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numerous articles published in newspapers, now available through various online repositories, <br /> are cited. <br /> After the introductory overview of the cultural–historical context, we cite early narratives <br /> describing history of the Native Hawaiians from antiquity to the early 1800s, and then integrate <br /> the layers of history that followed after western contact. The information is organized in several <br /> historical categories, generally cited in chronological order according to the period of time. <br /> Study Resources <br /> This study includes a wide range of historical references dating from the 1820s to the 1980s, <br /> including primary Hawaiian-language resource documents (many translated or synthesized'6 for <br /> the first time in this study by the authors), and some of the earliest records documenting the <br /> biocultural landscape of the Ana with the HAVO boundaries. We have included many of the <br /> original Hawaiian language narratives as well, as they provide cultural practitioners easy access <br /> to primary Ike kupuna (ancestral knowledge), and may provide valuable resources for <br /> developing a strong cultural approach to management and interpretation of the landscape within <br /> HAVO boundaries. It is the overarching goat of this study to provide users with information that <br /> will help inform identification of Traditional Cultural Properties, and the development of a <br /> National Register Nomination for HAVO. The narratives will also support preservation and <br /> stewardship initiatives, the development of interpretative themes and programs, as well as <br /> place-based/cultural literacy curricula for students and for communities who will work at and visit <br /> HAVO and its many wahi pans. <br /> Between the 1960s to 1980s, we were fortunate to have been acquainted with several <br /> kupuna (elders)—some with whom familial relationships were shared—who at the time were in <br /> their 70s, 80s or 90s, and who discussed their pilina (attachment/relationship) with Pele, <br /> mo`olelo, mele and customs as handed down over the generations.'?We have included <br /> selected narratives from those discussions in various sections of the study as well. <br /> In preparing the study, we have focused on documentation of'ike kupuna, some penned as <br /> early as the 1820s, much of this ancestral knowledge written by Native Hawaiians who shared <br /> traditions and customs of place, pre-dating the arrival of westerners in 1778. Also included are <br /> some of the narratives and observations recorded by foreigners, who traveled through the lands <br /> which are now within the HAVO boundaries, and provided first-hand accounts of what they <br /> 16 Througnout the study,we have included a number of primary Hawaiian language texts which illustrate <br /> the depth of cultural attachment Hawaiians share with their world. Excerpts from lengthy traditions, <br /> presented in serial form are included. We have done our best to provide translations and/or <br /> syntheses of the selected narratives, but the full accounts should be viewed to understand the larger <br /> cultural context of the setting, history and significance in Hawaiian traditions. In addition to those <br /> Hawaiian narratives which we cited in the main volume of the study, we also include other native texts <br /> as a sampling of the thousands of narratives which may be found describing all periods of Hawaiian <br /> history. The narratives will be found in Appendix A, attached to this ethnohistoricat study. It is <br /> important to note that our translation efforts may differ from others who have different depths of <br /> knowledge and experience. So,we only stand and speak from the door of our own home and <br /> experiences. <br /> " Among the kupuna, from whom we cite various family accounts, are Louis Panui (through his <br /> recordings in 1950, and grandson, William Panui), Mary Kawenaulaokalaniohiiakaikapoliopele Pukui <br /> (a kupuna wahine of onaona Maty), Daniel (Kaluaopete) and Hattie Kaenaokalani Kaopuiki (kflpuna i <br /> ho'okama is Kepa Maly), Hoohila Kawelo (kupuna of the kaula Pele line. and kumu of Kepa Maly): <br /> Helen Hateola Pea Lee Hong, Minrie Kaawaloa; and Ernest E. Kalani Sr and Elizabeth K.D. Kalani. <br /> Draft-Elhnohistorical Study of`Aina within Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park <br /> Kumu Pono Associates LLC(working draft ver.November 14,2022) 6 <br />