFd-F rr_e lrlY1. Fi a N N.I f1] tQ y7' r.1`al r f`Fri`r,4'4•F' m°a iryry + Y vy lea a 4 a y k F G.'.j W 1 CIL K a w w Will a u 22 5 IN, S] V ! Fbbr Apr,f Yb R q t C" VJ cW1l Lqp,y811• 7 4 l x tit 'k LF C 4 A. J Z p1 wti 4 r 1 v Q I 000 existing(quarry M APRk 47300 WaimeaQuarry N Proicct Arca Layout.:TMK 4 r. 8 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The project area,owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea LLC,encompasses approximately 80.3 8 acres located southeast and southwest of the existing WHC quarry.The southeastern segment ofthe project area measures 1,000 feet in length and 2,475 feet in width,while the southwestern portion spans 2,000 feet in length and 525 feet in width(see Figure 1- 3). Both the current quarry and the proposed development site are situated on a raised area of Laupahoehoe volcanic terrain,rising approximately 100 to 200 feet above the surrounding Hamakua volcanics(Figure 4; see also Figure 2). Access to the site is facilitated via Hokuloa UCC Road,which connects to Hawaii Belt Road(Highway 190)roughly 0.5 miles north of its junction with Saddle Road(Highway 200). Evidence of recent and ongoing quarrying and ranching activities characterizes much of the surrounding area. The WHC quarry forms the entire northwestern boundary of the project area (Figure 5), while modern ranching features are prevalent throughout the project area. Observed ranching-related elements include a permanent concrete watering trough (Figure 6), a small temporary pen (Figure 7), cattle trails (Figure 8), and graded areas that provide vehicular access to these features(Figure 9). The study area lies between 3,080 and 3,150 feet above sea level,with mean annual temperatures ranging from 59°F to 72°F and annual precipitation levels between 20 and 50 inches. The terrain is uneven, featuring small hills, ridges,and intermittent small drainage channel dispersed across the project area(see Figures 5-9). Soil in the project area is classified as Puu Pa very dark brown(1 OYR 2/2),very cobbly medial very fine sandy loam,with slopes ranging from six to twelve percent(Soil Survey Staff 2022: Figure 10). Vegetation includes dominant species such as buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus), particularly along the northernmost section of the access road.Additional vegetation consists of native species like `ilima(Sida fallax)and`a`ali`i(Dodonaea viscosa), along with introduced species such as castor bean (Ricinus communis) and apple of Sodom (Solarium linnaeanum) see Figures 5-9). Ill L1ii Illll I x 011111 l 011111 4 ry d M 011111 Q011111 111. Q 11111CQ 111111` y Q11111 Q l v uN. Illlit,11 m60L o r,-.I,.N r 01111 Existing Quaid 00 yr Laupahoe1we Volcanic rr .,:-`,y t fx`;, 1DWO:;_,isi)wr Laupalioehoe oIcanics ti;a•" _•l_I•lt11 1 Q1:L]L c:l !i ,ii."00yr Hamakaia Vole anics llk' r7"IIf',il_.:?{I i':i}j}•.._ :Il:l"141;1.•.ti''i1111G5 Figure 4.Geology in the vicinity of the project area. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 9 EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction Y c r r 7 fi a f W;ty .i Figure 5. Tailings piles from the existing WHC quarry,photo facing to the north. 4 IN i/.-. - ,fir' _r4 .. w, .. p ,y TY fir.,•w. -...« r",9 .--a ". - .. d'''x"' Mr r. -rr" y fr e y rn tip'i. y..' 4 .L, o.T Mv.,xr'",f.'".' .]1• . ice l : o- -_ ., , x n. so-" :iR- kJLw w, i•.- a n a. Ra wv- • ' w n ^T"_.qk' }'.ti ' Y..•; 4. PIS , r_ Figure 6.Example of modern ranching infrastructure in the project area,photo facing southeast. 10 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction r 1 r rI 1- y r 1. Y:: r t y„A Figure 7. Temporary animal pen associated with ranching activities,photo to the southeast. a 1. r r t tAK yam. r ". , •;' ,. .. 5'; n t u r Y 5ii yWk Figure 8.Example of a cattle trail in the project area,photo to the east. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 11 EXHIBIT B 1.Introduction A i v fF i 9 Yat a Figure 9. Grading and animal disturbance associated with ranching activities,photo to the northeast. IMM616 383330 333 333 486 333 347 llcicrti333 SU r 1\t:'t1Il'_Q Liii 45-V`alkaloa iredial very fuse loam?to 10 "1 WIL]J_ik2.1 t;ik Jii,il tirk I . '1'.:L,i percout wlopos l Apr Fitt-dol'c:k Lava flows cnlnplex.2 to 10 3 7-'-!Jk;ilcn medial e`er,-fine sandy loam.0 to 50 48-K.m ale°r l:tl;)nv ni-rdiiil rr nine sandy 174114i1t h.tk)4`5 loans,12 tip'?)E i'1'atillt lopes t', '.i very ca 1 1 Iy 111edi<71 vei-°tide,ii)dy :r, l~.:;;i iIl oa very tine sandy loam,?to 10pere ent 486-KenLlwIe e'reGnt I1,';tong medial very tine sandy oani,c'io 12 pei'.vw s1,11,es loam,6 to 12 pQrcelit sd}pes I vets-filic sandy 3 a-\%!Jn't,;i!iced-lal eery fine sanely loam.0 to 6 808-Kemcle-INaimea complex,12 to 0 percent loan),..12 iu-N :'Ivp: percent 4urpt slopes Noll titsn-ct't iT[.Nnuirait kcL;otlrrcw(olr"enwion 1,enviec.t-nocd,,later,Ek-p onivot ofAgriL IRLUO.SOJ1 Sttrti'et G010-Mri I_11,,,1_.fit::1.:1)-',,.i;.11_°::i IV SLIan I F d-024 Figure 10. Soil map of the project area. 12 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 2.Background 2. BACKGROUND To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of archaeological resources that might be encountered within the current study area,and to establish an environment within which to assess the significance ofany such resources, a general culture-historical context for the South Kohala region that includes specific information regarding the known history of Waikoloa Ahupua`a and the study area is presented below.This is followed by a discussion of relevant prior archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the study area. The culture-historical context and summary of previously conducted archaeological and cultural research presented below are based on research conducted by ASM Affiliates at various physical and digital repositories. Primary English language and Hawaiian language resources were found at multiple state agencies,including the State Historic Preservation Division,Hawaii State Archives,and the Department ofAccounting and General Services Land Survey Division.Digital collections provided through the Office ofHawaiian Affairs Papakilo and Kipuka databases, Waihona `Aina, the Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library, the Hawaii Genealogical Indexes, and Newspapers.com provided further historical context and information.Lastly,secondary resources stored at ASM Affiliates'Hilo office offer general information regarding the history of land use, politics, and culture change in Hawaii, enhancing the broad sampling of primary source materials cited throughout this cultural impact assessment. CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT The current study area is situated in Waikoloa Ahupua`a. Waikoloa Ahupua`a is one of some seventy ahupua`a that make up the traditional moku-o-loko or moku (interior district) of Kohala. The moku of Kohala is one of six on Hawaii Island.Legislative acts passed in 1859 divided Kohala into the two modern districts of Kohala, `Akau(North Kohala)and Kohala Hema(South Kohala)(King 1935).Waikoloa Ahupua`a is the southernmost land division within both the traditional moku of Kohala and the modern district of South Kohala. It is bound on the north by Lalamilo Ahupua`a, to the east by Pa`auhau Ahupua`a, and to the south by the ahupua`a of Pu`u Anahulu in the North Kona District. While the ahupua`a was the most common and fundamental land division unit within the traditional Hawaiian land management structure, other kinds of land divisions were also incorporated into the system. Waikoloa was also considered a sub-unit of Waimea,which was traditionally a kalana,a division of land that is smaller than a moku but containing several ahupua`a, `ili `aina, and `ili kupono. `Ili kupono differed from other `ili lands because they fell directly under the jurisdiction of the ruling paramount chiefs(ali`i ai moku)because of the highly valuable resources they contained(Handy et al. 1991). The relationships between kalana and moku are not well understood. Kamakau 1976)equates a kalana to a moku and uses a third term,the`okana,to describe a subdistrict subordinate to the moku. Others use the kalana and `okana interchangeably (Lucas 1995; Pukui and Elbert 1986). The lands subject to the kalana ofWaimea were those that form the southern limits of the present-day South Kohala District including `Ouli, Wai`aka, Lalamilo, Puak6, Kalahuipua`a, `Anaeho`omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`6hi`a, Paulama, Pu`ukalani (Pukalani), Pu`ukapu,and Waikoloa.An additional complication to understanding the internal structure of the kalana of Waimea is the fact that in ancient times Waikoloa was referred to as Waikoloa Nui,and the neighboring area of Lalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki(Maly 1999). Looking at the place name Waikoloa Pukui et al. (1974:223)translates Waikoloa to literally mean"duck water." The name Waikoloa has also been interpreted to mean"water-carried-far,"and is the name of a wind goddess(Maly 1999).Traditional poetical expressions also refer to other geographical designations within Kohala.For example,one expression derived from an ancient chant titled Ku e ho`opi`o ka la refers to: O Kohala-iki, `o Kohala- lesser Kohala,greater Kohala nui inner Kohala,outer Kohala... O Kohala-loko, `o Kohala- Pukui and Korn 1973:190) waho... Pukui and Korn 1973: 188) While Waikoloa is referred to today as an ahupua`a, it was traditionally an `ili (land section smaller than an ahupua`a) of the kalana (or `okana) of Waimea. As a kalana, Waimea functioned as a sub-district, smaller than a district(moku-o-loko)but containing several smaller land divisions, such as ahupua`a and the more independent `ili kupono,all ofwhich contributed to its wealth(Lucas 1995;Maly and Maly 2002).In antiquity,Waikoloa was referred AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 13 EXHIBIT B 2.Background to as Waikoloa Nui,and the neighboring area ofLalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki(Maly 1999).Bernice Judd 1932:14),a former librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society,explains that: In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae. This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains, where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea... The middle stream,which was famous for wild ducks,was named Waikoloa,or Duckwater. This and the most westerly stream, called Kahakohau,went towards Kawaihae,but neither reached the sea, except in times of flood. In the District of Kohala, the long ridge of the Kohala Mountains extends perpendicular to the predominant northeasterly trade winds, creating an orographic rainfall pattern that separates the district into two distinct environmental zones;a wetter windward zone on the eastern(Hamakua)side,and a drier leeward zone on the western Kona) side (Juvik and Juvik 1998). In general, prior to the nineteenth century, Waikdloa's population was concentrated in the uplands and along the coast. Initial occupation of the area probably began at small coastal settlements where early inhabitants exploited the diverse marine resources(Jensen 1994).Upland habitation followed and likely focused on agricultural field systems, which undoubtedly provided much of the produce for the coastal inhabitants(Carlson and Rosendahl 1990).The earliest inhabitants emphasized the use ofnatural caves and overhangs, along with the construction of small,simple surface features for habitation purposes,but as populations increased and expanded,so did the occurrence of more permanent habitation structures in both the coastal and upland areas(Jensen 1994). A network of coastal and inland trails,over which the exchange of goods occurred, connected the coastal and upland population centers and resource areas(Hommon 1976;Maly 1999). The first settlers of this district likely established a few small communities near sheltered bays with access to fresh water primarily in the windward valleys and gulches. The communities would have shared extended familial relations and had an occupational focus on the collection of marine resources. Evidence for early occupation of leeward Kohala was speculated for Kapa`anui,where Dunn and Rosendahl(1989)reported radiocarbon dates as early as A.D. 461, and from `Anaeho`omalu where Barrera (1971) reported A.D. 900 as the initial date for settlement; however, these early dates should be viewed with suspicion(Kirch 2011). Other early dates from windward Kohala were reported by Cordy (2000); these sites are believed to have been utilized in the early thirteenth century. Data recovered from Mdhukona, along the leeward coast of North Kohala, suggest initial occupation taking place there around A.D. 1280 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1993:36). Permanent settlement in Kohala has been reported as early as A.D. 1300 at Koai`e, a coastal settlement,where subsistence was primarily derived from marine resources, but was probably supplemented by small-scale agriculture as well(Tomonari-Tuggle 1988). Rosendahl (1972) proposed that settlement in leeward Kohala at this time was related to seasonal, recurrent occupation, and that coastal sites were occupied in the summer to exploit marine resources, while upland sites were being occupied during the winter months with a primary focus on agriculture. An increasing reliance on agricultural products may have caused a shift in social networks as well,according to Hommon(1976:118).Hommon argues that kinship links between coastal settlements disintegrated as those links within the mauka-makai settlements expanded to accommodate exchange of agricultural products for marine resources. This shift is believed to have resulted in the establishment of the ahupua`a system. The implications of this model include a shift in residential patterns from seasonal,temporary occupation to permanent dispersed occupation ofboth coastal and upland areas. Traditional Land Use Practices While Waikoloa is referred to today as an ahupua`a,traditionally it was an `ili of the kalana(or `okana) of Waimea. In ancient times a kalana was treated as a sub-district: smaller than a district moku o loko),but composed of several other land divisions, such as ahupua`a and the more independent`ili kupono,that contributed to its wealth(Maly and Maly 2002). The lands subject to the kalana of Waimea were those that form the southern limits of the present day South Kohala District including `Ouli, Wai`aka, Lalamilo, Puakd, Kalahuipua`a, `Anaeho`omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`dhi`a,Paulama,Pu`ukalani,Pu`ukapu,and Waikoloa(Figure 11). In ancient times,Waikoloa Ahupua`a was referred to as Waikoloa Nui,and the neighboring ahupua`a ofLalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki (Maly 1999). Bernice Judd, a former librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's society,explains that: 14 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 2.Background In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae. This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains, where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea. . . The middle stream,which was famous for wild ducks,was named Waikoloa, or Duckwater. This and the most westerly stream, called Kahakohau,went towards Kawaihae,but neither reached the sea, except in times of flood. (Judd 1932:14) Most of the taro and sweet potato fields of this part of the island were located in the rainier uplands near the present day town of Waimea, where there was a sizable permanent population as well. Oral histories indicate that a dry land planting area referred to as Makahonu was present in Waikoloa,"which was still used through the turn ofthe twentieth] century" (Maly 1999:153). Makahonu was located near the intersection of Waikoloa Road and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway.There is no information in the oral histories ofwhat was specifically cultivated in the planting area although `Anaeho`omalu and other proximal locations were favorable areas for growing sweet potatoes (Handy and Handy 1991). Coastal residents in South Kohala,however,relied primarily on the ocean for sustenance,and they augmented their diet with produce procured through trade with the upland areas.Marine resources were brought ashore in the small bays with sandy shores found in the coastal section of Waimea (now called South Kohala), where, as Handy et al. (1991:532)relate,fishermen lived and probably cultivated potatoes in small patches." AL fi• t L rt+`r; „y .x• r f . 1 1. r d Lvv.i,¢.4+ r , '' 1' r' 7ffinY y 4 6 JI'`''• k`Ac t' r ..: fir- - F I; d2'b+''IJ..rel'Fra,YIM1' t.K A yh. a Je f y J I i-bc 4.F y._1:,` ` .'.`•- vY'ate-F-'"-'-f+...•0'^„-7 d.'An..t n X' dA Study Area R, IQ 1 s.., J L 1+ p Ate• - '. : 4 i f ,. }` "( fir •S}i£c ff M1 Ll a.6•--.r=.Lrre n.rw..`- I 1'rr .w.+"y,- y r-'Yr -+.x n.R4 ti Figure 11. Registered Map No. 574 showing Waikoloa,the kalana of Waimea,and the approximate location of the study area(prepared by Kaelemakule,n.d.). AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 15 EXHIBIT B 2.Background Land Use in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries With the arrival of foreigners in Hawaii,the introduction of a western economy, and the rise of the sugar and cattle industries, life in Kohala began to drastically change. Much of the population of South Kohala at this time resided near the shore or in the uplands of Waimea,but the population of the district began to decline rapidly as Hawaiians were decimated by disease and a depressed birth rate.Epidemics in 1848 and 1849 killed more than 10,000 people in twelve months throughout the Hawaiian Islands (Tomonari-Tuggle 1988). In 1848 in North Kohala, Rev. Bond reported that 100 people had died within a three-week period, and in October of that year he reported that a measles epidemic had nearly every resident of the district in the hospital (Damon 1927). Following these epidemics, the population of the district had been reduced to nearly half of the more than 6,000 people reported in the 1835 census Schmitt 1977). By the mid-nineteenth century, the population of Kohala shifted to the windward side as the leeward, agriculturally marginal areas were abandoned in favor of more productive and wetter sugarcane lands.According to Tomonari-Tuggle (1988), the remnant leeward population nucleated into a few small coastal communities and dispersed upland settlements. These settlements were no longer based on traditional subsistence patterns, largely because of the loss of access to the full range of necessary resources. The wetter windward slopes of North Kohala and the Waimea plain were the focus of the shifting settlement pattern and they eventually became the population centers for the district. Tomonari-Tuggle clarifies some of the reasons for this migration: Outmigration and a demographic shift from rural areas to growing urban centers reflected the lure of a larger world and world view on previously isolated community. Foreigners, especially whalers and merchants, settled around good harbors and roadsteads. Ali`i and their followers gravitated towards these areas,which were the sources ofWestern material goods,novel status items which would otherwise be unavailable. Associated with the emergence of the market, cash-based economy, commoners followed in search of paying employment. (1988:33) Legacy of the Great Mahele (1848-1895) By the middle of the nineteenth century, the ever-growing population of Westerners forced socioeconomic and demographic changes that promoted the establishment of a Euro-American style of land ownership in the Hawaiian Islands,and the Great Mahele became the vehicle for determining ownership of native lands.During this period,land interests of the King (Kamehameha III), the high-ranking chiefs, and the low-ranking chiefs, the konohiki, were defined. The chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive awards for lands provided to them by Kamehameha III. They were also required to provide commutations to the government in order to receive royal patents on their awards. The lands were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the land could be surveyed. This process expedited the work of the Land Commission(Chinen 1961:13). During the Mahele, all lands were placed in one of three categories: Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne),Government Lands,and Konohiki Lands.All three types of land were subject to the rights ofthe native tenants therein.In 1862,the Commission of Boundaries(Boundary Commission)was established in the Kingdom of Hawaii to legally set the boundaries ofall the ahupua`a that had been awarded as a part of the Mahele. Subsequently,in 1874, the Commissioners of Boundaries was authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them.The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents of the lands,many ofwhich had also been claimants for kuleana during the Mahele.This information was collected primarily between A.D. 1873 and 1885 and was usually given in Hawaiian and transcribed in English as they occurred. As a result of the Mahele, Waikoloa Nui(originally an`ili of Waimea kalana)was awarded to George Davis Hu`eu as an ahpua`a based on Kamehameha I's gift of the land to Hu`eu's father Isaac Davis. This award did not include the coastal areas of`Anaeho`omalu and Kalahuipua`a, which were retained by the crown. The Davis Hu`eu award was primarily restricted to the non-agricultural pili lands south of the agriculturally-productive Lalamilo area and mauka of the rich coastal resource area. There were nine small residential kuleana awarded in the uplands of Waikoloa near the town of Waimea(Maly 1999).No kuleana were awarded within the current study area. On July 2nd, 1868, G. D. Hu`eu leased his remaining lands in Waikoloa Nui to the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company for a twenty-year period(he had previously sold roughly 700 acres to Claude Jones on October 25th, 1866; Maly and Maly 2002). With the acquisition of this land,the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company became the largest ranching operation on the island(Escott 2008).Under the terms of the lease the Hu`eu family was 16 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 2.Background allowed to continue grazing their 1,000 head of cattle, 1,000 head of sheep, and 100 horses on the Waikoloa lands Escott 2008). By the late-1870s,largely due to persistent drought conditions within its grazing lands,the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company went out of business, and its herd was purchased by Parker Ranch(Parker Ranch would also eventually acquire the lease of Waikoloa Ahupua`a;Bergin 2004). Francis Spencer formed Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company and continued to raise sheep in Waikoloa and neighboring lands.In October of 1876 Spencer sold his interest in the sheep ranch to George W.Macfarlane; included in this transaction were the Waikoloa Nui lands lease from G. D. Hu`eu(Maly and Maly 2002). George Bowser, the editor of The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourists Guide,visited Waimea in 1880 and stayed at Spencer's house.Browser writes: Waimea has always been a place of some considerable importance, and there are around it several pretty homesteads,notably the residences of Mr.F. Spencer and the Reverend Lyons.From Mr. Spencer's veranda there is a striking view of Maunakea,the summit of which was at this time ofthe year still in its winter robe of snow.The snow never leaves this mountain top entirely,but the position ofthe snow-line varies considerably with the season ofthe year,and also from one year to another,according to the weather which characterizes them.The country all round is chiefly suitable for grazing,and,besides innumerable wild cattle,descended,no doubt,from those which Vancouver gave to Kamehameha I, there are some 20,000 head depastured in the neighborhood, the property of Mr.Parker,who has,besides,some large droves ofhorses,probably numbering a thousand head in all. Mr. Spencer has turned his attention chiefly to sheep farming, and occupies a large tract of country with his flock of 15,000 sheep and 15,000 goats. Waimea itself, although of immemorial age, and once populous, is now only a scattered village, with but two stores and a boarding and lodging house and coffee saloon. (Bowser 1880:540) Parker Ranch continued to expand their operations in the Waimea area throughout the 1870s and 1880s.The ranch eventually acquired the lease to roughly 95,000 acres in Waikoloa still held by G.D. Hu`eu that had formerly been leased to the Waimea Agricultural and Grazing Company.By the mid-1880s Sam Parker's poor business dealings had led to a rapidly degenerating financial situation for Parker Ranch, and in 1887 the entire ranching operation was entrusted to Charles R. Bishop and Co. for a fee of$200,000 (Bergin 2004). With the move to trusteeship new managers were brought in to oversee the day-to-day operations at the ranch. By the early 1900s Parker Ranch was under the direction of Alfred W. Carter, chosen as the guardian and trustee for Thelma Parker,John Parker III's daughter,upon his death at the age of nineteen.By this time Parker Ranch was operating on several large, leased parcels, but the fee simple holdings amounted to only 34,000 acres (Bergin 2004). Early on in his tenure as ranch manager, Carter concentrated on acquiring and converting more of the ranch's lands from lease to fee. In 1903,with only a short period left on its lease, Carter acquired nine-tenths interest in the Waikoloa Nui lands from Ms. Lucy Peabody for $112,000, securing important grazing lands for the ranch (Bergin 2004).Soon thereafter,Carter purchased the adjacent lands of`Ouli,adding another 4,000 acres to the ranch's holdings that bridged the former property lines makai of Waimea Town. He also acquired the Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company,encompassing over 3,700 acres and including the Ke`amuku Sheep station in Waikoloa,which he converted to cattle ranching over the next decade. Much of these grazed lands were divided into paddocks, and transportation and water conveyance infrastructure projects were undertaken to increase the productivity ofthe Waikoloa rangelands. Paddocks were given names based on their location, land features,function,and sometimes after the plants that grew there.In 1906,on behalf of Thelma Parker,Carter bought out Sam Parker's half-interest in Parker Ranch for a sum of 600,000. Other important purchases made by Carter during the first dozen or so years of his trusteeship included Humu`ula,Ka`ohe,Waipunalei,and Kahuku Ranch(Bergin 2004). The expansion of Parker Ranch's land-and lease holdings throughout the late 19'and early 20'centuries allowed the ranch to raise cattle and sheep in paddocks around the island. By the mid-20th century, land use in the region began to diversify beyond cattle and sheep ranching. This shift included the establishment of new industries and infrastructure to support the growing local economy. One notable development was the construction of a quarry in 1995,which introduced extractive activities to the area. The quarry not only provided materials for construction and road development but also marked a significant transition in land use, reflecting broader economic changes and the evolving needs of the community. This diversification of land use continued alongside the historic ranching operations,adding another layer to the region's complex history. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 17 EXHIBIT B 2.Background PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES No prior archaeological studies have been conducted directly within the boundaries of the current project area. However, insights from five previous archaeological investigations conducted in the immediate area (Figure 12) provide valuable context and help shape expectations regarding the potential presence ofhistoric and cultural resources within the project area(Table 1). In 1995, Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. (Nees and Williams 1995) conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the then proposed 14-acre West Hawaii Concrete quarry site within TMK: (3) 6- 7-001:025(por.),that now forms the existing quarry the current project seeks to expand.Their project included survey of both a proposed access road and buffer zone around the quarry, as well as examination of old quarry cuts on the leeward(west)side of the unnamed pu`u that was in the project area and a firebreak road for any subsurface deposits. As a result of their study, no surface archaeological features were present within the study area. A single twentieth- century glass bottle embossed "HAMAKUA SODA WORKS" was found tucked under a rock outcrop. They did discover an enclosure and two stacked rock cairns outside of their project area. All of the features are located on a ridgeline. One cairn measures 1 meter in diameter and 50 centimeters tall and the other is 1.5 meters in diameter and 60 centimeters tall.The associated enclosure measures approximately 2 meters by 1.5 meters and has an average wall height of 50 centimeters (Nees and Williams 1995:9). No cultural material were discovered in association with the features.Although no formal site classification or function was included in the report the authors felt that the features may have been ranch related. These features are not located in the current project area. In 2001,Rechtman(2001) conducted an archeological assessment for study for the New West Hawaii Concrete Black Sand Quarry, located approximately 0.75 miles south of the current study area. No archaeological resources were observed within that project area, nor were any significant resources of a potential traditional cultural nature encountered. In 2003,Haun&Associates Haun and Williams (2003) conducted an archaeological assessment of the proposed West Hawaii Concrete Truck Parking Facility Expansion project area, situated along the southern edge of the quarry access road roughly 6.2 miles southwest of the current study area.No archaeological sites or features were encountered.In 2015,ASM Affiliates conducted an archaeological inventory survey for the construction of a proposed testing facility for new wind generating technology, consisting of an approximately one-acre ground station and connecting road and utility corridors on a portion of TMK: (3)6-7-01:025 of Waikoloa Ahupua`a on behalf of Google Makani. Located approximately 1.75 miles to the southwest of the current project,the AIS encountered the Historic Waimea—Ke`amuku Trail(Site 50-10-06-23516).No new historic properties were encountered,however(Barna et al. 2015). Lastly, in 2019 ASM Affiliates conducted a field inspection of a portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 on behalf of West Hawaii Concrete in support of a grading permit application for the construction of a new quarry road. The project area is located approximately 0.45 miles to the east of the current project area and no historic properties were encountered within the project area(Barna 2019).Although only five projects have been conducted in the immediate vicinity of the current project area several other projects have been conducted in the greater Waikoloa Ahupua`a(see Figure 12). In 2021,Mulrooney et al.(2021)conducted an AIS covering 363 acres immediate west of the current project area and as a result of this AIS they documented five historic properties, comprising a total of seven component features, as well as six isolated artifacts. The survey revealed a diverse array of historic properties, including both modified natural features and constructed elements.Among these were three modified outcrops,historic fence lines,and water management features associated with past ranching activities in the area. The historic properties were evaluated for their integrity and significance in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR) §13-284-6. Table 1. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area. Year Author(s) Type ofStudy Ahupua`a 1995 Nees&Williams AIS Waikoloa 2001 Rechtman AA Waikoloa 2003 Haun AIS Waikoloa 2015 Barna et. al. AIS Waikoloa 2019 Barna FI Waikoloa 2021 Mulrooney et al AIS Waikoloa 18 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 2.Background 9A IY watt,Area of Detail Reehtmt-in&Prasad 2006 0 200 KM I 1 1 Rechtman 2011 Jtd Wairrea Thnml fir 1992 974 Thompson 1992 1 1 Thompson 1992 Reehtman 2011 Nees 1995 Barna 2019 K`7 akoa Gu)c Rec htT ai'i 2001 Haun 2003 Bfi na et al.2015 Mtdrroonev et al.2021 r 0 c 1313 m Langlas et al.1999 ryq WY Langlas et ail.1999 1I'rct'10US F.\i -1nLr QLLitI-F Project Arca arson 2002 Meters 0 1,000 2,000 Lano;l lti et ail.1999 11Z.:-.E}}_NN amwa-QLIaIri_v I..VOLi.:1'i4'10111'Investigations Figure 12.Previously conducted archaeological studies(note that Nees 1995 was plotted based on SHPD ArcGIS shapefiles and is not an accurate location as the project covered the existing quarry area denoted by the black hashed area). AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 19 EXHIBIT B 3.Study Area Expectations 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS Based on the summary of previous archaeological research, the cultural-historical context presented above, and an analysis of current conditions as depicted in recent satellite imagery(see Figure 1),it is possible to formulate a detailed set of expectations regarding the archaeological potential of the project area. One significant feature of interest is the Waimea-Ke`amuku Ranch Trail, which is depicted in historical and modern sources as being in the vicinity of the project area.However,the findings of Barna et al. (2015)indicate that the alignment of the trail lies outside the boundaries of the current project area. Consequently,no direct evidence of this trail is anticipated within the project area. Furthermore, the visible terrain, existing infrastructure, and modern land-use practices, including ranching and quarrying, suggest significant modifications to the landscape that may have diminished the likelihood of intact archaeological resources. Recent satellite imagery corroborates these observations, showing areas of grading and vegetation management that are indicative of modern activities and may obscure or have disturbed any potential subsurface cultural resources(see Figure 5-9. Given these factors,the expectation for encountering significant archaeological resources within the project area is low. However,this conclusion is contingent upon the thoroughness of the field survey,which will aim to confirm the absence of historic properties and ensure compliance with applicable preservation requirements. The survey's results will ultimately validate or refine these initial expectations and provide a more definitive understanding of the project area's archaeological potential. 20 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B 4.Fieldwork 4. FIELDWORK Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on October 29, 2024,by William Gardner,Ph.D. (Project Manager), David Kekailoa Morris King,M.Sc. (Field Director),and Johnny Dudoit,B.A. and under the supervision of Matthew R. Clark,M.A. (Principal Investigator).A total of 24 field hours were expended to complete the field survey. FIELD METHODS The fieldwork involved a 100%surface survey conducted by fieldworkers employing northwest-to-southeast oriented pedestrian transects spaced 15 meters apart. Each field crew member utilized handheld tablet computers equipped with ESRI's Field Maps Application connected to an EOS Arrow 100 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver.The GNSS receiver was set to the NAD 83 Zone 5 North coordinate system and provided positional accuracy of approximately 30 cm. These tools facilitated navigation across the project area, enabled the precise recording of potential sites or features when observed,and supported the capture of general project area photographs. The tablets were preloaded with detailed maps displaying the project area overlaid on an aerial image.These maps delineated the boundaries of priority survey zones and indicated existing infrastructure, ensuring efficient coverage and minimizing the potential for oversight. Ground surface visibility within the project area varied due to differences in vegetation density but was generally sufficient to identify any historic properties or features that might be present. The survey methodology and technological tools allowed for a thorough examination of the area, ensuring accurate documentation of potential archaeological resources while maintaining high standards of precision and reliability. This approach provided a robust framework for assessing the project area's cultural resource potential. FIELD RESULTS As a result of the fieldwork for the current study,no historic properties were identified within the project area.While no historic features were observed,modern impacts such as modern ranching activities,which included the creation of ranching infrastructure and grading activities in order to facilitate access to the aforementioned ranching infrastructure,were noted throughout the western portion of the project area which further diminished the likelihood encountering intact historic properties. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 21 EXHIBIT B 5.Recommendations 5. RECOMMENDATIONS The current field survey did not identify any historic properties within the 80.3 8-acre project area. Therefore, with respect to the Chapter 6E-42 historic preservation review process of the DLNR—SHPD,pursuant to HAR§13-284-7, the recommended determination of effect for the development of the proposed WHC quarry expansion project is"no historic properties affected."No further historic preservation work is recommended prior to permit issuance or during any subsequent development activities within the project area. In the unlikely event that significant archaeological resources are discovered during the proposed activities, work should cease in the area of the discovery and DLNR- SHPD contacted pursuant to HAR§13-284-12 and-280. 22 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B References Cited REFERENCES CITED Barna,B.,A.Dircks Ah Sam,and R. B.Rechtman 2015 An Archaeological Inventory Survey ofa One-Acre Development Site and Connecting Access Road and Utility Corridors, TMK: (3) 6-7-01:025 (por.), Waikoloa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. ASM Affiliates Project Number 24400.00. Revised 2015. Prepared for Google Makani,Mountain View CA.Electronic document,F:\ASM PROJECTS\24000-25000\24450-Hilo Boarding School Ditch AIS\Report\Formatted\24450AIS_ben.pdf. B arrera,W.,Jr. 1971 Anaehoomalu: A Hawaiian Oasis. Preliminary Report of Salvage Research in South Kohala, Hawaii. Pacific Anthropological Records 15. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Bergin,B. 2004 Loyal to the Land: The Legendary Parker Ranch, 750-1950.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Bowser,G. 1880 Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourists'Guide George Bowswer& Co., Honolulu and San Francisco, CA. Electronic document, http://ulukau.org/elib/collect/polkl880/index/assoc/DO.dir/book.pdf,accessed October 8,2021. Burgett,B. and P.H.Rosendahl 1993 Summary of Archaeological Inventory Surveys,Kapaanui Agricultural Subdivision and Mahukona Property, Lands of Kapaanui, Kou, Kamano, Mahukona 1st and 2nd, Hihiu, and Kaoma, North Kohala District,Island of Hawaii(TMK:3-5-7-02:11 and TMK:3-5-7-03:1-3,10-14,16-18).Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. 743-020993. Revised 1993. Prepared for Chalon International of Hawaii, Inc. Carlson,A.K.and P.H.Rosendahl 1990 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Queen's Lands at Mauna Kea, Land of Kawaihae 2nd, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii(TMK: 3-6-2-02:6). Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph.D., Inc. 591-052090. Prepared for Belt,Collins and Associates,Hilo,HI. Chinen,J.J. 1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii.Privately published. Cordy,R. 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief, The Ancient History ofHawai`i Island.Mutual Publishing,Honolulu. Dunn,A.E. and P.H.Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey,Kapaanui Agricultural Subdivision,Lands of Kapaanui and Kou, North Kohala District,Island of Hawaii.Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc.568-100289.Revised 1989. Prepared for Ahuloa Development Inc.,Honolulu. Escott,G. 2008 Phase II Archaeological Investigations at State Sites 50-10-21-23499, 23515, 23516, 23517, and 23539 on Lands of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station Located in the Ahupua`a of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii [TMK: 3-6-7-001:09]. Scientific Consultant Services/Cultural Resource Management Services, Inc. Revised 2008. Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District,Honolulu. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 23 EXHIBIT B References Cited Handy,E. S. C.,E. G.Handy,and M.K.Pukui 1991 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Haun,A. and S.Williams 2003 Archaeological Assessment West Hawaii Concrete Truck Parking Facility Expansion, Land of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Haun & Associates Report 245-011203. Prepared for William L.Moore Planning. Hommon,R. 1976 The Formation of Primitive States in Pre-Contact Hawaii.Ph.D.Dissertation,University ofArizona, Department of Anthropology,Tucson,AZ. Jensen,P. 1994 Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey,Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area Expansion Project: Phase III—Data Analyses and Final Report. Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph. D., Inc. 1246-011594. Revised 1994.Prepared for Harrison Associate,Honolulu. Judd,B. 1932 Early Days of Waimea, Hawaii. In Fortieth Annual Report ofthe Hawaiian Historical Society for the year 1931 with papers read at the annual meeting February 29, 1932, pp. 14-25. Hawaiian Historical Society,Honolulu. Juvik, S. and J.Juvik 1998 Atlas ofHawaii. Third ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Kamakau, S.M. 1976 The Works of the People of Old, Na Hana a ka Po`e Kahiko. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. King,R. 1935 Districts in the Hawaiian Islands. In A Gazetteer ofthe Territory ofHawaii,pp.214-230.Edited by J.W. Coulter.University of Hawaii,Honolulu. Kirch,P.V. 2011 When Did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A Review of 150 Years of Scholarly Inquiry and a Tentative Answer.Hawaiian Archaeology 12:3-26. Langlas, C. 1999 Supplement to Archaeological, Historical and Traditional Cultural Property Assessment for the Hawaii Defense Access Road A-AD-6(1) and Saddle Road(SR200)Project. In The Saddle Road Corridor: An Archaeological Inventory Survey and Traditional Cultural Property Study for the Hawaii Defense Access Road A-AD-6(1) and Saddle Road (SR200) Project, Districts of South Kohala,Ham3ma,North Hilo,and South Hilo,Island of Hawaii.Edited by C.Langlas,T.Wolforth and J. Head. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph. D., Inc. 1939-043099. Prepared for Okahara & Associates, Kailua-Kona. Lucas,P. 1995 A Dictionary ofHawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation. University of Hawaii Committee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture, Honolulu. 24 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii EXHIBIT B References Cited Maly,K. 1999 Mauna Kea Science Reserve and Hale P6haku Complex Development Plan Update: Oral History and Consultation Study,and Archival Literature Research,Ahupua`a of Ka`ohe(Hamakua District) and Humu`ula (Hilo District), Island of Hawaii. In Mauna Kea Science Reserve Master Plan. University of Hawai`i,Honolulu. Maly,K. and O.Maly 2002 He Wahl Mo`oleleo No Na Ke`ei Ma Kona Hema,Hawai`i: A Collection of Traditions,Historical Accounts and Kama`aina Recollections of Ke`ei, South Kona, Hawaii. Kumu Pono Associates HiKe`ei63-072602.Revised July 26,2002.Prepared for Kamehameha Schools,Pa`auilo,HI. Nees,R. and S.Williams 1995 Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Proposed New West Hawaii Concrete Quarry Area, Waimea,South Kohala District,Hawai'i Island(TMK 3-6-7-01:Por.25).Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co. Inc., Honolulu. Revised 1995. Prepared for West Hawaii Concrete, Kailua- Kona,HI. Pukui,M.K. and S.H. Elbert 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary:Hawaiian-English,English-Hawaiian.Revised and english ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K., S.H. Elbert,and E.Mo`okini 1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K. and A. Korn 1973 The Echo ofOur Song: Chants and Poems ofthe Hawaiians.University Press ofHawaii,Honolulu. Rechtman,R.B. 2001 Archaeological Assessment Study for the New West Hawaii Concrete Black Sand Quarry(TMK:3- 6-7-01:por. 3), Waik6loa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Rechtman Consulting,LLC RC-0056.Revised 2001.Prepared for Mooers Enterprises,Kamuela,HI. Rosendahl,P.H. 1972 Archaeological Salvage ofthe Hapuna-Anaehoomalu Section ofthe Kailua-Kawaihae Road(Queen Kahumanu Highway),Island of Hawaii.Departmental Report Series.Department of Anthropology 72-5.Revised 1972.B.P.Bishop Museum. Schmitt,R. 1977 Historical Statistics ofHawaii.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Soil Survey Staff(United States Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service) 2022 Official Soil Series Descriptions. Electronic document, https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/osdlist.aspx. Tomonari-Tuggle,M.