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<br />
<br /> The Toll of Tobacco: Sources 3/7/08 1 *11 PM
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<br />
<br /> The Toll of Tobacco
<br /> Sources
<br /> Smoking and smokeless rates, deaths, and other state tobacco-related information
<br /> U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CDC, CDC, Sustaining State Programs for Tobacco Control, Data
<br /> Highlights, 2006 (and underlying CDC data/estimates); Adult smoking from CDC 2006 BRFSS; youth smoking from state
<br /> YRBS, YTS, or other state-specific surveys; California EPA, Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a
<br /> Toxic Air Contaminant, June 24, 2005. See also, CDC, "Factsheet: Secondhand Smoke," September 2006.
<br /> New underage daily smoker estimate based on data from U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services (HHS), "Results from the
<br /> 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health," with the state share of national initiation number based on CDC data on
<br /> future youth smokers in each state compared to national total.
<br /> Kids exposed to second hand smoke
<br /> CDC, "State-Specific Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Adults, and Children's and Adolescents' Exposure to
<br /> Environmental Tobacco Smoke - United States, 1996," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 46(44): 1038-1043,
<br /> November 7, 1997.
<br /> Packs illegally sold to kids or smoked by them
<br /> DiFranza, J. & J. Librett, "State and Federal Revenues from Tobacco Consumed by Minors," American Journal of Public
<br /> Health (AJPH)'89(7): 1106-1108, July 1999; Cummings, et al., 'The Illegal Sale of Cigarettes to US Minors: Estimates by
<br /> State," AJPH 84(2): 300-302, February 1994.
<br /> Smoking-caused health expenditures, productivity losses, tax burdens
<br /> CDC, Data Highlights 2006 [and underlying CDC data/estimates; CDC's STATE System average annual smoking attributable
<br /> productivity losses from 1997-2001 (1999 estimates updated to 2004 dollars); See also, CDC, "Annual Smoking-Attributable
<br /> Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lose, and Economic Costs United States 1995-1999," MMWR, April 11, 2002; Zhang, X.,
<br /> et al., "Cost of Smoking to the Medicare Program, 1993," Health Care Financing Review 20(4): 1-19, Summer 1999; Office
<br /> of Management & Budget, The Budget for the United States Government - Fiscal Year 2000, Table S-8, January 1999;
<br /> Leistikow, B., et al., "Estimates of Smoking-Attributable Deaths at Ages 15-54, Motherless or Fatherless Youths, and
<br /> Resulting Social Security Costs in the United States in 1994," Preventive Medicine 30(5): 353-360, May 2000. CDC, "Medical
<br /> Care Expenditures Attributable to Smoking United States, 1993," MMWR 43(26): 1-4, July 8, 1994.
<br /> Additional information on tobacco-related costs
<br /> U.S. Department of the Treasury, The Economic Costs of Smoking in the U.S. and the Benefits of Comprehensive Tobacco
<br /> Legislation, 1998; F.J. Chaloupka & K.E. Warner, "The Economics of Smoking," in J. Newhouse $ A. Culyer (eds), The
<br /> Handbook of Health Economics, 2000; CDC, Making Your Workplace Smokefree: A Decision Maker's Guide, 1996; D.
<br /> Mudarri, The Costs and Benefits of Smoking Restrictions: An Assessment of the Smoke-Free Environment Act of 1993 (H.R.
<br /> 3434), U.S. EPA report to the Subcommittee on Health & the Environment, Committee on -Energy and Commerce, U.S.
<br /> House of Representatives, April 1994; Hall, J. R., Jr., National Fire Protection Association, The U.S. Smoking-Material Fire
<br /> Problem, April 2001; National Cancer Institute, Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, 1999, op cit.
<br /> Tobacco industry marketing
<br /> U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Cigarette Report for 2004 and 2005. and Federal Trade Commission Smokeless
<br /> Tobacco Report 2002-2005. State total a prorated estimate based on cigarette pack sales in state. For tobacco marketing
<br /> influence on youth, see Pollay, R., et al., "The Last Straw? Cigarette Advertising and Realized Market Shares Among Youths
<br /> and Adults," Journal of Marketing 60(2):1-16, April 1996; Evans, N., et al., "Influence of Tobacco Marketing and Exposure to
<br /> Smokers on Adolescent Susceptibility to Smoking," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87(20): 1538-45, October 1995;
<br /> Pierce, J.P., et al., 'Tobacco Industry Promotion of Cigarettes and Adolescent Smoking," Journal of the American Medical
<br /> Association (JAMA) 279(7): 511-505, February 1998 [with erratum in JAMA 280(5): 422, August 1998]. See, also Campaign
<br /> factsheets. Increased Cigarette Company Marketing Since the Multistate Settlement Agreement Went into Effect and
<br /> Tobacco Marketing to Kids
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