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1.An Overall Range of Less than Ten Percent <br />....................14 <br />2.Unless Necessary to Achieve Some “Rational State Policy” <br />........15 <br />III.Don’t Discriminate Against Racial or Language Minorities <br />...................17 <br />A.Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act <br />..................................17 <br />1.A National Standard <br />.......................................17 <br />2.Data on Race and Language Minorities <br />........................18 <br />3.No Discriminatory Effect <br />...................................19 <br />4.The Three Gingles Preconditions <br />.............................19 <br />5.“The Totality of the Circumstances” <br />..........................20 <br />6.Draw Districts the Minority Has a Fair Chance to Win <br />..........21 <br />B.Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act <br />..................................22 <br />1.In “Covered Jurisdictions,” Plans Must be Precleared <br />...........22 <br />2.Do Not Regress <br />............................................23 <br />3.Do Not Intend to Discriminate <br />...............................24 <br />4.You Need Not Maximize the Number of Minority Districts <br />.......24 <br />C.Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment <br />......................26 <br />1.You May Consider Race in Drawing Districts <br />..................26 <br />2.Avoid Drawing a Racial Gerrymander <br />........................26 <br />a.Beware of Bizarre Shapes <br />.............................27 <br />b.Draw Districts that are Reasonably Compact <br />.............28 <br />c.Beware of Making Race Your Dominant Motive <br />..........32 <br />d.Beware of Using Race as a Proxy for Political Affiliation <br />...33 <br />e.Follow Traditional Districting Principles <br />................34 <br />3.Strict Scrutiny is Almost Always Fatal <br />........................34 <br />a. A Compelling Governmental Interest <br />...................35 <br />b.Narrowly Tailored to Achieve that Interest <br />..............35 <br />(1) Remedying Past Discrimination <br />..................35 <br />(2) Avoiding Retrogression Under § 5 <br />................35 <br />(3) Avoiding a Violation of § 2 <br />......................37 <br />IV. Don’t Go Overboard with Partisan Gerrymandering <br />........................39 <br />A.Partisan Gerrymandering is a Justiciable Issue <br />.......................39 <br />B.Can It Be Proved? <br />...............................................40 <br />V.Prepare to Defend Your Plan in Both State and Federal Courts <br />...............42 <br />A.Federal Court Must Defer to State Court <br />............................42 <br />B.Federal Court May Not Directly Review State Court Decision <br />...........43 <br />C.Plan Approved by State Court Subject to Collateral Attack in Fed <br />...............................................................43 <br />D.Federal Court Must Defer To State Remedies <br />........................44 <br />E.Attorney General May Represent State in Federal Court <br />...............44 <br />Table of Authorities <br />..........................................................46 <br />ii <br /> <br />