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PLOS ONE <br />Identifying wastewater management tradeoffs in Kona, Hawai'i <br />A Present I B Future permitted C All ATU upgrade D WWTP upgrade <br />/N I <br />I I I <br />PA <br />WIF <br />I I <br />r j <br />I I I r <br />r <br />ri ,� I q­womai/®r <br />i <br />j <br />r, <br />V 1, rr <br />I r <br />im a iris. <br />I I <br />♦ WWTP <br />GW - P (mg/L) <br />0.1 - 0.5 <br />0.6 - 1.0 <br />1.1 - 10.0 2 <br />10.1 - 50.0 =km <br />- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <br />E Target low efficiency F Target high efficiency I G Target low efficiency I H Target high efficiency <br />+ WWTP upgrade I + WWTP upgrade <br />I I I <br />I r <br />r n <br />AAA/11/1 <br />rri <br />OFjiii,r r r row. <br />A�i <br />i <br />I I <br />I I I <br />I I I <br />I I <br />I I I <br />I I I <br />Fig 4. Simulated groundwater P concentrations for (A) current conditions and (B-H) all scenarios. Maps display results from <br />the first layer of the groundwater model, where the bottom of the layer is set to 1 m below mean sea level. <br />httllV.s„Hd¢1111 wg/101371/,uou irinall.Iaorne,020712 5.g004 <br />marine habitat in the immediate vicinity and to the south of the WWTP is more exposed to <br />nutrient load reduction. Upgrading the WWTP also benefits the marine habitat located down- <br />stream from it (Fig 71) and 7G- 71-1). The habitat to the north of the site is less exposed to <br />change in nutrient load discharge due to less SGD. <br />3.3 Economic costs <br />The present value or life cycle cost of cesspool conversion for each scenario was added to the <br />estimated WWTP upgrade cost (where applicable) to determine the total present value cost of <br />each management option (Fig 8). <br />PLOS ONE I Ihuttlps://doaa .olrg/ n 0.1371/�OLuirlrns.11,lpol ne.025712 5 September 8, 2021 13 / 26 <br />