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HomeMy WebLinkAboutMulti-Hazard Mitigation Plan: 01. Introduction CIVIL DEFENSE AGENCY COUNTY OF HAWAII 920 ULULANI STREET HILO,HAWAII 96720 r f 1. Introduction Chapter 1:Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Plan Purpose of This Plan The purposes of this multi-hazard mitigation plan are twofold: 1) to protect people and structures from harm and destruction; and 2) to minimize the costs and disruption of disaster response and recovery. Hazard mitigation planning is the process that analyzes a community's risk from natural hazards, coordinates available resources, and implements actions to reduce risks. There are many benefits in developing a hazard mitigation plan: a well-thought-out blueprint provides more direct access to a wide range of technical and financial resources; the planning process promotes the development of a well- informed citizenry knowledgeable about hazards; mitigation strategies are more integrated with other community needs and goals; and the plan would improve the County's ability to recover after a disaster. A hazard mitigation plan is a pre-requisite to receive federal disaster assistance funding. In the past, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) placed primary emphasis on response and recovery. Recent changes in federal law marked a fundamental shift in policy to focus on mitigation as the foundation of emergency management., For disasters declared after November 1, 2004, state and local governments must have a miti- gation plan approved by FEMA to receive pre- and post-disaster Hazard Mitigation Grants. This plan is the update and revision of the original "Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan: County of Hawaii," of May 2005. What is a Hazard? A hazard is a natural- or human-caused event that has the potential to cause significant injury, loss of life or property damage. "Disasters" are distinguished from "emergencies"by the degree of response required. An emergency is where local resources are adequate to respond. A disaster is when the marshaling of broader resources such as State and/or national resources is necessary to assist with recovery.z Since 1977, Hawaii County has experienced six events (three floods, a lava flow, and two earthquakes) that have met criteria for Presidential declaration as a disaster area(see Table 1-1). 1 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000(P.L. 106-390),which amended the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act(P.L. 100-707)which in tum amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974,P.L.93-288. 2 `"Disaster' means any situation,usually catastrophic in nature,where numbers of persons are plunged into helplessness and suffering and as a result may be in the need of food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or other necessities of life, and the governor of the State or the mayor of the County have declared a state of disaster or emergency."(Hawaii County Code section 7-6). 1-1 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction Table 1-1. Hawaii Count y Mayor Natural Hazard Events Since 1975 Event Date Areas Affected Disaster Declaration Tsunamis November 29, 1975 Halape,Punaluu,Honuapo,Kaalualu Unknown Bay,Hilo,Kailua-Kona Floods Flooding February 2,2008 Countywide Mayor Flooding Severe Storms, December 4-7,2007 Countywide,Statewide Mayor,Governor,President High Surf,and Mudslides Flooding October 25-26,2004 Kona Mayor Flooding January 25,2004 Kohala,Hilo,Puna,Ka'u Mayor Flooding November I&2,2000 Ka a,Pahala, Waiakea Uka,Komohana Mayor,Governor,President Flooding high surf Novemher 17, 1996 Countywide Governor Flooding September 19,1994 Hilo,Puna,Ka'u Mayor Flooding August 12,1994 Hilo,Hmnakua Puna Ka'u Mayor,Governor,President Flooding,high winds April 7, 1989 N&S Kohala,Hamakua Mayor Flooding,high winds February 11,1982 N&S Kona Mayor Flooding March 14-26,1980 Puna,Ka'u,N&SHilo,Hamakua,N&S Mayor, Governor Kohala Flooding,high surf,high Jarnuany 8-14, 1980 Countywide Mayor, Governor winds Flooding Novemher 15-17, 1979 Puna,Ka'u,N&S Hilo,Hanuakua,N&S Mayor, Governor Kohala Flooding October 9,1979 Ka'u Mayor Flooding February 17-22,1979 Puna,Ka'u,N&S Hilo Mayor, Governor Flooding,high winds January 12, 1979 Waipio Valley,N&S Hilo,Hamakua Mayor Lava Flow and VOG Kilauea March 25,31 and October Countywide Mayor 24,2008 Pu a'O'o March 3,2008 Puna Mayor Kilauea eruption May 18, 1990 Puna Mayo,Governor,President Kilauea eruption April 23,1990 Puna Mayor Kilauea eruption February 4,1987 Puna Governor Kilauea eruption December 9, 1986 Puna Mayor Mauna Loa eruption March 29, 1984 E&SE portions of County Mayor