2022-12-05 US NPS 11.29.22 TCP FIRST DRAFT

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witnessed or were told. While conducting our research for this study, we also collected hundreds of historical accounts, dating from the 1820s to the 1980s, which were of general interest to a cultural-geological study of the 'aina. Among those accounts are selected narratives, some related to the establishment of Hawai`i National Park in 1916, and others concerning the extension of the park boundaries—first in the districts of Puna and Ka'u, and later, Kahuku Ahupua'a in Kara. When those more general accounts include Hawaiian cultural documentation, they are cited. The remaining documents, including narratives, photos and maps, are included in an index and will be made a part of the document archive which will be turned over to the HAVO Archives. The study presentation relies heavily on original accounts written by those who lived the history, or who were among the earliest writers to document ft. Thus, we cite large sections of quoted material and link these primary resources together with introductory/contextual narratives. Who better to tell us about the history than those who were a part of it? In some cases, we provide additional cultural context to help present-day readers appreciate the period of time or events being discussed. Many of the accounts were originally recorded in the Hawaiian language'''. It is hoped that this study will serve as a resource in long-term stewardship and preservation initiatives of HAVO and its communities, and as a reference guide to traditions and interpreting the history of Ka'u, Puna, and Pele Honuamea. Following this background section (PART I), this ethnographic study is comprised of ten additional primary parts. Each part includes various subsections—with documentation generally presented in chronological order—which describe events in history that relate to the period of time being described. These primary parts are: PART II. He Wahi Mo`oielo No Ka 'Aina A Ke Akua I Noho Ai (A Resource Guide for the Lands Where the Goddess Resides) PART III. Moolelo Hawaii –Mea Maamau–Akua, `Aina-Wahi Pana, Me Na Kanaka (Hawaiian Traditions and Customs–Gods, Land-Storied Places, and People) PART IV. Historical Accounts by Native Hawaiians and Foreigners – Residency, Statistics and Descriptions of the Land; Wahi Pana and Volcanic-Geological Events PART V. Observations of Pele Worship and the Volcanic Landscape As Reported by Members of the Sandwich Islands Mission Station PART VI. Evolution and Transference of Land Title in the Hawaiian Kingdom ' More than 30 years ago, we spoke with Hawaiian elders who had worked in typesetting Hawaiian language newspapers, and learned about the general approach to taking each individual letter and placing it in a guide rule to great pages for print. One of the space saving techniques was to run sentences and paragraphs together. At times punctuation was left out, and in other instances lines of pule (prayers) and mele were kept within long paragraphs rather than being separated into their own sections. When there were not enough letters,they might also insert other letters that might be a close representation to the correct letter—for example, and m or a w, an i or and I. In the Hawaiian texts cited throughout this study, we have generally followed the original format, but in cases were overly long sentences or paragraphs occurred, thus confusing the meaning,we chose to separate lines or include punctuation that would help modern readers appreciate the depth of thought being expressed. To see original formatting please review the original digital copies. Draft-Efhnohistorical Study of`Aina within Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park Kumu Pono Associates LLC(working draft ver.November 14,2022) 7