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Home My WebLink AboutFinal Archeological Assessment Hu Honua Bioenergy Facility Report FINALREPORT Literature Review for the Proposed H Honua Bioenergy Facility, Pepe`ekeo, Kahua Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawai`i, State of Hawai`i. TMK: (3) 2-8-008: 104 Prepared by Pacific Consulting Services, Inc. 720 Iwilei Road Suite 424 Honolulu, HI 96817 Prepared for H Honua Bioenergy, LLC City Financial Tower 201 Merchant Street, Suite 1830 Honolulu, HI 96813 February 2010 FINAL REPORT Literature Review for the Proposed H Honua Bioenergy Facility, Pepe`ekeo, Kahua Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Hawai`i Island, State of Ha TMK: (3) 2-8-008: 104 Prepared by: Jesse Yorck, M.A. of Pacific Consulting Services, Inc. 720 Iwilei Road, Suite 424 Honolulu, HI 96817 Prepared for: H Honua Bioenergy, LLC City Financial Tower 201 Merchant Street, Suite 1830 Honolulu, HI 96813 February 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................II TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................III LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1 PAL ROJECTREA OCATION ........................................................................................................ 1 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................1 T& S OPOGRAPHY OILS ...................................................................................................................................................1 V EGETATION ........................................................................................................................................................2 R AINFALL .................................................................................................................. 5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................... 5 LTLUH EGENDARY AND RADITIONAL ANDSEISTORY .................................................................................................6 HRLUH ISTORIC AND ECENTANDSEISTORY .........................................................................13 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS .............................................................................................17 ASSESSMENT & RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................................................18 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................................................................20 APPENDIX I ii LIST OF FIGURES ....... 3 F1.PALU.S.G.S. P,HIQ1999(1:24,000). IGUREROJECT REAOCATION ON APAIKOUUADRANGLE ............................... 4 F2.B-OPPHHBF. IGUREUILDUTLAN FOR THE ROPOSED UONUA IOENERGY ACILITY 10 F3. 1950 APHCPC, P`, H`. IGUREERIALHOTOGRAPH OF THE ILOOAST OWER OMPANYEPEEKEOAWAII 11 F4. 2006 APHCPC, P`, H`. IGUREERIALHOTOGRAPH OF THE ILOOAST OWER OMPANYEPEEKEOAWAII F5.PP`SC. AJ IGUREHOTOGRAPH OF THE EPEEKEOUGAR OMPANY OFFICE BUILDINGTTRIBUTED TO OHN ............................................................................................................................. 12 W,.1973. RIGHT CA F6.PP`SC. AJ IGUREHOTOGRAPH OF THE EPEEKEOUGAR OMPANY OFFICE BUILDINGTTRIBUTED TO OHN ............................................................................................................................. 12 W,.1973. RIGHT CA F7.PASIVPA IGUREREVIOUS RCHAEOLOGICAL TUDIES IN THE MMEDIATEICINITY OF THE ROJECTREA ...........................................................................................................................................16 L. OCATION LIST OF TABLES T1.LPASIVP ABLEIST OF REVIOUSRCHAEOLOGICAL TUDIES IN THE MMEDIATE ICINITY OF THE ROJECT ...................................................................................................................................................15 A. REA iii INTRODUCTION At the request of H Honua Bioenergy LLC, Pacific Consulting Services, Inc. (PCSI) has prepared the following literature review in support o of a chip processing building and a chip storage building on the Coast Power Company (HCPC) in Pepe`ekeo, Hawai`i Island (Figure coal burning electric generating power plant which H Honua Bioenergy LLC intends to convert to a renewable electrical power facility fueled by local biomass. In order for this conversion to take place, a foundatio well as two structures, measuring 180 x 40, feet will need to be structures will be excavated to a depth of six feet to construct The conveyor belt foundation