Kilauea eruption September 30, 1977 Kalapana Mayor Earthquake October 15,2006 Countywide Mayo,Governor,President 1-2 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction Event Date Areas Affected Disaster Declaration Earthquake November 16, 1983 Countywide Mayor,Governor,President Hurricane and High Winds High winds,high surf February 27,2004 Countywide Mayor High winds,high surf January 14,2004 Countywide Mayor Hurricane Jimena August 30,2003 Countywide Mayor Hurricane Fernanda August 16, 1993 Countywide Mayor Hurricane Iniki September 28, 1992 Countywide Mayor High Winds February 16,1986 Hamakua,N&S Hilo,Puna Mayor High Winds December 12, 1978 Waimea,Kawaihae,Waikoloa,Kiholo Mayor Hurricane Fico July 19, 1978 Kapoho,Kaimu,Honuapo Mayor Drought June 5,2007 Kohala,Hamakua,Ka'u Mayor May 25,2005 Countywide Mayor August 20,2003 Statewide Governor July 1,2003 Puna,Hilo,Hamakua,Countywide Mayor August 10,2000 Kau,Kona,Kohala Mayor March 14,2000 Hilo,Puna,Kau,Kona,Kohala, Mayor Hamakua July 22, 1999 Ka'u,N&S Kona,N&S Kohala, Mayor Hamakua January 30, 1998 Countywide Mayor November 8, 1996 N&S Kohala,Hamakua Mayor November 22, 1995 Hamakua,Hilo,Puna Mayor January 10,1994,February Initially N&S Kohala,Ka'u,Kona; Mayor 22,1995(amended),March amended to include all districts 2,1995(amended) May 11,1993 Kohala,Ka'u,Kona Mayor February 28,1992 Countywide Mayor February 10, 1986 Countywide Mayor December 16, 1983 Countywide Mayor March 14, 1983 Countywide Governor February 15,1983 Countywide Mayor July 15,1981 S.Kohala,Hamakua Governor June 29,1981 Countywide Mayor 1-3 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction Event Date Areas Affected Disaster Declaration January 30,1981 Hamakua,S.Kohala Mayor January 5,1981 Waiakea Uka,Puna Governor Wildfire July 1, 1987 S.Kohala Mayor Bold—Presidential Declaration Hawaii Island is uniquely at risk to several natural hazards. Compared to the other counties in this State, the relative risks are as follows: • High Wind Storms. Comparable risk to the other counties; wind speed-up patterns occur due to five dominant mountains; • Hurricanes. Higher risk relative to the other counties due to the easternmost location, but fortuitously low historic events; • Landslides and Rock Falls. Higher relative risk to other counties, due to higher level of seismic activity; • Earthquakes. Higher risk relative to the other counties; • Lava and VOG. Unique risk relative to other counties, as the only county with active volcanoes; • Tsunamis. Comparable risk to the other counties,but higher historic events; • Floods. Comparable risk of flash flooding to other counties due to small drainage basins with steep-walled amphitheater-shaped valleys; higher sheetflow flooding risk due to rela- tively youthful geological development of defined drainage ways, especially in the leeward areas; • Dam failures.Fewer dams than other islands however potential for failure maybe greater due to greater seismic activity; • High Surf. Lesser risk to other counties on Northwest facing shorelines due to shadowing effects of other islands, comparable risk on all other shorelines; • Coastal Erosion. Of lesser concern is sandy beach erosion due to the geologically youthful age of this island. Instead, sea cliff erosion is of greater concern to control building too closely to the cliff edge. • Droughts and Wildfires. Higher risk to droughts and wildfires relative to other counties due to more extensive rural settlements that rely on water catchments, a dominant agricultural industry that relies on rainfall, expansive open land area, and strong winds that make wildfires difficult to fight. • HAZMAT. The potential technological hazards of stored hazardous chemical materials are under the planning of the Local Emergency Preparedness Committee (LEPC) per Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 128D Environmental Response Law, and Chapter 128E Hawaii Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. In each chapter focusing on the above hazards will be profiled in terms of: • Description of the hazard; 1-4 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction • Significant Historical Events; • Probability of Occurrence; • Risk Assessment Methods; • Mitigation Strategies; Scope of this Multi-Hazard Plan This plan focuses on natural hazards, with a priority on disaster-potential hazards. Other plans focus on human-caused hazards such as terrorism and hazardous wastes. Rather than create separate plans for each type of natural hazard, this plan is a multi-hazard plan. A multi-hazard plan has several advantages: 1) certain hazards cause cascading hazard effects (e.g., earthquakes may cause landsliding, local tsunamis, or dam break flooding; hurricanes cause wind damage and flooding); 2) priorities can be established to allocate limited resources to areas susceptible to the most severe or frequent hazards; 3) areas identified as susceptible to multiple types of risks may require special attention; 4) common responses often apply to different hazards; 5) resources or mitigation measures can be leveraged where they could benefit multiple hazards; for example proposed changes to building design standards could consider both wind-loading(hurricane)and ground-shaking(earthquake). 1-5 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction The Value of Mitigation Emergency management includes preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. This plan will focus on mitigation-- i.e., strategies to reduce risks. For example, retrofitting bridges can keep them from washing out; installing hurricane clips can reduce personal and property losses thereby reducing the need for public assistance. The money spent today on preventive measures can significantly reduce the impact of disasters in the future. Reducing overall economic losses and social disruption will enable the community to recover to pre- disaster conditions as quickly and efficiently as possible, not to mention the costs saved. The goal is to become a "disaster-resilient" county where our lifeline systems of roads, utilities, infrastructure, and other support facilities are designed to continue operating in the midst of high winds, rising water, or shaking ground. Critical facilities such as hospitals, schools, and fire stations would be located in safe areas, rather than areas prone to high hazards. Resilient structures would be built or retrofitted to meet the safest building code standards available. Natural areas that provide buffers to flooding or other hazards would be conserved. Coordinated Approach Effective planning and response to hazard events involves local, State, and federal agencies. This plan has been coordinated and is consistent with the State of Hawaii Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan and guidelines of the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)3. 1.2 Organization of the Plan The plan is organized into the following subject areas: • Mitigation Planning(Chapter 2). • Land Use, and Development(Chapter 3). • Hazards Analysis (Chapters 4-15). All natural hazards that pose a potential threat to the County of Hawaii were analyzed to determine the degree of threat posed by each. The analysis provides a description of the hazard, significant historical events, probability of occurrence,risk assessment techniques, and mitigation strategies. ➢High Wind Storms (Chapter 4) ➢Hurricanes(Chapter 5) ➢Landslides and Rock Falls (Chapter 6) ➢Earthquakes(Chapter 7) ➢Lava and VOG(Chapter 8) ➢Tsunamis (Chapter 9) ➢Floods (Chapter 10) 3 The federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000(P.L. 106-390)encouraged states and local governments to de- velop integrated natural hazard mitigation plans. States and local governments with plans in place would be eligible for faster funding and more effective risk reduction projects. Local Multi-Hazard Mitigation Guidance,FEMA July 1,2008 1-6 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction ➢Dam Failures (Chapter 11) ➢High Surf(Chapter 12) ➢Coastal Erosion(Chapter 13) ➢Droughts (Chapter 14) ➢HAZMAT(Chapter 15) • Shelters(Chapter 16). Facilities used for the purposes of sheltering residents in the event of a hazard are presented in this chapter. • Risk Assessment (Chapter 17). Those hazards determined to be of sufficient threat to the County of Hawaii were further examined to determine the degree to which the population, structures and land areas are vulnerable to the hazards. The analysis examined location of population concentrations, critical facilities, community resources, major transportation routes and infrastructure lines. • Mitigation Strategy (Chapter 18). By overlaying the hazard areas and community assets, problems and issues were identified. The strategy to address these problems and issues consisted of clarifying mitigation goals and objectives, identifying alternative mitigation actions, selecting and prioritizing the actions to be implemented, and developing an action plan. Mitigation actions include improving warning systems and evacuation plans; "hardening" critical facilities to withstand hurricane and earthquake forces; structural and land treatment measures that contain or redirect natural hazards; planning and regulatory measures to guide development away from hazards and establishing standards for managing exposure to hazards; and incentive and educational measures to encourage practices which are consistent with the disaster resistant community goals. • Planning process and update procedures (Chapter 19). The last chapter documents the extent of public participation and methodology used to develop the plan, as well as the methods and frequency to keep the plan updated. 1.3 Overview of Hawaii County 1.3.1 Geography The State of Hawaii consists of eight major islands (Kauai, Niihau, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe, Hawaii) and 124 small islands, reef, and shoals (referred to as the Northwest Hawaiian Islands). Located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it is one of the most isolated places on Earth-- 2,400 miles to the West Coast, 3,800 miles to Japan, 6 time zones separating Hawaii from the eastern United States. The Pacific Ocean is rimmed by active faults where tectonic earthquakes occur that can generate tsunamis (see Figure 1-1).4 4 Most of the tsunamis that have affected the Hawaiian Islands originated in the major earthquake belts, or ocean trenches,that surround the Pacific Ocean. These massive earthquakes along faults are called tectonic earthquakes. The devastating tsunamis of 1946 and 1960 were both generated by this type of tectonic earthquake, the former originating in the trench along the Aleutian Islands and the latter along a fault near Chile. 1-7 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction Emmons, 0 .N .Xi loo 80 75 70 65 }- /�� 20 3.0 10.0 Figure 1-1. Map showing all of the tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean as colored circles. Hawaii Island is the southeastern most island in the Hawaiian archipelago. The islands are divided into four counties-- Kauai, City & County of Honolulu (Oahu), Maui, and Hawaii. Hawaii County encompasses the entire island of Hawaii. Although the Hawaiian Islands were all formed by volcanic eruptions, only Hawaii Island still has active volcanoes. The size of Hawaii Island continues to grow as a result of the ongoing eruptions. Related to volcanic building of the land mass are earthquakes. At approximately 4,028 square miles, Hawaii Island, also known as the Big Island, is larger than all the other islands combined. Hawaii Island was formed from the coalescence of five volcanoes-- Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea. These five dominant mountains create wind acceleration zones on the island(see Figure 1-2). 1-8 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction Effective Wind Speed for the Island of Hawaii (For Components and Cladding with Mean Roof Height not geater than 100ft) District Boundary Land use CONTOUR Major Road Agriculture ------ 90 Conservation 100 .J Rural .......... 110 •., .' ��\ ��-•:-•~~��� Urban 120 -- -130 140 150 160 _.. — 170 180 I I r I i �+$ N I ✓f 0 5 10 20 Miles I I i I 1 I I I I Figure 1-2. Wind contour map for the Island of Hawaii.The complex topography of the island creates acceleration and decelerations of a 105 mph basic design event windspeed as shown. As the geologically youngest island, Hawaii Island's landforms have not been weathered to the extent of the other islands. Thus rainfall runoff flows in narrow V-shaped stream valleys without broad floodplains or sheetflows in relatively undefined drainageways especially in the drier leeward areas. The relatively immature reef development and related lack of white sandy beaches is also characteristic of the youthful geologic age of this island. 1-9 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Introduction Located between 19 and 22 degrees north latitude at the northern edge of the tropical zone, Hawaii's mild salubrious climate is due in part to location within the tradewind zone. Hawaii's climate is notable for its low day-to-day and month-to-month variability. The annual variation in mean monthly temperatures is only about 9 degrees F for areas at sea level. While the climate is equable,the mountainous topography makes Hawaii Island one of the most spatially diverse anywhere. From 20 inches in leeward areas to 300 inches in the upper windward areas, this island experiences a range of moisture and temperature regimes exceeding that found across the breadth of a continent. The tropical conditions of the eastern Pacific are ideal for hurricane formation-- i.e., the warm ocean water near the equator (combined with the cyclonic spin) within 10-20 degrees north of the equator (see Figure 1-3). As the easternmost island in the State, Hawaii Island has a slightly higher probability of tropical cyclone landfall, but historically very few events have actually occurred. Figure 1-3. Map of Tropical Cyclones Formed Worldwide from 1985 to 20055 6 5 Image from Wikipedia Website,Retrieved October 5,2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global tropical cyclone tracks-edit2.jpg 6 The points in the map show the locations of the storms at six-hourly intervals. 1-10 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Appendix A Chapter 1 —Appendix A. Summary Digest Description of Changes from 2005 to 2010 in the County of Hawaii Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan — updated December 2010 Overall Reorganization and Reformatting of the 2010 Plan To accommodate greater detail on hazards and risk assessment, as well as to more clearly identify hazard mitigation activities and their specific impacts,the Hawaii County Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan has been substantially reorganized, and now has separate chapters on each of the hazards. The number of hazards individually included in the plan has increased from 7 to 13, plus an additional chapter on emergency sheltering,which is a special consideration for island counties that cannot evacuate inland during hurricanes. The total number of chapters has increased from S to 21. In short, this plan is a near-total rewrite with the objective of greater clarity in addition to a major update of technical knowledge. The chapter on the Mitigation Planning process has been relocated to Chapter 2, providing better linkage to the Executive Summary and Introduction for background on the development of the plan for decision makers. The number of graphic and photographic exhibits has substantially increased, in order to provide better historical and technical exhibits for specific hazards, as well as illustrations documenting new and ongoing hazard mitigation projects and the results of risk and vulnerability analyses. Each hazard-specific chapter discusses previous/current mitigation efforts and future mitigation plan activities, so that specific recommendations are focused on each hazard. These recommendations are then compiled and prioritized in Chapter 19. It is anticipated that this new format will make the plan better enabled to accommodate future updates in knowledge and mitigation actions in the future, and allow for hazard- specific information to be exported to other planning efforts, such as community development plans,the Hawaii General Plan, and the State of Hawaii Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. Chapter Description of Updates/Revisions in the draft 2010 Plan Executive Summary The 2005 plan discussed the primary The current 2010 plan developed a more concise executive hazards,critical facility and population summary,and also summarizes some of the more significant vulnerabilities,the mitigation strategy improvement in hazard identification and mitigation tools. The and priorities are given,and an updated mitigation strategy and project priorities are updated. exhaustive listing of various mitigation The most vulnerable facilities and populations are identified. The actions is provided. detailed mitigation action listing is given later in Chapter 19. 1. Introduction The 2005 plan provides an explanation of The 2010 plan updates the introduction with updates on hazards the intent of the hazard mitigation plan, and the scope of the plan,as well as updated exhibits. and a discussion of the geographic profile of Hawaii County from a hazards vs.community exposure perspective. A l-1 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Appendix A 2. Mitigation Planning In the 2005 plan,discussed in the The mitigation planning effort included a major effort toward chapter on the planning process at the greater public outreach meetings and community workshops,and end. included a public opinion survey on disaster preparedness dealing with both individual and governmental preparedness and mitigation priorities. 3. Land Use and Development The 2005 plan introduction provided an Demographics and critical facility information has been updated, overview of Hawaii County geography, as well as the discussion of land use and development projections population,economic profile,land use, per the Hawaii General Plan. and projected growth. 4. High Wind Storms In the 2005 plan,a high wind history in In order to differentiate the risks due to seasonal storms versus Hawaii County is given. tropical cyclones(tropical storms and hurricanes),this separate chapter now examines the high wind event history and windspeed probabilities associated with seasonal climatology. This helps to emphasize that seasonal winds have no direct relationship to the much greater wind risk posed by hurricanes. 5. Tropical Cyclones In the 2005 plan,historical events are This chapter reflects the substantial improvement in the state of discussed,structural benchmark knowledge of the tropical cyclone hazard probabilities and the vulnerability dates are given,and a effect of island topography in producing areas with amplified summary of 2000-2001 research on windspeeds,new flood maps incorporating a hurricane flood probabilistic hurricane hazard analysis is insurance study,indications of a pilot study of hurricane shelter discussed. The needs for further work vulnerabilities,and new wind-resistant design and construction on hurricane hazard and topographic provisions in the new State Building Code(2009). wind speed-up are identified. 6. Landslides and Rock Falls The 2005 plan included a brief discussion This chapter additionally includes a discussion of the substantial on the various generic mechanisms for rockfalls generated by the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake,and landslides and rockfalls in Hawaii. examines a 2009 slope hazard map developed for use in earthquake loss modeling.Recommendations for improving the landslide susceptibility maps are given for a mitigation planning project that is starting in 2010 with the University of Hawaii. 7. Earthquakes The 2005 provided a basic description of This chapter explains the fundamental seismological mechanisms seismicity of the island of Hawaii and the for earthquakes in Hawaii,which is unlike continental seismology. seismic hazard analysis basis for the The M6.7 October 15,2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake is described, Uniform Building Code(now particularly its effects on the Kawaihae Harbor. The modern discountinued). seismic hazard analysis used for the basis for the International Building Code is explained. A new study to map soil conditions affecting seismic ground motion is included. Structural vulnerabilities of Hawaii island construction is addressed in several new analysis of residential and critical facilities. New Enhanced Hawaii Data for the HAZUS MH MR4 model for earthquake loss estimation and planning has been developed. A 1-2 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Appendix A 8. Lava and VOG The 2005 plan included a discussion of This new chapter adds an entirely new section on VOG—Volcanic past eruptions and the basic lava hazard Gas Emissions,that was identified in public surveys as one the zones,along with recommended tools three major concerns(earthquake,hurricanes,and VOG for improved lava hazard mapping. mitigation). Additional information on past lava inundation events is included. The lava hazard zone map is used in GIS analysis to calculate the Average Annualized Loss(i.e.,the county's economic risk)due to property damage by lava inundation. There is an update on lava and VOG mitigation activities,including several ongoing projects. 9. Tsunamis In the 2005 plan,the fundamentals of Further historical data on tsunamis during the past 100 years is tsunami generation,local history, presented. Additional information on tsunami detection and warning,and the historical development warning is provided. A new tsunami inundation study using state- of current tsunami evacuation maps are of-the-art modeling has developed updated inundation limits to explained. use as the basis for updating the tsunami evacuation maps. A risk assessment of tsunami-prone communities is presented. Further work is identified,to included addressing tsunami risk in coastal flood zoning and the upcoming development of new Performance- Based Tsunami Engineering provisions for future building codes. 10. Floods The 2005 plan included a description of The phenomena leading to flooding are described in greater coastal and stream flooding hazard detail. The locations of Hawaii Dams are given for background areas,and the basis for FIRM maps are information leading to Chapter 11. Historical damaging flood explained. Areas of seasonally higher events are described in detail. The modern-day rainfall intensity rainfall are generally identified. map is introduced. Areas of flooding are described by district. NFIP exposure for Hawaii County is summarized. An analysis of repetitive loss and severe repetitive loss properties is given and mapped. Floodplain management activities of the County of Hawaii are described in detail,and proposed county regulatory update objectives are summarized. Future work is identified. 11. Dam Failures Early research work on dam break This is an entirely new chapter dealing with the technological modeling is described and the need for failure hazard of dam break inundation. A major effort in dam further work on inundation modeling is condition surveys and hazard identification,and inundation identified,due to the presence of 11 modeling has occurred in the years since the March 16,2006 earthern dams in Hawaii County. Kaloko Dam failure on Kauai. Regulatory requirements are described. Ongoing efforts of the USACoE,State,and County Civil Defense to create dam evacuation maps are discussed. 12. High Surf This is an entirely new chapter dealing with damaging high surf events and high waves due to hurricanes and tropical storms. 13. Coastal Erosion The 2005 plan was confined to discussion This entirely new chapter focuses on coastal erosion mechanisms of coastal escarpment erosion and and strategies. coastal landslides. A 1-3 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Appendix A 14. Droughts Droughts and drought impacts are Drought measurement and susceptibility indices are described in described,and the need for further detail. Significant historical drought event losses are reported. updates to include the Hawaii Dought Drought hazard areas are mapped. Drought monitoring tools are Committee is identified. described. Drought mitigation initiatives from the Hawaii County Drought Committee are reported. 15.Wildfires Hawaii County wildfire suppression This entirely new chapter adds information on wildfire history and resources are identified. losses,probabilistic wildfire hazard maps,and project initiatives from the Hawaii County Drought Committee. 16. HAZMAT This is an entirely new chapter on the potential technological hazards of stored hazardous chemical materials,to summarize the planning of the Local Emergency Preparedness Committee(LEPQ per Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 128D Environmental Response Law,and Chapter 128E Hawaii Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. 17. Shelters This entirely new chapter identifies the presently available emergency public shelter facilities in the County,and maps these locations. A pilot study of structural and enclosure integrity of several shelter buildings is described,using a recently developed engineering assessment procedure of the Department of Accounting and General Services. New building regulations of the State Building Code for residential safe rooms and public building enhanced hurricane protection areas are described. Follow-up implementation recommendations for improving shelter safety are given. 18. Risk Assessment The 2005 plan Risk and Vulnerability This chapter adds a risk analysis of 80 critical facility buildings in Analysis chapter provided a very the County of Hawaii and expected losses for earthquakes and comprehensive overview of county hurricanes. Facility vulnerability rankings are given. A risk analysis critical facilities,and characteristics of of the University of Hawaii at Hilo campus buildings is given with the at-risk population. It indicated a high facility vulnerability rankings. Highway and bridge damage due to priority for hardening of critical facilities. the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake are identified. Land Use data and Loss estimation was based on results population data are updated. Improvements to the HAZUS MH produced by Martin&Chock for the model capabilities are discussed,including the assembling of an State of Hawaii. The need for future Enhanced Data inventory of Hawaii County buildings. updates was indicated,stressing additional development of HAZUS capabilities and data improvements. 19. Mitigation Strategy The 2005 plan described the County's This chapter has been updated. The Mitigation Goals and mitigation goals and objectives, Objectives were updated, In that process,several items were mitigation actions by hazard,priorities, identified as emergency response activities rather than having any and project implementation actions. hazard mitigation effects,and these were removed. Mitigation Actions by hazard are identified. The priorities for hazard mitigation were updated. Implementation actions to address these priorities are organized in a clearer listing. A 1-4 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 1:Appendix A 20. Plan Maintenance The 2005 planning process was Rather than just describe the need for plan maintenance and described. general tasks,this chapter was revised to provide specific actions and summary of specific ongoing hazard mitigation projects that will impact the next adoption of the mitigation plan.Thus,this provides a checklist of the resources expected for the plan maintenance taskings.This should ensure continuity and connectivity with ongoing and future work that should improve the next plan. 21. References This chapter has been updated to reference new material. Appendix A FEMA LOCAL MITIGATION PLAN REVIEW CROSSWALK A 1-5 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan