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HomeMy WebLinkAboutMulti-Hazard Mitigation Plan: 03. Land Use and Development CIVIL DEFENSE AGENCY COUNTY OF HAWAII 920 ULULANI STREET HILO,HAWAII 96720 r f 3. Land Use and Development Chapter 3:Land Use and Development CHAPTER 3 - LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Population Hawaii Island's resident population according to the 2008 census totaled approximately 175,784, supplemented with approximately 16,907 visitors for a de facto population of ap- proximately 192,691 persons. Among the four counties, Hawaii County's resident and de facto population is second to City & County of Honolulu. In terms of percent change from 1990, Hawaii County's resident and de facto population grew the most among the four counties. The change in the resident population represented the second highest net immigration among the four counties; the City & County of Honolulu had 68,803 residents who move in between 1990 and 2007, compared with 55,467 in Hawaii County. The age distribution in this County is comparable to the other counties, with minors (under 18 years) comprising approximately one-fourth of the resident population, the working age (18 to 64 years) comprising approximately 60%, and the elderly residents (65 years and older) comprising roughly 14%. Hawaii County's residents have the lowest per capita income among the four counties at$29,702 in 2007. A significant proportion of the residents over age 5 do not speak English "very well" (6%). More than 18% of the residents speak a second language at home. Table 3-1. Hawaii County Demographic Protile Characteristic Hawaii County State Rank Among Counties Resident populations 175,784 1,288,198 2 %change,April 1,2000 to July 1,2008 18.2% 6.3% 2 De facto population 192,691 1,388,605 3 %change,April 1,2000 to July 1,2008 15.3% 3.8% 1 Resident population per sq mile,20009 36.9 188.6 4 Residents Q 8 years old,%10 22.5 22.1 2 Residents 18 to 64 years old,% 63.7 63.1 3 Residents 65 years and older,% 13.8 14.8 2 Persons>5 years old who do not speak English-very well"" 10,840 143,505 Population per household, 1980/1990/2000'2 3.09/2.86/2.75 Net migration 13 55,467 179,969 1 Personal income per capita,2007 29,702 j 39,242 j 4 8 Resident and de facto population from Hawaii County Data Book 2009,Table 1.4 9 Hawaii County Data Book 2009,Table 1.3 10 Age characteristics from Hawaii County Data Book 2009,Table 1.1 1 a 11 Hawaii County Data Book 2009,Table 1.17 12 Hawaii County Data Book 2009,Table 1.18 13 Hawaii County Data Book 2009,Table 1.23 3-1 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development 3.2 Economy Sugarcane was the dominant industry of this island for more than 120 years. As late as 1969, plantations located in Hamakua, Kohala, and Ka'u Districts contributed more than 37% of the State's sugar production. The process of downsizing and closing plantations began in the 1970s and culminated in the abandonment of sugarcane production on the island in 1996. Throughout the years of sugar's decline, there has been growth in the island's tourism sector that is based largely in the Kona and South Kohala Districts. Diversified agriculture has experienced a generally upward trend as it strives to replace the abandoned sugarcane fields. In the County of Hawaii approximately 1,184,599 acres or 46% of the total land area is situated within the State Land Use Agricultural district. Included in the district are lands with a high capacity or potential for agricultural use as well as those with very low potential for productive agricultural activity. Approximately 27% of the total acreage of the County (686,000 acres)are presently being used for agriculture. The structure of commercial agriculture in Hawaii County is in a state of continuing transition. While commercial agriculture was once dominated by sugar and ranching, trends indicate that a larger number of small independent farmers producing a wide variety of diversified commodities will play an increasingly important role in the future. Diversified agriculture is dominated by macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, and specialty coffee grown in the unique summer rainfall below on the middle slopes of the Kona District. Ranching cattle makes use of the extensive open areas. Employment statistics for the Island of Hawaii, according to the 2002 census, are given in Table 3-2. Table 3-2. Employment statistics for Hawaii Island per the 2002 census Sales, Annual Number Number of shipments, payroll of 2002 NAiCS sector establishments receipts,51000 57000 employees Manufacturing 114 204,377 38,289 1,246 Wholesale trade 183 605,605 42,646 1,434 Retail trade 691 1,704,360 176,092 8,541 Information 65 N/A 25,646 712 Real estate&rental&leasing 239 278,016 55,840 1,766 Professional,scientific,&technical services 298 155,259 68,118 2,173 Administrative&support&waste management &remediation service 194 120,670 60,343 2,730 Educational services 29 6,178 1,913 120 Health care&social assistance 446 455,289 188,823 5,934 Arts,entertainment,&recreation 74 55,490 16,940 884 Accommodation&food services 350 747,901 210,356 10,595 Other services texcept public administration 266 103,296 28,745 1,387 3-2 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development 3.3 Land Use The passage of the Land Use Law in 1961 established the State Land Use Commission. It called for the classification of all lands in the State and authorized the adoption of rules of practice and procedures and regulations for land use within the various State land use districts. The four land use districts created by the State Land Use Commission provide the basic legal framework for land uses in the State of Hawaii. The Urban District is generally defined as lands in urban use with sufficient reserve to accommodate foreseeable growth. In the County of Hawaii this district is comprised of approximately 54,267 acres, or two per cent of the island's total land area. Rural Districts are defined as lands primarily comprised of small farms mixed with low density residential lots that have a minimum lot size of one-half acre under the State Land Use Law. Of the four districts, this is the smallest, with approximately 807 acres of the island's total land area. The Agricultural District includes lands with a high capacity for intensive cultivation as well as those with low capacity. The minimum lot size in this district under the State Land Use Law is one acre. The Agricultural District has the second greatest land area with approximately 1,184,599 acres or slightly over 46 per cent of the total land area of the island. Conservation Districts are primarily those lands in the existing forest and water reserve zones. This district has the largest land area with approximately 1,338,135 acres or 52 per cent of the total land area of the island. Land uses within the Urban Districts are administered exclusively by the counties. In the Ag- ricultural and Rural Districts,the State Land Use Commission establishes use regulations and the counties are responsible for their administration. The counties, however, may adopt more stringent controls than those imposed by the State within these two districts. Land use in the Conservation District is regulated by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources, except that the counties have concurrent permitting power within the Special Management Area near the coast. The counties have no land use control over Federal property, and the Hawaiian Homes Commission has the ultimate control over uses of the Hawaiian home lands leased to native Hawaiians. Within the County of Hawaii, the desirable future land use pattern is set forth by the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map (LUPAG). The more detailed zoning must be consistent with the LUPAG. Lands designated Residential-Agriculture (RA) saw the largest percentage increase in acreage between the years 1989 and 2000 at 60 per cent, although the total acreage of RA zoned lands accounted for less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the total land area within the County. During the same period, Commercial zoned lands increased by 49 per cent, Multiple Family Residential zoned lands increased by 15 per cent and Industrial zoned lands increased by 14 per cent. Acreages of Open zoned lands fell by 0.6 per cent. Lands designated as Agricultural, excluding lands zoned Unplanned prior to the comprehen- sive revision to the Zoning Code in 1996, account for 77 per cent of all zoned lands within the County. 