will require an 8 x 8 foot excavati (Figure 2) This literature review has been prepared in complianc Statutes (HRS), Chapter 6E, and Title13 of the Hawaii Administra Subtitle 13 (State Historic Preservation Division Rules), Chapte Procedures for Historic Preservation Review to Comment on Sectio PAL ROJECTREA OCATION The entire project area lies within Pepe`ekeo in Kahua Ahupua`a, 10 miles north of Hilo Bay in the South Hilo district of Hawai`i bounded by Kulaimano Homestead Road to the west, Bluffview Drive Old Mamalahoa Highway to the south. The eastern end of the prop Mamalahoa Highway and terminates at the Pacific Ocean. The propo activities related to the build-out will take place within the 2 aforementioned storage and processing locations. The project ar single parcel: TMK: (3) 2-8-008: 104 (formerly TMK: (3) 2-8-007: ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND T& S OPOGRAPHY OILS The topography of the project area is relatively flat due to ext soils in the area are Hilo Series: HoC, HoD, and HoE, which are were preferred for cane cultivation. The coastline is classified land which is a miscellaneous, precipitous land type. There are in the area according to the Hawai`i Island USDA soil survey. (S Sheet 49). V EGETATION Vegetation in the vicinity of the project area falls within two category consists of exotic, invasive species typical of areas f commercial sugar cane production (the parcel is on the site of t Sugar Mill). These include iron wood (Casuarina equisetifolia), monkey pod (Samanea saman), guinea grass (Panicum maximum), Miconia (Miconia calvescens) and other noxious grasses and weeds. The second category includes the nati hala 1 (pandanus -Pandanus odoratissimus) and naupaka-kahakai (beach naupaka-Scaevola th serica). The parcel would have been grubbed and graded by the mid-19 century and was subsequently modified for industrial use by the HCPC. (Campbell, 1990, Rosendahl 2002b: 1 & Wagner et al. 1990) R AINFALL The mean annual rainfall in this part of windward Hawai`i Island inches per year, with most rain falling in the winter months bet (Giambelluca et al. 1986). 2 Figure 2. Build-Out Plan for the Proposed H Honua Bioenergy Facility. 4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TLUH L EGENDARY AND RADITIONAL AND SEISTORY According to Place Names of Hawai`i, Pepe`ekeo was formerly referred to as Pepe`e-ke-, literally meaning the food crushed, as by warriors in battle 1974:183). As mentioned earlier, Pepe`ekeo and Kahua Ahupua`a ar South Hilo district of Hawai`i Island. In Exalted Sits the Chief, Cordy explains that Hilo district too is a windward district with 32 miles of shoreline. It also is focused on Maun similarly exposed cliffs, rough seas, narrow reefs, rain-shroude upper `hi`a-koa forests and deep gulches. But Hilo also includes the l flatlands of Hilo Bay formed by Mauna Loa flows. These flatland wide lower Wailoa River and the calm waters of the bay played a history of Hilo district and the island (Cordy 2000: 22). The South Hilo district, positioned on the windward side of Hawa experiences heavy downpour in the winter months and is known for landscape and productive agricultural fields. In Native Planters of Old Hawai`i, the authors Handy and Handy describe Hilo as one of the rainiest inhabited island of Hawaii (Handy et al. 1972: 361). The chant Hi`u o La beckoning to the heavens for rain: Heaven magic, fetch a Hilo-pour from heaven! Morns cloud-buds, look! They swell in the East. The rain-cloud parts, Hilo is deluged with rain, The Hilo of King Hana-Kahi Surf breaks, stirs the mire of Pi`ilani The bones of Hilo are broken By the blows of the rain. Ghostly the rain-scud of Hilo in heaven; The cloud-forms of Pua-lani grow and thicken. The rain-priest bestirs him now to go forth, Forth to observe the stab and thrust of the rain, The rain that clings to the roof of Hilo As seen above, the relationship between the climate and flora of a physical manifestation and result of chanting and prayer. It Hilo is known for its past and present ability to grow large amo is quintessential in the Hawaiian diet and lifestyle. Breadfruit(Artocarpus altilis), kalo or taro(Colocasia esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and yams (Dioscorea alata) are all noted as growing quite successfully in the Hilo region. 283, 128 & 182) Pepe`ekeo is mentioned briefly in the book The Epic Tale of Hi`iakaikapoliopele. In one of the passages, Hi`iakaikapoliopele, sister of the godde 5 maka`inana (commoners) of Honoli`i that she intends to depart the are a great earthquake destroys her foes, the mo`o (lizard) women. that This is a prayer already memorized by some, but there is n memorizing it anew so that it is securely and profoundly set, to listen, all of you, if we sit a bit and there comes the rumbling earth is atremble, you should all recognize it as the last gapin women, my adversaries, whom this woman here saw tonight. At that point we shall take our leave of you, for the Milky Way has turned toward the west Soon after an earthquake struck and gently rumbled, dry thunder booming once, twice and a third time, at which Hi`iaka said, My died (2007: 101). To the disappoint of the commoners, Hi`iakaikapoliopele and her entourage departed Honoli`i. They traveled until they had passe Phoehoe, passing it and coming to Pu`u`eopaku, then continuiiing pa`ikou, Keapoko, Paiha`aloa, Ka`ie`ie, Kalaloa, and all the way to Pu`um onward to Onomea, Kawainui, Kukuikea, Pepe`ekeo and on to Makaha 101). In Abraham Fornanders Ancient History of the Hawaiian People he discusses a fallen chief of Hilo named Hilo-Hamakua. His death, collectivel Hawai`i Island chiefs, led to the reconsolidation of power on th but the revolted chiefs seem to have been deficient in organizat Keawenui-a-Umi defeated each and all of them, killed them and kept their bones trophiesIn the legend and chant of Lonoikamakahiki, the son of Keawenui,the names of the six district chiefs whom his father defeated are given Among those names was Hilo-Hamakua, son of Kulukulua of Hilo. In Thrums Hawaiian Folk Tales it is explained that Another temple of their erection was at Pepeekeo, Hilo, the peculiarity of the work bein been brought together by the residents of that part of the distr chief, but that in one night, the Menehunes gathered together an his people were surprised on coming the next morning to resume t heiau completed (Thrum, 1907: 71) This story, although mytholog another account told by A.E. Hudson in his circa 1932 book Archaeology in East Hawaii in which he was told by an informant that a heiau was located at plantation managers house. (also see the Previous Archaeological section) HRLUH ISTORIC AND ECENTAND SEISTORY By the late 18th century, and after at least two violent attempt district of Hilo, Kamehameha had taken control over all of Hawai Evidently, in 1789 and 1790, Kamehameha had been preparing an i some point, he asked Keawema`uhili of Hilo to supply him with ca capes for this invasion. Keawema`uhili consented, sending canoes three of his sons-a stunning change in the Hawai`i Island allian Hilo kingdom from Keua and the Ka` kingdom to Kamehameha and the Kohala-Kona kingdom (Cordy 2000: 331). 6 In the mid-19th century, Hawai`i was a monarchy with various int treaties and a vibrant cash economy. After the decline of Hawai` industries, whaling and the export of sandalwood, Hawai`i was re ranching and commercial sugar cane production. The latter was pa Hilo and Hamakua districts of Hawai`i Island. Pepe`ekeo in parti Hawai`i Islands sugar industry as it housed the main sugar mill over 100 years. Portions of the Pepeekeo Sugar Mill were locate parcel. The following is a brief history of the sugar cane plant from the plantation archives of the Hawai`i Sugar Planters Assoc Pepeekeo Sugar Company, located on the windward side of the isla between Onomea and Honomu, held the majority of its land in fee plantation occupied approximately four miles along the ocean cliffs and extended from three to 18 miles mauka to 1600 feet in elevation on the slopes of Mauna Kea. The company, called the Metcalf Plantation, was started at Kaupakuea in 1857 by Theophilus Metcalf and the first crop was harvested in 1859. was the first factory in Hawaii to use the vacuum pan in 1863.In 1874, after Mr. Metcalfs death, the plantation was purchased by Messrs. Afong and Achuck and the name changed to Pepeekeo Sugar Company. By 1881 the crop was estimated at 1800 tons and the factory was constructed of corrugated iron buildings with machinery manufactured by Honolulu Iron Works. In 1882, Mr. Akana became the plantation manager and Mr. C. Afon company owner as well as the agent. 