2025-08-18 SMA-03-000007 Testimony Maki Morinoue

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a b 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Coral Cover(rcover) Management(OFished0 Restricted pNo-Take) C d 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Human Population(103People) Small-Scale Fisheries Market Gravity e f (number of people/(hours of travel2)) 0 25 50 75 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Nutrient Input from Wastewater Pollution Sediment Input(103 kg km-2) 9 (103 kg per watershed) h 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Tourism(tourist trips per year) Cumulative Pressure 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Wave Exposure(kW m-') Primary Production(mg C m-2 day-') k I -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Historical Thermal Stress Recent Thermal Stress Global Mean±2SD t Hawai'i Mean±2SD Extended DataFig.1 Comparisonof human,environmental,and climate (e.g.,recreational diving and snorkelling)and reef-adjacent(e.g.,provisionof factors for reefs in Hawai'i with coral reef ecosystems globally.Dots rep resent calmwaters,sand beaches,views,and seafood)aspects(sample number same global(lightgrey)and Hawai'i(darkgrey)meanvalues.Error bars represent asinc);h,Cumulative pressure score from stressors to coral reefsper5 kmreef the mean±2 standard deviation(SD).Factors presented are:a,Coral cover containingpixel(unitless);1,Mean wave energy,or wave power(kW m-'),from (percent hard coral;global n=2,584;Hawai'i n=137);b,Proportional reefarea 1979-2009(n=sameasina);j,Mean primary productivity(mgCm'day1) bycountrythat isopen(fished),gear restricted(restricted),or fully restricted between 2003-2013(n=sameasina);k-I,Unitless metric of(k)historical (no-take)to fishing(sample numbersameas ina);c,Human population within (1985-2017)and(I)recent(2014-2017)thermal stress on coral reefs,whereby 5 km in 2018(global n=54,596;Hawai'i n=199);d,Small-scale fisheriesmarket positivevalues represent moredesirable(i.e.,less thermal stress)over the gravity(number of people/(hoursoftravel)'represents human useand fishing respectivetimeframes1"(n=same asinc).The mean for reefs in Hawai'i falls pressure related to the size and accessibility of coral reefs to nearby human within 2SD of theglobal mean forall factors.Data are fromthe following settlementsandmarkets59(n=same asinc);e,Annualinputof nitrogen(103kg) sources:a,b,ijfrom106efrom";c,d,fg,h,k,from107.Factors presented here perwatershed fromwastewater pollutionon coral reefs(global n=38,033; wereobtainedfromglobaldatasetsandwill differ fromthosepresentedwithin Hawai'in=324);fSediment input(103kgkm')to coral reefs(n=sameasin c); our present study owing to the methodological differences as well as differences g,Annual number of tourist visits driven by coral reefs combining on-reef in their spatiotemporal extent and resolution.