3-3 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development Legend —Major Road Land Use Class -Breakwater -Conservation -Extensive Agriculture .High Density Urban -Important Ag.Lands -Industrial - -Low Density Urban -Medium Density Urban -Open Area -Orchards -Ponds Resort Node -Resort -Rural Urban Expansion University Use o z.s s 10 15 zo ®Miles Figure 3-1. Land use for Hawaii County 3.3.1 General Plan Projections The following assumptions were the basis by which the County's General Plan was developed: • Agriculture Agricultural employment will increase significantly as former sugarcane lands are brought into production with import replacement, export and value added crops and products. Additional employment will be derived from expanding agrotourism enterprises. The expansion of the industry will be facilitated by the establishment of a new air cargo distribution center and post-harvest processing facilities that will allow for significant increases in the volume and types of products exported to the continental United States and foreign countries. Agricultural research and education will be enhanced. • Tourism The County will continue to pursue the development of a strong multi-market base for the visitor industry that includes direct oversea flights to Kona, growth of the cruise ship industry, strong resort-based employment centers and integrated product development for local products that can generate a healthy small business economic base. The County's visitor industry will continue to successfully grow and expand. Likewise, employment in the visitor industry and its related industries will continue to grow. 3-4 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development • Other Basic Industries There is tremendous potential for expansion in other industries such as aquaculture, astronomy, renewable energy, research and development, and special events such as cultural festivals and athletic events. Employment and population projections for the County of Hawaii were developed through the analysis of relationships between economic activity, employment, and population. The analytical approach used entails the forecasting of employment in basic industries and the relationship that changes in employment have upon population. Primary Income Generators are those industries that generate income from outside the County. They are assumed to be the foundation of the local economy and the key to the development of the island. Primary Income Generators include agriculture, tourism, the manufacturing of export products, and research and development. These Primary income Generators, in turn, "drive" the secondary industries, or those enterprises that service the Primary Income Generators or the local popu- lation and include wholesaling, retailing and services. The Primary Income Generators de- termine the long-run pattern of population and income growth for the County. Population projections developed for the General Plan assume that the visitor industry will grow at an annual rate of 1% (Series A) to 3% (Series C), compared to a historical growth rate of 1.45%between the years 1977 and 1998. The resulting resident population projection for the year 2020 ranges from 213,000 to 237,000, compared to 148,700 residents according to the 2000 census, an increase of 43%to 59%over 20 years. 3.4 Analysis The planning committee concluded that development has largely been a continuation of an overarching trend over the past 10 years but,unlike Honolulu in the past 5 years,having no dramatic "boom"economy.No great shift in population centers or economic centers has occurred. However, agriculture in the post-plantation era has become increasingly specialized per the various micro-climates on the island. Thus,Hawaii County is mostly characterized by the vulnerabilities of rural and residential communities. Hawaii Island is uniquely at risk to several natural hazards. Compared to the other counties in this State,the relative risks are as follows: • High Winds/Tropical Cyclones. Higher risk relative to the other counties due to the easternmost location,but fortuitously low historic events;more complex wind speed- up patterns due to five dominant mountains; • Lava Flows. Unique risk relative to other counties, as the only county with active volcanoes; isolation of rural communities is a threat; • VOG. Volcanic gas emissions have had significant impact on Hawaii County's specialty floral agriculture; • Earthquakes. Higher risk relative to the other counties;past earthquake-induced landslides have also impacted agricultural water supplies; • Tsunamis. Lower risk compared to the other counties due to post mitigation after historic events. Concern for hazard awareness of tourist population addressed by 3-5 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development evacuation signage,Hawaii County is the only county in Hawaii that posts tsunami evacuation signage. • Flooding. Comparable risk of flash flooding to other counties due to small drainage basins with steep-walled amphitheater-shaped valleys; high sheetflow flooding risk due to relatively youthful geological development of defined drainageways, especially in the leeward areas; comparable risk to other counties to storm waves. Reservoir Dam Failures pose heightened threats to the Waimea area. • Coastal Erosion. Of lesser concern is sandy beach erosion due to the geologically youthful age of this island. Instead, sea cliff erosion is of greater concern to control building too closely to cliff edges. • Droughts and Wildfires. Higher risk to droughts and wildfires relative to other counties due to more extensive rural settlements that rely on water catchments, dominant agricultural industry that relies on rainfall, and expansive open land area and strong winds that make wildfires difficult to fight. In this chapter, each of the above hazards will be profiled in terms of: • Description of the hazard; • Recurrence and severity; • Identification of hazard areas; • State of the art assessment such as capabilities to predict, adequacy of warning systems, accuracy of identifying vulnerable areas, data needs. 3.5 Critical Facilities Maps showing locations of all critical facilities throughout Hawaii Count are included in Figure 3-2 through Figure 3-6. 3-6 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development Critical Facilities in Hawaii County N AIH FMS NORTH KOHA111PI ESTA -A,�,. Map(4) w E HoIx,K.. $ KV a nTEa F. EA EMS A AA F<AULO WAIMEA POLICE STATION ELA POLICE STATroII INEA FIRE STATOa+ / HAWAIICOMMl1WTY H0.SRTALIA F~ NUUPAHODIOE HIGWHE SDUTH KOHALA EA6 VPAHOalOE VOLUMHA FIRE STATION ' ENOE POLICE STATION NORTH Hl0 PoLIGE STATION WAIKOIOAEMS Map(1) E MgUII1TERIlATItuIAl Aigli-.JRr Ate' INTFANATIOrvAL AIRPoRr H KAHA EMS NE'�r.EIE I/Gy--ILUA EMi`A KEA AnEPE KEAInK EMS �✓�HAYAI f,/' --E SrATpEAAOHI- dHaUAIDA EMU I�CLE SHE V ER EMU FIRe SrAN VE T10N�EYKCLE; EAUHOUKpN FIRE YrArOk yypp MOUIrtAIN ViI� • FU90N CBn IHOIUCOMM�'111TY MJSPRPlI ACRES VOLUNTEER FIRE$TATgNANN.WJ GA•LLONWATgtT CAPIARI!' I�AWgl1 L31E - PANOA EL ONAY/AEI 11TR - P. �- KONA IACGEMERF FT ON I FPIgAFWOE STATI ION �IgNAVNAU I--- — _-- Y yiKErIA i. Map(2) t . N(PNIALA FlRE s Arl- STATroN APMRATUS BWu>Ho(PAHALA FIRE STOTIONI 1 0 Emergency Center w�va ATION • ._ EHNE.AS • Fire Station KAU POL NMLEHUR DE LB1UFl ESST .-VEHICLE SHED * Police Station © Care Facility r Public School Airport 0 5 10 20 Miles EMS Major Road Street Figure 3-2. Critical facilities map of Hawaii island 3-7 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development Critical Facilities in Hawaii County (1) in N A W E S • Emergency Center R{� • Fire Station w .i * Police Station " ' © Care Facility Y Airport F�"F i + EMS Public School Major Road �.. Street L�:,T .�,MEDI,;LC- 1 I�nuKnHa Eo C'.JiE Faciurr lMLO ri9R) Cri,wLO MEgicALCFirt�tl- A y YWYLCJNG(NILO! �`t •i FIRE ATION HELICOPTER HA IAKEA NCE B.ILCINO( WA FIRE STATON CEjIFFI IHIL HILO IdL01J • HILO INTERNATIONAL GH CEMRPL EMS N ER• Ty r CEIJIRAL FIRE STATION WAREHOUSE ICENTRAL FIRE STATION CENTRPL FIRE­ON gSEATCH OFRCE � I / / PU11 BUC SAFETY� NAROLANI II BUIIDIN'G A M PUBLIC SAFETY @ALONG B f�51LVa � IVIL 0 EFElJSE EMERGENCY OGEPATIONS CENTER I � KAUMANA FIRE STATION 1 J HAWAII COMA.COLLEGE UHH AT HILO ­AREA HIGH �I • WAIAKFA MITER WAIAKEAELEM 0.5 1 2 Miles _ILA NI FIRE STATION AFPARATUS 5HE0 KAWRILANI FIRE STATION / • +IGWAILANI EMS WMaKEA EHA Figure 3-3. Critical facilities map,Hilo area zoom 3-8 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development Critical Facilities in Hawaii County (2) 11 w o� la Care Facility Airport • Emergency Center + EMS • Fire Station Public School w Police Station Major Road i Streets f Lr N ME—FIRE STATION AND POLICE STATION IEAAU FIRE STATION AND POLICE STATION W E KEAAU POLICE STATION VEHICLE SHED