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Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Climate Adaptation Actions toro <br /> Integrated Climate Action Plan for the Island of Hawai'll Build Local Resilience to Climate Change <br /> Y- <br /> Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or <br /> disturbances related to climate change. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate <br /> change will create new, or alter current, climate-related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these <br /> risks.' <br /> Climate risk occurs from the interaction of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.' <br /> Co-benefits refer to the potential for actions to achieve multiple positive impacts and reinforcing <br /> outcomes.' <br /> Community systems are the diverse and interconnected physical, social, economic, ecological, <br /> cultural, and governance systems supporting the health and weilbeing of the people of Hawaii Island. <br /> Compounding hazards are hazards that are exacerbated by climate change indicators and hazards. <br /> Riverine flooding, landslides, wind storms, and coastal flooding and erosion are considered <br /> compounding hazards of focus in the ICAP. <br /> Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial period <br /> (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat- <br /> trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.10 <br /> Groundwater-dependent ecosystems are ecosystems that are supported by groundwater. These <br /> places include springs and seeps, caves and karst systems, and deep-rooted plant communities <br /> (phreatophytes). In many cases, rivers, wetlands, and lakes are also included. Where groundwater <br /> meets the surface, unique communities of plants and animals flourish. A wide variety of rare, <br /> threatened, and endangered species call these places home." In Hawaii, groundwater-dependent <br /> ecosystems include fish ponds, coastal springs, anchialine pools, and nearshore ecosystems. <br /> Hazard mitigation is any sustainable action that reduces or eliminates long-term risk to people and <br /> property from future disasters.12 <br /> Intervention points refer to specific points where a climate cascade could be disrupted by an action to <br /> prevent cascading effects and negative impacts on community systems. <br /> 'Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, https:/lwww.c2es.org/content/climate-resilience- <br /> overviewl#:-:text=Climate°I%2OresiIience°/%20is°/%20the%20ability.better%20cope°/%20with%20these°/%20risks. <br /> ' International Atonic Energy Authority, https:llwwvw.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-policy-indicatorlclimate-hazard-assessment <br /> 9 Mayrhofer, .t. P.. &Gupta, J. (2016).The science and politics of co-benefits in climate policy. Environmental Science &Policy. 57, <br /> 22-30.doi:https:lldoi.orgl10.10161y.envsci.2015.11.005 <br /> 11 NASA, Global Climate Change, l)ttps:Llciimate.nasa.goviglobal-warming-vs-climate-change) <br /> 11 USDA Forest Service, 2023.Groundwater-dependent ecosystems.httpsJ/www.fs.usda.govlmanaging-landlnatural- <br /> resourceslgeology/groundwater/groundwater-depe-ident- <br /> ecosystems#:-text=What%26are%26Groundwate,%20Dependent%20Ecosystems,and%20 lake s%20are%20also%20inciuded. <br /> 12 FEMA,Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grants, <br /> https:i/www.fema.govlgrantsimitigation#:- .text=B/`22Hazard°/o20mitigation°i"22`/"201S%20any`/"20sustainable,damage°/`2C`/`20recons <br /> tructio n%20and%20 repeated%20da ma ge, <br /> Key Terms Xiii <br />