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EXHIBIT A
<br /> 46 VANDERWOUDE ET AL.
<br /> 44
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<br /> Scale.20 miles
<br /> • S
<br /> Figure 6.Locations of known sites on Oahu infested with Wasmannia auropunctata.
<br /> (currently the infestation in Mililani and the original infestation in Waimanalo are
<br /> putatively ant-free)
<br /> The movement of W. auropunctata to Discussion
<br /> Maui and Oahu identified critical gaps in The worldwide spread of invasive ants
<br /> the biosecurity system. On Oahu, these began at least as early as the 16th century
<br /> gaps were addressed by implementing an (Gotzek et al.2015). By the beginning of
<br /> ongoing island-wide survey of high-risk the 20th century, the ecological impacts
<br /> entry sites that began in January 2015 and caused by these invasions were becom-
<br /> continues to the present. This program ing apparent as entomologists lamented
<br /> was designed to complement existing the paucity of other invertebrate fauna
<br /> regulation and inspection systems, with in locations invaded by ant species such
<br /> a goal to detect and eradicate infestations as Pheidole megacephala (Tryon 1912,
<br /> while small. During the past two years, Perkins 1913).These invasions are widely
<br /> this program has detected 16 nascent regarded as a consequence of human com-
<br /> infestations at Oahu nurseries which were merce (Wilson and Taylor 1967, Passera
<br /> systematically treated.In late 2016 a large, 1994,McGlynn 1999,Holway et al.2002),
<br /> 4-acre infestation was also discovered in and in this regard,the recent introduction
<br /> Waimanalo (not linked to the original and spread of W. auropunctata is no ex-
<br /> detection in the same district). Without ception.
<br /> this early detection,such infestations will Queens and males in invasive W.auro-
<br /> grow too large to manage and become a punctata populations are mostly produced
<br /> source-point for jump-dispersal to new through thelytokous parthenogenesis
<br /> locations (Suarez et al. 2001). (Fournier et al. 2005). Clonal reproduc-
<br />
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