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present, as in almost all societies, and since there were wild pigs, wild sheep and goats, and wild cattle to hunt in the uncultivated lands and forests it is reasonable that a goodly portion of the nineteenth century dogs were hunting dogs and/or watchdogs. The Hawaiian cattle industry being older than that of the famous "Old West", it is probable that cattle dogs have been in Hawaii for well over one hundred years. Sheep herding dogs have likely been here nearly as long also. Since formerly ducks, coots, stilts, plover and other birds were hunted in Hawaii's wetlands in historic times, retrievers were no doubt brought here. The arrival, in the late 1800's, of Portuguese immigrants -many from the Canary Islands and Azores which are similar to the Hawaiian islands - no doubt enhanced pig hunting considerably. Portuguese and Hawaiians make up the bulk of wild pig hunters even today. Since wild pigs tend to be nocturnal and to be difficult to find without dogs, highly selective breeding of pig hunting dogs has been going on for well over one hundred years and such dogs are much a part of Hawaii's gene pool. Meanwhile, a number of game birds were introduced to Hawaii in the late 1800's and 1900's. An accompanying presence and breeding of bird dogs has thus been in Hawaii for many decades. Gambling being much a part of the old Hawaiian and Chinese immigrant cultures, and dog-fighting being an American and European cultural practice in the past, fighting dogs have found their way to Hawaii as well -witness the prevalence of pit-bulls so favored as guard dogs and pig-hunting dogs today. During the twentieth century, a great many of the world's dog breeds have been brought to Hawaii, with so-called "pet" dogs and "show" dogs more likely in the closer confines of `O'ahu's (especially Honolulu's) environment whereas the ranching and hunting breeds are more likely on the other islands, notably the Big Island with its large land areas. CONCLUSIONS: Dogs, like humans, show personality and cultural traits based in both nature and nurture - in other words, some behavior is learned and some is inborn or instinctual. Nonetheless, domestic dogs have evolved for only a few thousand years, as compared for hundreds of thousands of years for humans, and the instinctual nature of dogs -stemming solely from their genetic makeup - is readily apparent from such collective traits as those mentioned above as well as the ease with which many dogs can go wild if given the opportunity. Domestic dogs frequently demonstrate their genetic tendency to chase and catch, kill (ask any cat), guard their territory, be loyal to their group members (human or animal) even to the point of risking death, follow scents, and to roll in strongly odorous material (such as cow-pies) to disguise their own scent as an aid to hunting. Male dogs will scale tall fences, leap from second story windows, and even fight to the death to get to a female in heat. Dogs are notorious for digging out of a fenced yard or kennel to wander, sometimes never coming back despite constant feedings and the best of care. Hundreds of stories, spanning centuries, have been written worldwide about how much dogs love to hunt - from terriers with rats to hounds with deer -and the humorous, even fantastic, efforts 3