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The stewardship program needs to recognize the importance of the various persons involved in the use of the land acting in the spirit of unity. This includes landowners and tenants, but also includes visitors, University faculty and staff and the state and federal agencies involved in conservation and preservation efforts, especially those relating to native forests. The stewardship program also needs to recognize interrelationship of the remaining natural resources to broader natural ecosystems. The dry forest fragment in Palamanui is the remnant of a more extensive lowland forest and the program should coordinate with similar programs in Kona to mutual benefit. On a narrower perspective, the program also needs to recognize the interrelationship of the natural systems within Palamanui such as the function of the roots of the 'ohi'a lehua tree providing water and nutrients to the deep caves. While restoration of a native dryland forest is one of the goals, the stewardship ethic must also take into account that the natural ecosystems were not static. Precontact Hawaiians had a significant impact on these areas. One factor to consider is what level of restoration would be feasible and would be compatible with preserving the features associated with Hawaiian culture. The dry forest fragment in Palamanui also needs to be assessed in relationship to other dry forest areas in Kona. The stewardship program also needs to balance the benefit to be obtained by preservation and restoration efforts against the costs of those efforts. • Need for Stewardship. Implementation of the INCRMP will require active stewardship to maintain and upkeep the area's resources. In this context, the active relationship between people and the land's resources and the dynamic relationship among them are central to stewardship. At present, there are no active users of the land at Palamanui. The tradition of responsibility (kuleana) must be restored to preserve the resources for future generations. An important part of reestablishing the stewardship ethic is to educate residents and visitors about the ancient Hawaiian practices and how the Hawaiians used the land with respect. Responsibility in stewardship can be characterized by four levels of action: (1) recognizing the value of resources; (2) using resources without depletion; (3) caring for and maintaining resources; and (4) preserving and enhancing the resource for future generations. nt~mm~i~suNCxnte~az~~ost9os~~t g