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resources. However, during the 1800s, traditional land use patterns started to change. Land was divided into Crown Lands, Konohiki Lands, and Government Lands. In 1850, the Kuleana Act established fee simple ownership of land parcels that were independent from the ahupua'a in which they were located. The first Christian missionaries arrived in around 1820. In 1832, David and Sarah Lyman established the Lyman House and founded the Hilo Boarding School for young Hawaiian men. Located in Downtown Hilo, the Lyman House is now a museum and is listed on the State and National Register of Historic Places. The latter part of the 1800s witnessed the emergence of the sugar industry, and by the early 20th Century sugar represented a vital part of Hilo's economy. Large -scale sugar plantations and plantation villages molded Hilo's economy and socio - cultural history for over a hundred years. The industry declined during the 21s' Century and eventually disappeared with the last sugar mill closing in 1994. The world famous Kilauea Volcano continues to erupt about 30 miles southwest of Downtown Hilo, which has often been the starting point for many pilgrimages to the site of the volcano. In 1911, the Hawaii Volcano Observatory was established with the help of Thomas Jagger. In 1935, an eruption from Mauna Loa threatened the town of Hilo. Thomas Jagger borrowed the idea of bombing the lava flow in order to avert its flow. Ultimately, Hilo was saved although it is unclear if this can be attributed to Thomas Jagger's efforts. Indeed, Downtown Hilo is no stranger to natural disaster. On April 1, 1946, a devastating tsunami claimed 96 lives and destroyed the coastline along Hilo Bay. The waves destroyed the coastal railroad and commercial centers of Shinmachi and Waiakea Town. In 1960, another tsunami struck Downtown Hilo claiming 61 lives and causing $50 million worth of property damage. As a result, government and commercial buildings were relocated further inland. The former site of Shinmachi is now designated as open green space suitable for recreation and greatly increases the quality of life for Hilo residents. On a Saturday morning, this is a busy gathering place, where families sit and 'talk story' as they watch our keiki (children) play soccer and other sports. However, for those familiar with Hilo's history the open space represents a constant reminder of the destructive power of tsunamis. Form of Local Government: Downtown Hilo is located in the County of Hawai'i, which encompasses the entire Island of Hawaii and is one of four counties that comprise the State of Hawaii. The seat of government for the County of Hawaii is located just outside the boundary of the Downtown Business District. The various powers assigned to the County are derived from the laws and constitution of the State of Hawai'i and are outlined in the Charter of the County of Hawaii (2000). Aside from the County, there are no local jurisdictions on the island. As a result, the County performs EnVision Downtown Hilo 2025 1 SDAT Application 2009