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EXHIBIT B
<br /> Ecological Economics 11112015;,100-110
<br /> Contents lists available at Snwence,Dtrect •
<br /> ' .,°`; Ecological Economics
<br /> Aro
<br /> journal hometpage; ei:,ealer.corn,loCatu,`erolecon
<br /> Analysis
<br /> Taking the sting out of Little Fire Ant in Hawaii CmsnMerk
<br /> Donna J.Lee a,* Michael Motoki b, Casper Vanderwoude c, Stuart T.Nakamoto d,PingSun Leung e
<br /> Dept,el-Natural Resources&Environmental Management,College of Tropical Agrwutture and Human Resources,University of Hawaii at Manna,OIL Economic Consulting.2442 Kahle Ave.
<br /> Honolulu,HI 96815,USA
<br /> °Dept.of Natural Resources fa Environmental Management,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources,PubticAdministration Program.College of Social Sciences,University of Hawaii
<br /> at Manna,98-459 Pono Street,Awe,HI 96701,USA
<br /> Hawaii Ant Lab,Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit,RCUII.University of Hawaii,16 East Lanikaula Street Hilo.HI 96720,USA
<br /> °Dept.of Human Nutrition,Food fr Animal Sciences,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.University of Hawaii at Monon,1955 E-W Rood,Honolulu,H196822,USA
<br /> Dept.of Neutral Resources fr Environmental Management.College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources,University of Hawaii at Marva,3050 Maite Way,Gilmore 111,Honolulu,
<br /> HI 96822,USA
<br /> ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
<br /> Article history: In the 1990's,Little Fire Ants(LFAs)found its way to the island of Hawaii most likely traveling with a shipment of
<br /> Received 8 June 2014 potted plants from Florida.These plants were subsequently sold to consumers along the east coast of the Island,
<br /> Received in revised form 1 S January 2015 along with Iittle Fire Ant colonies living in the potting medium.ISA is now thriving and continues to spread.Fif-
<br /> Accepted 22 January 2015 teen years after the initial detection in 1999,LEA has spread to over 4000 locations on the island of Hawaii and has
<br /> Available online xxxx been found in isolated locations on Kauai,Maui,and Oahu Islands.Current efforts are expected to contain the in-
<br /> Keywords: festatinns on the other islands but significant additional investment is needed to halt the rapid spread of LFA on
<br /> Bioeconomic modeling the island of Hawaii.
<br /> Invasive species Increased management expenditures can suppress infestations;reduce spread between sectors;and decrease
<br /> Socio-economic impacts long-term management costs,damages,and stings.
<br /> tvianagemeni • An immediate expenditure of 58 million in the next 2-3 years plus follow-up prevention,monitoring,and mit-
<br /> Wile Fite Ant
<br /> Wasmannra aarapunctota igation treatments will yield$1.210 billion in reduced control costs,5129 million in lowered economic dam-
<br /> ages,315 million fewer human sting incidents,and 102 million less pet sting incidents over 10 years.
<br /> • Over 35 years,the benefits include$5.496 billion in reduced control costs,5538 million less economic damages,
<br /> 2.161 billion fewer human sting incidents,and 762 million fewer pet sting incidents.
<br /> (0 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
<br /> 1.Introduction young.They also sting cats,dogs and other domestic animals in the eyes,
<br /> blinding them over time(Theron,2005).Humans are also stung by this
<br /> 1.1.Problem Statement species,both indoors and outdoors.The sting typically causes an intense
<br /> burning sensation and painful itchy welts.Human habitats provide ideal
<br /> Wasmannla auropunctata(roger),known as the Little Fire Ant(LFA), niches for Little Fire Ant growth and survival (Krushelnycky et at.
<br /> threatens native biodiversity,alters tropical ecosystems,impairs human 2005).Human activities disperse Little Fire Ant quickly and widely.
<br /> health,impedes tourism,diminishes agricultural productivity,mars
<br /> horticulture sales, and accordingly ranks among the world's worst 12.Research Statement'`
<br /> invasive species(Lowe et al.,2000),Little Fire Ant will sting endangered
<br /> reptiles and birds,interfering with reproduction,nesting,and survival of The purpose of this research is to assess the long term impacts of Lit-
<br /> tle Fire Ant in Hawaii and to ascertain the economic and social benefit
<br /> from greater public investment in prevention and control.
<br /> We developed a multi-sector, dynamic, stochastic, bioeconomic
<br /> • Corresponding author, model to simulate LFA spread,human response,economic damages,
<br /> E-mall addresses;DJLDonnaJLee rrrail.com(DJ,Lee),matoki.ms@gnwil.com
<br /> (M.Motoki),fasperV Hawaii.edu(C.Vanderwoude),SNakama'8ihawaii.etha
<br /> (S.T.Nakamoto),PSLeuisg@nawaii.edu I€'.Leung). Abbreviations used in this article:LEA,HDOA,
<br /> hap:;clx.doiorg,-1 D,i 01&j.eeolecaa.2013 01.010
<br /> 0921-8009,/C 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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