HomeMy WebLinkAboutMulti-Hazard Mitigation Plan: Table of Contents Table of Contents
EXECUTIVESUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE PLAN.......................................................................................................1-1
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE PLAN..............................................................................................................1-6
1.3 OVERVIEW OF HAWAII COUNTY...........................................................................................................1-7
1.3.1 Geography....................................................................................................................................1-7
CHAPTER 2- MITIGATION PLANNING......................................................................................................2-1
2.1 PLANNING PROC ESS..........................................................................................................................2-1
2.2 PLAN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS............................................................................................................2-2
2.2.1 Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meetings.......................................................................2-3
2.2.2 Public Involvement....................................................................................................................... 2-7
CHAPTER 3- LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................3-1
3.1 POPULATION..................................................................................................................................3-1
3.2 ECONOMY......................................................................................................................................3-2
3.3 LAND USE......................................................................................................................................3-3
3.3.1 General Plan Projections.............................................................................................................. 3-4
3.4 ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................3-5
3.5 CRITICAL FACILITIES..........................................................................................................................3-6
3.6 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII...................................................................................................................3-11
CHAPTER 4- HIGH WIND STORMS...........................................................................................................4-1
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD...................................................................................................................4-1
4.1.1 Utilities.........................................................................................................................................4-1
4.1.2 Trade Winds..................................................................................................................................4-1
4.1.3 Kona Storms.................................................................................................................................4-4
4.1.4 Tropical cyclones:......................................................................................................................... 4-4
4.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS.........................................................................................................4-4
4.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE.............................................................................................................4-5
4.4 RISK ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................................4-5
4.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES...................................................................................................................4-6
4.5.1 Previous/Current Efforts............................................................................................................... 4-6
4.5.2 Future Plans..................................................................................................................................4-7
CHAPTER 5- TROPICAL CYCLONES...........................................................................................................5-1
5.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD...................................................................................................................5-1
5.1.1 Coastal Wave/Surge..................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 High Winds...................................................................................................................................5-5
5.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS.........................................................................................................5-6
5.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE.............................................................................................................5-9
5.3.1 Probabilistic Hazard Analysis and Scenario Simulations..............................................................5-9
5.3.2 ASCE 7-10....................................................................................................................................5-10
5.4 RISK ASSESSMENT..........................................................................................................................5-12
5.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES.................................................................................................................5-13
5.5.1 Previous/Current Efforts............................................................................................................. 5-13
5.5.2 Future Plans................................................................................................................................5-19
CHAPTER 6- LANDSLIDES AND ROCK FALLS.............................................................................................6-1
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6.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD...................................................................................................................6-1
6.1.1 Hazard Areas................................................................................................................................6-1
6.2 SIGNIFICANT CATASTROPHIC EVENTS.....................................................................................................6-3
6.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE.............................................................................................................6-4
6.4 RISK ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................................6-7
6.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES...................................................................................................................6-8
6.5.1 Previous/Current Efforts............................................................................................................... 6-8
6.5.2 Future Plans..................................................................................................................................6-9
CHAPTER 7- EARTHQUAKES....................................................................................................................7-1
7.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD...................................................................................................................7-1
7.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC EVENTS............................................................................................................7-6
7.2.1 Kiholo Bay Earthquake................................................................................................................. 7-7
7.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE...........................................................................................................7-12
7.4 RISK ASSESSMENT..........................................................................................................................7-18
7.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES.................................................................................................................7-18
7.5.1 Previous/Current Efforts............................................................................................................. 7-18
7.5.2 Future Plans................................................................................................................................ 7-23
CHAPTER 8- LAVA FLOWS,VOLCANIC GAS,AND ASHFALL.......................................................................8-1
8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................................................8-1
8.1.1 Lava)Volcanoes............................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.1.2 VOG..............................................................................................................................................8-2
8.1.3 Ashfall...........................................................................................................................................8-9
8.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC EVENTS............................................................................................................8-9
8.2.1 Mauna Loa....................................................................................................................................8-9
8.2.2 Kilauea........................................................................................................................................8-10
8.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE...........................................................................................................8-11
8.3.1 Hazard Areas.............................................................................................................................. 8-11
8.4 RISK ASSESSMENT..........................................................................................................................8-14
8.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES.................................................................................................................8-14
8.5.1 Previous/Current Efforts............................................................................................................. 8-14
8.5.2 Future Plans................................................................................................................................8-18
CHAPTER9- TSUNAMIS...........................................................................................................................9-1
9.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD...................................................................................................................9-1
9.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC EVENTS............................................................................................................9-3
9.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE.............................................................................................................9-5
9.3.2 Hazard Areas................................................................................................................................9-6
9.4 RISK ASSESSMENT..........................................................................................................................9-11
9.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES.................................................................................................................9-14
9.5.1 Previous/Current Efforts............................................................................................................. 9-14
9.5.2 Future Plans................................................................................................................................9-16
CHAPTER 10- FLOODS.............................................................................................................................10-1
10.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD................................................................................................................. 10-1
10.1.1 Rainfall Flooding......................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.2 Dams...........................................................................................................................................10-3
10.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS....................................................................................................... 10-4
10.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE........................................................................................................... 10-7
10.3.1 Regional Hazards........................................................................................................................ 10-8
10.4 MITIGATION STRATEGIES................................................................................................................10-24
10.4.1 Previous/Current Efforts........................................................................................................... 10-24
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10.4.2 Future Plans.............................................................................................................................. 10-37
CHAPTER 11- DAM FAILURES..................................................................................................................11-1
11.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD................................................................................................................. 11-1
11.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC EVENTS AND LESSONS LEARNED........................................................................... 11-3
11.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE........................................................................................................... 11-7
11.4 RISK ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................................................... 11-7
11.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES................................................................................................................. 11-7
11.5.1 General.......................................................................................................................................11-7
11.5.2 Previous/Current Efforts............................................................................................................. 11-9
11.5.3 Future Plans.............................................................................................................................. 11-14
CHAPTER 12- HIGH SURF........................................................................................................................12-1
12.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD................................................................................................................. 12-1
12.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC EVENTS.......................................................................................................... 12-2
12.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE........................................................................................................... 12-2
12.4 RISK ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................................................... 12-3
12.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES................................................................................................................. 12-3
CHAPTER 13- COASTAL EROSION............................................................................................................13-1
13.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD................................................................................................................. 13-1
13.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS....................................................................................................... 13-2
13.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE........................................................................................................... 13-2
13.4 RISK ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................................................... 13-3
13.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES................................................................................................................. 13-3
13.5.1 Revise the Shoreline Setbacks..................................................................................................... 13-3
13.5.2 Utilize Inter-agency communication........................................................................................... 13-4
13.5.3 Increase Public Awareness......................................................................................................... 13-4
13.5.4 Promote Research Projects......................................................................................................... 13-4
CHAPTER 14- DROUGHTS........................................................................................................................14-1
14.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD................................................................................................................. 14-1
14.1.1 Defining and Measuring Drought............................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.2 Causes of Drought...................................................................................................................... 14-2
14.1.3 Impacts of Drought..................................................................................................................... 14-3
14.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC EVENTS.......................................................................................................... 14-3
14.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE........................................................................................................... 14-6
14.3.1 Hazard Areas.............................................................................................................................. 14-6
14.4 RISK ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................................................... 14-9
14.5 MITIGATION STRATEGIES................................................................................................................14-10
14.5.1 Previous/Current Efforts........................................................................................................... 14-10
14.5.2 Future Plans.............................................................................................................................. 14-11
CHAPTER 15- WILDFIRES.........................................................................................................................15-1
15.1 DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD................................................................................................................. 15-1
15.2 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC EVENTS.......................................................................................................... 15-1
15.3 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE........................................................................................................... 15-4
15.4 COMMUNITY WILDFIRE PROTECTION PLANS......................................................................................... 15-4
15.4.1 Multiple-Agency Agreements..................................................................................................... 15-6
15.4.2 Planning Process......................................................................................................................... 15-6
15.5 RISK ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................................................... 15-9
15.5.1 Purpose and Methods................................................................................................................. 15-9
15.5.2 Communities at Risk from Wildfires,Island of Hawaii................................................................ 15-9
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15.6 MITIGATION STRATEGIES................................................................................................................15-11
15.6.1 Hazard Priorities....................................................................................................................... 15-11
15.6.2 Future Plans.............................................................................................................................. 15-14
CHAPTER 16- HAZMAT............................................................................................................................16-1
16.1 HISTORY...................................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE AND LOCAL EMERGENCY PLANNING COMMITTEE............................................. 16-1
16.3 ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE LAW...................................................................................................... 16-4
16.4 EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT TO KNOW ACT..............................................................16-11
CHAPTER 17- SHELTERS..........................................................................................................................17-1
17.1 PUBLIC EMERGENCY SHELTERS.......................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.1 Structural Assessment of Buildings for Hurricane Shelter Classification....................................17-6
17.2 PRIVATE HURRICANE SHELTERS........................................................................................................17-15
17.3 SAFE ROOMS...............................................................................................................................17-15
17.4 ENHANCED HURRICANE PROTECTION AREAS........................................................................................17-19
17.5 FUTURE MITIGATION PLANS............................................................................................................17-25
CHAPTER 18- RISK ASSESSMENT.............................................................................................................18-1
18.1 EMERGENCY RESPONSE FACILITIES AND CAPABILITIES.............................................................................. 18-1
18.1.1 Emergency Operations Center.................................................................................................... 18-1
18.1.2 Emergency Shelters.................................................................................................................... 18-3
18.1.3 Police Stations............................................................................................................................ 18-6
18.1.4 Fire and EMS Stations................................................................................................................. 18-7
18.1.5 Department of Public Works Baseyards................................................................................... 18-10
18.1.6 Hospitals...................................................................................................................................18-11
18.1.7 Hawaii County All Hazard Assessment of Critical Facilities...................................................... 18-12
18.1.8 University of Hawaii Study........................................................................................................ 18-19
18.1.9 Warning Sirens and Evacuation System................................................................................... 18-20
18.1.10 Critical Lifeline Infrastructure Facilities.................................................................................... 18-23
18.1.11 Energy Systems......................................................................................................................... 18-31
18.1.12 Communication Systems.......................................................................................................... 18-33
18.1.13 Water Systems.......................................................................................................................... 18-36
18.1.14 Wastewater Systems................................................................................................................ 18-37
18.1.15 Recovery Facilities and Capabilities.......................................................................................... 18-39
18.1.16 Debris Management................................................................................................................. 18-39
18.1.17 Economic Assets....................................................................................................................... 18-45
18.2 SPECIAL AT RISK POPULATIONS AND AREAS.........................................................................................18-46
18.2.1 At Risk Populations................................................................................................................... 18-46
18.2.2 Buildings,Residences and Remote Off-Grid Settlement Areas................................................. 18-47
18.2.3 Hotels and Resorts.................................................................................................................... 18-48
18.2.4 Schools,Day Core Centers,and Nursing Homes....................................................................... 18-48
18.2.5 Parks and Shopping Centers..................................................................................................... 18-48
18.2.6 Hazardous Materials Sites........................................................................................................ 18-49
18.3 RELATIONSHIP OF LAND USE GROWTH TRENDS TO HAZARD AREAS...........................................................18-49
18.3.1 Growth Trends.......................................................................................................................... 18-49
18.3.2 Land Use Tools.......................................................................................................................... 18-52
18.3.3 Loss Estimation and Hazard Ranking........................................................................................ 18-54
CHAPTER 19- MITIGATION STRATEGY.....................................................................................................19-1
19.1 MITIGATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................. 19-1
19.2 MITIGATION ACTIONS BY HAZARD TYPE.............................................................................................. 19-2
19.2.1 Hurricanes and Wind Storms...................................................................................................... 19-3
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19.2.2 Earthquakes................................................................................................................................19-4
19.2.3 Tsunamis.....................................................................................................................................19-5
19.2.4 Rainfall Flooding and High Waves.............................................................................................. 19-6
19.2.5 Lava Flows..................................................................................................................................19-7
19.2.6 Droughts and Wildfire................................................................................................................ 19-8
19.2.7 Landslides and Sea Cliff Erosion.................................................................................................. 19-8
19.3 PRIORITY CRITERIA......................................................................................................................... 19-9
19.4 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN.................................................................................................................19-10
19.S DISCUSSION ON PAST IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS.................................................................................19-13
19.6 PRESENT IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS.................................................................................................19-16
CHAPTER 20- PLAN UPDATE PROCEDURES..............................................................................................20-1
20.1 PLAN UPDATE PROCEDURES.............................................................................................................20-1
CHAPTER21- REFERENCES......................................................................................................................21-1
CHAPTER 22- GLOSSARY.........................................................................................................................22-1
CHAPTER 23- LOCAL MITIGATION PLAN REVIEW CROSSWALK.................................................................23-1
List of Figures
Figure 1-1. Map showing all of the tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean as colored circles.... 1-8
Figure 1-2. Wind contour map for the Island of Hawaii.The complex topography of the island creates
acceleration and decelerations of a 105 mph basic design event windspeed as shown........ 1-9
Figure 1-3. Map of Tropical Cyclones Formed Worldwide from 1985 to 2005.......................................1-10
Figure 2-1. Hawaii resident survey on disaster preparedness.................................................................2-10
Figure 3-1. Land use for Hawaii County.....................................................................................................3-4
Figure 3-2. Critical facilities map of Hawaii Island.....................................................................................3-7
Figure 3-3. Critical facilities map,Hilo area zoom......................................................................................3-8
Figure 3-4. Critical facilities map,Puna area zoom....................................................................................3-9
Figure 3-5. Critical facilities map,Kona area zoom..................................................................................3-10
Figure 3-6. Critical facilities map,Kohala area zoom...............................................................................3-11
Figure3-7. UH Hilo Campus map.............................................................................................................3-12
Figure 3-8. UH Hilo/Hawaii CC Manono Campus map.............................................................................3-13
Figure 4-1. Typical diurnal wind patterns on Hawaii Island.......................................................................4-2
Figure 4-2. Monthly wind roses for Hilo International Airport(shown for each quarter).........................4-3
Figure 4-3. High Wind Events for Hawaii County by Month,January 1992 to October 2002....................4-5
Figure 4-4. Wind hazard curves for the Hawaiian Islands for Tropical Cyclone and Non-Tropical Winds.4-6
Figure 5-1. Extents of Hurricane storm surge inundation study................................................................5-3
Figure 5-2. Track of Hurricane Iwa and Iniki(Cheung, K.F.2003)..............................................................5-8
Figure 5-3. Historic Central Pacific hurricane tracks..................................................................................5-8
Figure 5-4. Central Pacific Hurricane Occurrences by month....................................................................5-9
Figure 5-5. Eastern and Central Pacific Hurricane frequency map.Contours show number of times a
hurricane(intensity>64 knots)passes within 75 Nmi per 10 years......................................5-10
Figure 5-6. Wind speed recurrence intervals for Hawaii(from ASCE 7-2010 Standard).........................5-11
Figure 5-7. ASCE 7-10 relationship between Saffir/Simpson category and wind speed..........................5-11
Figure 5-8. Effective wind speed map(mph)for Hawaii Island(Chock,2007)........................................5-12
Figure 6-1. Massive coastal escarpment landslides into the ocean,Hamakua Coast................................6-2
Figure 6-2. Examples of earthquake-induced rock falls causing road hazard or closure...........................6-3
Figure 6-3. Slope hazards and soil types on Hawaii Island ........................................................................6-5
Figure 6-4. Precipitation and groundwater condition on Hawaii Island....................................................6-6
Figure 6-5. Landslide susceptibility map of Hawaii Island.........................................................................6-7
Figure 6-6. Map of historic landslide locations impacting major roads.....................................................6-8
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Figure 7-1. Cutaway Showing Earth's Layers.............................................................................................7-1
Figure 7-2. Hawai'i Historical Earthquakes and Inferred Rupture Zones of the Larger Events..................7-2
Figure 7-3. Fundamental flexural models for plates under island loads...................................................7-3
Figure 7-4. Earthquake focal mechanisms in Hawaii.................................................................................7-3
Figure 7-5. Effects of Earthquakes on Nonstructural Components...........................................................7-5
Figure 7-6. Locations of damaging earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater for Hawaii Island since 1868 7-6
Figure 7-7. Peak ground accelerations resulting from the Oct. 15,2006 Kiholo Bay Earthquake.............7-8
Figure 8-1. Volcanic Gas Emissions at Kilauea Volcano's Summit Vent on May,2009..............................8-2
Figure 8-2. Aerial view of Hawai'i showing circulation of VOG under prevailing winds,May 13,2009....8-3
Figure 8-3. Aerial view of Hawai'i showing circulation of VOG under prevailing winds,June 2,2008......8-3
Figure 8-4. Concentrations of SO2 under prevailing winds in the Main Hawaiian Islands,April 30,2009 8-4
Figure 8-5. Photograph of 1960 eruption taken 10:00 am January 14,1960..........................................8-11
Figure 8-6. Lava Flow Hazard Zone Map..................................................................................................8-13
Figure 8-7. Lava Flow Inundation Map....................................................................................................8-16
Figure 9-1. Travel Times for Distant Tsunamis...........................................................................................9-2
Figure 9-2. Historic Tsunamis of Hawaii Island..........................................................................................9-3
