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129 2007-2018 lava flow (see Figure 3). Soil is sparse in this area. The boulder beach fronting the <br /> 130 property area is a product of flows that inundated Kaimu Bay. <br /> 131 The study area is located at sea level and has a moderate slope down to the boulder beach on its <br /> 132 western portion and a much steeper cliff edge on the eastern oceanfront portion. The topography is <br /> 133 undulating, following volcanic terrain. Vegetation is dense on the pahoehoe, with some places <br /> 134 enveloped in ancestral milo and noni groves, sprawling koali vine, and newly introduced invasive <br /> 135 species(e.g.Albizia sp.).Located within a seasonal mesic climatic zone,mean annual rainfall ranges <br /> 136 from 1,500 mm to 2,000 mm per year(Price et al. 2012). There are no waterways (streams,rivers) <br /> 137 that travel through the study area;the area is well known for groundwater resources that historically <br /> 138 formed brackish ponds in surrounding areas. The area is terrestrially biodiverse with predominantly <br /> 139 native species. Documented native species in the study and surrounding area include endangered, <br /> 140 endemic species,Ischaeumum byrone (McGuire 2023). The milo and noni groves that are located <br /> 141 on the study site have ancestral and cultural meaning. The study area also fronts a biologically <br /> 142 diverse marine environment, including fishing grounds and pristine limu (seaweed) grounds that <br /> 143 have no alien limu species recorded, several rare endemic limu species documented, and diverse <br /> 144 native species consistently observed (Biegler et al. 2024). The most abundant limu observed near <br /> 145 the study area is limu kala (Sargassum spp.), culturally used within forgiveness and releasing <br /> 146 ceremonies (Aiona 2003). Kaimu is known for its historic presence of limu lipoa. Below are quotes <br /> 147 from two Hawaiian newspaper clippings that establish the prevalence of limu historically in Kaimu. <br /> 148 Eia mai kahi popolimu Lipoa aala o Kaimu ke panee is aku nei no kahi papaina o Hoku. <br /> 149 Here, is a fragrant ball of Lipoa ofKaimu being moved to the dinner table of ka Hoku(Ka <br /> 150 Hoku o Hawai`i 1940). <br /> 151 Ua mikomiko maika`i noho i a ke owili pu iho hoi me ka limu aala o Kaimu. <br /> 152 It was garnished well and rolled up with the fragrant limu of Kaimu(Ka Hoku o Hawai`i <br /> 153 1938). <br /> 154 In addition to the abundance and diversity of the biotic realm, Kaimu contains an abundance of <br /> 155 abiotic features including storied winds, rains, and geologic features. Collette Leimomi Akana's <br /> 156 work, Hanau ka Ua (Akana 2015), details the number of rains and winds that are known by the <br /> 157 residents of Kaimu and Kalapana,many of which hold unique volcanic and coastal associations and <br /> 158 movement patterns. These rains include: <br /> 159 `Awa rain...a bitter,acidic rain associated with Kilauea(Akana 2015:11, 17, 19) <br /> 160 He`e koko`ula... a rain over the ocean(Akana 2015:35) <br /> 161 Kanilehua...rain associated with Kumukahi and`ohi`a(Akana 2015:48, 53) <br /> 162 Ko`iawe...rain of the cliffs(Akana 2015:107) <br /> 163 Kuakualau... a rain over the sea accompanied by wind and associated with 'ohua. fish <br /> 164 (Akana 2015:121,Kauhi 1996:59, 124) <br /> 165 Lihau... associated with Pahoa,and other parts of Puna(Akana 2015:152) <br /> 166 Lohukala... drenching of hala trees in Puna(Akana 2015:152) <br /> 167 Noenoe... misty or foggy rain associated with Puna(Akana 2015:211) <br /> 168 Polohinano...associated with white hinano blossom and Puna(Akana 2015:236-237) <br /> 2 <br />