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PLOS ONE <br />Identifying wastewater management tradeoffs in Kona, Hawai'i <br />A D l <br />J Depth <br />�G <br />�m <br />Wave <br />Groundwater model <br />recharge Sceniarios"� <br />/ %p <br />k rOundwate <br />Grauundvur iter �� nutrient Marine grater <br />model concentrations quality model <br />H G GIS <br />Maps of A on �� 'Maps of A ln�t. Maps of <br />�t, <br />gu-eu.]ndw�ater �xU o, rmarune eater marine � Habitat impact <br />quality quality habitat impact assessment <br />Fig 2. Connections between modeling elements: (A) Groundwater recharge is an input to (B) the groundwater budget model, and (C) the <br />groundwater nutrient concentration model coupled with (D) land use, wastewater management scenarios, and water demand. The nutrient <br />concentrations serve as inputs to (E) the marine water quality model and (G) marine habitat potential impact assessment. (H) The outputs <br />of the analysis consist of maps of change in groundwater quality, marine water quality and potential impact to the marine habitat. (The wave <br />model image in panel F is reprinted from [36] under a CC BY license, with permission from Charles Fletcher, original copyright 2009). <br />httl sldoil .eirg115.13"7t/,�euuiriro,all.l rarne.6257125.gOO2 <br />2.3 Wastewater management and land cover change scenarios <br />A total of eight scenarios were developed by combining different assumptions about future <br />land development, water demand, cesspool conversion extent and technologies, and municipal <br />wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) upgrade status. The location of the WWTP and current <br />aggregated cesspools are shown in IF g t C. The first scenario describes present-day conditions, <br />with none of the cesspools converted and the WWTP not upgraded. The future permitted <br />build out scenario simulates the case where land development occurs but no wastewater miti- <br />gation strategies are undertaken and all new development is served by the existing WWTP. <br />The remaining six scenarios describe different wastewater management options under the <br />PLOS ONE I Ihuttlps://slash.oirg/ IO.I371/�Mirirualll.ltpoi ne,0257125 September 8, 2021 5 / 26 <br />