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Contents <br />I.Introduction <br />...........................................................1 <br />A.Reapportionment and Redistricting <br />..................................1 <br />B.Why Redistrict? <br />..................................................1 <br />1.Reapportionment of Congressional Seats <br />.......................1 <br />2.Population Shifts within a State <br />...............................3 <br />C. The Facts of Life <br />..................................................3 <br />1.Equal Population <br />...........................................3 <br />2.Gerrymandering <br />............................................5 <br />a.Packing <br />.............................................5 <br />b.Fracturing <br />...........................................5 <br />c.Creating a Gerrymander <br />...............................5 <br />D.The Need for Limits <br />...............................................6 <br />1.Who Draws the Plans <br />........................................6 <br />2.Data that May be Used <br />......................................6 <br />3.Review by Others <br />...........................................6 <br />4.Districts that Result <br />.........................................7 <br />II.Draw Districts of Equal Population <br />........................................7 <br />A.Use Official Census Bureau Population Counts <br />........................7 <br />1.Alternative Population Counts <br />................................7 <br />2.Use of Sampling to Eliminate Undercount <br />......................8 <br />3.Exclusion of Undocumented Aliens <br />............................9 <br />4.Inclusion of Overseas Military Personnel <br />.......................9 <br />B.Census Geography <br />................................................9 <br />1.Public Law 94-171 <br />..........................................9 <br />2.Statistical <br />.................................................10 <br />a.Block <br />..............................................10 <br />b.Block Group <br />........................................10 <br />c.Census Tract <br />........................................10 <br />d.County <br />.............................................10 <br />3.Political <br />..................................................10 <br />a.Precinct, Ward, Election District = VTD <br />.................11 <br />b.City, Town, Village, Unorganized Territory, Other = MCD <br />...................................................11 <br />c.Place <br />..............................................11 <br />d.County <br />.............................................11 <br />C.Measuring Population Equality <br />....................................11 <br />D.Congressional Plans <br />.............................................12 <br />1.“As Nearly Equal in Population As Practicable” <br />................12 <br />2.Unless Necessary to Achieve “Some Legitimate State Objective” <br />...13 <br />E.Legislative Plans <br />.................................................14 <br />i <br /> <br />