-J. 1988 North Kohala:Perception ofa Changing Community.A Cultural Resources Study. State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Outdoor Recreation and Histoirc Sites, Division of State Parks.Revised 1988. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 25 EXHIBIT B geometrici n ASSOCIATES LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 December 13, 2024 Mel Macy, Special Project Manager West Hawaii Concrete Dear Mr. Macy: Subject: Effects to Protected Native Fauna from Proposed 80-acre Waimea Quarry Expansion, South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii Geometrician Associates personnel including Jen Lawson, M.S., and myself conducted a botanical survey of the property in November. During our repeated walking transects of the area, we became familiar with the habitat for fauna as well. Based on this reconnaissance and having conducted biological surveys with a fauna component on over a hundred properties in South Kohala, I feel confident in providing an opinion on the potential for effects to State of Hawaii or federally listed threatened and endangered species as well as native migratory birds from quarry expansion. During the surveys we observed only three bird species. Two were non-native: Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis) and Erckel's francolin (Pternistis erckelii). The only native species was the migratory winter resident golden plover or kolea(Pluvialisfulva). Observations on many days over different seasons and times of the day would undoubtedly reveal additional bird species, nearly all of them likely to be non-native. It is highly doubtful that any listed native forest birds, including the Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius), would visit the expansion area because of the dry habitat composed 99% of non-native grasses as well as the lack of trees onsite or nearby forests. The Hawaiian endemic sub-species of the short-eared owl or pueo (Asioflammeus sandwichensis), is regularly seen within the grasslands of South Kohala and may hunt in the area. Both the pueo and kolea are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Although not detected in the survey, which took place in daylight, the only native Hawaiian land mammal, the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat(Lasiurus cinereus semotus), may also utilize the area for the capture of insect prey, as it is periodically present in most areas on the island of Hawaii. Bats may forage for flying insects in the expansion area on a seasonal basis. Bats are vulnerable during the pupping season from June 1 to September 15 while they roost in woody vegetation over 15 feet in height. No trees or tall shrubs whatsoever are present in the expansion area. Although they are very difficult to detect, the listed endangered Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), the threatened Hawaiian sub-species of Newell's shearwater(Puffinus auricularis newelli), and the endangered band-romped storm-petrel (Oceanodroma Castro) have frequently been recorded by instruments overflying various areas on the Island of Hawaii at night between late April and the middle of December each year. These species hunt over the ocean during the day and fly to higher elevations at night to nest. The Hawaiian petrel and the band-rumped storm petrel are known to nest at elevations well above 5,000 feet on the Big Island, nowhere near the quarry expansion area. During its breeding season from April through November, the Newell's shearwater burrows under ferns on forested mountain slopes. Once abundant on all the main Hawaiian Islands, most Newell's shearwaters are today found in the steep terrain between on Kaua`i. There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the expansion area for any of these seabirds, but they may overfly it. The primary cause of mortality in all these seabird species in Hawai`i is thought to be predation by alien mammals at the nesting colonies. Collision with man-made structures is another significant cause. Seabirds flying at night, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. They may then collide with manmade structures and, if not killed outright, become easy targets of predatory mammals. The threatened Hawaiian goose or nene (Branta sandwicensis) is now common on the Big Island and is seen ranging from sea level to above 7,000 feet. Nene are often observed flying over, grazing and nesting in South Kohala, especially on golf courses. Nests consist of a shallow scrape lined with plant material and down. Breeding pairs usually return to the previous year's nest site, typically in dense vegetation. The dry grass and lack of permanent water bodies make the expansion area unsuitable habitat for nene foraging or nesting, although they may occasionally land and linger for short periods while flying between more suitable locations. One final endangered animal is relevant, the Blackburn's sphinx moth (Manduca blackburnii). It is found at various locations throughout West Hawai`i, including lower elevations of Waikoloa ahupua`a. The adult moth feeds on nectar from native plants including beach morning glory Qpomoea pes- caprae), ilie`e (Plumbago zeylanica), and maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana), none of which are present in the expansion area. Moth larvae that naturally feed upon the native aiea (Nothocestrum spp.) have adapted to feeding on non-native tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), which occupies disturbed areas such as open fields and roadway margins. There is no aiea in the vicinity, and our botanical survey observed no tree tobacco, which is fairly unlikely in this particular area. There is therefore no habitat for this moth. No significant effect to native land birds would be expected. If any nene, pueo or kolea were present during the gradual expansion of the quarry, would likely depart the area and relocate to grassy habitat nearby. Of these birds, only pueo would have at least some possibility to be nesting. If pueo nests are observed, construction in the area should cease until the birds have fledged. As long as no lighting, towers or overhead electrical lines are planned, no effect to listed seabirds would occur. In summary, the project is likely to have no or negligible effect on native fauna, including listed threatened and endangered species. Thank you for requesting our opinion on the effects of the project. If you have any questions, please contact me at 808-969-7090 or at Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Ka Paakai 0 Ka Aina Analysi*s for the West Concrete Quarry on TMK: 3 6-7-001:025 (por.) Waik0-loa Ahupua'a South Kohala District Island of Hawai'i Prepared By: William Gardner,Ph.D., and Evangeline Lemieux, B.A., Prepare For: West Hawaii Concrete c/o Mel Macy, u Box 139 Kailua-Kona HI 96740 r' ¢ qy V u`' February 2025 affiliates n R f li Archaeology-History-Anthropology•Architectural History Hilo Office:(808)969-6066 Fax:(808)443-0065 507-A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Honolulu Office:(808)439-8089 Fax:(808)439-8087 ASM Project Number 47300.002 820 Mililani street,Suite 700,Honolulu,Hl 96813 A Ka Pa 'akal* O Ka `Aina Analysis for the West Hawaii Concrete Quarry Expansion TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.) Waikoloa Ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawaii Asm Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY....................................................................... 5 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION...................................................................................... 5 2. IDENTIFICATION OF CUSTOMARY AND TRADITIONAL RESOURCES AND PRACTICES ............................................................................10 CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT............................................................................. 10 Cultural Context: Landscapes and Natural Elements of Waimea Kalana.................... 12 Cultural Context: He Mau Mo`olelo No Waimea Kalana(Traditional Accounts of Waimea) ....................................................................................................................... 21 Historical Context: A Brief Introduction of Pre-Contact Hawai`i............................... 23 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES................................. 41 1 ANALYSIS AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES......... 44 IDENTIFY WHETHER ANY VALUED CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, OR NATURAL RESOURCES AREA PRESENT WITHIN THE PETITION AREA, AND IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS ARE EXERCISED.............................. 44 Valued Cultural Resources - Natural Features............................................................. 44 Valued Natural and Historical Resources— Traditional and Historical Land Use....... 45 IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH THOSE RESOURCES AND RIGHTS WILL BE AFFECTED OR IMPAIRED BY THE PROPOSED ACTION....................... 45 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 46 SPECIFY ANY MITIGATIVE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN TO REASONABLY PROTECT NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS IF THEY ARE FOUND TO EXIST. ......... 46 REFERENCES CITED.....* FIGURES Page 1. USGS map depicting the current project area...........................................................................................2 2. Portion of Tax Map Key map 6-7-001 showing parcel 025 (por.)............................................................3 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area...............................................................................4 4. Geology in the vicinity of the project area........................................................................................... ..6 5. Tailings piles from the existing WHC quarry,photo facing to the north....................... 6. Example of modern ranching infrastructure in the project area,photo facing southeast..........................7 7. Temporary animal pen associated with ranching activities,photo to the southeast..................................7 8. Example of a cattle trail in the project area,photo to the east. .................................................................8 9. Grading and animal disturbance associated with ranching activities,photo to the northeast...................8 10. Soil map of the project area. ...................................................................................................................9 11. Hawai`i Registered Map No. 547 showing the approximate location of the current study area........... 11 12. Portion of Tax Map Key map 6-7-001:025 showing pu`u in the vicinity of the project area............... 12 13. Pu`u Holoholoku,photo facing north. ....................................................................... 13 14. Pu`u `Ula`ula,Photo Facing South....................................................................................................... 13 15. Pu`u Heihei,Photo Facing West........................................................................................................... 14 16. Pu`u Nohonaoae,photo facing south by southwest.............................................................................. 14 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii i Table of Contents FIGURES Page 17. A portion of"Map of Waimea" ca. 1830 with main villages (after Andrews et al. 1830),APE not shown(Hawaiian Mission Houses Library and Archives Digital Collection). ...............................28 18. Registered map 712 showing Waimea Ahupua`a in South Kohala......................................................33 19. Emerson Field Book 251:109, labeled as "View to Waikii-Keamuku and Coast from Ahumoa" April 6 & 7, 1882). Pu`u Nohonaohae is outlined in red. Image adapted from Maly and Maly 2002:100). ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36 20. Emerson Field Book 251:83, image labeled as "View to Nohonaohae, Keamuku, and Hualalai" March 1882). Pu`u Nohonaohae is outlined in red. Image adapted from Maly and Maly 2002:101). ............................................................................................................................................37 21. Hawai`i Registered Map No. 1080 showing the approximate location of the current study area.........40 22. Detail of Hawaii Registered Map No. 2786 showing Parker Ranch infrastructure (e.g., pipelines and trails)....................................................................... 23. Previously conducted archaeological studies (note that Nees 1995 was plotted based on SHPD ArcGIS shapefles and is not an accurate location as the project covered the existing quarry area denoted by the black hashed area)................................. 43 Tables Page 1. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area..............................42 ii Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of the West Hawaii Concrete(WHC),ASM Affiliates(ASM)has prepared this Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina analysis for the region surrounding an 80.38-acre project area located on Tax Map Key(TMK):(3)6-7-001:025(por.), in Waik6loa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawai`i (Figures 1-3). The proposed WHC project consists of the expansion of an existing gravel quarry that WHC operates on an adjacent 143.48-acre parcel located on TMK: 3) 6-7-001:034(see Figures 1-3). The proposed expansion flanks the existing quarry to the southeast and southwest see Figures 1).Currently,the greater 21,091.31-acre TMK: (3)6-7-001:025 parcel is owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea, LLC and is classified as agricultural land. As part of the expansion, WHC is seeking to amend their existing Special Use Permit from the Leeward Planning Commission (LPC) and State of Hawaii Land Use Commission HLUC)to allow for the expansion of the existing rock quarry.In support of this proposed expansion and subsequent amendment to the existing Special Use Permit from the LPC and HLUC, this Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina Analysis is intended to assist in upholding the State's obligation to reasonably protect customarily and traditionally exercised rights of native Hawaiians. Article XII,Section 7 ofthe Hawaii Constitution obligates the State and its agencies,such as the LPC and HLUC, to protect the reasonable exercise of customarily and traditionally exercised rights of native Hawaiians to the extent feasible when granting a petition for reclassification of district boundaries" (Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina v Land Use Commission,94 Hawai`i 31, 7 P.3d 1068 [2000]).Under Article XII, Section 7,the State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua`a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights. In the context of land use permitting,these issues are most commonly addressed where a petition for the reclassification of district boundaries or zoning is before the state or county commission as such petition most often initiates activities that precede initial intensive development. Regarding the current study,the initial development of a 143.48-acre portion of TMK: (3)6-7-001:025 for rock quarrying activities began approximately 50 years ago,thereby prompting re-zoning that established TMK:(3)6-7-001:034.The proposed current action involves the amending of an existing Special Use Permit to allow for the quarry to expand by an additional 80.38-acres into a portion of TMK:(3)6-7-001:025 that flanks the existing quarry on TMK:(3)6-7-001:034 to the south and southwest(see Figure 1). The current study thereby provides requisite information for the Special Use Permit amendment put forward before the LPC and HLUC. On September 11,2000,the Hawaii Supreme Court's landmark decision in Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina v Land Use Commission established a three-part analytical framework for addressing the preservation and protection oftraditional and customary rights specific to Hawaiian communities. To effectuate the State's (and its agencies) constitutional responsibility to protect native Hawaiian customary and traditional practices while reasonably accommodating competing private interests,the framework addresses the following: 1) the identity and scope of"valued cultural,historical, or natural resources"in the petition area, including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the petition area; 2) the extent to which those resources including traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights will be affected or impaired by the proposed action;and 3) the feasible action,if any,to be taken by the LUC to reasonably protect native Hawaiian rights if they are found to exist. Following this framework,the Ka Pa`akai o ka `Aina analysis provided here consists of four chapters,beginning with an introduction that outlines the compliance component of the project.Chapter one also includes a description of the existing quarry facility and the proposed expansion and a description of the geological and physical setting. To identify customary and traditional practices and resources, chapter two includes a presentation of culture-historical background information specific to the project area, Waik6loa Ahupua`a, and the broader Waimea region. Chapter three details the consultation methodology and results of the consultation process. Lastly, chapter four assesses the findings from the background research and consultation process and assesses those findings using the three-part Ka Pa`akai o ka `Aina analytical framework outlined above. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1 1.Introduction 223000 224000 224ZOOO 26001) r Arca of Detail "rl C3a r 0 200 Km t F` n ° 1 i s w' x n J. @ r w i 1 rl k water Tallk r A,a Am IXie r.. MetersI;C15t111 UaI'1 Froj ect Area APRX.47300 WalmeaQuarry USGS 7.5'Quadrangle Boundary 4, Lay out:USGSd Figure 1.USGS map depicting the current project area. 2 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction 41041 Pit f 7 l r frM- f'r r J t Ct frrt fi- fir 9f.f k. ct o N s Imo, Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 3 1.Introduction u Area of Detail b r m 0 200 Km I I e r i T ma r F, t T. EXI$ting QULAI y Meters 0 350 700 Projcc:t Area Ahkipua'a Boundary APRX:47300 WainiewaQuar-' Layout Imagery Figure 3.Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area. 4 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY WHC is proposing expansion of their existing quarry facility located on TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034. The proposed expansion will extend into an 80.38-acre portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 that flanks the existing quarry to the southeast and southwest(see Figure 2). The current quarry facility produces a wide variety of construction material that ranges from products used in the manufacturing of concrete to a range of gravel,rip rap, and other various rock rubble material. Currently,the greater 21,091.31-acre TMK: (3)6-7-001:025 is owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea, LLC and is classified as agricultural land. As part of the expansion,WHC is seeking to amend their existing Special Use Permit to allow rock quarrying activities in the proposed expansion area. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The project area, owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea LLC, encompasses approximately 80.3 8 acres and is located southeast and southwest of the existing WHC quarry. The southeastern segment of the project area measures approximately 1,000 feet in length and 2,475 feet in width,while the southwestern portion extends 2,000 feet in length and 525 feet in width(see Figures 1-3). Both the existing quarry and the proposed development site are situated on an elevated formation of Laupahoehoe volcanic terrain, rising between 100 and 200 feet above the surrounding Hamakua Volcanics (Figure 4; see also Figure 2). Site access is provided via Hokuloa UCC Road, which intersects with Hawaii Belt Road (Highway 190) approximately 0.5 miles north of its junction with Saddle Road (Highway 200). The surrounding landscape reflects evidence of both recent and ongoing quarrying and ranching activities. The WHC quarry forms the entire northwestern boundary of the project area (Figure 5), while ranching-related infrastructure is dispersed throughout the site. Notable features associated with ranching operations include a permanent concrete watering trough(Figure 6), a small temporary livestock pen(Figure 7),well-defined cattle trails Figure 8),and graded access routes for vehicular movement(Figure 9). The project area is situated at an elevation ranging from 3,080 to 3,150 feet above sea level. The local climate is characterized by mean annual temperatures between 59°F and 72°F,with annual precipitation levels ranging from 20 to 50 inches. The terrain is irregular, comprising small hills, ridges, and intermittent drainage channels dispersed across the site(see Figures 5-9). Soil within the project area is classified as Puu Pa very dark brown (1 OYR 2/2), very cobbly medial very fine sandy loam, with slopes ranging from six to twelve percent (Soil Survey Staff 2022; see Figure 10). Vegetation is dominated by non-native grasses, including buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus), particularly along the northernmost section of the access road. Additional vegetation includes native species such as ilima (Sida fallax) and `a`ali`i (Dodonaea viscosa), alongside introduced species such as castor bean (Ricinus communis)and apple of Sodom(Solarium linnaeanum)(see Figures 5-9). Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 5 1.Introduction M 011111 1 1 - 0 o Q11) 11111 Oil 11111C Q1111i p M„ I 250 500 Q Existing Quarry Ql 11,O O-64,000 yr Laupaho ehoe VoIcanics Project Area alb 11,000-4.000 yr Laupahoehoe VoIcanics Qa Alluvitun Qhni 64,000-300.000 yr Hamakiia Voleames Qlimc 4,000-3 0,000 yr Hamakua Voicames lW:'!.1d P .1 5ti .W.Vl.:lp ,.,p p'Il..,..p*.`*..._.ill' V ht I!`_' F i !'wl fp t`. I 4. a I; ''. `s I :I-'de polo.I -d.- 1:1. I. .I. i.:i {I Ir I; l iti Figure 4. Geology in the vicinity of the project area. YAW ri AA ILI a 9m. , .. fit".. 4 v*Ye w. 1 a.:. •i.,y„ -r 4. +fie.;. .. i , ra ,.,.} N.._ n YA • ie, P r 5 AYE z A.. i v•« ,A Figure 5.Tailings piles from the existing WHC quarry,photo facing to the north. 6 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction n ss a ay CFAF r• r r ' n w b ss ri yr t v n x Ydk'o. r " r b yy 1 r r 6,,h% ,•.. Wad N.:."" ' Figure 6.Example of modern ranching infrastructure in the project area,photo facing southeast. 4Yti as t 0 Y fl Figure 7. Temporary animal pen associated with ranching activities,photo to the southeast. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 7 1.Introduction x y s } I r L r - , r Nh 4:.a1,; ..'i:gat ems:n,.., .IVA .. f a t+{7--• _ ,.y`! it m. tM'f: 2OR Figure 8.Example of a cattle trail in the project area,photo to the east. 17 e yf a. H 0 r Figure 9. Grading and animal disturbance associated with ranching activities,photo to the northeast. 8 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii N r 1ti1 rs 347 330 330 333 486 345 334 486 808 347 334 333 1.'\'stingQuaM! 345-NkliiLi11:::111c.11t'I I.I_ly 111.1111.'T to 10 S-}_W"LII.1ti,9 11112t11.11 1C1A @ IL :ll 10,'L11.-0 to l'1 LtArea 1 4`I'Lf1 ti1Lb13t l']'wi'1L6 Il7l,w:w 3 K4.1 flows complex.2 to 10 34"-W::il;.,llc::,medial,evk 1i:1e loam.20 to 50 46-IieiYof vt:r% cry cr><t Slopes 1 4r4 ut :{I,,",loalli,12 to'.`>r ilt Slopc 333-Puu Pa 1'4'ti i I'°.1'.-ifii-fLlle,-iady 8,'-1:,rti.ikk1,1 vei--fi!ie ti,1itiI Ik)11i1,`to 10 perceilt 486- emole e;titl•t'mely stony infd1i11 very fine ti.ndv Ioam.6 to 1-2 I'.I 12W .. I,,.. sl,}. loam,b to 12 percent s1 p",. 334 Yuu1'tl•,',r.' ';pal,;.' ..' 1,'c'"1 1ltll'4,i1tirl 3 3- 'lirl,=,1 tr.t{1..1?ktr I'll lk ;a11 1 'ti ol1_n(l to Cl -Kemole-I aimea cc7n_Itit -1?to 20percent Ioam..12 to' percent slope slopes i."t. '.If'=': L;l ,Nnll1m.}:"."{•.i':ti"`;(-'{,. "q1{1'7 rrtl"ICf•. Ml!t"iI Sls;lt- 'L 1`-Il`_4:L]t.uf'r:. ., .. .. .., Ip4t>_' ,k,,;l.el}: '`.II.II:".:i klfl a C1]Ll{.I,LI;L.Lt'C'ti .ti4'.L'L?\'.LIk61i9.1t1'..'ti.":•.:'41 1 14"2024 Figure 10. Soil map of the project area. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 9 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 2. IDENTIFICATION OF CUSTOMARY AND TRADITIONAL RESOURCES AND PRACTICES In an effort to identify any valued cultural,historical,or natural resources,and to assess the extent to which traditional and customary rights are or have been exercised in the project area (the first part of the analytical framework), this section presents a summary of historical-archival information concerning Waikoloa Ahupua`a and where applicable the broader regional areas including the kalana (subdistrict) of Waimea and moku (district) of South Kohala. This section concludes with a summary of findings from previous archaeological and cultural studies conducted within the project area and nearby vicinity. The research presented below is based on research conducted by ASM Affiliates at various physical and digital repositories. Primary English language and Hawaiian language resources were found at multiple state agencies, including the State Historic Preservation Division, Hawaii State Archives, and the Department of Accounting and General Services Land Survey Division.Digital collections provided through the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Papakilo and Kipuka databases,Waihona `Aina, the Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library, the Hawaii Genealogical Indexes, and Newspapers.com provided further historical context and information.Lastly, secondary resources stored at ASM Affiliates' Hilo office offer general information regarding the history of land use, politics, and culture change in Hawaii, enhancing the broad sampling of primary source materials cited throughout this Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina analysis. CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT The current study area is situated in Waikoloa Ahupua`a. Waikoloa Ahupua`a is one of some seventy ahupua`a that make up the traditional moku-o-loko or moku (interior district) of Kohala. The moku of Kohala is one of six on Hawaii Island.Legislative acts passed in 1859 divided Kohala into the two modern districts of Kohala, `Akau(North Kohala)and Kohala Hema(South Kohala)(King 1935).Waikoloa Ahupua`a is the southernmost land division within both the traditional moku of Kohala and the modern district of South Kohala. It is bound on the north by Lalamilo Ahupua`a, to the east by Pa`auhau Ahupua`a, and to the south by the ahupua`a of Pu`u Anahulu in the North Kona District. While the ahupua`a was the most common and fundamental land division unit within the traditional Hawaiian land management structure, other kinds of land divisions were also incorporated into the system. Waikoloa was also considered a sub-unit of Waimea,which was traditionally a kalana,a division of land that is smaller than a moku but containing several ahupua`a, `ili `aina, and `ili kupono. `Ili kupono differed from other `ili lands because they fell directly under the jurisdiction of the ruling paramount chiefs(ali`i ai moku)because of the highly valuable resources they contained(Handy et al. 1991). The relationships between kalana and moku are not well understood. (Kamakau 1976)equates a kalana to a moku and uses a third term,the `okana,to describe a subdistrict subordinate to the moku. Others use the kalana and `okana interchangeably (Lucas 1995; Pukui and Elbert 1986). The lands subject to the kalana of Waimea were those that form the southern limits of the present-day South Kohala District including `Ouli, Wai`aka, Lalamilo, Puako, Kalahuipua`a, `Anaeho`omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`ohi`a, Paulama, Pu`ukalani (Pukalani), Pu`ukapu,and Waikoloa.An additional complication to understanding the internal structure of the kalana of Waimea is the fact that in ancient times Waikoloa was referred to as Waikoloa Nui, and the neighboring area of Lalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki(Maly 1999). Looking at the place name Waikoloa(Pukui et al. 1974)translates Waikoloa to literally mean"duck water."The name Waikoloa has also been interpreted to mean"water-carried-far,"and is the name ofa wind goddess(Maly 1999). Traditional poetical expressions also refer to other geographical designations within Kohala. For example, one expression derived from an ancient chant titled Ku e ho`opi`o ka la refers to: O Kohala-iki, `o Kohala- lesser Kohala,greater Kohala nui inner Kohala,outer Kohala... O Kohala-loko, `o Kohala- Pukui and Korn 1973:190) waho... 10 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 1F II .n..Is"• I Y i a' s 1a 5y A} ItI y rP eLr' P :".,`: c` Cis- T' a r , Y k fkr i p}14ox mat l'm'cctLocation LSLw plyfit. uw /J r• }[ 11 x . _ s may, S:5i i A'x-Ki.tiss"L'1.S•fwir,.+bY'J f'. -:4 ,`v . ^ 1,'y,^ Lay,x' '• `.4i 4 .', i p ': L yk• f R„r 4 y i may'-,. w} 7._ `, • ..,f f y'C-' •d- 'tE t f _L 4l A t Y i e Figure 11.Hawai`i Registered Map No. 547 showing the approximate location ofthe current study area. While Waikoloa is referred to today as an ahupua`a,it was traditionally an`ili(land section smaller than an ahupua`a) of the kalana(or`okana)of Waimea.As a kalana,Waimea functioned as a sub-district,smaller than a district(moku- o-loko)but containing several smaller land divisions, such as ahupua`a and the more independent `ili kupono, all of which contributed to its wealth(Lucas 1995;Maly and Maly 2002).In antiquity,Waikoloa was referred to as Waikoloa Nui,and the neighboring area of Lalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki(Maly 1999).Bernice Judd(Judd 1932), a former librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society, explains that: In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae. This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains, where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea... The middle stream,which was famous for wild ducks,was named Waikoloa,or Duckwater. This and the most westerly stream, called Kahakohau,went towards Kawaihae,but neither reached the sea, except in times of flood. This discussion of Waikoloa Ahupua`a highlights the deep connection between its historical and cultural significance and its physical landscape. As a traditionally recognized land division, Waikoloa's place within the broader kalana of Waimea reflects its role in regional land management and resource distribution. However,beyond its administrative and historical context,the natural environment of Waikoloa Ahupua`a has long defined the region's character. The striking topography framed by the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea features rolling terrain punctuated by prominent pu`u(hills), which serve not only as distinctive geological features but also as significant cultural landmarks. These natural elements, long celebrated in traditional expressions and modern scholarship alike, continue to shape the identity of Waikoloa and the broader South Kohala region. Given this intrinsic relationship between landscape and cultural identity, we now turn to an exploration of how the natural features of Waikoloa Ahupua`a have influenced its place in Native Hawaiian traditions. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 11 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices Cultural Context: Landscapes and Natural Elements of Waimea Kalana Nestled between the plateaus of two shield volcanoes, the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, Waikoloa Ahupua`a and the broader South Kohala region are characterized by a dramatic, wind-swept landscape dotted with rolling and prominent pu`u(hills). As Plunkett(2018) observes, "More than just aesthetically pleasing,the pu`u of Waimea, as landscape fabric, function culturally as definers of place." Within the immediate vicinity of the project area, five named pu`u in Waik6loa Ahupua`a are positioned to the north,west, and south(Figure 12). Pu`u Holoholoku is located 2.2 km to the north(Figure 13),Pu`u `Ula`ula is 1.1 km to the south (Figure 14). Pu`u Heihei is 2.47 km to the west (Figure 15), Pu`u Nohonaohae is 6.86 km to the southwest(Figure 16),and Pu`u Keanahuehue is 6.59 km to the south(not visible from the project area). Drawing from Maly and Maly's(2002) collection of traditions and historical accounts from the Waimea region, later sections of this report will examine how these pu`u played a role in the documentation and reorganization ofland during Hawai`i's post-contact westernization,particularly with the expansion of the ranching industry in the greater Waimea area. However, in the context of the cultural landscape,Pu`u Holoholoku holds particular significance, as it figures prominently in the Hawaiian mo`olelo of Ka-Miki. Ka`ao Ho`onlua Pu`uwal no KaMikl(The Heart-Stirring Tale ofKa Mlkl) One of the most detailed Hawaiian traditions that provides extensive insight into place names and the cultural practices ofNative Hawaiian families across Waiki`i,the Waik6loa-Waimea region,and the surrounding`aina mauna(mountain lands)is the historical mo`olelo Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-Miki(The Heart-Stirring Tale of Ka-Miki)(Maly and Maly 2002: 17-21).This narrative was serialized in the Hawaiian-language newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii between 1914 and 1917. Compiled by Hawaiian historians John Wise and Kihe(1914-1917),with input from local informants,the account blends oral traditions,genealogical knowledge,and site-specific histories that had been passed down through generations. 417n r, lam_ ---_.14} ` ,_ r 9 f'f",!YC sl tit tea„ 1.371 3rrJ wF t+'?.dr I mod-" `"*. .•" 35,4i s r 9`V 17. ., ti..h Am 0 1.313.4cdP Figure 12.Portion of Tax Map Key map 6-7-001:025 showing pu`u in the vicinity ofthe project area. 12 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices P<,;w.mi.}w'C'i,a.°'' yam, w a r r w r a Figure 13.Pu`u Holoholoku,photo facing north. zA r. ar y v 4, 040 ,W ; re ;' k' n r w Figure 14.Pu`u`Ula`ula,Photo Facing South Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 13 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices ar X&V ioAWLn a r rc w Y' xt v, I , L.. u{..v.,• i e.. C S ;hn tS w t•.rx.ktiy`5..yam i a c 4 r.. A v.. ' bx 9„y W a"j A1''IY Figure 15.Pu`u Heihei,Photo Facing West r.. r µ, w Figure 16.Pu`u Nohonaoae,photo facing south by southwest 14 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices The Ka-Miki mo`olelo documents over 800 place names across Hawaii Island, many of which are associated with specific individuals or historical events. While the practice of linking people to place names may not always reflect ancient origins, such connections are a common feature of Hawaiian oral traditions. Translations of selected passages by Maly provide descriptions of landscapes,natural resources, settlement areas,and traditional practices as remembered by kama`aina(those deeply familiar with the land). Of particular significance are references to Waiki`i, Waikoloa,and neighboring areas,highlighting their importance in Hawaiian history. The story follows two supernatural brothers,Ka-Miki("The Quick"or"The Adept One")and Maka-`iole("Rat- Eyes" or"Squinting Eyes"), who embark on a journey around Hawaii Island along ancient ala hele (trails) and ala loa(major pathways).Born with extraordinary abilities(`e`epa,or mysterious premature forms),the brothers were the children of Pohaku-o-Kane and Kapa`ihilani, ali`i of Kohana-iki and Kaloko. They were raised and trained by their great-grandmother,Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka("The Great Entangled Growth ofUluhe Fern Spreading Across the Uplands"),a manifestation of the earth-mother goddess Haumea(also called Papa),who resided at Kalama`ula on the slopes of Hualalai. Haumea, revered as a deity of competition and transformation, endowed the brothers with their supernatural abilities. Upon completing their training, Ka-uluhe instructed Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole to travel the island, challenging olohe warriors and experts skilled in combat, riddling, running, leaping, fishing, and other contests whose dishonorable actions had disrespected the gods of ancient Hawaii. Their journey took place during the reign of Hikapoloa and Kapa`au-iki-a-Kalana, the ruling chiefs of Kohala in the 13th century. Throughout their travels, the brothers engaged in competitive battles at kahua le`ale`a (contest arenas) associated with the ruling chiefs across Hawai`i's six districts. The mo`olelo not only highlights the exploits of Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole but also provides valuable details about the geographic and political landscape of the Island of Hawaii,including the project area. Specific to Kohala and the current project,when the brothers completed their training and sought to prove their skills, Ka-uluhe assigned the brothers separate tasks to prepare for an important `ai-lolo (graduation ceremony) that would mark their transition and sacred status. Ka-Miki was sent to the halau ali`i (royal compound) of Poli`ahu, a respected elder relative,where he would seek the guidance of Poli`ahu and her companion Lilinoe,the guardians of Waiau and the sacred waters of Kane. Meanwhile, Maka-`iole was tasked with gathering `awa (Piper methysticum) from Waipi`o, which was dedicated to the god Luanu`u. These ceremonial elements the sacred water and `awa were essential for the ritual, symbolizing the completion of the brothers' rigorous training in `olohe (martial and competitive skills).With their instructions given,the brothers set out on their respective journeys to fulfill their roles in the sacred rite: You, Maka-`iole, are to fetch the yellow barked `awa which the gods drink till they are drunk, and bleary eyed,till their eyes are reeling,it is the`awa that is there along the sacred cliff ofWaipi`o in the breast(the ledge)of Ha`iwahine-at the long plain of`Apua..." Maka-`iole stood up straight,prepared to fly like the `iwa bird soaring upon the winds... Ka-uluhe then called to Ka-Miki,telling him: e kii oe i ka wai a Kane, aia i luna i ka piko o ke kuahiwi i ka halau alii o Poliahu a me Lilinoe, me ka hanai a laua o Ka-piko-o-Waiau. Aia malalo mai o kaulu o ka paepae o Pohaku-a-Kane e nana iho la is Pohakuloa, o ka ohana `ia o ko makuakane. E kii oe i ka wai no ka awa o olua..." You are to fetch the sacred water of Kane which is there atop the summit of the mountain[Mauna Kea], at the royal compound of Poli`ahu, Lilinoe, and their ward, Ka-piko-o-Waiau. The water is there below the ledge of the platform of Pohakuakane, from where you may look down to Pohakuloa; they are your family through your father's genealogy. You are to fetch the water that will be used to make the `awa for you two...") Telling Ka-Miki to travel with all swiftness, Ka-uluhe then offered a traveling chant, to keep Ka- Miki warm while traveling the trail to the halau ali`i of Poli`ahu Ala hele mauka la The path goes to the uplands Ala hele makai la The path goes to the lowlands Ala hele mehameha i ke It is a lonely path to the Kualono Mountain Ala hele kuo-u koekoe A damp dreary path He ahi kou kapa e mehana ai A fire will be the wrap which warms you E lala ai i ke ala kapu la Warming you along the sacred trail A ko kupuna wahine Fire] ofyour ancestress with many Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 15 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices kino manamana body forms Manamana ke ala nui ou Your path will have many branches e kuu kama my child E Nana-i-ka-ulu-o-Kamalama O Nana-i-ka-ulu-o-Kamalama(Ka-Miki) Ku ana hoolono i ka leo ou Stand and heed my voice O ko kupuna wahine nei la It is I your ancestress Kue, ku la Stand,make ready Ku hoolono, lono e! Stand and hear,listen! Ka-uluhe also told the brothers that they were to go to the place of their ancestress Lani-ku`i-a- mamao-loa(whose name is commemorated in the place name Lani-mamao at Waimea);for she had the kanoa(`awa bowl), called HOku`ula and the mau`u `awa(strainer) Ka-lau-o-ke-Kahuli, which would be used in preparing the `awa ceremony. Ka-uluhe then told Ka-Miki: e ukuhi ai i ka wai kapu a Kane ma laua me Kanaloa, a e hii ae i ka poli a huli hoi mai. Maluna mai oe o na kualono,kuahiwi,kuakea,e lehei ana ma na kuamauna,mauna kapu kameha`i hoopaee i ke kanaka, a moe luhi ka leo e, ae..." ("...dip into the sacred water of Kane and Kanaloa and hold it close to your breast while returning. You shall be at the heights of the mountainous region, at the whitened peaks, leaping on the mountain top, the sacred and astonishing mountain [Mauna Kea],that causes people to go astray,and the voice is wearied by calling out indeed it is so...") Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole then set out to complete their tasks, first traveling to meet their ancestress Lani-mamao on the windward plains ofWaimea(in the region of Mahiki)(February 5, 1914). The brothers greeted their kupuna with genealogical chants, and gained her recognition of their descent.When Lani-mamao inquired of their journey and quest,Maka-`iole called out to her with a mele(chant),explaining the nature of his task. Lani-mamao exclaimed "What is your kupuna thinking of, sending you to fetch the cherished awa ofLuanu`u-a-nu`u-p6`ele-ka-p6-loa,king ofthe hordes of ghosts who dwelt at Waipi`o?"She then inquired."Where is the water that she told you to fetch?"Ka-Miki answered I ka wai kapu a Kane ma laua me Kanaloa, i ka paepae kapu o ka Pohaku-a-Kane,ke nai is ala e ka ohu Kakikepa, e ka uwahi noe a ka wahine o ka lua..." ("It is the sacred water of Kane and Kanaloa at the sacred platform of Pohaku-a-Kane,overcome by the mists Kakikepa,that is like the steaming mists of the woman[Pele]who dwells at the crater...") Because of the great challenges the brothers would face while going to fetch the `awa and water of the gods, Lani-mamao tested their knowledge of the skills necessary to make sure that they were prepared to meet the challenges which lay ahead of them. Lanimamao set out the supernatural net Ku`uku`u which was also called Kanikawi - Kanikawd [the thick rainbelt fog] that trapped and ensnared many travelers. She told Ka-Miki and his brother to leap into the net,which they did, she then pulled the net closed and placed high overhead in the rafters ofher house.In no time,Ka-Miki had pulled on the lines and caused the net to ho`omahala (to blossom or open), thus the brothers were freed. Lanimaomao then told Nana-i-ke-kihi-o-Kamalama(Ka-Miki): Great is your alertness, bravery, skill, cleverness, strength, and wisdom; indeed if you possessed only half of your abilities you would not have been able to free yourself.No one has ever escaped from this net, and if you had not been able to free yourselves, your training would not have been adequate.Because of this sign,it is you Ka-Miki who must fetch the`awa ofthe ghost king Luanu`u, for only you could succeed(February 12, 1914). Thus,Ka-Miki agreed to go to Waipi`o.Lanimamao then told Maka-`iole,that he was to go to fetch the strainer Ka-lau-o-ke-kahuli [a native sedge] from the plain of Waik6loa... Ka-Miki departed and arrived at the compound of Luanu`u.Unknown to Luanu`u,Ka-Miki took the awa, and then gave the king a tap before departing... Outraged, Luanu`u instructed his retainers, Mu-ka and Mu-ki,to seek out the thief. On their journey to find the culprit,they circled the island and traveled to the heights of Humu`ula,where they inquired of`Oma`okoili and`Oma`okanihae if either of them knew who this rascal thief was.They also traveled to the heights ofKa-piko-o-Waiau, 16 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices the ward of the chiefesses Poli`ahu and Lilinoe, where they peered down upon the multitudes, and watched the sacred water of Kane md4,to where the `auwai(water channel)was dug.... (February 19, 1914). Ka-Miki returned to Lanimaomao and presented the sacred`awa container Kapdpdiaoa and`awa of Luanu`u to his ancestress. She bathed him in her rains,and caused lightning and thunder to praise his accomplishments. Lanimamao then gave Ka-Miki the kanoa `awa (`awa bowl), Hoku`ula with the kapu of Lono- Makahiki so that he could go get the wai kapu (sacred water) of Kane and Kanaloa (at Mauna Kea). (March 5, 1914). Ka-Miki then leapt and disappeared in the mists that seem to crawl upon the forest growth.Arriving at the spring(of Waiau),Ka-Miki began dipping the ladle into the sacred water of Kane,to fill the awa bowl Hoku`ula A is wa i ike mai ai ua wahi akua kiai i ka ale o ka wai a hu ae la mawaho o ka punawai. A is laua i holo mai ai,o ka maalo o ke aka ka laua i ike a nalo aku la.A ua kapa is ka inoa o ua punawai ala o "Ka Wai Hu a Kane," a hiki i keia la.No ka hu ana i ke kioe ana a Ka-Miki i ka wai iloko o ke kanoa awa o ke akua." ("...At that time, the guardians, Pohakuakdne and Pohakuloa, saw the water rippling, and overflowing from the spring. As they went to investigate, they saw a shadow pass them by. Because of the overflowing of the water, the spring came to be called Ka-wai-hu-a- Kdne(The overflowing waters of Kane),and so it remains named to this day.It overflowed because Ka-Miki scooped the water,filling the `awa bowl of the god.") Ka-Miki then joined Maka-`iole at fPu`ul Holoholoku on the plain of Waikoloa. And as they traveled across the plains on their way back to Hualdlai,the wind goddess Wai-ko-loa(Water carried far)caused the water to splash over the brim of Hoku`ula. Some of the water was carried afar by the wind and fell, forming a new spring. When the spring appeared, Pohaku-a-Kane fetched some of the water.Because Pohaku-a-Kane fetched some ofthe water,that place is called Wai-ki`i(Fetched- water)to this day. This happened near the hills of Pu`u Keke`e. Pohaku-a-Kane took the water he retrieved to the base of the cliffs of Mauna Kea and dug into the earthen plain of Pohakuloa and placed the water there. From Pohakuloa, the water flowed under ground and appeared as springs at several other places, including Ana-o-Hiku at Hanakaumalu, Honua`ula, and Kipahe`e-wai on the slopes of Hualdlai... (March 12, 1914). After completing the `awa ceremonies with Ka-uluhe, Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole set out on their journey across Hawaii,beginning their travels southward through Kona. While passing through Kapalilua in South Kona,Ka-Miki was recognized as a highly skilled`olohe from the region of Ndpu`u,which encompasses the Pu`u Anahulu and Pu`u Wa`awa`a area.In this account,the winds of Waikoloa are also referenced in connection with Ndpu`u,illustrating the broader landscape's influence on the narrative.This emphasis on the winds highlights that the natural elements shaping Hawaiian tradition extend beyond the terrestrial realm and therefore must be considered here. While these pu`u are a culturally-celebrated natural feature ofWaimea,so too are the winds and the rains.Looking first at the winds, the variety of winds found in Kohala are numerous and several Hawaiian proverbs recorded by Pukui(1983)capture their names and characteristics. Of the famous `Apa`apa`a winds,(Pukui 1983:277)records: Ka makani `Apa`apa`a o Kohala. The `Apa`apa`a wind of Kohala. Kohala was famed in song a story for the `Apa`apa`a wind of that district. (Pukui 1983:157) Kahilipulu Kohala na ka makani. Kohala is swept,mulch and all,by the wind. Kohala is a windy place. (Pukui 1983:143) Ope`ope Kohala i ka makani. Kohala is buffeted by the wind. Other winds in Kohala, such as the one that sent clouds racing across the sky,were seen as omens that foretold impending trouble.Pukui(1983:228)writes: Makani luna ka lele `ino mai la ke ao. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 17 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices There is wind from the upland, for the clouds are set a-flying. Signs of trouble are seen. This saying originated shortly after the completion of Pu`ukohola heiau by Kamehameha I. He sent Keaweahuulu to Ka`u to invite Keouaku`ahu`ula to Kawaihae for a peace conference between them.Against the advice of his own high priest,Keouaku`ahu`ula went, taking his best warriors along with him. When outside Mahukona, he saw canoes come out of Kawaihae and realized that treachery awaited him. It was then that he uttered the words of this saying. His navigator pleaded with him to go back, but he refused. Arriving in Kawaihae, Keouaku`ahu`ula stepped off the canoe while uttering a chant in honor of Kamehameha.One of the latter's war leaders stepped up from behind and killed him. All of his followers were slaughtered except for Kuakahela,who hid a later found his way home,where he wailed the sad story. In addition to the hilly landscape and winds of the greater South Kohala district,there were various rains of the moku including the Kipu ("to bundle up" as mist or rain), `Apu`upu`u, Kipu`u, Kipu`upu`u, and Leikoko`ula. The Apu`upu`u, Kipu`u, and Kipu`upu`u "refers to the bumpiness of the skin in the cold, wind-driven rain" and "may also refer to the hilly land of Waimea" (Akana and Gonzalez 2015:92). The following excerpt is from a mele maka`ika`i (travel chant) for `Emalani Kaleleonalani (Queen Emma) that mentions both the Kipu and Leikoko`ula rain: Hana Waimea i ka `upena a ka makani Waimea creates a net with the wind I ka `alihi pikoi a ke Kipu With the upper cord formed by the Kipu-wind-rain A ka ua Leikoko`ula i ke pili And the Leikoko`ula rain over the pili grass Me he `ahu`ula i luna o ka la-'au Like a feather cape above the trees Akana and Gonzalez 2015:92) Although the Kipu`upu`u rain and wind are associated with Waimea, it is also found in other areas such as Hilo, Hawaii.Photographer and researcher Theodore Kelsey further detailed this rain stating,"The ua Kipu`upu`u is a rain with a wind that beats against you. It is known in Hilo as well as Waimea and lasts but a few minutes" (Akana and Gonzalez 2015:93). The Kipu`upu`u rain was also mentioned at length in The Epic Tale ofHi`iakaikapoliopele as Hi`iaka and her companions made their way throughout the Hawaiian Islands facing dilemmas and dangers as they travel. The passage below describes the rain of Mahiki,a place and well-known forest that extended between the area of Pu`ukapu and Waipi`o.In the passage below,the Kipu`upu`u rain is a kinolau(body form)of Mahiki,the guardian of the forest: I keia manawa i hao mai ai ua kupua Then Mahiki employed his powers, pelting them Mahiki nei i kona mana, `o is ho`i, nou with the piercing rain of Mahiki Forest, darkening maila `o is i ka ua kikoni `ili o ka the entire woodland from edge to edge. ulunahele O Mahiki,po ka ulula`au mai O a o. I kela wa i ne`e aku ai `O Hi`iaka i mua Hi`iaka moved forward with her companion behind a `o ke aikane aku no ma hope ona, a i her,as she spoke to her attendant,Pa`uopala`a. "Are is wa i `olelo a`e ai `o Hi`iaka i ke you listening,Pd'uopala`a? kahu, is Pa`uopala`a, "Auhea `oe, e Pa`uopala`a! The attendant responded asking, "What is it, myOmananoho`i ke kahu me ka ninau ana mai, "He aha la, e kuu y ychiefess?" "Make our body forms into a shelter haku?" "E malu a`e ho`i ko kinolau ma above us, so we are not blinded by the eye-piercing lung o maua, i `Ole ho`i maua e maka rain of Mahiki Forest. ele`ele i ka ua pehi maka a Mahiki." In no time, fronds of pala`a and `ama`u fern made a He manawa `Ole ia, malu ana na lau shelter for the two of them as the icy rain poured pala`a me ke `ama`u ma luna o laua down outside. They carried on until the rain nei, hele ka ua me ke ko`eko`e ma diminished, and when Mahiki looked, he saw they waho. Oi hele laua nei a mao ka ua, i were still going, while he had been certain that nana mai ka hana o Mahiki, e hele aku Hi`iaka and her fellows had died in the cold and ana no laua nei, me kona mana`o loa cramping chill of the torrents of[kuaua] rain he had ua make la `o Hi`iaka ma i ke anu a me unleashed... ka `-O ili o ke kuaua ana i ho`oku`u mai ai... 18 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Lohe maila ua Mahiki nei i keia kau a Mahiki heard this chant by Hi`iaka and snarled back, Hi`iaka,pane maila `o is me ka huhu, I shall not spare you,you arrogant woman.You will A`Ole `oe e ola is`u, e kena wahine die by my hand this day.You escaped my rain form, ho`okano.E make ana `oe is`u i nei la. the Kipu`upu`u downpour,but here comes the death Hala a`ela ka make a ku`u kino ua of you."(Akana and Gonzalez 2015:93-94) Kipu`upu`u, eia mai no ua make ou." Another famed mo`olelo titled, The Legend ofKuapaka`a and the Wind-Gourd ofLa`amaomao, also speaks of the various winds ofWaimea,Kohala,and other lands around the Hawaiian Islands.Retold by Moses Nakuina(2005), this mo`olelo describes the winds in the context of the story of Paka`a, the son of La`amaomao and Kuanu`uanu. Paka`a succeeded his father as kahu (personal attendant) of Keawenui a `Umi (the grandson of celebrated ali`i nui Umi a Liloa). In this role,Paka`a had charge over Keawenui's many belongings, and he dutifully served the ali`i by keeping a close and careful watch over them. Paka`a's greatest and most cherished responsibility, however,was the keeping of a highly treasured personal possession: a very special and sacred ipu(gourd)passed down to him from his mother and his grandmother before her. The ipu contained Paka`a's grandmother's bones and all the winds of the islands,including those of Kohala.When Paka`a's mother passed the ipu to him, she gave him these instructions: You must care for this gourd because it had been handed down from the kupuna. This gourd has great value you may not think so now,but when you sail with the ali`i and arrive at an area where no wind blows and the canoes are becalmed, say that the winds are at your command; all you have to do is call,and the winds will blow. When you're laughed at,remove the lid of the gourd and call for a wind. The wind will blow and bring the canoes to shore.The ali`i will be grateful to you,and you'll be loved and valued by him." Before Paka`a sailed off,La`amaomao taught him the names of all the winds,along with the prayers, songs and chants concerning them,and when she was done,Paka`a had memorized everything.Then he took the wind gourd and tied it with a cord he had made,prepared his other things for the voyage, and left home. (Nakuina 2005:14-15) Paka`a settled into his role as kahu, and he became the favorite of Keawenui a `Umi,but made enemies of two other ali`i,Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho-okele-i-Puna.The pair spread lies and slandered Paka`a,turning Keawenui a`Umi against him.Keawenui a`Umi took back all of Paka`a's gifted lands and authority and gave these to Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna. Paka`a gathered some of the belongings of his former haku, placed them inside the ipu, and departed for Molokai from Waipi`o. While on Molokai, Paka`a fathered a son, Kuapaka`a, and raised him to one day serve his own haku and take revenge on Paka`a's enemies. In time,Keawenui a `Umi learned the true character of Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho-okele-i-Puna. He grew to regret his dismissal of his former kahu, and searched frantically and persistently for Paka`a, with whom he had been communicating with in dreams.In the dark of morning off the shore of Molokai,Keaweanui,accompanied by canoe fleets from each of the six districts on Hawaii Island,found Paka`a and his son. The two were lying in wait for them, disguised while they fished for uhu(parrot fish). The six canoe fleets approached Paka`a and Kuapaka`a,and as each passed in turn, Kuapdka`a hurled insults, incensing each district ali`i leading the fleets. When Keawenui a `Umi's canoe approached,Kuapaka`a chanted to him,predicting stormy weather and strong winds from Hawai`i Island. This was an attempt to lure the canoe onshore,where Paka`a could exact revenge on Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna. Keawenui a `Umi's kuhina nui Kahikuokamoku challenged this prophecy and Kuapaka`a's knowledge of Hawaii Island's winds how could a young boy from Moloka`i possibly understand, let alone foretell, that winds strong enough to force them ashore would be heading towards them from Hawaii? In response, Kuapaka`a drew upon the ipu and his ancestral knowledge,and began chanting again,warning of destruction as he called on each ofthe winds ofthe island by name.The chant,with Kohala winds bolded and Kohala place names in italics below,began: Hurry,hurry, The source of the storms of Hilo, Is the wind called ua kea, Shearing off the edges of a hale and breaking it up, Kepia is of Hilo of the upright cliffs, Uluau is of Waidkea, Ulumano, `Awa,Pu`ulena, Moani`ala are of Puna, The winds of Kuamoa`e have gathered, Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 19 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices My Moa`e,the wind that is swelling, Apaiahaa is at Kanakaloloa, Hau is of Kapalilua, Eka is of Kona, Kipu is of Kahua, E`elekoa is of Uli, Kipu`upu`u is of Waimea, Olaumu is of Kekaha, Pa`ala`a is in the ocean, Naulu is ofKawaihae, A wind that comes And dashes the milo leaves ofMakaopau, Kaldhuipua`a, `Apa`apa`a is of Kohala's upland cliffs, The wind that flies about like vapor, Pu`ukolea is of Kapa`au, Holopo`opo`o is of Waipi`o, Aeloa is of Hamakua, Kona is the wind ofthe sky Above the `Alenuihaha sea, You should come ashore, The spray of the sea flies up, The spray of the wind,a storm is coming ...(Nakuina 2005:39-40) Keawenui a `Umi listened with rapt attention. As Kuapaka`a continued, he included the Kohala and Waimea winds as he chanted: There,there are the winds rising from the earth, The `Apa`apa`a is of Kohala, The rainy wind called Naulu is of Kawaihae, The Kipu`upu`u is of Waimea, A cold wind that hurts the skin, A wind that whips the kapa of that land about, Tossing up dust before it, Frightening the procession of travelers...(Nakuina 2005:41-42) After Kuapaka`a recited the winds of Hawaii and the other islands, Keawenui a `Umi became unsettled by the boy's warning. His advisors, however, remained suspicious of the youth, and demanded to know the boy's name. Kuapaka`a refused, arguing that he would reveal his name only after the men had landed. Keawenui's fleets did not go ashore but sailed off to O`ahu instead. Soon after they departed Kuapaka`a chanted: E winds that I've called, Blow here,those of Ka`ula and Kauai first, Those of O`ahu and Hawai`i from the sides, Those of Maui and Molokai last, Blow true,and overtake the canoe fleet Of Keawenuia`umi,the ali`i. (Nakuina 2005:63) With this utterance, every wind that had escaped Kuapdka`a's lips during his chant ravaged the atmosphere and wrought havoc upon Keawenui a `Umi's fleet. The survivors and their ali`i made their way back to Moloka`i where they were led safely ashore by Kuapaka`a and his father. Paka`a began to ingratiate his son to Keawenui a `Umi. He had Kuapaka`a offer the cold and wet ali`i a dry malo and a beautifully scented kapa that he had kept with him even after leaving his service. Keawanui accepted Kuapaka`a's service. Meanwhile,Paka`a continued to plot his revenge on Ho`okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna. He had his son let loose the winds of his gourd for four months to keep the weather unstable. Then, one morning before dawn,he had Kuapaka`a direct the six district ali`i and their men to sail to Ka`ula Island ahead of Keawenui a`Umi.When day broke,Keawenui a `Umi and his men(including Ho`okele-i- 20 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna)departed to Ka`ula to resume their search for Pdka`a. Kuapdka`a accompanied them, and while enroute,released the winds out of La`amaomao.He anchored the canoe with a rock he had hidden in the canoe and encouraged the men to ride out the storm in place. The bitter wind and rain chilled the men to the bone and just before they reached the verge of death,Kuapaka`a revealed a hidden trove of food,drink,and palm fronds to feed and protect everyone on board except Ho`okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna, who succumbed to the cold and perished. When the weather cleared,Kuapaka`a steered the canoe for Ka`ula,but in the night opened his wind-gourd yet again. The winds carried them to Hawaii Island where they landed at Kawaihae and met the rest of Keawenui a `Umi's party,who had also drifted there.Keawenui a `Umi and his party returned to their families, leaving Kuapaka`a alone and forgotten.Keawenui was eventually reunited with the boy,and a deal was made in which Kuapaka`a would fetch Paka`a from Molokai. Although Paka`a longed to serve his haku once more, he refused to travel back to Hawaii Island without having his land,position as navigator,and other rights restored.When Keawenui a`Umi was informed of this,he immediately consented, eager to reconnect, and Paka`a,the beloved kahu,returned to serve him faithfully for the rest of his days. While a few mo`olelo have been presented above, the following section summarizes other mo`olelo that are specific to Pu`ukapu. Cultural Context: He Mau Mo`olelo No Waimea Kalana(Traditional Accounts of Waimea) As we have seen in our discussion on landscapes and natural elements,the history of ancient Hawaii was traditionally passed down orally from one generation to the next.However, following the arrival of the first missionaries in 1820, one of the most significant cultural transformations was the development of a written Hawaiian language.While oral traditions continued, many Native Hawaiians and foreigners began recording generations of knowledge in written form. These writings offer invaluable insight into Hawai`i's past, documenting aspects of Hawaiian culture such as historical figures,beliefs,traditions,wahi pana(legendary places),inoa`dina(place names),and mo`olelo(legendary accounts, stories,and myths),as well as mele(songs),mele inoa(name chants),and`61elo no`eau and`olelo kaulana proverbs and famous sayings). Collectively, these sources deepen our understanding of the Hawaiian people, their culture,and their relationship to place.Notably,numerous mo`olelo reference Waimea and the South Kohala region. Therefore, this report presents a summary of select traditional accounts that feature Waimea kalana and other historically significant nearby locations. Hole Waimea Hole Waimea is a mele inoa(name chant)composed for Kamehameha I.This mele speaks of the Kipu`upu`u,a band of Kamehameha's warriors whose name is taken from the cold wind associated with Waimea and is full of kaona or double entendre (Kanoa-Martin 1997). The group was trained to spear fight and set forth to Mahiki, a forest in the Waimea-Hdm3ma region.While in the forest,these warriors sang about love,not work or war.Hanakahi refers to an area associated with Hilo,but is also the name of an ancient chief from Hilo"who was a symbol of profound peace" Pukui and Elbert 1986:56). Malanai is the name of a gentle wind, while pua o koai`e refers to the blossom of the koai`e tree(a native tree similar to the koa;Acacia koaia)that grows in the wild and is a euphemism for delicate parts Kanoa-Martin 1997;Pukui and Elbert 1986:157): Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani Waimea strips the spears of the wind Hao mai na`ale a ke Kipu`upu`u Waves tossed in violence by the Kipu`upu`u rains He ld`au kala `ihi `ia na ke anu Trees brittle in the cold 1 `o`o i ka nahele o Mahiki Are made into spears in Mahiki forest Ku aku i ka pahu Hit by the thrusts Ku a ka `awa`awa Hit by the cold Hanane`e ke kikala o ko Hilo kini The hips ofHilo's throngs sag Ho`i lu`ulu`u i ke one o Hanakahi Weary,they return to the sands of Hanakahi Ku aku la `oe i ka Malanai Pelted and bruised by A ke Kipu`upu`u The Kipu`upu`u rains Holu ka maka o ka `ohawai a Uli The petals of Uli sway Niniau `eha ka pua o ke koai`e The flower of koai`e droops Ua `eha i ka nahele o Waikd Stung by frost, the herbage of Waikd (Kanoa-Martin 1997) According to Kihei de Silva (2006), this is just the "tip of an iceberg, a ko`a man6 projecting above the reef below"in regards to the depth of the available literature regarding Hole Waimea. de Silva offers more insight and a variation of the mele translated by Mary Kawena Pukui below: Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 21 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani,Waimea is tousled with shafts of the wind, Hao main a ale a ke Kipuupuu, While the Kipuupuu puffs in gusts, Laau kalaihi na ke anu, The trees are blighted by the cold Oo i ka nahele o Mahiki. That drives through the forest of Mahiki. Ku aku la oe i ka malanai a ke Kipuupuu, You are pierced by the cold Kipuupuu wind Holu ka maka o ka ohawai o Uli, That sets the ohawai blossoms asway, Niniau, eha ka pua o koaie Wearied and bruised are the flowers of Koaie, Aloha Waika is`u me he ipo la, Waika loves me like a sweetheart, Me he ipo la ka maka lena o ke koolau Dear to me are the yellow centered koolau blossoms, Ka pua i ka nahele ma Huleia The blossoms of the forest of Huleia, E lei hele i ke alo o Moolau That are worn in wreaths at Moolau, E lau ka huakai hele i ka pali loa, Travel-wreaths for travelers on a long climb Hele hihini,pili noho i ka nahele, To our homes in the wildnerness, O kuu noho wale iho no i kahua e, Still do I cherish our old home, O kou aloha kai hiki mai i o`u nei, For your love still visits me here, Mahea la i nalo iho nei. Where have you been hiding till now?(de Silva 2006) Pukui explains the late master chanter James Kuluwaimaka's kepakepa (conversational chant) rendition of the above mele inoa,which places the Kipu`upu`u warriors of Waimea as the haku(core)of the composition where they honor their ali`i,Kamehameha(de Silva 2006).According to Theodore Kelsey,Kuluwaimaka's great-grandfather was very close to Kamehameha I and fought beside the ali`i in battles at Hamakua and Hilo Paliku (ibid.). She further describes their activities in Mahiki below: Kamehameha needed more spear fighters and having heard of a company of twelve hundred young men of Waimea,Hawaii,who were trained runners,he went to see for himself.He was pleased with their swiftness and knew that they would make excellent spear fighters. He appointed Na-nu`u-a- Kalani-`6pu`u to train and lead them...It was there that the young men thought of composing a chant in honor of their chief,Kamehameha I. The first composition was criticized by several expert poets and hula masters. It began with `Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani, hala kika i ka pu`u kolu.' Waimea is pierced by the spear-like blasts of the wind; slipping and sliding over the triple hills.)It was the slipping and sliding that was objected to. With the few changes, the chant was completed to the satisfaction ofall and presented as a gift to the ruler by[his]newly trained warriors ofWaimea. It was first chanted as an oli and later, as a hula. This was one of the most popular chants of Kamehameha's day and was heard wherever his armies moved. (de Silva 2006) Clearly, there are variations of the mele and Pukui points out that author of Hawaiian mythology Nathaniel Emerson's version focus on"effeminacy and sentimentality"and doesn't capture"the powerful,image-rich language of the original"(de Silva 2006). Clergyman and author Stephen L.Desha add: When Kamehameha was staying at Kawaihae,he went with his many warriors to that forest for the making of spears. Some ofhis court accompanied them,in other words,the chiefly women.At this place of the story,the writer conceals the hidden meaning of the"Stripping ofWaimea by the spear of the wind"and it is for the reader to guess the meaning. (de Silva 2006) The Battle ofHoku`ula The following mo`olelo is a noteworthy event that occurred in Waimea that tells of the invasion of Hawaii Island by Kama-lala-walu, ruler of Maui Island as related by Kamakau (1961). Kamakau states that Kama-lala-walu's men landed at Puak6 and went up to the grass-covered plains of Waimea: After Kama-lala-walu's warriors reached the grassy plain, they looked seaward on the left and beheld the men of Kona advancing toward them. The lava bed of Kaniku and all the land up to Hu`ehu`e was covered with the men of Kona. Those of Kau and Puna were coming down from Mauna Kea,and those of Waimea and Kohala were on the level plain of Waimea.The men covered the whole of the grassy plain of Waimea like locusts. Kama-lala-walu with his warriors dared to fight. The battle of Puoaoaka was outside of the grassy plain of Waimea, but the men of Hawaii were afraid of being taken captive by Kama, so they led to the waterless plain lest Maui's warriors find water and hard, waterworn pebbles. The men of Hawaii feared that the Maui warriors would find water to drink and become stronger for the slinging of stones that would fall like raindrops from the sky. The stones would fall about with a force like lightning,breaking the bones into pieces and 22 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices causing sudden death as if by bullets. Maui almost won in the first battle because of Hawaii's lack of a strong champion. Maka-ku-i-ka-lani [representing Maui] was first on the field and defied any man on Hawaii to match strength with him.Maka-ku-i-ka-lani tore Hawaii's champion apart.When Puapua-kea arrived later by way of Mauna Kea,those of Hawaii rejoiced at having their champion. Maka-ku-i-ka-lani and Puapua-kea matched their strength in club fighting on the battle site before the two sides plunged into the fight. (Kamakau 1961:58-59) Once he reached Waimea,Kama-lala-walu positioned himself on H6ku`ula,the hill that he was told would serve as a refuge for him and his men(Fornander 1959).In Fornander's description,the battlefield would have extended to Pu`ukakanihia("noisy hill": (Pukui et al. 1974:197): Kamalalawalu, upon arrival thereon, found on reconnoitering that there were neither stones nor trees, but only dirt [on H6kd'ula]. While they were engaged in a conversation with Kumaikeau together with Kumakaia, at that time messengers were sent to summon Lonoikamakahiki and Pupuakea. At Kealakekua, in Kona, was the place where Lonoikamakahiki lived. When the messenger appeared before him, he said to Lonoikamakahiki: "Kamalalawalu and Makakuikalani have come to give battle to you both...When Lonoikamakahiki heard these things, he questioned the messenger: "Where is the battle to take place?"The messenger replied: "There, at Waimea, on top of that hill,Hokuula,where Kamalalawalu and all Maui are stationed."(Fornander 1959:188) During that night and including the following morning the Kona men arrived and were assigned to occupy a position from Puupa to Haleapala. The Kau and Puna warriors were stationed from Holoholoku to Waikoloa.Those of Hilo and Hamakua were located from Mahiki to Puukanikanihia Puukakanihia], while those of Kohala guarded from Momoualoa to Waihaka. (Fornander 1959:229) Puapua-kea ultimately emerged victorious in this battle, forcing the warriors of Maui to flee (Kamakau 1961). Following the defeat of Kama-lala-walu,Hawaii faced another invasion this time by Alapa`i-nui,the son of a former Kona war chief from the Mahi lineage. Having lived on Maui since his father's passing, Alapa`i-nui seized the opportunity to assert his power over the islands(Kamakau 1961). The introduction of conflict in this mo`olelo illustrates the dynamic political and social landscape ofHawaii and it is for that reason it is now appropriate to transition from an exploration of the broader cultural context to a more focused historical overview. This shift will provide a clearer understanding of the key events, figures, and dynamics that influenced the development of the Island ofHawaii and the lands that encompass the current project area. Historical Context: A Brief Introduction of Pre-Contact Hawaii In the District of Kohala, the long ridge of the Kohala Mountains extends perpendicular to the predominant northeasterly trade winds, creating an orographic rainfall pattern that separates the district into two distinct environmental zones;a wetter windward zone on the eastern(Hamakua)side,and a drier leeward zone on the western Kona) side (Juvik and Juvik 1998). In general, prior to the nineteenth century, Waikoloa's population was concentrated in the uplands and along the coast. Initial occupation of the area probably began at small coastal settlements where early inhabitants exploited the diverse marine resources(Jensen 1994).Upland habitation followed and likely focused on agricultural field systems, which undoubtedly provided much of the produce for the coastal inhabitants(Carlson and Rosendahl 1990).The earliest inhabitants emphasized the use ofnatural caves and overhangs, along with the construction of small,simple surface features for habitation purposes,but as populations increased and expanded,so did the occurrence of more permanent habitation structures in both the coastal and upland areas(Jensen 1994). A network of coastal and inland trails,over which the exchange of goods occurred,connected the coastal and upland population centers and resource areas(Hommon 1976;Maly 1999). The first settlers of this district likely established a few small communities near sheltered bays with access to fresh water primarily in the windward valleys and gulches. The communities would have shared extended familial relations and had an occupational focus on the collection of marine resources. Evidence for early occupation of leeward Kohala was speculated for Kapa`anui,where(Dunn and Rosendahl 1989)reported radiocarbon dates as early as A.D. 461, and from `Anaeho`omalu where (Barrera 1971) reported A.D. 900 as the initial date for settlement; however, these early dates should be viewed with suspicion(Kirch 2011). Other early dates from windward Kohala were reported by (Gordy 2000); these sites are believed to have been utilized in the early thirteenth century. Data recovered from Mahukona, along the leeward coast of North Kohala, suggest initial occupation taking place there around A.D. 1280 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1993). Permanent settlement in Kohala has been reported as early as A.D. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 23 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices 1300 at Koai`e,a coastal settlement,where subsistence was primarily derived from marine resources,but was probably supplemented by small-scale agriculture as well(Tomonari-Tuggle 1988). Rosendahl 1972) proposed that settlement in leeward Kohala at this time was related to seasonal, recurrent occupation, and that coastal sites were occupied in the summer to exploit marine resources, while upland sites were being occupied during the winter months with a primary focus on agriculture. An increasing reliance on agricultural products may have caused a shift in social networks as well,according to Hommon(1976:118).Hommon argues that kinship links between coastal settlements disintegrated as those links within the mauka-makai settlements expanded to accommodate exchange of agricultural products for marine resources. This shift is believed to have resulted in the establishment of the ahupua`a system. The implications of this model include a shift in residential patterns from seasonal,temporary occupation to permanent dispersed occupation of both coastal and upland areas. The period from A.D. 1300-1500 was characterized by population growth as well as expanded efforts to intensify upland agriculture.Rosendahl(1972)proposed that settlement in leeward Kohala at this time was related to seasonal, recurrent occupation, and that coastal sites were occupied in the summer to exploit marine resources, while upland sites were being occupied during the winter months with a primary focus on agriculture. An increasing reliance on agricultural products may have caused a shift in social networks as well, according to Hommon (1976). Hommon argues that kinship links between coastal settlements disintegrated as links within the mauka-makai settlements expanded to accommodate exchange of agricultural products for marine resources. This shift is believed to have resulted in the establishment of the ahupua`a system. The implications of this model include a shift in residential patterns from seasonal,temporary occupations,to permanent dispersed occupations of both coastal and upland areas. According to Kirch's(1985)model,the concept of the ahupua`a was established sometime during the A.D. 1400s, adding another component to an already well-stratified society. This land unit became the equivalent of a local community, with its own social, economic, and political significance. Ahupua`a were ruled by ali`i `ai ahupua`a, or lesser chiefs;who, for the most part,had complete autonomy over this generally economically self-supporting piece of land,which was managed by a konohiki.Ahupua`a were usually wedge or pie-shaped,incorporating all of the eco- zones from the mountains to the sea and for several hundred yards beyond the shore, assuring a diverse subsistence resource base(Hommon 1986).This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resource management planning. In this system,the land provided fruits and vegetables and some meat for the diet,and the ocean provided a wealth of protein resources(Rechtman and Maly 2003). The ali`i and the maka`ainana (commoners) were not confined to the boundaries of the ahupua`a; when there was a perceived need, they also shared with their neighbor ahupua`a `ohana(Hono-ko-hau 1974). The ahupua`a were further divided into smaller sections such as the `ili,mo`o`aina,pauku`aina,kihapai,koele,hakuone, and kuakua(Hommon 1986;Pogue 1978). The chiefs of these land units gave their allegiance to a territorial chief or m6`i(king). By the seventeenth century, large areas of Hawai`i Island (moku aina — districts) were controlled by a few powerful ali`i `ai moku. There is island-wide evidence to suggest that growing conflicts between independent chiefdoms were resolved through warfare,culminating in a unified political structure at the district level. It has been suggested that the unification of the island resulted in a partial abandonment of portions of leeward Hawaii, with people moving to more favorable agricultural areas(Barrera 1971; Schilt and Sinoto 1980). `Umi a Uloa,a renowned ali`i of the Pili line who ruled from Waipi`o Valley,is often credited with uniting the island ofHawaii under one rule Gordy 1994).According to Kamakau(1992), `Umi was skilled fisherman,and fishing for aku,his favorite fish,often brought him to the beaches of South Kohala from Kalahuipua`a to Makaula, where he also fished for `ahi and kala with many other famed fishermen and all the chiefs of the kingdom. `Umi's reign lasted until around ca. A.D. 1620, and was followed by the rule of his son,Keawenui a `Umi,and then his grandson,Lonoikamakahiki(Gordy 1994). Picking up where we left off with the The Battle ofHoku`ula mo`olelo,Kirch(1985)places the beginning of the Proto-Historic Period(A.D. 1650-1795)during the rule of Lonoikamakahiki.This period was marked by both political intensification and stress stemming from continual conquest by the reigning ali`i. Wars occurred regularly between intra-island and inter-island polities during this period and included battles that transpired in the vicinity of the current project area. As mentioned during the discussion of the The Battle ofHoku`ula mo`olelo,one such battle was fought between Lonoikamakahiki (Lono) and his older brother, Kanaloakua`ana, who rebelled against him. According to Fornander,Kanaloakua`ana and his rebel forces were situated at: the land called Anaehoomalu,near the boundaries of Kohala and Kona. The rebel chiefs were encamped seaward of this along the shore. The next day Lono marched down and met the rebels at the place called Wailea,not far from Wainanalii,where in those days a watercourse appears to have been flowing.Lono won the battle,and the rebel chiefs fled northward with their forces.At Kaunooa Kauna`oa],between Puako and Kawaihae,they made another stand,but were again routed by Lono, and retreated to Nakikiaianihau,where they fell in with reinforcements from Kohala and Hamakua. 24 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Two other engagements were fought at Puupa[on the plain north of Waikoloa]and Puukohala,near the Heiau of that name,in both of which Lono was victorious. . .(Fornander 1996:120-121) Later,Lonoikamakahiki battled the forces of Maui led by Kamalalawalu(Kama)on the plain of Waikoloa below Pu`u `Od'oaka(Maly and Maly 2002). According to Kamakau: After Kama-Iala-walu's warriors reached the grassy plain, they looked seaward on the left and beheld the men of Kona advancing toward them. The lava bed of Kaniku and all the land up to Hu`ehu`e was covered with the men of Kona. Those of Ka`u and Puna were coming down from Mauna Kea, and those of Waimea and Kohala were on the level plain of Waimea[Waikoloa]. The men covered the whole of the grassy plain of Waimea like locusts.Kamalalawalu with his warriors dared to fight.The battlefield ofPu`oa`oaka was outside ofthe grassy plain ofWaimea,but the men of Hawaii were afraid of being taken captive by Kama, so they led [Kamalalawalu's forces] to the waterless plain lest Maui's warriors find water and hard, waterworn pebbles. The men of Hawaii feared that the Maui warriors would find water to drink and become stronger for the slinging of stones that would fall like raindrops from the sky. The stones would fall about with a force like lightning,breaking the bones into pieces and causing sudden death as ifby bullets . . . The Maui men who were used to slinging shiny, water-worn stones grabbed up the stones of Pu`oa`oaka.A cloud of dust rose to the sky and twisted about like smoke,but the lava rocks were light, and few of the Hawaii men were killed by them. This was one of the things that helped to destroy the warriors of Kama-lala-walu:They went away out on the plain where the strong fighters were unable to find water . . . The warriors of Maui were put to flight, and the retreat to Kawaihae was long. [Yet] there were many who did reach Kawaihae,but because of the lack of canoes, only a few escaped with their lives ... Kamalalawalu, ruler of Maui, was killed on the grassy plain of Puako,and some of his chiefs were also destroyed. (Kamakau 1991:5 8-60) By the 1700s, the rule of Hawaii Island was divided amongst the chiefs of Kona and Hilo (Kamakau 1992). Keawe,a Pili line ruler and the son of Kanaloakapulehu,was the chief of Kohala,Kona,and Ka`u.When Keawe died, he split the rule of his lands between two of his sons, further dividing the island's chiefdoms; Kalaninui`iamamao became the ruling chief of Ka`u, and Ke`eaumoku became the ruling chief of Kona and Kohala (Kamakau 1992). Wars between the ali`i continued unabated through this transition. After Keawe's death,Alapa`inui,the son of former Kona war chiefKauauanui a Mahi,desired to take control of Hawaii Island(Kamakau 1992). Alapa`inui,who had been living on Maui since the death of his father, returned to Hawaii Island and waged war against the chiefs of Kona and Kohala. Alapa`inui was eventually victorious and he took the chiefs of those districts' captive,proclaiming Kona and Kohala his own.Kekaulike,the ruler of Maui,much preferred the former chiefs of Hawaii Island, and wished to help them reclaim their lands. The Maui forces attacked Alapa`inui but were unable to defeat him. Although Alapa`inui's forces were never beaten, the frequent attacks by Kekaulike did prevent him from taking the chiefs of Hilo and Ka`u captive(Alapa`inui did eventually take control of these districts however).Alapa`inui later fought and defeated the forces of Oahu on Molokai,and after Kekaulike's death he fought Kauhi(his rival's oldest son)on Maui,where he was also victorious.Alapa`inui ruled for many years, but at the end of his reign, after moving to Kikiako`i in Kawaihae,he became seriously ill. It was there at the heiau of Mailekini that he appointed his son Keawe`6pala ruler of the island(Kamakau 1992). During this time of warfare, and following the death of Keawe, Kamehameha was born in the North Kohala District in the ahupua`a of Kokoiki,near the heiau of Mo`okini(Kamakau 1992).There is some controversy about the year of his birth,but Kamakau(1992:66-68)places the birth event sometime between A.D. 1736 and 1758,most likely nearer to the later date. The birth event is said to have occurred on a stormy night of rain, thunder, and lightning, signified the night before by a very bright, ominous star, thought by some to be Halley's comet (this is also controversial).Kamehameha's ancestral homeland was in Halawa,North Kohala(Williams 1918). It was in 1754 that Keawe`6pala became the ruler ofHawaii,but many of the chiefs who were deprived of their lands battled against him.Keawe`6pala was soon defeated in South Kona by Kalani`6pu`u,who then became the ruler of Hawaii Island(Kamakau 1992). Kalani'6pu`u was a clever and able chief, and a famous athlete in all games of strength,but according to Kamakau(1992),he possessed one great fault: he loved war and had no regard for others' land rights.Although challenged by many rivals,Kalani`6pu`u maintained his rule of Hawaii Island for nearly thirty years. About A.D. 1759, Kalani`6pu`u conquered East Maui and defeated his wife's brother, the Maui king Kamehamehanui, by using Hana's prominent Pu`u Kau`iki as his fortress. He appointed one of his Hawaii chiefs, Puna, as governor of Hana and Kipahulu. Following this victory, Ke`eaumoku, the son of Keawepoepoe who had Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 25 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices originally supported Kalani`opu`u against Keawe`opala,rebelled against the Hawai`i chief. He set up a fort on a hill between Pololu and Honokane Valleys in windward North Kohala,but Kalani`opu`u attacked him there and reigned victorious.Using ropes,Ke`eaumoku escaped to the sea and fled in a canoe to Maui where he lived under the protection of the Maui chiefs(Kamakau 1992). In A.D. 1766 Kamehamehanui,the king of Maui,died following an illness and Kahekili became the new ruler of that island.Ke`eaumoku took Kamehamehanui's widow,Namahana,a cousin ofKamehameha I,as his wife,and their daughter, Ka`ahumanu, the future favorite wife of Kamehameha I, was born in a cave at the base of Pu`u Kau`iki, Hana,Maui in A.D. 1768 (Kamakau 1992). In A.D. 1775 Kalani`opu`u and his Hana forces raided and destroyed the neighboring district of Kaupo in Maui, and then launched several more raids on Molokai, Lanai,Kaho`olawe, and parts of West Maui. It was at the battle of Kalaeoka`ilio that Kamehameha, a favorite of Kalani`opu`u, was first recognized as a great warrior and given the name of Pai`ea (hard-shelled crab) by the Maui chiefs and warriors Kamakau 1992). During the battles between Kalani`opu`u and Kahekili that took place between 1777 and 1779, Ka`ahumanu and her parents left Maui to live on the island of Hawaii(Kamakau 1992). Kalani`opu`u was fighting on Maui when the British explorer Captain James Cook first arrived in the islands. Ha waiian Follo wing Initial Contact(1778-1782) British explorer Captain James Cook, in command of the ships H.M.S. Resolution and H.M.S. Discovery, landed in the Hawaiian Islands on January 18, 1778.The arrival of foreigners in Hawai`i marks the end ofthe Precontact Period and the beginning of the Historic Period. Demographic trends during the later Proto-Historic Period indicate population reduction in some areas, due to war and disease, yet increases in others, with relatively little change in material culture.There was a continued trend toward craft and status specialization,intensification ofagriculture,ali`i controlled aquaculture,the establishment of upland residential sites, and the enhancement of traditional oral history. Foreigners, however, very quickly introduced the concept of trade for profit, and by the time Kamehameha I had conquered Oahu,Maui and Molokai,in 1795,Hawaii saw the beginnings of a market system economy(Kent 1983). This marked the end of the Proto-Historic Period and the end of an era ofuniquely Hawaiian culture. Following the death of Captain Cook,Kalani`opu`u,the ruling chief of Hawaii Island,returned to Kona,where he engaged in leisure activities. However, a famine struck the district, prompting him to seize cultivated resources before embarking on a circuit of the island. During his time in North Kohala, he publicly declared his son Kiwala`o as his successor and entrusted the war god Kuka`ilimoku to Kamehameha. This decision created tensions, as some chiefs felt their land claims were not honored. Around 1781,Kalani`opu`u oversaw the construction of the Moa`ula heiau in Waipi`o before suppressing a rebellion led by the Puna chief Imakakolo`a. After a prolonged pursuit, Imakakolo`a was captured and brought to a sacrificial ritual. However,Kamehameha took the initiative to complete the ritual himself, an act that many chiefs interpreted as a sign of his future dominance. Following this event, Kamehameha retreated to Kohala, engaging in agricultural activities. Kalani`opu`u died in April 1782, and his son Kiwala`o ascended to power. After Kalani`opu`u's death, disputes over land distribution led to civil war. Kiwala`o was killed at the Battle of Moku`ohai in July 1782, and Kamehameha emerged as a key contender for control over Hawaii Island. Resistance from Kiwala`o's allies, including his half-brother Keoua and uncle Keawemauhili, led to nearly a decade of intermittent warfare. In 1790,Kamehameha began constructing the Pu`ukohola Heiau at Kawaihae, dedicated to the war god Kuka`ilimoku,as part of his campaign to consolidate power.In 1791,Keoua was lured to the heiau under the pretense ofpeace and was sacrificed,granting Kamehameha full control of Hawaii Island by 1792. Between 1792 and 1796,Kamehameha consolidated his power on Hawaii Island while expanding his influence. By 1796,he had successfully conquered all major islands except Kauai.In 1810,Kaumuali`i,ruler ofKauai,pledged allegiance to Kamehameha, effectively unifying the Hawaiian Islands under his rule and marking the establishment of the Kingdom ofHawaii. Post Contact History ofHa wail and the Rule ofKamehameha I(1782-1819) In the twelve years following the death of Captain Cook, sixteen foreign ships (all British and American) called in Hawaiian waters (Restarick 1928). In 1790, two sister ships, the Eleanora and the Fair American, were trading in Hawaiian waters when a skiff was stolen from the Eleanora and one of its sailors was murdered. The crew of the Eleanora proceeded to slaughter more than 100 natives at Olowalu [Maui]. After leaving Maui, the Eleanora sailed to Hawaii Island, where one of its crew, John Young, went ashore and was detained by Kamehameha's men. The other vessel,the Fair American, was captured by the forces of Kamehameha off the coast of North Kona, and in an act of retribution for the Olowalu massacre,they slaughtered all but one crew member,Isaac Davis.Guns and a cannon 26 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices later named"Lopaka")were recovered from the Fair American and were kept by Kamehameha as part of his fleet Kamakau 1992). Kamehameha made John Young and Isaac Davis his advisors. In 1792, Captain George Vancouver, who had sailed with Cook during his 1778-1779 voyages, arrived in Kealakekua Bay with a small fleet of British ships, where he met with Kamehameha. Vancouver stayed only a few days on this first visit but returned again in 1793 and 1794 to take on supplies. Vancouver introduced cattle to the Island of Hawaii during his 1793 and 1794 visits, giving them as gifts to Kamehameha I, who immediately made them kapu,thus preventing them from being killed(Kamakau 1992). During one of his visits Vancouver anchored at Kawaihae and a member of his crew, Archibald Menzies, a surgeon and naturalist,trekked inland towards Waimea. Menzies'journal records the journey and describes the land in the vicinity of the current project area as follows: I travelled a few miles back...through the most barren, scorching country I have ever walked over, composed of scorious dregs and black porous rock, interspersed with dreary caverns and deep ravines...The herbs and grasses which the soil produced in the rainy seasons were now mostly in the shriveled state, thinly scattered and by no means sufficient to cover the surface from the sun's powerful heat,so that I met with few plants in flower in this excursion. (Menzies 1920:55) Around the turn of the century,Kamehameha gave control of Waik6loa Nui Ahupua`a(excluding the coastal `ili of`Anaeho`omalu and Kalahuipua`a)to Isaac Davis(Rosendahl 2000).Although the land of Waik6loa Nui gifted to Davis encompassed a large area, it lacked extensive resources and was primarily a place for catching birds and gathering pili grass. When Davis died in 1810 without naming an heir, John Young took control of the land and protected it for Davis' children,who were at that time too young to take on the responsibility(Rosendahl 2000). Waik6loa Nui would eventually become a favored pasture for the cattle given by Vancouver to Kamehameha. After 1794,the kapu cattle quickly multiplied in the region,becoming a scourge for the native planters of the area,so much so that sometime between 1813 and 1819 their numbers necessitated that a wall be built from the northern boundary of Waik6loa Nui to near Pu`u Huluhulu (Barrere 1983). The wall was designed to keep wild cattle in Waik6loa Nui, and out of the more agriculturally productive areas on the Waimea side. The wall was called Pa, of Kauliokamoa after the konohiki who oversaw its construction(Wolforth 2000). During the first part of the nineteenth century,Hawai`i's culture and economy continued to change drastically as capitalism and industry established a firm foothold in the islands.For example,the sandalwood(Santalum ellipticum) trade,established by Euro-Americans in 1790,turned into a viable commercial enterprise by 1805 and was flourishing by 1810 (Oliver 1961). This added to the breakdown of the traditional subsistence system, as farmers and fishermen were ordered to spend most of their time logging, resulting in food shortages and famine that led to a population decline.Kamehameha,who resided on the Island of O`ahu at this time,did manage to maintain some control over the trade on Hawaii Island(Kent 1983;Kuykendall and Day 1976). Upon returning to Kailua-Kona in 1812,Kamehameha ordered men into the mountains ofKona to cut sandalwood and carry it to the coast,paying them in cloth,tapa material, food and fish(Kamakau 1961). This new burden added to the breakdown of the traditional subsistence system. Farmers and fishermen were ordered to spend most of their time logging,resulting in food shortages and famine that led to a population decline. Kamakau(1961:204) indicates that,"this rush of labor to the mountains brought about a scarcity of cultivated food ... The people were forced to eat herbs and tree ferns,thus the famine [was] called Hi-laulele,Haha-pilau,Laulele, Pualele, `Ama`u, or Hapu`u, from the wild plants resorted to." Once Kamehameha realized that his people were suffering, he "declared all the sandalwood the property of the government and ordered the people to devote only part of their time to its cutting and return to the cultivation of the land"(Kamakau 1961:204).In the uplands ofKailua,a vast plantation named Kuahewa was established where Kamehameha himselfworked as a farmer.Kamehameha enacted the law that anyone who took one taro or one stalk of sugarcane must plant one cutting ofthe same in its place(Handy et al. 1991).While in Kailua- Kona,Kamehameha resided at Kamakahonu, from where he continued to rule the islands for another nine years. He and his high chiefs participated in foreign trade but also continued to enforce the ancient kapu system. When Kamehameha I passed away on May 8, 1819, the transformations that had been gradually reshaping Hawaiian society since Captain Cook's arrival in 1778 began to accelerate at an unprecedented pace. The political, social, and economic structures that had defined the Hawaiian Kingdom were increasingly influenced by external forces,including expanding trade networks,missionary activities,and shifts in governance. To provide a more focused examination of these historical changes,our discussion will center on the District of Kohala, with particular attention to the regions of Waimea Kalana and Waik6loa Nui. This localized approach will allow for a deeper exploration ofhow larger historical forces such as the decline of the kapu system,the introduction Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 27 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices of Western agricultural practices, and land tenure reforms manifested within these specific areas, shaping the lives of their inhabitants and influencing the region's long-term development as it pertains to our project area. A Land in Transition:Kohala from 1820-1848 In October of 1819, seventeen Protestant missionaries set sail from Boston to Hawaii. They arrived in Kailua-Kona on March 30, 1820,to a society with a religious void to fill.Many of the ali`i,who were already exposed to western material culture,welcomed the opportunity to become educated in a western style and adopted their dress and religion.As a result of this arrival ofmissionaries to the Island of Hawaii we get some of the earliest written descriptions of Waimea and Waikoloa come from the accounts of the first Protestant Missionaries to visit the island. In 1823,the missionary William Ellis(1831:399)described Waimea as a fertile,well-watered land"capable of sustaining many thousands of inhabitants."The population was concentrated in three villages,Keaalii,Waikoloa, and Pu`ukapu,each located where major streams reached the plain(Figure 17). Ellis notes that another missionary, Asa Thurston, had counted 220 houses in the area, and estimated the population at between eleven and twelve hundred. In the time since Kamehameha I's death, the harvesting of sandalwood had once again been forced upon the maka`ainana. During his travels along the coast of Kohala, Ellis noted that most of the villages were empty as the men of the region had been ordered to the mountains by the King to collect sandalwood.He wrote: About eleven at night we reached Towaihae [Kawaihae], where we were kindly received by Mr. Young...Before daylight on the 22nd,we were roused by vast multitudes ofpeople passing through the district from Waimea with sandal-wood, which had been cut in the adjacent mountains for Karaimoku,by the people of Waimea,and which the people of Kohala,as far as the north point,had been ordered to bring down to his storehouse on the beach, for the purpose of its being shipped to Oahu. There were between two and three thousand men, carrying each from one to six pieces of sandal-wood, according to their size and weight. It was generally tied on their backs by bands of ti leaves, passed over the shoulders and under the arms, and fastened across their breasts. (Ellis 1831:396-397) 40( gr' . P OPAt J._0 IF, 4Y% it A16% " r M h" IP IN4e4 49,0 4 fl A R 4 Y M t F aw Figure 17. A portion of"Map of Waimea"ca. 1830 with main villages (after Andrews et al. 1830), APE not shown Hawaiian Mission Houses Library and Archives Digital Collection). During the Early Historic Period,traditional agricultural practices were maintained with kalo(taro)being one of the foods that the Waimea lands were known for. According to Handy and Handy(1972), dryland kalo was planted along the lower slopes of the Kohala Mountains on the Waimea side, and on the plains south and west of Kamuela 28 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Handy and Handy 1972:532). On his second visit to Waimea town and Pu`ukapu (the last village), William Ellis made the following observation: 25". In the morning,Mr. T. [Thurston] conducted worship with the people of the place [Ouli], and then walked on to Kalaloa the residence of the chief of Waimea, Kumuokapiki (stump of cabbage.) Leaving Kalaloa, he walked on to Wakkoa [Wai`aka], Waikala [Waikoloa], Pukalani, and to Puukapu, 16 or 18 miles from the sea-shore,and the last village in the district ofWaimea. . . The soil over which he had passed, was fertile, well watered, and capable of sustaining many thousand inhabitants.He had numbered 220 houses,and the present population is probably between eleven and twelve hundred. (Ellis 1825:19) On a subsequent visit to Waimea town,Ellis(1825:196)made the following observation: The soil was fertile,the vegetation flourishing, and there was considerable cultivation,though but few inhabitants. About noon they [Messrs. Bishop and Goodrich] reached the valley of Waimea, lying at the foot of Mouna-Kea[sic],on the north-west side.Here a number of villages appeared on each side of the path, surrounded with plantations, in which plantains, sugar-cane, and taro were seen growing unusually large. Six years after Ellis' visit to Waimea, in 1829, an examination of Waimea region was made by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) for the potential development of a home for mission members considered as invalids(ABCFM 1860).As part of the assessment,the climate,geology,and scenery of the region was evaluated in order to ascertain if the creation of such a facility would impart a rejuvenating effect upon missionaries who suffered from exhaustion as a result of their intensive mission-related work: The growth of wood, either for fuel or timber, is abundant on the eastern part of Waimea, or still nearer on the mountains bordering this district on the north.Timber for native buildings could easily be obtained, and even timber for frames would not be difficult. Stones are plenty a little below the surface of the ground, as appears from the long stone walls built to confine the wild cattle to the southern part of the district. Should an establishment be made, either at Keaalii, Waikoloa, or Puukapu [see Figure 17], the natural scenery is of a kind the most interesting,partaking of the grand and beautiful. . . From the elevations at Waikoloa and Puukapu, the whole district appears spread out, exhibiting gentle undulations, groves of trees, here and there a house amidst luxuriant verdure, and distant herds of cattle feeding on the extensive plain.These prospects,occasionally obscured or rendered unpleasant by fogs, clouds, winds, and rain, and again bursting forth with all their distant and varied beauty, must constitute those grateful vicissitudes so agreeable to men generally, and especially to those accustomed to the changes of a northern climate. (ABCFM 1860:315-316) As the decade wore on, however, the population of the Kohala region began to decline rapidly, and settlement patterns changed significantly. Leeward inhabitants migrated to the wetter windward slopes ofNorth Kohala and the Waimea Plain, abandoning the drier, agriculturally marginal areas in favor of more fertile and productive farmlands where sugarcane cultivation was taking place.According to Tomonari-Tuggle(1988),the remnant leeward population nucleated into a few small coastal communities and dispersed upland settlements. These settlements were no longer based on traditional subsistence patterns,largely because of the loss of access to the full range of necessary resources. Tomonari-Tuggle(1988:33)clarifies some of the reasons for this migration: Outmigration and a demographic shift from rural areas to growing urban centers reflected the lure of a larger world and world view on previously isolated community.Foreigners,especially whalers and merchants, settled around good harbors and roadsteads. Ali`i and their followers gravitated towards these areas, which were the sources of Western material goods, novel status items which would otherwise be unavailable.Associated with the emergence ofthe market,cash-based economy, commoners followed in search ofpaying employment. These population shifts were accompanied by an overall decline in the number of people living in Kohala. Contemporary observers and modern scholars(see Burtchard and Tomonari-Tuggle 2005)offer several explanations, including the decline of the whaling industry,a kapu on killing wild cattle(Wilkes 1845),dissatisfaction with William Beckley's appointment as konohiki (Doyle 1953), and disease (Kenway 1848). Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, introduced diseases caused deaths and a depressed birth rate among native Hawaiians in the district.Epidemics in 1848 and 1849 killed more than 10,000 people in twelve months throughout the Hawaiian Islands Tomonari-Tuggle 1988).In the aftermath of these epidemics,the population ofthe district was reduced to nearly half Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 29 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices of the reported population in 1835. The number of coastal residents soon dwindled, and most of the coastal villages were left with only a few solitary residents.The population reduction in Waimea,Kohala,and Hamakua documented by missionaries between 1832 and 1835 was tremendous, as the Rev. Lorenzo Lyons expressed, "if the decrease of local people continues the same, how many years before they are all dead, without any left?" (Schmitt 1973:29). Similarly, an 1848 description of the Waimea population cited by McEldowney (1983:432) laments that "it can scarcely be said that there is any native population at all." The Great Mahele(1848-1895) By the middle of the nineteenth century, the ever-growing population of Westerners forced socioeconomic and demographic changes that promoted the establishment of a Euro-American style of land ownership in the Hawaiian Islands,and the Great Mahele became the vehicle for determining ownership of native lands.During this period,land interests of the King (Kamehameha III), the high-ranking chiefs, and the low-ranking chiefs, the konohiki, were defined. The chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive awards for land provided to them by Kamehameha III. They were also required to provide commutations to the government to receive royal patents on their awards.The lands were identified by name only,with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the land could be surveyed. During the Mahele, all lands were placed in one of three categories:Crown Lands(for the occupant of the throne), Government Lands,and Konohiki Lands.All three types of land were subject to the rights of the native tenants therein. In 1862,the Commission of Boundaries(Boundary Commission)was established in the Kingdom ofHawaii to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupua`a that had been awarded as a part of the Mahele. Subsequently, in 1874, the Commissioners of Boundaries were authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents of the lands,many ofwhich had also been claimants for kuleana during the Mahele.This information was collected primarily between A.D. 1873 and 1885 and was usually given in Hawaiian and transcribed in English as they occurred. As a result of the Mahele, Waikoloa Nui (originally an `ili of Waimea kalana) was awarded to George Davis Hu`eu as an ahupua`a based on Kamehameha I's gift of the land to Hu`eu's father Isaac Davis. This award did not include the coastal areas of`Anaeho`omalu and Kalahuipua`a, which were retained by the crown. The Davis Hu`eu award was primarily restricted to the non-agricultural pili lands south of the agriculturally productive Lalamilo area and mauka of the rich coastal resource area. There were nine small residential kuleana awarded in the uplands of Waikoloa near the town of Waimea(Maly 1999).No kuleana were awarded within the current study area. In 1859,Hu`eu and John Palmer Parker began a dispute over the boundary between Hu`eu's ahupua`a ofWaikoloa and Parker's holdings in Pd'auhau, which included lands the Hamakua District located southeast of the study area. The boundary issue was quickly resolved, but the dispute lead Lot Kamehameha, Minister of the Interior, to recommended to W. S. Spencer,Interior Department Clerk,that boundary testimony for all ahupua`a be collected: From conversations with Surveyor Wilkes,I have come to the conclusion to recommend to H.Mj's. Government to have all Government Lands, especially in Hamakua and Waimea, correctly surveyed,if possible excepting those tracts of Lands already sold to private parties.My reasons for recommending this step are that the Boundaries can only be defined and explained from the evidence of very old people now living in these Districts, and if the Government hesitates or delays this evidence,there will be shortly be no guide or information to enable them to come to a decision, as to the correct Boundaries.The people being all old and not likely to remain long as living evidences, in this world. . . (Department ofthe Interior letter dated May 29, 1859; in Maly and Maly 2002:70) Disputes over the boundaries of Waikoloa and the neighboring Crown lands of Waimea also soon arose. Testimony regarding the boundaries of Waikoloa Nui were heard on August 8 and 9, 1865 at Waimea. Several individuals knowledgeable of the boundaries testified, including Mi 1st, whose testimony went into detail about the extent of Waikoloa and the quality of land the ali`i were willing to give a foreigner like Davis.Mi testified: I live on Waikoloa—I am a kamaaina ofthe lands in dispute.The name ofthe large land is Waimea I am a witness for George Davis and also for the Rex[King]—Waimea is a Kalana—which is the same as an island divided into districts—there are eight Okana in Waimea.In those Okana are those lands said to extend out(hele mawaho). These lands came in to the possession of Kamehameha I who said to Kupapaulu,go and look out to ofthe large lands running to the sea,for John Young and Isaac Davis. Kupapaulu went to Keawekuloa, the haku aina, who said if we give Waikoloa to the foreigners they will get Kalahuipua[Kalahuipuaa]and Anaiomalu[Anaehoomalu](two lands at the beach) then your master will have no fish. So they kept the sea lands and gave Waikoloa to Isaac 30 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Davis. John Young asked my parents if it was a large land they said,the black as was Napuu, and the good land Waimea. They kept all the valuable part of the lands, and gave the poor land outside to Isaac Davis. They kept Puukapu,Pukalani,Nohoaina,Kukuiula(above the church),and Paulama;and gave Waikoloa to Isaac Davis. The other Waikoloa [Waikoloa Iki, or Lalamilo], this side of the stream dividing them, was the King's. It comes down along the stream by Mr. Lyon's, then along the ditch, then along the wall of Puuloa,to Ahuli on the King's land,to the round hill,Uleiokapihe, and is cut off here by Davis' Waikoloa. - The wall was the boundary below, between Waikoloa of Isaac Davis and the land of the King,Kamehameha I.The latter built it by Kauliakamoa[Kauliokamoa];to keep the cattle off from the King's land.The boundary runs to Liuliu,and the pili was all South,on Davis' land;then I know along an old road,Puupa,Waikoloa being South and Waimea North of the road, then to Kaniku. That is all I know. Cross.-My parents heard the command of Kamehameha I to Kupapaulu,and they told me,and also about John Young's asking about the land. I never heard that Puukapu, Nohoaina, Pukalani, and Paulama extended out to the pili. A road divided the land of the King and that of I.Davis. Waikoloa. - The wall was built to keep off the cattle, and to mark the land. The church is on the King's land.When Kalama measured Waikoloa he took in the church,I heard.I went with Kalama some of the time.Kalama said leave the old boundary and make a straight boundary,so I left them, lest Davis' land would go to the King. The boundary as I know it is from the English school house along a hollow,to the ditch near to Hoomaloo; thence to puu Makeokeo;thence to hills outside of Ahuli. The church is on Paulama which joins Waikoloa. (Boundary Commission 1874:6) One product of this period of boundary disputes is Registered Map 712 drawn by S.C. Wiltse (Figure 18).The map dated 1866 shows the kalana of Waimea Wiltse labels it an ahpua`a and the lands within it. Waikoloa is depicted as a narrow strip cutting northeasterly from the boundary with Pu'u Anahulu, and the study area is located somewhere in a poorly defined`ili ofPukalani. In relation to the current study,testimonies recorded during the GreatMahele highlight the significance of natural features within the project area in the reorganization of land divisions. For instance, the previously mentioned Pu`u Holoholoku, located 2.2 km north of the project area, played a key role in boundary testimonies for the Waimea- Waik6loa region (see Figure 18 — although difficult to distinguish in the image Pu`u Holoholoku is noted on the Register Map just north of the project area). These natural landmarks served as critical reference points in defining land divisions during the Mahele proceedings. To further illustrate this, Maly and Maly (2002: 83-88) compiled a series of historical letters obtained through their in-person research at the Hawaii State Archives. The following correspondence provides valuable insight into the role of these landscape features in shaping land tenure and boundaries during this period. Waimea Hawaii October 5th, 1866 Land Boundary Commission. The Commissioners of Crown Lands filed an application for the settlement of the exterior boundaries of the Ahupuaa of Waimea... Pupuka sworn. Lives half a mile below this house.Born on Ouli,in the time ofKamehameha,when he died,I was grown up. I know the boundary between Keahuolono to Hanamauloa;thence to Kapukaiki;thence to Hanaialii;thence to Keamuku;thence to Kapuukapele,there is a hill there.It forms a junction at this place of Kohala,Kaohe and Napuu of Kona.Kaohe is in Hamakua.Waikoloa is on the Kohala line. I obtained my information from my ancestors.I first knew the boundaries when I used to hunt birds upon Waikoloa from the time ofKamehameha 1 st.I have examined the boundaries personally, that has always been the boundary between Kona and Kohala,from the time of Kamehameha first... My father died at about the time of the abolition ofthe Kapu[1819].I have gone over the boundaries with my father and he showed me the boundaries of Kona and Hamakua. Keahuolono is a rocky point of rocks.Kahanamauloa is pili land.Kapukaiki is close to Puuhinai.from Puuhinai to Hanaialii is as far as from Court House to Lyons place.From Hanaialii to Keamuku is as far as from the board house to the French Mission. From Keamuku to Puukapele, as far as from the Court House to Mr. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 31 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Purdy's. The places I have given are the most prominent. I am unable to give you any other places upon the line. There is a road that runs out of Waimea into Kona. There is a road between Keahuolono and Puuhinai that comes up to Keamuku. I don't know the Kiikii gulch or road. There is a gulch this side of the boundary upon Waikoloa.I cannot give the name of the gulch, it is as far from here as to Mr.Lyon's place. I know the Poopoo gulch, it finds it's source at Naopili. There is another branch at Waikii. They form a junction at Naamana, which is the same place as Namahana. I don't recognize the gulch Palihai.Namahana is as far as the Hill Holoholoku to the Kona boundary, from the Court House. I did not hear anything about the dispute between His Majesty and Geo.Davis... As part of the reorganization resulting from the Mahele and the Boundary Commission,the Kingdom ofHawaii established a dedicated Survey Department.By the 1860s,W.D.Alexander was appointed as Surveyor General,a role he would maintain into the 1890s.Under his leadership,extensive surveys were conducted across the islands,not only mapping individual land parcels but also documenting broader land divisions and entire islands. This period saw the rise of several skilled island-born surveyors, including Curtis Lyons of Waimea, Hawai`i; J.S. Emerson of Waialua, Oahu;D.H.Hitchcock of Hilo;and the Lyman brothers from Hamakua and Hilo. One of the most significant contributors to survey work in North Kona and South Kohala was J.S. Emerson. His efforts in these regions were particularly valuable for their documentation of historical sites and cultural landscapes. Emerson's fieldwork took him deep into the mountains and remote wilderness areas of Hawaii,where he established survey points and reference stations. Relying on local knowledge, he sought out Native Hawaiian guides and informants who shared oral histories, place names, details of traditional residences, trail systems, and significant environmental features. His records also provide insight into the extent of native forests and the effects of grazing in the area. A distinctive aspect of Emerson's fieldwork was the involvement of his assistant,J. Perryman, an accomplished artist. Perryman's detailed sketches captured the landscape as they appeared at the time,offering a rare visual record of the surveyed regions. In correspondence with Surveyor General W.D.Alexander,Emerson described his approach to integrating historical documentation with surveying, noting that he and his team meticulously recorded their findings in both written and illustrated form.Again,pulling from Maly and Maly's(2002:105) in person research at the Hawai`i State Achieves we are given insight into Emerson's methods of surveying and recording historical documentation in a letter he wrote to W.D.Alexander, Surveyor General: May 21, 1882 J.S.Emerson to W.D.Alexander: every visible hill, cape, bay, or point of interest in the district, recording its local name, and the name of the Ahupuaa in which it is situated. Every item of local historical, mythological or geological interest has been carefully sought&noted. Perryman has embellished the pages of the field book with twenty four neatly executed views&sketches from the various trig stations we have occupied... [Hawai`i State Archives—DAGS 6,Box 1] Looking at other communications documented in Maly and Maly's (2002:106-115), we see that as part of his survey efforts, Emerson documented several important place names and the presence of trails connecting Waimea, Hilo, Keauhou, Pu`u Anahulu, Pu`u Wa`awa`a, and the coastal lands.A prominent feature in these communications is Pu`u Nohonaohae,located 6.86 km southwest of the project area: February 15,1882 J.S.Emerson to W.D.Alexander describing survey stations set on Nohonaohae,Ahumoa and the mountain lands): Arrived at Puako. I will begin the instrumental work at once,while Perryman& a native set the signals at Nohonaohae&Keamuku.My two native men are extra good.I could not have found two better men by searching the island a year... [HSA—HGS DAGS 6 Box 1] 32 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Y Y M v r 41 1 W u f P rrY i rm^11 Y4 Y v. P r y 1 W N yWqLeRil AL I•t M1 M. y4 1 •R. RPW v r 1 S m 1 1 1 6; JP J 1 q 1 y yr Y' Y ppr• xima rite j. ca do n of R Y Y b I a 4 p k 7 y 7 u A u S A o WLYJTL JI,"Y. 0jt fl L A r a1 e 4 4 o Y" IYr1 w •1 t Y y "• .Y .Yr Y. n a X 0 W I 1 F C a a • Y Y - Figure 18. Registered map 712 showing Waimea Ahupua`a in South Kohala Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 33 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices March 30, 1882 J.S.Emerson to W.D.Alexander: On the road to Ahumoa;Auwaiakeakua,Kohala,Hawaii: Yesterday was the first clear day we have had for a week, and we made good our retreat from Nohonaohae as a wind storm was threatening the safety of our tent. The threat however was but a threat, and we had a good opportunity to reach this place in peace. We left camp at 4:30 P.M. reaching this abode of a thousand different gods at 7 P.M. and now at 8 A.M.we resume our march with a clear sky and beautiful weather. Our stay at Nohonaohae was a success as far as measuring angle was concerned... [HSA—HGS DAGS 6 Box 1] May 5, 1882 J.S.Emerson to W.D.Alexander Describing survey of from Puu Anahulu to Ahumoa and the plateau lands): In spite of a"Mumuku,"with clouds of dust and occasional whirlwinds howling past, we have finished up this station in first class shape... Iakoba has just returned from setting a signal at Naohuleelua,visible from Nohonaohae, Ahumoa, Puu.ka Pele,Napuukulua, Puu.Waawaa& Kaupulehu. It will have my careful attention and a thorough locating. We start at once for Puu Waawaa&then in a few days for Naohuleelua, via Keamuku&Puu ka Pele,a long and ugly road.But the journey must&will be made. Perryman is just laying himself out in the matter of topography.His sketches deserve highest praise... We are all well and ready for anything,though our eyes are red and inflamed by the fierce mumuku... [HSA HGS DAGS 6 Box 1] Emerson's meticulous surveying efforts, combined with his commitment to documenting oral histories and cultural landscapes,provided invaluable insights into Hawai`'s historical geography.His reliance on Native Hawaiian guides and informants ensured that traditional knowledge was preserved alongside the technical work ofmapping land divisions. The detailed sketches by Perryman further enriched this documentation,offering a visual representation of the landscapes and settlements of the time and provided valuable insight into the role that the physical features that surrounded the study area played in the reorganization of the landscape that took place during this time period(Figure 19 and 20). Ranching other Historic Industries in the Lalamilo-Walkoloa Area(18654942) After a kapu(taboo,rule)over cattle was lifted in 1815,the M0`1 Kauikeaouli appointed John Palmer Parker to be his authorized cattle hunter. Three years later, Parker married Keli`i Kipikane Kaolohaka, the great-granddaughter of Kamehameha.Hunting, salting, and corning beef along with the procurement of hides and tallow became a booming industry with the main clientele stemming from the whaling industry. By the early 183Os,the unregulated population of cattle was cause for concern and under the MO`1 Kauikeaouli,vaqueros(cowboys of Mexican,Indian,and Spanish descent)from Central and South America were brought to the islands to train Hawaiians in the handling ofboth horses and wild cattle(Bergin 2004).It was out ofthese early interactions among the vaqueros and Hawaiians that the Hawaii paniolo(Hawaiianized version of espanol;cowboy)culture developed.This cultural mixing greatly shaped Waimea's cultural traditions and heritage. Parker went on to become the founder ofthe legendary Parker Ranch,where he purchased 640-acres of land right next to Harry Purdy's lot, one of four brothers who were well-known cowboys in Waimea. This became the nucleus of early ranching operations for Parker Ranch. A family home, dubbed"Hale Mana"was constructed not long after the purchase was complete.According to Bergin(2004),Parker's entire ranching staff was comprised of Hawaiians. Parker's homestead expanded, and a "saddle house/blacksmith shop, a barn for bullock wagons and plows, and a stone-enclosed meat house adjacent to a small household dairy"were constructed, as was an"outdoor cooking hale combined imu and smokehouse," and two cisterns composed of stone and mortar (Bergin 2004:152). Upon John Parker's death in 1868,the spacious homestead was divided between his son,John Palmer Parker II,and his grandson, Samuel Parker Sr., who retained Hale Mana. Later, Samuel purchased Jack Purdy's 640-acre lot and graciously left five acres of it to the Purdy family so they could maintain their homestead at Po`o Kanaka.This lot eventually became a part of Parker Ranch.Harry Purdy passed away in 1886 and was buried on his property. By the mid-1860s the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company,founded by Robert C. Janion and William H. Green in 1861, and joined by F. Spencer and Company soon thereafter, had acquired considerable strategic assets around Waimea in an attempt to monopolize the livestock industry in the region (Bergin 2004). From the outset, 34 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Spencer, Janion, and Green maintained an adversarial relationship with Parker Ranch, and land disputes and allegations cattle rustling were common occurrences between these two competing entities. During the early 1860s Parker successfully thwarted Janion's men from harvesting unbranded cattle on his lands,but attacks by Frank Spencer contesting Parker's claim to more than 17,800 acres in Ka`ohe and Kemole were more difficult to resolve, and were still ongoing when John Palmer Parker,the founder of Parker Ranch, died on August 20, 1868 (Bergin 2004).At the time Parker Ranch controlled about 47,000 acres of land in the region, including the current study area. The ranch lands were divided evenly between John Parker II and his adopted son and nephew, Sam Parker Sr. (Bergin 2004). On July 2nd, 1868, G. D. Hu`eu leased his remaining lands in Waikoloa Nui to the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company for a twenty-year period(he had previously sold roughly 700 acres to Claude Jones on October 25th, 1866; Maly and Maly 2002). With the acquisition of this land,the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company became the largest ranching operation on the island(Escott 2008).Under the terms of the lease the Hu`eu family was allowed to continue grazing their 1,000 head of cattle, 1,000 head of sheep, and 100 horses on the Waikoloa lands Escott 2008). Despite the growth of the ranching industry, Lorenzo Lyons estimated that by 1867 the population of Waimea was only four hundred people; during the 1870s the town of Waimea contained five stores and a hotel(Doyle 1953). An 1877 Report of the Royal Commissioners on Development ofResources documents the effects of cattle ranching on the environment ofthe Kohala-Waimea region,and the resultant migration of the native population during this period: The forests on the Kohala mountains are dying rapidly. The land is mostly for grazing purposes, though on the mountain potatoes of fine quality can be raised in large quantities.In sheltered places, coffee would doubtless grow, but owning to the sparseness of the population and the superior attractions to other parts of the district, this part will hardly soon be settled. The once fertile and populous plain of Waimea looked sterile and desolate when visited by the Commission- a painful contrast to Kohala loko on the other side of the mountain. The complaint of the people is well founded. The water they use is fouled in many places by cattle, horses and other animals, and as the stream is sluggish it has no chance to free itself of impurities, and the water used by the people in their houses must be a cause of disease and death,especially to the children. ..It is little wonder that with his crops trodden out by the sheep or cattle ofhis stronger neighbors,his family sickened perhaps to death by the polluted waters,that the small holder should yield to despair, and abandoning his homestead seek employment in some other district, usually without making another home . . . The plains of Pukapu and Waimea-are subject to high winds,aggravated by the loss ofthe sheltering forests of former days. The soil however is very good in many places for sugar cane and other products. To develop its best resources, efforts must be made to restore the forests and husband the supply of water at their sources to furnish a supply for agricultural purposes. At present the lands are used almost exclusively for grazing purposes.Although the proprietors and lessors are probably not averse to the establishment of agricultural enterprises, it is to be feared that the denudation of the neighboring mountains and plains of the forests will render the climatic conditions unfavorable to success. It would seem that a wise appreciation of the best interests of this district, even of the grazing interests themselves, would lead to the decrease of the immense herds which threaten not only Waimea but even Hamakua with almost irreparable disaster. It is to be feared that they will in time render a large part of the land of little value even for grazing purposes. Owing to the increasing frequency and severity of droughts and consequent failure of springs. Some thousands of cattle are said to have died this last winter from want of water, and the works erected in Waimea for the purpose of trying out cattle have been idle for months for want ofwater. The commission do not propose here to discuss fully the vexed Questions of the causes of the diminution ofthe forests,but in view ofthe fact that they are diminishing and the streams and springs diminishing a corresponding rations, also that with the cattle running upon the lands as at present, any effort to restore them must be futile and any hopes of their recuperation vain,the Government, if it would wish to preserve that part of the island of Hawaii from serious injury, must take some steps for reclaiming the forests. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 35 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices y li 0 Jim ir A ILA 3i 1 mm t 66or NA Or r fir .. V6,ro Mom; xp,.!'". m 1 7111 Not a a J k 1i Figure 19. Emerson Field Book 251:109,labeled as"View to Waikii-Keamuku and Coast from Ahumoa"(April 6 & 7, 1882).Pu`u Nohonaohae is outlined in red. Image adapted from Maly and Maly(2002:100). 36 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices a m IL G'° o dd a p y 1 eE• W7 a aw i M r Ayb 1. S n iM eAW Figure 20. Emerson Field Book 251:83, image labeled as "View to Nohonaohae, Keamuku, and Hualalai" (March 1882). Pu`u Nohonaohae is outlined in red.Image adapted from Maly and Maly(2002:101). Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 37 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices In this connection we would say that it is unfortunate that large tracts of Crown and Government lands have been lately leased on long terms for grazing purposes, without conditions as to their protection from permanent injury, at rates much lower than their value even as preserves for Government purposes or public protection. The commission deem (sic) this a matter of grave importance, challenging the earnest attention of the Government, and involving the prosperity of two important districts(in Maly and Maly 2002:58-59). By the late-1870s,largely due to persistent drought conditions within its grazing lands,the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company went out of business, and its herd was purchased by Parker Ranch(Parker Ranch would also eventually acquire the lease of Waik6loa Ahupua`a;Bergin 2004). Francis Spencer formed Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company and continued to raise sheep in Waik6loa and neighboring lands.In October of 1876 Spencer sold his interest in the sheep ranch to George W.Macfarlane; included in this transaction were the Waikoloa Nui lands lease from G. D. Hu`eu(Maly and Maly 2002). George Bowser, the editor of The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourists Guide,visited Waimea in 1880 and stayed at Spencer's house.Browser writes: Waimea has always been a place of some considerable importance, and there are around it several pretty homesteads,notably the residences of Mr.F. Spencer and the Reverend Lyons.From Mr. Spencer's veranda there is a striking view of Maunakea,the summit of which was at this time ofthe year still in its winter robe of snow.The snow never leaves this mountain top entirely,but the position ofthe snow-line varies considerably with the season ofthe year,and also from one year to another,according to the weather which characterizes them.The country all round is chiefly suitable for grazing,and,besides innumerable wild cattle,descended,no doubt,from those which Vancouver gave to Kamehameha I, there are some 20,000 head depastured in the neighborhood, the property of Mr.Parker,who has,besides,some large droves ofhorses,probably numbering a thousand head in all. Mr. Spencer has turned his attention chiefly to sheep farming, and occupies a large tract of country with his flock of 15,000 sheep and 15,000 goats. Waimea itself, although of immemorial age, and once populous, is now only a scattered village, with but two stores and a boarding and lodging house and coffee saloon. (Bowser 1880:540) Parker Ranch continued to expand their operations in the Waimea area throughout the 1870s and 1880s. The ranch eventually acquired the lease to roughly 95,000 acres in Waik6loa still held by G.D. Hu`eu that had formerly been leased to the Waimea Agricultural and Grazing Company (Figure 21). By the mid-1880s Sam Parker's poor business dealings had led to a rapidly degenerating financial situation for Parker Ranch,and in 1887 the entire ranching operation was entrusted to Charles R.Bishop and Co.for a fee of$200,000(Bergin 2004).With the move to trusteeship new managers were brought in to oversee the day to day operations at the ranch. By the early 1900s Parker Ranch was under the direction of Alfred W. Carter,chosen as the guardian and trustee for Thelma Parker, John Parker III's daughter,upon his death at the age of nineteen. By this time Parker Ranch was operating on several large,leased parcels,but the fee simple holdings amounted to only 34,000 acres(Bergin 2004). Early on in his tenure as ranch manager, Carter concentrated on acquiring and converting more of the ranch's land from lease to fee.In 1903,with only a short period left on its lease,Carter acquired nine-tenths interest in the Waik6loa Nui lands from Ms. Lucy Peabody for$112,000, securing important grazing lands for the ranch(Bergin 2004). Soon thereafter,Carter purchased the adjacent lands of`Ouli,adding another 4,000 acres to the ranch's holdings that bridged the former property lines makai of Waimea Town. He also acquired the Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company, encompassing over 3,700 acres and including the Ke`amuku Sheep station in Waik6loa,which he converted to cattle ranching over the next decade.Much of these grazed lands were divided into paddocks, and transportation and water conveyance infrastructure projects were undertaken to increase the productivity ofthe Waik6loa rangelands.Paddocks were given names based on their location,land features, function,and sometimes after the plants that grew there. As it pertains to the current study area,we find the aforementioned pu`u commonly being referenced as guiding features to direct ranch operations. Pulling again from Maly and Maly (2002: 191) we find Carter referencing Pu`u Nohonaohae as he directs the formation ofranching infrastructure in the region: 1915,May 21. (A.W. Carter to O.Sorenson)—I have given instructions to have the sheep pen built at Nohonaohae.I would like to have this completed before our next shipment of sheep,therefore it had better be pushed to completion. Let Sam Parker supervise this job and give him as many men as he can use. It will be all right to take men from Manuel Vierra's gang or put all Manuel Vierra's gang on to the job. Let it take precedence over the tree planting of Pookanaka and the pipe laying 38 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices on the mountain. I should like to have all of these jobs completed by the first of July or as soon thereafter as possible. I want the floor of the small pen on the intake side of the dipping vat at Humuula cemented. If you wish to you can also cement the floor of the draining pen,but it will have to be arranged differently from the present arrangement. It should be as it is at Keamoku. The water drain into a cement container and from there drain into the vat so that the sediment will be collected in the bottom of the small cement container. If you decide to do this it is not necessary to make this pen as large as the present one at Humuula. Sam Parker can superintend this job but you had better go out with him to Keaumoku to look at the arrangement out there. Have him tackle this job as soon as he finished the sheep pen at Nohonaohae. In 1906, on behalf of Thelma Parker, Carter bought out Sam Parker's half-interest in Parker Ranch for a sum of 600,000. Other important purchases made by Carter during the first dozen or so years of his trusteeship included Humu`ula, Ka`ohe, Waipunalei, and Kahuku Ranch (Bergin 2004). During his time as ranch manager, Alfred W. Carter obtained water rights at the headwaters in the Kohala watershed,which he used to create a large high-pressure water pipe that brought water up to Waiki`i(which had no consistent water source).This water line ran from the head waters in the Kohala Mountains down through the current day Waimea Town.From the town,the pipeline continued across the Waimea-Waikoloa plains,through the current study area, and on to Waiki`i(Figure 22). This system was quite controversial on the ranch and contributed to the on-going conflict between Carter and Sam Parker,Jr. (Bergin 2004). After Carter's initial pipeline proved successful, other pipes and pump stations were added to this water conveyance system. By the mid-20th century, land use in the region began to diversify beyond cattle and sheep ranching. This shift included the establishment of new industries and infrastructure to support the growing local economy. One notable development was the construction of a quarry in 1995,which introduced extractive activities to the area. The quarry not only provided materials for construction and road development but also marked a significant transition in land use, reflecting broader economic changes and the evolving needs of the community. This diversification of land use continued alongside the historic ranching operations,adding another layer to the region's complex history. The history of Parker Ranch and its surrounding region illustrates the complex interplay between economic development, cultural adaptation, and land use transformation in Waimea. Emerging from its early roots in cattle hunting and the integration ofthe paniolo tradition,Parker Ranch evolved into a dominant force in Hawai`i's ranching industry. Throughout its expansion, the ranch faced numerous challenges, including competition, land disputes, and significant environmental impacts, underscoring the broader implications of large-scale livestock operations on the landscape and local communities. By the 20th century,Parker Ranch adapted to shifting economic and environmental conditions through strategic land acquisitions and infrastructure improvements, such as water conveyance systems, to enhance its sustainability. However, as economic demands evolved, land use in the region diversified, reflecting broader structural shifts. The introduction of extractive industries,such as quarrying in the late 20th century,represents a significant departure from traditional ranching activities and highlights the region's ongoing economic transformation. The historical trajectory of Parker Ranch exemplifies the dynamic intersection of tradition and modernization, highlighting the ongoing negotiation between cultural heritage and economic pragmatism. As one of the most significant cattle ranches in the Pacific,Parker Ranch has long been a cornerstone of Waimea's identity,shaping both the physical and cultural landscape of the region.However, as economic and environmental pressures evolve, so too does the utilization ofthese lands,reflecting a broader shift in Hawai`i's rural development. The continued prominence of ranching underscores its deep-rooted significance, yet the diversification of land use whether for conservation, agriculture, or industrial projects demonstrates the region's adaptive strategies in response to contemporary demands. This evolution reinforces the critical role of sustainable land management in balancing economic growth with ecological stewardship. A current example of this ongoing transformation is the proposed quarry project, which illustrates the land's continued function in supporting the modernization and economic development of the Island of Hawaii. By repurposing sections of historically significant landscapes for industrial use, such initiatives reflect the complex and sometimes contested pathways through which Hawaii navigates the tensions between preservation, progress, and economic sustainability. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 39 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 1 ",.i, I j 't' `x`Tom'.r t!-a 4 S 7'TkrS Y rl _•Y. .14` I ry:;S' S r I I I t. 2..iJ{h ' 1 P a. r I, 'i .. .. '\'yy I I A : I 1 f irI '{ y F"'. I. rr5-r 1„s r'.5 e+ Y 3 ..fr y r 1" 4Yt}, -rYl[ti{ trA:.J:'"J. ",{` _k f 5 y LF lA 1.t i. d'A 4 ttileSLi,,.l.,rr 3.a f. ti. 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Figure 21.Hawai`i Registered Map No. 1080 showing the approximate location of the current study area 40 Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Approximante , 1LYCf t Location of P roject Area J k t'fr,j1JK£T}Yi1¢`IfJC.fEl S9$0}4.- 1%, ql Ac- KK'Or 4 i+'.rJi s3c.`tToartl J{Im: MA HA rJiLPG-'hl• ff+ tea•- _-LOnLAr.f iz WAhrdr ? %o p.Ac.. r 1 rffl li; r rd aYtio- ;•.:f,ro:if if 7r` f k4. y PiQ R In 4 y' l Figure 22.Detail of Hawaii Registered Map No.2786 showing Parker Ranch infrastructure(e.g.,pipelines and trails). PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES To understand the nature of the archaeological and valued cultural resources that have been previously identified in the vicinity of the current study area, past archaeological and cultural studies have been reviewed and summarized below.No prior archaeological studies have been conducted directly within the boundaries of the current project area. However, insights from five previous archaeological investigations conducted in the immediate area (Figure 23) provide valuable context and help shape expectations regarding the potential presence ofhistoric and cultural resources within the project area(Table 1). In 1995, Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. (Nees and Williams 1995) conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the then proposed 14-acre West Hawaii Concrete quarry site within TMK: (3) 6- 7-001:025(por.),that now forms the existing quarry the current project seeks to expand.Their project included survey of both a proposed access road and buffer zone around the quarry, as well as examination of old quarry cuts on the leeward(west)side of the unnamed pu`u that was in the project area and a firebreak road for any subsurface deposits. As a result of their study, no surface archaeological features were present within the study area. A single twentieth- century glass bottle embossed "HAMAKUA SODA WORKS" was found tucked under a rock outcrop. They did discover an enclosure and two stacked rock cairns outside of their project area. All of the features are located on a ridgeline. One cairn measures 1 meter in diameter and 50 centimeters tall and the other is 1.5 meters in diameter and 60 centimeters tall.The associated enclosure measures approximately 2 meters by 1.5 meters and has an average wall height of 50 centimeters (Nees and Williams 1995:9). No cultural material were discovered in association with the features.Although no formal site classification or function was included in the report the authors felt that the features may have been ranch related. These features are not located in the current project area. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 41 2.Identification ofCustomary and Traditional Resources and Practices In 2001, (Rechtman 2001) conducted an archeological assessment for study for the New West Hawaii Concrete Black Sand Quarry, located approximately 0.75 miles south of the current study area. No archaeological resources were observed within that project area, nor were any significant resources of a potential traditional cultural nature encountered. In 2003,Haun&Associates(Haun and Williams 2003) conducted an archaeological assessment of the proposed West Hawaii Concrete Truck Parking Facility Expansion project area, situated along the southern edge of the quarry access road roughly 6.2 miles southwest of the current study area.No archaeological sites or features were encountered.In 2015,ASM Affiliates conducted an archaeological inventory survey for the construction of a proposed testing facility for new wind generating technology, consisting of an approximately one-acre ground station and connecting road and utility corridors on a portion of TMK: (3)6-7-01:025 of Waikoloa Ahupua`a on behalf of Google Makani. Located approximately 1.75 miles to the southwest of the current project,the AIS encountered the Historic Waimea—Ke`amuku Trail(Site 50-10-06-23516).No new historic properties were encountered,however(Barra et al. 2015). Lastly, in 2019 ASM Affiliates conducted a field inspection of a portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 on behalf of West Hawaii Concrete in support of a grading permit application for the construction of a new quarry road. The project area is located approximately 0.45 miles to the east of the current project area and no historic properties were encountered within the project area(Barra 2019).Although only five projects have been conducted in the immediate vicinity of the current project area several other projects have been conducted in the greater Waikoloa Ahupua`a(see Figure 23). In 2021,Mulrooney et al.(2021)conducted an AIS covering 363 acres immediate west of the current project area and as a result of this AIS they documented five historic properties, comprising a total of seven component features, as well as six isolated artifacts. The survey revealed a diverse array of historic properties, including both modified natural features and constructed elements.Among these were three modified outcrops,historic fence lines,and water management features associated with past ranching activities in the area. The historic properties were evaluated for their integrity and significance in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR) §13-284-6. As part of their Special Use Permit amendment, and in conjunction with the Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina analysis presented here,WHC commissioned ASM to conduct an Archaeological Inventory Survey(AIS)ofthe current project area. On October 29, 2024, a comprehensive field inventory was conducted by William Gardner, Ph.D. (Project Manager), David Kekailoa Morris King, M.Sc. (Field Director), and Johnny Dudoit, B.A.,under the supervision of Matthew R. Clark,M.A. (Principal Investigator). The systematic archaeological investigation yielded no evidence of historic properties within the project area. While no pre-contact or historic-period features were identified, the survey documented modern disturbances associated with ongoing ranching activities.These included the construction of ranching infrastructure and associated grading modifications undertaken to facilitate access.Although ranching has been a prominent land use in the region since the 1800s,historical cartographic evidence specifically Hawaii Registered Map No. 2786 (see Figure 22) indicates that formalized ranching infrastructure was not established within the project area during the historic period. Table 1. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area. Year Author(s) Type ofStudy Ahupua`a 1995 Nees&Williams AIS Waikoloa 2001 Rechtman AA Waikoloa 2003 Haun AIS Waikoloa 2015 Barra et. al. AIS Waikoloa 2019 Barra FI Waikoloa 2021 Mulrooney et al AIS Waikoloa 2025 Gardner et al. AA Waikoloa 42 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices yk N t-VA Area.of Detail Rcc4htman&Prasad 20[16 0 200 Km I 1 1 Rechtman 2011Rd Wai mea Thnml fioil 974 r Thompson 1.992 d Reelltman 2011 a Nees 1995 Barna 2019 echtrtr 2)[IlKarr-;ahoy GUJC 1 w Haun 2003 Rama et al.2015 1'[rlranner et aYl.2 121 4 Pf Q 1313 m 0 Langlas cat al.1999 11-1 Langlas et al.1999 x N 0I'rcvlous In" Project Arca Carson 2002 06c Meters 0 1.000 2,000 Lan,l,«et ail.1 999 1 iP ItX:- _ QLIIrl- 1VOLiI 1'14 11>1l,Invewti-ationg Figure 23.Previously conducted archaeological studies(note that Nees 1995 was plotted based on SHPD ArcGIS shapefiles and is not an accurate location as the project covered the existing quarry area denoted by the black hashed area). Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 43 3.Analysis and Mitigative Measures 3. ANALYSIS AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES ASM conducted a comprehensive archival investigation to identify cultural, historical, and natural resources within the project area and to assess the presence and extent of traditional and customary practices, in accordance with the first component of the Ka Pa`akai framework. This research involved a multi-pronged approach, utilizing both physical and digital repositories to ensure a thorough assessment. Primary source materials were obtained from key state agencies, including the State Historic Preservation Division, Hawaii State Archives, and the Department of Accounting and General Services Land Survey Division. Additional historical context was derived from digital databases,such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs'Papakilo and Kipuka databases,Waihona`Aina,Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library, Hawaii Genealogical Indexes, and Newspapers.com. Furthermore, secondary resources housed at ASM Affiliates' Hilo office provided a broader contextual understanding of historical land use,political shifts,and cultural transformations in Hawaii. To supplement the archival research, ASM staff undertook efforts to identify and consult with individuals with direct knowledge of historical and ongoing customary and traditional practices associated with the project area. Outreach for consultation was conducted via email to five individuals representing three `ohana (Ozaki `Ohana, Schutte `Ohana,and Dickson`ohana),all of whom were known to have long-standing residency and familiarity with the Waikoloa Ahupua`a. However, no responses were received from the contacted individuals. Consequently, the concluding analysis within the Ka Pa`akai framework is based on the extensive archival research conducted. IDENTIFY WHETHER ANY VALUED CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, OR NATURAL RESOURCES AREA PRESENT WITHIN THE PETITION AREA, AND IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS ARE EXERCISED The study area is situated within Waikoloa Ahupua`a, an integral component of the traditional moku of Kohala on Hawaii Island. Historically, Waikoloa Ahupua`a was a sub-unit of Waimea Kalana, a land division containing multiple ahupua`a and `ili kupuna, land parcels directly overseen by ruling ali`i due to their economic and strategic significance. This historical context underscores the area's importance within the indigenous land management and socio-political system of pre-contact Hawaii. The information presented in the report Valued Cultural Resources-Natural Features The Waikoloa Ahupua`a landscape constitutes a complex cultural and historical terrain, characterized by prominent topographical features such as Pu`u Holoholoku, Pu`u `Ula`ula, Pu`u Heihei, Pu`u Nohonaohae, and Pu`u Keanahuehue. These pu`u function not merely as geological formations but as culturally and historically significant landmarks deeply embedded in Hawaiian traditions. Their prominence within mo`olelo and mele underscores their role in Indigenous knowledge systems,with references appearing in narratives such as the Ka-Miki epic,which records over 800 place names across Hawaii Island. Among the most culturally resonant accounts associated with this region is Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-Miki, a serialized Hawaiian-language mo`olelo that offers critical insights into the sacred functions of these landscapes. Within this narrative,Pu`u Holoholoku emerges as a site ofparticular cultural importance,associated with supernatural events and divine interventions.Additionally,the presence of significant trails,including ancient ala hele(pathways) and ala loa(major trails),highlights the interconnected nature of this region within the broader pre-contact Hawaiian socio-political and economic networks. Pu`u Nohonaohae, in particular, played a pivotal role in both traditional and historic land-use patterns. As previously discussed in the context of ranching developments within Waikoloa Ahupua`a and the greater Waimea Kalana,this landform served as an integral element in the spatial organization ofthe historic landscape.Its significance extends beyond Indigenous cultural traditions into the domain of Western cartographic documentation.Notably,J.S. Emerson utilized Pu`u Nohonaohae as a principal survey reference point during his 19th-century mapping efforts, reinforcing its role as a key fixture in both Indigenous and colonial land tenure frameworks. Emerson's extensive fieldwork,which traversed remote mountain and wilderness areas,was instrumental in documenting the geographic and cultural context of the region. The establishment of a survey station atop Pu`u Nohonaohae further underscores its enduring prominence as a spatial and navigational landmark, central to both the natural and anthropogenic landscapes ofWaimea and Waikoloa. The climatic conditions of the region further contribute to its cultural significance. The Kipu`upu`u wind, well known in Waimea and Waikoloa,is deeply embedded in mele and mo`olelo,including the epic ofHi`iakaikapoliopele, 44 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 3.Analysis and Mitigative Measures which articulates the interwoven relationships between land,climate,and spiritual forces. Similarly,the legend of the Wind-Gourd ofLa`amaomao illustrates the powerful winds of Kohala and their role in shaping regional identity and environmental consciousness. These narratives collectively emphasize the Waikoloa Ahupua`a landscape as a dynamic and storied environment,where natural and cultural elements remain inextricably linked across temporal and spatial scales. Valued Natural and Historical Resources—Traditional and Historical Land Use Overall, the natural features of the broader Waimea Kalana played a fundamental role in traditional agricultural practices,water management systems, and spiritual traditions.The upland regions,in particular, supported a range of subsistence activities,including bird-catching,pili grass harvesting,and both dryland and irrigated agriculture. These practices reflect the highly sophisticated Indigenous land management strategies that were systematically implemented across the Island of Hawaii. As it specifically pertains to the current study area,following Western contact,Waikoloa Ahupua`a experienced significant socio-political transformations that reshaped its land use and cultural landscape. The Great Mahele of1848 formalized land tenure systems, often leading to the displacement of Native Hawaiian communities from ancestral lands. During this period, testimonies recorded by the Kingdom of Hawai`i's Land Commission documented the historical boundaries and land uses of Waikoloa,underscoring the enduring significance ofthe natural landscape as a repository of cultural memory. The introduction of cattle by Captain George Vancouver in 1793,followed by the expansion of Parker Ranch and other large-scale ranching enterprises,brought profound changes to the region's ecological and economic landscape. While the rise ofranching disrupted traditional subsistence practices,it also played a crucial role in shaping Hawai`i's economic history and land-use patterns. Over time, ranching became a dominant industry, altering the physical environment and contributing to the broader transformation of Waikoloa Ahupua`a. Hawaiian ranching holds significant historical relevance within the broader context of Pacific agricultural and economic development,representing a unique intersection of Indigenous Hawaiian land-use traditions and Western cattle ranching techniques. By the mid-19th century,paniolo(Hawaiian cowboys)had developed a distinct ranching tradition that integrated Native Hawaiian resource management strategies with Spanish-Mexican vaquero techniques introduced through foreign influences. The success of Hawaiian ranching operations, particularly those associated with Parker Ranch,not only shaped the local economy but also contributed to the development of cattle industries in the American West.Furthermore,Hawaiian beef and hides played a critical role in Pacific trade networks,particularly during the California Gold Rush,when they supplied essential provisions to expanding populations in California and beyond. The enduring legacy of the paniolo continues to influence contemporary ranching practices and remains an integral part of Hawai`i's cultural heritage while contributing to the broader historical narrative ofcowboy culture and ranching traditions in the United States. IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH THOSE RESOURCES AND RIGHTS WILL BE AFFECTED OR IMPAIRED BY THE PROPOSED ACTION Overall, drawing on traditional practices documented in the greater Waimea region (Maly and Maly 2002), which included bird hunting, agriculture, and ranching, it is important to note that historical and archaeological evidence indicates that bird hunting was not a dominant activity in the immediate vicinity of the study area. Moreover, bird hunting has not been actively practiced within the region surrounding the project area since at least the early 1800s. This decline is likely attributable to a combination of ecological degradation and broader cultural shifts that led to the abandonment ofthe practice.Given that bird hunting has not been a viable subsistence or cultural practice in the region for nearly two centuries, the proposed action would have no direct or indirect impact on this particular tradition. Furthermore, any potential secondary impacts on avian habitats within the project area are unlikely to be significant given the already altered environmental conditions and the lack of a contemporary hunting tradition reliant on local bird populations. Waimea is recognized for its extensive agricultural complexes, particularly in other regions where traditional Hawaiian dryland and irrigated field systems have been identified and documented. However,the absence of surface agricultural features in the project area, as determined by the archaeological assessment associated with the current study(Gardner et al.2025),suggests that traditional agricultural practices were never present at this specific location. Given the lack of observable agricultural infrastructure or cultural deposits associated with traditional agriculture, there is no anticipated impact on historical agricultural practices or features. This conclusion is supported by the broader landscape context,in which intensive agricultural modifications are largely confined to more productive zones Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 45 3.Analysis and Mitigative Measures outside the project area. Thus, the expansion and subsequent quarrying activities will not interfere with any known historical agricultural use or compromise the integrity of agricultural resources. Although ranching was introduced post-contact and is not an Indigenous Hawaiian practice, it has become an integral part of Hawai`i's overall history and an integral component of Waimea's cultural landscape and identity. While evidence of ranching activities was observed within the current project area(see Figures 6 and 7), a thorough review ofhistorical records confirms that all documented ranching infrastructure in the project area is ofmodern origin see Figure 22). Furthermore, quarrying activities have been ongoing in the area for approximately 50 years without any adverse impact on ranching operations.Given this precedent,a minor expansion ofthe existing quarry is not expected to affect the viability of ranching within Waik6loa Ahupua`a. Additionally, the project does not propose any restrictions on access to ranching lands or modifications to the infrastructural support systems essential for continued cattle operations. Therefore, the proposed quarry expansion does not pose a significant constraint to the continuation of ranching activities in the broader region. Regarding the natural features within the project vicinity,Pu`u Holoholoku and Pu`u Nohonaohae hold significant cultural and geographical importance that warrants careful consideration. As discussed, in Hawaiian cultural traditions, pu`u are not merely topographical features but serve as critical markers of place, often carrying deep historical and cultural significance.These landmarks play a vital role in preserving cultural knowledge,oral traditions, and regional identity.These features are,however,located over two kilometers away from the current area and as such the proposed quarry expansion does not pose an immediate threat to these features. Summary The proposed amendment to the exiting Special Use Permit to allow for the expansion of the existing quarry will not result in any adverse effects on cultural, historical, or natural resources in the project area. Historical and archaeological evidence indicates that traditional bird hunting was not a dominant activity in the immediate vicinity and has not been actively practiced in the region since the early 1800s.Given this long-standing decline,the proposed action will have no impact on this tradition or associated avian habitats. Similarly,while Waimea is known for its extensive agricultural complexes, archaeological assessments confirm that no traditional agricultural features or evidence of historical farming are present within the project area.As such, there will be no impact on traditional agricultural practices or resources. Ranching,though a post-contact introduction,remains an important part of Waimea's cultural identity.However, all documented ranching infrastructure within the project area is of modern origin. Quarrying activities have been ongoing for approximately 50 years without disrupting ranching operations, and the minor expansion of the existing quarry is not expected to impact the viability of ranching in Waik6loa Ahupua`a. The project will not restrict access to ranching lands or alter essential infrastructure. Finally,significant cultural landmarks such as Pu`u Holoholoku and Pu`u Nohonaohae will remain unaffected by the proposed quarry expansion. These landforms, which serve as navigational and historical markers in Hawaiian traditions,will continue to be preserved,ensuring the protection of their cultural and geographical significance. SPECIFY ANY MITIGATIVE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN TO REASONABLY PROTECT NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS IF THEY ARE FOUND TO EXIST. Given that the quarry expansion is limited to an already established site with no anticipated effects on the aforementioned natural features (i.e. pu`u), their preservation is expected to be maintained. Furthermore, continued consultation with Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners,historians,and community stakeholders should be prioritized to ensure that any concerns regarding cultural practices,traditional land uses,or historical preservation are addressed. Given the historical context of land tenure changes and the impacts of Western contact on Native Hawaiian communities, these efforts are critical in maintaining cultural continuity and protecting Indigenous rights associated with the landscape.Ultimately,the proposed quarry expansion do not present direct threats to Native Hawaiian cultural resources,historical sites,or traditional land uses.However,through active preservation efforts,cultural consultation, and documentation of the area's historical significance,the project can ensure that Native Hawaiian rights and cultural heritage remain safeguarded. That being said,the current Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina analysis serves as a key mitigative measure, reflecting West Hawaii Concrete's commitment to responsible stewardship of the project area and its dedication to culturally informed land use practices. 46 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited REFERENCES CITED ABCFM(American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) 1860 Retreat for Invalids on Hawaii. The Missionary Herald Containing the Proceedings at Large of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions;With a General View of Other Benevolent Operations, vol. XXVI. Crocker and Brewster, Boston. Electronic document, htlps://www.google.comibooks/edition/The—Missionary_Herald/7pEUAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv 1&dq=puukapu&pg=PA315&printsec=frontcover. Akana,C. L. and K. Gonzalez 2015 Hdnau Ka Ua:Hawaiian Rain Names.Kamehameha Publishing,Honolulu. Barna,B.,A.Dircks Ah Sam,and R.B.Rechtman 2015 An Archaeological Inventory Survey of a One-Acre Development Site and Connecting Access Road and Utility Corridors, TMK: (3) 6-7-01:025 (por.), Waik6loa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. ASM Affiliates Project Number 24400.00. Revised 2015. Prepared for Google Makani,Mountain View CA.Electronic document,F:\ASM PROJECTS\24000-25000\24450-Hilo Boarding School Ditch AIS\Report\Formatted\24450AIS_ben.pdf. B arrera,W.,Jr. 1971 Anaehoomalu: A Hawaiian Oasis. Preliminary Report of Salvage Research in South Kohala, Hawaii. Pacific Anthropological Records 15. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. B arrere,D. 1983 Report 2: Notes on the Lands of Waimea and Kawaihae. In Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of Hawai`i: An Interdisciplinary Study of an Environmental Transect, pp. 25-38. Edited by J. Clark and P. Kirch. Departmental Report Series 83-1.Department of Anthropology,B.P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Bergin,B. 2004 Loyal to the Land.- The Legendary Parker Ranch, 750-1950.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Boundary Commission 1874 Boundary Commission Book Vol. A, No. 1, Reel#1. Microfilm. Mo`okini Library, University of Hawai'i at Hilo.Hawaiian Reference Collection. Burgett,B. and P.H.Rosendahl 1993 Summary of Archaeological Inventory Surveys,Kapaanui Agricultural Subdivision and Mahukona Property, Lands of Kapaanui, Kou, Kamano, Mahukona 1st and 2nd, Hihiu, and Kaoma, North Kohala District,Island of Hawaii(TMK:3-5-7-02:11 and TMK:3-5-7-03:1-3,10-14,16-18).Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. 743-020993. Revised 1993. Prepared for Chalon International of Hawaii, Inc. Burtchard,G. and M.-J. Tomonari-Tuggle 2005 Seeking Waimea's Past: Archaeological Data Recovery at Waimea Town Center, Kamuela- Waimea, South Kohala,Hawaii Island; TMK 3-6-02: parcels 14, 17, 34,40, and 48. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. 950006. Revised 2005. Prepared for Parker Ranch Foundation Trust. Carlson,A.K. and P.H. Rosendahl 1990 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Queen's Lands at Mauna Kea, Land of Kawaihae 2nd, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii(TMK: 3-6-2-02:6). Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph.D., Inc. 591-052090. Prepared for Belt, Collins and Associates,Hilo,HI. Cordy,R. 1994 A Regional Synthesis ofHamakua District,Hawai`i Island.Historic Preservation Division,DLNR, State of Hawaii,Honolulu. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 47 References Cited 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief, The Ancient History ofHawai`i Island.Mutual Publishing,Honolulu. de Silva,K. 2006 Hole Waimea. Ka`iwakiloumoku Hawaiian Cultural Center. Kamehameha Schools. Electronic document,https://kaiwakiloumoku.ksbe.edu/article/mele-hole-waimea,accessed May 6,2021. Doyle,E.L. 1953 Makua Laiana: The Story ofLorenzo Lyons.Honolulu Star Bulletin,Honolulu. Dunn,A. E. and P. H.Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey,Kapaanui Agricultural Subdivision,Lands ofKapaanui and Kou, North Kohala District,Island of Hawaii.Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc.568-100289.Revised 1989. Prepared for Ahuloa Development Inc.,Honolulu. Ellis,W. 1825 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative ofa Tour ofHawaii, or Owhyee; with remarks on the History, Traditions, Manners, Customs and Language of the Inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands. Cocker and Brewster,Boston. Ellis,W. 1831 Polynesian Researches During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Islands,vol. IV.Fisher, Son,&Jackson,Newgate Street,London. Escott,G. 2008 Phase II Archaeological Investigations at State Sites 50-10-21-23499, 23515, 23516, 23517, and 23539 on Lands of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station Located in the Ahupua`a of Waik6loa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii [TMK: 3-6-7-001:09]. Scientific Consultant Services/Cultural Resource Management Services, Inc. Revised 2008. Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District,Honolulu. Fornander,A. 1959 Selections from Fornander's Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore.The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. 1996 Ancient History ofthe Hawaiian People,vol.II.Mutual Publishing,Australia. Gardner,W.,E.Lemieux,and M.R. Clark 2025 An Archaeological Assessment for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.)Waik6loa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii. ASM Affiliates.Prepared for West Hawaii Concrete. Handy,E. S. C. and E. G.Handy 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Handy,E. S. C.,E. G.Handy,and M.K.Pukui 1991 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Haun,A. and S.Williams 2003 Archaeological Assessment West Hawaii Concrete Truck Parking Facility Expansion, Land of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Haun & Associates Report 245-011203. Prepared for William L.Moore Planning. Hommon,R. 1976 The Formation of Primitive States in Pre-Contact Hawaii.Ph.D.Dissertation,University of Arizona, Department of Anthropology,Tucson,AZ. 48 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited 1986 Social Evolution in Ancient Hawaii. In Island Societies:Archaeological Approaches to Evolution and Transformation, pp. 55-88. Edited by P. Kirch. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hono-ko-hau(Hono-ko-hau Study Advisory Commission) 1974 The Spirit of Ka-Loko Hono-Ko-Hau. Revised 1974. Prepared for National Park Service, U.S. Department ofthe Interior. Jensen,P. 1994 Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey,Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area Expansion Project: Phase III—Data Analyses and Final Report. Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph. D., Inc. 1246-011594. Revised 1994.Prepared for Harrison Associate,Honolulu. Judd,B. 1932 Early Days of Waimea, Hawaii. In Fortieth Annual Report ofthe Hawaiian Historical Society for the year 1931 with papers read at the annual meeting February 29, 1932, pp. 14-25. Hawaiian Historical Society,Honolulu. Juvik, S. and J.Juvik 1998 Atlas ofHawaii. Third ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Kamakau, S.M. 1961 Ruling Chiefs ofHawaii.Kamehameha Schools Press,Honolulu. 1976 The Works of the People of Old, Na Hana a ka Po`e Kahiko. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. 1991 Tales and Traditions of the People of Old, Na Mo`olelo a ka Po`e Kahiko. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1992 Ruling Chiefs ofHawaii.Revised ed.Kamehameha Schools Press,Honolulu. Kanoa-Martin,K. 1997 Hole Waimea. Electronic document, http://www.huapala.org/Ho/Hole_Waimea.html, accessed April 20,2021. Kent,N. 1983 Hawaii:Islands Under the Influence.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Kenway,G. 1848 Letter to Wyllie. 1848/07/23. King,R. 1935 Districts in the Hawaiian Islands. In A Gazetteer ofthe Territory ofHawaii,pp.214-230.Edited by J.W. Coulter.University of Hawaii,Honolulu. Kirch,P.V. 1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. 2011 When Did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A Review of 150 Years of Scholarly Inquiry and a Tentative Answer.Hawaiian Archaeology 12:3-26. Kuykendall,R. and A. G.Day 1976 Hawaii:A History; From Polynesian Kingdom to American Statehood. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 49 References Cited Lucas,P. 1995 A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation. University of Hawaii Committee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture, Honolulu. Maly,K. 1999 Mauna Kea Science Reserve and Hale Pohaku Complex Development Plan Update: Oral History and Consultation Study,and Archival Literature Research,Ahupua`a of Ka`ohe(Hamakua District) and Humu`ula (Hilo District), Island of Hawaii. In Mauna Kea Science Reserve Master Plan. University ofHawai'i,Honolulu. Maly,K. and O.Maly 2002 He Wahi Mo`oleleo No Na Ke`ei Ma Kona Hema,Hawaii: A Collection of Traditions,Historical Accounts and Kama`aina Recollections of Ke`ei, South Kona, Hawaii. Kumu Pono Associates HiKe`ei63-072602.Revised July 26,2002.Prepared for Kamehameha Schools,Pa`auilo,HI. McEldowney,H. 1983 Report 16: A Description of Major Vegetation Patterns in the Waimea-Kawaihae Region During the Early Historic Period. In Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of Hawai'i. An Interdisciplinary Study of an Environmental Transect, pp. 407-448. Edited by J. Clark and P. Kirch. Departmental Report Series 83-1. Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii. Department of Anthropology,B.P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Menzies,A. 1920 Hawaii Nei, 128 Years Ago.Honolulu,T.H.,Honolulu. Nakuina,M. 2005 The Wind Gourd ofLa`amaomao (translated by Esther T. Mookini&Sarah Nakoa).University of Hawai'i Press,Honolulu. Nees,R. and S.Williams 1995 Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Proposed New West Hawaii Concrete Quarry Area, Waimea,South Kohala District,Hawai'i Island(TMK 3-6-7-01:Por.25).Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co. Inc., Honolulu. Revised 1995. Prepared for West Hawaii Concrete, Kailua- Kona,HI. Oliver,D. 1961 The Pacific Islands.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Plunkett, S. 2018 Waimea's Heritage Landscape: Using GIS to Communicate Change and Significance of a Cultural Landscape in South Kohala,Hawaii.A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Division ofthe University of Hawa`i at Hilo in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Heritage Management Department of Anthropology. M.A. Thesis,University of Hawaii. Pogue,J.F. 1978 Moolelo ofAncient Hawaii.Translated by C.W.Kenn. Topgallant Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K. (editor) 1983 Olelo No`eau:Hawaiian proverbs&poetical sayings.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K. and S.H.Elbert 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary:Hawaiian-English,English-Hawaiian.Revised and english ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K., S.H. Elbert,and E.Mo`okini 1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K. and A.Korn 1973 The Echo ofOur Song: Chants and Poems ofthe Hawaiians.University Press ofHawaii,Honolulu. 50 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited Rechtman,R.B. 2001 Archaeological Assessment Study for the New West Hawaii Concrete Black Sand Quarry(TMK:3- 6-7-01:por. 3), Waikoloa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Rechtman Consulting,LLC RC-0056.Revised 2001.Prepared for Mooers Enterprises,Kamuela,HI. Rechtman,R.B. and K.Maly 2003 Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Development of TMK:3-7-3-9:22, `O`oma 2nd Ahupua`a,North Kona District, Island of Hawai`i, Volumes I and II. Rechtman Consulting, LLC 0154.Revised 2003. Prepared for Helber Hastert&Fee,Kea`au,HI. Restarick,H. 1928 Historic Kealakekua Bay.Papers ofthe Hawaiian Historical Society 15:5-20. Rosendahl,P.H. 1972 Archaeological Salvage ofthe Hapuna-Anaehoomalu Section ofthe Kailua-Kawaihae Road(Queen Kahumanu Highway),Island of Hawaii.Departmental Report Series.Department ofAnthropology 72-5.Revised 1972.B. P. Bishop Museum. 2000 Archaeological Inventory Survey of TMK 6-8-01:22, Land of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc. 2017-072000.Revised 2000. Prepared for White Sand Beach LP,Tinguely Development,Hilo,HI. Schilt,R. and A. Sinoto 1980 Limited Phase I Archaeological Survey of Mahukona Properties,North Kohala, Island of Hawaii. Department ofAnthropology,Bernice P.Bishop Museum Ms. 013180.Revised 1980.Prepared for Belt Collins and Associates. Schmitt,R. 1973 The Missionary Censuses of Hawai`i. Pacific Anthropological Records 20. Department of Anthropology,Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Tomonari-Tuggle,M.-J. 1988 North Kohala:Perception ofa Changing Community.A Cultural Resources Study. State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Outdoor Recreation and Histoirc Sites, Division of State Parks.Revised 1988. Wilkes,C. 1845 Narrative ofthe United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1849, and 1842, vol.IV.Lea and Blanchard,Philadelphia. Williams,J. 1918 A Little Known Engineering Work in Hawaii. In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1919,pp. 121- 126.Edited by T.Thrum. Thos. G.Thrum,Honolulu. Wise,J. and J.W.H.I.Kihe 1914-1917 Kaao Hooniva Puuwai no Ka-miki. Ka Hoku O Hawaii [Hilo, Hawaii]. Published serially from 8 January 1914 to 6 December 1917. Wolforth,T. 2000 An Archaeological Inventory Survey ofApproximately 15 Acres for a Proposed Quarry and Related Activity at Parker Ranch Within Waikoloa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii TMK:6-8-01:001). Scientific Consultant Services,Inc.216-1.Revised 2000.Prepared for William L.Moore Planning,Hilo,HI. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the WHC Quarry Expansion,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 51 An Archaeologi*cal A the West Concrete Wai*mea Quarry Expans i*on Project TMK: 3 6-7-001:025 (por.) Waik0-loa Ahupua'a South Kohala District Island of Hawai'i DRAFT VERSION Prepared By: Ir.William Gardner,Ph.D. Evangeline Lemieux,B.A., and Matthew R. Clark,M.A. Prepared For: ML Wes walWest i Concrete P.O. Box 1390 Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 k 4 44 153:f xryl S'`a 3 ,.. M% i''.;,1 J+ 1`a y r :,4 r ye Y}"p,.aaJ(F r+` 'i sf z ..# t ix\ r 4'4Fy +V W L,i r xr L.£ P.% 't , .f=9 r.. ty• R 1i R.}y •rf f r,,'^• yF' tea C ( ay i ' '.5!,"tn 7l ri, a J iwrK,^y^y ' SFr& 'a r ,'-ejti.',"+ d 51"•+:.4` .',4!p k;`,,1 r f'al, 71'.P rt;.xp i', i kd 5 `y"•,tigr `,- .y r r W K 4 January 2025P' r`,rFr r r, P o- sii.. 4 `Y •41•. aff i I iates I qi Archaeology-History•Anthropology•Architectural History Hilo Office:(808)969-6066 Fax:.(808)443-00165 507-A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Honolulu Office:(808)439-8089 Fax:(808)439-8087 SM Project Number 47300.00 820 felililani Street,quite 700,Honolulu,HI 96818 A An Archaeological Assessment for West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project TMK: (3) 6-7-001 :025 (por.) Waikoloa Ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawaii ASM Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of West Hawaii Concrete (WHC), ASM Affiliates (ASM) conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) of a roughly 80.38-acre project area located on Tax Map Key (TMK): (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.), in Waik6loa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District,Island ofHawaii.WHC currently operates a gravel quarry on a 143.48- acre adjacent parcel (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034). The current project is being conducted in advance of an anticipated expansion of the current quarry facility to an 80.38-acre portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025. The proposed expansion flanks the existing quarry to the southeast and southwest.Currently,the greater 21,091.31-acre TMK:(3)6-7-001:025 is owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea,LLC and is classified as agricultural land. As part of the expansion,WHC is seeking a Special Use Permit(SUP)from the County of Hawaii Department of Planning(CoH-DP)and the State of Hawaii Land Use Commission (HLUC) to allow rock quarrying activities on the lands. The current study was conducted in anticipation ofthe Chapter 6E-42 Hawaii Revised Statutes(HRS)review ofCoH-PD and HLUS Special Use Permit application associated with the development of the proposed quarry expansion. The current study was conducted in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-284 and was performed in compliance with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in Hawaii Administrative Rules§13-276.Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department ofLand and Natural Resources— State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR—SHPD)and the CoH-DP.According to HAR§13-284-5(b)(5)(A),when no archaeological sites are found during an AIS, the results of the AIS shall be reported through an Archaeological Assessment. The current field survey did not identify any historic properties within the 80.3 8-acre project area.Therefore,with respect to the Chapter 6E-42 historic preservation review process of the DLNR—SHPD,pursuant to HAR§13-284-7, the recommended determination of effect for the development of the proposed WHC quarry expansion project is"no historic properties affected."No further historic preservation work is recommended prior to permit issuance or during any subsequent development activities within the project area. In the unlikely event that significant archaeological resources are discovered during the proposed activities, work should cease in the area of the discovery and DLNR- SHPD contacted pursuant to HAR§13-284-12 and-280. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii i Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................5 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION................................................................................ 9 2. BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................13 CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT....................................................................... 13 Traditional Land Use Practices .............................................................................. 14 Land Use in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries............................................ 16 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES........................................................... 18 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS.... 20 4. FIELDWORK..............................................................................................................21 FIELDMETHODS ...................................................................................................... 21 FIELDRESULTS ........................................................................................................ 21 5. RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................22 REFERENCES CITED...................................................................................................23 FIGURES Page 1. Current satellite image of the project area and existing quarry.................................................................6 2. USGS map of project area vicinity with project area in red. ....................................................................7 3. TMK(3) 6-7-001 map with project area...................................................................................................8 4. Geology in the vicinity of the project area................................................................................................9 5. Tailings piles from the existing WHC quarry,photo facing to the north...................... 6. Example of modern ranching infrastructure in the project area,photo facing southeast........................ 10 7. Temporary animal pen associated with ranching activities,photo to the southeast................................ 11 8. Example of a cattle trail in the project area,photo to the east. ............................................................... 11 9. Grading and animal disturbance associated with ranching activities,photo to the northeast................. 12 10. Soil map of the project area. ................................................................................................................. 12 11. Registered Map No. 574 showing Waik6loa,the kalana of Waimea, and the approximate location of the study area(prepared by Kaelemakule, n.d.). ................................................................. 15 12. Previously conducted archaeological studies (note that Nees 1995 was plotted based on SHPD ArcGIS shapefiles and is not an accurate location as the project covered the existing quarry area denoted by the black hashed area)......................................................................................................... 19 TABLES Page 1. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area.............................. 18 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 111 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of West Hawaii Concrete (WHC), ASM Affiliates (ASM) conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) of a roughly 80.38-acre project area located on Tax Map Key (TMK): (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.), in Waikoloa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii(Figures 1,2, and 3).WHC currently operates a gravel quarry on a 143.48-acre adjacent parcel (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:034). The current project is being conducted in advance of an anticipated expansion of the current quarry facility to an 80.38-acre portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025. The proposed expansion flanks the existing quarry to the southeast and southwest(see Figures 1). Currently, the greater 21,091.31-acre TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 parcel is owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea, LLC and is classified as agricultural land.As part ofthe expansion,WHC is seeking a Special Use Permit(SUP)from the County of Hawaii Department of Planning (CoH-DP) and State of Hawaii Land Use Commission (HLUC) to allow rock quarrying activities on the lands.The current study was conducted in anticipation of the Chapter 6E-42 Hawaii Revised Statutes HRS)review of CoH-PD and HLUS Special Use Permit application associated with the development ofthe proposed quarry expansion. The current study was conducted in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-284 and was performed in compliance with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in Hawaii Administrative Rules§13-276.Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department ofLand and Natural Resources— State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR—SHPD)and the CoH-DP.According to HAR§13-284-5(b)(5)(A),when no archaeological sites are found during an AIS, the results of the AIS shall be reported through an Archaeological Assessment. This Archaeological Assessment report contains information on the project area, as set forth in HAR 13-284-5(a) in regard to the background information outlining the study area's physical and cultural contexts, a presentation ofprevious archaeological work in the vicinity ofthe project area,and current survey expectations based on that previous work. Also presented are an explanation of the project's methods and a description of the findings, followed by recommendations and a determination of effect for the proposed project. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 5 1.Introduction Area of Detail 0 200 Krn AL x a v N= €' fr a a i- t r n e w ku I r' k PP I 4fN 1u9a`nb'NpF,. i. tf "'www 4n;, 'i gvatki r it !(v i ^m Pk;. yr M P Eug H ii Ya f; iv t j4 a.rn- b Pi m w OV e U 350 7(10 f'rojec:l 11 rya APRx:473OD Wal mca carry1t:1.:'47 Fic,Lin u Layout:Imagery. Figure 1. Current satellite image of the project area and existing quarry. 6 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction 4 Area of Detail rA-s - 1-'-Holohpktku 4 r"'..,' I Y n n t,,. Kenw 0 a r a fi W&W T 1 F, t4 V d n n s; 1 I Iy4, 1F.xist n,Quan-y 0 350 ri, Projcct Arca APR,47 00 W 11111c,rQuXT\ USGS 7.5'Quadrangle FiC?ll Ckkr Livout:USG Figure 2.USGS map of project area vicinity with project area in red. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 7 1.Introduction J714y Q t Y h r h W / II ' r g I IIIIII II r 4111 k. qq TIFj 1 s-rr o'• 00 w A- i ZY65 re)II u a M 4 Ik x ' CL CL 0 1 Ilk 4 V f.drtFd-F rr_e IndY. F a N N.I f1] tQ r.r`al r f`Fri`r,4'4•F' m°a iryry + Y vy lea a 4 a y k F G.'.j W 1 CIL K a w w Will a u 22 1 I 5 IN, S] V ! Fbbr Apr,f Yb dJ'8 II yil r"{" iy. Lqp,y811• 7 r 4 l x tit LF 4 A. J ZI f p1 wti 4 r 1 vr yJ w s Q I existing(quarry APRk 4700—WaimeaQuarry a Prajcct Arcs Layout-TIIrIK 4 r. 8 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The project area,owned by Parker Ranch Mauna Kea LLC,encompasses approximately 80.3 8 acres located southeast and southwest of the existing WHC quarry.The southeastern segment ofthe project area measures 1,000 feet in length and 2,475 feet in width,while the southwestern portion spans 2,000 feet in length and 525 feet in width(see Figure 1- 3). Both the current quarry and the proposed development site are situated on a raised area of Laupahoehoe volcanic terrain,rising approximately 100 to 200 feet above the surrounding Hamakua volcanics(Figure 4; see also Figure 2). Access to the site is facilitated via Hokuloa UCC Road,which connects to Hawaii Belt Road(Highway 190)roughly 0.5 miles north of its junction with Saddle Road(Highway 200). Evidence of recent and ongoing quarrying and ranching activities characterizes much of the surrounding area. The WHC quarry forms the entire northwestern boundary of the project area (Figure 5), while modern ranching features are prevalent throughout the project area. Observed ranching-related elements include a permanent concrete watering trough (Figure 6), a small temporary pen (Figure 7), cattle trails (Figure 8), and graded areas that provide vehicular access to these features(Figure 9). The study area lies between 3,080 and 3,150 feet above sea level,with mean annual temperatures ranging from 59°F to 72°F and annual precipitation levels between 20 and 50 inches. The terrain is uneven, featuring small hills, ridges,and intermittent small drainage channel dispersed across the project area(see Figures 5-9). Soil in the project area is classified as Puu Pa very dark brown(1 OYR 2/2),very cobbly medial very fine sandy loam,with slopes ranging from six to twelve percent(Soil Survey Staff 2022: Figure 10). Vegetation includes dominant species such as buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus), particularly along the northernmost section of the access road.Additional vegetation consists of native species like `ilima(Sida fallax)and`a`ali`i(Dodonaea viscosa), along with introduced species such as castor bean (Ricinus communis) and apple of Sodom (Solarium linnaeanum) see Figures 5-9). 1 Ill , I L1ii l d k1111M ohmm 011111 011111 0 h i w r r 00" Q1l) i Q 11111k1r T11Q.-. 11 o{ w a 11111 c Q11[Il 1ry 1J t11 f LrV RRR ILI.. Existing Quarry Q1 11.000-64.000 yr Laupahoehoe VoIcanics 1'r4 -:A"':'t t1b 11,000-64.000 yr Laupalioehoe Voleanirs Q,I Ally.%-111111 Q1111i ()4_kjo,F-:'M1I.%j00 yr Hamakaia Vuleanles Figure 4.Geology in the vicinity of the project area. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 9 1.Introduction AF: M1 a r.•fir + y., a,,.. 7F s s s s r fSrY V 1 'r' y 7 fi a Figure 5. Tailings piles from the existing WHC quarry,photo facing to the north. 4 IN 21 M mow•. .. n' i;•.. N"` ',.. '6m ,', °':"-..: "` yr";9 ne"a"y.^'a'..;. , Y.Y"", W^': 34.. .„ ^ ^..-:'. °.,>.'-- .. ,1 irbw ::fix. Msr- _ ,. r rn tom'i. .v.' 4 .ifF , o.,Mv.,xr'"'f.'T"•1. .]1• . ice NOW x Y. J y v r"k, Figure 6.Example of modern ranching infrastructure in the project area,photo facing southeast. 10 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction r 1 r rI 1- y r M. Y' r t y„A t Figure 7. Temporary animal pen associated with ranching activities,photo to the southeast. a 1. r r t f 1 4 !l n t u r Figure 8.Example of a cattle trail in the project area,photo to the east. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 11 1.Introduction A i v fF i 9 Yat a Figure 9. Grading and animal disturbance associated with ranching activities,photo to the northeast. ry 330 333 486 345 333 334 384NON 486 808 380333 486 347 334 333 380 F. llti'Ic'1'r J11 I 1`.1: .i,_I.,I1.115'V 345 11".cdiai 1'til",I1°le sandy loam,2 to 10 3S'-1-W1-111,1ti.i 11 I. ', 1-,I'.I,'..• i.' ;,1131ex.2 try 10 I ,:.Ii,,I.'..:11.411a1 `er tine s lnciy'loa>ri.2U tc`(1 485-KenioIe e'reIti!,-Iv y'lrt 1.11et1'x,1i'y t1',.il:t h;lJti 1-4+;wti5 Kona,12 to 0 p it,Lnt 1,: k 3 -'I,,I '.i L't'(V cal."lYl'JIJt'CIiJl 'E'1L't161E'sand' `:':i "ti:..11.11:ila k°et-'t>Tle$atC1Y 1C1c 113, t(}It l r et]t 486-KeLuoI .,71'tll?tI';1y'I'.`.'Illttill'il,'t1'l'_I11, Ill(]b' loam. 'Iy3 12 pen`,;:;''pll s I!:`' laatn,6 to 12 perceut Aopws. I V 1',.. I`!• '10 isI very fine`,ilidy. fine sandy loam.0 to 6 808-Kemale-INaimea complex,12 to 20 percent luaill..12 to 2u 31-ta:, pLrcent slopes 1':.ti'.II"',.'',"`L'11:1,I:I;',! .,.•..,'.11:•.."'t;°,. .'!' 1.'!,...1 IIY!.'y'.I,.:I,. 11. ,'19';,'l11+1...:"!'.'".I IIII',. ','10 ,. t.-. ...I,..'sl•,Iw.'y7..r!1 Figure 10. Soil map of the project area. 12 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background 2. BACKGROUND To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of archaeological resources that might be encountered within the current study area,and to establish an environment within which to assess the significance ofany such resources, a general culture-historical context for the South Kohala region that includes specific information regarding the known history of Waikoloa Ahupua`a and the study area is presented below.This is followed by a discussion of relevant prior archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the study area. The culture-historical context and summary of previously conducted archaeological and cultural research presented below are based on research conducted by ASM Affiliates at various physical and digital repositories. Primary English language and Hawaiian language resources were found at multiple state agencies,including the State Historic Preservation Division,Hawaii State Archives,and the Department ofAccounting and General Services Land Survey Division.Digital collections provided through the Office ofHawaiian Affairs Papakilo and Kipuka databases, Waihona `Aina, the Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library, the Hawaii Genealogical Indexes, and Newspapers.com provided further historical context and information.Lastly,secondary resources stored at ASM Affiliates'Hilo office offer general information regarding the history of land use, politics, and culture change in Hawaii, enhancing the broad sampling of primary source materials cited throughout this cultural impact assessment. CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT The current study area is situated in Waikoloa Ahupua`a. Waikoloa Ahupua`a is one of some seventy ahupua`a that make up the traditional moku-o-loko or moku (interior district) of Kohala. The moku of Kohala is one of six on Hawaii Island.Legislative acts passed in 1859 divided Kohala into the two modern districts of Kohala, `Akau(North Kohala)and Kohala Hema(South Kohala)(King 1935).Waikoloa Ahupua`a is the southernmost land division within both the traditional moku of Kohala and the modern district of South Kohala. It is bound on the north by Lalamilo Ahupua`a, to the east by Pa`auhau Ahupua`a, and to the south by the ahupua`a of Pu`u Anahulu in the North Kona District. While the ahupua`a was the most common and fundamental land division unit within the traditional Hawaiian land management structure, other kinds of land divisions were also incorporated into the system. Waikoloa was also considered a sub-unit of Waimea,which was traditionally a kalana,a division of land that is smaller than a moku but containing several ahupua`a, `ili `aina, and `ili kupono. `Ili kupono differed from other `ili lands because they fell directly under the jurisdiction of the ruling paramount chiefs(ali`i ai moku)because of the highly valuable resources they contained(Handy et al. 1991). The relationships between kalana and moku are not well understood. Kamakau 1976)equates a kalana to a moku and uses a third term,the`okana,to describe a subdistrict subordinate to the moku. Others use the kalana and `okana interchangeably (Lucas 1995; Pukui and Elbert 1986). The lands subject to the kalana ofWaimea were those that form the southern limits of the present-day South Kohala District including `Ouli, Wai`aka, Lalamilo, Puak6, Kalahuipua`a, `Anaeho`omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`6hi`a, Paulama, Pu`ukalani (Pukalani), Pu`ukapu,and Waikoloa.An additional complication to understanding the internal structure of the kalana of Waimea is the fact that in ancient times Waikoloa was referred to as Waikoloa Nui, and the neighboring area of Lalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki(Maly 1999). Looking at the place name Waikoloa Pukui et al. (1974:223)translates Waikoloa to literally mean"duck water." The name Waikoloa has also been interpreted to mean"water-carried-far,"and is the name of a wind goddess(Maly 1999).Traditional poetical expressions also refer to other geographical designations within Kohala.For example,one expression derived from an ancient chant titled Ku e ho`opi`o ka la refers to: O Kohala-iki, `o Kohala- lesser Kohala,greater Kohala nui inner Kohala,outer Kohala... O Kohala-loko, `o Kohala- Pukui and Korn 1973:190) waho... Pukui and Korn 1973: 188) While Waikoloa is referred to today as an ahupua`a, it was traditionally an `ili (land section smaller than an ahupua`a) of the kalana (or `okana) of Waimea. As a kalana, Waimea functioned as a sub-district, smaller than a district(moku-o-loko)but containing several smaller land divisions, such as ahupua`a and the more independent `ili kupono,all ofwhich contributed to its wealth(Lucas 1995;Maly and Maly 2002).In antiquity,Waikoloa was referred AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 13 2.Background to as Waikoloa Nui,and the neighboring area ofLalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki(Maly 1999).Bernice Judd 1932:14),a former librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society,explains that: In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae. This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains, where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea... The middle stream,which was famous for wild ducks,was named Waikoloa,or Duckwater. This and the most westerly stream, called Kahakohau,went towards Kawaihae,but neither reached the sea, except in times of flood. In the District of Kohala, the long ridge of the Kohala Mountains extends perpendicular to the predominant northeasterly trade winds, creating an orographic rainfall pattern that separates the district into two distinct environmental zones;a wetter windward zone on the eastern(Hamakua)side,and a drier leeward zone on the western Kona) side (Juvik and Juvik 1998). In general, prior to the nineteenth century, Waikaloa's population was concentrated in the uplands and along the coast. Initial occupation of the area probably began at small coastal settlements where early inhabitants exploited the diverse marine resources(Jensen 1994).Upland habitation followed and likely focused on agricultural field systems, which undoubtedly provided much of the produce for the coastal inhabitants(Carlson and Rosendahl 1990).The earliest inhabitants emphasized the use ofnatural caves and overhangs, along with the construction of small,simple surface features for habitation purposes,but as populations increased and expanded,so did the occurrence of more permanent habitation structures in both the coastal and upland areas(Jensen 1994). A network of coastal and inland trails,over which the exchange of goods occurred, connected the coastal and upland population centers and resource areas(Hommon 1976;Maly 1999). The first settlers of this district likely established a few small communities near sheltered bays with access to fresh water primarily in the windward valleys and gulches. The communities would have shared extended familial relations and had an occupational focus on the collection of marine resources. Evidence for early occupation of leeward Kohala was speculated for Kapa`anui,where Dunn and Rosendahl(1989)reported radiocarbon dates as early as A.D. 461, and from `Anaeho`omalu where Barrera (1971) reported A.D. 900 as the initial date for settlement; however, these early dates should be viewed with suspicion(Kirch 2011). Other early dates from windward Kohala were reported by Cordy (2000); these sites are believed to have been utilized in the early thirteenth century. Data recovered from Mahukona, along the leeward coast of North Kohala, suggest initial occupation taking place there around A.D. 1280 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1993:36). Permanent settlement in Kohala has been reported as early as A.D. 1300 at Koai`e, a coastal settlement,where subsistence was primarily derived from marine resources, but was probably supplemented by small-scale agriculture as well(Tomonari-Tuggle 1988). Rosendahl (1972) proposed that settlement in leeward Kohala at this time was related to seasonal, recurrent occupation, and that coastal sites were occupied in the summer to exploit marine resources, while upland sites were being occupied during the winter months with a primary focus on agriculture. An increasing reliance on agricultural products may have caused a shift in social networks as well,according to Hommon(1976:118).Hommon argues that kinship links between coastal settlements disintegrated as those links within the mauka-makai settlements expanded to accommodate exchange of agricultural products for marine resources. This shift is believed to have resulted in the establishment of the ahupua`a system. The implications of this model include a shift in residential patterns from seasonal,temporary occupation to permanent dispersed occupation ofboth coastal and upland areas. Traditional Land Use Practices While Waikoloa is referred to today as an ahupua`a,traditionally it was an `ili of the kalana(or `okana) of Waimea. In ancient times a kalana was treated as a sub-district: smaller than a district tmoku o loko),but composed of several other land divisions, such as ahupua`a and the more independent `ili kupono,that contributed to its wealth(Maly and Maly 2002). The lands subject to the kalana of Waimea were those that form the southern limits of the present day South Kohala District including `Ouli, Wai`aka, Lalamilo, Puak6, Kalahuipua`a, `Anaeho`omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`6hi`a,Paulama,Pu`ukalani,Pu`ukapu,and Waikoloa(Figure 11). In ancient times,Waikoloa Ahupua`a was referred to as Waikoloa Nui,and the neighboring ahupua`a ofLalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki (Maly 1999). Bernice Judd, a former librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's society,explains that: 14 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae. This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains, where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea. . . The middle stream,which was famous for wild ducks,was named Waikoloa, or Duckwater. This and the most westerly stream, called Kahakohau,went towards Kawaihae,but neither reached the sea, except in times of flood. (Judd 1932:14) Most of the taro and sweet potato fields of this part of the island were located in the rainier uplands near the present day town of Waimea, where there was a sizable permanent population as well. Oral histories indicate that a dry land planting area referred to as Makahonu was present in Waikoloa,"which was still used through the turn ofthe twentieth] century" (Maly 1999:153). Makahonu was located near the intersection of Waikoloa Road and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway.There is no information in the oral histories ofwhat was specifically cultivated in the planting area although `Anaeho`omalu and other proximal locations were favorable areas for growing sweet potatoes (Handy and Handy 1991). Coastal residents in South Kohala,however,relied primarily on the ocean for sustenance,and they augmented their diet with produce procured through trade with the upland areas.Marine resources were brought ashore in the small bays with sandy shores found in the coastal section of Waimea (now called South Kohala), where, as Handy et al. (1991:532)relate,fishermen lived and probably cultivated potatoes in small patches." u t fi• ry t v' y '• ty, k+yµ $i h a 1 $' .. _ Y r -4. k L F {{'+`-fin _., ,:.•N ti -__ .'xis f/ t Y I"• 't, -_ry;4+`5 y y .•4a2 t J L 1 vc s yt'as1r W' '} i-bc 4•F l:, `.r.'.`,----F-'.,0'^„-7 d.'An.. fit- k':a'.^ s ,-•' .-v-'tr:.'.,,;;_k{. ... .....,..Yx iR` RL4 - y, - - A i Nf-jr`Y+' T,•' R.}:MSy` Ti`-'''v.Hi Zr f/{.y.{ 4 Study Area 1 II t x5:•13J '4,!iK JM1l':f Ae tilt lm 1 s.,, J L 1+ p Ate• - '. : 4 i f ,. }` "( fir ••S}i£c ff M1 Ll T.6FL.sM1r=.drrc`•.rw- I 1,{! .wn"y,.- y r-'7 ,.•X h ti Figure 11. Registered Map No. 574 showing Waikoloa,the kalana of Waimea,and the approximate location of the study area(prepared by Kaelemakule,n.d.). AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 15 2.Background Land Use in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries With the arrival of foreigners in Hawaii,the introduction of a western economy, and the rise of the sugar and cattle industries, life in Kohala began to drastically change. Much of the population of South Kohala at this time resided near the shore or in the uplands of Waimea,but the population of the district began to decline rapidly as Hawaiians were decimated by disease and a depressed birth rate.Epidemics in 1848 and 1849 killed more than 10,000 people in twelve months throughout the Hawaiian Islands (Tomonari-Tuggle 1988). In 1848 in North Kohala, Rev. Bond reported that 100 people had died within a three-week period, and in October of that year he reported that a measles epidemic had nearly every resident of the district in the hospital (Damon 1927). Following these epidemics, the population of the district had been reduced to nearly half of the more than 6,000 people reported in the 1835 census Schmitt 1977). By the mid-nineteenth century, the population of Kohala shifted to the windward side as the leeward, agriculturally marginal areas were abandoned in favor of more productive and wetter sugarcane lands.According to Tomonari-Tuggle (1988), the remnant leeward population nucleated into a few small coastal communities and dispersed upland settlements. These settlements were no longer based on traditional subsistence patterns, largely because of the loss of access to the full range of necessary resources. The wetter windward slopes of North Kohala and the Waimea plain were the focus of the shifting settlement pattern and they eventually became the population centers for the district. Tomonari-Tuggle clarifies some of the reasons for this migration: Outmigration and a demographic shift from rural areas to growing urban centers reflected the lure of a larger world and world view on previously isolated community. Foreigners, especially whalers and merchants, settled around good harbors and roadsteads. Ali`i and their followers gravitated towards these areas,which were the sources ofWestern material goods,novel status items which would otherwise be unavailable. Associated with the emergence of the market, cash-based economy, commoners followed in search of paying employment. (1988:33) Legacy of the Great Mahele (1848-1895) By the middle of the nineteenth century, the ever-growing population of Westerners forced socioeconomic and demographic changes that promoted the establishment of a Euro-American style of land ownership in the Hawaiian Islands,and the Great Mahele became the vehicle for determining ownership of native lands.During this period,land interests of the King (Kamehameha III), the high-ranking chiefs, and the low-ranking chiefs, the konohiki, were defined. The chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive awards for lands provided to them by Kamehameha III. They were also required to provide commutations to the government in order to receive royal patents on their awards. The lands were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the land could be surveyed. This process expedited the work of the Land Commission(Chinen 1961:13). During the Mahele, all lands were placed in one of three categories: Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne),Government Lands,and Konohiki Lands.All three types of land were subject to the rights ofthe native tenants therein.In 1862,the Commission of Boundaries(Boundary Commission)was established in the Kingdom ofHawaii to legally set the boundaries ofall the ahupua`a that had been awarded as a part of the Mahele. Subsequently,in 1874, the Commissioners of Boundaries was authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them.The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents of the lands,many ofwhich had also been claimants for kuleana during the Mahele.This information was collected primarily between A.D. 1873 and 1885 and was usually given in Hawaiian and transcribed in English as they occurred. As a result of the Mahele, Waikoloa Nui(originally an`ili of Waimea kalana)was awarded to George Davis Hu`eu as an ahpua`a based on Kamehameha I's gift of the land to Hu`eu's father Isaac Davis. This award did not include the coastal areas of`Anaeho`omalu and Kalahuipua`a, which were retained by the crown. The Davis Hu`eu award was primarily restricted to the non-agricultural pill lands south of the agriculturally-productive Lalamilo area and mauka of the rich coastal resource area. There were nine small residential kuleana awarded in the uplands of Waikoloa near the town of Waimea(Maly 1999).No kuleana were awarded within the current study area. On July 2nd, 1868, G. D. Hu`eu leased his remaining lands in Waikoloa Nui to the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company for a twenty-year period(he had previously sold roughly 700 acres to Claude Jones on October 25th, 1866; Maly and Maly 2002). With the acquisition of this land,the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company became the largest ranching operation on the island(Escott 2008).Under the terms of the lease the Hu`eu family was 16 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background allowed to continue grazing their 1,000 head of cattle, 1,000 head of sheep, and 100 horses on the Waikoloa lands Escott 2008). By the late-1870s,largely due to persistent drought conditions within its grazing lands,the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company went out of business, and its herd was purchased by Parker Ranch(Parker Ranch would also eventually acquire the lease of Waikmloa Ahupua`a;Bergin 2004). Francis Spencer formed Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company and continued to raise sheep in Waikmloa and neighboring lands.In October of 1876 Spencer sold his interest in the sheep ranch to George W.Macfarlane; included in this transaction were the Waikmloa Nui lands lease from G. D. Hu`eu(Maly and Maly 2002). George Bowser, the editor of The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourists Guide,visited Waimea in 1880 and stayed at Spencer's house.Browser writes: Waimea has always been a place of some considerable importance, and there are around it several pretty homesteads,notably the residences of Mr.F. Spencer and the Reverend Lyons.From Mr. Spencer's veranda there is a striking view of Maunakea,the summit of which was at this time ofthe year still in its winter robe of snow.The snow never leaves this mountain top entirely,but the position ofthe snow-line varies considerably with the season ofthe year,and also from one year to another,according to the weather which characterizes them.The country all round is chiefly suitable for grazing,and,besides innumerable wild cattle,descended,no doubt,from those which Vancouver gave to Kamehameha I, there are some 20,000 head depastured in the neighborhood, the property of Mr.Parker,who has,besides,some large droves ofhorses,probably numbering a thousand head in all. Mr. Spencer has turned his attention chiefly to sheep farming, and occupies a large tract of country with his flock of 15,000 sheep and 15,000 goats. Waimea itself, although of immemorial age, and once populous, is now only a scattered village, with but two stores and a boarding and lodging house and coffee saloon. (Bowser 1880:540) Parker Ranch continued to expand their operations in the Waimea area throughout the 1870s and 1880s.The ranch eventually acquired the lease to roughly 95,000 acres in Waikmloa still held by G.D. Hu`eu that had formerly been leased to the Waimea Agricultural and Grazing Company.By the mid-1880s Sam Parker's poor business dealings had led to a rapidly degenerating financial situation for Parker Ranch, and in 1887 the entire ranching operation was entrusted to Charles R. Bishop and Co. for a fee of$200,000 (Bergin 2004). With the move to trusteeship new managers were brought in to oversee the day-to-day operations at the ranch. By the early 1900s Parker Ranch was under the direction of Alfred W. Carter, chosen as the guardian and trustee for Thelma Parker,John Parker III's daughter,upon his death at the age of nineteen.By this time Parker Ranch was operating on several large, leased parcels, but the fee simple holdings amounted to only 34,000 acres (Bergin 2004). Early on in his tenure as ranch manager, Carter concentrated on acquiring and converting more of the ranch's lands from lease to fee. In 1903,with only a short period left on its lease, Carter acquired nine-tenths interest in the Waikmloa Nui lands from Ms. Lucy Peabody for $112,000, securing important grazing lands for the ranch (Bergin 2004).Soon thereafter,Carter purchased the adjacent lands of`Ouli,adding another 4,000 acres to the ranch's holdings that bridged the former property lines makai of Waimea Town. He also acquired the Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company,encompassing over 3,700 acres and including the Ke`dmuku Sheep station in Waikmloa,which he converted to cattle ranching over the next decade. Much of these grazed lands were divided into paddocks, and transportation and water conveyance infrastructure projects were undertaken to increase the productivity ofthe Waikmloa rangelands. Paddocks were given names based on their location, land features,function,and sometimes after the plants that grew there.In 1906,on behalf of Thelma Parker,Carter bought out Sam Parker's half-interest in Parker Ranch for a sum of 600,000. Other important purchases made by Carter during the first dozen or so years of his trusteeship included Humu`ula,Ka`ohe,Waipunalei,and Kahuku Ranch(Bergin 2004). The expansion of Parker Ranch's land-and lease holdings throughout the late 19'and early 20'centuries allowed the ranch to raise cattle and sheep in paddocks around the island. By the mid-20th century, land use in the region began to diversify beyond cattle and sheep ranching. This shift included the establishment of new industries and infrastructure to support the growing local economy. One notable development was the construction of a quarry in 1995,which introduced extractive activities to the area. The quarry not only provided materials for construction and road development but also marked a significant transition in land use, reflecting broader economic changes and the evolving needs of the community. This diversification of land use continued alongside the historic ranching operations,adding another layer to the region's complex history. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikmloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 17 2.Background PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES No prior archaeological studies have been conducted directly within the boundaries of the current project area. However, insights from five previous archaeological investigations conducted in the immediate area (Figure 12) provide valuable context and help shape expectations regarding the potential presence ofhistoric and cultural resources within the project area(Table 1). In 1995, Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. (Nees and Williams 1995) conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the then proposed 14-acre West Hawaii Concrete quarry site within TMK: (3) 6- 7-001:025(por.),that now forms the existing quarry the current project seeks to expand.Their project included survey of both a proposed access road and buffer zone around the quarry, as well as examination of old quarry cuts on the leeward(west)side of the unnamed pu`u that was in the project area and a firebreak road for any subsurface deposits. As a result of their study, no surface archaeological features were present within the study area. A single twentieth- century glass bottle embossed "HAMAKUA SODA WORKS" was found tucked under a rock outcrop. They did discover an enclosure and two stacked rock cairns outside of their project area. All of the features are located on a ridgeline. One cairn measures 1 meter in diameter and 50 centimeters tall and the other is 1.5 meters in diameter and 60 centimeters tall.The associated enclosure measures approximately 2 meters by 1.5 meters and has an average wall height of 50 centimeters (Nees and Williams 1995:9). No cultural material were discovered in association with the features.Although no formal site classification or function was included in the report the authors felt that the features may have been ranch related. These features are not located in the current project area. In 2001,Rechtman(2001) conducted an archeological assessment for study for the New West Hawaii Concrete Black Sand Quarry, located approximately 0.75 miles south of the current study area. No archaeological resources were observed within that project area, nor were any significant resources of a potential traditional cultural nature encountered. In 2003,Haun&Associates Haun and Williams (2003) conducted an archaeological assessment of the proposed West Hawaii Concrete Truck Parking Facility Expansion project area, situated along the southern edge of the quarry access road roughly 6.2 miles southwest of the current study area.No archaeological sites or features were encountered.In 2015,ASM Affiliates conducted an archaeological inventory survey for the construction of a proposed testing facility for new wind generating technology, consisting of an approximately one-acre ground station and connecting road and utility corridors on a portion of TMK: (3)6-7-01:025 of Waikoloa Ahupua`a on behalf of Google Makani. Located approximately 1.75 miles to the southwest of the current project,the AIS encountered the Historic Waimea—Ke`amuku Trail(Site 50-10-06-23516).No new historic properties were encountered,however(Barna et al. 2015). Lastly, in 2019 ASM Affiliates conducted a field inspection of a portion of TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 on behalf of West Hawaii Concrete in support of a grading permit application for the construction of a new quarry road. The project area is located approximately 0.45 miles to the east of the current project area and no historic properties were encountered within the project area(Barna 2019).Although only five projects have been conducted in the immediate vicinity of the current project area several other projects have been conducted in the greater Waikoloa Ahupua`a(see Figure 12). In 2021,Mulrooney et al.(2021)conducted an AIS covering 363 acres immediate west of the current project area and as a result of this AIS they documented five historic properties, comprising a total of seven component features, as well as six isolated artifacts. The survey revealed a diverse array of historic properties, including both modified natural features and constructed elements.Among these were three modified outcrops,historic fence lines,and water management features associated with past ranching activities in the area. The historic properties were evaluated for their integrity and significance in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR) §13-284-6. Table 1. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area. Year Author(s) Type ofStudy Ahupua`a 1995 Nees&Williams AIS Waikoloa 2001 Rechtman AA Waikoloa 2003 Haun AIS Waikoloa 2015 Barna et. al. AIS Waikoloa 2019 Barna FI Waikoloa 2021 Mulrooney et al AIS Waikoloa 18 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background q ti w R x Area.of Detail Reebtma n&Pr*sad 2006 0 200 Km I 1 1 Rechtman 2011Rd Thompson 1992 974 rr Thompson 1 992 Thonys n 1992 d Reehtman 2011 a Nees 1995 i Berm 2019 echtrtr 2)[IlKarr-;ahoy GUJC 1 w Hann 2003 Rama et al.2015 1'rlranner et aYl.2 121 PP k Q 1313 m 0 Langlas et al.1999 11-1 Langlas et al.1999 x N 0 Project LSxca Carson 2002 06c1 MeLe.rs 1. 0 1.000 2,000 0-0 N aimwa LIf ri_vT,in,l,«t ail.19991 i It.:- _ ? 1VOLiI 1'14 11>11 Investi-ationg Figure 12.Previously conducted archaeological studies(note that Nees 1995 was plotted based on SHPD ArcGIS shapefiles and is not an accurate location as the project covered the existing quarry area denoted by the black hashed area). AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 19 3.Study Area Expectations 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS Based on the summary of previous archaeological research, the cultural-historical context presented above, and an analysis of current conditions as depicted in recent satellite imagery(see Figure 1),it is possible to formulate a detailed set of expectations regarding the archaeological potential of the project area. One significant feature of interest is the Waimea-Ke`amuku Ranch Trail, which is depicted in historical and modern sources as being in the vicinity of the project area.However,the findings of Barna et al. (2015)indicate that the alignment of the trail lies outside the boundaries of the current project area. Consequently,no direct evidence of this trail is anticipated within the project area. Furthermore, the visible terrain, existing infrastructure, and modern land-use practices, including ranching and quarrying, suggest significant modifications to the landscape that may have diminished the likelihood of intact archaeological resources. Recent satellite imagery corroborates these observations, showing areas of grading and vegetation management that are indicative of modern activities and may obscure or have disturbed any potential subsurface cultural resources(see Figure 5-9. Given these factors,the expectation for encountering significant archaeological resources within the project area is low. However,this conclusion is contingent upon the thoroughness of the field survey,which will aim to confirm the absence of historic properties and ensure compliance with applicable preservation requirements. The survey's results will ultimately validate or refine these initial expectations and provide a more definitive understanding of the project area's archaeological potential. 20 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 4.Fieldwork 4. FIELDWORK Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on October 29, 2024,by William Gardner,Ph.D. (Project Manager), David Kekailoa Morris King,M.Sc. (Field Director),and Johnny Dudoit,B.A. and under the supervision of Matthew R. Clark,M.A. (Principal Investigator).A total of 24 field hours were expended to complete the field survey. FIELD METHODS The fieldwork involved a 100%surface survey conducted by fieldworkers employing northwest-to-southeast oriented pedestrian transects spaced 15 meters apart. Each field crew member utilized handheld tablet computers equipped with ESRI's Field Maps Application connected to an EOS Arrow 100 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver.The GNSS receiver was set to the NAD 83 Zone 5 North coordinate system and provided positional accuracy of approximately 30 cm. These tools facilitated navigation across the project area, enabled the precise recording of potential sites or features when observed,and supported the capture of general project area photographs. The tablets were preloaded with detailed maps displaying the project area overlaid on an aerial image.These maps delineated the boundaries of priority survey zones and indicated existing infrastructure, ensuring efficient coverage and minimizing the potential for oversight. Ground surface visibility within the project area varied due to differences in vegetation density but was generally sufficient to identify any historic properties or features that might be present. The survey methodology and technological tools allowed for a thorough examination of the area, ensuring accurate documentation of potential archaeological resources while maintaining high standards of precision and reliability. This approach provided a robust framework for assessing the project area's cultural resource potential. FIELD RESULTS As a result of the fieldwork for the current study,no historic properties were identified within the project area.While no historic features were observed,modern impacts such as modern ranching activities,which included the creation of ranching infrastructure and grading activities in order to facilitate access to the aforementioned ranching infrastructure,were noted throughout the western portion of the project area which further diminished the likelihood encountering intact historic properties. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii 21 5.Recommendations 5. RECOMMENDATIONS The current field survey did not identify any historic properties within the 80.3 8-acre project area. Therefore, with respect to the Chapter 6E-42 historic preservation review process of the DLNR—SHPD,pursuant to HAR§13-284-7, the recommended determination of effect for the development of the proposed WHC quarry expansion project is"no historic properties affected."No further historic preservation work is recommended prior to permit issuance or during any subsequent development activities within the project area. In the unlikely event that significant archaeological resources are discovered during the proposed activities, work should cease in the area of the discovery and DLNR- SHPD contacted pursuant to HAR§13-284-12 and-280. 22 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited REFERENCES CITED Barna,B.,A.Dircks Ah Sam,and R. B.Rechtman 2015 An Archaeological Inventory Survey ofa One-Acre Development Site and Connecting Access Road and Utility Corridors, TMK: (3) 6-7-01:025 (por.), Waikoloa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. ASM Affiliates Project Number 24400.00. Revised 2015. Prepared for Google Makani,Mountain View CA.Electronic document,F:\ASM PROJECTS\24000-25000\24450-Hilo Boarding School Ditch AIS\Report\Formatted\24450AIS_ben.pdf. B arrera,W.,Jr. 1971 Anaehoomalu: A Hawaiian Oasis. Preliminary Report of Salvage Research in South Kohala, Hawaii. Pacific Anthropological Records 15. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Bergin,B. 2004 Loyal to the Land: The Legendary Parker Ranch, 750-1950.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Bowser,G. 1880 Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourists'Guide George Bowswer& Co., Honolulu and San Francisco, CA. Electronic document, http://ulukau.ora/elib/collect/polkl880/index/assoc/DO.dir/book.pdf,accessed October 8,2021. Burgett,B. and P.H.Rosendahl 1993 Summary of Archaeological Inventory Surveys,Kapaanui Agricultural Subdivision and Mahukona Property, Lands of Kapaanui, Kou, Kamano, Mahukona 1st and 2nd, Hihiu, and Kaoma, North Kohala District,Island of Hawaii(TMK:3-5-7-02:11 and TMK:3-5-7-03:1-3,10-14,16-18).Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. 743-020993. Revised 1993. Prepared for Chalon International of Hawaii, Inc. Carlson,A.K.and P.H.Rosendahl 1990 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Queen's Lands at Mauna Kea, Land of Kawaihae 2nd, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii(TMK: 3-6-2-02:6). Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph.D., Inc. 591-052090. Prepared for Belt,Collins and Associates,Hilo,HI. Chinen,J.J. 1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii.Privately published. Cordy,R. 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief, The Ancient History ofHawai`i Island.Mutual Publishing,Honolulu. Dunn,A.E. and P.H.Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey,Kapaanui Agricultural Subdivision,Lands of Kapaanui and Kou, North Kohala District,Island of Hawaii.Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc.568-100289.Revised 1989. Prepared for Ahuloa Development Inc.,Honolulu. Escott,G. 2008 Phase II Archaeological Investigations at State Sites 50-10-21-23499, 23515, 23516, 23517, and 23539 on Lands of the Ke`amuku Sheep and Cattle Station Located in the Ahupua`a of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii [TMK: 3-6-7-001:09]. Scientific Consultant Services/Cultural Resource Management Services, Inc. Revised 2008. Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District,Honolulu. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawai`i 23 References Cited Handy,E. S. C.,E. G.Handy,and M.K.Pukui 1991 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Haun,A. and S.Williams 2003 Archaeological Assessment West Hawaii Concrete Truck Parking Facility Expansion, Land of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Haun & Associates Report 245-011203. Prepared for William L.Moore Planning. Hommon,R. 1976 The Formation of Primitive States in Pre-Contact Hawaii.Ph.D.Dissertation,University ofArizona, Department of Anthropology,Tucson,AZ. Jensen,P. 1994 Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey,Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area Expansion Project: Phase III—Data Analyses and Final Report. Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph. D., Inc. 1246-011594. Revised 1994.Prepared for Harrison Associate,Honolulu. Judd,B. 1932 Early Days of Waimea, Hawaii. In Fortieth Annual Report ofthe Hawaiian Historical Society for the year 1931 with papers read at the annual meeting February 29, 1932, pp. 14-25. Hawaiian Historical Society,Honolulu. Juvik, S. and J.Juvik 1998 Atlas ofHawaii. Third ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Kamakau, S.M. 1976 The Works of the People of Old, Na Hana a ka Po`e Kahiko. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. King,R. 1935 Districts in the Hawaiian Islands. In A Gazetteer ofthe Territory ofHawaii,pp.214-230.Edited by J.W. Coulter.University of Hawaii,Honolulu. Kirch,P.V. 2011 When Did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A Review of 150 Years of Scholarly Inquiry and a Tentative Answer.Hawaiian Archaeology 12:3-26. Langlas, C. 1999 Supplement to Archaeological, Historical and Traditional Cultural Property Assessment for the Hawaii Defense Access Road A-AD-6(1) and Saddle Road(SR200)Project. In The Saddle Road Corridor: An Archaeological Inventory Survey and Traditional Cultural Property Study for the Hawaii Defense Access Road A-AD-6(1) and Saddle Road (SR200) Project, Districts of South Kohala,Hamakua,North Hilo,and South Hilo,Island of Hawaii.Edited by C.Langlas,T.Wolforth and J. Head. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph. D., Inc. 1939-043099. Prepared for Okahara & Associates, Kailua-Kona. Lucas,P. 1995 A Dictionary ofHawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation. University of Hawaii Committee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture, Honolulu. 24 AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waikoloa,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited Maly,K. 1999 Mauna Kea Science Reserve and Hale P6haku Complex Development Plan Update: Oral History and Consultation Study,and Archival Literature Research,Ahupua`a of Ka`ohe(Hamakua District) and Humu`ula (Hilo District), Island of Hawaii. In Mauna Kea Science Reserve Master Plan. University of Hawai`i,Honolulu. Maly,K. and O.Maly 2002 He Wahl Mo`oleleo No Na Ke`ei Ma Kona Hema,Hawaii: A Collection of Traditions,Historical Accounts and Kama`aina Recollections of Ke`ei, South Kona, Hawaii. Kumu Pono Associates HiKe`ei63-072602.Revised July 26,2002.Prepared for Kamehameha Schools,Pa`auilo,HI. Nees,R. and S.Williams 1995 Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Proposed New West Hawaii Concrete Quarry Area, Waimea,South Kohala District,Hawai'i Island(TMK 3-6-7-01:Por.25).Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co. Inc., Honolulu. Revised 1995. Prepared for West Hawaii Concrete, Kailua- Kona,HI. Pukui,M.K. and S.H. Elbert 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary:Hawaiian-English,English-Hawaiian.Revised and english ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K., S.H. Elbert,and E.Mo`okini 1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K. and A.Korn 1973 The Echo ofOur Song: Chants and Poems ofthe Hawaiians.University Press ofHawaii,Honolulu. Rechtman,R.B. 2001 Archaeological Assessment Study for the New West Hawaii Concrete Black Sand Quarry(TMK:3- 6-7-01:por. 3), Waik6loa Ahupua`a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Rechtman Consulting,LLC RC-0056.Revised 2001.Prepared for Mooers Enterprises,Kamuela,HI. Rosendahl,P.H. 1972 Archaeological Salvage ofthe Hapuna-Anaehoomalu Section ofthe Kailua-Kawaihae Road(Queen Kahumanu Highway),Island of Hawaii.Departmental Report Series.Department of Anthropology 72-5.Revised 1972.B.P.Bishop Museum. Schmitt,R. 1977 Historical Statistics ofHawaii.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Soil Survey Staff(United States Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service) 2022 Official Soil Series Descriptions. Electronic document, htlps://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/osdlist.aspx. Tomonari-Tuggle,M.-J. 1988 North Kohala:Perception ofa Changing Community.A Cultural Resources Study. State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Outdoor Recreation and Histoirc Sites, Division of State Parks.Revised 1988. AA for the West Hawaii Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project,Waik6loa,South Kohala,Hawaii 25 geometrici n ASSOCIATES LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 December 13, 2024 Mel Macy, Special Project Manager West Hawaii Concrete Dear Mr. Macy: Subject: Effects to Protected Native Fauna from Proposed 80-acre Waimea Quarry Expansion, South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii Geometrician Associates personnel including Jen Lawson, M.S., and myself conducted a botanical survey of the property in November. During our repeated walking transects of the area, we became familiar with the habitat for fauna as well. Based on this reconnaissance and having conducted biological surveys with a fauna component on over a hundred properties in South Kohala, I feel confident in providing an opinion on the potential for effects to State of Hawaii or federally listed threatened and endangered species as well as native migratory birds from quarry expansion. During the surveys we observed only three bird species. Two were non-native: Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis) and Erckel's francolin (Pternistis erckelii). The only native species was the migratory winter resident golden plover or kolea(Pluvialisfulva). Observations on many days over different seasons and times of the day would undoubtedly reveal additional bird species, nearly all of them likely to be non-native. It is highly doubtful that any listed native forest birds, including the Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius), would visit the expansion area because of the dry habitat composed 99% of non-native grasses as well as the lack of trees onsite or nearby forests. The Hawaiian endemic sub-species of the short-eared owl or pueo (Asioflammeus sandwichensis), is regularly seen within the grasslands of South Kohala and may hunt in the area. Both the pueo and kolea are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Although not detected in the survey, which took place in daylight, the only native Hawaiian land mammal, the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat(Lasiurus cinereus semotus), may also utilize the area for the capture of insect prey, as it is periodically present in most areas on the island of Hawaii. Bats may forage for flying insects in the expansion area on a seasonal basis. Bats are vulnerable during the pupping season from June 1 to September 15 while they roost in woody vegetation over 15 feet in height. No trees or tall shrubs whatsoever are present in the expansion area. Although they are very difficult to detect, the listed endangered Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), the threatened Hawaiian sub-species of Newell's shearwater(Puffinus auricularis newelli), and the endangered band-romped storm-petrel (Oceanodroma Castro) have frequently been recorded by instruments overflying various areas on the Island of Hawaii at night between late April and the middle of December each year. These species hunt over the ocean during the day and fly to higher elevations at night to nest. The Hawaiian petrel and the band-rumped storm petrel are known to nest at elevations well above 5,000 feet on the Big Island, nowhere near the quarry expansion area. During its breeding season from April through November, the Newell's shearwater burrows under ferns on forested mountain slopes. Once abundant on all the main Hawaiian Islands, most Newell's shearwaters are today found in the steep terrain between on Kaua`i. There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the expansion area for any of these seabirds, but they may overfly it. The primary cause of mortality in all these seabird species in Hawai`i is thought to be predation by alien mammals at the nesting colonies. Collision with man-made structures is another significant cause. Seabirds flying at night, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. They may then collide with manmade structures and, if not killed outright, become easy targets of predatory mammals. The threatened Hawaiian goose or nene (Branta sandwicensis) is now common on the Big Island and is seen ranging from sea level to above 7,000 feet. Nene are often observed flying over, grazing and nesting in South Kohala, especially on golf courses. Nests consist of a shallow scrape lined with plant material and down. Breeding pairs usually return to the previous year's nest site, typically in dense vegetation. The dry grass and lack of permanent water bodies make the expansion area unsuitable habitat for nene foraging or nesting, although they may occasionally land and linger for short periods while flying between more suitable locations. One final endangered animal is relevant, the Blackburn's sphinx moth (Manduca blackburnii). It is found at various locations throughout West Hawai`i, including lower elevations of Waikoloa ahupua`a. The adult moth feeds on nectar from native plants including beach morning glory Qpomoea pes- caprae), ilie`e (Plumbago zeylanica), and maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana), none of which are present in the expansion area. Moth larvae that naturally feed upon the native aiea (Nothocestrum spp.) have adapted to feeding on non-native tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), which occupies disturbed areas such as open fields and roadway margins. There is no aiea in the vicinity, and our botanical survey observed no tree tobacco, which is fairly unlikely in this particular area. There is therefore no habitat for this moth. No significant effect to native land birds would be expected. If any nene, pueo or kolea were present during the gradual expansion of the quarry, would likely depart the area and relocate to grassy habitat nearby. Of these birds, only pueo would have at least some possibility to be nesting. If pueo nests are observed, construction in the area should cease until the birds have fledged. As long as no lighting, towers or overhead electrical lines are planned, no effect to listed seabirds would occur. In summary, the project is likely to have no or negligible effect on native fauna, including listed threatened and endangered species. Thank you for requesting our opinion on the effects of the project. If you have any questions, please contact me at 808-969-7090 or at Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Botanical Survey Waimea Quarry Expansion South Kohala District, Island ofHawai'i By Ron Terry, Ph.D. and Jen Lawson, B.S. Geometrician Associates, LLC Prepared for West Hawaii Concrete November 2024 Introduction This botanical survey was prepared to inventory the existing vegetation and flora, and particularly to assess the potential for impacts to threatened or endangered (T&E) plant species, within an area proposed for expansion of the Waimea Quarry. The land in question("the survey area") consists of 80 acres adjacent to an existing 143-acre quarry in a portion of TMK 6-7-001:025, as shown in Figure 1. The objectives of the botanical survey component of this report were to: 1) describe the vegetation; 2) list all species encountered; and 3) determine the likelihood of the presence of T&E species and identify the location of any T&E species found. To begin, we consulted a comprehensive survey of Hawaiian vegetation(Gagne and Cuddihy 1990) and unpublished literature on the flora and fauna of the area to assess the potential for sensitive biological resources and threatened or endangered species. Geometrician Associates has conducted approximately 60 botanical surveys covering tens of thousands of acres in South Kohala and adjacent areas of North Kona and North Kohala, from the shoreline to several miles mauka of Mamalahoa Highway (see partial list in References, below). We have located individuals of eight T&E plant species in this large region. We have also reviewed surveys by others within this area and have compiled a growing database of current and former rare plant occurrences for the region. Habitat Factors and Previous Findings The survey area spans a narrow elevational range of 3,040 to 3,170 feet above mean sea level. The surface geology is Quaternary hawaiitic lava flows from Mauna Kea presumed to be 11,000-64,000 years old(Wolfe and Morris 1996). Soil is classified as Puu Pa very cobbly medial very fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, awell-drained soil formed on ash fields on lava flows (USDA: https://websoilsurvev.nres.usda.gov/ate/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). The climate in the area features moderate temperatures and is semi-arid, with an average annual rainfall of about 25 inches Glambelluca et a12014). The area is in the transition between the arid pastures of Waikoloa, where the annual rainfall is less than 15 inches, and the lush pastures of the Waimea, where annual rainfall exceeds 40 inches. Periodic drought in the survey area is relatively frequent, and the accompanying high solar radiation, high evapotranspiration and low rainfall can be challenging for plant growth. It is difficult to speculate on the pre-human vegetation of the area, since the introduction of hardy grasses, grazing animals and fire have changed the soil and microclimate of the area. Gagne and Cuddihy (1990) described the vegetation in fairly undisturbed areas with similar geology and climate as Lowland Dry Shrubland/Forest, which was formerly dominated by the grasses pill (Heteropogon contortus) and kawelu(Eragrostis variabilis); herbs and shrubs such as `uhaloa(Waltheria indica), ilima (Sidafallax), `aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense), a`ali`i (Dodonaea viscosa), iliahi or sandalwood(Santalum ellipticum) and `akia (Wikstroemia pulcherriina); and a diverse but fairly sparse cover of native dry-forest trees such as lama(Diospyros sandwicensis), sandalwood or iliahi (Santalum ellipticum), alahe`e (Psydrax odoNatum), wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis) and uhiuhi (Mezoneuron kavaiense). The general vegetation of the area south of Waimea Town has changed dramatically because of alien species. Cattle, donkey, sheep and especially feral goats intensively graze native species in preference to hardy non-native species such as fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus), kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) and buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). These fire-adapted species produce abundant fuel for frequent wildfires, which decimate many natives, although a few, such as a`ali`i, are somewhat adapted to fire. The effects of overgrazing combined with fire produce severe soil erosion during heavy rains and high winds, further degrading the habitat. Invasive insects such as the twig borer and gall wasp destroy sensitive native trees such as uhiuhi and wiliwili. Drainages, cave openings and rock outcrops often support a larger variety and greater density of native plants. Various plants listed as threatened and endangered species (T&E)by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)under the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2) and (4)) have been detected in South Kohala. One guide to the potential location of threatened and endangered species are critical habitat maps. An online mapping tool provided by USFWS http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/table/critical-habitat.html accessed November 2024) depicts designated or proposed critical habitat for endangered plant(or animal) species on or near the survey area(Figure 2). The nearest critical habitat is associated with a complex of cinder cone species at or above the 2,500-foot elevation level that are as close as 6,000 feet to the northwest of the survey area. These include po`e ihi (Portulaca sclerocarpa), cindercone isodendrion or aupaka (1sodendrion hosakae), Oahu cowpea (Vigna o-wahuensis) and spreading nehe (Melanthera venosa). Also shown on the map is critical habitat for a suite of species found within gulches on the upper and mid-level slopes of the Kohala Mountains, particularly Achyranthes mutica, about six miles to the northwest. Other T&E plants found slightly more afield in South Kohala include uhiuhi (Mezoneuron kavaiense), halapepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis), and, historically, red `ilima(Abutilon menziesii). None have been found within several miles of the survey area or in areas with similar characteristics. All known remaining individuals of uhiuhi in South Kohala are concentrated in a small cluster on young Mauna Kea lava flows within the 275-acre Waikoloa Dry Forest Preserve, about 11 miles west. One patch of red `ilima was found about six miles away, makai of Waikoloa Village, but the plant has not been seen since 1991. A few remaining endangered halapepe were formerly present at elevations as low as 2,000 feet near lava tube openings in the far south of South Kohala. In Geometrician Associates biological surveys in habitat similar to that of the survey area we have observed each of the cinder cone species on various cinder cones. We also discovered a patch of aupaka in anon-cinder cone environment on the edge of a gulch. In addition, we have observed the endangered Stenogyne angustifolia in a few locations. Although we have observed the other T&E plants discussed above (with the exception of red `ilima) in other locations of Kona and/or South Kohala, we have never observed any within three miles of the survey area or in similar habitat. Although not itself an endangered plant—in fact it is non-native and often considered invasive—the shrub tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) is found in many locations in Kona and Kohala and provides habitat for the endangered Blackburn's sphinx moth (Manduca blackburnii). In general, it is not found in areas with a slightly wetter climate and older lava, such as the survey area. However, as presence of Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 2 this plant is of concern to decision makers on land use permits, we included it as a plant to be intensively searched for. Survey Results Methods We conducted a walk-through field survey of the survey area on November 13, 2024. Special attention was given to the possible presence of any federally listed(USFWS 2024) threatened or endangered plant species, although the habitat over most of the survey area did not indicate a strong potential for their presence. Recent months of rains had greened the vegetation and provided good conditions for searching for native plants. We walked transects that varied in spacing from 20 to 40 meters, depending on vegetation, visibility and other factors. The transects were "wandering" and sought out rock outcrops, overhangs, ridges and drainages because they were most likely to harbor the species of interest. In areas with the highest potential for T&E plants, we intensively combed the areas in addition to walking transects. Plant species were identified in the field and, as necessary, collected and keyed out in the laboratory. Vegetation The area's topography was rolling, with local relief up to about 50 feet, reflecting the path of hawante lava flows. No cinder cones were present. As is evident in Figure lb, the vegetation on the survey area is dominated by alternating patches of dense, calf-high fountain grass, which tended to occupy convex slopes and ridgelines, and low kikuyu grass and buffel grass found preferentially on concave slopes and topographic bottoms. Alien grasses make up 95%plus of biomass, with the invasive fireweed Senecio madagascariensis) making up most of the rest. On some of the fountain grass ridges, we found low, struggling a`ali`i shrubs along with dead, dried branches of former plants. These are probably a remnant of the dominant species prior to grazing and fire. A massive wildfire swept through the area several years ago and worsened the situation. In addition to a`ali`i, there were a number of ilima (which were also found sparingly in the low patches), a few `uhaloa, and very infrequent aweoweo. The only other native observed was one koali `awa Qpomoea indica) vine. In addition, a few specimens from various non-native species dotted the landscape. Figures 3 a-f provide photos of the vegetation. Flora and Rare, Threatened or Endangered Plants All plant species found on the survey area during the survey are listed in Table 1. Of the 16 species detected, four were indigenous (native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere) and one was endemic found only in the Hawaiian Islands). All native plant species we found are common in the region, on the Big Island, and throughout the State. No rare, threatened or endangered plant species were found on the survey area. Owing to the substrate and location, the survey area is not a likely location for T&E plants. It should be noted we did not observe any individuals of the no-native tree tobacco. Impacts and Mitigation Measures As discussed above, no threatened or endangered plant species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service appear to be present on the survey area, nor are there any rare species or uniquely valuable vegetation types. No existing or proposed federally designated critical plant habitat is present on or Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 3 near the survey area. There appears to be no potential to adversely affect T&E plant species. Although native plants are present, there are numerous patches of similar habitat in the region with much greater concentration and better diversity of native species in the general region that can help preserve these ecosystems. We do advise continuing caution with respect to wildfire ignition, which is already a part of quarry protocols Report Limitations No botanical survey of a large area can claim to have detected every species present. Some plant species are cryptic in juvenile or even mature stages of their life cycle. Dry conditions can render almost undetectable plants that extended rainfall may later invigorate and make obvious. Thick brush can obscure even large, healthy specimens. The findings of this survey must therefore be interpreted with proper caution; in particular, there is no warranty as to the absence of any particular species. Literature Cited or Consulted Gagne, W., and L. Cuddihy. 1990. "Vegetation,"pp. 45-114 in W.L. Wagner, D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, eds.,Manual of the Flowering Plants ofHawai`i. 2 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Geometrician Associates. 2006. Botanical Survey, TMK 7-1-03:10, Pu`uanahulu, North Kona, Island ofHawai`i. Prep. for SSFM International Inc. 2008a. Botanical Survey, TMK 6-9-01:01 (por.), Puako, South Kohala, Island ofHawai`i. Prep. for Helber Hastert Fee. Appendix C in Final Environmental Assessment, Puako Marine Education and Research Center. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI. 2008b. Final Environmental Assessment, Puako Emergency Road. Prep. for Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources. Honolulu. 2010a. Flora and Fauna Survey, Villages at `Aina Lea Offsite Utility Corridors, Drainage Crossings and Proposed Red Ilima Preserve, Puako, South Kohala. Prep. for DW `Aina Le`a Development LLC. Honolulu. 2010b. Botanical Survey, `Ouli, South Kohala, Island ofHawai`i. Prep. for Rana Biological Consulting, Inc., and Belt Collins. 2011. Final Environmental Assessment, Lease of State Land, Hokuloa United Church Of Christ. Prep. for Hawaii Conference Foundation. Honolulu. 2012. Biological Survey, TMKs (3rd.) 6-8-001:024 and 060. Waikoloa, South Kohala, Island of Hawai`i. Prep. for William L. Moore Planning. Hilo HI. 2013a. Botanical Survey, Samuel M. Spencer Park, Kawaihae, South Kohala, Island ofHawai`i Prep. for Environet Inc. Honolulu. 2013b. Biological Survey, Area D, Task Order 20, Former Waikoloa Maneuver Area. Waikoloa, South Kohala, Island ofHawai`i. Prep. for Environet Inc. Honolulu. Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 4 2014. Biological Survey, Pu`ukohold Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae, South Kohala, Island ofHawai`i Prep. for Environet Inc. Honolulu. 2014b. "Biological Resources Survey Report."Appendix B in Environmental Assessment, Critical Fuel Break Management and Dip Tank Project Hawai'i Wildfire Management Organization FEMA-1640-DR-HI, HMGP 1640-7. FEMA Region IX. Oakland, CA. 2016. Biological Survey Sector 17A, 17B, I7C, 17E, and 17F. Remedial Investigation (RI) Former Waikoloa Maneuver Area Waikoloa, South Kohala, Island ofHawai`i. Prep. for GSI Pacific, Inc. Honolulu. 2021. Botanical Survey and Vertebrate Fauna Assessment, Waikoloa Village Center. Prep. for Waikoloa Village Center LLC. Honolulu. 2023a. Biological Survey Report, Kawaihae Harbor Improvements. Prep. for Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Highways Division and S SFM International, Inc. Honolulu. 2023b. Biological Survey Report, Ouli Lands, TMKs 6-2-1: 74 and 75. Prep. for Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation. Hilo HI. Giambelluca, T.W., X. Shuai, M.L. Barnes, R.J. Alliss, R.J. Longman, T. Miura, Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, R.G. Mudd, L. Cuo, and A.D. Businger. 2014. Evapotranspiration of Hawaii. Final report submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Honolulu District, and the Commission on Water Resource Management, State of Hawaii. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 2010. Implementation Plan, Pohakuloa Training Area Island ofHawaii. Prepared by United States Army Garrison, Hawaii. Directorate of Public Works, Environmental Division P6hakuloa Natural Resources Office. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2024. EGOS Environmental Conservation Online System. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species-reports. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Dept. of Geography. 1998.Atlas ofHawai`i. 3rd ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Wolfe, E.W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island ofHawai`i. USGS Misc Investigations Series Map 1-2524-A. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 5 r ul r F tas` I N r V 0 f isting r ti y45 r5ti r^ r. 5 err e a r y L Ile y If000 feet a,hala i I I• I I 'I I II / iI •' 1 Figure 2. Critical Habitat For Endangered Species niki OYUvaiia11 roy Hon-e Lard Habitat for Achyranthes Lalarnilo Millial:t,j Hawaiian Horne Land Pu u kapu Hawaiian rniiiki OY-5 N", Horne Land 49 Rd 0 Habitat for Cinder Cone Spedhl, PUPOcea Paalaa Uka 0IZ Mil Road LL- Survey Area 0 Puukapu PU PU 10--a Hawaiian razilaa UkM E M Horne Mil Road ra Land G 70 r" 0 2 0.5 Inni 44 Em A. Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 7 Figure 3. Survey Area Photos iz IIIIIII n r a M dw ! An ,: a 4i:" dR m W° mom lot o-. I o. a µ n C ia ter-, .. . .,u ., w Ptd r n W u a P h r 3a. Typical vegetation of alternating kikuyu/buffel grass and fountain grass patches 3b Edge of existing quarry area and expansion area tt rrrrtrut n.F r A . w w a 4 4 c 4 y 0 x 1ia r e Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 8 Figure 3. Surve Area Photos ri r LNa.y iy 6 BfYT J r . v`1+ 11 p ..AAA Vol qwv Alp 1 B ff i• y 4', 4 '+ " ,5T w 4 ' ',A - ,. "9. mac.. "s. k f w•. n JJJ777### 7i ie,'4j14pd B - A r B 1 Aw . Y AAd 3c. A`ali`i plant, densely surrounded by fountain grass 3d. `Ilima patch 44, 40 MI 4„ 11Cf 1,1wa a y s M rN e a A, r v} V 1 x w M am e w r e r ram.. !• i:+"..4"'+. ,'1r.:-• ° '". i`.q. r Ky _. jet Ft`~,Y"`-, V y 7LsT ti w h r ",.,•cy. rr Y C',:=1^ ' i1 a II k der y dfig,^"/ t .. r` py^• y.r Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 9 Table 1. List of Plant Species Detected Within SurveyArea Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Form Status* Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Buffel Grass Grass A Cenchrus clandestinus Poaceae Kikuyu Grass Grass A Cenchrus setaceus Poaceae Fountain Grass Grass A Cheno odium murale Cheno odiaceae Cheno odium Herb A Chen o odium oahuense Cheno odiaceae `Aweoweo Shrub E Dodonaea viscosa Sa indaceae A`ah'i Shrub I D s hania carinata Cheno odiaceae D s hania Herb A I omoea indica Convolvulaceae Morning Glory Vine I Malva parviflora Malvaceae Cheeseweed Herb A Melinis re ens Poaceae Natal Red Top Grass A Opuntia ficus-indica Cactaceae Prickly Pear Shrub A Planta o major Planta inaceae Common Plantain Herb A Senecio mada ascariensis Asteraceae Senecio Herb A Sida fallax Malvaceae Ilima Herb I S orobolus s . Poaceae Smutgrass Grass A Waltheria indica Sterculiaceae Uhaloa Herb I A=alien,E=endemic,I=indigenous,End=Federal and State listed Endangered Species(none) Note: Several plants were either sterile or unidentifiable. Biological Survey, Waimea Quarry Expansion Page 10 133 4 000 ' 9= HOW I- 37VJ S HIY O N 3n Y - L 14 C)4 117 N V 7 V LJ Q cr) Z, Q) Ln IN N C) C, C) 1p Cl- C Q. C) ! 2 4L u LuC', In ct V5 6 wj wj N',) 4 C6 co ln4 133: 1 00. 9= HJN I I' 37VJ S H-LYO N 3n y L Z) ro rz) Lo od L2 Q GI 61k C) Q Q) Q) w LLJ Q) a W R z N 16 LO Q) c) U, Lo aI cy S O O ct ci Aj Lo 0) - Or oc- 4- C) 0 L2 o, S1. Nl. LU co Cl- ii N 12 0 311 CO L% CNCN 2ci L2 111 at kkkkkk IS ll EC - ) LL, 14742.5 QUARRY EXPANSION LOT 26-A-1 HARD ROCK QUARRY QUARRY EXPANSION PORTION OF LOT 26-A-1 HARD ROCK QUARRY Land situated approximately 18,000 feet Easterly of Mamalahoa Highway and approximately 18,000 feet Southeasterly of Waimea-Kohala Airport at Waikoloa, South Kohala, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. Being a portion of: Royal Patent 5671, Land Commission Award 8521-B, Apana 1 to G. D. Hueu. Beginning at a rebar with cap (found) at the Northeasterly corner of this parcel of land, being also the Southeasterly corner Lot 26-A(143.480 Acres(Hard Rock Quarry)}, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "WAIMEA WEST BASE" being 18,915.83 feet South and 9,673.54 feet East and running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: Thence, for the next six (6) courses following along the remainder of Royal Patent 5671, Land Commission Award 8521-B, Apana 1 to G. D. Hueu: 3230 27' 45" 000.00 feet to a m ag nail in rock (set); 2. 530 27' 45" 3,000.00 feet to a 1/2 inch pipe (set); 3, 1430 27' 45" 2,000.00 feet to a 1/2 inch pipe (set); 4. 2330 27' 45"500.00 feet to a 1/2 inch pipe (set); 14742.5 Page 1 of 2 WES THC]MAS ASSOCIA TES Land Surveyors-- 75-5745 Kalawa Street, Suite 201, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740-1873 14742.5 QUARRY EXPANSION LOT 26WA-1 HARD ROCK QUARRY 5. 3230 27' 45" 1,000.00 feet along Lot 26-A to a rebar with cap (found); 6. 233° 27' 45" 2,500.00 feet along Lot 26-A to the the point of beginning and containing an area of 80.349 Acres. NOTE; This description delineates a proposed special use area and does not constitute a county of Hawaii approved subdivided lot. WES THOMAS ASSOCIATES LICENSED PROFESSIONAL LAND W-of/ SURVEYOR No.4331 Chrystal Thomas Yamasaki Ali - Licensed Professional Land Surveyor State of Hawaii certificate No. LS-4331 75-5749 Kalawa Street, Suite 201 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740-1873 TMK: 6-7-001; portion 003 (3rd Division) November 26, 2024 f S 14742.5 Page 2 of 2 ICES TI-10MAS ASSOCIA TES Land Surveyors-- 75W5749 Kalawa Street, Suite 201, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 95740- 1873 C.KIMO ALAMEDA,PH.D. DIANE NAKAGAWA MAYOR FINANCE DIRECTOR WILLIAM V.BRILHANTE JR. s MALIA A.KEKAI MANAGING DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR COUNTY OF HAWAII Department of Finance - Real PropertyTax Aupuni Center, 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 4 1 Hilo Hawai'i 96720-4224 1 Fax(808)961-4224 Appraisers(808)961-8354 1 Clerical(808)961-8201 1 Collections(808)961-8282 West Hawai'i Civic Center 1 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy I Bldg D 2nd Floor I Kailua Kona,Hawai'i 96740 Fax(808)327-3538 1 Appraisers(808)323-4881 1 Clerical(808)323-4880 REAL PROPERTY TAX CLEARANCE Date: Wednesday, October 15, 2025 TMK: (3)6-7-001-025-0000 Pr Mauna Kea Llc This is to certify that the real property taxes due to the County of Hawai'i on the parcel listed above have been paid for the tax year up to and including December 31, 2025. The County's real property taxes are levied on July 1 st each year. The taxes become a lien on the property assessed as of the levy date. This clearance was requested on behalf of Pr Mauna Kea Llc and is issued for this parcel only. by Karen Visaya, Tax Clerk REAL PROP r TY TAX DIVISION Paid up to and including December 31, 2025. TAX CLEARANCE FOR PLANNING DEPARTMENT REV(2/2018) Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer TB325HIHAW Parcel Information Parcel Number 670010250000 Location Address 67-1611 MAMALAHOA HIGHWAY Project Name Property Class AGRICULTURAL Property Class refers to Tax Classification ONLY. For Zoninginformation,pleasego to Planning Department GIS Public Layers(hawaiicounty.gov or email lapnning@hawaiicounty.gov Neighborhood Code B6000-5 Legal Information SUBJ/HALE KUAWEHI SOLAR FARM ESMT[348.655 AC] Land Area(acres) 21,091.3130 Land Area(approximate sq ft) 918,737,594 View Map Plat(TM K) Maps, Owner Information Owner Names Mailing Address PR MAUNA KEA LLC Fee Owner PR MAUNA KEA LLC 67-1349 ALA OHIA KAMUELA HI 96743 7539 Assessment Information O+ Show Historical Assessments Market Assessed Market Assessed Total Total Total Total Land Dedicated Land Building Building Market Assessed Exemption Taxable Year Property Class Value Use Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value 2025 AGRICULTURAL $59,053,500 $411,000 $411,000 $38,200 $38,200 $59,091,700 $449,200 $0 449,200 Agricultural Assessment Information Acres in Production Use Description Agricultural Value m- 20000 POOR PASTURE,10 YR.DED. 280,000 1091.313 AVERAGE PASTURE,AG USE 130,958 This parcel has land in agricultural usage and therefore agricultural usage assessments have been made. Other Building and Yard Improvements Description Quantity Year Built Area Gross Building Value FRAME UTILITY SHED 1 1936 500 5,300 FRAME UTILITY SHED 1 1936 2,340 9,630 Permit Information The permit data reflected in this section is for the purposes of Real Property Tax assessments.For Building permit information or updates,please refer to the link below under the Building Division Permit and Inspections Information. Date Permit Number Reason Status Permit Amount 10/23/2023 PW.B2023-001296 PHOTOVOLTAIC 17,675,000 4/24/2023 PW.B2021-001891 PHOTOVOLTAIC 495,713 3/31/2023 PW.B2022-000443 PHOTOVOLTAIC 4,306,601 12/16/2022 PW.B2022-001472 PHOTOVOLTAIC 3,989,232 6/6/2019 BK2019-00820 300,000 5/24/2019 BK2019-00790 Photovoltaic PERMIT COMPLETED 967,769 8/16/2018 BK2018-01582 150,000 11/10/2015 BK2015-02662 2,112,858 1/27/2005 B2005-0145K PERMIT COMPLETED 20,000 1/27/2005 B2005-0144K PERMIT COMPLETED 75,000 5/27/2004 B2004-0814K PERMIT COMPLETED 20,000 8/14/2000 006117 Tenant Improvements PERMIT COMPLETED 20,000 5/16/2000 005661 Office Building/Conversion PERMIT COMPLETED 10,000 10/6/1998 981310 Office Building/Conversion PERMIT COMPLETED 47,500 11/23/1994 941717 Garage PERMIT COMPLETED 12,500 5/24/1994 940686 PERMIT COMPLETED 162,000 5/24/1994 940685 PERMIT COMPLETED 280,000 11/24/1993 936207 PERMIT COMPLETED 1,633,000 2/12/1992 0920336 PERMIT COMPLETED 8,000 11/7/1991 0912858 PERMIT COMPLETED 14,000 1/23/1990 900109 PERMIT COMPLETED 40,000 Date Permit Number Reason Status Permit Amount 1/23/1990 900108 PERMIT COMPLETED 152,000 Building Division Permit&Inspections Information https://hawai icountyhi-energovpu b.tylerhost.net/Apps/SelfService#/home Sales Information Land Court Sale Instrument Date Document Cert Conveyance Sale Date Amount Instrument# Instrument Type Description Recorded Number # Book/Page Tax Document Type 07/22/2024 0 OTHER Mapping Change 07/22/2024 Mapping Change 01/12/2024 0 88260341 OTHER Cancellation of 03/01/2024 Cancellation of Dedication Dedication 11/02/2023 0 OTHER Mapping Change 11/14/2023 Mapping Change 05/09/2023 0 85420496 OTHER Cancellation of 05/22/2023 0 Cancellation of Dedication Dedication 01/07/2022 0 80760631 FEE Dedication 02/10/2022 Dedication CONVEYANCE 10/01/2021 0 OTHER Route Slip 10/01/2021 Route Slip 12/27/2017 0 OTHER Route Slip 08/19/2014 Route SI ip 06/16/2017 0 OTHER Mapping Change 06/16/2017 0 Mapping Change 05/01/2017 $46,947 64150627 FEE Warranty Deed 07/25/2017 47 Warranty Deed CONVEYANCE 04/29/2013 0 49200962 OTHER Dedication 06/21/2013 0 Dedication 12/17/2012 $14,970,000 47410131 FEE Warranty Deed 12/24/2012 149700 Warranty Deed CONVEYANCE 09/13/2002 0 02-162597 FEE Deed 09/13/2002 0 Deed CONVEYANCE 06/27/2002 0 OTHER Mapping Change Mapping Change 03/19/2001 0 01-063280 Dedication 05/01/2001 F/D:KEYED Dedication ONLY 01/30/2001 0 Route Slip Route SI ip 02/22/2000 0 Mapping Change Mapping Change 09/06/1996 0 9600128629 Grant of 09/06/1996 Grant of easement easement 02/20/1994 0 9800090037 LEASE 06/23/1998 06/13/1990 0 9100130806 08/24/1990 04/23/1990 0 0000000000 02/19/1990 0 9000120962 LEASE Lease 08/07/1990 0.00 Lease Current Tax Bill Information Original Taxes Tax Net Tax Period Description Due Date Assessment Credits Tax Penalty Interest Other Amount Due 2025-2 Real Property Tax 02/20/2026 0.00 $0.00 $2,100.01 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $2,100.01 Tax Bill with Interest computed through 10/31/2025 0.00 $0.00 $2,100.01 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $2,100.01 The above information may not be accurate,please call our office at 808-961-8282 for more accurate information. Pay online at http://payments.ehawaii.gov/propertytax/hawaii Other Payment Options Click Here Historical Tax Information Payments Amount Year Tax and Credits Penalty Interest Other Due O 2025 4,200.02 2,100.01) 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,100.01 O 2024 4,200.02 4,200.02) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2023 5,441.70 5,441.70) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2022 5,440.77 5,440.77) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2021 13,931.51 13,931.51) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2020 4,418.81 4,418.81) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2019 4,412.27 4,412.27) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2018 3,506.25 3,506.25) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2017 6,021.40 6,021.40) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2016 5,772.00 5,772.00) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2015 5,640.65 5,640.65) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2014 5,642.50 5,642.50) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2013 5,515.78 5,515.78) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2012 4,984.95 4,984.95) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2011 4,962.41 4,962.41) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2010 4,977.44 4,977.44) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Payments Amount Year Tax and Credits Penalty Interest Other Due p+ 2009 4,526.45 4,526.45) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 2008 4,533.43 4,533.43) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O+ 2007 4,868.05 4,868.05) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O+ 2006 4,846.34 4,846.34) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O+ 2005 16,368.74 16,368.74) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O+ 2004 18,422.46 18,422.46) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O+ 2003 17,994.97 17,994.97) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O+ 2002 17,807.31 17,807.31) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O+ 2001 17,692.59 17,692.59) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 p+ 2000 43,364.45 43,364.45) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Map 7 y. ti . Recent Sales in Area Sale date range: From: To: 10/14/2, 10/14/21 Search Sales by Neighborhood Distance: Units: 1500 Feet Search Sales by Distance No data available for the following modules:Condominium/Apartment Unit Information,Land Information,Residential Improvement Information,Commercial Improvement nformation,Sketches. i Iit-UUIiLy ui navvaii mtcii r r UPtl Ly iax viflce mart-s tvtry effort tU prUUULt grit iriU5L accurdLt information possible.No warranties,expressed or implied are provided for the data herein,its rJ S C H N E I D E R use or interpretation.The assessment information is from the last certified tax roll.All other ftAW G E O S PAT 1 A L data is subject to change. User Privacy Policy V GDPR Privacy Notice Last Data Upload:10/14/2025,1:06:24 PM 133 4 000 ' 9= HOW I- 37VJ S HIY O N 3n Y - L 14 C)4 117 N V 7 V LJ Q cr) Z, Q) Ln IN N C) C, C) 1p Cl- C Q. C) ! 2 4L u LuC', In ct V5 6 wj wj N',) 4 C6 co ln4 133: 1 00. 9= HJN I I' 37VJ S H-LYO N 3n y L Z) ro rz) Lo od L2 Q GI 61k C) Q Q) Q) w LLJ Q) a W R z N 16 LO Q) c) U, Lo aI cy S O O ct ci Aj Lo 0) - Or oc- 4- C) 0 L2 o, S1. Nl. LU co Cl- ii N 12 0 311 CO L% CNCN 2ci L2 111 at kkkkkk IS ll EC - ) LL, Docusign Envelope ID:ODE 1 376B-7AAF-4768-81 A2-1 E5BO4F3EO28 FEE OWNER'S LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION Tax Map Key No.: (3) 6-7-001:025 and 034 Puukapu and Waikoloa, District of South Kohala, Island and County of Hawai'i The undersigned is the Fee Owner of the real properties above-identified, and hereby authorizes Ron Kim, legal counsel for West Hawaii Concrete to communicate with, apply for, execute and process the amendment to Special Permit No. 724 with the County of Hawaii Planning Department and State Land Use Commission. A photostatic or facsimile copy of this executed authorization shall also be considered as effective and valid as the original. Dated: 9/10/2025 9:38 AM HAST PR MAUNA KEA LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company By TRUSTEES OF THE PARKER RANCH FOUNDATION TRUST under that certain Trust Agreement dated August 9, 2007, acting in their fiduciary and not their individual capacities. Its Member Signed by: N&OA k Fl*MbfbBy ,,64E—EP@r@,@,@,4gF... MICHAEL K. FUJIMOTO Trustee Signed by: ByVWALAIf. , bLVUS EEBD F90E D•04D ... TIMOTHY E. JOHNS Trustee DocuSigned by: By TOBY B. TANIGUCHI Trustee Docusign Envelope ID:86B36ABD-947C-4164-9E59-F91 DD7069D83 FEE OWNER'S ACKNOWLEDGMENT Tax Map Key Nos.: (3) 6-7-001:025 and 034 Puukapu and Waikoloa, District of South Kohala, Island and County of Hawai`i The undersigned, being the Fee Owner of the above-identified real properties, having authorized West Hawaii Concrete to apply for an amendment to Special Permit No. 724 with the County of Hawaii Planning Department and State Land Use Commission, hereby acknowledges that the Fee Owner and its successors shall be bound by the Special Permit, amendments to the Special Permit, and conditions of the Special Permit, as amended. A photostatic or facsimile copy of this executed authorization shall also be considered as effective and valid as the original. Dated: 11/10/2025 1 1:22 PM HAST PR MAUNA KEA LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company By TRUSTEES OF THE PARKER RANCH FOUNDATION TRUST under that certain Trust Agreement dated August 9, 2005, acting in their fiduciary and not their individual capacities. Its Member Signed by: By N4,01 k MICHAEL K. FUJIMOTO Trustee Signed by: By TIMOTHY E. JOHNS Trustee DocuSigned by: By j TOBY B. TANIGUCHI Trustee 1 Camero, Tracie-Lee From:Katherine Luga <> Sent:Tuesday, May 26, 2026 9:00 PM To:Camero, Tracie-Lee Cc:Ron Kim Subject:FW: PR Mauna Kea - WHC expansion UXO clearance Attachments:Quarry Expansion with RI Results_P23.jpg Hi Tracie, See email below from USACE and map that confirms the 80-acre expansion area is UXO cleared. This confirmation was secured prior to WHC conducting borings to verify rock quality in 2024. Dave GriƯin is the Waikoloa Maneuver Area program manager with the Honolulu District. Please call me should you have any questions. Katherine Y. Luga VP, Land Development, Asset Management & Performance PARKER RANCH, INC. Home of the Paniolo since 1847 67-1349 Ala Ohia Road, Kamuela, Hawai’i 96743 Mobile: 808.747.4433 | Fax: 808.885.2727 Email: | Website: www.parkerranch.com CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message, including any attachments, is for the sole use of the intended recipients and may contain confidential and privileged information. Any unauthorized review, use, disclosure or distribution is prohibited. If you are not the intended recipient, please contact the sender by reply e-mail and destroy all copies of the original message. From: Griffin, David E CIV USARMY CEPOH (USA) <> Sent: Tuesday, June 18, 2024 8:42 AM To: Katherine Luga <> Subject: RE: PR Mauna Kea Kat, Please see aƩached figure. The area of the proposed expansion was invesƟgated during a previous RI and no muniƟons or muniƟons debris was encountered in the area. That said we would sƟll like to provide 3Rs training to the geothechical company prior to installing the borings. If you could give us a point of contact we will reach out to confirm start date and schedule 3Rs. Dave DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY • COUNTY OF HAWAl'I 345 KEKUANAO'A STREET, SUITE 20 • HILO, HAWAl'I 96720 TELEPHONE (808) 961-8050 • FAX (808) 961-8657 TO: FROM: Mr. Jeffery Darrow, Director Planning Department March 12, 2026 Keith K. Okamoto, Manager-Chief Engineer SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP-2025-000107) Applicant: WHC, LTD. Request: Comments/Amend SPP 724 (SPP-89-000024) Tax Map Key 6-7-001 :025 034 We have reviewed the subject request and have the following comments. COH PLANNING DEPTMAR 16 2026 PM12:33 REC'D HAND DELIVERED Please be informed that the subject parcel is not within the Department's service limits. The nearest Department of Water Supply system is located in Waimea. Therefore, we have no objection to the applicant's request as the subject parcel is not within the Department's existing service limits. Should there be any questions, please contact Mr. Michael Mori of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at (808) 961-8070, extension 257. MM:dfg copy -Parker Ranch, Inc. WHC, Ltd. Yeh& Kim Sincerely yours, Keith K. Okamoto, P.E. Manager-Chief Engineer ... Water; Our ?rt.ost Precious <Rgsource ... 1(a Wai A. 1(ane ... The Department of Water Supply is an Equal Opportunity provider and employer. County of Hawai‘i DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 345 Kekūanāoʻa Street, Suite 41 · Hilo, Hawai‘i 96720 · cohdem@hawaiicounty.gov Ph: (808) 961-8083 · Fax: (808) 961-8086 Hawai‘i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Daniel Girvan, P.E. Director Craig Kawaguchi Deputy Director C. Kimo Alameda, Ph.D.Mayor William V. Brilhante Jr. Managing Director MEMORANDUM Date : February 25, 2026 To : Jeffrey Darrow, Director Planning Department From : Daniel Girvan, Director Department of Environmental Management Subject : PL-SPP-2025-000107 ______________________________________________________________________________ The Wastewater Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/or recommendations: ☐No Comments☐The proposed subdivision is accessible to a sewer. The applicant is required to connect all existing and proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21-6 and Division 2 of theHawaii County Code.☐The proposed subdivision is within 300-linear feet of an existing sewer system. The applicant shall install sewer lines as required by Section 23-85 of the Hawaii County Code. Sewer lines shallcomply with Chapter 21, Division 2☐Extensions of the public sewer system:The applicant shall submit a letter application to the director detailing where and why the sewerextension is being requested, and a payment mechanism:☐The applicant constructs and pays full cost for the extension and may receive for 10 years aftercompletion one-half of all sewer charges collected by the County from other properties thatconnect to the extension, provided the reimbursement does not exceed the cost incurred by the applicant.☐County constructs the extension (the County has yet to create a program to allow this):☐The applicant pays the full cost for the extension and may receive for 10 years after completion one-half of all sewer charges collected by the County from other properties thatconnect to the extension, provided the reimbursement does not exceed the cost incurred bythe applicant.☐The applicant pays one-half the cost and the County pays the other half of the extension cost. The applicant shall submit sewer engineering plans and sewer study to the WastewaterDivision for review. Jeffrey Darrow, Planning Director February 25, 2026 Page 2 ☐ The applicant shall submit a study documenting proposed additional sewer flows so the director can evaluate the capacity of the existing system to handle them. Contact Wastewater Division staff for Sewer Study requirements. ☐ The proposed subdivision may be subject to existing or future federal, state, or county regulation under Title 40 CFR 403. Contact the Wastewater Division Pretreatment Group for information regarding pretreatment standards and requirements. ☒ The proposed subdivision is about 25 miles from nearest Hawaiʻi County Sewer. The applicant shall comply with Department of Health requirements, and all other applicable federal, state, and county regulations. The applicant shall submit plans for treatment facilities to the Department of Health and to the Department of Environmental Management director for review as required by Section 21-11. For sewers in private roadways: ☐ Sewers will be dedicated to the County in accordance with Section 21-19. Contact the Wastewater Division for sewer and easement details and requirements. Applicant shall hold the County harmless for any damage to roadway corridors during or caused by the construction. Contact Wastewater Division for Permit to Perform Work on the Public Sewer System. ☐ Sewers will be private and will not be dedicated to the County. The applicant shall comply with all Department of Public Works requirements. Contact the Wastewater Division for Permit to Perform Work on the Public Sewer System. ☐ Other: WRS:Initials Wastewater Staff Disclaimer: Data provided and maintained by the Hawaii County Wastewater Division are subject to change at any time. The County of Hawaii does not guarantee the positional or thematic accuracy of the GIS data. Current Time: 2/25/2026 10:34 AM Scale: 1:144,448 1 inch equals 2 miles Location Map - TMK 6-7-001-034 Esri, NASA, NGA, USGS, Sources: Esri, USGS, Sources: Esri, TomTom, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Treatment Plants and Pump Stations Custom County Pump Station Non-County Pump Station County Treatment Plant Non-County Treatment Plant Laterals Custom County Lateral Non-County Lateral Flow Direction Mains Custom County Gravity Main Non-County Gravity Main County Force Main Non-County Force Main County Outfall Non-County Outfall County Siphon County Stub Non-County Stub County Treatment Non-County Treatment Manholes Custom County Dropline Manhole County Manhole Non-County Dropline Manhole Non-County Manhole Service Connections Service Connections Connected Assumed Connection Failed Inspection Permit Pending Proposed Connection Exemption Not Connected Not Connected - Additional Lateral Abandoned Unknown JOSH GREEN, M.D. KENNETH S. FINK, M.D, MGA, MPH GOVERNOR OF HAWAII DIRECTOR OF HEALTH KE KIA’AINA O KA MOKU’AINA O HAWAI’I KA LUNA HO’OKELE STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: February 18, 2026 TO: Mr. Jeffrey W. Darrow Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: SUBJECT: Special Permit Amendment Application (PL-SPP-2025-000107) Special Permit No. 724 (Docket No. SPP-89-000024) Applicant: WHC, Ltd. Request: Amendment to Special Permit No. 724 to Allow for the Expansion of the Existing Permit Area by Adding 80.349 Acres, to Extend the Life of the Permit Co-Terminus with a Proposed Lease Extension to Extend the Proposed Use Until September 30, 2057, and an Option to Extend the Lease Agreement an Additional Twenty Years TMK: 6-7-001:034, and 025, Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawaiʻi In most cases, the District Health Office will no longer provide individual comments to agencies or project owners to expedite the land use review and process. Agencies, project owners, and their agents should apply Department of Health “Standard Comments” regarding land use to their standard project comments in their submittal. Standard comments can be found on the Land Use Planning Review section of the Department of Health website: https://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Contact information for each Branch/Office is available on that website. Note: Agencies and project owners are responsible for adhering to all applicable standard comments and obtaining proper and necessary permits before the commencement of any work. Jeffrey W. Darrow February 18, 2026 Page 2 of 4 General summary comments have been included for your convenience. However, these comments are not all-inclusive and do not substitute for review of and compliance with all applicable standard comments for the various DOH individual programs. Clean Air Branch 1. All project activities shall comply with the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapters 11-59 and 11-60.1. 2. Control of Fugitive Dust: You must reasonably control the generation of all airborne, visible fugitive dust and comply with the fugitive dust provisions of HAR §11-60.1-33. Note that activities that occur near existing residences, businesses, public areas, and major thoroughfares exacerbate potential dust concerns. It is recommended that a dust control management plan be developed which identifies and mitigates all activities that may generate airborne and visible fugitive dust and that buffer zones be established wherever possible. 3. Standard comments for the Clean Air Branch are at: https://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/ Clean Water Branch 1. All project activities shall comply with the HAR, Chapters 11-53, 11-54, and 11-55. 1. The following Clean Water Branch website contains information for agencies and/or project owners who are seeking comments regarding environmental compliance for their projects with HAR, Chapters 11-53, 11-54, and 11-55: https://health.hawaii.gov/cwb/clean-water-branch-home- page/cwb- standard-comments/. Hazard Evaluation & Emergency Response Office 1. A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) and Phase II Site Investigation should be conducted for projects wherever current or former activities on site may have resulted in releases of hazardous substances, including oil or chemicals. Areas of concern include current and former industrial areas, harbors, airports, and formerly and currently zoned agricultural lands used for growing sugar, pineapple or other agricultural products. 2. Standard comments for the Hazard Evaluation & Emergency Response Office are at: https://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Indoor and Radiological Health Branch 1. Project activities shall comply with HAR Chapters 11-39, 11-45, 11-46, 11-501, 11-502, 11-503, and 11-504. 2. Noise may be generated during demolition and/or construction. The applicable maximum permissible sound levels, as stated in Title 11, HAR, Chapter 11-46, “Community Noise Control,” shall not be exceeded unless a noise permit is obtained from the Department of Health. Jeffrey W. Darrow February 18, 2026 Page 3 of 4 3. Construction/Demolition Involving Asbestos: If the proposed project includes renovation/demolition activities that may involve asbestos, the applicant should contact the Asbestos and Lead Section of the Branch at https://health.hawaii.gov/irhb/asbestos/. Safe Drinking Water Branch 1. Agencies and/or project owners are responsible for ensuring environmental compliance for their projects in the areas of 1) Public Water Systems; 2) Underground Injection Control; and 3) Groundwater and Source Water Protection in accordance with HAR Chapters 11-19, 11-20, 11-21, 11-23, 11-23A, and 11- 25. They may be responsible for fulfilling additional requirements related to the Safe Drinking Water program: https://health.hawaii.gov/sdwb/. 2. Standard comments for the Safe Drinking Water Branch can be found at: https://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Solid & Hazardous Waste Branch 1. Hazardous Waste Program - The state regulations for hazardous waste and used oil are in HAR Chapters 11-260.1 to 11-279.1. These rules apply to the identification, handling, transportation, storage, and disposal of regulated hazardous waste and used oil. 2. Solid Waste Programs - The laws and regulations are contained in HRS Chapters 339D, 342G, 342H, and 342I, and HAR Chapters 11-58.1 and 11-282. Generators and handlers of solid waste shall ensure proper recycling or disposal at DOH-permitted solid waste management facilities. If possible, waste prevention, reuse, and recycling are preferred options over disposal. The Office of Solid Waste Management also oversees the electronic device recycling and recovery law, the glass advanced disposal fee program, and the deposit beverage container program. 3. Underground Storage Tank Program – The state regulations for underground storage tanks are in HAR Chapter 11-280.1. These rules apply to the design, operation, closure, and release response requirements for underground storage tank systems, including unknown underground tanks identified during construction. 4. Standard comments for the Solid & Hazardous Waste Branch can be found at: https://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Wastewater Branch For comments, please email the Wastewater Branch at doh.wwb@doh.hawaii.gov. Sanitation / Local DOH Comments: 1. According to HAR §11-26-35, No person, firm, or corporation shall demolish or Jeffrey W. Darrow February 18, 2026 Page 4 of 4 clear any structure without first ascertaining the presence or absence of rodents that may endanger public health by dispersal from such premises. Should any such inspection reveal the presence of rodents, the rodents shall be eradicated before demolishing or clearing the structure. A demolition permit is required prior to demolition. Other 1. CDC - Healthy Places - Healthy Community Design Checklist Toolkit recommends that state and county planning departments, developers, planners, engineers, and other interested parties apply these principles when planning or reviewing new developments or redevelopment projects. 2. If new information is found or changes are made to your submittal, DOH reserves the right to implement appropriate environmental health restrictions as required. Should there be any questions on this matter, please contact the Department of Health, Hawaii District Health Office, at (808) 933-0917. JOSH GREEN, M.D. GOVERNOR KE KIA'AINA STATE OF HAWAl'I I KA MOKU'AINA 'O HAWAl'I DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION I KA 'OIHANA ALAKAU 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 March 18, 2026 VIA EMAIL: planning@hawaiicounty.gov Mr. Jeffrey Darrow, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Darrow: Subject: Special Permit Amendment Application (PL-SPP-2025-000107) Special Permit No. 724 (Docket No. SPP-89-000024) WHC, Ltd. (Applicant) South Kohala, Hawaii Tax Map Key: (3) 6-7-001: 034 EDWIN H. SNIFFEN DIRECTOR KA LUNA HO'OKELE Deputy Directors Na Hope Luna Ho'okele DREANALEE K. KALILI TAMMY L. LEE CURT T. OTAGURO ROBIN K. SHISHIDO IN REPLY REFER TO: STP 01020.26 STP 8.4049 Thank you for your letter, dated February 17, 2026, requesting the Hawaii Department of Transportation's (HDOT) review and comments on the Applicant's Special Permit Amendment application. The HDOT has the following comments: 1.The proposed property expansion is approximately 3.42 miles from the property boundary of Waimea-Kohala Airport (MUE). All projects within 5 miles of Hawaii Stateairports are advised to read the Technical Assistance Memorandum (TAM) for guidancewith development and activities that may require further review and pennits. The TAMcan be viewed at this link: http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/docs/TAM-FAA-DOT Airports 08-01-2016.pdf 2.The proposed property expansion is approximately 18,638 feet from the end of Runway 4atMUE. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulation requires the submittal ofFAA Form 7460-1 Notice of Proposed Construction or Alteration pursuant to the Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 14, Part 77.9, if the construction or alteration is within Mr. Jeffrey Darrow, Director STP 8.4049 March 18, 2026 Page 2 20,000 feet of a public use or military airport, which exceeds a 100:1 surface from any point on the runway of each airport with its longest runway more than 3,200 feet. Construction equipment and staging area heights, including heights of temporary construction cranes, shall be included in the submittal. The form and criteria for submittal can be found at the following website: https://oeaaa.faa.gov/oeaaa/extemal/portal.jssp. Please provide a copy of the FAA response to the Part 77 analysis to the HDOT Airport Planning Section. 3. The project may have the potential to become a wildlife attractant, which can become a hazard to aircraft operations. The HDOT recommends that the project incorporate measures to minimize hazardous attractants in compliance with the FAA Advisory Circular 150/5200-33C, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On Or Near Airports. If the project results in a wildlife attractant, these hazards shall be immediately mitigated by the developer upon notification by the HDOT and/or FAA. Please submit any subsequent land use entitlement-related requests for review or correspondence to the HDOT Land Use Intake email address at DOT.LandUse@hawaii.gov. If there are any questions,please contact Mr. Blayne Nikaido, Planner, Land Use Section of the HDOT Statewide Transportation Planning Office at(808) 831-7979 or via email at blayne.h.nikaido@hawaii.gov. Sincerely, Z16e EDWIN H. SNIFFEN Director of Transportation Coastal Zone Management Program Environmental Review Program Land Use Commission Land Use Division Special Plans Branch State Transit-Oriented Development Statewide Geographic Information System Statewide Sustainability Branch STATE OF HAWAl'I OFFICE OF PLANNING JOSH GREEN, M.D. GOVERNOR SYLVIA LUKE LT. GOVERNOR & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MARY ALICE EVANS DIRECTOR 235 South Beretania Street, 6th Floor, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 Mailing Address: P.O. Box 2359, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96804 Mr. Jeffrey W. Darrow Planning Director County of Hawai 'i 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawai 'i 96720 Dear Mr. Darrow: March 17, 2026 Telephone: (808) 587-2846 Fax: (808) 587-2824 Web: https://planning.hawaii.gov/ DTS 202602 l 71238NA Subject: Special Permit Amendment Application (PL-SPP-2025-000107), Special Permit No. 724 (Docket No. SPP-89-000024) for the Expansion of the Existing Permit Area by Adding 80.349 Acres, to Extend the Life of the Permit Co-Terminus with a Proposed Lease Extension to Extend the Proposed Use Until September 30, 2057, and an Option to Extend the Lease Agreement an Additional Twenty Years, Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawai 'i; Tax Map Key (TMK): (3) 6-7-001:034, and 025 Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the subject application. West Hawaii Concrete ("Applicant") seeks to amend its current County Special Permit to expand the existing quarry site that operates on approximately 143.48 acres, situated on TMK (3) 6-7-001:034 (existing quarry), and to add an additional 80.349 acres ( expanded area) from the adjacent property TMK: (3) 6-7- 001:025. Both parcels are located in the State Land Use Agricultural District. The Applicant additionally seeks to extend the life of the Special Permit co-terminus with a proposed lease extension yet to be negotiated with landowner PR Mauna Kea LLC ("PRMK") that will include quarry use of the existing quarry and expansion area to September 30, 2057, with the potential for an option or options to extend the lease agreement an additional twenty years. Currently, the lease agreement from PRMK runs through 2037. Background The existing quarry of approximately 143.48 acres has been operating since 1945 and supplies raw material that is used to produce aggregates and crushed stone needed for the construction industry. The proposed expanded area of approximately 80 acres would be taken from a much larger parcel of approximately 21,091 acres. Mr. Jeffrey Darrow March 17, 2026 Page 2 The existing quarry is surrounded by this larger parcel. The landowner, PRMK, owns this larger parcel as well as many of the surrounding properties, which is primarily used for cattle ranching. The existing quarry is off-grid and does not use any public utilities: water is obtained from an exterior source; electricity is generated as needed onsite; and portable restrooms are utilized. There are presently eight to ten full-time employees and there are no permanent structures on the property with no future proposed permanent structures. Supplemental Quarry Site and Surrounding Lands The expansion area does not include any lands designated as important agricultural lands and the soil is deemed to be poor for agriculture: "D" or"Poor" by the Land Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating and unclassified by the Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Map. The lessee's agricultural activity of cattle ranching around the existing quarry and proposed expanded quarry site would be able to continue undisturbed and ongoing throughout the remainder of the large property and surrounding areas. Access to the proposed expansion will be from Mamalahoa Highway over privately maintained roads with entrance to the quarry being approximately 6 miles south of Waimea Town. The perimeter of the existing quarry and its proposed expansion are surrounded by the larger property (TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025), which is owned by PRMK. The Office of Planning and Sustainable Development(OPSD)notes that to the east and northeast, the larger property abuts Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL)parcels. The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map of the current General Plan 2005) and the updated General Plan (2045) designate the proposed expansion area as suitable for Extensive Agricultural Use. The General Plan defines lands designated for Extensive Agricultural Use as agricultural lands "not classified as Important Agricultural Land." Potential Impacts Archaeological and Cultural Resources ASM Affiliates completed an Archaeological Survey (AIS) of the expansion area and discovered no archaeological or historic features. The AIS recommended determination of effect for the proposed quarry expansion is that there are "no historic properties affected" with no historic preservation recommended prior to permit issuance or subsequent development activities within the expansion area. The Applicant has requested the Department of Land and Natural Resources—State Historic Preservation Division to issue a"no-effect" letter and is awaiting a response. ASM Affiliates conducted a Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina Analysis for the proposed expansion and found that it would not affect cultural, historical, or natural resources. The report found no culturally significant natural features within the expansion area and that it would not affect any culturally significant features outside of this expanded quarry area. Mr. Jeffrey Darrow March 17, 2026 Page 3 Biological Survey The expansion area is mostly covered by various alien grasses and the biological survey found that the proposed expansion would have no potential to adversely affect threatened or endangered plant species. Three bird species were observed, two non-native species and the native migratory golden plover(kolea). The pueo and the Hawaiian hoary bat are regularly known to be present in the area of the proposed expansion. Additionally, the Hawaiian petrel, the Hawaiian sub-species of Newell's shearwater, and the band-rumped storm-petrel may overfly the area. The proposed quarry operations will not have operations that will use exterior night lighting or have manmade structures that could jeopardize these birds. Only the pueo has the possibility of nesting within the proposed area and the Applicant will cease any operations that affect any pueo observed until they have fledged. Wetlands, Streams, and Coastal Resources The proposed expansion area is 12.8 miles away from the shoreline. The existing quarry and proposed expansion area are in a remote location and not visible from the public road. Due to the remote nature of the property, the existing quarry and proposed quarry expansion will not affect scenic or open space resources or coastal view planes. Infrastructure and Government Services The existing quarry is accessed over the Quarry Access Road that leads from an improved intersection with Mamalahoa Highway to the existing quarry. The proposed quarry expansion will be accessed through this road. The existing quarry operates without public utilities, and the expanded quarry will similarly not require the use of any public utilities. The application states that the project is located in Flood Zone X, which represents areas outside of the 0.2% annual chance flood plain. OPSD Comment OPSD finds that the proposed use for the expansion area is consistent with the guidelines for determining if it may be permitted in the State Agricultural District as an"unusual and reasonable use" pursuant to Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §15-15-95(c): 1) The use shall not be contrary to the objectives sought to be accomplished by chapters 205 and 205A, HRS, and the rules ofthe commission; The original intent of HRS Chapter 205 is "to preserve, protect, and encourage the development of the lands in the State for those uses to which they are best suited for the public welfare." (Act 187, SLH 1961) Consequently, the protection of agricultural land and its continued availability for agricultural use as a major objective of Chapter 205 must be balanced against other unusual uses that serve the public interest. The proposed expansion of the existing quarry and extended term will ensure that a long- term supply of raw material vital to the construction industry is maintained. The expansion area does not include any lands designated as important agricultural lands Mr. Jeffrey Darrow March 17, 2026 Page 4 and the landowner and/or lessee's agricultural activities will remain undisturbed and ongoing throughout the remainder of the large property and surrounding areas. 2) The proposed use would not adversely affect surrounding property; PRMK owns the large property surrounding the existing and proposed quarry along with many of the surrounding properties. Entrance to the quarry is approximately 6 miles south of Waimea Town and accessed from Mamalahoa Highway. The property is well drained, and no flooding exists in the area, and the existing quarry's operations or improvements have not created drainage issues. Dust and air-borne particles from the Applicant's quarrying operations have and will be mitigated through the Applicant's standard operating procedures and compliance with Department of Health regulations. The OPSD notes that the larger property (TMK (3) 6-7-001:025) is adjacent to DHHL lots to the east and northeast. A precursory measurement of the existing quarry to these lots is approximately 4,950 feet. 3) The proposed use would not unreasonably burden public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewers, water drainage and school improvements,police andfire protection; The existing quarry use is self-sufficient and does not burden public agencies to provide services for roads and streets, sewers, water, drainage, school improvements, or police and fire. All water, electricity, and sewer needs are supplied by the Applicant. The existing quarry currently generates minimum traffic, and the Applicant does not anticipate that the proposed expansion or extended term will cause any increase in current traffic levels. The existing quarry operations have not resulted in the need for police or fire services, and it is not anticipated that the expanded quarry operations will require these services either. 4) Unusual conditions, trends, and needs have arisen since the district boundaries and rules were established; and West Hawaii continues to experience rapid growth and a subsequent demand from the construction industry for natural resources such as those provided by the quarry. Allowing the quarry's expansion for an extended term will help to ensure a long-term supply of material that is crucial for the island's new housing and other growth. Additionally, the existing agricultural use of cattle ranching will be able to continue to co-exist with the proposed quarry expansion; thus, existing agricultural use will not cease with the proposed quarry expansion. 5) The land upon which the proposed use is sought is unsuited for the uses permitted within the district. Mr. Jeffrey Darrow March 17, 2026 Page 5 The proposed expansion area is adjacent to the existing quarry and therefore is consistent with the existing quarry use. The proposed expansion represents 0.38% of the property's approximately 21,091 acres. The expansion area is on land classified as unclassified" on the ALISH Map, rated "D" or"Poor" under the LSB soil classification system and for the LUPAG Map both the current and updated General Plan do not designate the proposed expansion area as containing Important Agricultural Lands. The existing agricultural use of cattle ranching will be able to continue to co-exist with the proposed expansion. Additionally, the Applicant will grade and revegetate areas where operations are terminated or abandoned to blend with the surrounding areas. The existing quarry has been in operation since 1945, and the Applicant is seeking an amendment to their existing County Special Permit to expand and extend their lease term. The OPSD recommends that the application provide a more robust background on the history of the permitting for the existing quarry and any State of Hawaii Land Use Commission Special Permit that may exist for this land use. OPSD additionally recommends that the Applicant consult with DHHL regarding the proposed quarry expansion. If you respond to this comment letter,please include DTS 202602171238NA in the subject line. For any questions regarding this letter,please contact Rachel Beasley of our office at(808) 587-2888 or by email at rachel.e.beasley2hawaii.gov. Mahalo, Mary Alice Evans Director JOSH GREEN, M.D. GOVERNOR I KE KIA'AINA SYLVIA LUKE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR I KA HOPE KIA'AINA May 29, 2026 STATE OF HAWAl'I I KA MOKU'AINA '0 HAWAl'I DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES KA 'OIHANA KUMUWAIWAI 'AINA STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION KAKUHIHEWA BLVD BUILDING 601 KAMOKILA, STE 555 KAPOLEI, HAW All 96707 DAWN N.S. CHANG CHAIRPERSON BOARD OF IAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RYAN K.P. KANAKA'OLE FIRST DEPUTY CIARA W.K. KAHAHANE DEPUTY DIRECTOR • WATER AQUATIC RESOURCES BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION AND COASTAL IANDS CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT ENGINEERING FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE HISTORIC PRESERVATION KAHOOLAWE ISIAND RESERVE COMMISSION IAND STATE PARKS IN REPLY REFER TO: Jeff Darrow, Director County of Hawai'i, Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawai'i 96720 planning@hawaiicounty.gov Dear Jeff Darrow: Project No.: 2026PR00212 Doc. No.: 2605SN12 Archaeology SUBJECT: Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) §SE-42 Historic Preservation Review County of Hawai'i Special Permit Application PL-SPP-2025-000107 (Amend SPP No. 724) Applicant: West Hawaii Concrete (Landowner) Waikoloa Ahupua'a, Kohala District, Island of Hawai'i TMK: (3) 1-6-051 :020 This letter provides the State Historic Preservation Division's (SHPD) review of the proposed quarry expansion project including an amendment to Special Permit No. 724 (PL-SPP-2025-000107), construction plans, a COH Special Permit (PL-SPP-2025-000107) (Amend SPP No. 724) and a draft archaeological assessment (AA) report titled An Archaeological Assessment for the West Hawai'i Concrete Waimea Quarry Expansion Project, TMK: (3) 6-7-001:025 (por.), Waikoloa Ahupua'a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawai'i (Gardner et al., January 2025), The AA report was prepared by ASM Affiliates (ASM) in support of the proposed project. SHPD received the submission materials on March 5, 2026. The request is to amend Special Permit No. 724 to allow for the expansion of the applicant's existing quarry site currently permitted to operate on approximately 143.48 acres situated on a lot designated as TMK: (3) 6-7-001 :034 ("existing quarry") by adding approximately 80.349 acres ("Expansion Area") of adjacentproperty designated as TMK: (3) 6-7-001 :025. The proposed quarry expansion request will also extend thelife of the SPP to align with an anticipated lease extension that is yet to be negotiated with the landowner,PR Mauna Kea LLC ("PRMK"). The extension would allow continued quarry use of the existing quarry andExpansion Area through September 30, 2057, with the possibility of one or more options to extend theLease Agreement for an additional twenty years. The proposed expansion will also require a State ofHawai'i Land Use Commission (HLUSC) Special Use Permit (SUP) to allow for rock quarrying activities. Gardner et al. (Janaury 2025) indicate that no pre-contact or historic period archaeological sites or features were identified during the course of the study. Ranching infrastructure does exist within the project area; however, it has been determined that these are modern, belonging to ongoing Parker Ranch activities. The report also describes several topographical land features such as Pu'u HoloholokO, Pu'u 'Ula'ula, Pu'u Heihei, Pu'u Nohonaohae, and Pu'u Keanahuehue as a part of a Ka Pa'akai Analysis within the Waikoloa Ahupua'a landscape. These land features have a significant presence as significant cultural and historical landmarks and are referenced in many traditional stories of the Waikoloa area. None of these important landmarks will be impacted. JOSH GREEN, MO. GOVERNOR I KE KlA'AINA TO: FROM: SUBJECT: FILE NO.: TMK NO.: RYAN KP KANAKA'OLE ACTING CHAJRPERSON KENNETH S. FINK, MO , MGA, MPH MOSES K.N. HAIA, Ill, JO. STATE OF HAWAl'I I KA MOKU'AINA 'O HAWAl'I DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES I KA 'OIHANA KUMUWAIWAI 'AINA COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT I KE KAHUWAI PONOPO BOX621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 Feb 20, 2026 Ms. Lauren Yasaka, Acting Land Administrator Land Division Ciara W.K. Kahahane, Deputy Director �e._Commission on Water Resource Management WAYNE K. KATAYAMA LAWRENCE H. MIIKE, MO , J.D. JUANITA N. REYHER-COLON HANNAH KIHALANI SPRINGER CIARA WK KAHAHANE DEPUTY DIRECTOR REF: RFD.6628.8 Special Permit Amendment (PL-SPP-2025-000107) project for a quarry expansion on Parker Ranch Land RFD.6628.8 (3)6-7-001:025, (3) 6-7-001:034 Thank you for the opportunity to review the subject document. The Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) is the agency responsible for administering the State Water Code (Code). Under the Code, all waters of the State are held in trust for the benefit of the citizens of the State, therefore all water use is subject to legally protected water rights. CWRM strongly promotes the efficient use of Hawaii's water resources through conservation measures and appropriate resource management. For more information, please refer to the State Water Code, Chapter 174C, Hawaii Revised Statutes, and Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapters 13-167 to 13-171. These documents are available via the Internet at http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/cwrm. Our comments related to water resources are checked off below. □1. □2. □3. □4. � 5. □6.□7. We recommend coordination with the county to incorporate this project into the next update of the county's Water Use and Development Plan (WUDP). Please contact the respective Planning Department and/or Department of Water Supply for further information. We recommend coordination with the Engineering Division of the State of Hawai'i, Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) to incorporate this project into the next update of the State Water Projects Plan (SWPP). We recommend coordination with the State of Hawai'i, Department of Agriculture (HDOA) to incorporate the reclassification of agricultural zoned land and the associated agricultural water demands into the State's Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan (AWUDP). Please contact the HDOA for more information at https://hdoa.hawaii.gov/contacU. We recommend that water efficient fixtures be installed and water efficient practices implemented throughout the project to reduce the increased demand on the area's freshwater resources. Reducing the water usage of a home or building may earn credit towards Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. More information on LEED certification is available at http://www.usgbc.org/leed. A listing of fixtures certified by the EAP as having high water efficiency can be found at http://www.epa.gov/watersense. We recommend the use of best management practices (BMP) for stormwater management to minimize the impact of the project on the existing area's hydrology while maintaining on-site infiltration and preventing polluted runoff from storm events. Stormwater management BMPs may earn credit toward LEED certification. More information on stormwater BMPs can be found at http://planning.hawaii.gov/czm/initiatives/low-impact-development/. We recommend the use of alternative water sources, wherever practicable. We recommend participating in the Hawaii Green Business Program, that assists and recognizes businesses that strive to operate in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. The program description can be found online at http://energy.hawaii.gov/green-business-program. Ms. Lauren Yasaka Page 2 March 2, 2026 8. We recommend adopting landscape irrigation conservation best management practices endorsed by the Landscape Industry Council of Hawai'i. These practices can be found online at https://hawaiiscape.com/index.php. Additional information can be found at https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/cwrm/planning/conservation/. RI 9. There may be the potential for ground or surface water degradation/contamination and recommend that approvals for this project be conditioned upon a review by the State Department of Health (HDOH)and the acceptance of any resulting requirements related to water quality. 10. The proposed water supply source for the project is located in a designated water management area, and a Water Use Permit is required prior to use of water. The Water Use Permit may be conditioned on the requirement to use dual line water supply systems for new industrial and commercial developments. 11. The Hawai'i Water Plan is directed toward the achievement of the utilization of reclaimed water for uses other than drinking and for potable water needs in one hundred per cent of State and County facilities by December 31, 2045 (§1 74C-31(g)(6), Hawaii Revised Statutes). We strongly recommend that this project consider using reclaimed water for its non-potable water needs, such as irrigation. Reclaimed water may include, but is not limited to, recycled wastewater,gray water, and captured rainwater/stormwater. Please contact the Hawai'i Department of Health,Wastewater Branch, for more information on their reuse guidelines and the availability of reclaimed water in the project area. Contact information can be found at https://health.hawaii.gov/about/contact/. 12. A Well Construction Permit(s)is (are)are required before the commencement of any well construction work. 13. A Pump Installation Permit(s) is (are) required before ground water is developed as a source of supply for the project. 14. There is (are)well(s)located on or adjacent to this project. If wells are not planned to be used and will be affected by any new construction, they must be properly abandoned and sealed. A permit for well abandonment must be obtained. 15. Ground-water withdrawals from this project may affect streamflows,which may require an instream flow standard amendment. 16. A Stream Channel Alteration Permit(s) is (are) required before any alteration can be made to the bed and/or banks of a steam channel. 17. A Stream Diversion Works Permit(s) is (are)required before any stream diversion works is constructed or altered. 18. A Petition to Amend the Interim Instream Flow Standard is required for any new or expanded diversion(s)of surface water. 19. The planned source of water for this project has not been identified in this report. Therefore,we cannot determine what permits or petitions are required by CWRM, or whether there are potential impacts to water resources. 20. The proposed water source(s)and projected water demands for the project, both potable and non-potable, should be identified. If the project will be provided water by a local water system we recommend consultation with them to ensure that system capacity is available to supply water for this project. OTHER: If you have any questions, please contact Ryan Imata of the Groundwater Regulation Branch at(808)587-0225 or Katie Roth of the Planning Branch (808)587-0216. JOSH GREEN, M.D. GOVERNOR I KE KIA'AINA SYLVIA LUKE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR I KA HOPE KIA'AINA FROM: +G: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: LOCATION: APPLICANT: STATE OF HAWAl'I I KA MOKU'AINA 'O HAWAl'I DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES KA 'OIHANA KUMUWAIWAI 'AINA DLNR Agencies: LAND DIVISION P.O. BOX621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 February 17, 2026 MEMORANDUM _Div. of Aquatic Resources (kendall.l.tucker@hawaii.gov) DAWN N. S. CHANG CHAIRPERSON BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT _Div. of Boating & Ocean Recreation richard.t.howard@hawaii.gov) ..K_Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR@hawaii.gov) ..K_Div. of Forestry & Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terrago@hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks (curt.a.cottrell@hawaii.gov) ..K_Commission on Water Resource Management (DLNR.CWRM@hawaii.gov) _Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands (sharleen.k.kuba@hawaii.gov) ..K_Land Division -Hawai'i District (candace.m.martin@hawaii.gov) ..K_State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) (jordan.v.calpito@hawaii.gov), (noah.gomes@hawaii.gov) ..K_Aha Moku Advisory Committee (leimana.k.damate@hawaii.gov) Lauren Yasaka, Acting Administrator oe'� Request for comments for the Special Permit Amendment (PL-SPP-2025-000107) project for a quarry expansion on Parker Ranch Land; TMK: (3) 6-7-001 :025 and (3) 6-7-001 :034; Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawai'i Law Offices of Yeh & Kim on behalf of WHC, Ltd. (quarry operator) and PR Mauna Kea LLC, landowner. Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by March 17, 2026. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Raymond Severn at raymond.severn@hawaii.gov. Thank you. BRIEF COMMENTS: Attach men ts cc: Central Files ( ) We have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. ( ✓) Comments are included/attached. Signed: .. ·c>Q.,..:;...""""'"·""'"4""-"'½--.=.----------Print Name: Dina U. Lau, Acting Chief Engineer Division: Engineering Division Date: Mar 16, 2026 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING DIVISION LD/Seiji Ogawa Ref: Request for comments for the Special Permit Amendment (PL-SPP-2025- 000107) project for a quarry expansion on Parker Ranch Land TMK(s): (3) 6-7-001:025 and (3) 6-7-001:034 Location: Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawaii Applicant: Law Offices of Yeh & Kim on behalf of WHC, Ltd. (quarry operator) and PR Mauna Kea LLC, landowner COMMENTS The rules and regulations of the National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP), Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations (44CFR), are in effect when development falls within a Special Flood Hazard Area(high-risk areas). Be advised that 44CFR, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 60 reflects the minimum standards as set forth by the NFIP. Local conununity flood ordinances may stipulate higher standards that can be more restrictive and would take precedence over the minimum NFIP standards. The owner of the project property and/or their representative is responsible for researching the Flood Hazard Zone designation for the project. Flood zones subject to NFIP requirements are identified on FEMA's Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). The official FIRMS can be accessed through FEMA's Map Service Center(msc.fema.gov). Our Flood Hazard Assessment Tool (FHAT) (fhat.hawaii.gov) could also be used to research flood hazard information. If there are questions regarding the local flood ordinances, please contact the applicable County NFIP coordinating agency below: o Oahu: City and County of Honolulu, Department of Planning and Permitting 808) 768-8098. o Hawaii Island: County of Hawaii, Department of Public Works (808) 961-8327. o Maui/Molokai/Lanai County of Maui, Department of Planning (808)270-7139. o Kauai: County of Kauai, Department of Public Works (808) 241-4849. Signed: DINA U. LAU, ACTING CHIEF ENGINEER Date: Mar 16, 2026