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from wolves or near-wolves to small, timid, docile pets. To label all dogs as "pets" is therefore a human appellation based in wishful thinking and emotion, not reality and genetic fact. We should take note that dogs have been domesticated, and all the diverse breeds developed, in only the past 7 to 10,000 years -about the same length of time that humans have developed agriculture or had the bow and arrow. This is a drop in the bucked compared to the eons of time that both humans and wolves have been on the earth, and thus from an evolutionary and genetic standpoint all domestic dogs are still wolves. They just Lowdifferent, and only some are cute and docile and labelled "pets". D®GS IN HAVd~AI'I: The earliest foreign visitors to Hawaii reported that the Hawaiians raised small, terrier- like dogs in large numbers for food and ceremonial feasts. A few small dogs were lap dogs. Whether the Hawaiians had a larger, husky-like dog such as their close relatives, the Maori of New Zealand (Aotearoa), did isconjectural -except that the Hawaiian priests in 1778 were known to use a "tabu wand" made with a rather fluffy white dog's tail quite like that of the Maori dogs. When the very powerful high chief Kahekili of Maui invaded the Big Island in the late 1700's his army brought fighting dogs {the historian Kamakau says Kahekili personally brought "two man-eating dogs"). There is no record of any foreign visitor from Cook onward bringing such dogs, nor are they likely to have been on the well-armed exploring ships of 1778 and later. Most likely these fearsome dogs came from the shipwrecked foreigners prominent in Haw°aiian oral tradition who arrived, in at least several instances, in the late 1400's and mid 1500's, were most likely Spanish, and who might well have had mastiffs on board, based on other Spanish history and practice in the Americas in the same period. Thus, large and fierce dogs may have been part of the canine gene pool in Hawaii {at least in East Maui) for as much as five hundred years. Whether pre-contact Hawaiians used their dogs to hunt wild pigs has very little record, perhaps because such a practice of subsistence hunting was so common amongst native peoples worldwide that the early foreigners to visit Hawaii did not even think to mention it, or perhaps it was not seen -since most early visitors spent their time near the seashore rather than in the forests. (The modern claim that the Hawaiians kept their pigs only in pens is incorrect, just as the concept is incorrect for native societies throughout the world. Pigs simply love to escape and go off into the wild, as they continue to do to this day despite highly bred domestication) It would be highly likely that the Hawaiians who lived in the forest as outcasts, wood cutters, bird catchers and the like would snare wild pigs and/or hunt them with the aid of their dogs as a source of food. After 1778, foreign visitors rapidly introduced other dog breeds, bot11 American and European, and Native American and Oriental dogs were surely introduced as well as part of the fur, sandalwood, and whaling trades - in which hundreds of Hawaiians took part. By the mid nineteenth century there were also many hunting dogs in Hawaii. In the 1850's the saddle between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa was reported to abound in both wild pigs and wild dogs. Nineteenth century photographs in Hawaii show that hound- like dogs were rather common, including amongst Hawaiians. In addition, thievery was 2