Figure 9-3. Tsunami Height vs. Recurrence Probability for Hilo................................................................9-5
Figure 9-4. 1975 Halape Local Tsunami Wave Heights vs. Distant Tsunami..............................................9-6
Figure 9-5. Run-up height vs.time and distance,data from 1975 local tsunami......................................9-6
Figure 9-6. Definition Sketch of Tsunami Inundation Terms.....................................................................9-7
Figure 9-7. Tsunami evacuation zones.......................................................................................................9-8
Figure 9-8. Tsunami evacuation zones, Kailua-Kona zoom........................................................................9-8
Figure 9-9. Historical and Hypothetical tsunamis for inundation mapping...............................................9-9
Figure 9-10. Updated tsunami evacuation zone map locations being developed.......................................9-9
Figure 9-11. Comparison of Historical Tsunami Inundation to FIRM VE Zone for Hilo..............................9-10
Figure 9-12. Tsunami prone communities in the County of Hawaii..........................................................9-12
Figure 9-13. Results of USGS tsunami vulnerability study.........................................................................9-14
Figure 9-14. Locations of DART buoys.......................................................................................................9-15
Figure 10-1. Kona Storms and Cold Fronts................................................................................................ 10-2
Figure 10-2. Map of dams on Hawaii Island............................................................................................... 10-4
Figure 10-3. Historical Stream Flooding Events for Hawaii Island............................................................. 10-5
Figure 10-4. Flood Insurance Rate Map Terminology................................................................................ 10-7
Figure 10-5. 100-year return period 1 hour rainfall for Hawaii Island.......................................................10-9
Figure 10-6. Flooding Repetitive Losses Map,County View.................................................................... 10-20
Figure 10-7. Flooding Repetitive Losses Map,Hilo zoom........................................................................ 10-21
Figure 10-8. Flooding Repetitive Losses Map,Kona zoom...................................................................... 10-22
Figure10-9. FIRM Coverage..................................................................................................................... 10-31
Figure 10-10. Comparison of Paper vs. Preliminary Digitized FIRM Draft,showing alignment issue being
resolved............................................................................................................................... 10-32
Figure 10-11. Extents of Hurricane storm surge inundation study............................................................ 10-33
Figure11-1. Dam Inventory and Rating..................................................................................................... 11-2
Figure 11-2 Shaded Relief of Ka Loko Dam and Vicinity,Island of Kauai...................................................11-4
Figure 11-3 Ka Loko Dam Breach,Island of Kauai......................................................................................11-5
Figure 11-4 Ka Loko Dam Breach,Island of Kauai......................................................................................11-5
Figure 11-5 Houses Amid Debris from Ka Loko Dam Failure, Island of Kauai............................................11-6
Figure 11-6 Road Infrastructure Damage from Ka Loko Dam Failure, Island of Kauai...............................11-6
Figure 11-7 Comparison of One-Dimensional(MIKE 11)&Two-Dimensional(MIKE 21) Dam Failure
Modeling...............................................................................................................................11-12
Figure 11-8 Serial Dam Failure Modeling using MIKE FLOOD..................................................................11-12
Figure 11-9 Example Map Using Reference Dam Inundation Maps to Develop Potential Dam Break
EvacuationMaps..................................................................................................................11-13
Figure 12-1. Storm Wave Directions and Events for Hawaii Island ........................................................... 12-1
Figure 13-1. The impacts of stabilization on shoreline retreat and beach loss.........................................13-1
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Figure 13-2. Effects of beach stabilization................................................................................................. 13-2
Figure 14-1. Drought Vulnerability to the water supply sector in the County of Hawaii.......................... 14-7
Figure 14-2. Drought Vulnerability to the agriculture sector in the County of Hawaii.............................. 14-8
Figure 14-3. Federal Drought Monitoring Map......................................................................................... 14-9
Figure 15-1 2009-2010 Upland Fire in South Kona....................................................................................15-3
Figure 15-2 Smoke from 2009 Kealakekua Upland Fire Spread Throughout South Kona.........................15-3
Figure 15-3 Drought Vulnerability to the Environment,Public Health,and Safety Sector........................15-4
Figure 15-4 Communities at Risk from Wildfires, Island of Hawaii..........................................................15-10
Figure 15-5 Local Firefighters Discuss Hazards and Fire History Patterns...............................................15-10
Figure 17-1. Map of shelter locations on Hawaii Island............................................................................. 17-6
Figure 18-1. Emergency Response Organization....................................................................................... 18-2
Figure 18-2. Map of shelter locations on Hawaii Island............................................................................. 18-5
Figure 18-3. Map of Police Stations, DPW Baseyards,and Hospitals........................................................ 18-7
Figure 18-4. Map of Fire Stations............................................................................................................... 18-9
Figure 18-5. University of Hawaii AAL losses per campus....................................................................... 18-19
Figure 18-6. Annual losses per hazard for UH Hilo and Hawaii CC..........................................................18-19
Figure 18-7. Pacific Tsunami Warning System......................................................................................... 18-21
Figure 18-8. Civil Defense Warning Sirens and Evacuation Routes......................................................... 18-22
Figure 18-9. Site locations for Cellular Run-up Detectors(CRD's),Satellite Run-up Detectors(SRD's),and
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center sea level gauges............................................................... 18-23
Figure 18-10. Harbors and Airports........................................................................................................... 18-25
Figure 18-11. Roads and Bridges............................................................................................................... 18-28
Figure 18-12. Road damage resulting from 2006 Kiholo Bay Earthquake.................................................18-30
Figure 18-13. Bridge embankment Damage resulting from 2006 Kiholo Bay Earthquake........................18-30
Figure 18-14. Electrical Substations........................................................................................................... 18-32
Figure 18-15. Communication Systems..................................................................................................... 18-34
Figure 18-16. Communications Network................................................................................................... 18-35
Figure 18-17. County Wastewater System................................................................................................ 18-38
Figure 18-18. Landfills,Transfer Stations,and TDSRs................................................................................ 18-40
Figure 18-19. Typical Material Process Concept for TDSR Site.................................................................. 18-42
Figure 18-20. TDSR Conceptual Site Plan................................................................................................... 18-43
Figure 18-21. County of Hawaii Land Use Planning System....................................................................... 18-53
List of Tables
Table 1-1. Hawaii County Major Natural Hazard Events Since 1975........................................................ 1-2
Table 3-1. Hawaii County Demographic Profile........................................................................................3-1
Table 3-2. Employment statistics for Hawaii Island per the 2002 census................................................3-2
Table 4-1. Design Wind Pressures per UBC/IBC Code Years.....................................................................4-6
Table 5-1. Summary of Study Limits.........................................................................................................5-3
Table 5-2. Saffir Simpson Scale and damage potential ............................................................................5-6
Table 5-3. Significant Hurricanes Since 1950............................................................................................5-7
Table 5-4. Hurricane Windspeed vs. Recurrence Interval and Modern-Day ASCE Design Speeds.........5-10
Table 5-5. Wood frame,double wall,residential construction statistics for Hawaii County.................5-14
Table 5-6. Wood frame,single wall,residential construction statistics for Hawaii County...................5-14
Table 7-1. Conversion of MMI to PGA Values Specific to Hawaii...........................................................7-15
Table 7-2. Statistics for double wall construction,seismic design level in Hawaii County.....................7-19
Table 7-3. Statistics for single wall construction,seismic design level in Hawaii County.......................7-19
Table 7-4. Hawaii County comparison of W1 and MH SBT Enhanced Data model run with ShakeMap vs.
publicly documented damage counts....................................................................................7-22
Table 8-1. Legend for Lava Flow Hazard Zone Map................................................................................8-13
Table 8-2. Lava inundation AAL..............................................................................................................8-14
Table 9-1. Tsunamis with Run-up of 2 meters or more: 1812 to present................................................9-4
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Table 10-1. Repetitive loss property list and ranking............................................................................. 10-23
Table 10-2. County of Hawaii Flood Study list........................................................................................ 10-25
Table 10-3. List and Status of Levees...................................................................................................... 10-26
Table 10-4. Estimated Inundation Area and Number of Parcels Potentially Affected if Levees are not
Certified............................................................................................................................... 10-30
Table 10-5. USACE October 1 MOA Compensation Allocation............................................................... 10-30
Table 12-1. FIRM Coastal flood zone classifications................................................................................. 12-2
Table 14-1. Drought Classification Based On SPI...................................................................................... 14-2
Table 14-2. Historic Drought in the Hawaiian Islands............................................................................... 14-6
Table 15-1. State of Hawaii annual wildfire summary report................................................................... 15-2
Table 15-2 Decision-Makers for the Community Wildfire Protection Plan..............................................15-7
Table 18-1. Resident Shelter Needs by District........................................................................................ 18-4
Table 18-2. Hawaii critical facility vulnerability ranking,sorted by dollar loss from a probabilistic
earthquakeevent................................................................................................................ 18-15
Table 18-3. Hawaii critical facility vulnerability ranking,sorted by loss of use from a probabilistic
earthquakeevent................................................................................................................ 18-16
Table 18-4. Hawaii critical facility vulnerability ranking,sorted by dollar loss from a probabilistic hurricane
event....................................................................................................................................18-17
Table 18-5. Hawaii critical facility vulnerability ranking,sorted by loss of use from a probabilistic hurricane
event....................................................................................................................................18-18
Table 18-6. Vulnerability ranking of UH Hilo and Hawaii CC facilities....................................................18-20
Table 18-7. Hilo and Kawaihae Port Facilities......................................................................................... 18-25
Table 18-8. Vulnerability Analysis of Residential Areas.......................................................................... 18-48
Table 18-9. State Land Use Districts Acreage(as of July 2007).............................................................. 18-50
Table 18-10. Relative Hazard Severity of Major Hazards Based on Average Annual Loss Estates...........18-54
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