I�AAU FIRE STATION VEHICLE EHED KE AADF�IAAU INTER S �APU EMS HAWPIIAN PARADISE PARK FIRE STATION MAWNIRN PARADISE PARK FIRE STATIgV VEHICLE SHED HAWNIAN ACRES VOLUNTEER FIRE STATION AND 2000 GALLON WATER•K .. .M(IWITNN VIEW r ­OA POLICE STATION PAHOAFIRESTATION FPHOA EMS PAHOA HIGH S�IE­0A ELEM 0 1.25 2.5 5 Miles Figure 3-4. Critical facilities map,Puna area zoom 3-9 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development Critical Facilities in Hawaii County (3) KONA INTERNATIONAL AIRtiHT 0 1.25 2.5 5 Mile ICE STATION GENERATOR BULDING IKEALAKEIIE POLICE STATION, - s:. I. .LICE 5fATI0NIKEAIAKEHE-[ICE STNiIONI KEALAKEIE INTER KEUAKEHE HEM KEAI-WEHE HIGH W E 1KAILUAEMS T S AILI -KONA FIRE STATION �+ILUA-KONA SHE STATION BOAT SHED I la Care Facility KANAKAI -ALOA • Emergency Center • Fire Station Police Station 1 Airport EAU T EMS •KHO1KONA FIRE STATION ., Public School B 01DI14G1AN021HONACOMMUNNYHOSPITAL)- ... INFU40N CENTER IKONA COI—WY HOSPITAL) PSYCHIATRIC FACILITY(KONA COMMUNITY HOSPITAL) Major Road RADIATION ONCOLOGY(KONA COMMUNITY HOSPITAL) SPECIAL SERVICES BIMLDING(KCNA COMMUNITY HOSPITAL) Street KONAWAEN©HONAWAENA HIGH J , KONAWAENAELEM. - KONAWAENAEI-SR i r "FIITERPOLICESTATION KONRCIMCCENTER FIRESTATIOII KONACIVICCENTER FIRE STATION VEHICLE STORAGE SHED ��/ N GOD HOUEK MS EMS aj�. VI- * HOIIAUIIAU • NI H(rKFNA '� Figure 3-5. Critical facilities map,Kona area zoom 3-10 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development Critical Facilities in Hawaii County (4) © Care Facility • Emergency Center D N • Fire Station o+ * Police Station W E T Airport 4- EMS + ` S Public School •I� •, Major Road Street NORTH KONALA FIRE STATION t NORT H 11 FIRE STATION APPARATUS BUILgNG KOMKA POgOE STATION IKAWWU POLICE STATION) N I—Al , � HALEHOOL.H KUF■ HAMAIPJAKU-FSTATION '�_�-%.,J- HAMgrcVA HEfi LTH�FNTEq FlY IIOKAA FIRE 57910PJ i PPAUILO STATION ST ATIONIKAMUELAF I.VESTATIOIII . . L IMEA EIEM nNTER ■ NORTN NAWAII COMMUNITY HOSPITAL v P SOUTH KOHALAETAS wAIKOLOA , KOHALAt AST FIRE STATION 1 IMAUPIP LANI FIRE STATION)AND POLICE STAT- jwAlKO�oavls 0 25 5v 10 Miles T • �. . ., .. . . 116V11.A.��L Figure 3-6. Critical facilities map,Kohala area zoom 3.6 University of Hawaii The University of Hawaii System consists of ten University and Community College campuses. Two of these campuses are located in Hawaii County, UH Hilo and Hawaii Community College. Maps of these campuses are shown in Figure 3-7 and Figure 3-8. 3-11 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development 1 Ic 1 MuWN AeeWRCee 1 1 aaa Ic1Amt 1 'a.o NU HALIVLA O 11 _ t rieuo � �pp�1 x�l E oYrl 1 I 1 1 1 1 YIRM1/YAIOY fOO4 l 1st 1 UNIVERSITY TOFF HHAAWAII j 0 MAIN �D O ENTRANCE Main Campus e O� 200 W.Kawili sweet O Y,e1 Hilo,1-11967204091 BUILDING ACRONYMS ADM Admilvsiretion Bltlg.l Cbancelleis OHlce seavi ASB Auxiliary Sees Bldg. BO Baelness Onee CAB CWlege of Agnculture. i Forestry"Net ural Resou' v ooxs•oa Management Bldg.(CAF �F'. �� 3 CC Campus Center D ;, CH Cdnege Hall s K Kanaka'ole Hall LIB Library — Il—`\jJlll Ls Ul s-d Ee ees - Aft-MID Mann.Campus - MS B Mande Science Bldg ❑ RB Portabes 86B Student Se—E dg. A TA Theatre y UCB University Classroom Bltlg. W W—artn Hall 320 A61Itl- 346 Business Educabon Bldg. Figure 3-7. UH Hilo Campus map 3-12 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Chapter 3:Land Use and Development BUILDING NUMBERS een xsa a r..ne.]cc �4sr°""'aPaeLy.'as .nag wr.we .��etes wag xs y 3e r\ y:KC�gurl N.s Bag�ean]]n �,PCC Ewnaa area Nda sP� `` �urcc o.��r,®�a�Ey3 3afin o �.mt4 EanyfnNM�rxl.Bon]05P nwtc Ebcr.ara Ektlm Cr1 r wCC�oan[ur A.E.Pao§NF i nl Bag J]BP �«KC a�i camP,rX,Lm.Mn�, E \ -mac Pors IgXCe ely x; CNEDRENS O O :uCC Aanryierselan BMiI.:]B CENIEN � bpnrnrl crXiNS slog x� ` a.M43,i,ex+5�rvac Dag.]Tg aNNING "^.mCC�C"�^ssim.Aam&ago.B+q.::re O OPEN P O timtC me LeamrgXCena�Bb9 3B0 rme4ATE pveiv,drrce I Conitrer�-e Pm wag� g •rUIS.OVy]90.Pm J1 e5g H,v ,Xnol:rLU&np un wa Ju F tdPPfNTm L�E°ms.eayW.3er Hm to OMN u bL.^HrA aH HM FwlXlee WEmanNr 9Xg:8l e rp.Bac w.i H n L'pweN Baum.Bbp]tll �xuuPx m MEN PRRKIN6 0 OPEN PoBNUG OPEN Mf PUINrNG OPEN vAPNINC .0011, C PINNINf Q �� �/V_gL'v. 4 Q� M SenbYNPt Lm Manono Campus 7LNf W.Kn-b S-1 KAWILISTREET � Figure 3-8. UH Hilo/Hawaii CC Manono Campus map 3-13 Hawaii County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan