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EXHIBIT A
<br /> 48 VANDERWOUDE ET AL.
<br /> inspections to "plants and propagative (Lee et al. 2015). Continued prevention,
<br /> material."The rules also acknowledge that early detection and response to new incur-
<br /> HDOA has legislative authority to inspect sions on islands other than Hawaii island
<br /> a wider range of commodities such as foli- is an invaluable investment in the future
<br /> age,cut flowers and produce,but self-limits of the unique and fragile ecosystems that
<br /> activities to "periodic random inspec- Hawaii has to offer.
<br /> tions." Finally, there are no systematic
<br /> inspections of other commodity classes Acknowledgments
<br /> (used vehicles, machinery, household ef- The Hawaii Department of Agriculture
<br /> fects etc.) because HDOA does not have and Hawaii Invasive Species Council pro-
<br /> legislative authority to do so. vide ongoing funding to the Hawaii Ant
<br /> Detection and response to these intro- Lab. The authors sincerely acknowledge
<br /> ductions demonstrates the complementary the contributions of HISC, HDOA, For-
<br /> roles of prevention through regulation est and Kim Starr the various Invasive
<br /> and inspection; early detection through Species Committees, University of Ha-
<br /> increased awareness and surveillance,and waii, the Counties of Hawaii, Maui, and
<br /> rapid response through multi-agency col- Kauai, City and County of Honolulu, the
<br /> laboration.These elements of the Hawaii US Geological Survey, Department of
<br /> biosecurity framework are performed by Lands and Natural Resources,the Pacific
<br /> different and sometimes multiple agencies Cooperative Studies Unit and all other
<br /> (Kraus and Duffy 2010) often through agencies and individuals that contribute
<br /> semi-formal or ad hoc collaborations.Re- to the management of Wasmannia auro-
<br /> gardless of the multitude of funding part- punctata in Hawaii. We thank P. Conant,
<br /> ners,agency governance issues,obstacles N. Reimer, K. Onuma, D. Arakaki, C.
<br /> to data sharing, complex legal consider- Kaneshige and others who provided vital
<br /> ations,and the often difficult operational anecdotal information.
<br /> impediments,these collaborations can be
<br /> startlingly effective, as evidenced by the Literature Cited
<br /> rapid detection, response, and treatment Anon. 2016. Draft Interagency Biosecurity
<br /> of multiple W. auropunctata infestations Plan for Hawaii. Page 81. State of Hawaii,
<br /> Honolulu Hawaii.
<br /> throughout Hawaii. Of the eight infesta
<br /> tions on the neighbor islands of Oahu, Beardsley,J.W.,S.Tsong Hong,F.L.McE-
<br /> wen, and D. Gerling. 1982. Field inves-
<br /> Kauai and Maui, five sites are putatively ligations on the interrelationships of the
<br /> free of W. auropunctata and the remain- big-headed ant,the gray pineapple mealey-
<br /> ing three are contained and continue to bug,and pineapple wilt disease in Hawaii.
<br /> be treated.A biosecurity plan that brings Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological
<br /> these agencies closer and recognizes these Society 24:51-67.
<br /> collaborations, is currently being drafted Clagg, C.F. 1953. Notes and exhibitions:
<br /> by the State of Hawaii (Anon 2016), and Anoplolepis gracilipes. Proceedings of the
<br /> will serve as a blueprint for biosecurity Hawaiian Entomological Society 15:282.
<br /> activities in the next decade. Cole,F.R.,A.C.Medeiros,L.L.Loope,and
<br /> W.W.Zuehlke. 1992. Effects of Argentine
<br /> As Wasmannia auropunctata spread ant on arthropod fauna of Hawaiian high
<br /> through the islands of Hawaii, the eco- elevation shrubland.Ecology 73:1313-1322.
<br /> nomic and ecological impacts are likely to Conant,P.,andC.Hirayama.2000.Wasmannia
<br /> be catastrophic. The predicted economic auropunctata (Hymenoptera:Formicidae):
<br /> costs to the island of Hawaii alone are established on the Island of Hawaii.Bishop
<br /> likely to exceed $100 million annually Museum Occasional Papers 64:21-22.
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