1886 saw a new mill from Hon Works in place and in 1888, Mr. Wong Tuck became the new manager Deacon and Mr. Alexander Young, manager of Honolulu Iron Works, purchased Pepeekeo Sugar in 1889. The Company was incorporated on October with Mr. Deacon as manager and H. Hackfeld & Co. as agents. T.H. Co. served as agents from 1892 to 1904, when C. Brewer & Co. pur control from Mr. Young, who used the funds to build the Alexander Young Hotel on Bishop Street in Honolulu. By 1910 the annual yield was 8,000 tons processed by a 9-roller mill with a capacity to grind 60 tons of cane per day. The warehouse could store 24,000 bags of sugar, which were loaded onto interisland steamers by steel cables from the sea cliff. Plantation fields were connected by good dirt roa harvested cane was delivered to the mill by railroad cars and 15 stationary flumes. There were 700 employees at Pepeekeo Sugar, all of whom worked on the day labor system, there being no contract laborers plantation. By 1914, homesteaders were using 625 acres to grow cane that was processed at the company mill. Manager James Webster had become noted for his farming methods; initiated plowing under cane trash for fertilizer instead of burning it off. The improvement in soil prompted HSPA to take up the method and expand it to other plantations. Another innovation, made during mill improvements, was to place the grinding machinery some 60 feet below the boiling hous facilitated the delivery of cane by flume and the flume water wa extensively in the mill. The Gartley clarification system, developed by Brewer engineer A.A. Gartley, was also an innovation at Pepeekeo Sugar. By 1923 Mr. Websters good farming practices had increased the yield from 3.1 tons to 4.6 tons per acre in 15 years. Most of the cane of the plantation was Yellow 7 Caledonia and Pepeekeo Sugar kept some ratoon crops for as long years. The soil was improved annually with 50,000 tons of Waiana as well as bone meal and guano. Eucalyptus trees were planted as protecting the fields near the ohia forests. Water sources at Waiaama Stream and Kauku Hill provided clear wa natural filter beds for all plantation uses including turning a generate power. Cultivation inventions included the Websters careful farming dictated deep plowing at 18-20 inches, which improved the soil e manager continued to live in the old Afong residence just above machinery was installed to dry, sift, and sack bagasse from the mill to be used for livestock feed. The product was sold in Los Angeles through Grace Brothers in Honolulu. Because the land was bumpy with many winding gulches, improvement was ongoing, using a rock crusher brought from Scotl 1890s. There were 120 mules and 25 horses used on the plantation providing transport for the fields split by ridges and gulches. caterpillar tracks were used for plowing and trucks now hauled m manure, and lime to the fields. 20 miles of permanent flumes bro mill. At age 80, after 32 years at Pepeekeo manager, Mr. Webster retir Mr. Andrew T. Spalding, manager at Honomu Sugar, succeeded as manager of Pepeekeo on January 1, 1937. In 1941, harvested cane was trucked to the mill for the first ti shortage of water for fluming. Though water shortages continued years, a record crop was produced in 1944.March 1946 saw Hanomu merged with Pepeekeo and Mr. A. Douglas Ednie became manager of combined plantations. Mr. Ednie had a difficult year, however, a Sugar showed a loss of $141,430, the first loss in 10 years. An industry-wide strike, higher labor costs, unfavorable weather, and the April tidal wave that destroyed the railroad and terminals in Hilo added to the proble In 1947, the Pepeekeo mill was shut down for extensive modernization to accommodate the addition of the cane from the Honomu fields. Reconstruction of over $2,000,000 required an agency overdraft and a loan from Bank of Hawaii in 1948.In the early 1950s a number of lots and houses on the plant to residents, as was the Honomu company store. Due to the increa mechanical harvesting, the labor force of 460 was reduced to 400 late 1950s brought numerous union slowdowns, walkouts, and shutdowns to Pepeekeo. Mr. Ednie retired as manager in 1960, replace by Mr. L.S. McLane Sugar Co. The merger of Pepeekeo and Hakalau sugar companies was in 1963, with Mr. Herbert M. Gomez becoming manager of the combi company. 1963 was also the year in which the Hilo office of C. B instituted a computer system to service plantation automotive equipment. In 1971 Wainaku, Hakalau, Pepeekeo, and Papaikou sugar companies consolidated in a processing cooperative that also included independent cane growers. Two years later, Pepeekeo Sugar merged with Mauna Kea S form Mauna Kea Sugar Co., Inc., the states fourth largest sugar 18,000 acres of cane. The mills at Wainaku and Hakalau were clos Pepeekeo mill was modernized to double its capacity by 1974. (Campbell et al. 1990: 1-3) 8 At some point in the 1970s, the Pepe`ekeo Sugar Mill was closed was modified to house the HCPC coal-to-energy plant. Currently, associated with the Mill exist on the subject parcel. (Figures 3 correspondence files at the State Historic Preservation Division Land and Natural Resources (SHPD/DLNR) Kapolei office turned up mill circa 1973. (Figures 5 and 6) 9 Figure 3. 1950 Aerial Photograph of the Hilo Coast Power Company, Pepe`ekeo, Hawai`i. 10 Figure 4. 2006 Aerial Photograph of the Hilo Coast Power Company, Pepe`ekeo, Hawai`i. 11 Figure 5. Photograph of the Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company Office Building, (attributed to John Wright, CA. 1973). Figure 6. Photograph of the Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company Office Building, (attributed to John Wright, CA. 1973). 12 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Table 1 summarizes the previous archaeological investigations in vicinity of the current project area. Figure 7 illustrates the archaeological investigations on a topographic map. Somewhat sur vibrant locus of modern Hawaiian culture, there is a relative pa studies in the vicinity of Pepe`ekeo and the South Hilo district th vast amount of earth-altering activities that have taken place i century, which have destroyed much of the archaeological surface region. Of the few archaeological surveys that have taken place of them covered the entirety of the subject parcel, TMK: (3) 2-8 (3) 2-8-007: 053). In what may have been East Hawai`is first archaeological study, an employee of B.P. Bishop Museum, undertook a research project Archaeology in East Hawaii being written circa 1932. Although the book has remained an unpublished manuscript, portions of it can be found in Rosend manuscript, Hudson interviewed two men named Henry Lyman and Olin Wilson. Mr. Lyman informed Hudson that he believed that there may have been of the managers house at Pepe`ekeo plantation (Hudson n.d.: 221 lived in the house at that time, knew nothing of a heiau. Hudson also noted that a previous study by H.W. Kinney in 1913 r former burial cave at Pepe`ekeo Landing. Kinneys use of the t th that, to his knowledge, there were no longer burials in the cave century. It is also possible that the cave itself was impacted or demolis infrastructure was established. In any case, the Landing is loca property at TMK: (3) 2-8-8: 151. In the early 1970s, circa 1973, Hawai`i State Parks employee Joh documented a number of historic buildings in Pepe`ekeo, creating District. Wright drafted a plan view map of the Pepe`ekeo Clinic photographed several buildings in the District. The buildings in clinic, Mill office, landing platform, gym, Catholic Church, pla housing and a plantation-era flume. (Figure 5, 6 and Appendix I) the district was not placed on the Hawai`i Register of Historic remain on the State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) as SIHP one of the historic buildings, the Mill office, was documented a studys subject parcel. However, Hawai`i Countys real property parcel currently only contains a single building which was erect In 2002, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D, Inc. (PHRI) conducted two fiel vicinity of the subject parcel. The field checks included survey Plantation Parcels at (3) 2-8-07: 1, 2 & 53 as well as TMK: (3) 1, which were a coastal surveys of the makai lands between Pepe`ekeo and Pohakumanu Bay. Two plantation era cemeteries, which can be foun maps, were encountered during the coastal inspection: a Japanes Alia Stream, and a Chinese Cemetery north of Makea Stream. Bot 13 Japanese and Chinese Cemeteries are located well away from the s (0.5 m and 0.75 m respectively).Other than the two historic cemeteri reported that no historic properties were encountered during the included the subject parcel). (Rosendahl 2002a&b) Rosendahl reco determination of no historic properties affected with which SH 2003.1914, DOC NO: 0309PM09) 14 Table 1. List of Previous Archaeological Studies in the Immediate Vicinity of the Project Area. SIHP# Author & Date 50-80- of Publication TMKNature of Study 15- Results Possible burial cave at Kinney 1913 Pepe`ekeo Landing Interviews indicate a destroyed Archaeological Study heiau at plantation managers Hudson n.d. Various and Interviews house. Historic Building 50-10-Created Pepe`ekeo Historic Wright 1973 Various Inventory 26-7390 District Rosendahl Archaeological Field 2002a 2-8-07: 1Inspection No historic properties found 2-8-07: 1, 2&53 Rosendahl 2-8-08: 3 Archaeological Field 2002b 2-8-09: 1 Inspection Two historic cemeteries 15 ASSESSMENT & RECOMMENDATIONS The potential for archaeological resources/historic properties w project area is considered to be minimal in the subject area. A established that no surface archaeological remains are present w the current project area and a search of Hawai`i Countys real p that the single building located on the parcel was built in 2001 archaeological studies reveals that no archaeological sites are known to exist within the project area. Although the parcel lies within the Pepe`ekeo Dist- 7390), it no longer includes any of the historic resources assoc Archival literature and historic documents show that the subject parcel has been heavily impacted by grading and the on-site construction of industrial f unlikely that subsurface historic sites or cultural layers are p No historic properties were found within the boundaries of the c area. A finding of no historic properties affected by the propos recommended. No further work (e.g. archaeological monitoring) i however, in the event that historic properties are found during contractor shall stop work, protect the find, and notify SHPD. 17 REFERENCES CITED Beckwith, Martha 1970 Hawaiian Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Campbell, Susan M., & Patricia M. Ogburn 1990 Register of the Hilo Coast Processing Company (Pepeekeo Sugar Co 1889-1946. Hawaii Sugar Planters Association Plantation Archives. Honolu Cordy, Ross 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief: An Ancient History of Hawai`i Island. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. Fornander, Abraham 1990 Ancient History of the Hawaiian People. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. Giambelluca, Thomas W., Michael A. Nullet, Thomas A. Shroeder 1986 Rainfall Atlas of Hawai`i. Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development. Honolulu, HI. Museum Bulletin No. 233. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, Honolul Handy, E.S.Craighill & Elizabeth Green Handy, with Mary Kawena P 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bishop Museum Bulletin No. 233. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Hudson,. A.E. n.d.Archaeology of East Hawaii. Unpublished Manuscript. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum (1932), Honolulu. Kamakau, S.M. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. The Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu. 1964 Ka Po`e Kahiko: The People of Old. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Kepler, Angela Kay 1990 Trees of Hawai`i. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Nogelmeier, M. Puakea 2007 The Epic Tale of Hi`iakaikapoliopele. Awaiaulu Press, Honolulu. Pratt, H. Douglas 1998 A Pocket Guide to Hawai`is Trees and Shrubs. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, HI. Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert & Esther T. Mookini 1974 Places Names of Hawaii. Revised & Expanded Edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Rosendahl, Paul H. 18 2002a Archaeological Field Inspection, Former Pepeekeo Sugar Plantatio Land of Makahanaloa, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:. PHRI Letter Report 2292-100702, Hilo. 2002b Archaeological Field Inspection of Immediate Coastline Areas, Fo Pepeekeo Sugar Plantation Parcels, Land of Makahanaloa, Kahua an Kaupakuea, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-2-8-07: 3, 3-2-8-09: 1). PHRI Letter Report 2292-110702, Hilo. Sato, Harry H., Warren Ikeda, Robert Paeth, Richard Smythe, & Mi 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawai`i, State of Hawai`i, United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Washington D.C.. Thrum, Thomas G. 2008 Hawaiian Folk Tales. Republished by Forgotten Books (originally published in 1907), A.C. McClurg Co., Chicago. Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst & S.H. Sohmer 1990 Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i. University of Hawai`i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 19 APPENDIX I The following photographs, descriptions and form were taken from Kapolei correspondence file for TMK: (3) 2-8-007: 053. According were taken circa 1973 of the structures comprising SIHP 50-10-26 indicates that an effort was made to add the Pepe`ekeo District of Historic Places by Hawai`i State Parks staff. According to th descriptions of the buildings and district were much too brief 50-10-26-7390 was not added to the Hawai`i Register, but it is p lack of thorough documentation or technical complications in the 20 21 22 23